www.sakshieducation.

com

Equations

1. Any motion repeated at regular intervals of time is called periodic motion.

Eg: Earth revolution around itself, simple pendulum.

m
2. If there is retracement of the path, it is called harmonic motion. Ex: Simple
pendulum.

co
3. Every harmonic is periodic. But every periodic is not harmonic.

n.
4. Angular SHM: Simple pendulum, Sting under vibrations, vibrations of a tuning fork
etc.

io
5. Linear SHM: Loaded spring, a body dropped in a tunnel along the diameter of the
earth, a liquid in a U-tube etc. at
uc
6. In SHM acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement of the particle from
the fixed point, and the acceleration is always directed towards the fixed point in the
ed

path of the body.

a x (Or) a = kx
i
sh

Also F x (or) F = k x
F k
Acceleration (a) = = x.
ak

m m

d 2x k
a = x
2
+ 2 x = 0 Where =
.s

(Or) 2
dt m
w

This is the differential equation of a body executing SHM.

w

7. For a body executing SHM,

Variables: Displacement, Velocity, KE, PE, acceleration.
w

Constants: TE, Time Period, Frequency, Amplitude, angular Velocity.

8. Phase
a. Phase represents the state of vibration of a vibrating body from the mean position
expressed in degrees (or) radians.

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

b. If two particles are in phase, the phase difference may be 0, 2 , 4 , 6 ,....2n

where n is an integer.
2
c. Phase difference = path difference.

2
= x Where is the wavelength

m
2
d. Phase difference = Time difference
T

co
2
= t Where T is the time period
T

n.
e. If at two instants of time t1 and t2 for a vibrating body. The time period is

io
2
= ( t2 t1 ) = ( t2 t1 ) .
T

And for two time periods = 2 t 1 1 .

at
uc
T1 T2

9. Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating particle from its mean

ed

position is called amplitude (A). It is a vector quantity. If a1 and a2 are the

amplitudes of two SHMs with a phase difference , the resultant amplitude is given
i
sh

by a 2 = a12 + a22 + 2a1 , a2 cos .

ak

Y
10. Representation of S. H. M.: When a particle P (t=sec) P (t=sec)
A (t=0) P
Y
X x (t=0)

is executing periodic motion along a circular X
A (t=0)
.s

Y
path, the foot of the perpendicular drawn Phase constant= Phase constant= =0
Y=Asint- Y=Asint+ Y=Asint
w

from the instantaneous position of a particle on any diameter executes simple

harmonic motion.
w

The simple harmonic motion is represented as

w

Y = A sin (w t +)
Y = instantaneous displacement
A = Amplitude
Wt + = phase; is called initial phase.

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

Characteristics of S H M
A) Instantaneous displacement: The distance of the particle from mean position in
a particular direction at any instant of time is known as instantaneous displacement.
It is given by Y = A sin (t +)
If the particle starts from Mean position, = 0 then

m
i) Y = 0, at Mean position

co
ii) Y = A at extreme position

n.
B) Velocity: The rate of change of displacement is called velocity.
dy
v= A2 y2

io
v= = Aw cos (wt +) and
dt

at
If the particle starts from the mean position, = 0 then
i) v = A, ie., maximum at Mean Position
uc
ii) v = 0, ie., minimum at extreme Position
ed

C) Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity of a particle in S H M is called

acceleration.
i
sh

dv
a= = A2 sin (t +) = 2y or ay
dt

If the particle starts from the Mean position, = 0, then

ak

i) a = 0, i.e., minimum at mean position

.s

ii) a = 2 A, i.e., maximum at extreme position.

w

D) Time Period: Time taken by vibrating particle in S.H.M. to complete one

w

vibration is called Time period or period of oscillation.

w

y
General formula: T = 2 displaceme nt = 2
acceleration a

E) Potential Energy
1 1
P.E. = m 2 x 2 = m 2 A2 sin 2
2 2
Where m = mass of S.H.M.

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

x = displacement of S.H.M. from its mean position

A = amplitude of oscillation
= phase angle from its mean position
During one complete vibration average potential Energy is given by = 1/4 m2A2
F) Kinetic Energy

m
The K. E. of a particle in S.H.M is given by K. E = 1/2 m2 (A2 - y2 ) = 1/2
m2A2 cos2 (t )

co
During one complete vibration average kinetic Energy = 1/4 m2A2

n.
G)Total Energy
i) T. E. = P. E. + K. E. = 1/2 m2A2 +U0

io
ii) When a particle is in S. H. M. At any position T. total energy is constant.
Energy and displacement curve.
at
uc
E
ed

K.E.
P.E.
i
sh

X=A X=0 X=A

ak

11. Equilibrium Position: the point at which no net force acts on the oscillating body is
known as equilibrium position or mean position.
.s

i) Displacement of the body is Minimum.

w

ii) Velocity of the body is Maximum.

w

iii) Acceleration of the body is Minimum.

iv) P. E. of the body is Minimum.
w

v) At the Mean position K.E. of the body is Maximum

12. Extreme Position: the point at which maximum force acts on the oscillating body is
known as extreme Position.
i) Displacement of the body is Maximum.

www.sakshieducation.com
 www.sakshieducation.com

ii) Velocity of the body is Minimum.

iii) Acceleration of the body is Maximum.
iv) P. E. of the body is Maximum.
v) K. E. of the body is Minimum.

13. If V1 and V2 are the velocities at displacements y1 and y2 ,then A = V1 y22 V22 y1
2 2 2 2

V1 V2

m
V12 V22
and T = 2 y22 y12 .
2 2
= 2

co
y2 y1 V1 V2
2

14. If f is the frequency of SHM, then the frequency of kinetic energy or potential energy

n.
is 2f.

io
at
uc
i ed
sh
ak
.s
w
w
w

www.sakshieducation.com