Ecma 262

ECMA-262
7th Edition / June 2016
ECMAScript 2016
Language Specification
Reference number
ECMA-123:2009
Ecma International 2009

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Ecma International 2016 i

ii Ecma International 2016
ECMA262
7Edition
ECMAScript2016LanguageSpeciication
TableofContents
Introduction
1Scope
2Conformance
3NormativeReferences
4Overview
4.1WebScripting
4.2ECMAScriptOverview
4.2.1Objects
4.2.2TheStrictVariantofECMAScript
4.3TermsandDeinitions
4.3.1type
4.3.2primitivevalue
4.3.3object
4.3.4constructor
4.3.5prototype
4.3.6ordinaryobject
4.3.7exoticobject
4.3.8standardobject
4.3.9builtinobject
4.3.10undeinedvalue
4.3.11Undeinedtype
4.3.12nullvalue
4.3.13Nulltype
4.3.14Booleanvalue
4.3.15Booleantype
4.3.16Booleanobject
4.3.17Stringvalue
4.3.18Stringtype
4.3.19Stringobject
4.3.20Numbervalue
4.3.21Numbertype
4.3.22Numberobject
4.3.23Ininity
4.3.24NaN
4.3.25Symbolvalue
4.3.26Symboltype
4.3.27Symbolobject
4.3.28function
4.3.29builtinfunction
4.3.30property
4.3.31method
4.3.32builtinmethod
4.3.33attribute
4.3.34ownproperty
4.3.35inheritedproperty
4.4OrganizationofThisSpeciication
5NotationalConventions
5.1SyntacticandLexicalGrammars
5.1.1ContextFreeGrammars
5.1.2TheLexicalandRegExpGrammars
5.1.3TheNumericStringGrammar
5.1.4TheSyntacticGrammar
5.1.5GrammarNotation
5.2AlgorithmConventions
5.3StaticSemanticRules
6ECMAScriptDataTypesandValues
6.1ECMAScriptLanguageTypes
6.1.1TheUndeinedType
6.1.2TheNullType
6.1.3TheBooleanType
6.1.4TheStringType
6.1.5TheSymbolType
6.1.5.1WellKnownSymbols
6.1.6TheNumberType
6.1.7TheObjectType
6.1.7.1PropertyAttributes
6.1.7.2ObjectInternalMethodsandInternalSlots
6.1.7.3InvariantsoftheEssentialInternalMethods
6.1.7.4WellKnownIntrinsicObjects
6.2ECMAScriptSpeciicationTypes
6.2.1TheListandRecordSpeciicationTypes
6.2.2TheCompletionRecordSpeciicationType
6.2.2.1NormalCompletion
6.2.2.2ImplicitCompletionValues
6.2.2.3ThrowanException
6.2.2.4ReturnIfAbrupt
6.2.2.5UpdateEmpty(completionRecord,value)
6.2.3TheReferenceSpeciicationType
6.2.3.1GetValue(V)
6.2.3.2PutValue(V,W)
6.2.3.3GetThisValue(V)
6.2.3.4InitializeReferencedBinding(V,W)
6.2.4ThePropertyDescriptorSpeciicationType
6.2.4.1IsAccessorDescriptor(Desc)
6.2.4.2IsDataDescriptor(Desc)
6.2.4.3IsGenericDescriptor(Desc)
6.2.4.4FromPropertyDescriptor(Desc)
6.2.4.5ToPropertyDescriptor(Obj)
6.2.4.6CompletePropertyDescriptor(Desc)
6.2.5TheLexicalEnvironmentandEnvironmentRecordSpeciicationTypes
6.2.6DataBlocks
6.2.6.1CreateByteDataBlock(size)
6.2.6.2CopyDataBlockBytes(toBlock,toIndex,fromBlock,fromIndex,count)
7AbstractOperations
7.1TypeConversion
7.1.1ToPrimitive(input[,PreferredType])
7.1.2ToBoolean(argument)
7.1.3ToNumber(argument)
7.1.3.1ToNumberAppliedtotheStringType
7.1.3.1.1RS:MV's
7.1.4ToInteger(argument)
7.1.5ToInt32(argument)
7.1.6ToUint32(argument)
7.1.11ToUint8Clamp(argument)
7.1.12ToString(argument)
7.1.12.1ToStringAppliedtotheNumberType
7.1.13ToObject(argument)
7.1.14ToPropertyKey(argument)
7.1.15ToLength(argument)
7.1.16CanonicalNumericIndexString(argument)
7.2TestingandComparisonOperations
7.2.1RequireObjectCoercible(argument)
7.2.2IsArray(argument)
7.2.3IsCallable(argument)
7.2.4IsConstructor(argument)
7.2.5IsExtensible(O)
7.2.6IsInteger(argument)
7.2.7IsPropertyKey(argument)
7.2.8IsRegExp(argument)
7.2.9SameValue(x,y)
7.2.10SameValueZero(x,y)
7.2.11SameValueNonNumber(x,y)
7.2.12AbstractRelationalComparison
7.2.13AbstractEqualityComparison
7.2.14StrictEqualityComparison
7.3OperationsonObjects
7.3.1Get(O,P)
7.3.2GetV(V,P)
7.3.3Set(O,P,V,Throw)
7.3.4CreateDataProperty(O,P,V)
7.3.5CreateMethodProperty(O,P,V)
7.3.6CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(O,P,V)
7.3.7DeinePropertyOrThrow(O,P,desc)
7.3.8DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,P)
7.3.9GetMethod(V,P)
7.3.10HasProperty(O,P)
7.3.11HasOwnProperty(O,P)
7.3.12Call(F,V[,argumentsList])
7.3.13Construct(F[,argumentsList[,newTarget]])
7.3.14SetIntegrityLevel(O,level)
7.3.15TestIntegrityLevel(O,level)
7.3.16CreateArrayFromList(elements)
7.3.17CreateListFromArrayLike(obj[,elementTypes])
7.3.18Invoke(V,P[,argumentsList])
7.3.19OrdinaryHasInstance(C,O)
7.3.20SpeciesConstructor(O,defaultConstructor)
7.3.21EnumerableOwnNames(O)
7.3.22GetFunctionRealm(obj)
7.4OperationsonIteratorObjects
7.4.1GetIterator(obj[,method])
7.4.2IteratorNext(iterator[,value])
7.4.3IteratorComplete(iterResult)
7.4.4IteratorValue(iterResult)
7.4.5IteratorStep(iterator)
7.4.6IteratorClose(iterator,completion)
7.4.7CreateIterResultObject(value,done)
7.4.8CreateListIterator(list)
7.4.8.1ListIteratornext()
8ExecutableCodeandExecutionContexts
8.1LexicalEnvironments
8.1.1EnvironmentRecords
8.1.1.1DeclarativeEnvironmentRecords
8.1.1.1.1HasBinding(N)
8.1.1.1.2CreateMutableBinding(N,D)
8.1.1.1.3CreateImmutableBinding(N,S)
8.1.1.1.4InitializeBinding(N,V)
8.1.1.1.5SetMutableBinding(N,V,S)
8.1.1.1.6GetBindingValue(N,S)
8.1.1.1.7DeleteBinding(N)
8.1.1.1.8HasThisBinding()
8.1.1.1.9HasSuperBinding()
8.1.1.1.10WithBaseObject()
8.1.1.2ObjectEnvironmentRecords
8.1.1.3FunctionEnvironmentRecords
8.1.1.3.1BindThisValue(V)
8.1.1.3.4GetThisBinding()
8.1.1.3.5GetSuperBase()
8.1.1.4GlobalEnvironmentRecords
8.1.1.4.12HasVarDeclaration(N)
8.1.1.4.13HasLexicalDeclaration(N)
8.1.1.4.14HasRestrictedGlobalProperty(N)
8.1.1.4.15CanDeclareGlobalVar(N)
8.1.1.4.16CanDeclareGlobalFunction(N)
8.1.1.4.17CreateGlobalVarBinding(N,D)
8.1.1.4.18CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(N,V,D)
8.1.1.5ModuleEnvironmentRecords
8.1.1.5.5CreateImportBinding(N,M,N2)
8.1.2LexicalEnvironmentOperations
8.1.2.1GetIdentiierReference(lex,name,strict)
8.1.2.2NewDeclarativeEnvironment(E)
8.1.2.3NewObjectEnvironment(O,E)
8.1.2.4NewFunctionEnvironment(F,newTarget)
8.1.2.5NewGlobalEnvironment(G,thisValue)
8.1.2.6NewModuleEnvironment(E)
8.2Realms
8.2.1CreateRealm()
8.2.2CreateIntrinsics(realmRec)
8.2.3SetRealmGlobalObject(realmRec,globalObj,thisValue)
8.2.4SetDefaultGlobalBindings(realmRec)
8.3ExecutionContexts
8.3.1GetActiveScriptOrModule()
8.3.2ResolveBinding(name[,env])
8.3.3GetThisEnvironment()
8.3.4ResolveThisBinding()
8.3.5GetNewTarget()
8.3.6GetGlobalObject()
8.4JobsandJobQueues
8.4.1EnqueueJob(queueName,job,arguments)
8.4.2NextJob
8.5InitializeHostDeinedRealm()
9OrdinaryandExoticObjectsBehaviours
9.1OrdinaryObjectInternalMethodsandInternalSlots
9.1.1[[GetPrototypeOf]]()
9.1.1.1OrdinaryGetPrototypeOf(O)
9.1.2[[SetPrototypeOf]](V)
9.1.2.1OrdinarySetPrototypeOf(O,V)
9.1.3[[IsExtensible]]()
9.1.3.1OrdinaryIsExtensible(O)
9.1.4[[PreventExtensions]]()
9.1.4.1OrdinaryPreventExtensions(O)
9.1.5[[GetOwnProperty]](P)
9.1.5.1OrdinaryGetOwnProperty(O,P)
9.1.6[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,Desc)
9.1.6.1OrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(O,P,Desc)
9.1.6.2IsCompatiblePropertyDescriptor(Extensible,Desc,Current)
9.1.6.3ValidateAndApplyPropertyDescriptor(O,P,extensible,Desc,current)
9.1.7[[HasProperty]](P)
9.1.7.1OrdinaryHasProperty(O,P)
9.1.8[[Get]](P,Receiver)
9.1.8.1OrdinaryGet(O,P,Receiver)
9.1.9[[Set]](P,V,Receiver)
9.1.9.1OrdinarySet(O,P,V,Receiver)
9.1.10[[Delete]](P)
9.1.10.1OrdinaryDelete(O,P)
9.1.11[[OwnPropertyKeys]]()
9.1.11.1OrdinaryOwnPropertyKeys(O)
9.1.12ObjectCreate(proto[,internalSlotsList])
9.1.13OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(constructor,intrinsicDefaultProto[,internalSlotsList])
9.1.14GetPrototypeFromConstructor(constructor,intrinsicDefaultProto)
9.2ECMAScriptFunctionObjects
9.2.1[[Call]](thisArgument,argumentsList)
9.2.1.1PrepareForOrdinaryCall(F,newTarget)
9.2.1.2OrdinaryCallBindThis(F,calleeContext,thisArgument)
9.2.1.3OrdinaryCallEvaluateBody(F,argumentsList)
9.2.2[[Construct]](argumentsList,newTarget)
9.2.3FunctionAllocate(functionPrototype,strict,functionKind)
9.2.4FunctionInitialize(F,kind,ParameterList,Body,Scope)
9.2.5FunctionCreate(kind,ParameterList,Body,Scope,Strict[,prototype])
9.2.6GeneratorFunctionCreate(kind,ParameterList,Body,Scope,Strict)
9.2.7AddRestrictedFunctionProperties(F,realm)
9.2.7.1%ThrowTypeError%()
9.2.8MakeConstructor(F[,writablePrototype,prototype])
9.2.9MakeClassConstructor(F)
9.2.10MakeMethod(F,homeObject)
9.2.11SetFunctionName(F,name[,preix])
9.2.12FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(func,argumentsList)
9.3BuiltinFunctionObjects
9.3.3CreateBuiltinFunction(realm,steps,prototype[,internalSlotsList])
9.4BuiltinExoticObjectInternalMethodsandSlots
9.4.1BoundFunctionExoticObjects
9.4.1.1[[Call]](thisArgument,argumentsList)
9.4.1.2[[Construct]](argumentsList,newTarget)
9.4.1.3BoundFunctionCreate(targetFunction,boundThis,boundArgs)
9.4.2ArrayExoticObjects
9.4.2.1[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,Desc)
9.4.2.2ArrayCreate(length[,proto])
9.4.2.3ArraySpeciesCreate(originalArray,length)
9.4.2.4ArraySetLength(A,Desc)
9.4.3StringExoticObjects
9.4.3.1[[GetOwnProperty]](P)
9.4.3.2[[OwnPropertyKeys]]()
9.4.3.3StringCreate(value,prototype)
9.4.4ArgumentsExoticObjects
9.4.4.3[[Get]](P,Receiver)
9.4.4.4[[Set]](P,V,Receiver)
9.4.4.5[[HasProperty]](P)
9.4.4.6[[Delete]](P)
9.4.4.7CreateUnmappedArgumentsObject(argumentsList)
9.4.4.8CreateMappedArgumentsObject(func,formals,argumentsList,env)
9.4.4.8.1MakeArgGetter(name,env)
9.4.4.8.2MakeArgSetter(name,env)
9.4.5IntegerIndexedExoticObjects
9.4.5.7IntegerIndexedObjectCreate(prototype,internalSlotsList)
9.4.5.8IntegerIndexedElementGet(O,index)
9.4.5.9IntegerIndexedElementSet(O,index,value)
9.4.6ModuleNamespaceExoticObjects
9.4.6.1[[GetPrototypeOf]]()
9.4.6.2[[SetPrototypeOf]](V)
9.4.6.3[[IsExtensible]]()
9.4.6.4[[PreventExtensions]]()
9.4.6.10[[Delete]](P)
9.4.6.12ModuleNamespaceCreate(module,exports)
9.4.7ImmutablePrototypeExoticObjects
9.4.7.1[[SetPrototypeOf]](V)
9.5ProxyObjectInternalMethodsandInternalSlots
9.5.1[[GetPrototypeOf]]()
9.5.2[[SetPrototypeOf]](V)
9.5.3[[IsExtensible]]()
9.5.4[[PreventExtensions]]()
9.5.5[[GetOwnProperty]](P)
9.5.6[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,Desc)
9.5.7[[HasProperty]](P)
9.5.8[[Get]](P,Receiver)
9.5.9[[Set]](P,V,Receiver)
9.5.10[[Delete]](P)
9.5.11[[OwnPropertyKeys]]()
9.5.14ProxyCreate(target,handler)
10ECMAScriptLanguage:SourceCode
10.1SourceText
10.1.1SS:UTF16Encoding(cp)
10.1.2SS:UTF16Decode(lead,trail)
10.2TypesofSourceCode
10.2.1StrictModeCode
10.2.2NonECMAScriptFunctions
11ECMAScriptLanguage:LexicalGrammar
11.1UnicodeFormatControlCharacters
11.2WhiteSpace
11.3LineTerminators
11.4Comments
11.5Tokens
11.6NamesandKeywords
11.6.1IdentiierNames
11.6.1.1SS:EarlyErrors
11.6.1.2SS:StringValue
11.6.2ReservedWords
11.6.2.1Keywords
11.6.2.2FutureReservedWords
11.7Punctuators
11.8Literals
11.8.1NullLiterals
11.8.2BooleanLiterals
11.8.3NumericLiterals
11.8.3.1SS:MV
11.8.4StringLiterals
11.8.4.2SS:StringValue
11.8.4.3SS:SV
11.8.5RegularExpressionLiterals
11.8.5.2SS:BodyText
11.8.5.3SS:FlagText
11.8.6TemplateLiteralLexicalComponents
11.8.6.1SS:TVandTRV
11.9AutomaticSemicolonInsertion
11.9.1RulesofAutomaticSemicolonInsertion
11.9.2ExamplesofAutomaticSemicolonInsertion
12ECMAScriptLanguage:Expressions
12.1Identiiers
12.1.1SS:EarlyErrors
12.1.2SS:BoundNames
12.1.3SS:IsValidSimpleAssignmentTarget
12.1.4SS:StringValue
12.1.5RS:BindingInitialization
12.1.5.1RS:InitializeBoundName(name,value,environment)
12.1.6RS:Evaluation
12.2PrimaryExpression
12.2.1Semantics
12.2.1.1SS:CoveredParenthesizedExpression
12.2.1.2SS:HasName
12.2.1.3SS:IsFunctionDeinition
12.2.1.4SS:IsIdentiierRef
12.2.1.5SS:IsValidSimpleAssignmentTarget
12.2.2ThethisKeyword
12.2.2.1RS:Evaluation
12.2.3IdentiierReference
12.2.4Literals
12.2.5ArrayInitializer
12.2.5.1SS:ElisionWidth
12.2.5.2RS:ArrayAccumulation
12.2.6ObjectInitializer
12.2.6.2SS:ComputedPropertyContains
12.2.6.3SS:Contains
12.2.6.4SS:HasComputedPropertyKey
12.2.6.5SS:IsComputedPropertyKey
12.2.6.6SS:PropName
12.2.6.7SS:PropertyNameList
12.2.6.9RS:PropertyDeinitionEvaluation
12.2.7FunctionDeiningExpressions
12.2.8RegularExpressionLiterals
12.2.9TemplateLiterals
12.2.9.1SS:TemplateStrings
12.2.9.2RS:ArgumentListEvaluation
12.2.9.3RS:GetTemplateObject(templateLiteral)
12.2.9.4RS:SubstitutionEvaluation
12.2.10TheGroupingOperator
12.3LeftHandSideExpressions
12.3.1StaticSemantics
12.3.1.1SS:Contains
12.3.1.3SS:IsDestructuring
12.3.1.4SS:IsIdentiierRef
12.3.2PropertyAccessors
12.3.3ThenewOperator
12.3.3.1.1RS:EvaluateNew(constructProduction,arguments)
12.3.4FunctionCalls
12.3.4.2RS:EvaluateCall(ref,arguments,tailPosition)
12.3.4.3RS:EvaluateDirectCall(func,thisValue,arguments,tailPosition)
12.3.5ThesuperKeyword
12.3.5.2RS:GetSuperConstructor()
12.3.5.3RS:MakeSuperPropertyReference(propertyKey,strict)
12.3.6ArgumentLists
12.3.6.1RS:ArgumentListEvaluation
12.3.7TaggedTemplates
12.3.8MetaProperties
12.4UpdateExpressions
12.4.2SS:IsFunctionDeinition
12.4.4PostixIncrementOperator
12.4.5PostixDecrementOperator
12.4.6PreixIncrementOperator
12.4.7PreixDecrementOperator
12.5UnaryOperators
12.5.3ThedeleteOperator
12.5.4ThevoidOperator
12.5.5ThetypeofOperator
12.5.6Unary+Operator
12.5.7UnaryOperator
12.5.8BitwiseNOTOperator(~)
12.5.9LogicalNOTOperator(!)
12.6ExponentiationOperator
12.6.3RS:Evaluation
12.7MultiplicativeOperators
12.7.3RS:Evaluation
12.7.3.1Applyingthe*Operator
12.7.3.2Applyingthe/Operator
12.7.3.3Applyingthe%Operator
12.7.3.4Applyingthe**Operator
12.8AdditiveOperators
12.8.3TheAdditionOperator(+)
12.8.4TheSubtractionOperator()
12.8.5ApplyingtheAdditiveOperatorstoNumbers
12.9BitwiseShiftOperators
12.9.3TheLeftShiftOperator(<<)
12.9.4TheSignedRightShiftOperator(>>)
12.9.5TheUnsignedRightShiftOperator(>>>)
12.10RelationalOperators
12.10.3RS:Evaluation
12.10.4RS:InstanceofOperator(O,C)
12.11EqualityOperators
12.12BinaryBitwiseOperators
12.13BinaryLogicalOperators
12.14ConditionalOperator(?:)
12.15AssignmentOperators
12.15.5DestructuringAssignment
12.15.5.2RS:DestructuringAssignmentEvaluation
12.15.5.3RS:IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation
12.15.5.4RS:KeyedDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation
12.16CommaOperator(,)
13ECMAScriptLanguage:StatementsandDeclarations
13.1StatementSemantics
13.1.1SS:ContainsDuplicateLabels
13.1.2SS:ContainsUndeinedBreakTarget
13.1.3SS:ContainsUndeinedContinueTarget
13.1.4SS:DeclarationPart
13.1.5SS:VarDeclaredNames
13.1.6SS:VarScopedDeclarations
13.1.7RS:LabelledEvaluation
13.1.8RS:Evaluation
13.2Block
13.2.5SS:LexicallyDeclaredNames
13.2.6SS:LexicallyScopedDeclarations
13.2.7SS:TopLevelLexicallyDeclaredNames
13.2.8SS:TopLevelLexicallyScopedDeclarations
13.2.9SS:TopLevelVarDeclaredNames
13.2.10SS:TopLevelVarScopedDeclarations
13.2.14RS:BlockDeclarationInstantiation(code,env)
13.3DeclarationsandtheVariableStatement
13.3.1LetandConstDeclarations
13.3.1.2SS:BoundNames
13.3.1.3SS:IsConstantDeclaration
13.3.2VariableStatement
13.3.2.2SS:VarDeclaredNames
13.3.2.3SS:VarScopedDeclarations
13.3.3DestructuringBindingPatterns
13.3.3.2SS:ContainsExpression
13.3.3.3SS:HasInitializer
13.3.3.4SS:IsSimpleParameterList
13.3.3.5RS:BindingInitialization
13.3.3.6RS:IteratorBindingInitialization
13.3.3.7RS:KeyedBindingInitialization
13.4EmptyStatement
13.4.1RS:Evaluation
13.5ExpressionStatement
13.5.1RS:Evaluation
13.6TheifStatement
13.6.7RS:Evaluation
13.7IterationStatements
13.7.1Semantics
13.7.1.2RS:LoopContinues(completion,labelSet)
13.7.2ThedowhileStatement
13.7.2.1SS:ContainsDuplicateLabels
13.7.2.2SS:ContainsUndeinedBreakTarget
13.7.2.3SS:ContainsUndeinedContinueTarget
13.7.2.6RS:LabelledEvaluation
13.7.3ThewhileStatement
13.7.4TheforStatement
13.7.4.8RS:ForBodyEvaluation(test,increment,stmt,perIterationBindings,labelSet)
13.7.4.9RS:CreatePerIterationEnvironment(perIterationBindings)
13.7.5TheforinandforofStatements
13.7.5.6SS:IsDestructuring
13.7.5.9RS:BindingInitialization
13.7.5.10RS:BindingInstantiation
13.7.5.12RS:ForIn/OfHeadEvaluation(TDZnames,expr,iterationKind)
13.7.5.13RS:ForIn/OfBodyEvaluation(lhs,stmt,iterator,lhsKind,labelSet)
13.7.5.15EnumerateObjectProperties(O)
13.8ThecontinueStatement
13.8.3RS:Evaluation
13.9ThebreakStatement
13.9.3RS:Evaluation
13.10ThereturnStatement
13.11ThewithStatement
13.12TheswitchStatement
13.12.9RS:CaseBlockEvaluation
13.12.10RS:CaseSelectorEvaluation
13.13LabelledStatements
13.13.5SS:IsLabelledFunction(stmt)
13.13.8SS:TopLevelLexicallyDeclaredNames
13.13.9SS:TopLevelLexicallyScopedDeclarations
13.13.10SS:TopLevelVarDeclaredNames
13.13.11SS:TopLevelVarScopedDeclarations
13.13.14RS:LabelledEvaluation
13.14ThethrowStatement
13.15ThetryStatement
13.15.7RS:CatchClauseEvaluation
13.16ThedebuggerStatement
14ECMAScriptLanguage:FunctionsandClasses
14.1FunctionDeinitions
14.1.1DirectiveProloguesandtheUseStrictDirective
14.1.3SS:BoundNames
14.1.4SS:Contains
14.1.5SS:ContainsExpression
14.1.6SS:ContainsUseStrict
14.1.7SS:ExpectedArgumentCount
14.1.8SS:HasInitializer
14.1.9SS:HasName
14.1.10SS:IsAnonymousFunctionDeinition(production)
14.1.11SS:IsConstantDeclaration
14.1.13SS:IsSimpleParameterList
14.1.18RS:EvaluateBody
14.1.19RS:IteratorBindingInitialization
14.1.20RS:InstantiateFunctionObject
14.2ArrowFunctionDeinitions
14.2.2SS:BoundNames
14.2.3SS:Contains
14.2.4SS:ContainsExpression
14.2.5SS:ContainsUseStrict
14.2.7SS:HasName
14.2.8SS:IsSimpleParameterList
14.2.9SS:CoveredFormalsList
14.2.14RS:IteratorBindingInitialization
14.3MethodDeinitions
14.3.2SS:ComputedPropertyContains
14.3.4SS:HasComputedPropertyKey
14.3.5SS:HasDirectSuper
14.3.6SS:PropName
14.3.7SS:SpecialMethod
14.3.8RS:DeineMethod
14.3.9RS:PropertyDeinitionEvaluation
14.4GeneratorFunctionDeinitions
14.4.2SS:BoundNames
14.4.4SS:Contains
14.4.5SS:HasComputedPropertyKey
14.4.6SS:HasDirectSuper
14.4.7SS:HasName
14.4.10SS:PropName
14.4.12RS:InstantiateFunctionObject
14.4.13RS:PropertyDeinitionEvaluation
14.5ClassDeinitions
14.5.2SS:BoundNames
14.5.3SS:ConstructorMethod
14.5.4SS:Contains
14.5.6SS:HasName
14.5.9SS:IsStatic
14.5.10SS:NonConstructorMethodDeinitions
14.5.11SS:PrototypePropertyNameList
14.5.12SS:PropName
14.5.13SS:StaticPropertyNameList
14.5.14RS:ClassDeinitionEvaluation
14.5.15RS:BindingClassDeclarationEvaluation
14.6TailPositionCalls
14.6.1SS:IsInTailPosition(nonterminal)
14.6.2SS:HasProductionInTailPosition
14.6.2.1StatementRules
14.6.2.2ExpressionRules
14.6.3RS:PrepareForTailCall()
15ECMAScriptLanguage:ScriptsandModules
15.1Scripts
15.1.2SS:IsStrict
15.1.7RS:Evaluation
15.1.8ScriptRecords
15.1.9ParseScript(sourceText,realm,hostDeined)
15.1.10ScriptEvaluation(scriptRecord)
15.1.11RS:GlobalDeclarationInstantiation(script,env)
15.1.12RS:ScriptEvaluationJob(sourceText,hostDeined)
15.2Modules
15.2.1ModuleSemantics
15.2.1.5SS:ExportedBindings
15.2.1.6SS:ExportedNames
15.2.1.7SS:ExportEntries
15.2.1.8SS:ImportEntries
15.2.1.9SS:ImportedLocalNames(importEntries)
15.2.1.10SS:ModuleRequests
15.2.1.11SS:LexicallyDeclaredNames
15.2.1.12SS:LexicallyScopedDeclarations
15.2.1.15AbstractModuleRecords
15.2.1.16SourceTextModuleRecords
15.2.1.16.1ParseModule(sourceText,realm,hostDeined)
15.2.1.16.2GetExportedNames(exportStarSet)ConcreteMethod
15.2.1.16.3ResolveExport(exportName,resolveSet,exportStarSet)ConcreteMethod
15.2.1.16.4ModuleDeclarationInstantiation()ConcreteMethod
15.2.1.16.5ModuleEvaluation()ConcreteMethod
15.2.1.17RS:HostResolveImportedModule(referencingModule,speciier)
15.2.1.18RS:GetModuleNamespace(module)
15.2.1.19RS:TopLevelModuleEvaluationJob(sourceText,hostDeined)
15.2.2Imports
15.2.2.3SS:ImportEntries
15.2.2.4SS:ImportEntriesForModule
15.2.3Exports
15.2.3.3SS:ExportedBindings
15.2.3.4SS:ExportedNames
15.2.3.5SS:ExportEntries
15.2.3.6SS:ExportEntriesForModule
15.2.3.7SS:IsConstantDeclaration
15.2.3.8SS:LexicallyScopedDeclarations
15.2.3.10SS:ReferencedBindings
16ErrorHandlingandLanguageExtensions
16.1HostReportErrors(errorList)
16.2ForbiddenExtensions
17ECMAScriptStandardBuiltinObjects
18TheGlobalObject
18.1ValuePropertiesoftheGlobalObject
18.1.1Ininity
18.1.2NaN
18.1.3undeined
18.2FunctionPropertiesoftheGlobalObject
18.2.1eval(x)
18.2.1.1RS:PerformEval(x,evalRealm,strictCaller,direct)
18.2.1.2RS:EvalDeclarationInstantiation(body,varEnv,lexEnv,strict)
18.2.2isFinite(number)
18.2.3isNaN(number)
18.2.4parseFloat(string)
18.2.5parseInt(string,radix)
18.2.6URIHandlingFunctions
18.2.6.1URISyntaxandSemantics
18.2.6.1.1RS:Encode(string,unescapedSet)
18.2.6.1.2RS:Decode(string,reservedSet)
18.2.6.2decodeURI(encodedURI)
18.2.6.3decodeURIComponent(encodedURIComponent)
18.2.6.4encodeURI(uri)
18.2.6.5encodeURIComponent(uriComponent)
18.3ConstructorPropertiesoftheGlobalObject
18.3.1Array(...)
18.3.2ArrayBuffer(...)
18.3.3Boolean(...)
18.3.4DataView(...)
18.3.5Date(...)
18.3.6Error(...)
18.3.7EvalError(...)
18.3.8Float32Array(...)
18.3.9Float64Array(...)
18.3.10Function(...)
18.3.11Int8Array(...)
18.3.12Int16Array(...)
18.3.13Int32Array(...)
18.3.14Map(...)
18.3.15Number(...)
18.3.16Object(...)
18.3.17Proxy(...)
18.3.18Promise(...)
18.3.19RangeError(...)
18.3.20ReferenceError(...)
18.3.21RegExp(...)
18.3.22Set(...)
18.3.23String(...)
18.3.24Symbol(...)
18.3.25SyntaxError(...)
18.3.26TypeError(...)
18.3.27Uint8Array(...)
18.3.28Uint8ClampedArray(...)
18.3.29Uint16Array(...)
18.3.30Uint32Array(...)
18.3.31URIError(...)
18.3.32WeakMap(...)
18.3.33WeakSet(...)
18.4OtherPropertiesoftheGlobalObject
18.4.1JSON
18.4.2Math
18.4.3Relect
19FundamentalObjects
19.1ObjectObjects
19.1.1TheObjectConstructor
19.1.1.1Object([value])
19.1.2PropertiesoftheObjectConstructor
19.1.2.1Object.assign(target,...sources)
19.1.2.2Object.create(O,Properties)
19.1.2.3Object.deineProperties(O,Properties)
19.1.2.3.1RS:ObjectDeineProperties(O,Properties)
19.1.2.4Object.deineProperty(O,P,Attributes)
19.1.2.5Object.freeze(O)
19.1.2.6Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(O,P)
19.1.2.7Object.getOwnPropertyNames(O)
19.1.2.8Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(O)
19.1.2.8.1RS:GetOwnPropertyKeys(O,Type)
19.1.2.9Object.getPrototypeOf(O)
19.1.2.10Object.is(value1,value2)
19.1.2.11Object.isExtensible(O)
19.1.2.12Object.isFrozen(O)
19.1.2.13Object.isSealed(O)
19.1.2.14Object.keys(O)
19.1.2.15Object.preventExtensions(O)
19.1.2.16Object.prototype
19.1.2.17Object.seal(O)
19.1.2.18Object.setPrototypeOf(O,proto)
19.1.3PropertiesoftheObjectPrototypeObject
19.1.3.1Object.prototype.constructor
19.1.3.2Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty(V)
19.1.3.3Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(V)
19.1.3.4Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable(V)
19.1.3.5Object.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
19.1.3.6Object.prototype.toString()
19.1.3.7Object.prototype.valueOf()
19.1.4PropertiesofObjectInstances
19.2FunctionObjects
19.2.1TheFunctionConstructor
19.2.1.1Function(p1,p2,,pn,body)
19.2.1.1.1RS:CreateDynamicFunction(constructor,newTarget,kind,args)
19.2.2PropertiesoftheFunctionConstructor
19.2.2.1Function.length
19.2.2.2Function.prototype
19.2.3PropertiesoftheFunctionPrototypeObject
19.2.3.1Function.prototype.apply(thisArg,argArray)
19.2.3.2Function.prototype.bind(thisArg,...args)
19.2.3.3Function.prototype.call(thisArg,...args)
19.2.3.4Function.prototype.constructor
19.2.3.5Function.prototype.toString()
19.2.3.6Function.prototype[@@hasInstance](V)
19.2.4FunctionInstances
19.2.4.1length
19.2.4.2name
19.2.4.3prototype
19.3BooleanObjects
19.3.1TheBooleanConstructor
19.3.1.1Boolean(value)
19.3.2PropertiesoftheBooleanConstructor
19.3.2.1Boolean.prototype
19.3.3PropertiesoftheBooleanPrototypeObject
19.3.3.1thisBooleanValue(value)
19.3.3.2Boolean.prototype.constructor
19.3.3.3Boolean.prototype.toString()
19.3.3.4Boolean.prototype.valueOf()
19.3.4PropertiesofBooleanInstances
19.4SymbolObjects
19.4.1TheSymbolConstructor
19.4.1.1Symbol([description])
19.4.2PropertiesoftheSymbolConstructor
19.4.2.1Symbol.for(key)
19.4.2.2Symbol.hasInstance
19.4.2.3Symbol.isConcatSpreadable
19.4.2.4Symbol.iterator
19.4.2.5Symbol.keyFor(sym)
19.4.2.6Symbol.match
19.4.2.7Symbol.prototype
19.4.2.8Symbol.replace
19.4.2.9Symbol.search
19.4.2.10Symbol.species
19.4.2.11Symbol.split
19.4.2.12Symbol.toPrimitive
19.4.2.13Symbol.toStringTag
19.4.2.14Symbol.unscopables
19.4.3PropertiesoftheSymbolPrototypeObject
19.4.3.1Symbol.prototype.constructor
19.4.3.2Symbol.prototype.toString()
19.4.3.2.1RS:SymbolDescriptiveString(sym)
19.4.3.3Symbol.prototype.valueOf()
19.4.3.4Symbol.prototype[@@toPrimitive](hint)
19.4.3.5Symbol.prototype[@@toStringTag]
19.4.4PropertiesofSymbolInstances
19.5ErrorObjects
19.5.1TheErrorConstructor
19.5.1.1Error(message)
19.5.2PropertiesoftheErrorConstructor
19.5.2.1Error.prototype
19.5.3PropertiesoftheErrorPrototypeObject
19.5.3.1Error.prototype.constructor
19.5.3.2Error.prototype.message
19.5.3.3Error.prototype.name
19.5.3.4Error.prototype.toString()
19.5.4PropertiesofErrorInstances
19.5.5NativeErrorTypesUsedinThisStandard
19.5.5.1EvalError
19.5.5.2RangeError
19.5.5.3ReferenceError
19.5.5.4SyntaxError
19.5.5.5TypeError
19.5.5.6URIError
19.5.6NativeErrorObjectStructure
19.5.6.1NativeErrorConstructors
19.5.6.1.1NativeError(message)
19.5.6.2PropertiesoftheNativeErrorConstructors
19.5.6.2.1NativeError.prototype
19.5.6.3PropertiesoftheNativeErrorPrototypeObjects
19.5.6.3.1NativeError.prototype.constructor
19.5.6.3.2NativeError.prototype.message
19.5.6.3.3NativeError.prototype.name
19.5.6.4PropertiesofNativeErrorInstances
20NumbersandDates
20.1NumberObjects
20.1.1TheNumberConstructor
20.1.1.1Number(value)
20.1.2PropertiesoftheNumberConstructor
20.1.2.1Number.EPSILON
20.1.2.2Number.isFinite(number)
20.1.2.3Number.isInteger(number)
20.1.2.4Number.isNaN(number)
20.1.2.5Number.isSafeInteger(number)
20.1.2.6Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
20.1.2.7Number.MAX_VALUE
20.1.2.8Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER
20.1.2.9Number.MIN_VALUE
20.1.2.10Number.NaN
20.1.2.11Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
20.1.2.12Number.parseFloat(string)
20.1.2.13Number.parseInt(string,radix)
20.1.2.14Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
20.1.2.15Number.prototype
20.1.3PropertiesoftheNumberPrototypeObject
20.1.3.1Number.prototype.constructor
20.1.3.2Number.prototype.toExponential(fractionDigits)
20.1.3.3Number.prototype.toFixed(fractionDigits)
20.1.3.4Number.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
20.1.3.5Number.prototype.toPrecision(precision)
20.1.3.6Number.prototype.toString([radix])
20.1.3.7Number.prototype.valueOf()
20.1.4PropertiesofNumberInstances
20.2TheMathObject
20.2.1ValuePropertiesoftheMathObject
20.2.1.1Math.E
20.2.1.2Math.LN10
20.2.1.3Math.LN2
20.2.1.4Math.LOG10E
20.2.1.5Math.LOG2E
20.2.1.6Math.PI
20.2.1.7Math.SQRT1_2
20.2.1.8Math.SQRT2
20.2.1.9Math[@@toStringTag]
20.2.2FunctionPropertiesoftheMathObject
20.2.2.1Math.abs(x)
20.2.2.2Math.acos(x)
20.2.2.3Math.acosh(x)
20.2.2.4Math.asin(x)
20.2.2.5Math.asinh(x)
20.2.2.6Math.atan(x)
20.2.2.7Math.atanh(x)
20.2.2.8Math.atan2(y,x)
20.2.2.9Math.cbrt(x)
20.2.2.10Math.ceil(x)
20.2.2.11Math.clz32(x)
20.2.2.12Math.cos(x)
20.2.2.13Math.cosh(x)
20.2.2.14Math.exp(x)
20.2.2.15Math.expm1(x)
20.2.2.16Math.loor(x)
20.2.2.17Math.fround(x)
20.2.2.18Math.hypot(value1,value2,...values)
20.2.2.19Math.imul(x,y)
20.2.2.20Math.log(x)
20.2.2.21Math.log1p(x)
20.2.2.22Math.log10(x)
20.2.2.23Math.log2(x)
20.2.2.24Math.max(value1,value2,...values)
20.2.2.25Math.min(value1,value2,...values)
20.2.2.26Math.pow(base,exponent)
20.2.2.27Math.random()
20.2.2.28Math.round(x)
20.2.2.29Math.sign(x)
20.2.2.30Math.sin(x)
20.2.2.31Math.sinh(x)
20.2.2.32Math.sqrt(x)
20.2.2.33Math.tan(x)
20.2.2.34Math.tanh(x)
20.2.2.35Math.trunc(x)
20.3DateObjects
20.3.1OverviewofDateObjectsandDeinitionsofAbstractOperations
20.3.1.1TimeValuesandTimeRange
20.3.1.2DayNumberandTimewithinDay
20.3.1.3YearNumber
20.3.1.4MonthNumber
20.3.1.5DateNumber
20.3.1.6WeekDay
20.3.1.7LocalTimeZoneAdjustment
20.3.1.8DaylightSavingTimeAdjustment
20.3.1.9LocalTime(t)
20.3.1.10UTC(t)
20.3.1.11Hours,Minutes,Second,andMilliseconds
20.3.1.12MakeTime(hour,min,sec,ms)
20.3.1.13MakeDay(year,month,date)
20.3.1.14MakeDate(day,time)
20.3.1.15TimeClip(time)
20.3.1.16DateTimeStringFormat
20.3.1.16.1ExtendedYears
20.3.2TheDateConstructor
20.3.2.1Date(year,month[,date[,hours[,minutes[,seconds[,ms]]]]])
20.3.2.2Date(value)
20.3.2.3Date()
20.3.3PropertiesoftheDateConstructor
20.3.3.1Date.now()
20.3.3.2Date.parse(string)
20.3.3.3Date.prototype
20.3.3.4Date.UTC(year,month[,date[,hours[,minutes[,seconds[,ms]]]]])
20.3.4PropertiesoftheDatePrototypeObject
20.3.4.1Date.prototype.constructor
20.3.4.2Date.prototype.getDate()
20.3.4.3Date.prototype.getDay()
20.3.4.4Date.prototype.getFullYear()
20.3.4.5Date.prototype.getHours()
20.3.4.6Date.prototype.getMilliseconds()
20.3.4.7Date.prototype.getMinutes()
20.3.4.8Date.prototype.getMonth()
20.3.4.9Date.prototype.getSeconds()
20.3.4.10Date.prototype.getTime()
20.3.4.11Date.prototype.getTimezoneOffset()
20.3.4.12Date.prototype.getUTCDate()
20.3.4.13Date.prototype.getUTCDay()
20.3.4.14Date.prototype.getUTCFullYear()
20.3.4.15Date.prototype.getUTCHours()
20.3.4.16Date.prototype.getUTCMilliseconds()
20.3.4.17Date.prototype.getUTCMinutes()
20.3.4.18Date.prototype.getUTCMonth()
20.3.4.19Date.prototype.getUTCSeconds()
20.3.4.20Date.prototype.setDate(date)
20.3.4.21Date.prototype.setFullYear(year[,month[,date]])
20.3.4.22Date.prototype.setHours(hour[,min[,sec[,ms]]])
20.3.4.23Date.prototype.setMilliseconds(ms)
20.3.4.24Date.prototype.setMinutes(min[,sec[,ms]])
20.3.4.25Date.prototype.setMonth(month[,date])
20.3.4.26Date.prototype.setSeconds(sec[,ms])
20.3.4.27Date.prototype.setTime(time)
20.3.4.28Date.prototype.setUTCDate(date)
20.3.4.29Date.prototype.setUTCFullYear(year[,month[,date]])
20.3.4.30Date.prototype.setUTCHours(hour[,min[,sec[,ms]]])
20.3.4.31Date.prototype.setUTCMilliseconds(ms)
20.3.4.32Date.prototype.setUTCMinutes(min[,sec[,ms]])
20.3.4.33Date.prototype.setUTCMonth(month[,date])
20.3.4.34Date.prototype.setUTCSeconds(sec[,ms])
20.3.4.35Date.prototype.toDateString()
20.3.4.36Date.prototype.toISOString()
20.3.4.37Date.prototype.toJSON(key)
20.3.4.38Date.prototype.toLocaleDateString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
20.3.4.39Date.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
20.3.4.40Date.prototype.toLocaleTimeString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
20.3.4.41Date.prototype.toString()
20.3.4.41.1RS:ToDateString(tv)
20.3.4.42Date.prototype.toTimeString()
20.3.4.43Date.prototype.toUTCString()
20.3.4.44Date.prototype.valueOf()
20.3.4.45Date.prototype[@@toPrimitive](hint)
20.3.5PropertiesofDateInstances
21TextProcessing
21.1StringObjects
21.1.1TheStringConstructor
21.1.1.1String(value)
21.1.2PropertiesoftheStringConstructor
21.1.2.1String.fromCharCode(...codeUnits)
21.1.2.2String.fromCodePoint(...codePoints)
21.1.2.3String.prototype
21.1.2.4String.raw(template,...substitutions)
21.1.3PropertiesoftheStringPrototypeObject
21.1.3.1String.prototype.charAt(pos)
21.1.3.2String.prototype.charCodeAt(pos)
21.1.3.3String.prototype.codePointAt(pos)
21.1.3.4String.prototype.concat(...args)
21.1.3.5String.prototype.constructor
21.1.3.6String.prototype.endsWith(searchString[,endPosition])
21.1.3.7String.prototype.includes(searchString[,position])
21.1.3.8String.prototype.indexOf(searchString[,position])
21.1.3.9String.prototype.lastIndexOf(searchString[,position])
21.1.3.10String.prototype.localeCompare(that[,reserved1[,reserved2]])
21.1.3.11String.prototype.match(regexp)
21.1.3.12String.prototype.normalize([form])
21.1.3.13String.prototype.repeat(count)
21.1.3.14String.prototype.replace(searchValue,replaceValue)
21.1.3.14.1RS:GetSubstitution(matched,str,position,captures,replacement)
21.1.3.15String.prototype.search(regexp)
21.1.3.16String.prototype.slice(start,end)
21.1.3.17String.prototype.split(separator,limit)
21.1.3.17.1RS:SplitMatch(S,q,R)
21.1.3.18String.prototype.startsWith(searchString[,position])
21.1.3.19String.prototype.substring(start,end)
21.1.3.20String.prototype.toLocaleLowerCase([reserved1[,reserved2]])
21.1.3.21String.prototype.toLocaleUpperCase([reserved1[,reserved2]])
21.1.3.22String.prototype.toLowerCase()
21.1.3.23String.prototype.toString()
21.1.3.24String.prototype.toUpperCase()
21.1.3.25String.prototype.trim()
21.1.3.26String.prototype.valueOf()
21.1.3.27String.prototype[@@iterator]()
21.1.4PropertiesofStringInstances
21.1.4.1length
21.1.5StringIteratorObjects
21.1.5.1CreateStringIteratorAbstractOperation
21.1.5.2The%StringIteratorPrototype%Object
21.1.5.2.1%StringIteratorPrototype%.next()
21.1.5.2.2%StringIteratorPrototype%[@@toStringTag]
21.1.5.3PropertiesofStringIteratorInstances
21.2RegExp(RegularExpression)Objects
21.2.1Patterns
21.2.2PatternSemantics
21.2.2.1Notation
21.2.2.2Pattern
21.2.2.3Disjunction
21.2.2.4Alternative
21.2.2.5Term
21.2.2.5.1RS:RepeatMatcherAbstractOperation
21.2.2.6Assertion
21.2.2.6.1RS:IsWordCharAbstractOperation
21.2.2.7Quantiier
21.2.2.8Atom
21.2.2.8.1RS:CharacterSetMatcherAbstractOperation
21.2.2.8.2RS:Canonicalize(ch)
21.2.2.9AtomEscape
21.2.2.10CharacterEscape
21.2.2.11DecimalEscape
21.2.2.12CharacterClassEscape
21.2.2.13CharacterClass
21.2.2.14ClassRanges
21.2.2.15NonemptyClassRanges
21.2.2.15.1RS:CharacterRangeAbstractOperation
21.2.2.16NonemptyClassRangesNoDash
21.2.2.17ClassAtom
21.2.2.18ClassAtomNoDash
21.2.2.19ClassEscape
21.2.3TheRegExpConstructor
