1

(c f )(m/ s)

:


(Rayleigh)
(Lamb)

4
 ,
Snell


(),
,

.
Z c (kg/m2/sec)

Snell:

5

,




()

, ()

6
 (1/2)
:

,

7
 (2/2)


,
,

/
,

(dB)

1. : ,

2. Fresnel: , ,


3. Fraunhoffer: ,
,

9



D2
N
4

sin
D

( )

10

(sensitivity)
.

(resolution)
/ ( )

11



/ (
, )







.

12
 (1/5)

13
 (2/5)

(A,B or C-scan,
Phased array)

14
 (3/5)

,

:

(
)
.

15
 (4/5)

DE/BS /

V1 .

2 . .

V2
- V1 +
A4


LSW
.
.
(Step Wedges)

DAC (DAC)
. d=1.5mm
(Navship)

16
 (5/5)

(couplant)



:

17

(1/2)


( 1)


85, 91 100mm
( 2)

18 1

(2/2)

5, 10, 15 mm
( 3,4,5)


( 5)

19

(1/2)

20

(2/2)

1. 20 dB ( )
2. 6 dB ( )
3. (, , )
1

2
3

21


0
22


23


BS EN 12668-3:2013

.
:

(Gain)
/ (signal to noise radio)

(BIP)

24


:
( )

t t

70 45

t t

25




(R)
(sound path)
(d) (a)

(readings)

26

&

:
=10mm
R=69
= 16mm

27
 (1/2)
(BIP)
( D)
,



( B C)

28
 (2/2)
()

,


V1 & V2
1
,
(zero offset) (velocity)

V2 Calibration Block

29
 DAC
(DAC) ,
()
()
.

DAC

.

30







()

Half Skip

Skip


Skip /2


Skip + /2
31




,




,

.


(.. , ,
),
,

,

32


1. 20 dB ( )
2. 6 dB ( )
3. (, , )
1

2
3

33


34

(1/3)



(
).

.

()
()
,
.
.

35

(2/3)





.

36

(3/3)

.

.

37


:





:
, ,

DAC

,

38


39


40
 !

41