21.2.3.1RegExp(pattern,lags)
21.2.3.2AbstractOperationsfortheRegExpConstructor
21.2.3.2.1RS:RegExpAlloc(newTarget)
21.2.3.2.2RS:RegExpInitialize(obj,pattern,lags)
21.2.3.2.3RS:RegExpCreate(P,F)
21.2.3.2.4RS:EscapeRegExpPattern(P,F)
21.2.4PropertiesoftheRegExpConstructor
21.2.4.1RegExp.prototype
21.2.4.2getRegExp[@@species]
21.2.5PropertiesoftheRegExpPrototypeObject
21.2.5.1RegExp.prototype.constructor
21.2.5.2RegExp.prototype.exec(string)
21.2.5.2.1RS:RegExpExec(R,S)
21.2.5.2.2RS:RegExpBuiltinExec(R,S)
21.2.5.2.3AdvanceStringIndex(S,index,unicode)
21.2.5.3getRegExp.prototype.lags
21.2.5.4getRegExp.prototype.global
21.2.5.5getRegExp.prototype.ignoreCase
21.2.5.6RegExp.prototype[@@match](string)
21.2.5.7getRegExp.prototype.multiline
21.2.5.8RegExp.prototype[@@replace](string,replaceValue)
21.2.5.9RegExp.prototype[@@search](string)
21.2.5.10getRegExp.prototype.source
21.2.5.11RegExp.prototype[@@split](string,limit)
21.2.5.12getRegExp.prototype.sticky
21.2.5.13RegExp.prototype.test(S)
21.2.5.14RegExp.prototype.toString()
21.2.5.15getRegExp.prototype.unicode
21.2.6PropertiesofRegExpInstances
21.2.6.1lastIndex
22IndexedCollections
22.1ArrayObjects
22.1.1TheArrayConstructor
22.1.1.1Array()
22.1.1.2Array(len)
22.1.1.3Array(...items)
22.1.2PropertiesoftheArrayConstructor
22.1.2.1Array.from(items[,mapfn[,thisArg]])
22.1.2.2Array.isArray(arg)
22.1.2.3Array.of(...items)
22.1.2.4Array.prototype
22.1.2.5getArray[@@species]
22.1.3PropertiesoftheArrayPrototypeObject
22.1.3.1Array.prototype.concat(...arguments)
22.1.3.1.1RS:IsConcatSpreadable(O)
22.1.3.2Array.prototype.constructor
22.1.3.3Array.prototype.copyWithin(target,start[,end])
22.1.3.4Array.prototype.entries()
22.1.3.5Array.prototype.every(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.1.3.6Array.prototype.ill(value[,start[,end]])
22.1.3.7Array.prototype.ilter(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.1.3.8Array.prototype.ind(predicate[,thisArg])
22.1.3.9Array.prototype.indIndex(predicate[,thisArg])
22.1.3.10Array.prototype.forEach(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.1.3.11Array.prototype.includes(searchElement[,fromIndex])
22.1.3.12Array.prototype.indexOf(searchElement[,fromIndex])
22.1.3.13Array.prototype.join(separator)
22.1.3.14Array.prototype.keys()
22.1.3.15Array.prototype.lastIndexOf(searchElement[,fromIndex])
22.1.3.16Array.prototype.map(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.1.3.17Array.prototype.pop()
22.1.3.18Array.prototype.push(...items)
22.1.3.19Array.prototype.reduce(callbackfn[,initialValue])
22.1.3.20Array.prototype.reduceRight(callbackfn[,initialValue])
22.1.3.21Array.prototype.reverse()
22.1.3.22Array.prototype.shift()
22.1.3.23Array.prototype.slice(start,end)
22.1.3.24Array.prototype.some(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.1.3.25Array.prototype.sort(comparefn)
22.1.3.25.1RS:SortCompare(x,y)
22.1.3.26Array.prototype.splice(start,deleteCount,...items)
22.1.3.27Array.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
22.1.3.28Array.prototype.toString()
22.1.3.29Array.prototype.unshift(...items)
22.1.3.30Array.prototype.values()
22.1.3.31Array.prototype[@@iterator]()
22.1.3.32Array.prototype[@@unscopables]
22.1.4PropertiesofArrayInstances
22.1.4.1length
22.1.5ArrayIteratorObjects
22.1.5.1CreateArrayIteratorAbstractOperation
22.1.5.2The%ArrayIteratorPrototype%Object
22.1.5.2.1%ArrayIteratorPrototype%.next()
22.1.5.2.2%ArrayIteratorPrototype%[@@toStringTag]
22.1.5.3PropertiesofArrayIteratorInstances
22.2TypedArrayObjects
22.2.1The%TypedArray%IntrinsicObject
22.2.1.1%TypedArray%()
22.2.2Propertiesofthe%TypedArray%IntrinsicObject
22.2.2.1%TypedArray%.from(source[,mapfn[,thisArg]])
22.2.2.1.1RS:IterableToArrayLike(items)
22.2.2.2%TypedArray%.of(...items)
22.2.2.3%TypedArray%.prototype
22.2.2.4get%TypedArray%[@@species]
22.2.3Propertiesofthe%TypedArrayPrototype%Object
22.2.3.1get%TypedArray%.prototype.buffer
22.2.3.2get%TypedArray%.prototype.byteLength
22.2.3.3get%TypedArray%.prototype.byteOffset
22.2.3.4%TypedArray%.prototype.constructor
22.2.3.5%TypedArray%.prototype.copyWithin(target,start[,end])
22.2.3.5.1RS:ValidateTypedArray(O)
22.2.3.6%TypedArray%.prototype.entries()
22.2.3.7%TypedArray%.prototype.every(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.2.3.8%TypedArray%.prototype.ill(value[,start[,end]])
22.2.3.9%TypedArray%.prototype.ilter(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.2.3.10%TypedArray%.prototype.ind(predicate[,thisArg])
22.2.3.11%TypedArray%.prototype.indIndex(predicate[,thisArg])
22.2.3.12%TypedArray%.prototype.forEach(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.2.3.13%TypedArray%.prototype.indexOf(searchElement[,fromIndex])
22.2.3.14%TypedArray%.prototype.includes(searchElement[,fromIndex])
22.2.3.15%TypedArray%.prototype.join(separator)
22.2.3.16%TypedArray%.prototype.keys()
22.2.3.17%TypedArray%.prototype.lastIndexOf(searchElement[,fromIndex])
22.2.3.18get%TypedArray%.prototype.length
22.2.3.19%TypedArray%.prototype.map(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.2.3.20%TypedArray%.prototype.reduce(callbackfn[,initialValue])
22.2.3.21%TypedArray%.prototype.reduceRight(callbackfn[,initialValue])
22.2.3.22%TypedArray%.prototype.reverse()
22.2.3.23%TypedArray%.prototype.set(overloaded[,offset])
22.2.3.23.1%TypedArray%.prototype.set(array[,offset])
22.2.3.23.2%TypedArray%.prototype.set(typedArray[,offset])
22.2.3.24%TypedArray%.prototype.slice(start,end)
22.2.3.25%TypedArray%.prototype.some(callbackfn[,thisArg])
22.2.3.26%TypedArray%.prototype.sort(comparefn)
22.2.3.27%TypedArray%.prototype.subarray(begin,end)
22.2.3.28%TypedArray%.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
22.2.3.29%TypedArray%.prototype.toString()
22.2.3.30%TypedArray%.prototype.values()
22.2.3.31%TypedArray%.prototype[@@iterator]()
22.2.3.32get%TypedArray%.prototype[@@toStringTag]
22.2.4TheTypedArrayConstructors
22.2.4.1TypedArray()
22.2.4.2TypedArray(length)
22.2.4.2.1RS:AllocateTypedArray(constructorName,newTarget,defaultProto[,length])
22.2.4.2.2RS:AllocateTypedArrayBuffer(O,length)
22.2.4.3TypedArray(typedArray)
22.2.4.4TypedArray(object)
22.2.4.5TypedArray(buffer[,byteOffset[,length]])
22.2.4.6TypedArrayCreate(constructor,argumentList)
22.2.4.7TypedArraySpeciesCreate(exemplar,argumentList)
22.2.5PropertiesoftheTypedArrayConstructors
22.2.5.1TypedArray.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT
22.2.5.2TypedArray.prototype
22.2.6PropertiesofTypedArrayPrototypeObjects
22.2.6.1TypedArray.prototype.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT
22.2.6.2TypedArray.prototype.constructor
22.2.7PropertiesofTypedArrayInstances
23KeyedCollection
23.1MapObjects
23.1.1TheMapConstructor
23.1.1.1Map([iterable])
23.1.2PropertiesoftheMapConstructor
23.1.2.1Map.prototype
23.1.2.2getMap[@@species]
23.1.3PropertiesoftheMapPrototypeObject
23.1.3.1Map.prototype.clear()
23.1.3.2Map.prototype.constructor
23.1.3.3Map.prototype.delete(key)
23.1.3.4Map.prototype.entries()
23.1.3.5Map.prototype.forEach(callbackfn[,thisArg])
23.1.3.6Map.prototype.get(key)
23.1.3.7Map.prototype.has(key)
23.1.3.8Map.prototype.keys()
23.1.3.9Map.prototype.set(key,value)
23.1.3.10getMap.prototype.size
23.1.3.11Map.prototype.values()
23.1.3.12Map.prototype[@@iterator]()
23.1.3.13Map.prototype[@@toStringTag]
23.1.4PropertiesofMapInstances
23.1.5MapIteratorObjects
23.1.5.1CreateMapIteratorAbstractOperation
23.1.5.2The%MapIteratorPrototype%Object
23.1.5.2.1%MapIteratorPrototype%.next()
23.1.5.2.2%MapIteratorPrototype%[@@toStringTag]
23.1.5.3PropertiesofMapIteratorInstances
23.2SetObjects
23.2.1TheSetConstructor
23.2.1.1Set([iterable])
23.2.2PropertiesoftheSetConstructor
23.2.2.1Set.prototype
23.2.2.2getSet[@@species]
23.2.3PropertiesoftheSetPrototypeObject
23.2.3.1Set.prototype.add(value)
23.2.3.2Set.prototype.clear()
23.2.3.3Set.prototype.constructor
23.2.3.4Set.prototype.delete(value)
23.2.3.5Set.prototype.entries()
23.2.3.6Set.prototype.forEach(callbackfn[,thisArg])
23.2.3.7Set.prototype.has(value)
23.2.3.8Set.prototype.keys()
23.2.3.9getSet.prototype.size
23.2.3.10Set.prototype.values()
23.2.3.11Set.prototype[@@iterator]()
23.2.3.12Set.prototype[@@toStringTag]
23.2.4PropertiesofSetInstances
23.2.5SetIteratorObjects
23.2.5.1CreateSetIteratorAbstractOperation
23.2.5.2The%SetIteratorPrototype%Object
23.2.5.2.1%SetIteratorPrototype%.next()
23.2.5.2.2%SetIteratorPrototype%[@@toStringTag]
23.2.5.3PropertiesofSetIteratorInstances
23.3WeakMapObjects
23.3.1TheWeakMapConstructor
23.3.1.1WeakMap([iterable])
23.3.2PropertiesoftheWeakMapConstructor
23.3.2.1WeakMap.prototype
23.3.3PropertiesoftheWeakMapPrototypeObject
23.3.3.1WeakMap.prototype.constructor
23.3.3.2WeakMap.prototype.delete(key)
23.3.3.3WeakMap.prototype.get(key)
23.3.3.4WeakMap.prototype.has(key)
23.3.3.5WeakMap.prototype.set(key,value)
23.3.3.6WeakMap.prototype[@@toStringTag]
23.3.4PropertiesofWeakMapInstances
23.4WeakSetObjects
23.4.1TheWeakSetConstructor
23.4.1.1WeakSet([iterable])
23.4.2PropertiesoftheWeakSetConstructor
23.4.2.1WeakSet.prototype
23.4.3PropertiesoftheWeakSetPrototypeObject
23.4.3.1WeakSet.prototype.add(value)
23.4.3.2WeakSet.prototype.constructor
23.4.3.3WeakSet.prototype.delete(value)
23.4.3.4WeakSet.prototype.has(value)
23.4.3.5WeakSet.prototype[@@toStringTag]
23.4.4PropertiesofWeakSetInstances
24StructuredData
24.1ArrayBufferObjects
24.1.1AbstractOperationsForArrayBufferObjects
24.1.1.1AllocateArrayBuffer(constructor,byteLength)
24.1.1.2IsDetachedBuffer(arrayBuffer)
24.1.1.3DetachArrayBuffer(arrayBuffer)
24.1.1.4CloneArrayBuffer(srcBuffer,srcByteOffset[,cloneConstructor])
24.1.1.5GetValueFromBuffer(arrayBuffer,byteIndex,type[,isLittleEndian])
24.1.1.6SetValueInBuffer(arrayBuffer,byteIndex,type,value[,isLittleEndian])
24.1.2TheArrayBufferConstructor
24.1.2.1ArrayBuffer(length)
24.1.3PropertiesoftheArrayBufferConstructor
24.1.3.1ArrayBuffer.isView(arg)
24.1.3.2ArrayBuffer.prototype
24.1.3.3getArrayBuffer[@@species]
24.1.4PropertiesoftheArrayBufferPrototypeObject
24.1.4.1getArrayBuffer.prototype.byteLength
24.1.4.2ArrayBuffer.prototype.constructor
24.1.4.3ArrayBuffer.prototype.slice(start,end)
24.1.4.4ArrayBuffer.prototype[@@toStringTag]
24.1.5PropertiesoftheArrayBufferInstances
24.2DataViewObjects
24.2.1AbstractOperationsForDataViewObjects
24.2.1.1GetViewValue(view,requestIndex,isLittleEndian,type)
24.2.1.2SetViewValue(view,requestIndex,isLittleEndian,type,value)
24.2.2TheDataViewConstructor
24.2.2.1DataView(buffer,byteOffset,byteLength)
24.2.3PropertiesoftheDataViewConstructor
24.2.3.1DataView.prototype
24.2.4PropertiesoftheDataViewPrototypeObject
24.2.4.1getDataView.prototype.buffer
24.2.4.2getDataView.prototype.byteLength
24.2.4.3getDataView.prototype.byteOffset
24.2.4.4DataView.prototype.constructor
24.2.4.5DataView.prototype.getFloat32(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.6DataView.prototype.getFloat64(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.7DataView.prototype.getInt8(byteOffset)
24.2.4.8DataView.prototype.getInt16(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.9DataView.prototype.getInt32(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.10DataView.prototype.getUint8(byteOffset)
24.2.4.11DataView.prototype.getUint16(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.12DataView.prototype.getUint32(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.13DataView.prototype.setFloat32(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.14DataView.prototype.setFloat64(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.15DataView.prototype.setInt8(byteOffset,value)
24.2.4.16DataView.prototype.setInt16(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.17DataView.prototype.setInt32(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.18DataView.prototype.setUint8(byteOffset,value)
24.2.4.19DataView.prototype.setUint16(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.20DataView.prototype.setUint32(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
24.2.4.21DataView.prototype[@@toStringTag]
24.2.5PropertiesofDataViewInstances
24.3TheJSONObject
24.3.1JSON.parse(text[,reviver])
24.3.1.1RS:InternalizeJSONProperty(holder,name)
24.3.2JSON.stringify(value[,replacer[,space]])
24.3.2.1RS:SerializeJSONProperty(key,holder)
24.3.2.2RS:QuoteJSONString(value)
24.3.2.3RS:SerializeJSONObject(value)
24.3.2.4RS:SerializeJSONArray(value)
24.3.3JSON[@@toStringTag]
25ControlAbstractionObjects
25.1Iteration
25.1.1CommonIterationInterfaces
25.1.1.1TheIterableInterface
25.1.1.2TheIteratorInterface
25.1.1.3TheIteratorResultInterface
25.1.2The%IteratorPrototype%Object
25.1.2.1%IteratorPrototype%[@@iterator]()
25.2GeneratorFunctionObjects
25.2.1TheGeneratorFunctionConstructor
25.2.1.1GeneratorFunction(p1,p2,,pn,body)
25.2.2PropertiesoftheGeneratorFunctionConstructor
25.2.2.1GeneratorFunction.length
25.2.2.2GeneratorFunction.prototype
25.2.3PropertiesoftheGeneratorFunctionPrototypeObject
25.2.3.1GeneratorFunction.prototype.constructor
25.2.3.2GeneratorFunction.prototype.prototype
25.2.3.3GeneratorFunction.prototype[@@toStringTag]
25.2.4GeneratorFunctionInstances
25.2.4.1length
25.2.4.2name
25.2.4.3prototype
25.3GeneratorObjects
25.3.1PropertiesofGeneratorPrototype
25.3.1.1Generator.prototype.constructor
25.3.1.2Generator.prototype.next(value)
25.3.1.3Generator.prototype.return(value)
25.3.1.4Generator.prototype.throw(exception)
25.3.1.5Generator.prototype[@@toStringTag]
25.3.2PropertiesofGeneratorInstances
25.3.3GeneratorAbstractOperations
25.3.3.1GeneratorStart(generator,generatorBody)
25.3.3.2GeneratorValidate(generator)
25.3.3.3GeneratorResume(generator,value)
25.3.3.4GeneratorResumeAbrupt(generator,abruptCompletion)
25.3.3.5GeneratorYield(iterNextObj)
25.4PromiseObjects
25.4.1PromiseAbstractOperations
25.4.1.1PromiseCapabilityRecords
25.4.1.1.1IfAbruptRejectPromise(value,capability)
25.4.1.2PromiseReactionRecords
25.4.1.3CreateResolvingFunctions(promise)
25.4.1.3.1PromiseRejectFunctions
25.4.1.3.2PromiseResolveFunctions
25.4.1.4FulillPromise(promise,value)
25.4.1.5NewPromiseCapability(C)
25.4.1.5.1GetCapabilitiesExecutorFunctions
25.4.1.6IsPromise(x)
25.4.1.7RejectPromise(promise,reason)
25.4.1.8TriggerPromiseReactions(reactions,argument)
25.4.1.9HostPromiseRejectionTracker(promise,operation)
25.4.2PromiseJobs
25.4.2.1PromiseReactionJob(reaction,argument)
25.4.2.2PromiseResolveThenableJob(promiseToResolve,thenable,then)
25.4.3ThePromiseConstructor
25.4.3.1Promise(executor)
25.4.4PropertiesofthePromiseConstructor
25.4.4.1Promise.all(iterable)
25.4.4.1.1RS:PerformPromiseAll(iteratorRecord,constructor,resultCapability)
25.4.4.1.2Promise.allResolveElementFunctions
25.4.4.2Promise.prototype
25.4.4.3Promise.race(iterable)
25.4.4.3.1RS:PerformPromiseRace(iteratorRecord,promiseCapability,C)
25.4.4.4Promise.reject(r)
25.4.4.5Promise.resolve(x)
25.4.4.6getPromise[@@species]
25.4.5PropertiesofthePromisePrototypeObject
25.4.5.1Promise.prototype.catch(onRejected)
25.4.5.2Promise.prototype.constructor
25.4.5.3Promise.prototype.then(onFulilled,onRejected)
25.4.5.3.1PerformPromiseThen(promise,onFulilled,onRejected,resultCapability)
25.4.5.4Promise.prototype[@@toStringTag]
25.4.6PropertiesofPromiseInstances
26Relection
26.1TheRelectObject
26.1.1Relect.apply(target,thisArgument,argumentsList)
26.1.2Relect.construct(target,argumentsList[,newTarget])
26.1.3Relect.deineProperty(target,propertyKey,attributes)
26.1.4Relect.deleteProperty(target,propertyKey)
26.1.5Relect.get(target,propertyKey[,receiver])
26.1.6Relect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target,propertyKey)
26.1.7Relect.getPrototypeOf(target)
26.1.8Relect.has(target,propertyKey)
26.1.9Relect.isExtensible(target)
26.1.10Relect.ownKeys(target)
26.1.11Relect.preventExtensions(target)
26.1.12Relect.set(target,propertyKey,V[,receiver])
26.1.13Relect.setPrototypeOf(target,proto)
26.2ProxyObjects
26.2.1TheProxyConstructor
26.2.1.1Proxy(target,handler)
26.2.2PropertiesoftheProxyConstructor
26.2.2.1Proxy.revocable(target,handler)
26.2.2.1.1ProxyRevocationFunctions
26.3ModuleNamespaceObjects
26.3.1@@toStringTag
26.3.2[@@iterator]()
AGrammarSummary
A.1LexicalGrammar
A.2Expressions
A.3Statements
A.4FunctionsandClasses
A.5ScriptsandModules
A.6NumberConversions
A.7UniversalResourceIdentiierCharacterClasses
A.8RegularExpressions
BAdditionalECMAScriptFeaturesforWebBrowsers
B.1AdditionalSyntax
B.1.1NumericLiterals
B.1.1.1StaticSemantics
B.1.2StringLiterals
B.1.2.1StaticSemantics
B.1.3HTMLlikeComments
B.1.4RegularExpressionsPatterns
B.1.4.1PatternSemantics
B.1.4.1.1RS:CharacterRangeOrUnionAbstractOperation
B.2AdditionalBuiltinProperties
B.2.1AdditionalPropertiesoftheGlobalObject
B.2.1.1escape(string)
B.2.1.2unescape(string)
B.2.2AdditionalPropertiesoftheObject.prototypeObject
B.2.2.1Object.prototype.__proto__
B.2.2.1.1getObject.prototype.__proto__
B.2.2.1.2setObject.prototype.__proto__
B.2.3AdditionalPropertiesoftheString.prototypeObject
B.2.3.1String.prototype.substr(start,length)
B.2.3.2String.prototype.anchor(name)
B.2.3.2.1RS:CreateHTML(string,tag,attribute,value)
B.2.3.3String.prototype.big()
B.2.3.4String.prototype.blink()
B.2.3.5String.prototype.bold()
B.2.3.6String.prototype.ixed()
B.2.3.7String.prototype.fontcolor(color)
B.2.3.8String.prototype.fontsize(size)
B.2.3.9String.prototype.italics()
B.2.3.10String.prototype.link(url)
B.2.3.11String.prototype.small()
B.2.3.12String.prototype.strike()
B.2.3.13String.prototype.sub()
B.2.3.14String.prototype.sup()
B.2.4AdditionalPropertiesoftheDate.prototypeObject
B.2.4.1Date.prototype.getYear()
B.2.4.2Date.prototype.setYear(year)
B.2.4.3Date.prototype.toGMTString()
B.2.5AdditionalPropertiesoftheRegExp.prototypeObject
B.2.5.1RegExp.prototype.compile(pattern,lags)
B.3OtherAdditionalFeatures
B.3.1__proto__PropertyNamesinObjectInitializers
B.3.2LabelledFunctionDeclarations
B.3.3BlockLevelFunctionDeclarationsWebLegacyCompatibilitySemantics
B.3.3.1ChangestoFunctionDeclarationInstantiation
B.3.3.2ChangestoGlobalDeclarationInstantiation
B.3.3.3ChangestoEvalDeclarationInstantiation
B.3.4FunctionDeclarationsinIfStatementStatementClauses
B.3.5VariableStatementsinCatchBlocks
CTheStrictModeofECMAScript
DCorrectionsandClariicationsinECMAScript2015withPossibleCompatibilityImpact
EAdditionsandChangesThatIntroduceIncompatibilitieswithPriorEditions
FBibliography
GCopyright&SoftwareLicense
Introduction
ThisEcmaStandarddeinestheECMAScript2016Language.ItistheseventheditionoftheECMAScriptLanguage
Speciication.Sincepublicationoftheirsteditionin1997,ECMAScripthasgrowntobeoneoftheworld'smostwidelyused
generalpurposeprogramminglanguages.Itisbestknownasthelanguageembeddedinwebbrowsersbuthasalsobeen
widelyadoptedforserverandembeddedapplications.
ECMAScriptisbasedonseveraloriginatingtechnologies,themostwellknownbeingJavaScript(Netscape)andJScript
(Microsoft).ThelanguagewasinventedbyBrendanEichatNetscapeandirstappearedinthatcompany'sNavigator2.0
browser.IthasappearedinallsubsequentbrowsersfromNetscapeandinallbrowsersfromMicrosoftstartingwithInternet
Explorer3.0.
ThedevelopmentoftheECMAScriptLanguageSpeciicationstartedinNovember1996.TheirsteditionofthisEcma
StandardwasadoptedbytheEcmaGeneralAssemblyofJune1997.
ThatEcmaStandardwassubmittedtoISO/IECJTC1foradoptionunderthefasttrackprocedure,andapprovedas
internationalstandardISO/IEC16262,inApril1998.TheEcmaGeneralAssemblyofJune1998approvedthesecondedition
ofECMA262tokeepitfullyalignedwithISO/IEC16262.Changesbetweentheirstandthesecondeditionareeditorialin
nature.
ThethirdeditionoftheStandardintroducedpowerfulregularexpressions,betterstringhandling,newcontrolstatements,
try/catchexceptionhandling,tighterdeinitionoferrors,formattingfornumericoutputandminorchangesinanticipation
futurelanguagegrowth.ThethirdeditionoftheECMAScriptstandardwasadoptedbytheEcmaGeneralAssemblyof
December1999andpublishedasISO/IEC16262:2002inJune2002.
Afterpublicationofthethirdedition,ECMAScriptachievedmassiveadoptioninconjunctionwiththeWorldWideWebwhere
ithasbecometheprogramminglanguagethatissupportedbyessentiallyallwebbrowsers.Signiicantworkwasdoneto
developafourtheditionofECMAScript.However,thatworkwasnotcompletedandnotpublishedasthefourtheditionof
ECMAScriptbutsomeofitwasincorporatedintothedevelopmentofthesixthedition.
TheiftheditionofECMAScript(publishedasECMA2625thedition)codiieddefactointerpretationsofthelanguage
speciicationthathavebecomecommonamongbrowserimplementationsandaddedsupportfornewfeaturesthathad
emergedsincethepublicationofthethirdedition.Suchfeaturesincludeaccessorproperties,relectivecreationand
inspectionofobjects,programcontrolofpropertyattributes,additionalarraymanipulationfunctions,supportfortheJSON
objectencodingformat,andastrictmodethatprovidesenhancederrorcheckingandprogramsecurity.TheFifthEditionwas
adoptedbytheEcmaGeneralAssemblyofDecember2009.
TheifthEditionwassubmittedtoISO/IECJTC1foradoptionunderthefasttrackprocedure,andapprovedasinternational
standardISO/IEC16262:2011.Edition5.1oftheECMAScriptStandardincorporatedminorcorrectionsandisthesametext
asISO/IEC16262:2011.The5.1EditionwasadoptedbytheEcmaGeneralAssemblyofJune2011.
Focuseddevelopmentofthesixtheditionstartedin2009,astheiftheditionwasbeingpreparedforpublication.However,
thiswasprecededbysigniicantexperimentationandlanguageenhancementdesigneffortsdatingtothepublicationofthe
thirdeditionin1999.Inaveryrealsense,thecompletionofthesixtheditionistheculminationofaifteenyeareffort.The
goalsforthisadditionincludedprovidingbettersupportforlargeapplications,librarycreation,andforuseofECMAScriptas
acompilationtargetforotherlanguages.Someofitsmajorenhancementsincludedmodules,classdeclarations,lexicalblock
scoping,iteratorsandgenerators,promisesforasynchronousprogramming,destructuringpatterns,andpropertailcalls.The
ECMAScriptlibraryofbuiltinswasexpandedtosupportadditionaldataabstractionsincludingmaps,sets,andarraysof
binarynumericvaluesaswellasadditionalsupportforUnicodesupplementalcharactersinstringsandregularexpressions.
Thebuiltinswerealsomadeextensibleviasubclassing.Thesixtheditionprovidesthefoundationforregular,incremental
languageandlibraryenhancements.ThesixtheditionwasadoptedbytheGeneralAssemblyofJune2015.
ThisECMAScriptspeciicationistheirstECMAScripteditionreleasedunderEcmaTC39'snewyearlyreleasecadenceand
opendevelopmentprocess.AplaintextsourcedocumentwasbuiltfromtheECMAScript2015sourcedocumenttoserveas
thebaseforfurtherdevelopmententirelyonGitHub.Overtheyearofthisstandard'sdevelopment,hundredsofpullrequests
andissueswereiledrepresentingthousandsofbugixes,editorialixesandotherimprovements.Additionally,numerous
softwaretoolsweredevelopedtoaidinthiseffortincludingEcmarkup,Ecmarkdown,andGrammarkdown.Thisspeciication
alsoincludessupportforanewexponentiationoperatorandaddsanewmethodtoArray.prototypecalledincludes.
DozensofindividualsrepresentingmanyorganizationshavemadeverysigniicantcontributionswithinEcmaTC39tothe
developmentofthiseditionandtotheprioreditions.Inaddition,avibrantcommunityhasemergedsupportingTC39's
ECMAScriptefforts.Thiscommunityhasreviewednumerousdrafts,iledthousandsofbugreports,performed
implementationexperiments,contributedtestsuites,andeducatedtheworldwidedevelopercommunityaboutECMAScript.
Unfortunately,itisimpossibletoidentifyandacknowledgeeverypersonandorganizationwhohascontributedtothiseffort.
AllenWirfsBrock
ECMA262,6thEditionProjectEditor
BrianTerlson
ECMA262,7thEditionProjectEditor
1 Scope
ThisStandarddeinestheECMAScript2016generalpurposeprogramminglanguage.
2 Conformance
AconformingimplementationofECMAScriptmustprovideandsupportallthetypes,values,objects,properties,functions,
andprogramsyntaxandsemanticsdescribedinthisspeciication.
AconformingimplementationofECMAScriptmustinterpretsourcetextinputinconformancewiththeUnicodeStandard,
Version8.0.0orlaterandISO/IEC10646.
AconformingimplementationofECMAScriptthatprovidesanapplicationprogramminginterfacethatsupportsprograms
thatneedtoadapttothelinguisticandculturalconventionsusedbydifferenthumanlanguagesandcountriesmust
implementtheinterfacedeinedbythemostrecenteditionofECMA402thatiscompatiblewiththisspeciication.
AconformingimplementationofECMAScriptmayprovideadditionaltypes,values,objects,properties,andfunctionsbeyond
thosedescribedinthisspeciication.Inparticular,aconformingimplementationofECMAScriptmayprovidepropertiesnot
describedinthisspeciication,andvaluesforthoseproperties,forobjectsthataredescribedinthisspeciication.
AconformingimplementationofECMAScriptmaysupportprogramandregularexpressionsyntaxnotdescribedinthis
speciication.Inparticular,aconformingimplementationofECMAScriptmaysupportprogramsyntaxthatmakesuseofthe
futurereservedwordslistedinsubclause11.6.2.2ofthisspeciication.
AconformingimplementationofECMAScriptmustnotimplementanyextensionthatislistedasaForbiddenExtensionin
subclause16.2.
3 NormativeReferences
Thefollowingreferenceddocumentsareindispensablefortheapplicationofthisdocument.Fordatedreferences,onlythe
editioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenceddocument(includinganyamendments)
applies.
ISO/IEC10646:2003:InformationTechnologyUniversalMultipleOctetCodedCharacterSet(UCS)plusAmendment1:2005,
Amendment2:2006,Amendment3:2008,andAmendment4:2008,plusadditionalamendmentsandcorrigenda,orsuccessor
ECMA402,ECMAScript2015InternationalizationAPISpeciication.
http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standards/Ecma402.htm
ECMA404,TheJSONDataInterchangeFormat.
http://www.ecmainternational.org/publications/standards/Ecma404.htm
4 Overview
ThissectioncontainsanonnormativeoverviewoftheECMAScriptlanguage.
ECMAScriptisanobjectorientedprogramminglanguageforperformingcomputationsandmanipulatingcomputational
objectswithinahostenvironment.ECMAScriptasdeinedhereisnotintendedtobecomputationallyselfsuficient;indeed,
therearenoprovisionsinthisspeciicationforinputofexternaldataoroutputofcomputedresults.Instead,itisexpected
thatthecomputationalenvironmentofanECMAScriptprogramwillprovidenotonlytheobjectsandotherfacilities
describedinthisspeciicationbutalsocertainenvironmentspeciicobjects,whosedescriptionandbehaviourarebeyond
thescopeofthisspeciicationexcepttoindicatethattheymayprovidecertainpropertiesthatcanbeaccessedandcertain
functionsthatcanbecalledfromanECMAScriptprogram.
ECMAScriptwasoriginallydesignedtobeusedasascriptinglanguage,buthasbecomewidelyusedasageneralpurpose
programminglanguage.Ascriptinglanguageisaprogramminglanguagethatisusedtomanipulate,customize,andautomate
thefacilitiesofanexistingsystem.Insuchsystems,usefulfunctionalityisalreadyavailablethroughauserinterface,andthe
scriptinglanguageisamechanismforexposingthatfunctionalitytoprogramcontrol.Inthisway,theexistingsystemissaid
toprovideahostenvironmentofobjectsandfacilities,whichcompletesthecapabilitiesofthescriptinglanguage.Ascripting
languageisintendedforusebybothprofessionalandnonprofessionalprogrammers.
ECMAScriptwasoriginallydesignedtobeaWebscriptinglanguage,providingamechanismtoenlivenWebpagesin
browsersandtoperformservercomputationaspartofaWebbasedclientserverarchitecture.ECMAScriptisnowusedto
providecorescriptingcapabilitiesforavarietyofhostenvironments.Thereforethecorelanguageisspeciiedinthis
documentapartfromanyparticularhostenvironment.
ECMAScriptusagehasmovedbeyondsimplescriptinganditisnowusedforthefullspectrumofprogrammingtasksinmany
differentenvironmentsandscales.AstheusageofECMAScripthasexpanded,sohasthefeaturesandfacilitiesitprovides.
ECMAScriptisnowafullyfeaturedgeneralproposeprogramminglanguage.
SomeofthefacilitiesofECMAScriptaresimilartothoseusedinotherprogramminglanguages;inparticularC,Java,Self,
andSchemeasdescribedin:
ISO/IEC9899:1996,ProgrammingLanguagesC.
Gosling,James,BillJoyandGuySteele.TheJavaLanguageSpeciication.AddisonWesleyPublishingCo.,1996.
Ungar,David,andSmith,RandallB.Self:ThePowerofSimplicity.OOPSLA'87ConferenceProceedings,pp.227241,Orlando,
FL,October1987.
IEEEStandardfortheSchemeProgrammingLanguage.IEEEStd11781990.
4.1 WebScripting
AwebbrowserprovidesanECMAScripthostenvironmentforclientsidecomputationincluding,forinstance,objectsthat
representwindows,menus,popups,dialogboxes,textareas,anchors,frames,history,cookies,andinput/output.Further,
thehostenvironmentprovidesameanstoattachscriptingcodetoeventssuchaschangeoffocus,pageandimageloading,
unloading,errorandabort,selection,formsubmission,andmouseactions.ScriptingcodeappearswithintheHTMLandthe
displayedpageisacombinationofuserinterfaceelementsandixedandcomputedtextandimages.Thescriptingcodeis
reactivetouserinteractionandthereisnoneedforamainprogram.
Awebserverprovidesadifferenthostenvironmentforserversidecomputationincludingobjectsrepresentingrequests,
clients,andiles;andmechanismstolockandsharedata.Byusingbrowsersideandserversidescriptingtogether,itis
possibletodistributecomputationbetweentheclientandserverwhileprovidingacustomizeduserinterfaceforaWeb
basedapplication.
EachWebbrowserandserverthatsupportsECMAScriptsuppliesitsownhostenvironment,completingtheECMAScript
executionenvironment.
4.2 ECMAScriptOverview
ThefollowingisaninformaloverviewofECMAScriptnotallpartsofthelanguagearedescribed.Thisoverviewisnotpart
ofthestandardproper.
ECMAScriptisobjectbased:basiclanguageandhostfacilitiesareprovidedbyobjects,andanECMAScriptprogramisa
clusterofcommunicatingobjects.InECMAScript,anobjectisacollectionofzeroormorepropertieseachwithattributesthat
determinehoweachpropertycanbeusedforexample,whentheWritableattributeforapropertyissettofalse,any
attemptbyexecutedECMAScriptcodetoassignadifferentvaluetothepropertyfails.Propertiesarecontainersthathold
otherobjects,primitivevalues,orfunctions.Aprimitivevalueisamemberofoneofthefollowingbuiltintypes:Undeined,
Null,Boolean,Number,String,andSymbol;anobjectisamemberofthebuiltintypeObject;andafunctionisacallable
object.Afunctionthatisassociatedwithanobjectviaapropertyiscalledamethod.
ECMAScriptdeinesacollectionofbuiltinobjectsthatroundoutthedeinitionofECMAScriptentities.Thesebuiltinobjects
includetheglobalobject;objectsthatarefundamentaltotheruntimesemanticsofthelanguageincludingObject,
Function,Boolean,Symbol,andvariousErrorobjects;objectsthatrepresentandmanipulatenumericvaluesincluding
Math,Number,andDate;thetextprocessingobjectsStringandRegExp;objectsthatareindexedcollectionsofvalues
includingArrayandninedifferentkindsofTypedArrayswhoseelementsallhaveaspeciicnumericdatarepresentation;
keyedcollectionsincludingMapandSetobjects;objectssupportingstructureddataincludingtheJSONobject,
ArrayBuffer,andDataView;objectssupportingcontrolabstractionsincludinggeneratorfunctionsandPromiseobjects;
and,relectionobjectsincludingProxyandReflect.
ECMAScriptalsodeinesasetofbuiltinoperators.ECMAScriptoperatorsincludevariousunaryoperations,multiplicative
operators,additiveoperators,bitwiseshiftoperators,relationaloperators,equalityoperators,binarybitwiseoperators,
binarylogicaloperators,assignmentoperators,andthecommaoperator.
LargeECMAScriptprogramsaresupportedbymoduleswhichallowaprogramtobedividedintomultiplesequencesof
statementsanddeclarations.Eachmoduleexplicitlyidentiiesdeclarationsitusesthatneedtobeprovidedbyothermodules
andwhichofitsdeclarationsareavailableforusebyothermodules.
ECMAScriptsyntaxintentionallyresemblesJavasyntax.ECMAScriptsyntaxisrelaxedtoenableittoserveasaneasytouse
scriptinglanguage.Forexample,avariableisnotrequiredtohaveitstypedeclarednoraretypesassociatedwithproperties,
anddeinedfunctionsarenotrequiredtohavetheirdeclarationsappeartextuallybeforecallstothem.
4.2.1 Objects
EventhoughECMAScriptincludessyntaxforclassdeinitions,ECMAScriptobjectsarenotfundamentallyclassbasedsuchas
thoseinC++,Smalltalk,orJava.Insteadobjectsmaybecreatedinvariouswaysincludingviaaliteralnotationorvia
constructorswhichcreateobjectsandthenexecutecodethatinitializesallorpartofthembyassigninginitialvaluestotheir
properties.Eachconstructorisafunctionthathasapropertynamed"prototype"thatisusedtoimplementprototype
basedinheritanceandsharedproperties.Objectsarecreatedbyusingconstructorsinnewexpressions;forexample,
newDate(2009,11)createsanewDateobject.Invokingaconstructorwithoutusingnewhasconsequencesthatdepend
ontheconstructor.Forexample,Date()producesastringrepresentationofthecurrentdateandtimeratherthananobject.
Everyobjectcreatedbyaconstructorhasanimplicitreference(calledtheobject'sprototype)tothevalueofitsconstructor's
"prototype"property.Furthermore,aprototypemayhaveanonnullimplicitreferencetoitsprototype,andsoon;thisis
calledtheprototypechain.Whenareferenceismadetoapropertyinanobject,thatreferenceistothepropertyofthatname
intheirstobjectintheprototypechainthatcontainsapropertyofthatname.Inotherwords,irsttheobjectmentioned
directlyisexaminedforsuchaproperty;ifthatobjectcontainsthenamedproperty,thatisthepropertytowhichthe
referencerefers;ifthatobjectdoesnotcontainthenamedproperty,theprototypeforthatobjectisexaminednext;andsoon.
Figure1:Object/PrototypeRelationships
CF implicitprototypelink
prototype CF p
P1
explicitprototypeproperty
P2 CFP1
cf 1 cf 2 cf 3 cf 4 cf 5
q1 q1 q1 q1 q1
q2 q2 q2 q2 q2
Inaclassbasedobjectorientedlanguage,ingeneral,stateiscarriedbyinstances,methodsarecarriedbyclasses,and
inheritanceisonlyofstructureandbehaviour.InECMAScript,thestateandmethodsarecarriedbyobjects,whilestructure,
behaviour,andstateareallinherited.
Allobjectsthatdonotdirectlycontainaparticularpropertythattheirprototypecontainssharethatpropertyanditsvalue.
Figure1illustratesthis:
CFisaconstructor(andalsoanobject).Fiveobjectshavebeencreatedbyusingnewexpressions:cf1,cf2,cf3,cf4,andcf5.
Eachoftheseobjectscontainspropertiesnamedq1andq2.Thedashedlinesrepresenttheimplicitprototyperelationship;
so,forexample,cf3'sprototypeisCFp.Theconstructor,CF,hastwopropertiesitself,namedP1andP2,whicharenotvisible
toCFp,cf1,cf2,cf3,cf4,orcf5.ThepropertynamedCFP1inCFpissharedbycf1,cf2,cf3,cf4,andcf5(butnotbyCF),asare
anypropertiesfoundinCFp'simplicitprototypechainthatarenotnamedq1,q2,orCFP1.Noticethatthereisnoimplicit
prototypelinkbetweenCFandCFp.
Unlikemostclassbasedobjectlanguages,propertiescanbeaddedtoobjectsdynamicallybyassigningvaluestothem.That
is,constructorsarenotrequiredtonameorassignvaluestoalloranyoftheconstructedobject'sproperties.Intheabove
diagram,onecouldaddanewsharedpropertyforcf1,cf2,cf3,cf4,andcf5byassigninganewvaluetothepropertyinCFp.
AlthoughECMAScriptobjectsarenotinherentlyclassbased,itisoftenconvenienttodeineclasslikeabstractionsbased
uponacommonpatternofconstructorfunctions,prototypeobjects,andmethods.TheECMAScriptbuiltinobjects
themselvesfollowsuchaclasslikepattern.BeginningwithECMAScript2015,theECMAScriptlanguageincludessyntactic
classdeinitionsthatpermitprogrammerstoconciselydeineobjectsthatconformtothesameclasslikeabstractionpattern
usedbythebuiltinobjects.
4.2.2 TheStrictVariantofECMAScript
TheECMAScriptLanguagerecognizesthepossibilitythatsomeusersofthelanguagemaywishtorestricttheirusageofsome
featuresavailableinthelanguage.Theymightdosointheinterestsofsecurity,toavoidwhattheyconsidertobeerrorprone
features,togetenhancederrorchecking,orforotherreasonsoftheirchoosing.Insupportofthispossibility,ECMAScript
deinesastrictvariantofthelanguage.Thestrictvariantofthelanguageexcludessomespeciicsyntacticandsemantic
featuresoftheregularECMAScriptlanguageandmodiiesthedetailedsemanticsofsomefeatures.Thestrictvariantalso
speciiesadditionalerrorconditionsthatmustbereportedbythrowingerrorexceptionsinsituationsthatarenotspeciied
aserrorsbythenonstrictformofthelanguage.
ThestrictvariantofECMAScriptiscommonlyreferredtoasthestrictmodeofthelanguage.Strictmodeselectionanduseof
thestrictmodesyntaxandsemanticsofECMAScriptisexplicitlymadeatthelevelofindividualECMAScriptsourcetextunits.
Becausestrictmodeisselectedatthelevelofasyntacticsourcetextunit,strictmodeonlyimposesrestrictionsthathave
localeffectwithinsuchasourcetextunit.StrictmodedoesnotrestrictormodifyanyaspectoftheECMAScriptsemantics
thatmustoperateconsistentlyacrossmultiplesourcetextunits.AcompleteECMAScriptprogrammaybecomposedofboth
strictmodeandnonstrictmodeECMAScriptsourcetextunits.Inthiscase,strictmodeonlyapplieswhenactuallyexecuting
codethatisdeinedwithinastrictmodesourcetextunit.
Inordertoconformtothisspeciication,anECMAScriptimplementationmustimplementboththefullunrestricted
ECMAScriptlanguageandthestrictvariantoftheECMAScriptlanguageasdeinedbythisspeciication.Inaddition,an
implementationmustsupportthecombinationofunrestrictedandstrictmodesourcetextunitsintoasinglecomposite
program.
4.3 TermsandDeinitions
Forthepurposesofthisdocument,thefollowingtermsanddeinitionsapply.
4.3.1 type
setofdatavaluesasdeinedinclause6ofthisspeciication
4.3.2 primitivevalue
memberofoneofthetypesUndeined,Null,Boolean,Number,Symbol,orStringasdeinedinclause6
NOTE Aprimitivevalueisadatumthatisrepresenteddirectlyatthelowestlevelofthelanguageimplementation.
4.3.3 object
memberofthetypeObject
NOTE Anobjectisacollectionofpropertiesandhasasingleprototypeobject.Theprototypemaybethenullvalue.
4.3.4 constructor
functionobjectthatcreatesandinitializesobjects
NOTE Thevalueofaconstructor'sprototypepropertyisaprototypeobjectthatisusedtoimplementinheritance
andsharedproperties.
4.3.5 prototype
objectthatprovidessharedpropertiesforotherobjects
NOTE Whenaconstructorcreatesanobject,thatobjectimplicitlyreferencestheconstructor'sprototypeproperty
forthepurposeofresolvingpropertyreferences.Theconstructor'sprototypepropertycanbereferencedby
theprogramexpressionconstructor.prototype,andpropertiesaddedtoanobject'sprototypeareshared,
throughinheritance,byallobjectssharingtheprototype.Alternatively,anewobjectmaybecreatedwithan
explicitlyspeciiedprototypebyusingtheObject.createbuiltinfunction.
4.3.6 ordinaryobject
objectthathasthedefaultbehaviourfortheessentialinternalmethodsthatmustbesupportedbyallobjects
4.3.7 exoticobject
objectthatdoesnothavethedefaultbehaviourforoneormoreoftheessentialinternalmethods
NOTE Anyobjectthatisnotanordinaryobjectisanexoticobject.
4.3.8 standardobject
objectwhosesemanticsaredeinedbythisspeciication
4.3.9 builtinobject
objectspeciiedandsuppliedbyanECMAScriptimplementation
NOTE Standardbuiltinobjectsaredeinedinthisspeciication.AnECMAScriptimplementationmayspecifyand
supplyadditionalkindsofbuiltinobjects.Abuiltinconstructorisabuiltinobjectthatisalsoaconstructor.
4.3.10 undeinedvalue
primitivevalueusedwhenavariablehasnotbeenassignedavalue
4.3.11 Undeinedtype
typewhosesolevalueistheundeinedvalue
4.3.12 nullvalue
primitivevaluethatrepresentstheintentionalabsenceofanyobjectvalue
4.3.13 Nulltype
typewhosesolevalueisthenullvalue
4.3.14 Booleanvalue
memberoftheBooleantype
NOTE ThereareonlytwoBooleanvalues,trueandfalse
4.3.15 Booleantype
typeconsistingoftheprimitivevaluestrueandfalse
4.3.16 Booleanobject
memberoftheObjecttypethatisaninstanceofthestandardbuiltinBooleanconstructor
NOTE ABooleanobjectiscreatedbyusingtheBooleanconstructorinanewexpression,supplyingaBooleanvalue
asanargument.TheresultingobjecthasaninternalslotwhosevalueistheBooleanvalue.ABooleanobject
canbecoercedtoaBooleanvalue.
4.3.17 Stringvalue
primitivevaluethatisainiteorderedsequenceofzeroormore16bitunsignedinteger
NOTE AStringvalueisamemberoftheStringtype.Eachintegervalueinthesequenceusuallyrepresentsasingle16
bitunitofUTF16text.However,ECMAScriptdoesnotplaceanyrestrictionsorrequirementsonthevalues
exceptthattheymustbe16bitunsignedintegers.
4.3.18 Stringtype
setofallpossibleStringvalues
4.3.19 Stringobject
memberoftheObjecttypethatisaninstanceofthestandardbuiltinStringconstructor
NOTE AStringobjectiscreatedbyusingtheStringconstructorinanewexpression,supplyingaStringvalueasan
argument.TheresultingobjecthasaninternalslotwhosevalueistheStringvalue.AStringobjectcanbe
coercedtoaStringvaluebycallingtheStringconstructorasafunction(21.1.1.1).
4.3.20 Numbervalue
primitivevaluecorrespondingtoadoubleprecision64bitbinaryformatIEEE7542008value
NOTE ANumbervalueisamemberoftheNumbertypeandisadirectrepresentationofanumber.
4.3.21 Numbertype
setofallpossibleNumbervaluesincludingthespecialNotaNumber(NaN)value,positiveininity,andnegativeininity
4.3.22 Numberobject
memberoftheObjecttypethatisaninstanceofthestandardbuiltinNumberconstructor
NOTE ANumberobjectiscreatedbyusingtheNumberconstructorinanewexpression,supplyinganumbervalueas
anargument.Theresultingobjecthasaninternalslotwhosevalueisthenumbervalue.ANumberobjectcan
becoercedtoanumbervaluebycallingtheNumberconstructorasafunction(20.1.1.1).
4.3.23 Ininity
numbervaluethatisthepositiveininitenumbervalue
4.3.24 NaN
numbervaluethatisanIEEE7542008NotaNumbervalue
4.3.25 Symbolvalue
primitivevaluethatrepresentsaunique,nonStringObjectpropertykey
4.3.26 Symboltype
setofallpossibleSymbolvalues
4.3.27 Symbolobject
memberoftheObjecttypethatisaninstanceofthestandardbuiltinSymbolconstructor
4.3.28 function
memberoftheObjecttypethatmaybeinvokedasasubroutine
NOTE Inadditiontoitsproperties,afunctioncontainsexecutablecodeandstatethatdeterminehowitbehaveswhen
invoked.Afunction'scodemayormaynotbewritteninECMAScript.
4.3.29 builtinfunction
builtinobjectthatisafunction
NOTE ExamplesofbuiltinfunctionsincludeparseIntandMath.exp.Animplementationmayprovide
implementationdependentbuiltinfunctionsthatarenotdescribedinthisspeciication.
4.3.30 property
partofanobjectthatassociatesakey(eitheraStringvalueoraSymbolvalue)andavalue
NOTE Dependingupontheformofthepropertythevaluemayberepresentedeitherdirectlyasadatavalue(a
primitivevalue,anobject,orafunctionobject)orindirectlybyapairofaccessorfunctions.
4.3.31 method
functionthatisthevalueofaproperty
NOTE Whenafunctioniscalledasamethodofanobject,theobjectispassedtothefunctionasitsthisvalue.
4.3.32 builtinmethod
methodthatisabuiltinfunction
NOTE Standardbuiltinmethodsaredeinedinthisspeciication,andanECMAScriptimplementationmayspecify
andprovideotheradditionalbuiltinmethods.
4.3.33 attribute
internalvaluethatdeinessomecharacteristicofaproperty
4.3.34 ownproperty
propertythatisdirectlycontainedbyitsobject
4.3.35 inheritedproperty
propertyofanobjectthatisnotanownpropertybutisaproperty(eitherownorinherited)oftheobject'sprototype
4.4 OrganizationofThisSpeciication
Theremainderofthisspeciicationisorganizedasfollows:
Clause5deinesthenotationalconventionsusedthroughoutthespeciication.
Clauses69deinetheexecutionenvironmentwithinwhichECMAScriptprogramsoperate.
Clauses1016deinetheactualECMAScriptprogramminglanguageincludingitssyntacticencodingandtheexecution
semanticsofalllanguagefeatures.
Clauses1726deinetheECMAScriptstandardlibrary.Itincludesthedeinitionsofallofthestandardobjectsthatare
availableforusebyECMAScriptprogramsastheyexecute.
5 NotationalConventions
5.1 SyntacticandLexicalGrammars
5.1.1 ContextFreeGrammars
Acontextfreegrammarconsistsofanumberofproductions.Eachproductionhasanabstractsymbolcalledanonterminalas
itslefthandside,andasequenceofzeroormorenonterminalandterminalsymbolsasitsrighthandside.Foreachgrammar,
theterminalsymbolsaredrawnfromaspeciiedalphabet.
Achainproductionisaproductionthathasexactlyonenonterminalsymbolonitsrighthandsidealongwithzeroormore
terminalsymbols.
Startingfromasentenceconsistingofasingledistinguishednonterminal,calledthegoalsymbol,agivencontextfree
grammarspeciiesalanguage,namely,the(perhapsininite)setofpossiblesequencesofterminalsymbolsthatcanresult
fromrepeatedlyreplacinganynonterminalinthesequencewitharighthandsideofaproductionforwhichthenonterminal
isthelefthandside.
5.1.2 TheLexicalandRegExpGrammars
AlexicalgrammarforECMAScriptisgiveninclause11.ThisgrammarhasasitsterminalsymbolsUnicodecodepointsthat
conformtotherulesforSourceCharacterdeinedin10.1.Itdeinesasetofproductions,startingfromthegoalsymbol
InputElementDiv,InputElementTemplateTail,orInputElementRegExp,orInputElementRegExpOrTemplateTail,thatdescribe
howsequencesofsuchcodepointsaretranslatedintoasequenceofinputelements.
InputelementsotherthanwhitespaceandcommentsformtheterminalsymbolsforthesyntacticgrammarforECMAScript
andarecalledECMAScripttokens.Thesetokensarethereservedwords,identiiers,literals,andpunctuatorsofthe
ECMAScriptlanguage.Moreover,lineterminators,althoughnotconsideredtobetokens,alsobecomepartofthestreamof
inputelementsandguidetheprocessofautomaticsemicoloninsertion(11.9).Simplewhitespaceandsinglelinecomments
arediscardedanddonotappearinthestreamofinputelementsforthesyntacticgrammar.AMultiLineComment(thatis,a
commentoftheform/**/regardlessofwhetheritspansmorethanoneline)islikewisesimplydiscardedifitcontainsno
lineterminator;butifaMultiLineCommentcontainsoneormorelineterminators,thenitisreplacedbyasingleline
terminator,whichbecomespartofthestreamofinputelementsforthesyntacticgrammar.
ARegExpgrammarforECMAScriptisgivenin21.2.1.Thisgrammaralsohasasitsterminalsymbolsthecodepointsas
deinedbySourceCharacter.Itdeinesasetofproductions,startingfromthegoalsymbolPattern,thatdescribehow
sequencesofcodepointsaretranslatedintoregularexpressionpatterns.
ProductionsofthelexicalandRegExpgrammarsaredistinguishedbyhavingtwocolons::asseparatingpunctuation.The
lexicalandRegExpgrammarssharesomeproductions.
5.1.3 TheNumericStringGrammar
AnothergrammarisusedfortranslatingStringsintonumericvalues.Thisgrammarissimilartothepartofthelexical
grammarhavingtodowithnumericliteralsandhasasitsterminalsymbolsSourceCharacter.Thisgrammarappearsin
7.1.3.1.
Productionsofthenumericstringgrammararedistinguishedbyhavingthreecolons:::aspunctuation.
5.1.4 TheSyntacticGrammar
ThesyntacticgrammarforECMAScriptisgiveninclauses11,12,13,14,and15.ThisgrammarhasECMAScripttokens
deinedbythelexicalgrammarasitsterminalsymbols(5.1.2).Itdeinesasetofproductions,startingfromtwoalternative
goalsymbolsScriptandModule,thatdescribehowsequencesoftokensformsyntacticallycorrectindependentcomponents
ofECMAScriptprograms.
WhenastreamofcodepointsistobeparsedasanECMAScriptScriptorModule,itisirstconvertedtoastreamofinput
elementsbyrepeatedapplicationofthelexicalgrammar;thisstreamofinputelementsisthenparsedbyasingleapplication
ofthesyntacticgrammar.Theinputstreamissyntacticallyinerrorifthetokensinthestreamofinputelementscannotbe
parsedasasingleinstanceofthegoalnonterminal(ScriptorModule),withnotokensleftover.
Productionsofthesyntacticgrammararedistinguishedbyhavingjustonecolon:aspunctuation.
Thesyntacticgrammaraspresentedinclauses12,13,14and15isnotacompleteaccountofwhichtokensequencesare
acceptedasacorrectECMAScriptScriptorModule.Certainadditionaltokensequencesarealsoaccepted,namely,thosethat
wouldbedescribedbythegrammarifonlysemicolonswereaddedtothesequenceincertainplaces(suchasbeforeline
terminatorcharacters).Furthermore,certaintokensequencesthataredescribedbythegrammararenotconsidered
acceptableifalineterminatorcharacterappearsincertainawkwardplaces.
Incertaincasesinordertoavoidambiguitiesthesyntacticgrammarusesgeneralizedproductionsthatpermittoken
sequencesthatdonotformavalidECMAScriptScriptorModule.Forexample,thistechniqueisusedforobjectliteralsand
objectdestructuringpatterns.Insuchcasesamorerestrictivesupplementalgrammarisprovidedthatfurtherrestrictsthe
acceptabletokensequences.Incertaincontexts,whenexplicitlyspeciied,theinputelementscorrespondingtosucha
productionareparsedagainusingagoalsymbolofasupplementalgrammar.Theinputstreamissyntacticallyinerrorifthe
tokensinthestreamofinputelementsparsedbyacovergrammarcannotbeparsedasasingleinstanceofthe
correspondingsupplementalgoalsymbol,withnotokensleftover.
5.1.5 GrammarNotation
Terminalsymbolsofthelexical,RegExp,andnumericstringgrammarsareshowninfixedwidthfont,bothinthe
productionsofthegrammarsandthroughoutthisspeciicationwheneverthetextdirectlyreferstosuchaterminalsymbol.
Thesearetoappearinascriptexactlyaswritten.Allterminalsymbolcodepointsspeciiedinthiswayaretobeunderstood
astheappropriateUnicodecodepointsfromtheBasicLatinrange,asopposedtoanysimilarlookingcodepointsfromother
Unicoderanges.
Nonterminalsymbolsareshowninitalictype.Thedeinitionofanonterminal(alsocalledaproduction)isintroducedby
thenameofthenonterminalbeingdeinedfollowedbyoneormorecolons.(Thenumberofcolonsindicatestowhich
grammartheproductionbelongs.)Oneormorealternativerighthandsidesforthenonterminalthenfollowonsucceeding
lines.Forexample,thesyntacticdeinition:
WhileStatement :
while ( Expression ) Statement
statesthatthenonterminalWhileStatementrepresentsthetokenwhile,followedbyaleftparenthesistoken,followedbyan
Expression,followedbyarightparenthesistoken,followedbyaStatement.TheoccurrencesofExpressionandStatementare
themselvesnonterminals.Asanotherexample,thesyntacticdeinition:
ArgumentList :
AssignmentExpression
ArgumentList , AssignmentExpression
statesthatanArgumentListmayrepresenteitherasingleAssignmentExpressionoranArgumentList,followedbyacomma,
followedbyanAssignmentExpression.ThisdeinitionofArgumentListisrecursive,thatis,itisdeinedintermsofitself.The
resultisthatanArgumentListmaycontainanypositivenumberofarguments,separatedbycommas,whereeachargument
expressionisanAssignmentExpression.Suchrecursivedeinitionsofnonterminalsarecommon.
Thesubscriptedsufixopt,whichmayappearafteraterminalornonterminal,indicatesanoptionalsymbol.Thealternative
containingtheoptionalsymbolactuallyspeciiestworighthandsides,onethatomitstheoptionalelementandonethat
includesit.Thismeansthat:
VariableDeclaration :
BindingIdentiier Initializeropt
isaconvenientabbreviationfor:
BindingIdentiier
BindingIdentiier Initializer
andthat:
IterationStatement :
for ( LexicalDeclaration Expressionopt ; Expressionopt ) Statement
for ( LexicalDeclaration ; Expressionopt ) Statement
for ( LexicalDeclaration Expression ; Expressionopt ) Statement
whichinturnisanabbreviationfor:
for ( LexicalDeclaration ; ) Statement
for ( LexicalDeclaration ; Expression ) Statement
for ( LexicalDeclaration Expression ; ) Statement
for ( LexicalDeclaration Expression ; Expression ) Statement
so,inthisexample,thenonterminalIterationStatementactuallyhasfouralternativerighthandsides.
Aproductionmaybeparameterizedbyasubscriptedannotationoftheform[parameters],whichmayappearasasufixto
thenonterminalsymboldeinedbytheproduction.parametersmaybeeitherasinglenameoracommaseparatedlistof
names.Aparameterizedproductionisshorthandforasetofproductionsdeiningallcombinationsoftheparameternames,
precededbyanunderscore,appendedtotheparameterizednonterminalsymbol.Thismeansthat:
StatementList[Return] :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
StatementList :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
StatementList_Return :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
andthat:
StatementList[Return,In] :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
isanabbreviationfor:
StatementList :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
StatementList_In :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
StatementList_Return_In :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
Multipleparametersproduceacombinatorynumberofproductions,notallofwhicharenecessarilyreferencedinacomplete
grammar.
Referencestononterminalsontherighthandsideofaproductioncanalsobeparameterized.Forexample:
StatementList :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement[In]
isequivalenttosaying:
StatementList :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement_In
Anonterminalreferencemayhavebothaparameterlistandanoptsufix.Forexample:
BindingIdentiier Initializer[In] opt
BindingIdentiier
BindingIdentiier Initializer_In
Preixingaparameternamewith?onarighthandsidenonterminalreferencemakesthatparametervaluedependentupon
theoccurrenceoftheparameternameonthereferencetothecurrentproduction'slefthandsidesymbol.Forexample:
VariableDeclaration[In] :
BindingIdentiier Initializer[?In]
BindingIdentiier Initializer
VariableDeclaration_In :
BindingIdentiier Initializer_In
Ifarighthandsidealternativeispreixedwith[+parameter]thatalternativeisonlyavailableifthenamedparameterwas
usedinreferencingtheproduction'snonterminalsymbol.Ifarighthandsidealternativeispreixedwith[~parameter]that
alternativeisonlyavailableifthenamedparameterwasnotusedinreferencingtheproduction'snonterminalsymbol.This
meansthat:
[+Return] ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
StatementList :
ExpressionStatement
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
andthat
ReturnStatement
[~Return]
ExpressionStatement
StatementList :
ReturnStatement
ExpressionStatement
ExpressionStatement
Whenthewordsoneoffollowthecolon(s)inagrammardeinition,theysignifythateachoftheterminalsymbolsonthe
followinglineorlinesisanalternativedeinition.Forexample,thelexicalgrammarforECMAScriptcontainstheproduction:
NonZeroDigit :: oneof
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
whichismerelyaconvenientabbreviationfor:
NonZeroDigit ::
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Ifthephrase[empty]appearsastherighthandsideofaproduction,itindicatesthattheproduction'srighthandside
containsnoterminalsornonterminals.
Ifthephrase[lookaheadset]appearsintherighthandsideofaproduction,itindicatesthattheproductionmaynotbe
usediftheimmediatelyfollowinginputtokensequenceisamemberofthegivenset.Thesetcanbewrittenasacomma
separatedlistofoneortwoelementterminalsequencesenclosedincurlybrackets.Forconvenience,thesetcanalsobe
writtenasanonterminal,inwhichcaseitrepresentsthesetofallterminalstowhichthatnonterminalcouldexpand.Ifthe
setconsistsofasingleterminalthephrase[lookaheadterminal]maybeused.
Forexample,giventhedeinitions
DecimalDigit :: oneof
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
DecimalDigits ::
DecimalDigit
DecimalDigits DecimalDigit
thedeinition
LookaheadExample ::
n [lookahead{1 ,3 ,5 ,7 ,9}] DecimalDigits
DecimalDigit [lookaheadDecimalDigit]
matcheseithertheletternfollowedbyoneormoredecimaldigitstheirstofwhichiseven,oradecimaldigitnotfollowed
byanotherdecimaldigit.
Ifthephrase[noLineTerminatorhere]appearsintherighthandsideofaproductionofthesyntacticgrammar,itindicates
thattheproductionisarestrictedproduction:itmaynotbeusedifaLineTerminatoroccursintheinputstreamatthe
indicatedposition.Forexample,theproduction:
ThrowStatement :
throw [noLineTerminatorhere] Expression ;
indicatesthattheproductionmaynotbeusedifaLineTerminatoroccursinthescriptbetweenthethrowtokenandthe
Expression.
UnlessthepresenceofaLineTerminatorisforbiddenbyarestrictedproduction,anynumberofoccurrencesof
LineTerminatormayappearbetweenanytwoconsecutivetokensinthestreamofinputelementswithoutaffectingthe
syntacticacceptabilityofthescript.
Whenanalternativeinaproductionofthelexicalgrammarorthenumericstringgrammarappearstobeamulticodepoint
token,itrepresentsthesequenceofcodepointsthatwouldmakeupsuchatoken.
Therighthandsideofaproductionmayspecifythatcertainexpansionsarenotpermittedbyusingthephrasebutnotand
thenindicatingtheexpansionstobeexcluded.Forexample,theproduction:
Identiier ::
IdentiierName butnotReservedWord
meansthatthenonterminalIdentiiermaybereplacedbyanysequenceofcodepointsthatcouldreplaceIdentiierName
providedthatthesamesequenceofcodepointscouldnotreplaceReservedWord.
Finally,afewnonterminalsymbolsaredescribedbyadescriptivephraseinsansseriftypeincaseswhereitwouldbe
impracticaltolistallthealternatives:
SourceCharacter ::
anyUnicodecodepoint
5.2 AlgorithmConventions
Thespeciicationoftenusesanumberedlisttospecifystepsinanalgorithm.Thesealgorithmsareusedtopreciselyspecify
therequiredsemanticsofECMAScriptlanguageconstructs.Thealgorithmsarenotintendedtoimplytheuseofanyspeciic
implementationtechnique.Inpractice,theremaybemoreeficientalgorithmsavailabletoimplementagivenfeature.
Algorithmsmaybeexplicitlyparameterized,inwhichcasethenamesandusageoftheparametersmustbeprovidedaspart
ofthealgorithm'sdeinition.Inordertofacilitatetheiruseinmultiplepartsofthisspeciication,somealgorithms,called
abstractoperations,arenamedandwritteninparameterizedfunctionalformsothattheymaybereferencedbynamefrom
withinotheralgorithms.Abstractoperationsaretypicallyreferencedusingafunctionalapplicationstylesuchas
operationName(arg1,arg2).Someabstractoperationsaretreatedaspolymorphicallydispatchedmethodsofclasslike
speciicationabstractions.Suchmethodlikeabstractoperationsaretypicallyreferencedusingamethodapplicationstyle
suchassomeValue.operationName(arg1,arg2).
CallstoabstractoperationsreturnCompletionRecords.Abstractoperationsreferencedusingthefunctionalapplicationstyle
andthemethodapplicationstylethatarepreixedby?indicatethatReturnIfAbruptshouldbeappliedtotheresulting
CompletionRecord.Forexample,?operationName()isequivalenttoReturnIfAbrupt(operationName()).Similarly,?
someValue.operationName()isequivalenttoReturnIfAbrupt(someValue.operationName()).
Thepreix!isusedtoindicatethatanabstractoperationwillneverreturnanabruptcompletionandthattheresulting
CompletionRecord'svalueieldshouldbeusedinplaceofthereturnvalueoftheoperation.Forexample,Letvalbe!
operationName()isequivalenttothefollowingalgorithmsteps:
1.LetvalbeoperationName().
2.Assert:valisneveranabruptcompletion.
3.IfvalisaCompletionRecord,letvalbeval.[[Value]].
AlgorithmsmaybeassociatedwithproductionsofoneoftheECMAScriptgrammars.Aproductionthathasmultiple
alternativedeinitionswilltypicallyhaveadistinctalgorithmforeachalternative.Whenanalgorithmisassociatedwitha
grammarproduction,itmayreferencetheterminalandnonterminalsymbolsoftheproductionalternativeasiftheywere
parametersofthealgorithm.Whenusedinthismanner,nonterminalsymbolsrefertotheactualalternativedeinitionthatis
matchedwhenparsingthesourcetext.
Whenanalgorithmisassociatedwithaproductionalternative,thealternativeistypicallyshownwithoutany[]grammar
annotations.Suchannotationsshouldonlyaffectthesyntacticrecognitionofthealternativeandhavenoeffectonthe
associatedsemanticsforthealternative.
Unlessexplicitlyspeciiedotherwise,allchainproductionshaveanimplicitdeinitionforeveryalgorithmthatmightbe
appliedtothatproduction'slefthandsidenonterminal.Theimplicitdeinitionsimplyreappliesthesamealgorithmname
withthesameparameters,ifany,tothechainproduction'ssolerighthandsidenonterminalandthenreturnstheresult.For
example,assumethereisaproduction:
Block :
{ StatementList }
butthereisnocorrespondingEvaluationalgorithmthatisexplicitlyspeciiedforthatproduction.Ifinsomealgorithmthere
isastatementoftheform:ReturntheresultofevaluatingBlockitisimplicitthatanEvaluationalgorithmexistsoftheform:
RuntimeSemantics:Evaluation
Block : { StatementList }
1.ReturntheresultofevaluatingStatementList.
Forclarityofexpression,algorithmstepsmaybesubdividedintosequentialsubsteps.Substepsareindentedandmay
themselvesbefurtherdividedintoindentedsubsteps.Outlinenumberingconventionsareusedtoidentifysubstepswiththe
irstlevelofsubstepslabelledwithlowercasealphabeticcharactersandthesecondlevelofsubstepslabelledwithlower
caseromannumerals.Ifmorethanthreelevelsarerequiredtheserulesrepeatwiththefourthlevelusingnumericlabels.For
example:
1.Toplevelstep
a.Substep.
b.Substep.
i.Subsubstep.
1.Subsubsubstep
a.Subsubsubsubstep
i.Subsubsubsubsubstep
Asteporsubstepmaybewrittenasanifpredicatethatconditionsitssubsteps.Inthiscase,thesubstepsareonlyappliedif
thepredicateistrue.Ifasteporsubstepbeginswiththewordelse,itisapredicatethatisthenegationoftheprecedingif
predicatestepatthesamelevel.
Astepmayspecifytheiterativeapplicationofitssubsteps.
AstepthatbeginswithAssert:assertsaninvariantconditionofitsalgorithm.Suchassertionsareusedtomakeexplicit
algorithmicinvariantsthatwouldotherwisebeimplicit.Suchassertionsaddnoadditionalsemanticrequirementsandhence
neednotbecheckedbyanimplementation.Theyareusedsimplytoclarifyalgorithms.
Mathematicaloperationssuchasaddition,subtraction,negation,multiplication,division,andthemathematicalfunctions
deinedlaterinthisclauseshouldalwaysbeunderstoodascomputingexactmathematicalresultsonmathematicalreal
numbers,whichunlessotherwisenoteddonotincludeininitiesanddonotincludeanegativezerothatisdistinguishedfrom
positivezero.Algorithmsinthisstandardthatmodelloatingpointarithmeticincludeexplicitsteps,wherenecessary,to
handleininitiesandsignedzeroandtoperformrounding.Ifamathematicaloperationorfunctionisappliedtoaloating
pointnumber,itshouldbeunderstoodasbeingappliedtotheexactmathematicalvaluerepresentedbythatloatingpoint
number;suchaloatingpointnumbermustbeinite,andifitis+0or0thenthecorrespondingmathematicalvalueis
simply0.
Themathematicalfunctionabs(x)producestheabsolutevalueofx,whichisxifxisnegative(lessthanzero)andotherwise
isxitself.
Themathematicalfunctionmin(x1,x2,...,xN)producesthemathematicallysmallestofx1throughxN.Themathematical
functionmax(x1,x2,...,xN)producesthemathematicallylargestofx1throughxN.Thedomainandrangeofthese
mathematicalfunctionsinclude+and.
Thenotationxmoduloy(ymustbeiniteandnonzero)computesavaluekofthesamesignasy(orzero)suchthat
abs(k)<abs(y)andxk=qyforsomeintegerq.
Themathematicalfunctionloor(x)producesthelargestinteger(closesttopositiveininity)thatisnotlargerthanx.
NOTE loor(x)=x(xmodulo1).
5.3 StaticSemanticRules
Contextfreegrammarsarenotsuficientlypowerfultoexpressalltherulesthatdeinewhetherastreamofinputelements
formavalidECMAScriptScriptorModulethatmaybeevaluated.Insomesituationsadditionalrulesareneededthatmaybe
expressedusingeitherECMAScriptalgorithmconventionsorproserequirements.Suchrulesarealwaysassociatedwitha
productionofagrammarandarecalledthestaticsemanticsoftheproduction.
StaticSemanticRuleshavenamesandtypicallyaredeinedusinganalgorithm.NamedStaticSemanticRulesareassociated
withgrammarproductionsandaproductionthathasmultiplealternativedeinitionswilltypicallyhaveforeachalternativea
distinctalgorithmforeachapplicablenamedstaticsemanticrule.
Unlessotherwisespeciiedeverygrammarproductionalternativeinthisspeciicationimplicitlyhasadeinitionforastatic
semanticrulenamedContainswhichtakesanargumentnamedsymbolwhosevalueisaterminalornonterminalofthe
grammarthatincludestheassociatedproduction.ThedefaultdeinitionofContainsis:
1.Foreachterminalandnonterminalgrammarsymbol,sym,inthedeinitionofthisproductiondo
a.Ifsymisthesamegrammarsymbolassymbol,returntrue.
b.Ifsymisanonterminal,then
i.LetcontainedbetheresultofsymContainssymbol.
ii.Ifcontainedistrue,returntrue.
2.Returnfalse.
Theabovedeinitionisexplicitlyoverriddenforspeciicproductions.
AspecialkindofstaticsemanticruleisanEarlyErrorRule.Earlyerrorrulesdeineearlyerrorconditions(seeclause16)that
areassociatedwithspeciicgrammarproductions.Evaluationofmostearlyerrorrulesarenotexplicitlyinvokedwithinthe
algorithmsofthisspeciication.Aconformingimplementationmust,priortotheirstevaluationofaScriptorModule,
validatealloftheearlyerrorrulesoftheproductionsusedtoparsethatScriptorModule.Ifanyoftheearlyerrorrulesare
violatedtheScriptorModuleisinvalidandcannotbeevaluated.
6 ECMAScriptDataTypesandValues
Algorithmswithinthisspeciicationmanipulatevalueseachofwhichhasanassociatedtype.Thepossiblevaluetypesare
exactlythosedeinedinthisclause.TypesarefurthersubclassiiedintoECMAScriptlanguagetypesandspeciicationtypes.
Withinthisspeciication,thenotationType(x)isusedasshorthandforthetypeofxwheretypereferstothe
ECMAScriptlanguageandspeciicationtypesdeinedinthisclause.Whenthetermemptyisusedasifitwasnaminga
value,itisequivalenttosayingnovalueofanytype.
6.1 ECMAScriptLanguageTypes
AnECMAScriptlanguagetypecorrespondstovaluesthataredirectlymanipulatedbyanECMAScriptprogrammerusingthe
ECMAScriptlanguage.TheECMAScriptlanguagetypesareUndeined,Null,Boolean,String,Symbol,Number,andObject.An
ECMAScriptlanguagevalueisavaluethatischaracterizedbyanECMAScriptlanguagetype.
6.1.1 TheUndeinedType
TheUndeinedtypehasexactlyonevalue,calledundeined.Anyvariablethathasnotbeenassignedavaluehasthevalue
undeined.
6.1.2 TheNullType
TheNulltypehasexactlyonevalue,callednull.
6.1.3 TheBooleanType
TheBooleantyperepresentsalogicalentityhavingtwovalues,calledtrueandfalse.
6.1.4 TheStringType
TheStringtypeisthesetofallorderedsequencesofzeroormore16bitunsignedintegervalues(elements)uptoa
maximumlengthof2531elements.TheStringtypeisgenerallyusedtorepresenttextualdatainarunningECMAScript
program,inwhichcaseeachelementintheStringistreatedasaUTF16codeunitvalue.Eachelementisregardedas
occupyingapositionwithinthesequence.Thesepositionsareindexedwithnonnegativeintegers.Theirstelement(ifany)is
atindex0,thenextelement(ifany)atindex1,andsoon.ThelengthofaStringisthenumberofelements(i.e.,16bitvalues)
withinit.TheemptyStringhaslengthzeroandthereforecontainsnoelements.
WhereECMAScriptoperationsinterpretStringvalues,eachelementisinterpretedasasingleUTF16codeunit.However,
ECMAScriptdoesnotplaceanyrestrictionsorrequirementsonthesequenceofcodeunitsinaStringvalue,sotheymaybe
illformedwheninterpretedasUTF16codeunitsequences.OperationsthatdonotinterpretStringcontentstreatthemas
sequencesofundifferentiated16bitunsignedintegers.ThefunctionString.prototype.normalize(see21.1.3.12)canbe
usedtoexplicitlynormalizeaStringvalue.String.prototype.localeCompare(see21.1.3.10)internallynormalizes
Stringvalues,butnootheroperationsimplicitlynormalizethestringsuponwhichtheyoperate.Onlyoperationsthatare
explicitlyspeciiedtobelanguageorlocalesensitiveproducelanguagesensitiveresults.
NOTE TherationalebehindthisdesignwastokeeptheimplementationofStringsassimpleandhighperformingas
possible.IfECMAScriptsourcetextisinNormalizedFormC,stringliteralsareguaranteedtoalsobe
normalized,aslongastheydonotcontainanyUnicodeescapesequences.
SomeoperationsinterpretStringcontentsasUTF16encodedUnicodecodepoints.Inthatcasetheinterpretationis:
Acodeunitintherange0to0xD7FForintherange0xE000to0xFFFFisinterpretedasacodepointwiththesame
value.
Asequenceoftwocodeunits,wheretheirstcodeunitc1isintherange0xD800to0xDBFFandthesecondcodeunitc2
isintherange0xDC00to0xDFFF,isasurrogatepairandisinterpretedasacodepointwiththevalue(c10xD800)
0x400+(c20xDC00)+0x10000.(See10.1.2)
Acodeunitthatisintherange0xD800to0xDFFF,butisnotpartofasurrogatepair,isinterpretedasacodepointwith
thesamevalue.
6.1.5 TheSymbolType
TheSymboltypeisthesetofallnonStringvaluesthatmaybeusedasthekeyofanObjectproperty(6.1.7).
EachpossibleSymbolvalueisuniqueandimmutable.
EachSymbolvalueimmutablyholdsanassociatedvaluecalled[[Description]]thatiseitherundeinedoraStringvalue.
6.1.5.1 WellKnownSymbols
WellknownsymbolsarebuiltinSymbolvaluesthatareexplicitlyreferencedbyalgorithmsofthisspeciication.Theyare
typicallyusedasthekeysofpropertieswhosevaluesserveasextensionpointsofaspeciicationalgorithm.Unlessotherwise
speciied,wellknownsymbolsvaluesaresharedbyallrealms(8.2).
Withinthisspeciicationawellknownsymbolisreferredtobyusinganotationoftheform@@name,wherenameisone
ofthevalueslistedinTable1.
Table1:WellknownSymbols
SpeciicationName [[Description]] ValueandPurpose
@@hasInstance "Symbol.hasInstance" Amethodthatdeterminesifaconstructorobjectrecognizes

anobjectasoneoftheconstructor'sinstances.Calledbythe
semanticsoftheinstanceofoperator.
@@isConcatSpreadable "Symbol.isConcatSpreadable" ABooleanvaluedpropertythatiftrueindicatesthatan

objectshouldbelattenedtoitsarrayelementsby
Array.prototype.concat.
@@iterator "Symbol.iterator" AmethodthatreturnsthedefaultIteratorforanobject.

Calledbythesemanticsoftheforofstatement.
@@match "Symbol.match" Aregularexpressionmethodthatmatchestheregular

expressionagainstastring.Calledbythe
String.prototype.matchmethod.
@@replace "Symbol.replace" Aregularexpressionmethodthatreplacesmatched

substringsofastring.Calledbythe
String.prototype.replacemethod.
@@search "Symbol.search" Aregularexpressionmethodthatreturnstheindexwithina

stringthatmatchestheregularexpression.Calledbythe
String.prototype.searchmethod.
@@species "Symbol.species" Afunctionvaluedpropertythatistheconstructorfunction

thatisusedtocreatederivedobjects.
@@split "Symbol.split" Aregularexpressionmethodthatsplitsastringatthe

indicesthatmatchtheregularexpression.Calledbythe
String.prototype.splitmethod.
@@toPrimitive "Symbol.toPrimitive" Amethodthatconvertsanobjecttoacorresponding

primitivevalue.CalledbytheToPrimitiveabstract
operation.
@@toStringTag "Symbol.toStringTag" AStringvaluedpropertythatisusedinthecreationofthe

defaultstringdescriptionofanobject.Accessedbythe
builtinmethodObject.prototype.toString.
@@unscopables "Symbol.unscopables" Anobjectvaluedpropertywhoseownandinherited

propertynamesarepropertynamesthatareexcludedfrom
thewithenvironmentbindingsoftheassociatedobject.
6.1.6 TheNumberType
TheNumbertypehasexactly18437736874454810627(thatis,264253+3)values,representingthedoubleprecision64bit
formatIEEE7542008valuesasspeciiedintheIEEEStandardforBinaryFloatingPointArithmetic,exceptthatthe
9007199254740990(thatis,2532)distinctNotaNumbervaluesoftheIEEEStandardarerepresentedinECMAScriptasa
singlespecialNaNvalue.(NotethattheNaNvalueisproducedbytheprogramexpressionNaN.)Insomeimplementations,
externalcodemightbeabletodetectadifferencebetweenvariousNotaNumbervalues,butsuchbehaviouris
implementationdependent;toECMAScriptcode,allNaNvaluesareindistinguishablefromeachother.
NOTE ThebitpatternthatmightbeobservedinanArrayBuffer(see24.1)afteraNumbervaluehasbeenstoredinto
itisnotnecessarilythesameastheinternalrepresentationofthatNumbervalueusedbytheECMAScript
implementation.
Therearetwootherspecialvalues,calledpositiveIninityandnegativeIninity.Forbrevity,thesevaluesarealsoreferred
toforexpositorypurposesbythesymbols+and,respectively.(NotethatthesetwoininiteNumbervaluesare
producedbytheprogramexpressions+Infinity(orsimplyInfinity)andInfinity.)
Theother18437736874454810624(thatis,264253)valuesarecalledtheinitenumbers.Halfofthesearepositivenumbers
andhalfarenegativenumbers;foreveryinitepositiveNumbervaluethereisacorrespondingnegativevaluehavingthe
samemagnitude.
Notethatthereisbothapositivezeroandanegativezero.Forbrevity,thesevaluesarealsoreferredtoforexpository
purposesbythesymbols+0and0,respectively.(NotethatthesetwodifferentzeroNumbervaluesareproducedbythe
programexpressions+0(orsimply0)and0.)
The18437736874454810622(thatis,2642532)initenonzerovaluesareoftwokinds:
18428729675200069632(thatis,264254)ofthemarenormalized,havingtheform
sm2e
wheresis+1or1,misapositiveintegerlessthan253butnotlessthan252,andeisanintegerrangingfrom1074to971,
inclusive.
Theremaining9007199254740990(thatis,2532)valuesaredenormalized,havingtheform
sm2e
wheresis+1or1,misapositiveintegerlessthan252,andeis1074.
Notethatallthepositiveandnegativeintegerswhosemagnitudeisnogreaterthan253arerepresentableintheNumbertype
(indeed,theinteger0hastworepresentations,+0and0).
Ainitenumberhasanoddsigniicandifitisnonzeroandtheintegermusedtoexpressit(inoneofthetwoformsshown
above)isodd.Otherwise,ithasanevensigniicand.
Inthisspeciication,thephrasetheNumbervalueforxwherexrepresentsanexactnonzerorealmathematicalquantity
(whichmightevenbeanirrationalnumbersuchas)meansaNumbervaluechoseninthefollowingmanner.Considerthe
setofallinitevaluesoftheNumbertype,with0removedandwithtwoadditionalvaluesaddedtoitthatarenot
representableintheNumbertype,namely21024(whichis+12532971)and21024(whichis12532971).Choosethe
memberofthissetthatisclosestinvaluetox.Iftwovaluesofthesetareequallyclose,thentheonewithanevensigniicand
ischosen;forthispurpose,thetwoextravalues21024and21024areconsideredtohaveevensigniicands.Finally,if21024
waschosen,replaceitwith+;if21024waschosen,replaceitwith;if+0waschosen,replaceitwith0ifandonlyifxis
lessthanzero;anyotherchosenvalueisusedunchanged.TheresultistheNumbervalueforx.(Thisprocedurecorresponds
exactlytothebehaviouroftheIEEE7542008roundtonearest,tiestoevenmode.)
SomeECMAScriptoperatorsdealonlywithintegersinspeciicrangessuchas231through2311,inclusive,orintherange0
through2161,inclusive.TheseoperatorsacceptanyvalueoftheNumbertypebutirstconverteachsuchvaluetoaninteger
valueintheexpectedrange.Seethedescriptionsofthenumericconversionoperationsin7.1.
6.1.7 TheObjectType
AnObjectislogicallyacollectionofproperties.Eachpropertyiseitheradataproperty,oranaccessorproperty:
AdatapropertyassociatesakeyvaluewithanECMAScriptlanguagevalueandasetofBooleanattributes.
Anaccessorpropertyassociatesakeyvaluewithoneortwoaccessorfunctions,andasetofBooleanattributes.The
accessorfunctionsareusedtostoreorretrieveanECMAScriptlanguagevaluethatisassociatedwiththeproperty.
Propertiesareidentiiedusingkeyvalues.ApropertykeyvalueiseitheranECMAScriptStringvalueoraSymbolvalue.All
StringandSymbolvalues,includingtheemptystring,arevalidaspropertykeys.Apropertynameisapropertykeythatisa
Stringvalue.
AnintegerindexisaStringvaluedpropertykeythatisacanonicalnumericString(see7.1.16)andwhosenumericvalueis
either+0orapositiveinteger2531.Anarrayindexisanintegerindexwhosenumericvalueiisintherange+0i<2321.
Propertykeysareusedtoaccesspropertiesandtheirvalues.Therearetwokindsofaccessforproperties:getandset,
correspondingtovalueretrievalandassignment,respectively.Thepropertiesaccessibleviagetandsetaccessincludesboth
ownpropertiesthatareadirectpartofanobjectandinheritedpropertieswhichareprovidedbyanotherassociatedobjectvia
apropertyinheritancerelationship.Inheritedpropertiesmaybeeitherownorinheritedpropertiesoftheassociatedobject.
Eachownpropertyofanobjectmusteachhaveakeyvaluethatisdistinctfromthekeyvaluesoftheotherownpropertiesof
thatobject.
Allobjectsarelogicallycollectionsofproperties,buttherearemultipleformsofobjectsthatdifferintheirsemanticsfor
accessingandmanipulatingtheirproperties.Ordinaryobjectsarethemostcommonformofobjectsandhavethedefault
objectsemantics.Anexoticobjectisanyformofobjectwhosepropertysemanticsdifferinanywayfromthedefault
semantics.
6.1.7.1 PropertyAttributes
AttributesareusedinthisspeciicationtodeineandexplainthestateofObjectproperties.Adatapropertyassociatesakey
valuewiththeattributeslistedinTable2.
Table2:AttributesofaDataProperty
Attribute Value Description
Name Domain
[[Value]] Any Thevalueretrievedbyagetaccessoftheproperty.

ECMAScript
languagetype
[[Writable]] Boolean Iffalse,attemptsbyECMAScriptcodetochangetheproperty's[[Value]]attributeusing

[[Set]]willnotsucceed.
[[Enumerable]] Boolean Iftrue,thepropertywillbeenumeratedbyaforinenumeration(see13.7.5).

Otherwise,thepropertyissaidtobenonenumerable.
[[Conigurable]] Boolean Iffalse,attemptstodeletetheproperty,changethepropertytobeanaccessorproperty,

orchangeitsattributes(otherthan[[Value]],orchanging[[Writable]]tofalse)willfail.
AnaccessorpropertyassociatesakeyvaluewiththeattributeslistedinTable3.
Table3:AttributesofanAccessorProperty
Attribute Value Description
Name Domain
[[Get]] Object| IfthevalueisanObjectitmustbeafunctionobject.Thefunction's[[Call]]internalmethod

Undeined (Table6)iscalledwithanemptyargumentslisttoretrievethepropertyvalueeachtimea
getaccessofthepropertyisperformed.
[[Set]] Object| IfthevalueisanObjectitmustbeafunctionobject.Thefunction's[[Call]]internalmethod

Undeined (Table6)iscalledwithanargumentslistcontainingtheassignedvalueasitssoleargument
eachtimeasetaccessofthepropertyisperformed.Theeffectofaproperty's[[Set]]internal
methodmay,butisnotrequiredto,haveaneffectonthevaluereturnedbysubsequentcalls
totheproperty's[[Get]]internalmethod.
[[Enumerable]] Boolean Iftrue,thepropertyistobeenumeratedbyaforinenumeration(see13.7.5).Otherwise,

thepropertyissaidtobenonenumerable.
[[Conigurable]] Boolean Iffalse,attemptstodeletetheproperty,changethepropertytobeadataproperty,or

changeitsattributeswillfail.
Iftheinitialvaluesofaproperty'sattributesarenotexplicitlyspeciiedbythisspeciication,thedefaultvaluedeinedin
Table4isused.
Table4:DefaultAttributeValues
AttributeName DefaultValue
[[Value]] undeined
[[Get]] undeined
[[Set]] undeined
[[Writable]] false
[[Enumerable]] false
[[Conigurable]] false
6.1.7.2 ObjectInternalMethodsandInternalSlots
Theactualsemanticsofobjects,inECMAScript,arespeciiedviaalgorithmscalledinternalmethods.Eachobjectinan
ECMAScriptengineisassociatedwithasetofinternalmethodsthatdeinesitsruntimebehaviour.Theseinternalmethods
arenotpartoftheECMAScriptlanguage.Theyaredeinedbythisspeciicationpurelyforexpositorypurposes.However,
eachobjectwithinanimplementationofECMAScriptmustbehaveasspeciiedbytheinternalmethodsassociatedwithit.
Theexactmannerinwhichthisisaccomplishedisdeterminedbytheimplementation.
Internalmethodnamesarepolymorphic.Thismeansthatdifferentobjectvaluesmayperformdifferentalgorithmswhena
commoninternalmethodnameisinvokeduponthem.Thatactualobjectuponwhichaninternalmethodisinvokedisthe
targetoftheinvocation.If,atruntime,theimplementationofanalgorithmattemptstouseaninternalmethodofanobject
thattheobjectdoesnotsupport,aTypeErrorexceptionisthrown.
InternalslotscorrespondtointernalstatethatisassociatedwithobjectsandusedbyvariousECMAScriptspeciication
algorithms.Internalslotsarenotobjectpropertiesandtheyarenotinherited.Dependinguponthespeciicinternalslot
speciication,suchstatemayconsistofvaluesofanyECMAScriptlanguagetypeorofspeciicECMAScriptspeciicationtype
values.Unlessexplicitlyspeciiedotherwise,internalslotsareallocatedaspartoftheprocessofcreatinganobjectandmay
notbedynamicallyaddedtoanobject.Unlessspeciiedotherwise,theinitialvalueofaninternalslotisthevalueundeined.
Variousalgorithmswithinthisspeciicationcreateobjectsthathaveinternalslots.However,theECMAScriptlanguage
providesnodirectwaytoassociateinternalslotswithanobject.
Internalmethodsandinternalslotsareidentiiedwithinthisspeciicationusingnamesenclosedindoublesquarebrackets[[
]].
Table5summarizestheessentialinternalmethodsusedbythisspeciicationthatareapplicabletoallobjectscreatedor
manipulatedbyECMAScriptcode.Everyobjectmusthavealgorithmsforalloftheessentialinternalmethods.However,all
objectsdonotnecessarilyusethesamealgorithmsforthosemethods.
TheSignaturecolumnofTable5andothersimilartablesdescribestheinvocationpatternforeachinternalmethod.The
invocationpatternalwaysincludesaparenthesizedlistofdescriptiveparameternames.Ifaparameternameisthesameas
anECMAScripttypenamethenthenamedescribestherequiredtypeoftheparametervalue.Ifaninternalmethodexplicitly
returnsavalue,itsparameterlistisfollowedbythesymbolandthetypenameofthereturnedvalue.Thetypenames
usedinsignaturesrefertothetypesdeinedinclause6augmentedbythefollowingadditionalnames.anymeansthevalue
maybeanyECMAScriptlanguagetype.AninternalmethodimplicitlyreturnsaCompletionRecord.Inadditiontoits
parameters,aninternalmethodalwayshasaccesstotheobjectthatisthetargetofthemethodinvocation.
Table5:EssentialInternalMethods
InternalMethod Signature Description
[[GetPrototypeOf]] ()Object|Null Determinetheobjectthatprovidesinheritedpropertiesforthisobject.A

nullvalueindicatesthattherearenoinheritedproperties.
[[SetPrototypeOf]] (Object|Null) Associatethisobjectwithanotherobjectthatprovidesinheritedproperties.

Boolean Passingnullindicatesthattherearenoinheritedproperties.Returnstrue
indicatingthattheoperationwascompletedsuccessfullyorfalseindicating
thattheoperationwasnotsuccessful.
[[IsExtensible]] ()Boolean Determinewhetheritispermittedtoaddadditionalpropertiestothis

object.
[[PreventExtensions]] ()Boolean Controlwhethernewpropertiesmaybeaddedtothisobject.Returnstrue

iftheoperationwassuccessfulorfalseiftheoperationwasunsuccessful.
[[GetOwnProperty]] (propertyKey) ReturnaPropertyDescriptorfortheownpropertyofthisobjectwhosekey

Undeined| ispropertyKey,orundeinedifnosuchpropertyexists.
Property
Descriptor
[[HasProperty]] (propertyKey) ReturnaBooleanvalueindicatingwhetherthisobjectalreadyhaseitheran

Boolean ownorinheritedpropertywhosekeyispropertyKey.
[[Get]] (propertyKey, ReturnthevalueofthepropertywhosekeyispropertyKeyfromthisobject.

Receiver)any IfanyECMAScriptcodemustbeexecutedtoretrievethepropertyvalue,
Receiverisusedasthethisvaluewhenevaluatingthecode.
[[Set]] (propertyKey,value, SetthevalueofthepropertywhosekeyispropertyKeytovalue.Ifany

Receiver) ECMAScriptcodemustbeexecutedtosetthepropertyvalue,Receiveris
Boolean usedasthethisvaluewhenevaluatingthecode.Returnstrueifthe
propertyvaluewassetorfalseifitcouldnotbeset.
[[Delete]] (propertyKey) RemovetheownpropertywhosekeyispropertyKeyfromthisobject.

Boolean Returnfalseifthepropertywasnotdeletedandisstillpresent.Return
trueifthepropertywasdeletedorisnotpresent.
[[DeineOwnProperty]] (propertyKey, Createoraltertheownproperty,whosekeyispropertyKey,tohavethe

PropertyDescriptor) statedescribedbyPropertyDescriptor.Returntrueifthatpropertywas
Boolean successfullycreated/updatedorfalseifthepropertycouldnotbecreated
orupdated.
[[OwnPropertyKeys]] ()Listof ReturnaListwhoseelementsarealloftheownpropertykeysforthe

propertyKey object.
Table6summarizesadditionalessentialinternalmethodsthataresupportedbyobjectsthatmaybecalledasfunctions.A
functionobjectisanobjectthatsupportsthe[[Call]]internalmethods.Aconstructor(alsoreferredtoasaconstructor
function)isafunctionobjectthatsupportsthe[[Construct]]internalmethod.
Table6:AdditionalEssentialInternalMethodsofFunctionObjects
Internal Signature Description
Method
[[Call]] (any,a Executescodeassociatedwiththisobject.Invokedviaafunctioncallexpression.The

Listof argumentstotheinternalmethodareathisvalueandalistcontainingtheargumentspassedto
any) thefunctionbyacallexpression.Objectsthatimplementthisinternalmethodarecallable.
any
[[Construct]] (aListof Createsanobject.Invokedviatheneworsuperoperators.Theirstargumenttotheinternal

any, methodisalistcontainingtheargumentsoftheoperator.Thesecondargumentistheobjectto
Object) whichthenewoperatorwasinitiallyapplied.Objectsthatimplementthisinternalmethodare
Object calledconstructors.Afunctionobjectisnotnecessarilyaconstructorandsuchnonconstructor
functionobjectsdonothavea[[Construct]]internalmethod.
Thesemanticsoftheessentialinternalmethodsforordinaryobjectsandstandardexoticobjectsarespeciiedinclause9.If
anyspeciieduseofaninternalmethodofanexoticobjectisnotsupportedbyanimplementation,thatusagemustthrowa
TypeErrorexceptionwhenattempted.
6.1.7.3 InvariantsoftheEssentialInternalMethods
TheInternalMethodsofObjectsofanECMAScriptenginemustconformtothelistofinvariantsspeciiedbelow.Ordinary
ECMAScriptObjectsaswellasallstandardexoticobjectsinthisspeciicationmaintaintheseinvariants.ECMAScriptProxy
objectsmaintaintheseinvariantsbymeansofruntimechecksontheresultoftrapsinvokedonthe[[ProxyHandler]]object.
Anyimplementationprovidedexoticobjectsmustalsomaintaintheseinvariantsforthoseobjects.Violationofthese
invariantsmaycauseECMAScriptcodetohaveunpredictablebehaviourandcreatesecurityissues.However,violationof
theseinvariantsmustnevercompromisethememorysafetyofanimplementation.
Animplementationmustnotallowtheseinvariantstobecircumventedinanymannersuchasbyprovidingalternative
interfacesthatimplementthefunctionalityoftheessentialinternalmethodswithoutenforcingtheirinvariants.
Deinitions:
Thetargetofaninternalmethodistheobjectuponwhichtheinternalmethodiscalled.
Atargetisnonextensibleifithasbeenobservedtoreturnfalsefromits[[IsExtensible]]internalmethod,ortruefrom
its[[PreventExtensions]]internalmethod.
Anonexistentpropertyisapropertythatdoesnotexistasanownpropertyonanonextensibletarget.
AllreferencestoSameValueareaccordingtothedeinitionoftheSameValuealgorithm.
[[GetPrototypeOf]]()
TheTypeofthereturnvaluemustbeeitherObjectorNull.
Iftargetisnonextensible,and[[GetPrototypeOf]]returnsavaluev,thenanyfuturecallsto[[GetPrototypeOf]]should
returntheSameValueasv.
NOTE1 Anobject'sprototypechainshouldhaveinitelength(thatis,startingfromanyobject,recursivelyapplyingthe
[[GetPrototypeOf]]internalmethodtoitsresultshouldeventuallyleadtothevaluenull).However,this
requirementisnotenforceableasanobjectlevelinvariantiftheprototypechainincludesanyexoticobjects
thatdonotusetheordinaryobjectdeinitionof[[GetPrototypeOf]].Suchacircularprototypechainmayresult
inininiteloopswhenaccessingobjectproperties.
[[SetPrototypeOf]](V)
TheTypeofthereturnvaluemustbeBoolean.
Iftargetisnonextensible,[[SetPrototypeOf]]mustreturnfalse,unlessVistheSameValueasthetarget'sobserved
[[GetPrototypeOf]]value.
[[IsExtensible]]()
If[[IsExtensible]]returnsfalse,allfuturecallsto[[IsExtensible]]onthetargetmustreturnfalse.
[[PreventExtensions]]()
If[[PreventExtensions]]returnstrue,allfuturecallsto[[IsExtensible]]onthetargetmustreturnfalseandthetargetis
nowconsiderednonextensible.
[[GetOwnProperty]](P)
TheTypeofthereturnvaluemustbeeitherPropertyDescriptororUndeined.
IftheTypeofthereturnvalueisPropertyDescriptor,thereturnvaluemustbeacompletepropertydescriptor(see
6.2.4.6).
IfapropertyPisdescribedasadatapropertywithDesc.[[Value]]equaltovandDesc.[[Writable]]andDesc.
[[Conigurable]]arebothfalse,thentheSameValuemustbereturnedfortheDesc.[[Value]]attributeofthepropertyon
allfuturecallsto[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
IfP'sattributesotherthan[[Writable]]maychangeovertimeorifthepropertymightdisappear,thenP's
[[Conigurable]]attributemustbetrue.
Ifthe[[Writable]]attributemaychangefromfalsetotrue,thenthe[[Conigurable]]attributemustbetrue.
IfthetargetisnonextensibleandPisnonexistent,thenallfuturecallsto[[GetOwnProperty]](P)onthetargetmust
describePasnonexistent(i.e.[[GetOwnProperty]](P)mustreturnundeined).
NOTE2 Asaconsequenceofthethirdinvariant,ifapropertyisdescribedasadatapropertyanditmayreturndifferent
valuesovertime,theneitherorbothoftheDesc.[[Writable]]andDesc.[[Conigurable]]attributesmustbetrue
evenifnomechanismtochangethevalueisexposedviatheotherinternalmethods.
[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,Desc)
[[DeineOwnProperty]]mustreturnfalseifPhaspreviouslybeenobservedasanonconigurableownpropertyofthe
target,unlesseither:
1.Pisanonconigurablewritableowndataproperty.Anonconigurablewritabledatapropertycanbechanged
intoanonconigurablenonwritabledataproperty.
2.AllattributesinDescaretheSameValueasP'sattributes.
[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,Desc)mustreturnfalseiftargetisnonextensibleandPisanonexistentownproperty.That
is,anonextensibletargetobjectcannotbeextendedwithnewproperties.
[[HasProperty]](P)
IfPwaspreviouslyobservedasanonconigurabledataoraccessorownpropertyofthetarget,[[HasProperty]]must
returntrue.
[[Get]](P,Receiver)
IfPwaspreviouslyobservedasanonconigurable,nonwritableowndatapropertyofthetargetwithvaluev,then
[[Get]]mustreturntheSameValue.
IfPwaspreviouslyobservedasanonconigurableownaccessorpropertyofthetargetwhose[[Get]]attributeis
undeined,the[[Get]]operationmustreturnundeined.
[[Set]](P,V,Receiver)
IfPwaspreviouslyobservedasanonconigurable,nonwritableowndatapropertyofthetarget,then[[Set]]must
returnfalseunlessVistheSameValueasP's[[Value]]attribute.
IfPwaspreviouslyobservedasanonconigurableownaccessorpropertyofthetargetwhose[[Set]]attributeis
undeined,the[[Set]]operationmustreturnfalse.
[[Delete]](P)
IfPwaspreviouslyobservedtobeanonconigurableowndataoraccessorpropertyofthetarget,[[Delete]]must
returnfalse.
[[OwnPropertyKeys]]()
ThereturnvaluemustbeaList.
TheTypeofeachelementofthereturnedListiseitherStringorSymbol.
ThereturnedListmustcontainatleastthekeysofallnonconigurableownpropertiesthathavepreviouslybeen
observed.
Iftheobjectisnonextensible,thereturnedListmustcontainonlythekeysofallownpropertiesoftheobjectthatare
observableusing[[GetOwnProperty]].
[[Construct]]()
TheTypeofthereturnvaluemustbeObject.
6.1.7.4 WellKnownIntrinsicObjects
Wellknownintrinsicsarebuiltinobjectsthatareexplicitlyreferencedbythealgorithmsofthisspeciicationandwhich
usuallyhaverealmspeciicidentities.Unlessotherwisespeciiedeachintrinsicobjectactuallycorrespondstoasetofsimilar
objects,oneperrealm.
Withinthisspeciicationareferencesuchas%name%meanstheintrinsicobject,associatedwiththecurrentrealm,
correspondingtothename.Determinationofthecurrentrealmanditsintrinsicsisdescribedin8.3.Thewellknown
intrinsicsarelistedinTable7.
Table7:WellknownIntrinsicObjects
IntrinsicName GlobalName ECMAScriptLanguageAssociation
%Array% Array TheArrayconstructor(22.1.1)
%ArrayBuffer% ArrayBuffer TheArrayBufferconstructor(24.1.2)
%ArrayBufferPrototype% ArrayBuffer.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%ArrayBuffer%.
%ArrayIteratorPrototype% TheprototypeofArrayiteratorobjects(22.1.5)
%ArrayPrototype% Array.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Array%(22.1.3)
%ArrayProto_values% Array.prototype.values Theinitialvalueofthevaluesdatapropertyof

%ArrayPrototype%(22.1.3.30)
%Boolean% Boolean TheBooleanconstructor(19.3.1)
%BooleanPrototype% Boolean.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Boolean%(19.3.3)
%DataView% DataView TheDataViewconstructor(24.2.2)
%DataViewPrototype% DataView.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%DataView%
%Date% Date TheDateconstructor(20.3.2)
%DatePrototype% Date.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Date%.
%decodeURI% decodeURI ThedecodeURIfunction(18.2.6.2)
%decodeURIComponent% decodeURIComponent ThedecodeURIComponentfunction(18.2.6.3)
%encodeURI% encodeURI TheencodeURIfunction(18.2.6.4)
%encodeURIComponent% encodeURIComponent TheencodeURIComponentfunction(18.2.6.5)
%Error% Error TheErrorconstructor(19.5.1)
%ErrorPrototype% Error.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Error%
%eval% eval Theevalfunction(18.2.1)
%EvalError% EvalError TheEvalErrorconstructor(19.5.5.1)
%EvalErrorPrototype% EvalError.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof

%EvalError%
%Float32Array% Float32Array TheFloat32Arrayconstructor(22.2)
%Float32ArrayPrototype% Float32Array.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Float32Array%.
%Float64Array% Float64Array TheFloat64Arrayconstructor(22.2)
%Float64ArrayPrototype% Float64Array.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Float64Array%
%Function% Function TheFunctionconstructor(19.2.1)

%FunctionPrototype% Function.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty
of%Function%
%Generator% Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof
%GeneratorFunction%
%GeneratorFunction% Theconstructorofgeneratorobjects(25.2.1)
%GeneratorPrototype% Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof
%Generator%
%Int8Array% Int8Array TheInt8Arrayconstructor(22.2)
%Int8ArrayPrototype% Int8Array.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Int8Array%

of%Int16Array%

of%Int32Array%
%isFinite% isFinite TheisFinitefunction(18.2.2)
%isNaN% isNaN TheisNaNfunction(18.2.3)
%IteratorPrototype% Anobjectthatallstandardbuiltiniterator
objectsindirectlyinheritfrom
%JSON% JSON TheJSONobject(24.3)
%Map% Map TheMapconstructor(23.1.1)
%MapIteratorPrototype% TheprototypeofMapiteratorobjects(23.1.5)
%MapPrototype% Map.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Map%
%Math% Math TheMathobject(20.2)
%Number% Number TheNumberconstructor(20.1.1)
%NumberPrototype% Number.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof

%Number%
%Object% Object TheObjectconstructor(19.1.1)
%ObjectPrototype% Object.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Object%.(19.1.3)
%ObjProto_toString% Object.prototype.toString TheinitialvalueofthetoStringdataproperty

of%ObjectPrototype%(19.1.3.6)
%ObjProto_valueOf% Object.prototype.valueOf TheinitialvalueofthevalueOfdatapropertyof

%ObjectPrototype%(19.1.3.7)
%parseFloat% parseFloat TheparseFloatfunction(18.2.4)
%parseInt% parseInt TheparseIntfunction(18.2.5)
%Promise% Promise ThePromiseconstructor(25.4.3)

%PromisePrototype% Promise.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty
of%Promise%
%Proxy% Proxy TheProxyconstructor(26.2.1)
%RangeError% RangeError TheRangeErrorconstructor(19.5.5.2)
%RangeErrorPrototype% RangeError.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof

%RangeError%
%ReferenceError% ReferenceError TheReferenceErrorconstructor(19.5.5.3)
%ReferenceErrorPrototype% ReferenceError.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof

%ReferenceError%
%Relect% Reflect TheReflectobject(26.1)
%RegExp% RegExp TheRegExpconstructor(21.2.3)
%RegExpPrototype% RegExp.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%RegExp%
%Set% Set TheSetconstructor(23.2.1)
%SetIteratorPrototype% TheprototypeofSetiteratorobjects(23.2.5)
%SetPrototype% Set.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Set%
%String% String TheStringconstructor(21.1.1)
%StringIteratorPrototype% TheprototypeofStringiteratorobjects(21.1.5)
%StringPrototype% String.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%String%
%Symbol% Symbol TheSymbolconstructor(19.4.1)
%SymbolPrototype% Symbol.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Symbol%.(19.4.3)
%SyntaxError% SyntaxError TheSyntaxErrorconstructor(19.5.5.4)
%SyntaxErrorPrototype% SyntaxError.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof

%SyntaxError%
%ThrowTypeError% Afunctionobjectthatunconditionallythrowsa
newinstanceof%TypeError%
%TypedArray% ThesuperclassofalltypedArrayconstructors
(22.2.1)
%TypedArrayPrototype% Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof
%TypedArray%
%TypeError% TypeError TheTypeErrorconstructor(19.5.5.5)
%TypeErrorPrototype% TypeError.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof

%TypeError%
%Uint8Array% Uint8Array TheUint8Arrayconstructor(22.2)
%Uint8ArrayPrototype% Uint8Array.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Uint8Array%
%Uint8ClampedArray% Uint8ClampedArray TheUint8ClampedArrayconstructor(22.2)
%Uint8ClampedArrayPrototype% Uint8ClampedArray.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%Uint8ClampedArray%

of%Uint16Array%

of%Uint32Array%
%URIError% URIError TheURIErrorconstructor(19.5.5.6)
%URIErrorPrototype% URIError.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof

%URIError%
%WeakMap% WeakMap TheWeakMapconstructor(23.3.1)
%WeakMapPrototype% WeakMap.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%WeakMap%
%WeakSet% WeakSet TheWeakSetconstructor(23.4.1)
%WeakSetPrototype% WeakSet.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

of%WeakSet%
6.2 ECMAScriptSpeciicationTypes
AspeciicationtypecorrespondstometavaluesthatareusedwithinalgorithmstodescribethesemanticsofECMAScript
languageconstructsandECMAScriptlanguagetypes.ThespeciicationtypesareReference,List,Completion,Property
Descriptor,LexicalEnvironment,EnvironmentRecord,andDataBlock.Speciicationtypevaluesarespeciicationartefacts
thatdonotnecessarilycorrespondtoanyspeciicentitywithinanECMAScriptimplementation.Speciicationtypevalues
maybeusedtodescribeintermediateresultsofECMAScriptexpressionevaluationbutsuchvaluescannotbestoredas
propertiesofobjectsorvaluesofECMAScriptlanguagevariables.
6.2.1 TheListandRecordSpeciicationTypes
TheListtypeisusedtoexplaintheevaluationofargumentlists(see12.3.6)innewexpressions,infunctioncalls,andinother
algorithmswhereasimpleorderedlistofvaluesisneeded.ValuesoftheListtypearesimplyorderedsequencesoflist
elementscontainingtheindividualvalues.Thesesequencesmaybeofanylength.Theelementsofalistmayberandomly
accessedusing0originindices.FornotationalconvenienceanarraylikesyntaxcanbeusedtoaccessListelements.For
example,arguments[2]isshorthandforsayingthe3rdelementoftheListarguments.
Fornotationalconveniencewithinthisspeciication,aliteralsyntaxcanbeusedtoexpressanewListvalue.Forexample,1,
2deinesaListvaluethathastwoelementseachofwhichisinitializedtoaspeciicvalue.AnewemptyListcanbe
expressedas.
TheRecordtypeisusedtodescribedataaggregationswithinthealgorithmsofthisspeciication.ARecordtypevalue
consistsofoneormorenamedields.ThevalueofeachieldiseitheranECMAScriptvalueoranabstractvaluerepresented
byanameassociatedwiththeRecordtype.Fieldnamesarealwaysenclosedindoublebrackets,forexample[[Value]].
Fornotationalconveniencewithinthisspeciication,anobjectliterallikesyntaxcanbeusedtoexpressaRecordvalue.For
example,{[[Field1]]:42,[[Field2]]:false,[[Field3]]:empty}deinesaRecordvaluethathasthreeields,eachofwhichis
initializedtoaspeciicvalue.Fieldnameorderisnotsigniicant.Anyieldsthatarenotexplicitlylistedareconsideredtobe
absent.
Inspeciicationtextandalgorithms,dotnotationmaybeusedtorefertoaspeciicieldofaRecordvalue.Forexample,ifRis
therecordshowninthepreviousparagraphthenR.[[Field2]]isshorthandfortheieldofRnamed[[Field2]].
SchemaforcommonlyusedRecordieldcombinationsmaybenamed,andthatnamemaybeusedasapreixtoaliteral
Recordvaluetoidentifythespeciickindofaggregationsthatisbeingdescribed.Forexample:PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:
42,[[Writable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
6.2.2 TheCompletionRecordSpeciicationType
TheCompletiontypeisaRecordusedtoexplaintheruntimepropagationofvaluesandcontrollowsuchasthebehaviourof
statements(break,continue,returnandthrow)thatperformnonlocaltransfersofcontrol.
ValuesoftheCompletiontypeareRecordvalueswhoseieldsaredeinedasbyTable8.Suchvaluesarereferredtoas
CompletionRecords.
Table8:CompletionRecordFields
Field Value Meaning
[[Type]] Oneofnormal,break,continue,return,orthrow Thetypeofcompletionthatoccurred.
[[Value]] anyECMAScriptlanguagevalueorempty Thevaluethatwasproduced.
[[Target]] anyECMAScriptstringorempty Thetargetlabelfordirectedcontroltransfers.
Thetermabruptcompletionreferstoanycompletionwitha[[Type]]valueotherthannormal.
6.2.2.1 NormalCompletion
TheabstractoperationNormalCompletionwithasingleargument,suchas:
1.ReturnNormalCompletion(argument).
Isashorthandthatisdeinedasfollows:
1.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:normal,[[Value]]:argument,[[Target]]:empty}.
6.2.2.2 ImplicitCompletionValues
ThealgorithmsofthisspeciicationoftenimplicitlyreturnCompletionRecordswhose[[Type]]isnormal.Unlessitis
otherwiseobviousfromthecontext,analgorithmstatementthatreturnsavaluethatisnotaCompletionRecord,suchas:
1.Return"Infinity".
meansthesamethingas:
1.ReturnNormalCompletion("Infinity").
However,ifthevalueexpressionofareturnstatementisaCompletionRecordconstructionliteral,theresultingCompletion
Recordisreturned.Ifthevalueexpressionisacalltoanabstractoperation,thereturnstatementsimplyreturnsthe
CompletionRecordproducedbytheabstractoperation.
TheabstractoperationCompletion(completionRecord)isusedtoemphasizethatapreviouslycomputedCompletionRecord
isbeingreturned.TheCompletionabstractoperationtakesasingleargument,completionRecord,andperformsthefollowing
steps:
1.Assert:completionRecordisaCompletionRecord.
2.ReturncompletionRecordastheCompletionRecordofthisabstractoperation.
Areturnstatementwithoutavalueinanalgorithmstepmeansthesamethingas:
1.ReturnNormalCompletion(undeined).
AnyreferencetoaCompletionRecordvaluethatisinacontextthatdoesnotexplicitlyrequireacompleteCompletionRecord
valueisequivalenttoanexplicitreferencetothe[[Value]]ieldoftheCompletionRecordvalueunlesstheCompletionRecord
isanabruptcompletion.
6.2.2.3 ThrowanException
Algorithmsstepsthatsaytothrowanexception,suchas
1.ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
meanthesamethingsas:
1.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:throw,[[Value]]:anewlycreatedTypeErrorobject,[[Target]]:empty}.
6.2.2.4 ReturnIfAbrupt
Algorithmsstepsthatsayorareotherwiseequivalentto:
1.ReturnIfAbrupt(argument).
meanthesamethingas:
1.Ifargumentisanabruptcompletion,returnargument.
2.ElseifargumentisaCompletionRecord,letargumentbeargument.[[Value]].
Algorithmsstepsthatsayorareotherwiseequivalentto:
1.ReturnIfAbrupt(AbstractOperation()).
meanthesamethingas:
1.LethygienicTempbeAbstractOperation().
2.IfhygienicTempisanabruptcompletion,returnhygienicTemp.
3.ElseifhygienicTempisaCompletionRecord,lethygienicTempbehygienicTemp.[[Value]].
WherehygienicTempisephemeralandvisibleonlyinthestepspertainingtoReturnIfAbrupt.
6.2.2.5 UpdateEmpty(completionRecord,value)
TheabstractoperationUpdateEmptywithargumentscompletionRecordandvalueperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:IfcompletionRecord.[[Type]]iseitherreturnorthrow,thencompletionRecord.[[Value]]isnotempty.
2.IfcompletionRecord.[[Value]]isnotempty,returnCompletion(completionRecord).
3.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:completionRecord.[[Type]],[[Value]]:value,[[Target]]:completionRecord.[[Target]]}.
6.2.3 TheReferenceSpeciicationType
NOTE TheReferencetypeisusedtoexplainthebehaviourofsuchoperatorsasdelete,typeof,theassignment
operators,thesuperkeywordandotherlanguagefeatures.Forexample,thelefthandoperandofan
assignmentisexpectedtoproduceareference.
AReferenceisaresolvednameorpropertybinding.AReferenceconsistsofthreecomponents,thebasevalue,thereferenced
nameandtheBooleanvaluedstrictreferencelag.Thebasevalueiseitherundeined,anObject,aBoolean,aString,a
Symbol,aNumber,oranEnvironmentRecord.AbasevalueofundeinedindicatesthattheReferencecouldnotberesolved
toabinding.ThereferencednameisaStringorSymbolvalue.
ASuperReferenceisaReferencethatisusedtorepresentsanamebindingthatwasexpressedusingthesuperkeyword.A
SuperReferencehasanadditionalthisValuecomponentanditsbasevaluewillneverbeanEnvironmentRecord.
Thefollowingabstractoperationsareusedinthisspeciicationtoaccessthecomponentsofreferences:
GetBase(V).ReturnsthebasevaluecomponentofthereferenceV.
GetReferencedName(V).ReturnsthereferencednamecomponentofthereferenceV.
IsStrictReference(V).ReturnsthestrictreferencelagcomponentofthereferenceV.
HasPrimitiveBase(V).ReturnstrueifType(base)isBoolean,String,Symbol,orNumber.
IsPropertyReference(V).ReturnstrueifeitherthebasevalueisanobjectorHasPrimitiveBase(V)istrue;otherwise
returnsfalse.
IsUnresolvableReference(V).Returnstrueifthebasevalueisundeinedandfalseotherwise.
IsSuperReference(V).ReturnstrueifthisreferencehasathisValuecomponent.
Thefollowingabstractoperationsareusedinthisspeciicationtooperateonreferences:
6.2.3.1 GetValue(V)
1.ReturnIfAbrupt(V).
2.IfType(V)isnotReference,returnV.
3.LetbasebeGetBase(V).
4.IfIsUnresolvableReference(V)istrue,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
5.IfIsPropertyReference(V)istrue,then
a.IfHasPrimitiveBase(V)istrue,then
i.Assert:Inthiscase,basewillneverbenullorundeined.
ii.LetbasebeToObject(base).
b.Return?base.[[Get]](GetReferencedName(V),GetThisValue(V)).
6.ElsebasemustbeanEnvironmentRecord,
a.Return?base.GetBindingValue(GetReferencedName(V),IsStrictReference(V))(see8.1.1).
NOTE Theobjectthatmaybecreatedinstep5.a.iiisnotaccessibleoutsideoftheaboveabstractoperationandthe
ordinaryobject[[Get]]internalmethod.Animplementationmightchoosetoavoidtheactualcreationofthe
object.
6.2.3.2 PutValue(V,W)
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(W).
3.IfType(V)isnotReference,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
5.IfIsUnresolvableReference(V)istrue,then
a.IfIsStrictReference(V)istrue,then
i.ThrowaReferenceErrorexception.
b.LetglobalObjbeGetGlobalObject().
c.Return?Set(globalObj,GetReferencedName(V),W,false).
6.ElseifIsPropertyReference(V)istrue,then
a.IfHasPrimitiveBase(V)istrue,then
i.Assert:Inthiscase,basewillneverbenullorundeined.
ii.SetbasetoToObject(base).
b.Letsucceededbe?base.[[Set]](GetReferencedName(V),W,GetThisValue(V)).
c.IfsucceededisfalseandIsStrictReference(V)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
d.Return.
7.ElsebasemustbeanEnvironmentRecord,
a.Return?base.SetMutableBinding(GetReferencedName(V),W,IsStrictReference(V))(see8.1.1).
NOTE Theobjectthatmaybecreatedinstep6.a.iiisnotaccessibleoutsideoftheabovealgorithmandtheordinary
object[[Set]]internalmethod.Animplementationmightchoosetoavoidtheactualcreationofthatobject.
6.2.3.3 GetThisValue(V)
1.Assert:IsPropertyReference(V)istrue.
2.IfIsSuperReference(V)istrue,then
a.ReturnthevalueofthethisValuecomponentofthereferenceV.
3.ReturnGetBase(V).
6.2.3.4 InitializeReferencedBinding(V,W)
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(W).
3.Assert:Type(V)isReference.
4.Assert:IsUnresolvableReference(V)isfalse.
6.Assert:baseisanEnvironmentRecord.
7.Returnbase.InitializeBinding(GetReferencedName(V),W).
6.2.4 ThePropertyDescriptorSpeciicationType
ThePropertyDescriptortypeisusedtoexplainthemanipulationandreiicationofObjectpropertyattributes.Valuesofthe
PropertyDescriptortypeareRecords.Eachield'snameisanattributenameanditsvalueisacorrespondingattributevalue
asspeciiedin6.1.7.1.Inaddition,anyieldmaybepresentorabsent.Theschemanameusedwithinthisspeciicationtotag
literaldescriptionsofPropertyDescriptorrecordsisPropertyDescriptor.
PropertyDescriptorvaluesmaybefurtherclassiiedasdataPropertyDescriptorsandaccessorPropertyDescriptorsbased
upontheexistenceoruseofcertainields.AdataPropertyDescriptorisonethatincludesanyieldsnamedeither[[Value]]
or[[Writable]].AnaccessorPropertyDescriptorisonethatincludesanyieldsnamedeither[[Get]]or[[Set]].AnyProperty
Descriptormayhaveieldsnamed[[Enumerable]]and[[Conigurable]].APropertyDescriptorvaluemaynotbebothadata
PropertyDescriptorandanaccessorPropertyDescriptor;however,itmaybeneither.AgenericPropertyDescriptorisa
PropertyDescriptorvaluethatisneitheradataPropertyDescriptornoranaccessorPropertyDescriptor.Afullypopulated
PropertyDescriptorisonethatiseitheranaccessorPropertyDescriptororadataPropertyDescriptorandthathasallofthe
ieldsthatcorrespondtothepropertyattributesdeinedineitherTable2orTable3.
ThefollowingabstractoperationsareusedinthisspeciicationtooperateuponPropertyDescriptorvalues:
6.2.4.1 IsAccessorDescriptor(Desc)
WhentheabstractoperationIsAccessorDescriptoriscalledwithPropertyDescriptorDesc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfDescisundeined,returnfalse.
2.IfbothDesc.[[Get]]andDesc.[[Set]]areabsent,returnfalse.
3.Returntrue.
6.2.4.2 IsDataDescriptor(Desc)
WhentheabstractoperationIsDataDescriptoriscalledwithPropertyDescriptorDesc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfbothDesc.[[Value]]andDesc.[[Writable]]areabsent,returnfalse.
3.Returntrue.
6.2.4.3 IsGenericDescriptor(Desc)
WhentheabstractoperationIsGenericDescriptoriscalledwithPropertyDescriptorDesc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfIsAccessorDescriptor(Desc)andIsDataDescriptor(Desc)arebothfalse,returntrue.
3.Returnfalse.
6.2.4.4 FromPropertyDescriptor(Desc)
WhentheabstractoperationFromPropertyDescriptoriscalledwithPropertyDescriptorDesc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfDescisundeined,returnundeined.
2.LetobjbeObjectCreate(%ObjectPrototype%).
3.Assert:objisanextensibleordinaryobjectwithnoownproperties.
4.IfDeschasa[[Value]]ield,then
a.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,"value",Desc.[[Value]]).
5.IfDeschasa[[Writable]]ield,then
a.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,"writable",Desc.[[Writable]]).
6.IfDeschasa[[Get]]ield,then
a.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,"get",Desc.[[Get]]).
7.IfDeschasa[[Set]]ield,then
a.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,"set",Desc.[[Set]]).
8.IfDeschasan[[Enumerable]]ield,then
a.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,"enumerable",Desc.[[Enumerable]]).
9.IfDeschasa[[Conigurable]]ield,then
a.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,"configurable",Desc.[[Conigurable]]).
10.Assert:alloftheaboveCreateDataPropertyoperationsreturntrue.
11.Returnobj.
6.2.4.5 ToPropertyDescriptor(Obj)
WhentheabstractoperationToPropertyDescriptoriscalledwithobjectObj,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfType(Obj)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.LetdescbeanewPropertyDescriptorthatinitiallyhasnoields.
3.LethasEnumerablebe?HasProperty(Obj,"enumerable").
4.IfhasEnumerableistrue,then
a.LetenumbeToBoolean(?Get(Obj,"enumerable")).
b.Setthe[[Enumerable]]ieldofdesctoenum.
5.LethasConigurablebe?HasProperty(Obj,"configurable").
6.IfhasConigurableistrue,then
a.LetconfbeToBoolean(?Get(Obj,"configurable")).
b.Setthe[[Conigurable]]ieldofdesctoconf.
7.LethasValuebe?HasProperty(Obj,"value").
8.IfhasValueistrue,then
a.Letvaluebe?Get(Obj,"value").
b.Setthe[[Value]]ieldofdesctovalue.
9.LethasWritablebe?HasProperty(Obj,"writable").
10.IfhasWritableistrue,then
a.LetwritablebeToBoolean(?Get(Obj,"writable")).
b.Setthe[[Writable]]ieldofdesctowritable.
11.LethasGetbe?HasProperty(Obj,"get").
12.IfhasGetistrue,then
a.Letgetterbe?Get(Obj,"get").
b.IfIsCallable(getter)isfalseandgetterisnotundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
c.Setthe[[Get]]ieldofdesctogetter.
13.LethasSetbe?HasProperty(Obj,"set").
14.IfhasSetistrue,then
a.Letsetterbe?Get(Obj,"set").
b.IfIsCallable(setter)isfalseandsetterisnotundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
c.Setthe[[Set]]ieldofdesctosetter.
15.Ifeitherdesc.[[Get]]ordesc.[[Set]]ispresent,then
a.Ifeitherdesc.[[Value]]ordesc.[[Writable]]ispresent,throwaTypeErrorexception.
16.Returndesc.
6.2.4.6 CompletePropertyDescriptor(Desc)
WhentheabstractoperationCompletePropertyDescriptoriscalledwithPropertyDescriptorDesc,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
1.Assert:DescisaPropertyDescriptor.
2.LetlikebeRecord{[[Value]]:undeined,[[Writable]]:false,[[Get]]:undeined,[[Set]]:undeined,[[Enumerable]]:
false,[[Conigurable]]:false}.
3.IfeitherIsGenericDescriptor(Desc)orIsDataDescriptor(Desc)istrue,then
a.IfDescdoesnothavea[[Value]]ield,setDesc.[[Value]]tolike.[[Value]].
b.IfDescdoesnothavea[[Writable]]ield,setDesc.[[Writable]]tolike.[[Writable]].
4.Else,
a.IfDescdoesnothavea[[Get]]ield,setDesc.[[Get]]tolike.[[Get]].
b.IfDescdoesnothavea[[Set]]ield,setDesc.[[Set]]tolike.[[Set]].
5.IfDescdoesnothavean[[Enumerable]]ield,setDesc.[[Enumerable]]tolike.[[Enumerable]].
6.IfDescdoesnothavea[[Conigurable]]ield,setDesc.[[Conigurable]]tolike.[[Conigurable]].
7.ReturnDesc.
6.2.5 TheLexicalEnvironmentandEnvironmentRecordSpeciicationTypes
TheLexicalEnvironmentandEnvironmentRecordtypesareusedtoexplainthebehaviourofnameresolutioninnested
functionsandblocks.Thesetypesandtheoperationsuponthemaredeinedin8.1.
6.2.6 DataBlocks
TheDataBlockspeciicationtypeisusedtodescribeadistinctandmutablesequenceofbytesized(8bit)numericvalues.A
DataBlockvalueiscreatedwithaixednumberofbytesthateachhavetheinitialvalue0.
Fornotationalconveniencewithinthisspeciication,anarraylikesyntaxcanbeusedtoaccesstheindividualbytesofaData
Blockvalue.ThisnotationpresentsaDataBlockvalueasa0originedintegerindexedsequenceofbytes.Forexample,ifdbis
a5byteDataBlockvaluethendb[2]canbeusedtoaccessits3rdbyte.
ThefollowingabstractoperationsareusedinthisspeciicationtooperateuponDataBlockvalues:
6.2.6.1 CreateByteDataBlock(size)
WhentheabstractoperationCreateByteDataBlockiscalledwithintegerargumentsize,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:size0.
2.LetdbbeanewDataBlockvalueconsistingofsizebytes.IfitisimpossibletocreatesuchaDataBlock,throwa
RangeErrorexception.
3.Setallofthebytesofdbto0.
4.Returndb.
6.2.6.2 CopyDataBlockBytes(toBlock,toIndex,fromBlock,fromIndex,count)
WhentheabstractoperationCopyDataBlockBytesiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:fromBlockandtoBlockaredistinctDataBlockvalues.
2.Assert:fromIndex,toIndex,andcountareintegervalues0.
3.LetfromSizebethenumberofbytesinfromBlock.
4.Assert:fromIndex+countfromSize.
5.LettoSizebethenumberofbytesintoBlock.
6.Assert:toIndex+counttoSize.
7.Repeat,whilecount>0
a.SettoBlock[toIndex]tothevalueoffromBlock[fromIndex].
b.IncrementtoIndexandfromIndexeachby1.
c.Decrementcountby1.
8.ReturnNormalCompletion(empty).
7 AbstractOperations
TheseoperationsarenotapartoftheECMAScriptlanguage;theyaredeinedheretosolelytoaidthespeciicationofthe
semanticsoftheECMAScriptlanguage.Other,morespecializedabstractoperationsaredeinedthroughoutthisspeciication.
7.1 TypeConversion
TheECMAScriptlanguageimplicitlyperformsautomatictypeconversionasneeded.Toclarifythesemanticsofcertain
constructsitisusefultodeineasetofconversionabstractoperations.Theconversionabstractoperationsarepolymorphic;
theycanacceptavalueofanyECMAScriptlanguagetype.Butnootherspeciicationtypesareusedwiththeseoperations.
7.1.1 ToPrimitive(input[,PreferredType])
TheabstractoperationToPrimitivetakesaninputargumentandanoptionalargumentPreferredType.Theabstractoperation
ToPrimitiveconvertsitsinputargumenttoanonObjecttype.Ifanobjectiscapableofconvertingtomorethanoneprimitive
type,itmayusetheoptionalhintPreferredTypetofavourthattype.ConversionoccursaccordingtoTable9:
Table9:ToPrimitiveConversions
InputType Result
Undeined Returninput.
Null Returninput.
Boolean Returninput.
Number Returninput.
String Returninput.
Symbol Returninput.
Object Performthestepsfollowingthistable.
WhenType(input)isObject,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfPreferredTypewasnotpassed,lethintbe"default".
2.ElseifPreferredTypeishintString,lethintbe"string".
3.ElsePreferredTypeishintNumber,lethintbe"number".
4.LetexoticToPrimbe?GetMethod(input,@@toPrimitive).
5.IfexoticToPrimisnotundeined,then
a.Letresultbe?Call(exoticToPrim,input,hint).
b.IfType(result)isnotObject,returnresult.
c.ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
6.Ifhintis"default",lethintbe"number".
7.Return?OrdinaryToPrimitive(input,hint).
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryToPrimitiveiscalledwithargumentsOandhint,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:Type(O)isObject.
2.Assert:Type(hint)isStringanditsvalueiseither"string"or"number".
3.Ifhintis"string",then
a.LetmethodNamesbe"toString","valueOf".
4.Else,
a.LetmethodNamesbe"valueOf","toString".
5.ForeachnameinmethodNamesinListorder,do
a.Letmethodbe?Get(O,name).
b.IfIsCallable(method)istrue,then
i.Letresultbe?Call(method,O).
ii.IfType(result)isnotObject,returnresult.
NOTE WhenToPrimitiveiscalledwithnohint,thenitgenerallybehavesasifthehintwereNumber.However,objects
mayoverridethisbehaviourbydeininga@@toPrimitivemethod.Oftheobjectsdeinedinthisspeciication
onlyDateobjects(see20.3.4.45)andSymbolobjects(see19.4.3.4)overridethedefaultToPrimitivebehaviour.
DateobjectstreatnohintasifthehintwereString.
7.1.2 ToBoolean(argument)
TheabstractoperationToBooleanconvertsargumenttoavalueoftypeBooleanaccordingtoTable10:
Table10:ToBooleanConversions
ArgumentType Result
Undeined Returnfalse.
Null Returnfalse.
Boolean Returnargument.
Number Returnfalseifargumentis+0,0,orNaN;otherwisereturntrue.
String ReturnfalseifargumentistheemptyString(itslengthiszero);otherwisereturntrue.
Symbol Returntrue.
Object Returntrue.
7.1.3 ToNumber(argument)
TheabstractoperationToNumberconvertsargumenttoavalueoftypeNumberaccordingtoTable11:
Table11:ToNumberConversions
ArgumentType Result
Undeined ReturnNaN.
Null Return+0.
Boolean Return1ifargumentistrue.Return+0ifargumentisfalse.
Number Returnargument(noconversion).
String Seegrammarandconversionalgorithmbelow.
Symbol ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
Object Applythefollowingsteps:
1.LetprimValuebe?ToPrimitive(argument,hintNumber).
2.Return?ToNumber(primValue).
7.1.3.1 ToNumberAppliedtotheStringType
ToNumberappliedtoStringsappliesthefollowinggrammartotheinputStringinterpretedasasequenceofUTF16encoded
codepoints(6.1.4).IfthegrammarcannotinterprettheStringasanexpansionofStringNumericLiteral,thentheresultof
ToNumberisNaN.
NOTE1 TheterminalsymbolsofthisgrammarareallcomposedofUnicodeBMPcodepointssotheresultwillbeNaN
ifthestringcontainstheUTF16encodingofanysupplementarycodepointsoranyunpairedsurrogatecode
points.
Syntax
StringNumericLiteral :::
StrWhiteSpaceopt
StrWhiteSpaceopt StrNumericLiteral StrWhiteSpaceopt
StrWhiteSpace :::
StrWhiteSpaceChar StrWhiteSpaceopt
StrWhiteSpaceChar :::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
StrNumericLiteral :::
StrDecimalLiteral
BinaryIntegerLiteral
OctalIntegerLiteral
HexIntegerLiteral
StrDecimalLiteral :::
StrUnsignedDecimalLiteral
+ StrUnsignedDecimalLiteral
StrUnsignedDecimalLiteral :::
Infinity
DecimalDigits . DecimalDigitsopt ExponentPartopt
. DecimalDigits ExponentPartopt
DecimalDigits ExponentPartopt
AllgrammarsymbolsnotexplicitlydeinedabovehavethedeinitionsusedintheLexicalGrammarfornumericliterals
(11.8.3)
NOTE2 SomedifferencesshouldbenotedbetweenthesyntaxofaStringNumericLiteralandaNumericLiteral:
AStringNumericLiteralmayincludeleadingand/ortrailingwhitespaceand/orlineterminators.
AStringNumericLiteralthatisdecimalmayhaveanynumberofleading0digits.
AStringNumericLiteralthatisdecimalmayincludea+ortoindicateitssign.
AStringNumericLiteralthatisemptyorcontainsonlywhitespaceisconvertedto+0.
InfinityandInfinityarerecognizedasaStringNumericLiteralbutnotasaNumericLiteral.
7.1.3.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:MV's
TheconversionofaStringtoaNumbervalueissimilaroveralltothedeterminationoftheNumbervalueforanumericliteral
(see11.8.3),butsomeofthedetailsaredifferent,sotheprocessforconvertingaStringnumericliteraltoavalueofNumber
typeisgivenhere.Thisvalueisdeterminedintwosteps:irst,amathematicalvalue(MV)isderivedfromtheStringnumeric
literal;second,thismathematicalvalueisroundedasdescribedbelow.TheMVonanygrammarsymbol,notprovidedbelow,
istheMVforthatsymboldeinedin11.8.3.1.
TheMVofStringNumericLiteral ::: [empty] is0.

TheMVofStringNumericLiteral ::: StrWhiteSpace is0.
TheMVofStringNumericLiteral ::: StrWhiteSpace StrNumericLiteral StrWhiteSpace istheMVofStrNumericLiteral,no
matterwhetherwhitespaceispresentornot.
TheMVofStrNumericLiteral ::: StrDecimalLiteral istheMVofStrDecimalLiteral.
TheMVofStrNumericLiteral ::: BinaryIntegerLiteral istheMVofBinaryIntegerLiteral.
TheMVofStrNumericLiteral ::: OctalIntegerLiteral istheMVofOctalIntegerLiteral.
TheMVofStrNumericLiteral ::: HexIntegerLiteral istheMVofHexIntegerLiteral.
TheMVofStrDecimalLiteral ::: StrUnsignedDecimalLiteral istheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral.
TheMVofStrDecimalLiteral ::: + StrUnsignedDecimalLiteral istheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral.
TheMVofStrDecimalLiteral ::: StrUnsignedDecimalLiteral isthenegativeoftheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral.
(NotethatiftheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteralis0,thenegativeofthisMVisalso0.Theroundingruledescribed
belowhandlestheconversionofthissignlessmathematicalzerotoaloatingpoint+0or0asappropriate.)
TheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral ::: Infinity is1010000(avaluesolargethatitwillroundto+).
TheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral ::: DecimalDigits . istheMVofDecimalDigits.
TheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral ::: DecimalDigits . DecimalDigits istheMVoftheirstDecimalDigitsplus(the
MVofthesecondDecimalDigitstimes10n),wherenisthenumberofcodepointsinthesecondDecimalDigits.
TheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral ::: DecimalDigits . ExponentPart istheMVofDecimalDigitstimes10e,wheree
istheMVofExponentPart.
TheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral ::: DecimalDigits . DecimalDigits ExponentPart is(theMVoftheirst
DecimalDigitsplus(theMVofthesecondDecimalDigitstimes10n))times10e,wherenisthenumberofcodepointsin
thesecondDecimalDigitsandeistheMVofExponentPart.
TheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral ::: . DecimalDigits istheMVofDecimalDigitstimes10n,wherenisthenumber
ofcodepointsinDecimalDigits.
TheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral ::: . DecimalDigits ExponentPart istheMVofDecimalDigitstimes10en,where
nisthenumberofcodepointsinDecimalDigitsandeistheMVofExponentPart.
TheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral ::: DecimalDigits istheMVofDecimalDigits.
TheMVofStrUnsignedDecimalLiteral ::: DecimalDigits ExponentPart istheMVofDecimalDigitstimes10e,whereeis
theMVofExponentPart.
OncetheexactMVforaStringnumericliteralhasbeendetermined,itisthenroundedtoavalueoftheNumbertype.Ifthe
MVis0,thentheroundedvalueis+0unlesstheirstnonwhitespacecodepointintheStringnumericliteralis"",inwhich
casetheroundedvalueis0.Otherwise,theroundedvaluemustbetheNumbervaluefortheMV(inthesensedeinedin
6.1.6),unlesstheliteralincludesaStrUnsignedDecimalLiteralandtheliteralhasmorethan20signiicantdigits,inwhichcase
theNumbervaluemaybeeithertheNumbervaluefortheMVofaliteralproducedbyreplacingeachsigniicantdigitafter
the20thwitha0digitortheNumbervaluefortheMVofaliteralproducedbyreplacingeachsigniicantdigitafterthe20th
witha0digitandthenincrementingtheliteralatthe20thdigitposition.Adigitissigniicantifitisnotpartofan
ExponentPartand
itisnot0;or
thereisanonzerodigittoitsleftandthereisanonzerodigit,notintheExponentPart,toitsright.
7.1.4 ToInteger(argument)
TheabstractoperationToIntegerconvertsargumenttoanintegralnumericvalue.Thisabstractoperationfunctionsas
follows:
1.Letnumberbe?ToNumber(argument).
2.IfnumberisNaN,return+0.
3.Ifnumberis+0,0,+,or,returnnumber.
4.Returnthenumbervaluethatisthesamesignasnumberandwhosemagnitudeisloor(abs(number)).
7.1.5 ToInt32(argument)
TheabstractoperationToInt32convertsargumenttooneof232integervaluesintherange231through2311,inclusive.
Thisabstractoperationfunctionsasfollows:
2.IfnumberisNaN,+0,0,+,or,return+0.
3.Letintbethemathematicalvaluethatisthesamesignasnumberandwhosemagnitudeisloor(abs(number)).
4.Letint32bitbeintmodulo232.
5.Ifint32bit231,returnint32bit232;otherwisereturnint32bit.
NOTE GiventheabovedeinitionofToInt32:
TheToInt32abstractoperationisidempotent:ifappliedtoaresultthatitproduced,thesecond
applicationleavesthatvalueunchanged.
ToInt32(ToUint32(x))isequaltoToInt32(x)forallvaluesofx.(Itistopreservethislatterpropertythat
+andaremappedto+0.)
ToInt32maps0to+0.
7.1.6 ToUint32(argument)
TheabstractoperationToUint32convertsargumenttooneof232integervaluesintherange0through2321,inclusive.This
abstractoperationfunctionsasfollows:
5.Returnint32bit.
NOTE GiventheabovedeinitionofToUint32:
Step5istheonlydifferencebetweenToUint32andToInt32.
TheToUint32abstractoperationisidempotent:ifappliedtoaresultthatitproduced,thesecond
applicationleavesthatvalueunchanged.
ToUint32(ToInt32(x))isequaltoToUint32(x)forallvaluesofx.(Itistopreservethislatterpropertythat
+andaremappedto+0.)
ToUint32maps0to+0.
TheabstractoperationToInt16convertsargumenttooneof216integervaluesintherange32768through32767,inclusive.
5.Returnint16bit.
NOTE GiventheabovedeinitionofToUint16:
Thesubstitutionof216for232instep4istheonlydifferencebetweenToUint32andToUint16.
ToUint16maps0to+0.
TheabstractoperationToInt8convertsargumenttooneof28integervaluesintherange128through127,inclusive.This
5.Returnint8bit.
7.1.11 ToUint8Clamp(argument)
TheabstractoperationToUint8Clampconvertsargumenttooneof28integervaluesintherange0through255,inclusive.
2.IfnumberisNaN,return+0.
3.Ifnumber0,return+0.
4.Ifnumber255,return255.
5.Letfbeloor(number).
6.Iff+0.5<number,returnf+1.
7.Ifnumber<f+0.5,returnf.
8.Iffisodd,returnf+1.
9.Returnf.
NOTE UnliketheotherECMAScriptintegerconversionabstractoperation,ToUint8Clamproundsratherthan
truncatesnonintegervaluesanddoesnotconvert+to0.ToUint8Clampdoesroundhalftoeventie
breaking.ThisdiffersfromMath.roundwhichdoesroundhalfuptiebreaking.
7.1.12 ToString(argument)
TheabstractoperationToStringconvertsargumenttoavalueoftypeStringaccordingtoTable12:
Table12:ToStringConversions
ArgumentType Result
Undeined Return"undefined".
Null Return"null".
Boolean Ifargumentistrue,return"true".
Ifargumentisfalse,return"false".
Number See7.1.12.1.
String Returnargument.
Symbol ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
Object Applythefollowingsteps:
1.LetprimValuebe?ToPrimitive(argument,hintString).
2.Return?ToString(primValue).
7.1.12.1 ToStringAppliedtotheNumberType
TheabstractoperationToStringconvertsaNumbermtoStringformatasfollows:
1.IfmisNaN,returntheString"NaN".
2.Ifmis+0or0,returntheString"0".
3.Ifmislessthanzero,returntheStringconcatenationoftheString""andToString(m).
4.Ifmis+,returntheString"Infinity".
5.Otherwise,letn,k,andsbeintegerssuchthatk1,10k1s<10k,theNumbervaluefors10nkism,andkisassmall
aspossible.Notethatkisthenumberofdigitsinthedecimalrepresentationofs,thatsisnotdivisibleby10,andthat
theleastsigniicantdigitofsisnotnecessarilyuniquelydeterminedbythesecriteria.
6.Ifkn21,returntheStringconsistingofthecodeunitsofthekdigitsofthedecimalrepresentationofs(inorder,
withnoleadingzeroes),followedbynkoccurrencesofthecodeunit0x0030(DIGITZERO).
7.If0<n21,returntheStringconsistingofthecodeunitsofthemostsigniicantndigitsofthedecimalrepresentation
ofs,followedbythecodeunit0x002E(FULLSTOP),followedbythecodeunitsoftheremainingkndigitsofthe
decimalrepresentationofs.
8.If6<n0,returntheStringconsistingofthecodeunit0x0030(DIGITZERO),followedbythecodeunit0x002E(FULL
STOP),followedbynoccurrencesofthecodeunit0x0030(DIGITZERO),followedbythecodeunitsofthekdigitsof
thedecimalrepresentationofs.
9.Otherwise,ifk=1,returntheStringconsistingofthecodeunitofthesingledigitofs,followedbycodeunit0x0065
(LATINSMALLLETTERE),followedbythecodeunit0x002B(PLUSSIGN)orthecodeunit0x002D(HYPHENMINUS)
accordingtowhethern1ispositiveornegative,followedbythecodeunitsofthedecimalrepresentationoftheinteger
abs(n1)(withnoleadingzeroes).
10.ReturntheStringconsistingofthecodeunitsofthemostsigniicantdigitofthedecimalrepresentationofs,followedby
codeunit0x002E(FULLSTOP),followedbythecodeunitsoftheremainingk1digitsofthedecimalrepresentationofs,
followedbycodeunit0x0065(LATINSMALLLETTERE),followedbycodeunit0x002B(PLUSSIGN)orthecodeunit
0x002D(HYPHENMINUS)accordingtowhethern1ispositiveornegative,followedbythecodeunitsofthedecimal
representationoftheintegerabs(n1)(withnoleadingzeroes).
NOTE1 Thefollowingobservationsmaybeusefulasguidelinesforimplementations,butarenotpartofthenormative
requirementsofthisStandard:
IfxisanyNumbervalueotherthan0,thenToNumber(ToString(x))isexactlythesameNumbervalueas
x.
Theleastsigniicantdigitofsisnotalwaysuniquelydeterminedbytherequirementslistedinstep5.
NOTE2 Forimplementationsthatprovidemoreaccurateconversionsthanrequiredbytherulesabove,itis
recommendedthatthefollowingalternativeversionofstep5beusedasaguideline:
5.Otherwise,letn,k,andsbeintegerssuchthatk1,10k1s<10k,theNumbervaluefors10nkism,
andkisassmallaspossible.Iftherearemultiplepossibilitiesfors,choosethevalueofsforwhichs10n
kisclosestinvaluetom.Iftherearetwosuchpossiblevaluesofs,choosetheonethatiseven.Notethatk
isthenumberofdigitsinthedecimalrepresentationofsandthatsisnotdivisibleby10.
NOTE3 ImplementersofECMAScriptmayindusefulthepaperandcodewrittenbyDavidM.Gayforbinarytodecimal
conversionofloatingpointnumbers:
Gay,DavidM.CorrectlyRoundedBinaryDecimalandDecimalBinaryConversions.NumericalAnalysis,
Manuscript9010.AT&TBellLaboratories(MurrayHill,NewJersey).November30,1990.Availableas
http://ampl.com/REFS/abstracts.html#rounding.Associatedcodeavailableas
http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/dtoa.candas
http://netlib.sandia.gov/fp/g_fmt.candmayalsobefoundatthevariousnetlibmirrorsites.
7.1.13 ToObject(argument)
TheabstractoperationToObjectconvertsargumenttoavalueoftypeObjectaccordingtoTable13:
Table13:ToObjectConversions
Argument Result
Type
Undeined ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
Null ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
Boolean ReturnanewBooleanobjectwhose[[BooleanData]]internalslotissettothevalueofargument.See19.3for
adescriptionofBooleanobjects.
Number ReturnanewNumberobjectwhose[[NumberData]]internalslotissettothevalueofargument.See20.1for
adescriptionofNumberobjects.
String ReturnanewStringobjectwhose[[StringData]]internalslotissettothevalueofargument.See21.1fora
descriptionofStringobjects.
Symbol ReturnanewSymbolobjectwhose[[SymbolData]]internalslotissettothevalueofargument.See19.4fora
descriptionofSymbolobjects.
Object Returnargument.
7.1.14 ToPropertyKey(argument)
TheabstractoperationToPropertyKeyconvertsargumenttoavaluethatcanbeusedasapropertykeybyperformingthe
followingsteps:
1.Letkeybe?ToPrimitive(argument,hintString).
2.IfType(key)isSymbol,then
a.Returnkey.
3.Return!ToString(key).
7.1.15 ToLength(argument)
TheabstractoperationToLengthconvertsargumenttoanintegersuitableforuseasthelengthofanarraylikeobject.It
performsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letlenbe?ToInteger(argument).
2.Iflen+0,return+0.
3.Iflenis+,return2531.
4.Returnmin(len,2531).
7.1.16 CanonicalNumericIndexString(argument)
TheabstractoperationCanonicalNumericIndexStringreturnsargumentconvertedtoanumericvalueifitisaString
representationofaNumberthatwouldbeproducedbyToString,orthestring"0".Otherwise,itreturnsundeined.This
1.Assert:Type(argument)isString.
2.Ifargumentis"0",return0.
3.LetnbeToNumber(argument).
4.IfSameValue(!ToString(n),argument)isfalse,returnundeined.
5.Returnn.
AcanonicalnumericstringisanyStringvalueforwhichtheCanonicalNumericIndexStringabstractoperationdoesnotreturn
undeined.
7.2 TestingandComparisonOperations
7.2.1 RequireObjectCoercible(argument)
TheabstractoperationRequireObjectCoerciblethrowsanerrorifargumentisavaluethatcannotbeconvertedtoanObject
usingToObject.ItisdeinedbyTable14:
Table14:RequireObjectCoercibleResults
ArgumentType Result
Undeined ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
Null ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
Boolean Returnargument.
Number Returnargument.
String Returnargument.
Symbol Returnargument.
Object Returnargument.
7.2.2 IsArray(argument)
TheabstractoperationIsArraytakesoneargumentargument,andperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(argument)isnotObject,returnfalse.
2.IfargumentisanArrayexoticobject,returntrue.
3.IfargumentisaProxyexoticobject,then
a.Ifthevalueofthe[[ProxyHandler]]internalslotofargumentisnull,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.Lettargetbethevalueofthe[[ProxyTarget]]internalslotofargument.
c.Return?IsArray(target).
4.Returnfalse.
7.2.3 IsCallable(argument)
TheabstractoperationIsCallabledeterminesifargument,whichmustbeanECMAScriptlanguagevalue,isacallablefunction
witha[[Call]]internalmethod.
2.Ifargumenthasa[[Call]]internalmethod,returntrue.
3.Returnfalse.
7.2.4 IsConstructor(argument)
TheabstractoperationIsConstructordeterminesifargument,whichmustbeanECMAScriptlanguagevalue,isafunction
objectwitha[[Construct]]internalmethod.
2.Ifargumenthasa[[Construct]]internalmethod,returntrue.
3.Returnfalse.
7.2.5 IsExtensible(O)
TheabstractoperationIsExtensibleisusedtodeterminewhetheradditionalpropertiescanbeaddedtotheobjectthatisO.A
Booleanvalueisreturned.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Return?O.[[IsExtensible]]().
7.2.6 IsInteger(argument)
TheabstractoperationIsIntegerdeterminesifargumentisainiteintegernumericvalue.
1.IfType(argument)isnotNumber,returnfalse.
2.IfargumentisNaN,+,or,returnfalse.
3.Ifloor(abs(argument))abs(argument),returnfalse.
4.Returntrue.
7.2.7 IsPropertyKey(argument)
TheabstractoperationIsPropertyKeydeterminesifargument,whichmustbeanECMAScriptlanguagevalue,isavaluethat
maybeusedasapropertykey.
1.IfType(argument)isString,returntrue.
2.IfType(argument)isSymbol,returntrue.
3.Returnfalse.
7.2.8 IsRegExp(argument)
TheabstractoperationIsRegExpwithargumentargumentperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.LetisRegExpbe?Get(argument,@@match).
3.IfisRegExpisnotundeined,returnToBoolean(isRegExp).
4.Ifargumenthasa[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot,returntrue.
5.Returnfalse.
7.2.9 SameValue(x,y)
TheinternalcomparisonabstractoperationSameValue(x,y),wherexandyareECMAScriptlanguagevalues,producestrue
orfalse.Suchacomparisonisperformedasfollows:
1.IfType(x)isdifferentfromType(y),returnfalse.
2.IfType(x)isNumber,then
a.IfxisNaNandyisNaN,returntrue.
b.Ifxis+0andyis0,returnfalse.
c.Ifxis0andyis+0,returnfalse.
d.IfxisthesameNumbervalueasy,returntrue.
e.Returnfalse.
3.ReturnSameValueNonNumber(x,y).
NOTE ThisalgorithmdiffersfromtheStrictEqualityComparisonAlgorithminitstreatmentofsignedzeroesand
NaNs.
7.2.10 SameValueZero(x,y)
TheinternalcomparisonabstractoperationSameValueZero(x,y),wherexandyareECMAScriptlanguagevalues,produces
trueorfalse.Suchacomparisonisperformedasfollows:
a.IfxisNaNandyisNaN,returntrue.
b.Ifxis+0andyis0,returntrue.
c.Ifxis0andyis+0,returntrue.
d.IfxisthesameNumbervalueasy,returntrue.
e.Returnfalse.
NOTE SameValueZerodiffersfromSameValueonlyinitstreatmentof+0and0.
7.2.11 SameValueNonNumber(x,y)
TheinternalcomparisonabstractoperationSameValueNonNumber(x,y),whereneitherxnoryareNumbervalues,produces
trueorfalse.Suchacomparisonisperformedasfollows:
1.Assert:Type(x)isnotNumber.
2.Assert:Type(x)isthesameasType(y).
3.IfType(x)isUndeined,returntrue.
4.IfType(x)isNull,returntrue.
5.IfType(x)isString,then
a.Ifxandyareexactlythesamesequenceofcodeunits(samelengthandsamecodeunitsatcorrespondingindices),
returntrue;otherwise,returnfalse.
6.IfType(x)isBoolean,then
a.Ifxandyarebothtrueorbothfalse,returntrue;otherwise,returnfalse.
7.IfType(x)isSymbol,then
a.IfxandyareboththesameSymbolvalue,returntrue;otherwise,returnfalse.
8.ReturntrueifxandyarethesameObjectvalue.Otherwise,returnfalse.
7.2.12 AbstractRelationalComparison
Thecomparisonx<y,wherexandyarevalues,producestrue,false,orundeined(whichindicatesthatatleastone
operandisNaN).InadditiontoxandythealgorithmtakesaBooleanlagnamedLeftFirstasaparameter.Thelagisusedto
controltheorderinwhichoperationswithpotentiallyvisiblesideeffectsareperformeduponxandy.Itisnecessarybecause
ECMAScriptspeciieslefttorightevaluationofexpressions.ThedefaultvalueofLeftFirstistrueandindicatesthatthex
parametercorrespondstoanexpressionthatoccurstotheleftoftheyparameter'scorrespondingexpression.IfLeftFirstis
false,thereverseisthecaseandoperationsmustbeperformeduponybeforex.Suchacomparisonisperformedasfollows:
1.IftheLeftFirstlagistrue,then
a.Letpxbe?ToPrimitive(x,hintNumber).
b.Letpybe?ToPrimitive(y,hintNumber).
2.Elsetheorderofevaluationneedstobereversedtopreservelefttorightevaluation
a.Letpybe?ToPrimitive(y,hintNumber).
b.Letpxbe?ToPrimitive(x,hintNumber).
3.IfbothpxandpyareStrings,then
a.Ifpyisapreixofpx,returnfalse.(AStringvaluepisapreixofStringvalueqifqcanbetheresultof
concatenatingpandsomeotherStringr.NotethatanyStringisapreixofitself,becausermaybetheempty
String.)
b.Ifpxisapreixofpy,returntrue.
c.Letkbethesmallestnonnegativeintegersuchthatthecodeunitatindexkwithinpxisdifferentfromthecodeunit
atindexkwithinpy.(Theremustbesuchak,forneitherStringisapreixoftheother.)
d.Letmbetheintegerthatisthecodeunitvalueatindexkwithinpx.
e.Letnbetheintegerthatisthecodeunitvalueatindexkwithinpy.
f.Ifm<n,returntrue.Otherwise,returnfalse.
4.Else,
a.Letnxbe?ToNumber(px).Becausepxandpyareprimitivevaluesevaluationorderisnotimportant.
b.Letnybe?ToNumber(py).
c.IfnxisNaN,returnundeined.
d.IfnyisNaN,returnundeined.
e.IfnxandnyarethesameNumbervalue,returnfalse.
f.Ifnxis+0andnyis0,returnfalse.
g.Ifnxis0andnyis+0,returnfalse.
h.Ifnxis+,returnfalse.
i.Ifnyis+,returntrue.
j.Ifnyis,returnfalse.
k.Ifnxis,returntrue.
l.Ifthemathematicalvalueofnxislessthanthemathematicalvalueofnynotethatthesemathematicalvaluesare
bothiniteandnotbothzeroreturntrue.Otherwise,returnfalse.
NOTE1 Step3differsfromstep7inthealgorithmfortheadditionoperator+(12.8.3)inusingandinsteadofor.
NOTE2 ThecomparisonofStringsusesasimplelexicographicorderingonsequencesofcodeunitvalues.Thereisno
attempttousethemorecomplex,semanticallyorienteddeinitionsofcharacterorstringequalityandcollating
orderdeinedintheUnicodespeciication.ThereforeStringvaluesthatarecanonicallyequalaccordingtothe
Unicodestandardcouldtestasunequal.IneffectthisalgorithmassumesthatbothStringsarealreadyin
normalizedform.Also,notethatforstringscontainingsupplementarycharacters,lexicographicorderingon
sequencesofUTF16codeunitvaluesdiffersfromthatonsequencesofcodepointvalues.
7.2.13 AbstractEqualityComparison
Thecomparisonx==y,wherexandyarevalues,producestrueorfalse.Suchacomparisonisperformedasfollows:
1.IfType(x)isthesameasType(y),then
a.ReturntheresultofperformingStrictEqualityComparisonx===y.
2.Ifxisnullandyisundeined,returntrue.
3.Ifxisundeinedandyisnull,returntrue.
4.IfType(x)isNumberandType(y)isString,returntheresultofthecomparisonx==ToNumber(y).
5.IfType(x)isStringandType(y)isNumber,returntheresultofthecomparisonToNumber(x)==y.
6.IfType(x)isBoolean,returntheresultofthecomparisonToNumber(x)==y.
7.IfType(y)isBoolean,returntheresultofthecomparisonx==ToNumber(y).
8.IfType(x)iseitherString,Number,orSymbolandType(y)isObject,returntheresultofthecomparisonx==
ToPrimitive(y).
9.IfType(x)isObjectandType(y)iseitherString,Number,orSymbol,returntheresultofthecomparisonToPrimitive(x)
==y.
10.Returnfalse.
7.2.14 StrictEqualityComparison
Thecomparisonx===y,wherexandyarevalues,producestrueorfalse.Suchacomparisonisperformedasfollows:
a.IfxisNaN,returnfalse.
b.IfyisNaN,returnfalse.
c.IfxisthesameNumbervalueasy,returntrue.
d.Ifxis+0andyis0,returntrue.
e.Ifxis0andyis+0,returntrue.
f.Returnfalse.
NOTE ThisalgorithmdiffersfromtheSameValueAlgorithminitstreatmentofsignedzeroesandNaNs.
7.3 OperationsonObjects
7.3.1 Get(O,P)
TheabstractoperationGetisusedtoretrievethevalueofaspeciicpropertyofanobject.Theoperationiscalledwith
argumentsOandPwhereOistheobjectandPisthepropertykey.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Assert:IsPropertyKey(P)istrue.
3.Return?O.[[Get]](P,O).
7.3.2 GetV(V,P)
TheabstractoperationGetVisusedtoretrievethevalueofaspeciicpropertyofanECMAScriptlanguagevalue.Ifthevalue
isnotanobject,thepropertylookupisperformedusingawrapperobjectappropriateforthetypeofthevalue.Theoperation
iscalledwithargumentsVandPwhereVisthevalueandPisthepropertykey.Thisabstractoperationperformsthe
followingsteps:
2.LetObe?ToObject(V).
3.Return?O.[[Get]](P,V).
7.3.3 Set(O,P,V,Throw)
TheabstractoperationSetisusedtosetthevalueofaspeciicpropertyofanobject.Theoperationiscalledwitharguments
O,P,V,andThrowwhereOistheobject,Pisthepropertykey,VisthenewvalueforthepropertyandThrowisaBooleanlag.
Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
3.Assert:Type(Throw)isBoolean.
4.Letsuccessbe?O.[[Set]](P,V,O).
5.IfsuccessisfalseandThrowistrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
6.Returnsuccess.
7.3.4 CreateDataProperty(O,P,V)
TheabstractoperationCreateDataPropertyisusedtocreateanewownpropertyofanobject.Theoperationiscalledwith
argumentsO,P,andVwhereOistheobject,Pisthepropertykey,andVisthevaluefortheproperty.Thisabstractoperation
3.LetnewDescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:V,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:true,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
4.Return?O.[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,newDesc).
NOTE Thisabstractoperationcreatesapropertywhoseattributesaresettothesamedefaultsusedforproperties
createdbytheECMAScriptlanguageassignmentoperator.Normally,thepropertywillnotalreadyexist.Ifit
doesexistandisnotconigurableorifOisnotextensible,[[DeineOwnProperty]]willreturnfalse.
7.3.5 CreateMethodProperty(O,P,V)
TheabstractoperationCreateMethodPropertyisusedtocreateanewownpropertyofanobject.Theoperationiscalledwith
argumentsO,P,andVwhereOistheobject,Pisthepropertykey,andVisthevaluefortheproperty.Thisabstractoperation
3.LetnewDescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:V,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
4.Return?O.[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,newDesc).
NOTE Thisabstractoperationcreatesapropertywhoseattributesaresettothesamedefaultsusedforbuiltin
methodsandmethodsdeinedusingclassdeclarationsyntax.Normally,thepropertywillnotalreadyexist.Ifit
doesexistandisnotconigurableorifOisnotextensible,[[DeineOwnProperty]]willreturnfalse.
7.3.6 CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(O,P,V)
TheabstractoperationCreateDataPropertyOrThrowisusedtocreateanewownpropertyofanobject.Itthrowsa
TypeErrorexceptioniftherequestedpropertyupdatecannotbeperformed.TheoperationiscalledwithargumentsO,P,
andVwhereOistheobject,Pisthepropertykey,andVisthevaluefortheproperty.Thisabstractoperationperformsthe
followingsteps:
3.Letsuccessbe?CreateDataProperty(O,P,V).
4.Ifsuccessisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Returnsuccess.
NOTE Thisabstractoperationcreatesapropertywhoseattributesaresettothesamedefaultsusedforproperties
createdbytheECMAScriptlanguageassignmentoperator.Normally,thepropertywillnotalreadyexist.Ifit
doesexistandisnotconigurableorifOisnotextensible,[[DeineOwnProperty]]willreturnfalsecausingthis
operationtothrowaTypeErrorexception.
7.3.7 DeinePropertyOrThrow(O,P,desc)
TheabstractoperationDeinePropertyOrThrowisusedtocallthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofanobjectina
mannerthatwillthrowaTypeErrorexceptioniftherequestedpropertyupdatecannotbeperformed.Theoperationis
calledwithargumentsO,P,anddescwhereOistheobject,Pisthepropertykey,anddescisthePropertyDescriptorforthe
property.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
3.Letsuccessbe?O.[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,desc).
5.Returnsuccess.
7.3.8 DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,P)
TheabstractoperationDeletePropertyOrThrowisusedtoremoveaspeciicownpropertyofanobject.Itthrowsan
exceptionifthepropertyisnotconigurable.TheoperationiscalledwithargumentsOandPwhereOistheobjectandPis
thepropertykey.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
3.Letsuccessbe?O.[[Delete]](P).
5.Returnsuccess.
7.3.9 GetMethod(V,P)
TheabstractoperationGetMethodisusedtogetthevalueofaspeciicpropertyofanECMAScriptlanguagevaluewhenthe
valueofthepropertyisexpectedtobeafunction.TheoperationiscalledwithargumentsVandPwhereVistheECMAScript
languagevalue,Pisthepropertykey.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Letfuncbe?GetV(V,P).
3.Iffunciseitherundeinedornull,returnundeined.
4.IfIsCallable(func)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Returnfunc.
7.3.10 HasProperty(O,P)
TheabstractoperationHasPropertyisusedtodeterminewhetheranobjecthasapropertywiththespeciiedpropertykey.
Thepropertymaybeeitheranownorinherited.ABooleanvalueisreturned.TheoperationiscalledwithargumentsOandP
whereOistheobjectandPisthepropertykey.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
3.Return?O.[[HasProperty]](P).
7.3.11 HasOwnProperty(O,P)
TheabstractoperationHasOwnPropertyisusedtodeterminewhetheranobjecthasanownpropertywiththespeciied
propertykey.ABooleanvalueisreturned.TheoperationiscalledwithargumentsOandPwhereOistheobjectandPisthe
propertykey.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
3.Letdescbe?O.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
4.Ifdescisundeined,returnfalse.
5.Returntrue.
7.3.12 Call(F,V[,argumentsList])
TheabstractoperationCallisusedtocallthe[[Call]]internalmethodofafunctionobject.Theoperationiscalledwith
argumentsF,V,andoptionallyargumentsListwhereFisthefunctionobject,VisanECMAScriptlanguagevaluethatisthe
thisvalueofthe[[Call]],andargumentsLististhevaluepassedtothecorrespondingargumentoftheinternalmethod.If
argumentsListisnotpresent,anewemptyListisusedasitsvalue.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfargumentsListwasnotpassed,letargumentsListbeanewemptyList.
2.IfIsCallable(F)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.Return?F.[[Call]](V,argumentsList).
7.3.13 Construct(F[,argumentsList[,newTarget]])
TheabstractoperationConstructisusedtocallthe[[Construct]]internalmethodofafunctionobject.Theoperationiscalled
withargumentsF,andoptionallyargumentsList,andnewTargetwhereFisthefunctionobject.argumentsListandnewTarget
arethevaluestobepassedasthecorrespondingargumentsoftheinternalmethod.IfargumentsListisnotpresent,anew
emptyListisusedasitsvalue.IfnewTargetisnotpresent,Fisusedasitsvalue.Thisabstractoperationperformsthe
followingsteps:
1.IfnewTargetwasnotpassed,letnewTargetbeF.
3.Assert:IsConstructor(F)istrue.
4.Assert:IsConstructor(newTarget)istrue.
5.Return?F.[[Construct]](argumentsList,newTarget).
NOTE IfnewTargetisnotpassed,thisoperationisequivalentto:newF(...argumentsList)
7.3.14 SetIntegrityLevel(O,level)
TheabstractoperationSetIntegrityLevelisusedtoixthesetofownpropertiesofanobject.Thisabstractoperation
2.Assert:leveliseither"sealed"or"frozen".
3.Letstatusbe?O.[[PreventExtensions]]().
4.Ifstatusisfalse,returnfalse.
5.Letkeysbe?O.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
6.Iflevelis"sealed",then
a.Repeatforeachelementkofkeys,
i.Perform?DeinePropertyOrThrow(O,k,PropertyDescriptor{[[Conigurable]]:false}).
7.Elselevelis"frozen",
a.Repeatforeachelementkofkeys,
i.LetcurrentDescbe?O.[[GetOwnProperty]](k).
ii.IfcurrentDescisnotundeined,then
1.IfIsAccessorDescriptor(currentDesc)istrue,then
a.LetdescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Conigurable]]:false}.
2.Else,
a.LetdescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Conigurable]]:false,[[Writable]]:false}.
3.Perform?DeinePropertyOrThrow(O,k,desc).
8.Returntrue.
7.3.15 TestIntegrityLevel(O,level)
TheabstractoperationTestIntegrityLevelisusedtodetermineifthesetofownpropertiesofanobjectareixed.This
abstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Assert:leveliseither"sealed"or"frozen".
3.Letstatusbe?IsExtensible(O).
4.Ifstatusistrue,returnfalse.
5.NOTEIftheobjectisextensible,noneofitspropertiesareexamined.
6.Letkeysbe?O.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
7.Repeatforeachelementkofkeys,
a.LetcurrentDescbe?O.[[GetOwnProperty]](k).
b.IfcurrentDescisnotundeined,then
i.IfcurrentDesc.[[Conigurable]]istrue,returnfalse.
ii.Iflevelis"frozen"andIsDataDescriptor(currentDesc)istrue,then
1.IfcurrentDesc.[[Writable]]istrue,returnfalse.
8.Returntrue.
7.3.16 CreateArrayFromList(elements)
TheabstractoperationCreateArrayFromListisusedtocreateanArrayobjectwhoseelementsareprovidedbyaList.This
abstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:elementsisaListwhoseelementsareallECMAScriptlanguagevalues.
2.LetarraybeArrayCreate(0).
3.Letnbe0.
4.Foreachelementeofelements
a.LetstatusbeCreateDataProperty(array,!ToString(n),e).
b.Assert:statusistrue.
c.Incrementnby1.
5.Returnarray.
7.3.17 CreateListFromArrayLike(obj[,elementTypes])
TheabstractoperationCreateListFromArrayLikeisusedtocreateaListvaluewhoseelementsareprovidedbytheindexed
propertiesofanarraylikeobject,obj.TheoptionalargumentelementTypesisaListcontainingthenamesofECMAScript
LanguageTypesthatareallowedforelementvaluesoftheListthatiscreated.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowing
steps:
1.IfelementTypeswasnotpassed,letelementTypesbeUndeined,Null,Boolean,String,Symbol,Number,Object.
2.IfType(obj)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(obj,"length")).
4.LetlistbeanewemptyList.
5.Letindexbe0.
6.Repeatwhileindex<len
a.LetindexNamebe!ToString(index).
b.Letnextbe?Get(obj,indexName).
c.IfType(next)isnotanelementofelementTypes,throwaTypeErrorexception.
d.Appendnextasthelastelementoflist.
e.Setindextoindex+1.
7.Returnlist.
7.3.18 Invoke(V,P[,argumentsList])
TheabstractoperationInvokeisusedtocallamethodpropertyofanECMAScriptlanguagevalue.Theoperationiscalled
withargumentsV,P,andoptionallyargumentsListwhereVservesasboththelookuppointforthepropertyandthethis
valueofthecall,Pisthepropertykey,andargumentsLististhelistofargumentsvaluespassedtothemethod.If
argumentsListisnotpresent,anewemptyListisusedasitsvalue.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
3.Letfuncbe?GetV(V,P).
4.Return?Call(func,V,argumentsList).
7.3.19 OrdinaryHasInstance(C,O)
TheabstractoperationOrdinaryHasInstanceimplementsthedefaultalgorithmfordeterminingifanobjectOinheritsfrom
theinstanceobjectinheritancepathprovidedbyconstructorC.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfIsCallable(C)isfalse,returnfalse.
2.IfChasa[[BoundTargetFunction]]internalslot,then
a.LetBCbethevalueofC's[[BoundTargetFunction]]internalslot.
b.Return?InstanceofOperator(O,BC).
3.IfType(O)isnotObject,returnfalse.
4.LetPbe?Get(C,"prototype").
5.IfType(P)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
6.Repeat
a.LetObe?O.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
b.IfOisnull,returnfalse.
c.IfSameValue(P,O)istrue,returntrue.
7.3.20 SpeciesConstructor(O,defaultConstructor)
TheabstractoperationSpeciesConstructorisusedtoretrievetheconstructorthatshouldbeusedtocreatenewobjectsthat
arederivedfromtheargumentobjectO.ThedefaultConstructorargumentistheconstructortouseifaconstructor
@@speciespropertycannotbefoundstartingfromO.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.LetCbe?Get(O,"constructor").
3.IfCisundeined,returndefaultConstructor.
4.IfType(C)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.LetSbe?Get(C,@@species).
6.IfSiseitherundeinedornull,returndefaultConstructor.
7.IfIsConstructor(S)istrue,returnS.
7.3.21 EnumerableOwnNames(O)
WhentheabstractoperationEnumerableOwnNamesiscalledwithObjectO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.LetownKeysbe?O.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
3.LetnamesbeanewemptyList.
4.Repeat,foreachelementkeyofownKeysinListorder
a.IfType(key)isString,then
i.Letdescbe?O.[[GetOwnProperty]](key).
ii.Ifdescisnotundeined,then
1.Ifdesc.[[Enumerable]]istrue,appendkeytonames.
5.OrdertheelementsofnamessotheyareinthesamerelativeorderaswouldbeproducedbytheIteratorthatwouldbe
returnediftheEnumerateObjectPropertiesinternalmethodwasinvokedwithO.
6.Returnnames.
7.3.22 GetFunctionRealm(obj)
TheabstractoperationGetFunctionRealmwithargumentobjperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:objisacallableobject.
2.Ifobjhasa[[Realm]]internalslot,then
a.Returnobj's[[Realm]]internalslot.
3.IfobjisaBoundFunctionexoticobject,then
a.Lettargetbeobj's[[BoundTargetFunction]]internalslot.
b.Return?GetFunctionRealm(target).
4.IfobjisaProxyexoticobject,then
a.Ifthevalueofthe[[ProxyHandler]]internalslotofobjisnull,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.LetproxyTargetbethevalueofobj's[[ProxyTarget]]internalslot.
c.Return?GetFunctionRealm(proxyTarget).
5.ReturnthecurrentRealmRecord.
NOTE Step5willonlybereachediftargetisanonstandardexoticfunctionobjectthatdoesnothavea[[Realm]]
internalslot.
7.4 OperationsonIteratorObjects
SeeCommonIterationInterfaces(25.1).
7.4.1 GetIterator(obj[,method])
TheabstractoperationGetIteratorwithargumentobjandoptionalargumentmethodperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Ifmethodwasnotpassed,then
a.Letmethodbe?GetMethod(obj,@@iterator).
2.Letiteratorbe?Call(method,obj).
3.IfType(iterator)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Returniterator.
7.4.2 IteratorNext(iterator[,value])
TheabstractoperationIteratorNextwithargumentiteratorandoptionalargumentvalueperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Ifvaluewasnotpassed,then
a.Letresultbe?Invoke(iterator,"next",).
2.Else,
a.Letresultbe?Invoke(iterator,"next",value).
3.IfType(result)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Returnresult.
7.4.3 IteratorComplete(iterResult)
TheabstractoperationIteratorCompletewithargumentiterResultperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(iterResult)isObject.
2.ReturnToBoolean(?Get(iterResult,"done")).
7.4.4 IteratorValue(iterResult)
TheabstractoperationIteratorValuewithargumentiterResultperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(iterResult)isObject.
2.Return?Get(iterResult,"value").
7.4.5 IteratorStep(iterator)
TheabstractoperationIteratorStepwithargumentiteratorrequeststhenextvaluefromiteratorandreturnseitherfalse
indicatingthattheiteratorhasreacheditsendortheIteratorResultobjectifanextvalueisavailable.IteratorStepperforms
thefollowingsteps:
1.Letresultbe?IteratorNext(iterator).
2.Letdonebe?IteratorComplete(result).
3.Ifdoneistrue,returnfalse.
4.Returnresult.
7.4.6 IteratorClose(iterator,completion)
TheabstractoperationIteratorClosewithargumentsiteratorandcompletionisusedtonotifyaniteratorthatitshould
performanyactionsitwouldnormallyperformwhenithasreacheditscompletedstate:
1.Assert:Type(iterator)isObject.
2.Assert:completionisaCompletionRecord.
3.Letreturnbe?GetMethod(iterator,"return").
4.Ifreturnisundeined,returnCompletion(completion).
5.LetinnerResultbeCall(return,iterator,).
6.Ifcompletion.[[Type]]isthrow,returnCompletion(completion).
7.IfinnerResult.[[Type]]isthrow,returnCompletion(innerResult).
8.IfType(innerResult.[[Value]])isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
9.ReturnCompletion(completion).
7.4.7 CreateIterResultObject(value,done)
TheabstractoperationCreateIterResultObjectwithargumentsvalueanddonecreatesanobjectthatsupportsthe
IteratorResultinterfacebyperformingthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(done)isBoolean.
3.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,"value",value).
4.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,"done",done).
5.Returnobj.
7.4.8 CreateListIterator(list)
TheabstractoperationCreateListIteratorwithargumentlistcreatesanIterator(25.1.1.2)objectwhosenextmethodreturns
thesuccessiveelementsoflist.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetiteratorbeObjectCreate(%IteratorPrototype%,[[IteratorNext]],[[IteratedList]],[[ListIteratorNextIndex]]).
2.Setiterator's[[IteratedList]]internalslottolist.
3.Setiterator's[[ListIteratorNextIndex]]internalslotto0.
4.LetnextbeanewbuiltinfunctionobjectasdeinedinListIteratornext(7.4.8.1).
5.Setiterator's[[IteratorNext]]internalslottonext.
6.PerformCreateMethodProperty(iterator,"next",next).
7.Returniterator.
7.4.8.1 ListIteratornext()
TheListIteratornextmethodisastandardbuiltinfunctionobject(clause17)thatperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetObethethisvalue.
2.Letfbetheactivefunctionobject.
3.IfOdoesnothavea[[IteratorNext]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Letnextbethevalueofthe[[IteratorNext]]internalslotofO.
5.IfSameValue(f,next)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
6.IfOdoesnothavean[[IteratedList]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
7.Letlistbethevalueofthe[[IteratedList]]internalslotofO.
8.Letindexbethevalueofthe[[ListIteratorNextIndex]]internalslotofO.
9.Letlenbethenumberofelementsoflist.
10.Ifindexlen,then
a.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
11.Setthevalueofthe[[ListIteratorNextIndex]]internalslotofOtoindex+1.
12.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(list[index],false).
NOTE AListIteratornextmethodwillthrowanexceptionifappliedtoanyobjectotherthantheonewithwhichit
wasoriginallyassociated.
8 ExecutableCodeandExecutionContexts
8.1 LexicalEnvironments
ALexicalEnvironmentisaspeciicationtypeusedtodeinetheassociationofIdentiierstospeciicvariablesandfunctions
baseduponthelexicalnestingstructureofECMAScriptcode.ALexicalEnvironmentconsistsofanEnvironmentRecordanda
possiblynullreferencetoanouterLexicalEnvironment.UsuallyaLexicalEnvironmentisassociatedwithsomespeciic
syntacticstructureofECMAScriptcodesuchasaFunctionDeclaration,aBlockStatement,oraCatchclauseofaTryStatement
andanewLexicalEnvironmentiscreatedeachtimesuchcodeisevaluated.
AnEnvironmentRecordrecordstheidentiierbindingsthatarecreatedwithinthescopeofitsassociatedLexical
Environment.ItisreferredtoastheLexicalEnvironment'sEnvironmentRecord
TheouterenvironmentreferenceisusedtomodelthelogicalnestingofLexicalEnvironmentvalues.Theouterreferenceofa
(inner)LexicalEnvironmentisareferencetotheLexicalEnvironmentthatlogicallysurroundstheinnerLexical
Environment.AnouterLexicalEnvironmentmay,ofcourse,haveitsownouterLexicalEnvironment.ALexicalEnvironment
mayserveastheouterenvironmentformultipleinnerLexicalEnvironments.Forexample,ifaFunctionDeclarationcontains
twonestedFunctionDeclarationsthentheLexicalEnvironmentsofeachofthenestedfunctionswillhaveastheirouter
LexicalEnvironmenttheLexicalEnvironmentofthecurrentevaluationofthesurroundingfunction.
AglobalenvironmentisaLexicalEnvironmentwhichdoesnothaveanouterenvironment.Theglobalenvironment'souter
environmentreferenceisnull.Aglobalenvironment'sEnvironmentRecordmaybeprepopulatedwithidentiierbindingsand
includesanassociatedglobalobjectwhosepropertiesprovidesomeoftheglobalenvironment'sidentiierbindings.As
ECMAScriptcodeisexecuted,additionalpropertiesmaybeaddedtotheglobalobjectandtheinitialpropertiesmaybe
modiied.
AmoduleenvironmentisaLexicalEnvironmentthatcontainsthebindingsforthetopleveldeclarationsofaModule.Italso
containsthebindingsthatareexplicitlyimportedbytheModule.Theouterenvironmentofamoduleenvironmentisaglobal
environment.
AfunctionenvironmentisaLexicalEnvironmentthatcorrespondstotheinvocationofanECMAScriptfunctionobject.A
functionenvironmentmayestablishanewthisbinding.Afunctionenvironmentalsocapturesthestatenecessaryto
supportsupermethodinvocations.
LexicalEnvironmentsandEnvironmentRecordvaluesarepurelyspeciicationmechanismsandneednotcorrespondtoany
speciicartefactofanECMAScriptimplementation.ItisimpossibleforanECMAScriptprogramtodirectlyaccessor
manipulatesuchvalues.
8.1.1 EnvironmentRecords
TherearetwoprimarykindsofEnvironmentRecordvaluesusedinthisspeciication:declarativeEnvironmentRecordsand
objectEnvironmentRecords.DeclarativeEnvironmentRecordsareusedtodeinetheeffectofECMAScriptlanguagesyntactic
elementssuchasFunctionDeclarations,VariableDeclarations,andCatchclausesthatdirectlyassociateidentiierbindings
withECMAScriptlanguagevalues.ObjectEnvironmentRecordsareusedtodeinetheeffectofECMAScriptelementssuchas
WithStatementthatassociateidentiierbindingswiththepropertiesofsomeobject.GlobalEnvironmentRecordsand
functionEnvironmentRecordsarespecializationsthatareusedforspeciicallyforScriptglobaldeclarationsandfortoplevel
declarationswithinfunctions.
ForspeciicationpurposesEnvironmentRecordvaluesarevaluesoftheRecordspeciicationtypeandcanbethoughtofas
existinginasimpleobjectorientedhierarchywhereEnvironmentRecordisanabstractclasswiththreeconcretesubclasses,
declarativeEnvironmentRecord,objectEnvironmentRecord,andglobalEnvironmentRecord.FunctionEnvironment
RecordsandmoduleEnvironmentRecordsaresubclassesofdeclarativeEnvironmentRecord.Theabstractclassincludesthe
abstractspeciicationmethodsdeinedinTable15.Theseabstractmethodshavedistinctconcretealgorithmsforeachofthe
concretesubclasses.
Table15:AbstractMethodsofEnvironmentRecords
Method Purpose
HasBinding(N) DetermineifanEnvironmentRecordhasabindingfortheStringvalueN.Returntrueifit
doesandfalseifitdoesnot
CreateMutableBinding(N, CreateanewbutuninitializedmutablebindinginanEnvironmentRecord.TheStringvalue
D) Nisthetextoftheboundname.IftheBooleanargumentDistruethebindingmaybe
subsequentlydeleted.
CreateImmutableBinding(N, CreateanewbutuninitializedimmutablebindinginanEnvironmentRecord.TheString
S) valueNisthetextoftheboundname.IfSistruethenattemptstoaccessthevalueofthe
bindingbeforeitisinitializedorsetitafterithasbeeninitializedwillalwaysthrowan
exception,regardlessofthestrictmodesettingofoperationsthatreferencethatbinding.
InitializeBinding(N,V) SetthevalueofanalreadyexistingbutuninitializedbindinginanEnvironmentRecord.The
StringvalueNisthetextoftheboundname.Visthevalueforthebindingandisavalueof
anyECMAScriptlanguagetype.
SetMutableBinding(N,V,S) SetthevalueofanalreadyexistingmutablebindinginanEnvironmentRecord.TheString
valueNisthetextoftheboundname.Visthevalueforthebindingandmaybeavalueofany
ECMAScriptlanguagetype.SisaBooleanlag.IfSistrueandthebindingcannotbeset
throwaTypeErrorexception.
GetBindingValue(N,S) ReturnsthevalueofanalreadyexistingbindingfromanEnvironmentRecord.TheString
valueNisthetextoftheboundname.Sisusedtoidentifyreferencesoriginatinginstrict
modecodeorthatotherwiserequirestrictmodereferencesemantics.IfSistrueandthe
bindingdoesnotexistthrowaReferenceErrorexception.Ifthebindingexistsbutis
uninitializedaReferenceErroristhrown,regardlessofthevalueofS.
DeleteBinding(N) DeleteabindingfromanEnvironmentRecord.TheStringvalueNisthetextofthebound
name.IfabindingforNexists,removethebindingandreturntrue.Ifthebindingexistsbut
cannotberemovedreturnfalse.Ifthebindingdoesnotexistreturntrue.
HasThisBinding() DetermineifanEnvironmentRecordestablishesathisbinding.Returntrueifitdoesand
falseifitdoesnot.
HasSuperBinding() DetermineifanEnvironmentRecordestablishesasupermethodbinding.Returntrueifit
doesandfalseifitdoesnot.
WithBaseObject() IfthisEnvironmentRecordisassociatedwithawithstatement,returnthewithobject.
Otherwise,returnundeined.
8.1.1.1 DeclarativeEnvironmentRecords
EachdeclarativeEnvironmentRecordisassociatedwithanECMAScriptprogramscopecontainingvariable,constant,let,
class,module,import,and/orfunctiondeclarations.AdeclarativeEnvironmentRecordbindsthesetofidentiiersdeinedby
thedeclarationscontainedwithinitsscope.
ThebehaviouroftheconcretespeciicationmethodsfordeclarativeEnvironmentRecordsisdeinedbythefollowing
algorithms.
8.1.1.1.1 HasBinding(N)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodHasBindingfordeclarativeEnvironmentRecordssimplydeterminesifthe
argumentidentiierisoneoftheidentiiersboundbytherecord:
1.LetenvRecbethedeclarativeEnvironmentRecordforwhichthemethodwasinvoked.
2.IfenvRechasabindingforthenamethatisthevalueofN,returntrue.
3.Returnfalse.
8.1.1.1.2 CreateMutableBinding(N,D)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCreateMutableBindingfordeclarativeEnvironmentRecordscreatesanew
mutablebindingforthenameNthatisuninitialized.AbindingmustnotalreadyexistinthisEnvironmentRecordforN.If
BooleanargumentDhasthevaluetruethenewbindingismarkedasbeingsubjecttodeletion.
2.Assert:envRecdoesnotalreadyhaveabindingforN.
3.CreateamutablebindinginenvRecforNandrecordthatitisuninitialized.IfDistrue,recordthatthenewlycreated
bindingmaybedeletedbyasubsequentDeleteBindingcall.
8.1.1.1.3 CreateImmutableBinding(N,S)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCreateImmutableBindingfordeclarativeEnvironmentRecordscreatesanew
immutablebindingforthenameNthatisuninitialized.AbindingmustnotalreadyexistinthisEnvironmentRecordforN.If
theBooleanargumentShasthevaluetruethenewbindingismarkedasastrictbinding.
3.CreateanimmutablebindinginenvRecforNandrecordthatitisuninitialized.IfSistrue,recordthatthenewlycreated
bindingisastrictbinding.
8.1.1.1.4 InitializeBinding(N,V)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodInitializeBindingfordeclarativeEnvironmentRecordsisusedtosetthebound
valueofthecurrentbindingoftheidentiierwhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentNtothevalueofargumentV.An
uninitializedbindingforNmustalreadyexist.
2.Assert:envRecmusthaveanuninitializedbindingforN.
3.SettheboundvalueforNinenvRectoV.
4.RecordthatthebindingforNinenvRechasbeeninitialized.
8.1.1.1.5 SetMutableBinding(N,V,S)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodSetMutableBindingfordeclarativeEnvironmentRecordsattemptstochangethe
boundvalueofthecurrentbindingoftheidentiierwhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentNtothevalueofargumentV.A
bindingforNnormallyalreadyexist,butinrarecasesitmaynot.Ifthebindingisanimmutablebinding,aTypeErroris
thrownifSistrue.
2.IfenvRecdoesnothaveabindingforN,then
a.IfSistrue,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
b.PerformenvRec.CreateMutableBinding(N,true).
c.PerformenvRec.InitializeBinding(N,V).
d.ReturnNormalCompletion(empty).
3.IfthebindingforNinenvRecisastrictbinding,letSbetrue.
4.IfthebindingforNinenvRechasnotyetbeeninitialized,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
5.ElseifthebindingforNinenvRecisamutablebinding,changeitsboundvaluetoV.
6.ElsethismustbeanattempttochangethevalueofanimmutablebindingsoifSistrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
NOTE AnexampleofECMAScriptcodethatresultsinamissingbindingatstep2is:
functionf(){eval("varx;x=(deletex,0);")}
8.1.1.1.6 GetBindingValue(N,S)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodGetBindingValuefordeclarativeEnvironmentRecordssimplyreturnsthevalueof
itsboundidentiierwhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentN.IfthebindingexistsbutisuninitializedaReferenceErroris
thrown,regardlessofthevalueofS.
2.Assert:envRechasabindingforN.
3.IfthebindingforNinenvRecisanuninitializedbinding,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
4.ReturnthevaluecurrentlyboundtoNinenvRec.
8.1.1.1.7 DeleteBinding(N)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodDeleteBindingfordeclarativeEnvironmentRecordscanonlydeletebindingsthat
havebeenexplicitlydesignatedasbeingsubjecttodeletion.
2.Assert:envRechasabindingforthenamethatisthevalueofN.
3.IfthebindingforNinenvReccannotbedeleted,returnfalse.
4.RemovethebindingforNfromenvRec.
5.Returntrue.
8.1.1.1.8 HasThisBinding()
RegulardeclarativeEnvironmentRecordsdonotprovideathisbinding.
1.Returnfalse.
8.1.1.1.9 HasSuperBinding()
RegulardeclarativeEnvironmentRecordsdonotprovideasuperbinding.
1.Returnfalse.
8.1.1.1.10 WithBaseObject()
DeclarativeEnvironmentRecordsalwaysreturnundeinedastheirWithBaseObject.
1.Returnundeined.
8.1.1.2 ObjectEnvironmentRecords
EachobjectEnvironmentRecordisassociatedwithanobjectcalleditsbindingobject.AnobjectEnvironmentRecordbinds
thesetofstringidentiiernamesthatdirectlycorrespondtothepropertynamesofitsbindingobject.Propertykeysthatare
notstringsintheformofanIdentiierNamearenotincludedinthesetofboundidentiiers.Bothownandinherited
propertiesareincludedinthesetregardlessofthesettingoftheir[[Enumerable]]attribute.Becausepropertiescanbe
dynamicallyaddedanddeletedfromobjects,thesetofidentiiersboundbyanobjectEnvironmentRecordmaypotentially
changeasasideeffectofanyoperationthataddsordeletesproperties.Anybindingsthatarecreatedasaresultofsucha
sideeffectareconsideredtobeamutablebindingeveniftheWritableattributeofthecorrespondingpropertyhasthevalue
false.ImmutablebindingsdonotexistforobjectEnvironmentRecords.
ObjectEnvironmentRecordscreatedforwithstatements(13.11)canprovidetheirbindingobjectasanimplicitthisvalue
foruseinfunctioncalls.ThecapabilityiscontrolledbyawithEnvironmentBooleanvaluethatisassociatedwitheachobject
EnvironmentRecord.Bydefault,thevalueofwithEnvironmentisfalseforanyobjectEnvironmentRecord.
ThebehaviouroftheconcretespeciicationmethodsforobjectEnvironmentRecordsisdeinedbythefollowingalgorithms.
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodHasBindingforobjectEnvironmentRecordsdeterminesifitsassociatedbinding
objecthasapropertywhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentN:
1.LetenvRecbetheobjectEnvironmentRecordforwhichthemethodwasinvoked.
2.LetbindingsbethebindingobjectforenvRec.
3.LetfoundBindingbe?HasProperty(bindings,N).
4.IffoundBindingisfalse,returnfalse.
5.IfthewithEnvironmentlagofenvRecisfalse,returntrue.
6.Letunscopablesbe?Get(bindings,@@unscopables).
7.IfType(unscopables)isObject,then
a.LetblockedbeToBoolean(?Get(unscopables,N)).
b.Ifblockedistrue,returnfalse.
8.Returntrue.
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCreateMutableBindingforobjectEnvironmentRecordscreatesinanEnvironment
Record'sassociatedbindingobjectapropertywhosenameistheStringvalueandinitializesittothevalueundeined.If
BooleanargumentDhasthevaluetruethenewproperty's[[Conigurable]]attributeissettotrue;otherwiseitissetto
false.
3.IfDistrue,letconigValuebetrue;otherwiseletconigValuebefalse.
4.Return?DeinePropertyOrThrow(bindings,N,PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:undeined,[[Writable]]:true,
[[Enumerable]]:true,[[Conigurable]]:conigValue}).
NOTE NormallyenvRecwillnothaveabindingforNbutifitdoes,thesemanticsofDeinePropertyOrThrowmay
resultinanexistingbindingbeingreplacedorshadowedorcauseanabruptcompletiontobereturned.
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCreateImmutableBindingisneverusedwithinthisspeciicationinassociation
withobjectEnvironmentRecords.
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodInitializeBindingforobjectEnvironmentRecordsisusedtosettheboundvalueof
thecurrentbindingoftheidentiierwhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentNtothevalueofargumentV.Anuninitialized
bindingforNmustalreadyexist.
2.Assert:envRecmusthaveanuninitializedbindingforN.
3.RecordthatthebindingforNinenvRechasbeeninitialized.
4.Return?envRec.SetMutableBinding(N,V,false).
NOTE Inthisspeciication,allusesofCreateMutableBindingforobjectEnvironmentRecordsareimmediately
followedbyacalltoInitializeBindingforthesamename.Hence,implementationsdonotneedtoexplicitly
tracktheinitializationstateofindividualobjectEnvironmentRecordbindings.
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodSetMutableBindingforobjectEnvironmentRecordsattemptstosetthevalueof
theEnvironmentRecord'sassociatedbindingobject'spropertywhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentNtothevalueof
argumentV.ApropertynamedNnormallyalreadyexistsbutifitdoesnotorisnotcurrentlywritable,errorhandlingis
determinedbythevalueoftheBooleanargumentS.
3.Return?Set(bindings,N,V,S).
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodGetBindingValueforobjectEnvironmentRecordsreturnsthevalueofits
associatedbindingobject'spropertywhosenameistheStringvalueoftheargumentidentiierN.Thepropertyshould
alreadyexistbutifitdoesnottheresultdependsuponthevalueoftheSargument:
3.Letvaluebe?HasProperty(bindings,N).
4.Ifvalueisfalse,then
a.IfSisfalse,returnthevalueundeined;otherwisethrowaReferenceErrorexception.
5.Return?Get(bindings,N).
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodDeleteBindingforobjectEnvironmentRecordscanonlydeletebindingsthat
correspondtopropertiesoftheenvironmentobjectwhose[[Conigurable]]attributehavethevaluetrue.
3.Return?bindings.[[Delete]](N).
RegularobjectEnvironmentRecordsdonotprovideathisbinding.
1.Returnfalse.
RegularobjectEnvironmentRecordsdonotprovideasuperbinding.
1.Returnfalse.
ObjectEnvironmentRecordsreturnundeinedastheirWithBaseObjectunlesstheirwithEnvironmentlagistrue.
2.IfthewithEnvironmentlagofenvRecistrue,returnthebindingobjectforenvRec.
3.Otherwise,returnundeined.
8.1.1.3 FunctionEnvironmentRecords
AfunctionEnvironmentRecordisadeclarativeEnvironmentRecordthatisusedtorepresentthetoplevelscopeofa
functionand,ifthefunctionisnotanArrowFunction,providesathisbinding.IfafunctionisnotanArrowFunctionfunction
andreferencessuper,itsfunctionEnvironmentRecordalsocontainsthestatethatisusedtoperformsupermethod
invocationsfromwithinthefunction.
FunctionEnvironmentRecordshavetheadditionalstateieldslistedinTable16.
Table16:AdditionalFieldsofFunctionEnvironmentRecords
FieldName Value Meaning
[[ThisValue]] Any Thisisthethisvalueusedforthisinvocationofthefunction.
[[ThisBindingStatus]] "lexical"| Ifthevalueis"lexical",thisisanArrowFunctionanddoesnothavealocal

"initialized"| thisvalue.
"uninitialized"
[[FunctionObject]] Object ThefunctionobjectwhoseinvocationcausedthisEnvironmentRecordtobe

created.
[[HomeObject]] Object|undeined Iftheassociatedfunctionhassuperpropertyaccessesandisnotan

ArrowFunction,[[HomeObject]]istheobjectthatthefunctionisboundtoasa
method.Thedefaultvaluefor[[HomeObject]]isundeined.
[[NewTarget]] Object|undeined IfthisEnvironmentRecordwascreatedbythe[[Construct]]internalmethod,

[[NewTarget]]isthevalueofthe[[Construct]]newTargetparameter.
Otherwise,itsvalueisundeined.
FunctionEnvironmentRecordssupportallofthedeclarativeEnvironmentRecordmethodslistedinTable15andsharethe
samespeciicationsforallofthosemethodsexceptforHasThisBindingandHasSuperBinding.Inaddition,function
EnvironmentRecordssupportthemethodslistedinTable17:
Table17:AdditionalMethodsofFunctionEnvironmentRecords
Method Purpose
BindThisValue(V) Setthe[[ThisValue]]andrecordthatithasbeeninitialized.
GetThisBinding() ReturnthevalueofthisEnvironmentRecord'sthisbinding.ThrowsaReferenceErrorifthethis
bindinghasnotbeeninitialized.
GetSuperBase() ReturntheobjectthatisthebaseforsuperpropertyaccessesboundinthisEnvironmentRecord.The
objectisderivedfromthisEnvironmentRecord's[[HomeObject]]ield.Thevalueundeinedindicates
thatsuperpropertyaccesseswillproduceruntimeerrors.
ThebehaviouroftheadditionalconcretespeciicationmethodsforfunctionEnvironmentRecordsisdeinedbythefollowing
algorithms:
8.1.1.3.1 BindThisValue(V)
1.LetenvRecbethefunctionEnvironmentRecordforwhichthemethodwasinvoked.
2.Assert:envRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]isnot"lexical".
3.IfenvRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]is"initialized",throwaReferenceErrorexception.
4.SetenvRec.[[ThisValue]]toV.
5.SetenvRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]to"initialized".
6.ReturnV.
2.IfenvRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]is"lexical",returnfalse;otherwise,returntrue.
2.IfenvRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]is"lexical",returnfalse.
3.IfenvRec.[[HomeObject]]hasthevalueundeined,returnfalse;otherwise,returntrue.
8.1.1.3.4 GetThisBinding()
2.Assert:envRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]isnot"lexical".
3.IfenvRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]is"uninitialized",throwaReferenceErrorexception.
4.ReturnenvRec.[[ThisValue]].
8.1.1.3.5 GetSuperBase()
2.LethomebethevalueofenvRec.[[HomeObject]].
3.Ifhomehasthevalueundeined,returnundeined.
4.Assert:Type(home)isObject.
5.Return?home.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
8.1.1.4 GlobalEnvironmentRecords
AglobalEnvironmentRecordisusedtorepresenttheoutermostscopethatissharedbyalloftheECMAScriptScript
elementsthatareprocessedinacommonrealm.AglobalEnvironmentRecordprovidesthebindingsforbuiltinglobals
(clause18),propertiesoftheglobalobject,andforalltopleveldeclarations(13.2.8,13.2.10)thatoccurwithinaScript.
AglobalEnvironmentRecordislogicallyasinglerecordbutitisspeciiedasacompositeencapsulatinganobject
EnvironmentRecordandadeclarativeEnvironmentRecord.TheobjectEnvironmentRecordhasasitsbaseobjecttheglobal
objectoftheassociatedRealmRecord.ThisglobalobjectisthevaluereturnedbytheglobalEnvironmentRecord's
GetThisBindingconcretemethod.TheobjectEnvironmentRecordcomponentofaglobalEnvironmentRecordcontainsthe
bindingsforallbuiltinglobals(clause18)andallbindingsintroducedbyaFunctionDeclaration,GeneratorDeclaration,or
VariableStatementcontainedinglobalcode.ThebindingsforallotherECMAScriptdeclarationsinglobalcodearecontained
inthedeclarativeEnvironmentRecordcomponentoftheglobalEnvironmentRecord.
Propertiesmaybecreateddirectlyonaglobalobject.Hence,theobjectEnvironmentRecordcomponentofaglobal
EnvironmentRecordmaycontainbothbindingscreatedexplicitlybyFunctionDeclaration,GeneratorDeclaration,or
VariableDeclarationdeclarationsandbindingscreatedimplicitlyaspropertiesoftheglobalobject.Inordertoidentifywhich
bindingswereexplicitlycreatedusingdeclarations,aglobalEnvironmentRecordmaintainsalistofthenamesboundusing
itsCreateGlobalVarBindingandCreateGlobalFunctionBindingconcretemethods.
GlobalEnvironmentRecordshavetheadditionalieldslistedinTable18andtheadditionalmethodslistedinTable19.
Table18:AdditionalFieldsofGlobalEnvironmentRecords
[[ObjectRecord]] Object Bindingobjectistheglobalobject.Itcontainsglobalbuiltinbindingsaswellas

Environment FunctionDeclaration,GeneratorDeclaration,andVariableDeclarationbindingsin
Record globalcodefortheassociatedrealm.
[[GlobalThisValue]] Object Thevaluereturnedbythisinglobalscope.HostsmayprovideanyECMAScript

Objectvalue.
[[DeclarativeRecord]] Declarative Containsbindingsforalldeclarationsinglobalcodefortheassociatedrealmcode

Environment exceptforFunctionDeclaration,GeneratorDeclaration,andVariableDeclaration
Record bindings.
[[VarNames]] ListofString ThestringnamesboundbyFunctionDeclaration,GeneratorDeclaration,and

VariableDeclarationdeclarationsinglobalcodefortheassociatedrealm.
Table19:AdditionalMethodsofGlobalEnvironmentRecords
Method Purpose
GetThisBinding() ReturnthevalueofthisEnvironmentRecord'sthisbinding.
HasVarDeclaration(N) DeterminesiftheargumentidentiierhasabindinginthisEnvironmentRecordthatwas
createdusingaVariableDeclaration,FunctionDeclaration,orGeneratorDeclaration.
HasLexicalDeclaration(N) DeterminesiftheargumentidentiierhasabindinginthisEnvironmentRecordthatwas
createdusingalexicaldeclarationsuchasaLexicalDeclarationoraClassDeclaration.
HasRestrictedGlobalProperty Determinesiftheargumentisthenameofaglobalobjectpropertythatmaynotbe
(N) shadowedbyagloballexicallybinding.
CanDeclareGlobalVar(N) DeterminesifacorrespondingCreateGlobalVarBindingcallwouldsucceedifcalledfor
thesameargumentN.
CanDeclareGlobalFunction(N) DeterminesifacorrespondingCreateGlobalFunctionBindingcallwouldsucceedifcalled
forthesameargumentN.
CreateGlobalVarBinding(N,D) Usedtocreateandinitializetoundeinedaglobalvarbindinginthe[[ObjectRecord]]
componentofaglobalEnvironmentRecord.Thebindingwillbeamutablebinding.The
correspondingglobalobjectpropertywillhaveattributevaluesappropriateforavar.
TheStringvalueNistheboundname.IfDistruethebindingmaybedeleted.Logically
equivalenttoCreateMutableBindingfollowedbyaSetMutableBindingbutitallowsvar
declarationstoreceivespecialtreatment.
CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(N, Createandinitializeaglobalfunctionbindinginthe[[ObjectRecord]]componentofa
V,D) globalEnvironmentRecord.Thebindingwillbeamutablebinding.Thecorresponding
globalobjectpropertywillhaveattributevaluesappropriateforafunction.TheString
valueNistheboundname.Vistheinitializationvalue.IftheBooleanargumentDistrue
thebindingmaybedeleted.LogicallyequivalenttoCreateMutableBindingfollowedbya
SetMutableBindingbutitallowsfunctiondeclarationstoreceivespecialtreatment.
ThebehaviouroftheconcretespeciicationmethodsforglobalEnvironmentRecordsisdeinedbythefollowingalgorithms.
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodHasBindingforglobalEnvironmentRecordssimplydeterminesiftheargument
identiierisoneoftheidentiiersboundbytherecord:
1.LetenvRecbetheglobalEnvironmentRecordforwhichthemethodwasinvoked.
2.LetDclRecbeenvRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]].
3.IfDclRec.HasBinding(N)istrue,returntrue.
4.LetObjRecbeenvRec.[[ObjectRecord]].
5.Return?ObjRec.HasBinding(N).
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCreateMutableBindingforglobalEnvironmentRecordscreatesanewmutable
bindingforthenameNthatisuninitialized.ThebindingiscreatedintheassociatedDeclarativeRecord.AbindingforNmust
notalreadyexistintheDeclarativeRecord.IfBooleanargumentDhasthevaluetruethenewbindingismarkedasbeing
subjecttodeletion.
3.IfDclRec.HasBinding(N)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.ReturnDclRec.CreateMutableBinding(N,D).
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCreateImmutableBindingforglobalEnvironmentRecordscreatesanew
immutablebindingforthenameNthatisuninitialized.AbindingmustnotalreadyexistinthisEnvironmentRecordforN.If
theBooleanargumentShasthevaluetruethenewbindingismarkedasastrictbinding.
3.IfDclRec.HasBinding(N)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.ReturnDclRec.CreateImmutableBinding(N,S).
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodInitializeBindingforglobalEnvironmentRecordsisusedtosettheboundvalueof
thecurrentbindingoftheidentiierwhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentNtothevalueofargumentV.Anuninitialized
bindingforNmustalreadyexist.
3.IfDclRec.HasBinding(N)istrue,then
a.ReturnDclRec.InitializeBinding(N,V).
4.Assert:Ifthebindingexists,itmustbeintheobjectEnvironmentRecord.
6.Return?ObjRec.InitializeBinding(N,V).
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodSetMutableBindingforglobalEnvironmentRecordsattemptstochangethebound
valueofthecurrentbindingoftheidentiierwhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentNtothevalueofargumentV.Ifthe
bindingisanimmutablebinding,aTypeErroristhrownifSistrue.ApropertynamedNnormallyalreadyexistsbutifit
doesnotorisnotcurrentlywritable,errorhandlingisdeterminedbythevalueoftheBooleanargumentS.
a.ReturnDclRec.SetMutableBinding(N,V,S).
5.Return?ObjRec.SetMutableBinding(N,V,S).
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodGetBindingValueforglobalEnvironmentRecordsreturnsthevalueofitsbound
identiierwhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentN.IfthebindingisanuninitializedbindingthrowaReferenceError
exception.ApropertynamedNnormallyalreadyexistsbutifitdoesnotorisnotcurrentlywritable,errorhandlingis
determinedbythevalueoftheBooleanargumentS.
a.ReturnDclRec.GetBindingValue(N,S).
5.Return?ObjRec.GetBindingValue(N,S).
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodDeleteBindingforglobalEnvironmentRecordscanonlydeletebindingsthathave
beenexplicitlydesignatedasbeingsubjecttodeletion.
a.ReturnDclRec.DeleteBinding(N).
5.LetglobalObjectbethebindingobjectforObjRec.
6.LetexistingPropbe?HasOwnProperty(globalObject,N).
7.IfexistingPropistrue,then
a.Letstatusbe?ObjRec.DeleteBinding(N).
b.Ifstatusistrue,then
i.LetvarNamesbeenvRec.[[VarNames]].
ii.IfNisanelementofvarNames,removethatelementfromthevarNames.
c.Returnstatus.
8.Returntrue.
1.Returntrue.
1.Returnfalse.
GlobalEnvironmentRecordsalwaysreturnundeinedastheirWithBaseObject.
1.Returnundeined.
2.ReturnenvRec.[[GlobalThisValue]].
8.1.1.4.12 HasVarDeclaration(N)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodHasVarDeclarationforglobalEnvironmentRecordsdeterminesiftheargument
identiierhasabindinginthisrecordthatwascreatedusingaVariableStatementoraFunctionDeclaration:
2.LetvarDeclaredNamesbeenvRec.[[VarNames]].
3.IfvarDeclaredNamescontainsthevalueofN,returntrue.
4.Returnfalse.
8.1.1.4.13 HasLexicalDeclaration(N)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodHasLexicalDeclarationforglobalEnvironmentRecordsdeterminesifthe
argumentidentiierhasabindinginthisrecordthatwascreatedusingalexicaldeclarationsuchasaLexicalDeclarationora
ClassDeclaration:
3.ReturnDclRec.HasBinding(N).
8.1.1.4.14 HasRestrictedGlobalProperty(N)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodHasRestrictedGlobalPropertyforglobalEnvironmentRecordsdeterminesifthe
argumentidentiieristhenameofapropertyoftheglobalobjectthatmustnotbeshadowedbyagloballexicallybinding:
4.LetexistingPropbe?globalObject.[[GetOwnProperty]](N).
5.IfexistingPropisundeined,returnfalse.
6.IfexistingProp.[[Conigurable]]istrue,returnfalse.
7.Returntrue.
NOTE Propertiesmayexistuponaglobalobjectthatweredirectlycreatedratherthanbeingdeclaredusingavaror
functiondeclaration.Agloballexicalbindingmaynotbecreatedthathasthesamenameasanonconigurable
propertyoftheglobalobject.Theglobalpropertyundefinedisanexampleofsuchaproperty.
8.1.1.4.15 CanDeclareGlobalVar(N)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCanDeclareGlobalVarforglobalEnvironmentRecordsdeterminesifa
correspondingCreateGlobalVarBindingcallwouldsucceedifcalledforthesameargumentN.Redundantvardeclarations
andvardeclarationsforpreexistingglobalobjectpropertiesareallowed.
4.LethasPropertybe?HasOwnProperty(globalObject,N).
5.IfhasPropertyistrue,returntrue.
6.Return?IsExtensible(globalObject).
8.1.1.4.16 CanDeclareGlobalFunction(N)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCanDeclareGlobalFunctionforglobalEnvironmentRecordsdeterminesifa
correspondingCreateGlobalFunctionBindingcallwouldsucceedifcalledforthesameargumentN.
5.IfexistingPropisundeined,return?IsExtensible(globalObject).
6.IfexistingProp.[[Conigurable]]istrue,returntrue.
7.IfIsDataDescriptor(existingProp)istrueandexistingProphasattributevalues{[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:
true},returntrue.
8.Returnfalse.
8.1.1.4.17 CreateGlobalVarBinding(N,D)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCreateGlobalVarBindingforglobalEnvironmentRecordscreatesandinitializesa
mutablebindingintheassociatedobjectEnvironmentRecordandrecordstheboundnameintheassociated[[VarNames]]
List.Ifabindingalreadyexists,itisreusedandassumedtobeinitialized.
4.LethasPropertybe?HasOwnProperty(globalObject,N).
5.Letextensiblebe?IsExtensible(globalObject).
6.IfhasPropertyisfalseandextensibleistrue,then
a.Perform?ObjRec.CreateMutableBinding(N,D).
b.Perform?ObjRec.InitializeBinding(N,undeined).
8.IfvarDeclaredNamesdoesnotcontainthevalueofN,then
a.AppendNtovarDeclaredNames.
8.1.1.4.18 CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(N,V,D)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCreateGlobalFunctionBindingforglobalEnvironmentRecordscreatesand
initializesamutablebindingintheassociatedobjectEnvironmentRecordandrecordstheboundnameintheassociated
[[VarNames]]List.Ifabindingalreadyexists,itisreplaced.
5.IfexistingPropisundeinedorexistingProp.[[Conigurable]]istrue,then
a.LetdescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:V,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:true,[[Conigurable]]:D}.
6.Else,
a.LetdescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:V}.
7.Perform?DeinePropertyOrThrow(globalObject,N,desc).
8.RecordthatthebindingforNinObjRechasbeeninitialized.
9.Perform?Set(globalObject,N,V,false).
11.IfvarDeclaredNamesdoesnotcontainthevalueofN,then
a.AppendNtovarDeclaredNames.
NOTE Globalfunctiondeclarationsarealwaysrepresentedasownpropertiesoftheglobalobject.Ifpossible,an
existingownpropertyisreconiguredtohaveastandardsetofattributevalues.Steps1012areequivalentto
whatcallingtheInitializeBindingconcretemethodwoulddoandifglobalObjectisaProxywillproducethe
samesequenceofProxytrapcalls.
8.1.1.5 ModuleEnvironmentRecords
AmoduleEnvironmentRecordisadeclarativeEnvironmentRecordthatisusedtorepresenttheouterscopeofan
ECMAScriptModule.Inadditionaltonormalmutableandimmutablebindings,moduleEnvironmentRecordsalsoprovide
immutableimportbindingswhicharebindingsthatprovideindirectaccesstoatargetbindingthatexistsinanother
EnvironmentRecord.
ModuleEnvironmentRecordssupportallofthedeclarativeEnvironmentRecordmethodslistedinTable15andsharethe
samespeciicationsforallofthosemethodsexceptforGetBindingValue,DeleteBinding,HasThisBindingandGetThisBinding.
Inaddition,moduleEnvironmentRecordssupportthemethodslistedinTable20:
Table20:AdditionalMethodsofModuleEnvironmentRecords
Method Purpose
CreateImportBinding(N, CreateanimmutableindirectbindinginamoduleEnvironmentRecord.TheStringvalueNisthe
M,N2) textoftheboundname.MisaModuleRecord,andN2isabindingthatexistsinM'smodule
EnvironmentRecord.
GetThisBinding() ReturnthevalueofthisEnvironmentRecord'sthisbinding.
ThebehaviouroftheadditionalconcretespeciicationmethodsformoduleEnvironmentRecordsaredeinedbythe
followingalgorithms:
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodGetBindingValueformoduleEnvironmentRecordsreturnsthevalueofitsbound
identiierwhosenameisthevalueoftheargumentN.However,ifthebindingisanindirectbindingthevalueofthetarget
bindingisreturned.IfthebindingexistsbutisuninitializedaReferenceErroristhrown,regardlessofthevalueofS.
1.LetenvRecbethemoduleEnvironmentRecordforwhichthemethodwasinvoked.
2.Assert:envRechasabindingforN.
3.IfthebindingforNisanindirectbinding,then
a.LetMandN2betheindirectionvaluesprovidedwhenthisbindingforNwascreated.
b.LettargetEnvbeM.[[Environment]].
c.IftargetEnvisundeined,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
d.LettargetERbetargetEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
e.Return?targetER.GetBindingValue(N2,S).
4.IfthebindingforNinenvRecisanuninitializedbinding,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
5.ReturnthevaluecurrentlyboundtoNinenvRec.
NOTE BecauseaModuleisalwaysstrictmodecode,callstoGetBindingValueshouldalwayspasstrueasthevalueof
S.
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodDeleteBindingformoduleEnvironmentRecordsrefusestodeletebindings.
2.IfenvRecdoesnothaveabindingforthenamethatisthevalueofN,returntrue.
3.Returnfalse.
NOTE ThebindingsofamoduleEnvironmentRecordarenotdeletable.
ModuleEnvironmentRecordsprovideathisbinding.
1.Returntrue.
1.Returnundeined.
8.1.1.5.5 CreateImportBinding(N,M,N2)
TheconcreteEnvironmentRecordmethodCreateImportBindingformoduleEnvironmentRecordscreatesanewinitialized
immutableindirectbindingforthenameN.AbindingmustnotalreadyexistinthisEnvironmentRecordforN.MisaModule
Record,andN2isthenameofabindingthatexistsinM'smoduleEnvironmentRecord.Accessestothevalueofthenew
bindingwillindirectlyaccesstheboundvalueofthetargetbinding.
3.Assert:MisaModuleRecord.
4.Assert:WhenM.[[Environment]]isinstantiateditwillhaveadirectbindingforN2.
5.CreateanimmutableindirectbindinginenvRecforNthatreferencesMandN2asitstargetbindingandrecordthatthe
bindingisinitialized.
8.1.2 LexicalEnvironmentOperations
Thefollowingabstractoperationsareusedinthisspeciicationtooperateuponlexicalenvironments:
8.1.2.1 GetIdentiierReference(lex,name,strict)
TheabstractoperationGetIdentiierReferenceiscalledwithaLexicalEnvironmentlex,aStringname,andaBooleanlag
strict.Thevalueoflexmaybenull.Whencalled,thefollowingstepsareperformed:
1.Iflexisthevaluenull,then
a.ReturnavalueoftypeReferencewhosebasevalueisundeined,whosereferencednameisname,andwhose
strictreferencelagisstrict.
2.LetenvRecbelex'sEnvironmentRecord.
3.Letexistsbe?envRec.HasBinding(name).
4.Ifexistsistrue,then
a.ReturnavalueoftypeReferencewhosebasevalueisenvRec,whosereferencednameisname,andwhosestrict
referencelagisstrict.
5.Else,
a.Letouterbethevalueoflex'souterenvironmentreference.
b.Return?GetIdentiierReference(outer,name,strict).
8.1.2.2 NewDeclarativeEnvironment(E)
WhentheabstractoperationNewDeclarativeEnvironmentiscalledwithaLexicalEnvironmentasargumentEthefollowing
stepsareperformed:
1.LetenvbeanewLexicalEnvironment.
2.LetenvRecbeanewdeclarativeEnvironmentRecordcontainingnobindings.
3.Setenv'sEnvironmentRecordtoenvRec.
4.SettheouterlexicalenvironmentreferenceofenvtoE.
5.Returnenv.
8.1.2.3 NewObjectEnvironment(O,E)
WhentheabstractoperationNewObjectEnvironmentiscalledwithanObjectOandaLexicalEnvironmentEasarguments,
thefollowingstepsareperformed:
2.LetenvRecbeanewobjectEnvironmentRecordcontainingOasthebindingobject.
5.Returnenv.
8.1.2.4 NewFunctionEnvironment(F,newTarget)
WhentheabstractoperationNewFunctionEnvironmentiscalledwithargumentsFandnewTargetthefollowingstepsare
performed:
1.Assert:FisanECMAScriptfunction.
2.Assert:Type(newTarget)isUndeinedorObject.
4.LetenvRecbeanewfunctionEnvironmentRecordcontainingnobindings.
5.SetenvRec.[[FunctionObject]]toF.
6.IfF's[[ThisMode]]internalslotislexical,setenvRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]to"lexical".
7.Else,setenvRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]to"uninitialized".
8.LethomebethevalueofF's[[HomeObject]]internalslot.
9.SetenvRec.[[HomeObject]]tohome.
10.SetenvRec.[[NewTarget]]tonewTarget.
12.SettheouterlexicalenvironmentreferenceofenvtothevalueofF's[[Environment]]internalslot.
13.Returnenv.
8.1.2.5 NewGlobalEnvironment(G,thisValue)
WhentheabstractoperationNewGlobalEnvironmentiscalledwithargumentsGandthisValue,thefollowingstepsare
performed:
2.LetobjRecbeanewobjectEnvironmentRecordcontainingGasthebindingobject.
3.LetdclRecbeanewdeclarativeEnvironmentRecordcontainingnobindings.
4.LetglobalRecbeanewglobalEnvironmentRecord.
5.SetglobalRec.[[ObjectRecord]]toobjRec.
6.SetglobalRec.[[GlobalThisValue]]tothisValue.
7.SetglobalRec.[[DeclarativeRecord]]todclRec.
8.SetglobalRec.[[VarNames]]toanewemptyList.
9.Setenv'sEnvironmentRecordtoglobalRec.
10.Settheouterlexicalenvironmentreferenceofenvtonull.
11.Returnenv.
8.1.2.6 NewModuleEnvironment(E)
WhentheabstractoperationNewModuleEnvironmentiscalledwithaLexicalEnvironmentargumentEthefollowingsteps
areperformed:
2.LetenvRecbeanewmoduleEnvironmentRecordcontainingnobindings.
5.Returnenv.
8.2 Realms
Beforeitisevaluated,allECMAScriptcodemustbeassociatedwitharealm.Conceptually,arealmconsistsofasetofintrinsic
objects,anECMAScriptglobalenvironment,alloftheECMAScriptcodethatisloadedwithinthescopeofthatglobal
environment,andotherassociatedstateandresources.
ArealmisrepresentedinthisspeciicationasaRealmRecordwiththeieldsspeciiedinTable21:
Table21:RealmRecordFields
[[Intrinsics]] Recordwhose Theintrinsicvaluesusedbycodeassociatedwiththisrealm

ieldnamesare
intrinsickeys
andwhose
valuesare
objects
[[GlobalObject]] Object Theglobalobjectforthisrealm
[[GlobalEnv]] Lexical Theglobalenvironmentforthisrealm

Environment
[[TemplateMap]] AListofRecord{ TemplateobjectsarecanonicalizedseparatelyforeachrealmusingitsRealm

[[Strings]]:List, Record's[[TemplateMap]].Each[[Strings]]valueisaListcontaining,insourcetext
[[Array]]: order,therawStringvaluesofaTemplateLiteralthathasbeenevaluated.The
Object}. associated[[Array]]valueisthecorrespondingtemplateobjectthatispassedtoa
tagfunction.
Animplementationmaydeineother,implementationspeciicields.
8.2.1 CreateRealm()
TheabstractoperationCreateRealmwithnoargumentsperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetrealmRecbeanewRealmRecord.
2.PerformCreateIntrinsics(realmRec).
3.SetrealmRec.[[GlobalObject]]toundeined.
4.SetrealmRec.[[GlobalEnv]]toundeined.
5.SetrealmRec.[[TemplateMap]]toanewemptyList.
6.ReturnrealmRec.
8.2.2 CreateIntrinsics(realmRec)
WhentheabstractoperationCreateIntrinsicswithargumentrealmRecperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetintrinsicsbeanewRecord.
2.SetrealmRec.[[Intrinsics]]tointrinsics.
3.LetobjProtobeObjectCreate(null).
4.Setintrinsics.[[%ObjectPrototype%]]toobjProto.
5.LetthrowerStepsbethealgorithmstepsspeciiedin9.2.7.1forthe%ThrowTypeError%function.
6.LetthrowerbeCreateBuiltinFunction(realmRec,throwerSteps,null).
7.Setintrinsics.[[%ThrowTypeError%]]tothrower.
8.LetnoStepsbeanemptysequenceofalgorithmsteps.
9.LetfuncProtobeCreateBuiltinFunction(realmRec,noSteps,objProto).
10.Setintrinsics.[[%FunctionPrototype%]]tofuncProto.
11.Callthrower.[[SetPrototypeOf]](funcProto).
12.PerformAddRestrictedFunctionProperties(funcProto,realmRec).
13.SetieldsofintrinsicswiththevalueslistedinTable7thathavenotalreadybeenhandledabove.Theieldnamesarethe
nameslistedincolumnoneofthetable.Thevalueofeachieldisanewobjectvaluefullyandrecursivelypopulated
withpropertyvaluesasdeinedbythespeciicationofeachobjectinclauses1826.Allobjectpropertyvaluesarenewly
createdobjectvalues.Allvaluesthatarebuiltinfunctionobjectsarecreatedbyperforming
CreateBuiltinFunction(realmRec,<steps>,<prototype>,<slots>)where<steps>isthedeinitionofthatfunction
providedbythisspeciication,<prototype>isthespeciiedvalueofthefunction's[[Prototype]]internalslotand<slots>
isalistofthenames,ifany,ofthefunction'sspeciiedinternalslots.Thecreationoftheintrinsicsandtheirproperties
mustbeorderedtoavoidanydependenciesuponobjectsthathavenotyetbeencreated.
14.Returnintrinsics.
8.2.3 SetRealmGlobalObject(realmRec,globalObj,thisValue)
TheabstractoperationSetRealmGlobalObjectwithargumentsrealmRec,globalObj,andthisValueperformsthefollowing
steps:
1.IfglobalObjisundeined,then
a.LetintrinsicsberealmRec.[[Intrinsics]].
b.LetglobalObjbeObjectCreate(intrinsics.[[%ObjectPrototype%]]).
2.Assert:Type(globalObj)isObject.
3.IfthisValueisundeined,letthisValuebeglobalObj.
4.SetrealmRec.[[GlobalObject]]toglobalObj.
5.LetnewGlobalEnvbeNewGlobalEnvironment(globalObj,thisValue).
6.SetrealmRec.[[GlobalEnv]]tonewGlobalEnv.
7.ReturnrealmRec.
8.2.4 SetDefaultGlobalBindings(realmRec)
TheabstractoperationSetDefaultGlobalBindingswithargumentrealmRecperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetglobalberealmRec.[[GlobalObject]].
2.ForeachpropertyoftheGlobalObjectspeciiedinclause18,do
a.LetnamebetheStringvalueofthepropertyname.
b.Letdescbethefullypopulateddatapropertydescriptorforthepropertycontainingthespeciiedattributesforthe
property.Forpropertieslistedin18.2,18.3,or18.4thevalueofthe[[Value]]attributeisthecorresponding
intrinsicobjectfromrealmRec.
c.Perform?DeinePropertyOrThrow(global,name,desc).
3.Returnglobal.
8.3 ExecutionContexts
AnexecutioncontextisaspeciicationdevicethatisusedtotracktheruntimeevaluationofcodebyanECMAScript
implementation.Atanypointintime,thereisatmostoneexecutioncontextthatisactuallyexecutingcode.Thisisknownas
therunningexecutioncontext.
Theexecutioncontextstackisusedtotrackexecutioncontexts.Therunningexecutioncontextisalwaysthetopelementof
thisstack.Anewexecutioncontextiscreatedwhenevercontrolistransferredfromtheexecutablecodeassociatedwiththe
currentlyrunningexecutioncontexttoexecutablecodethatisnotassociatedwiththatexecutioncontext.Thenewlycreated
executioncontextispushedontothestackandbecomestherunningexecutioncontext.
Anexecutioncontextcontainswhateverimplementationspeciicstateisnecessarytotracktheexecutionprogressofits
associatedcode.EachexecutioncontexthasatleastthestatecomponentslistedinTable22.
Table22:StateComponentsforAllExecutionContexts
Component Purpose
codeevaluation Anystateneededtoperform,suspend,andresumeevaluationofthecodeassociatedwiththisexecution
state context.
Function Ifthisexecutioncontextisevaluatingthecodeofafunctionobject,thenthevalueofthiscomponentis
thatfunctionobject.IfthecontextisevaluatingthecodeofaScriptorModule,thevalueisnull.
Realm TheRealmRecordfromwhichassociatedcodeaccessesECMAScriptresources.
ScriptOrModule TheModuleRecordorScriptRecordfromwhichassociatedcodeoriginates.Ifthereisnooriginating
scriptormodule,asisthecasefortheoriginalexecutioncontextcreatedinInitializeHostDeinedRealm,
thevalueisnull.
Evaluationofcodebytherunningexecutioncontextmaybesuspendedatvariouspointsdeinedwithinthisspeciication.
Oncetherunningexecutioncontexthasbeensuspendedadifferentexecutioncontextmaybecometherunningexecution
contextandcommenceevaluatingitscode.Atsomelatertimeasuspendedexecutioncontextmayagainbecometherunning
executioncontextandcontinueevaluatingitscodeatthepointwhereithadpreviouslybeensuspended.Transitionofthe
runningexecutioncontextstatusamongexecutioncontextsusuallyoccursinstacklikelastin/irstoutmanner.However,
someECMAScriptfeaturesrequirenonLIFOtransitionsoftherunningexecutioncontext.
ThevalueoftheRealmcomponentoftherunningexecutioncontextisalsocalledthecurrentRealmRecord.Thevalueofthe
Functioncomponentoftherunningexecutioncontextisalsocalledtheactivefunctionobject.
ExecutioncontextsforECMAScriptcodehavetheadditionalstatecomponentslistedinTable23.
Table23:AdditionalStateComponentsforECMAScriptCodeExecutionContexts
Component Purpose
LexicalEnvironment IdentiiestheLexicalEnvironmentusedtoresolveidentiierreferencesmadebycodewithinthis
executioncontext.
VariableEnvironment IdentiiestheLexicalEnvironmentwhoseEnvironmentRecordholdsbindingscreatedby
VariableStatementswithinthisexecutioncontext.
TheLexicalEnvironmentandVariableEnvironmentcomponentsofanexecutioncontextarealwaysLexicalEnvironments.
WhenanexecutioncontextiscreateditsLexicalEnvironmentandVariableEnvironmentcomponentsinitiallyhavethesame
value.
ExecutioncontextsrepresentingtheevaluationofgeneratorobjectshavetheadditionalstatecomponentslistedinTable24.
Table24:AdditionalStateComponentsforGeneratorExecutionContexts
Component Purpose
Generator TheGeneratorObjectthatthisexecutioncontextisevaluating.
Inmostsituationsonlytherunningexecutioncontext(thetopoftheexecutioncontextstack)isdirectlymanipulatedby
algorithmswithinthisspeciication.HencewhenthetermsLexicalEnvironment,andVariableEnvironmentareused
withoutqualiicationtheyareinreferencetothosecomponentsoftherunningexecutioncontext.
Anexecutioncontextispurelyaspeciicationmechanismandneednotcorrespondtoanyparticularartefactofan
ECMAScriptimplementation.ItisimpossibleforECMAScriptcodetodirectlyaccessorobserveanexecutioncontext.
8.3.1 GetActiveScriptOrModule()
TheGetActiveScriptOrModuleabstractoperationisusedtodeterminetherunningscriptormodule,basedontheactive
functionobject.GetActiveScriptOrModuleperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Iftheexecutioncontextstackisempty,returnnull.
2.LetecbethetopmostexecutioncontextontheexecutioncontextstackwhoseFunctioncomponent's
[[ScriptOrModule]]componentisnotnull.
3.Ifsuchanexecutioncontextexists,returnec'sFunctioncomponent's[[ScriptOrModule]]slot'svalue.
4.Otherwise,letecbetherunningexecutioncontext.
5.Assert:ec'sScriptOrModulecomponentisnotnull.
6.Returnec'sScriptOrModulecomponent.
8.3.2 ResolveBinding(name[,env])
TheResolveBindingabstractoperationisusedtodeterminethebindingofnamepassedasaStringvalue.Theoptional
argumentenvcanbeusedtoexplicitlyprovidetheLexicalEnvironmentthatistobesearchedforthebinding.During
executionofECMAScriptcode,ResolveBindingisperformedusingthefollowingalgorithm:
1.Ifenvwasnotpassedorifenvisundeined,then
a.Letenvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
2.Assert:envisaLexicalEnvironment.
3.Ifthecodematchingthesyntacticproductionthatisbeingevaluatediscontainedinstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue,
elseletstrictbefalse.
4.Return?GetIdentiierReference(env,name,strict).
NOTE TheresultofResolveBindingisalwaysaReferencevaluewithitsreferencednamecomponentequaltothe
nameargument.
8.3.3 GetThisEnvironment()
TheabstractoperationGetThisEnvironmentindstheEnvironmentRecordthatcurrentlysuppliesthebindingofthe
keywordthis.GetThisEnvironmentperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letlexbetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
2.Repeat
a.LetenvRecbelex'sEnvironmentRecord.
b.LetexistsbeenvRec.HasThisBinding().
c.Ifexistsistrue,returnenvRec.
d.Letouterbethevalueoflex'souterenvironmentreference.
e.Letlexbeouter.
NOTE Theloopinstep2willalwaysterminatebecausethelistofenvironmentsalwaysendswiththeglobal
environmentwhichhasathisbinding.
8.3.4 ResolveThisBinding()
TheabstractoperationResolveThisBindingdeterminesthebindingofthekeywordthisusingtheLexicalEnvironmentofthe
runningexecutioncontext.ResolveThisBindingperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetenvRecbeGetThisEnvironment().
2.Return?envRec.GetThisBinding().
8.3.5 GetNewTarget()
TheabstractoperationGetNewTargetdeterminestheNewTargetvalueusingtheLexicalEnvironmentoftherunning
executioncontext.GetNewTargetperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Assert:envRechasa[[NewTarget]]ield.
3.ReturnenvRec.[[NewTarget]].
8.3.6 GetGlobalObject()
TheabstractoperationGetGlobalObjectreturnstheglobalobjectusedbythecurrentlyrunningexecutioncontext.
GetGlobalObjectperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letctxbetherunningexecutioncontext.
2.LetcurrentRealmbectx'sRealm.
3.ReturncurrentRealm.[[GlobalObject]].
8.4 JobsandJobQueues
AJobisanabstractoperationthatinitiatesanECMAScriptcomputationwhennootherECMAScriptcomputationiscurrently
inprogress.AJobabstractoperationmaybedeinedtoacceptanarbitrarysetofjobparameters.
ExecutionofaJobcanbeinitiatedonlywhenthereisnorunningexecutioncontextandtheexecutioncontextstackisempty.
APendingJobisarequestforthefutureexecutionofaJob.APendingJobisaninternalRecordwhoseieldsarespeciiedin
Table25.OnceexecutionofaJobisinitiated,theJobalwaysexecutestocompletion.NootherJobmaybeinitiateduntilthe
currentlyrunningJobcompletes.However,thecurrentlyrunningJoborexternaleventsmaycausetheenqueuingof
additionalPendingJobsthatmaybeinitiatedsometimeaftercompletionofthecurrentlyrunningJob.
Table25:PendingJobRecordFields
[[Job]] Thenameofa ThisistheabstractoperationthatisperformedwhenexecutionofthisPendingJobis

Jobabstract initiated.JobsareabstractoperationsthatuseNextJobratherthanReturnto
operation indicatethattheyhavecompleted.
[[Arguments]] AList TheListofargumentvaluesthataretobepassedto[[Job]]whenitisactivated.
[[Realm]] ARealm TheRealmRecordfortheinitialexecutioncontextwhenthisPendingJobisinitiated.

Record
[[ScriptOrModule]] AScript ThescriptormodulefortheinitialexecutioncontextwhenthisPendingJobis

Recordor initiated.
Module
Record
[[HostDeined]] Any,default Fieldreservedforusebyhostenvironmentsthatneedtoassociateadditional

valueis informationwithapendingJob.
undeined.
AJobQueueisaFIFOqueueofPendingJobrecords.EachJobQueuehasanameandthefullsetofavailableJobQueuesare
deinedbyanECMAScriptimplementation.EveryECMAScriptimplementationhasatleasttheJobQueuesdeinedinTable
26.
Table26:RequiredJobQueues
Name Purpose
ScriptJobs JobsthatvalidateandevaluateECMAScriptScriptandModulesourcetext.Seeclauses10and15.
PromiseJobs JobsthatareresponsestothesettlementofaPromise(see25.4).
ArequestforthefutureexecutionofaJobismadebyenqueueing,onaJobQueue,aPendingJobrecordthatincludesaJob
abstractoperationnameandanynecessaryargumentvalues.Whenthereisnorunningexecutioncontextandtheexecution
contextstackisempty,theECMAScriptimplementationremovestheirstPendingJobfromaJobQueueandusesthe
informationcontainedinittocreateanexecutioncontextandstartsexecutionoftheassociatedJobabstractoperation.
ThePendingJobrecordsfromasingleJobQueuearealwaysinitiatedinFIFOorder.Thisspeciicationdoesnotdeinethe
orderinwhichmultipleJobQueuesareserviced.AnECMAScriptimplementationmayinterweavetheFIFOevaluationofthe
PendingJobrecordsofaJobQueuewiththeevaluationofthePendingJobrecordsofoneormoreotherJobQueues.An
implementationmustdeinewhatoccurswhentherearenorunningexecutioncontextandallJobQueuesareempty.
NOTE TypicallyanECMAScriptimplementationwillhaveitsJobQueuespreinitializedwithatleastonePendingJob
andoneofthoseJobswillbetheirsttobeexecuted.Animplementationmightchoosetofreeallresourcesand
terminateifthecurrentJobcompletesandallJobQueuesareempty.Alternatively,itmightchoosetowaitfora
someimplementationspeciicagentormechanismtoenqueuenewPendingJobrequests.
ThefollowingabstractoperationsareusedtocreateandmanageJobsandJobQueues:
8.4.1 EnqueueJob(queueName,job,arguments)
TheEnqueueJobabstractoperationrequiresthreearguments:queueName,job,andarguments.Itperformsthefollowing
steps:
1.Assert:Type(queueName)isStringanditsvalueisthenameofaJobQueuerecognizedbythisimplementation.
2.Assert:jobisthenameofaJob.
3.Assert:argumentsisaListthathasthesamenumberofelementsasthenumberofparametersrequiredbyjob.
4.LetcallerContextbetherunningexecutioncontext.
5.LetcallerRealmbecallerContext'sRealm.
6.LetcallerScriptOrModulebecallerContext'sScriptOrModule.
7.LetpendingbePendingJob{[[Job]]:job,[[Arguments]]:arguments,[[Realm]]:callerRealm,[[ScriptOrModule]]:
callerScriptOrModule,[[HostDeined]]:undeined}.
8.Performanyimplementationorhostenvironmentdeinedprocessingofpending.Thismayincludemodifyingthe
[[HostDeined]]ieldoranyotherieldofpending.
9.AddpendingatthebackoftheJobQueuenamedbyqueueName.
8.4.2 NextJob
Analgorithmstepsuchas:
1.NextJobresult.
isusedinJobabstractoperationsinplaceof:
1.Returnresult.
JobabstractoperationsmustnotcontainaReturnsteporaReturnIfAbruptstep.TheNextJobresultoperationisequivalent
tothefollowingsteps:
1.Ifresultisanabruptcompletion,performHostReportErrors(result.[[Value]]).
2.Suspendtherunningexecutioncontextandremoveitfromtheexecutioncontextstack.
3.Assert:Theexecutioncontextstackisnowempty.
4.LetnextQueuebeanonemptyJobQueuechoseninanimplementationdeinedmanner.IfallJobQueuesareempty,the
resultisimplementationdeined.
5.LetnextPendingbethePendingJobrecordatthefrontofnextQueue.RemovethatrecordfromnextQueue.
6.LetnewContextbeanewexecutioncontext.
7.SetnewContext'sFunctiontonull.
8.SetnewContext'sRealmtonextPending.[[Realm]].
9.SetnewContext'sScriptOrModuletonextPending.[[ScriptOrModule]].
10.PushnewContextontotheexecutioncontextstack;newContextisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
11.PerformanyimplementationorhostenvironmentdeinedjobinitializationusingnextPending.
12.PerformtheabstractoperationnamedbynextPending.[[Job]]usingtheelementsofnextPending.[[Arguments]]asits
arguments.
8.5 InitializeHostDeinedRealm()
TheabstractoperationInitializeHostDeinedRealmperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetrealmbeCreateRealm().
2.LetnewContextbeanewexecutioncontext.
3.SettheFunctionofnewContexttonull.
4.SettheRealmofnewContexttorealm.
5.SettheScriptOrModuleofnewContexttonull.
6.PushnewContextontotheexecutioncontextstack;newContextisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
7.Ifthehostrequiresuseofanexoticobjecttoserveasrealm'sglobalobject,letglobalbesuchanobjectcreatedinan
implementationdeinedmanner.Otherwise,letglobalbeundeined,indicatingthatanordinaryobjectshouldbe
createdastheglobalobject.
8.Ifthehostrequiresthatthethisbindinginrealm'sglobalscopereturnanobjectotherthantheglobalobject,let
thisValuebesuchanobjectcreatedinanimplementationdeinedmanner.Otherwise,letthisValuebeundeined,
indicatingthatrealm'sglobalthisbindingshouldbetheglobalobject.
9.PerformSetRealmGlobalObject(realm,global,thisValue).
10.LetglobalObjbe?SetDefaultGlobalBindings(realm).
11.CreateanyimplementationdeinedglobalobjectpropertiesonglobalObj.
12.Inanimplementationdependentmanner,obtaintheECMAScriptsourcetexts(seeclause10)andanyassociatedhost
deinedvaluesforzeroormoreECMAScriptscriptsand/orECMAScriptmodules.ForeachsuchsourceTextand
hostDeined,
a.IfsourceTextisthesourcecodeofascript,then
i.PerformEnqueueJob("ScriptJobs",ScriptEvaluationJob,sourceText,hostDeined).
b.ElsesourceTextisthesourcecodeofamodule,
i.PerformEnqueueJob("ScriptJobs",TopLevelModuleEvaluationJob,sourceText,hostDeined).
13.NextJobNormalCompletion(undeined).
9 OrdinaryandExoticObjectsBehaviours
9.1 OrdinaryObjectInternalMethodsandInternalSlots
Allordinaryobjectshaveaninternalslotcalled[[Prototype]].Thevalueofthisinternalslotiseithernulloranobjectandis
usedforimplementinginheritance.Datapropertiesofthe[[Prototype]]objectareinherited(arevisibleaspropertiesofthe
childobject)forthepurposesofgetaccess,butnotforsetaccess.Accessorpropertiesareinheritedforbothgetaccessand
setaccess.
EveryordinaryobjecthasaBooleanvalued[[Extensible]]internalslotthatcontrolswhetherornotpropertiesmaybeadded
totheobject.Ifthevalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotisfalsethenadditionalpropertiesmaynotbeaddedtotheobject.
Inaddition,if[[Extensible]]isfalsethevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheobjectmaynotbemodiied.Oncethe
valueofanobject's[[Extensible]]internalslothasbeensettofalseitmaynotbesubsequentlychangedtotrue.
Inthefollowingalgorithmdescriptions,assumeOisanordinaryobject,Pisapropertykeyvalue,VisanyECMAScript
languagevalue,andDescisaPropertyDescriptorrecord.
Eachordinaryobjectinternalmethoddelegatestoasimilarlynamedabstractoperation.Ifsuchanabstractoperation
dependsonanotherinternalmethod,thentheinternalmethodisinvokedonOratherthancallingthesimilarlynamed
abstractoperationdirectly.Thesesemanticsensurethatexoticobjectshavetheiroverriddeninternalmethodsinvokedwhen
ordinaryobjectinternalmethodsareappliedtothem.
9.1.1 [[GetPrototypeOf]]()
Whenthe[[GetPrototypeOf]]internalmethodofOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return!OrdinaryGetPrototypeOf(O).
9.1.1.1 OrdinaryGetPrototypeOf(O)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryGetPrototypeOfiscalledwithObjectO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Returnthevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofO.
9.1.2 [[SetPrototypeOf]](V)
Whenthe[[SetPrototypeOf]]internalmethodofOiscalledwithargumentV,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return!OrdinarySetPrototypeOf(O,V).
9.1.2.1 OrdinarySetPrototypeOf(O,V)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinarySetPrototypeOfiscalledwithObjectOandvalueV,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:EitherType(V)isObjectorType(V)isNull.
2.Letextensiblebethevalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofO.
3.Letcurrentbethevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofO.
4.IfSameValue(V,current)istrue,returntrue.
5.Ifextensibleisfalse,returnfalse.
6.LetpbeV.
7.Letdonebefalse.
8.Repeatwhiledoneisfalse,
a.Ifpisnull,letdonebetrue.
b.Else,ifSameValue(p,O)istrue,returnfalse.
c.Else,
i.Ifthe[[GetPrototypeOf]]internalmethodofpisnottheordinaryobjectinternalmethoddeinedin9.1.1,let
donebetrue.
ii.Else,letpbethevalueofp's[[Prototype]]internalslot.
9.Setthevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofOtoV.
10.Returntrue.
NOTE Theloopinstep8guaranteesthattherewillbenocircularitiesinanyprototypechainthatonlyincludes
objectsthatusetheordinaryobjectdeinitionsfor[[GetPrototypeOf]]and[[SetPrototypeOf]].
9.1.3 [[IsExtensible]]()
Whenthe[[IsExtensible]]internalmethodofOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return!OrdinaryIsExtensible(O).
9.1.3.1 OrdinaryIsExtensible(O)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryIsExtensibleiscalledwithObjectO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Returnthevalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofO.
9.1.4 [[PreventExtensions]]()
Whenthe[[PreventExtensions]]internalmethodofOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return!OrdinaryPreventExtensions(O).
9.1.4.1 OrdinaryPreventExtensions(O)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryPreventExtensionsiscalledwithObjectO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Setthevalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofOtofalse.
2.Returntrue.
9.1.5 [[GetOwnProperty]](P)
Whenthe[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethodofOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return!OrdinaryGetOwnProperty(O,P).
9.1.5.1 OrdinaryGetOwnProperty(O,P)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryGetOwnPropertyiscalledwithObjectOandwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingsteps
aretaken:
2.IfOdoesnothaveanownpropertywithkeyP,returnundeined.
3.LetDbeanewlycreatedPropertyDescriptorwithnoields.
4.LetXbeO'sownpropertywhosekeyisP.
5.IfXisadataproperty,then
a.SetD.[[Value]]tothevalueofX's[[Value]]attribute.
b.SetD.[[Writable]]tothevalueofX's[[Writable]]attribute.
6.ElseXisanaccessorproperty,so
a.SetD.[[Get]]tothevalueofX's[[Get]]attribute.
b.SetD.[[Set]]tothevalueofX's[[Set]]attribute.
7.SetD.[[Enumerable]]tothevalueofX's[[Enumerable]]attribute.
8.SetD.[[Conigurable]]tothevalueofX's[[Conigurable]]attribute.
9.ReturnD.
9.1.6 [[DeineOwnProperty]](P,Desc)
Whenthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofOiscalledwithpropertykeyPandPropertyDescriptorDesc,the
followingstepsaretaken:
1.Return?OrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(O,P,Desc).
9.1.6.1 OrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(O,P,Desc)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryDeineOwnPropertyiscalledwithObjectO,propertykeyP,andPropertyDescriptor
Desc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letcurrentbe?O.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
2.Letextensiblebethevalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofO.
3.ReturnValidateAndApplyPropertyDescriptor(O,P,extensible,Desc,current).
9.1.6.2 IsCompatiblePropertyDescriptor(Extensible,Desc,Current)
WhentheabstractoperationIsCompatiblePropertyDescriptoriscalledwithBooleanvalueExtensible,andProperty
DescriptorsDesc,andCurrent,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.ReturnValidateAndApplyPropertyDescriptor(undeined,undeined,Extensible,Desc,Current).
9.1.6.3 ValidateAndApplyPropertyDescriptor(O,P,extensible,Desc,current)
WhentheabstractoperationValidateAndApplyPropertyDescriptoriscalledwithObjectO,propertykeyP,Booleanvalue
extensible,andPropertyDescriptorsDesc,andcurrent,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
ThisalgorithmcontainsstepsthattestvariousieldsofthePropertyDescriptorDescforspeciicvalues.Theieldsthatare
testedinthismannerneednotactuallyexistinDesc.Ifaieldisabsentthenitsvalueisconsideredtobefalse.
NOTE1 IfundeinedispassedastheOargumentonlyvalidationisperformedandnoobjectupdatesareperformed.
1.Assert:IfOisnotundeined,thenIsPropertyKey(P)istrue.
2.Ifcurrentisundeined,then
a.Ifextensibleisfalse,returnfalse.
b.Assert:extensibleistrue.
c.IfIsGenericDescriptor(Desc)istrueorIsDataDescriptor(Desc)istrue,then
i.IfOisnotundeined,createanowndatapropertynamedPofobjectOwhose[[Value]],[[Writable]],
[[Enumerable]]and[[Conigurable]]attributevaluesaredescribedbyDesc.Ifthevalueofanattributeieldof
Descisabsent,theattributeofthenewlycreatedpropertyissettoitsdefaultvalue.
d.ElseDescmustbeanaccessorPropertyDescriptor,
i.IfOisnotundeined,createanownaccessorpropertynamedPofobjectOwhose[[Get]],[[Set]],
[[Enumerable]]and[[Conigurable]]attributevaluesaredescribedbyDesc.Ifthevalueofanattributeieldof
Descisabsent,theattributeofthenewlycreatedpropertyissettoitsdefaultvalue.
e.Returntrue.
3.Returntrue,ifeveryieldinDescisabsent.
4.Returntrue,ifeveryieldinDescalsooccursincurrentandthevalueofeveryieldinDescisthesamevalueasthe
correspondingieldincurrentwhencomparedusingtheSameValuealgorithm.
5.Ifthe[[Conigurable]]ieldofcurrentisfalse,then
a.Returnfalse,ifthe[[Conigurable]]ieldofDescistrue.
b.Returnfalse,ifthe[[Enumerable]]ieldofDescispresentandthe[[Enumerable]]ieldsofcurrentandDescarethe
Booleannegationofeachother.
6.IfIsGenericDescriptor(Desc)istrue,nofurthervalidationisrequired.
7.ElseifIsDataDescriptor(current)andIsDataDescriptor(Desc)havedifferentresults,then
a.Returnfalse,ifthe[[Conigurable]]ieldofcurrentisfalse.
b.IfIsDataDescriptor(current)istrue,then
i.IfOisnotundeined,convertthepropertynamedPofobjectOfromadatapropertytoanaccessorproperty.
Preservetheexistingvaluesoftheconvertedproperty's[[Conigurable]]and[[Enumerable]]attributesand
settherestoftheproperty'sattributestotheirdefaultvalues.
c.Else,
i.IfOisnotundeined,convertthepropertynamedPofobjectOfromanaccessorpropertytoadataproperty.
Preservetheexistingvaluesoftheconvertedproperty's[[Conigurable]]and[[Enumerable]]attributesand
settherestoftheproperty'sattributestotheirdefaultvalues.
8.ElseifIsDataDescriptor(current)andIsDataDescriptor(Desc)arebothtrue,then
a.Ifthe[[Conigurable]]ieldofcurrentisfalse,then
i.Returnfalse,ifthe[[Writable]]ieldofcurrentisfalseandthe[[Writable]]ieldofDescistrue.
ii.Ifthe[[Writable]]ieldofcurrentisfalse,then
1.Returnfalse,ifthe[[Value]]ieldofDescispresentandSameValue(Desc.[[Value]],current.[[Value]])is
false.
b.Elsethe[[Conigurable]]ieldofcurrentistrue,soanychangeisacceptable.
9.ElseIsAccessorDescriptor(current)andIsAccessorDescriptor(Desc)arebothtrue,
a.Ifthe[[Conigurable]]ieldofcurrentisfalse,then
i.Returnfalse,ifthe[[Set]]ieldofDescispresentandSameValue(Desc.[[Set]],current.[[Set]])isfalse.
ii.Returnfalse,ifthe[[Get]]ieldofDescispresentandSameValue(Desc.[[Get]],current.[[Get]])isfalse.
10.IfOisnotundeined,then
a.ForeachieldofDescthatispresent,setthecorrespondingattributeofthepropertynamedPofobjectOtothe
valueoftheield.
11.Returntrue.
NOTE2 Step8.ballowsanyieldofDesctobedifferentfromthecorrespondingieldofcurrentifcurrent's
[[Conigurable]]ieldistrue.Thisevenpermitschangingthe[[Value]]ofapropertywhose[[Writable]]
attributeisfalse.Thisisallowedbecauseatrue[[Conigurable]]attributewouldpermitanequivalent
sequenceofcallswhere[[Writable]]isirstsettotrue,anew[[Value]]isset,andthen[[Writable]]issetto
false.
9.1.7 [[HasProperty]](P)
Whenthe[[HasProperty]]internalmethodofOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return?OrdinaryHasProperty(O,P).
9.1.7.1 OrdinaryHasProperty(O,P)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryHasPropertyiscalledwithObjectOandwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
2.LethasOwnbe?O.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
3.IfhasOwnisnotundeined,returntrue.
4.Letparentbe?O.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
5.Ifparentisnotnull,then
a.Return?parent.[[HasProperty]](P).
6.Returnfalse.
9.1.8 [[Get]](P,Receiver)
Whenthe[[Get]]internalmethodofOiscalledwithpropertykeyPandECMAScriptlanguagevalueReceiver,thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
1.Return?OrdinaryGet(O,P,Receiver).
9.1.8.1 OrdinaryGet(O,P,Receiver)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryGetiscalledwithObjectO,propertykeyP,andECMAScriptlanguagevalueReceiver,
thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Ifdescisundeined,then
a.Letparentbe?O.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
b.Ifparentisnull,returnundeined.
c.Return?parent.[[Get]](P,Receiver).
4.IfIsDataDescriptor(desc)istrue,returndesc.[[Value]].
5.Assert:IsAccessorDescriptor(desc)istrue.
6.Letgetterbedesc.[[Get]].
7.Ifgetterisundeined,returnundeined.
8.Return?Call(getter,Receiver).
9.1.9 [[Set]](P,V,Receiver)
Whenthe[[Set]]internalmethodofOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,valueV,andECMAScriptlanguagevalueReceiver,the
1.Return?OrdinarySet(O,P,V,Receiver).
9.1.9.1 OrdinarySet(O,P,V,Receiver)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinarySetiscalledwithObjectO,propertykeyP,valueV,andECMAScriptlanguagevalue
Receiver,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.LetownDescbe?O.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
3.IfownDescisundeined,then
a.Letparentbe?O.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
b.Ifparentisnotnull,then
i.Return?parent.[[Set]](P,V,Receiver).
c.Else,
i.LetownDescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:undeined,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:true,
[[Conigurable]]:true}.
4.IfIsDataDescriptor(ownDesc)istrue,then
a.IfownDesc.[[Writable]]isfalse,returnfalse.
b.IfType(Receiver)isnotObject,returnfalse.
c.LetexistingDescriptorbe?Receiver.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
d.IfexistingDescriptorisnotundeined,then
i.IfIsAccessorDescriptor(existingDescriptor)istrue,returnfalse.
ii.IfexistingDescriptor.[[Writable]]isfalse,returnfalse.
iii.LetvalueDescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:V}.
iv.Return?Receiver.[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,valueDesc).
e.ElseReceiverdoesnotcurrentlyhaveapropertyP,
i.Return?CreateDataProperty(Receiver,P,V).
5.Assert:IsAccessorDescriptor(ownDesc)istrue.
6.LetsetterbeownDesc.[[Set]].
7.Ifsetterisundeined,returnfalse.
8.Perform?Call(setter,Receiver,V).
9.Returntrue.
9.1.10 [[Delete]](P)
Whenthe[[Delete]]internalmethodofOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return?OrdinaryDelete(O,P).
9.1.10.1 OrdinaryDelete(O,P)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryDeleteiscalledwithObjectOandpropertykeyP,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Ifdescisundeined,returntrue.
4.Ifdesc.[[Conigurable]]istrue,then
a.RemovetheownpropertywithnamePfromO.
b.Returntrue.
5.Returnfalse.
9.1.11 [[OwnPropertyKeys]]()
Whenthe[[OwnPropertyKeys]]internalmethodofOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return!OrdinaryOwnPropertyKeys(O).
9.1.11.1 OrdinaryOwnPropertyKeys(O)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryOwnPropertyKeysiscalledwithObjectO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetkeysbeanewemptyList.
2.ForeachownpropertykeyPofOthatisanintegerindex,inascendingnumericindexorder
a.AddPasthelastelementofkeys.
3.ForeachownpropertykeyPofOthatisaStringbutisnotanintegerindex,inascendingchronologicalorderof
propertycreation
4.ForeachownpropertykeyPofOthatisaSymbol,inascendingchronologicalorderofpropertycreation
5.Returnkeys.
9.1.12 ObjectCreate(proto[,internalSlotsList])
TheabstractoperationObjectCreatewithargumentproto(anobjectornull)isusedtospecifytheruntimecreationofnew
ordinaryobjects.TheoptionalargumentinternalSlotsListisaListofthenamesofadditionalinternalslotsthatmustbe
deinedaspartoftheobject.Ifthelistisnotprovided,anewemptyListisused.Thisabstractoperationperformsthe
followingsteps:
1.IfinternalSlotsListwasnotprovided,letinternalSlotsListbeanewemptyList.
2.LetobjbeanewlycreatedobjectwithaninternalslotforeachnameininternalSlotsList.
3.Setobj'sessentialinternalmethodstothedefaultordinaryobjectdeinitionsspeciiedin9.1.
4.Setthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofobjtoproto.
5.Setthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofobjtotrue.
6.Returnobj.
9.1.13 OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(constructor,intrinsicDefaultProto[,internalSlotsList])
TheabstractoperationOrdinaryCreateFromConstructorcreatesanordinaryobjectwhose[[Prototype]]valueisretrieved
fromaconstructor'sprototypeproperty,ifitexists.OtherwisetheintrinsicnamedbyintrinsicDefaultProtoisusedfor
[[Prototype]].TheoptionalinternalSlotsListisaListofthenamesofadditionalinternalslotsthatmustbedeinedaspartof
theobject.Ifthelistisnotprovided,anewemptyListisused.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:intrinsicDefaultProtoisaStringvaluethatisthisspeciication'snameofanintrinsicobject.Thecorresponding
objectmustbeanintrinsicthatisintendedtobeusedasthe[[Prototype]]valueofanobject.
2.Letprotobe?GetPrototypeFromConstructor(constructor,intrinsicDefaultProto).
3.ReturnObjectCreate(proto,internalSlotsList).
9.1.14 GetPrototypeFromConstructor(constructor,intrinsicDefaultProto)
TheabstractoperationGetPrototypeFromConstructordeterminesthe[[Prototype]]valuethatshouldbeusedtocreatean
objectcorrespondingtoaspeciicconstructor.Thevalueisretrievedfromtheconstructor'sprototypeproperty,ifitexists.
OtherwisetheintrinsicnamedbyintrinsicDefaultProtoisusedfor[[Prototype]].Thisabstractoperationperformsthe
followingsteps:
1.Assert:intrinsicDefaultProtoisaStringvaluethatisthisspeciication'snameofanintrinsicobject.Thecorresponding
objectmustbeanintrinsicthatisintendedtobeusedasthe[[Prototype]]valueofanobject.
2.Assert:IsCallable(constructor)istrue.
3.Letprotobe?Get(constructor,"prototype").
4.IfType(proto)isnotObject,then
a.Letrealmbe?GetFunctionRealm(constructor).
b.Letprotoberealm'sintrinsicobjectnamedintrinsicDefaultProto.
5.Returnproto.
NOTE Ifconstructordoesnotsupplya[[Prototype]]value,thedefaultvaluethatisusedisobtainedfromtherealmof
theconstructorfunctionratherthanfromtherunningexecutioncontext.
9.2 ECMAScriptFunctionObjects
ECMAScriptfunctionobjectsencapsulateparameterizedECMAScriptcodeclosedoveralexicalenvironmentandsupportthe
dynamicevaluationofthatcode.AnECMAScriptfunctionobjectisanordinaryobjectandhasthesameinternalslotsandthe
sameinternalmethodsasotherordinaryobjects.ThecodeofanECMAScriptfunctionobjectmaybeeitherstrictmodecode
(10.2.1)ornonstrictmodecode.AnECMAScriptfunctionobjectwhosecodeisstrictmodecodeiscalledastrictfunction.
Onewhosecodeisnotstrictmodecodeiscalledanonstrictfunction.
ECMAScriptfunctionobjectshavetheadditionalinternalslotslistedinTable27.
Table27:InternalSlotsofECMAScriptFunctionObjects
InternalSlot Type Description
[[Environment]] Lexical TheLexicalEnvironmentthatthefunctionwasclosedover.Usedastheouter

Environment environmentwhenevaluatingthecodeofthefunction.
[[FormalParameters]] ParseNode Therootparsenodeofthesourcetextthatdeinesthefunction'sformalparameter

list.
[[FunctionKind]] String Either"normal","classConstructor"or"generator".
[[ECMAScriptCode]] ParseNode Therootparsenodeofthesourcetextthatdeinesthefunction'sbody.
[[ConstructorKind]] String Either"base"or"derived".
[[Realm]] Realm Therealminwhichthefunctionwascreatedandwhichprovidesanyintrinsic

Record objectsthatareaccessedwhenevaluatingthefunction.
[[ScriptOrModule]] Script Thescriptormoduleinwhichthefunctionwascreated.

Recordor
Module
Record
[[ThisMode]] (lexical, Deineshowthisreferencesareinterpretedwithintheformalparametersand

strict, codebodyofthefunction.lexicalmeansthatthisreferstothethisvalueofa
global) lexicallyenclosingfunction.strictmeansthatthethisvalueisusedexactlyas
providedbyaninvocationofthefunction.globalmeansthatathisvalueof
undeinedisinterpretedasareferencetotheglobalobject.
[[Strict]] Boolean trueifthisisastrictmodefunction,falseifthisisnotastrictmodefunction.
[[HomeObject]] Object Ifthefunctionusessuper,thisistheobjectwhose[[GetPrototypeOf]]providesthe

objectwheresuperpropertylookupsbegin.
AllECMAScriptfunctionobjectshavethe[[Call]]internalmethoddeinedhere.ECMAScriptfunctionsthatarealso
constructorsinadditionhavethe[[Construct]]internalmethod.
9.2.1 [[Call]](thisArgument,argumentsList)
The[[Call]]internalmethodforanECMAScriptfunctionobjectFiscalledwithparametersthisArgumentandargumentsList,a
ListofECMAScriptlanguagevalues.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:FisanECMAScriptfunctionobject.
2.IfF's[[FunctionKind]]internalslotis"classConstructor",throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.LetcalleeContextbePrepareForOrdinaryCall(F,undeined).
5.Assert:calleeContextisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
6.PerformOrdinaryCallBindThis(F,calleeContext,thisArgument).
7.LetresultbeOrdinaryCallEvaluateBody(F,argumentsList).
8.RemovecalleeContextfromtheexecutioncontextstackandrestorecallerContextastherunningexecutioncontext.
9.Ifresult.[[Type]]isreturn,returnNormalCompletion(result.[[Value]]).
10.ReturnIfAbrupt(result).
NOTE WhencalleeContextisremovedfromtheexecutioncontextstackinstep8itmustnotbedestroyedifitis
suspendedandretainedforlaterresumptionbyanaccessiblegeneratorobject.
9.2.1.1 PrepareForOrdinaryCall(F,newTarget)
WhentheabstractoperationPrepareForOrdinaryCalliscalledwithfunctionobjectFandECMAScriptlanguagevalue
newTarget,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:Type(newTarget)isUndeinedorObject.
3.LetcalleeContextbeanewECMAScriptcodeexecutioncontext.
4.SettheFunctionofcalleeContexttoF.
5.LetcalleeRealmbethevalueofF's[[Realm]]internalslot.
6.SettheRealmofcalleeContexttocalleeRealm.
7.SettheScriptOrModuleofcalleeContexttothevalueofF's[[ScriptOrModule]]internalslot.
8.LetlocalEnvbeNewFunctionEnvironment(F,newTarget).
9.SettheLexicalEnvironmentofcalleeContexttolocalEnv.
10.SettheVariableEnvironmentofcalleeContexttolocalEnv.
11.IfcallerContextisnotalreadysuspended,suspendcallerContext.
12.PushcalleeContextontotheexecutioncontextstack;calleeContextisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
13.NOTEAnyexceptionobjectsproducedafterthispointareassociatedwithcalleeRealm.
14.ReturncalleeContext.
9.2.1.2 OrdinaryCallBindThis(F,calleeContext,thisArgument)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryCallBindThisiscalledwithfunctionobjectF,executioncontextcalleeContext,and
ECMAScriptvaluethisArgument,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetthisModebethevalueofF's[[ThisMode]]internalslot.
2.IfthisModeislexical,returnNormalCompletion(undeined).
4.LetlocalEnvbetheLexicalEnvironmentofcalleeContext.
5.IfthisModeisstrict,letthisValuebethisArgument.
6.Else,
a.IfthisArgumentisnullorundeined,then
i.LetglobalEnvbecalleeRealm.[[GlobalEnv]].
ii.LetglobalEnvRecbeglobalEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
iii.LetthisValuebeglobalEnvRec.[[GlobalThisValue]].
b.Else,
i.LetthisValuebe!ToObject(thisArgument).
ii.NOTEToObjectproduceswrapperobjectsusingcalleeRealm.
7.LetenvRecbelocalEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
8.Assert:ThenextstepneverreturnsanabruptcompletionbecauseenvRec.[[ThisBindingStatus]]isnot"initialized".
9.ReturnenvRec.BindThisValue(thisValue).
9.2.1.3 OrdinaryCallEvaluateBody(F,argumentsList)
WhentheabstractoperationOrdinaryCallEvaluateBodyiscalledwithfunctionobjectFandListargumentsList,thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
1.Perform?FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(F,argumentsList).
2.ReturntheresultofEvaluateBodyoftheparsedcodethatisthevalueofF's[[ECMAScriptCode]]internalslotpassingF
astheargument.
9.2.2 [[Construct]](argumentsList,newTarget)
The[[Construct]]internalmethodforanECMAScriptFunctionobjectFiscalledwithparametersargumentsListand
newTarget.argumentsListisapossiblyemptyListofECMAScriptlanguagevalues.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Assert:Type(newTarget)isObject.
4.LetkindbeF's[[ConstructorKind]]internalslot.
5.Ifkindis"base",then
a.LetthisArgumentbe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(newTarget,"%ObjectPrototype%").
6.LetcalleeContextbePrepareForOrdinaryCall(F,newTarget).
7.Assert:calleeContextisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
8.Ifkindis"base",performOrdinaryCallBindThis(F,calleeContext,thisArgument).
9.LetconstructorEnvbetheLexicalEnvironmentofcalleeContext.
10.LetenvRecbeconstructorEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
11.LetresultbeOrdinaryCallEvaluateBody(F,argumentsList).
13.Ifresult.[[Type]]isreturn,then
a.IfType(result.[[Value]])isObject,returnNormalCompletion(result.[[Value]]).
b.Ifkindis"base",returnNormalCompletion(thisArgument).
c.Ifresult.[[Value]]isnotundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
14.Else,ReturnIfAbrupt(result).
15.Return?envRec.GetThisBinding().
9.2.3 FunctionAllocate(functionPrototype,strict,functionKind)
TheabstractoperationFunctionAllocaterequiresthethreeargumentsfunctionPrototype,strictandfunctionKind.
FunctionAllocateperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(functionPrototype)isObject.
2.Assert:functionKindiseither"normal","nonconstructor"or"generator".
3.IffunctionKindis"normal",letneedsConstructbetrue.
4.Else,letneedsConstructbefalse.
5.IffunctionKindis"nonconstructor",letfunctionKindbe"normal".
6.LetFbeanewlycreatedECMAScriptfunctionobjectwiththeinternalslotslistedinTable27.Allofthoseinternalslots
areinitializedtoundeined.
7.SetF'sessentialinternalmethodstothedefaultordinaryobjectdeinitionsspeciiedin9.1.
8.SetF's[[Call]]internalmethodtothedeinitionspeciiedin9.2.1.
9.IfneedsConstructistrue,then
a.SetF's[[Construct]]internalmethodtothedeinitionspeciiedin9.2.2.
b.Setthe[[ConstructorKind]]internalslotofFto"base".
10.Setthe[[Strict]]internalslotofFtostrict.
11.Setthe[[FunctionKind]]internalslotofFtofunctionKind.
12.Setthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofFtofunctionPrototype.
13.Setthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofFtotrue.
14.Setthe[[Realm]]internalslotofFtothecurrentRealmRecord.
15.ReturnF.
9.2.4 FunctionInitialize(F,kind,ParameterList,Body,Scope)
TheabstractoperationFunctionInitializerequiresthearguments:afunctionobjectF,kindwhichisoneof(Normal,Method,
Arrow),aparameterlistproductionspeciiedbyParameterList,abodyproductionspeciiedbyBody,aLexicalEnvironment
speciiedbyScope.FunctionInitializeperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Fisanextensibleobjectthatdoesnothavealengthownproperty.
2.LetlenbetheExpectedArgumentCountofParameterList.
3.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(F,"length",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:len,[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:
false,[[Conigurable]]:true}).
4.LetStrictbethevalueofthe[[Strict]]internalslotofF.
5.Setthe[[Environment]]internalslotofFtothevalueofScope.
6.Setthe[[FormalParameters]]internalslotofFtoParameterList.
7.Setthe[[ECMAScriptCode]]internalslotofFtoBody.
8.Setthe[[ScriptOrModule]]internalslotofFtoGetActiveScriptOrModule().
9.IfkindisArrow,setthe[[ThisMode]]internalslotofFtolexical.
10.ElseifStrictistrue,setthe[[ThisMode]]internalslotofFtostrict.
11.Elsesetthe[[ThisMode]]internalslotofFtoglobal.
12.ReturnF.
9.2.5 FunctionCreate(kind,ParameterList,Body,Scope,Strict[,prototype])
TheabstractoperationFunctionCreaterequiresthearguments:kindwhichisoneof(Normal,Method,Arrow),aparameter
listproductionspeciiedbyParameterList,abodyproductionspeciiedbyBody,aLexicalEnvironmentspeciiedbyScope,a
BooleanlagStrict,andoptionally,anobjectprototype.FunctionCreateperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Iftheprototypeargumentwasnotpassed,then
a.Letprototypebetheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
2.IfkindisnotNormal,letallocKindbe"nonconstructor".
3.ElseletallocKindbe"normal".
4.LetFbeFunctionAllocate(prototype,Strict,allocKind).
5.ReturnFunctionInitialize(F,kind,ParameterList,Body,Scope).
9.2.6 GeneratorFunctionCreate(kind,ParameterList,Body,Scope,Strict)
TheabstractoperationGeneratorFunctionCreaterequiresthearguments:kindwhichisoneof(Normal,Method),a
parameterlistproductionspeciiedbyParameterList,abodyproductionspeciiedbyBody,aLexicalEnvironmentspeciied
byScope,andaBooleanlagStrict.GeneratorFunctionCreateperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetfunctionPrototypebetheintrinsicobject%Generator%.
2.LetFbeFunctionAllocate(functionPrototype,Strict,"generator").
3.ReturnFunctionInitialize(F,kind,ParameterList,Body,Scope).
9.2.7 AddRestrictedFunctionProperties(F,realm)
TheabstractoperationAddRestrictedFunctionPropertiesiscalledwithafunctionobjectFandRealmRecordrealmasits
argument.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:realm.[[Intrinsics]].[[%ThrowTypeError%]]existsandhasbeeninitialized.
2.Letthrowerberealm.[[Intrinsics]].[[%ThrowTypeError%]].
3.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(F,"caller",PropertyDescriptor{[[Get]]:thrower,[[Set]]:thrower,[[Enumerable]]:
4.Return!DeinePropertyOrThrow(F,"arguments",PropertyDescriptor{[[Get]]:thrower,[[Set]]:thrower,
[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}).
9.2.7.1 %ThrowTypeError%()
The%ThrowTypeError%intrinsicisananonymousbuiltinfunctionobjectthatisdeinedonceforeachrealm.When
%ThrowTypeError%iscalleditperformsthefollowingsteps:
Thevalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofa%ThrowTypeError%functionisfalse.
Thelengthpropertyofa%ThrowTypeError%functionhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:false,
[[Conigurable]]:false}.
9.2.8 MakeConstructor(F[,writablePrototype,prototype])
TheabstractoperationMakeConstructorrequiresaFunctionargumentFandoptionally,aBooleanwritablePrototypeandan
objectprototype.Ifprototypeisprovideditisassumedtoalreadycontain,ifneeded,a"constructor"propertywhosevalue
isF.ThisoperationconvertsFintoaconstructorbyperformingthefollowingsteps:
2.Assert:Fhasa[[Construct]]internalmethod.
3.Assert:Fisanextensibleobjectthatdoesnothaveaprototypeownproperty.
4.IfthewritablePrototypeargumentwasnotprovided,letwritablePrototypebetrue.
5.Iftheprototypeargumentwasnotprovided,then
a.LetprototypebeObjectCreate(%ObjectPrototype%).
b.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(prototype,"constructor",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:F,[[Writable]]:
writablePrototype,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}).
6.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(F,"prototype",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:prototype,[[Writable]]:
writablePrototype,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:false}).
9.2.9 MakeClassConstructor(F)
TheabstractoperationMakeClassConstructorwithargumentFperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Assert:F's[[FunctionKind]]internalslotis"normal".
3.SetF's[[FunctionKind]]internalslotto"classConstructor".
9.2.10 MakeMethod(F,homeObject)
TheabstractoperationMakeMethodwithargumentsFandhomeObjectconiguresFasamethodbyperformingthefollowing
steps:
2.Assert:Type(homeObject)isObject.
3.Setthe[[HomeObject]]internalslotofFtohomeObject.
9.2.11 SetFunctionName(F,name[,preix])
TheabstractoperationSetFunctionNamerequiresaFunctionargumentF,aStringorSymbolargumentnameandoptionally
aStringargumentpreix.ThisoperationaddsanamepropertytoFbyperformingthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Fisanextensibleobjectthatdoesnothaveanameownproperty.
2.Assert:Type(name)iseitherSymbolorString.
3.Assert:Ifpreixwaspassed,thenType(preix)isString.
4.IfType(name)isSymbol,then
a.Letdescriptionbename's[[Description]]value.
b.Ifdescriptionisundeined,letnamebetheemptyString.
c.Else,letnamebetheconcatenationof"[",description,and"]".
5.Ifpreixwaspassed,then
a.Letnamebetheconcatenationofpreix,codeunit0x0020(SPACE),andname.
6.Return!DeinePropertyOrThrow(F,"name",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:name,[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:
9.2.12 FunctionDeclarationInstantiation(func,argumentsList)
NOTE1 WhenanexecutioncontextisestablishedforevaluatinganECMAScriptfunctionanewfunctionEnvironment
RecordiscreatedandbindingsforeachformalparameterareinstantiatedinthatEnvironmentRecord.Each
declarationinthefunctionbodyisalsoinstantiated.Ifthefunction'sformalparametersdonotincludeany
defaultvalueinitializersthenthebodydeclarationsareinstantiatedinthesameEnvironmentRecordasthe
parameters.Ifdefaultvalueparameterinitializersexist,asecondEnvironmentRecordiscreatedforthebody
declarations.FormalparametersandfunctionsareinitializedaspartofFunctionDeclarationInstantiation.All
otherbindingsareinitializedduringevaluationofthefunctionbody.
FunctionDeclarationInstantiationisperformedasfollowsusingargumentsfuncandargumentsList.funcisthefunctionobject
forwhichtheexecutioncontextisbeingestablished.
1.LetcalleeContextbetherunningexecutioncontext.
2.LetenvbetheLexicalEnvironmentofcalleeContext.
3.LetenvRecbeenv'sEnvironmentRecord.
4.Letcodebethevalueofthe[[ECMAScriptCode]]internalslotoffunc.
5.Letstrictbethevalueofthe[[Strict]]internalslotoffunc.
6.Letformalsbethevalueofthe[[FormalParameters]]internalslotoffunc.
7.LetparameterNamesbetheBoundNamesofformals.
8.IfparameterNameshasanyduplicateentries,lethasDuplicatesbetrue.Otherwise,lethasDuplicatesbefalse.
9.LetsimpleParameterListbeIsSimpleParameterListofformals.
10.LethasParameterExpressionsbeContainsExpressionofformals.
11.LetvarNamesbetheVarDeclaredNamesofcode.
12.LetvarDeclarationsbetheVarScopedDeclarationsofcode.
13.LetlexicalNamesbetheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofcode.
14.LetfunctionNamesbeanewemptyList.
15.LetfunctionsToInitializebeanewemptyList.
16.ForeachdinvarDeclarations,inreverselistorderdo
a.IfdisneitheraVariableDeclarationoraForBinding,then
i.Assert:diseitheraFunctionDeclarationoraGeneratorDeclaration.
ii.LetfnbethesoleelementoftheBoundNamesofd.
iii.IffnisnotanelementoffunctionNames,then
1.InsertfnastheirstelementoffunctionNames.
2.NOTEIftherearemultipleFunctionDeclarationsorGeneratorDeclarationsforthesamename,thelast
declarationisused.
3.InsertdastheirstelementoffunctionsToInitialize.
17.LetargumentsObjectNeededbetrue.
18.Ifthevalueofthe[[ThisMode]]internalslotoffuncislexical,then
a.NOTEArrowfunctionsneverhaveanargumentsobjects.
b.LetargumentsObjectNeededbefalse.
19.Elseif"arguments"isanelementofparameterNames,then
a.LetargumentsObjectNeededbefalse.
20.ElseifhasParameterExpressionsisfalse,then
a.If"arguments"isanelementoffunctionNamesorif"arguments"isanelementoflexicalNames,then
i.LetargumentsObjectNeededbefalse.
21.ForeachStringparamNameinparameterNames,do
a.LetalreadyDeclaredbeenvRec.HasBinding(paramName).
b.NOTEEarlyerrorsensurethatduplicateparameternamescanonlyoccurinnonstrictfunctionsthatdonothave
parameterdefaultvaluesorrestparameters.
c.IfalreadyDeclaredisfalse,then
i.Perform!envRec.CreateMutableBinding(paramName,false).
ii.IfhasDuplicatesistrue,then
1.Perform!envRec.InitializeBinding(paramName,undeined).
22.IfargumentsObjectNeededistrue,then
a.IfstrictistrueorifsimpleParameterListisfalse,then
i.LetaobeCreateUnmappedArgumentsObject(argumentsList).
b.Else,
i.NOTEmappedargumentobjectisonlyprovidedfornonstrictfunctionsthatdon'thavearestparameter,any
parameterdefaultvalueinitializers,oranydestructuredparameters.
ii.LetaobeCreateMappedArgumentsObject(func,formals,argumentsList,envRec).
c.Ifstrictistrue,then
i.Perform!envRec.CreateImmutableBinding("arguments",false).
d.Else,
i.Perform!envRec.CreateMutableBinding("arguments",false).
e.CallenvRec.InitializeBinding("arguments",ao).
f.Append"arguments"toparameterNames.
23.LetiteratorRecordbeRecord{[[Iterator]]:CreateListIterator(argumentsList),[[Done]]:false}.
24.IfhasDuplicatesistrue,then
a.Perform?IteratorBindingInitializationforformalswithiteratorRecordandundeinedasarguments.
25.Else,
a.Perform?IteratorBindingInitializationforformalswithiteratorRecordandenvasarguments.
26.IfhasParameterExpressionsisfalse,then
a.NOTEOnlyasinglelexicalenvironmentisneededfortheparametersandtoplevelvars.
b.LetinstantiatedVarNamesbeacopyoftheListparameterNames.
c.ForeachninvarNames,do
i.IfnisnotanelementofinstantiatedVarNames,then
1.AppendntoinstantiatedVarNames.
2.Perform!envRec.CreateMutableBinding(n,false).
3.CallenvRec.InitializeBinding(n,undeined).
d.LetvarEnvbeenv.
e.LetvarEnvRecbeenvRec.
27.Else,
a.NOTEAseparateEnvironmentRecordisneededtoensurethatclosurescreatedbyexpressionsintheformal
parameterlistdonothavevisibilityofdeclarationsinthefunctionbody.
b.LetvarEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(env).
c.LetvarEnvRecbevarEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
d.SettheVariableEnvironmentofcalleeContexttovarEnv.
e.LetinstantiatedVarNamesbeanewemptyList.
f.ForeachninvarNames,do
i.IfnisnotanelementofinstantiatedVarNames,then
1.AppendntoinstantiatedVarNames.
2.Perform!varEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(n,false).
3.IfnisnotanelementofparameterNamesorifnisanelementoffunctionNames,letinitialValuebe
undeined.
4.Else,
a.LetinitialValuebe!envRec.GetBindingValue(n,false).
5.CallvarEnvRec.InitializeBinding(n,initialValue).
6.NOTEvarswhosenamesarethesameasaformalparameter,initiallyhavethesamevalueasthe
correspondinginitializedparameter.
28.NOTE:AnnexB.3.3.1addsadditionalstepsatthispoint.
29.Ifstrictisfalse,then
a.LetlexEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(varEnv).
b.NOTE:NonstrictfunctionsuseaseparatelexicalEnvironmentRecordfortoplevellexicaldeclarationssothata
directevalcandeterminewhetheranyvarscopeddeclarationsintroducedbytheevalcodeconlictwithpre
existingtoplevellexicallyscopeddeclarations.Thisisnotneededforstrictfunctionsbecauseastrictdirecteval
alwaysplacesalldeclarationsintoanewEnvironmentRecord.
30.Else,letlexEnvbevarEnv.
31.LetlexEnvRecbelexEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
32.SettheLexicalEnvironmentofcalleeContexttolexEnv.
33.LetlexDeclarationsbetheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofcode.
34.ForeachelementdinlexDeclarationsdo
a.NOTEAlexicallydeclarednamecannotbethesameasafunction/generatordeclaration,formalparameter,ora
varname.Lexicallydeclarednamesareonlyinstantiatedherebutnotinitialized.
b.ForeachelementdnoftheBoundNamesofddo
i.IfIsConstantDeclarationofdistrue,then
1.Perform!lexEnvRec.CreateImmutableBinding(dn,true).
ii.Else,
1.Perform!lexEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(dn,false).
35.ForeachparsedgrammarphrasefinfunctionsToInitialize,do
a.LetfnbethesoleelementoftheBoundNamesoff.
b.LetfobetheresultofperformingInstantiateFunctionObjectforfwithargumentlexEnv.
c.Perform!varEnvRec.SetMutableBinding(fn,fo,false).
NOTE2 B.3.3providesanextensiontotheabovealgorithmthatisnecessaryforbackwardscompatibilitywithweb
browserimplementationsofECMAScriptthatpredateECMAScript2015.
NOTE3 ParameterInitializersmaycontaindirectevalexpressions.Anytopleveldeclarationsofsuchevalsareonly
visibletotheevalcode(10.2).Thecreationoftheenvironmentforsuchdeclarationsisdescribedin14.1.19.
9.3 BuiltinFunctionObjects
ThebuiltinfunctionobjectsdeinedinthisspeciicationmaybeimplementedaseitherECMAScriptfunctionobjects(9.2)
whosebehaviourisprovidedusingECMAScriptcodeorasimplementationprovidedexoticfunctionobjectswhosebehaviour
isprovidedinsomeothermanner.Ineithercase,theeffectofcallingsuchfunctionsmustconformtotheirspeciications.An
implementationmayalsoprovideadditionalbuiltinfunctionobjectsthatarenotdeinedinthisspeciication.
Ifabuiltinfunctionobjectisimplementedasanexoticobjectitmusthavetheordinaryobjectbehaviourspeciiedin9.1.All
suchexoticfunctionobjectsalsohave[[Prototype]],[[Extensible]],[[Realm]],and[[ScriptOrModule]]internalslots.
Unlessotherwisespeciiedeverybuiltinfunctionobjecthasthe%FunctionPrototype%objectastheinitialvalueofits
[[Prototype]]internalslot.
Thebehaviourspeciiedforeachbuiltinfunctionviaalgorithmstepsorothermeansisthespeciicationofthefunctionbody
behaviourforboth[[Call]]and[[Construct]]invocationsofthefunction.However,[[Construct]]invocationisnotsupported
byallbuiltinfunctions.Foreachbuiltinfunction,wheninvokedwith[[Call]],the[[Call]]thisArgumentprovidesthethis
value,the[[Call]]argumentsListprovidesthenamedparameters,andtheNewTargetvalueisundeined.Wheninvokedwith
[[Construct]],thethisvalueisuninitialized,the[[Construct]]argumentsListprovidesthenamedparameters,andthe
[[Construct]]newTargetparameterprovidestheNewTargetvalue.IfthebuiltinfunctionisimplementedasanECMAScript
functionobjectthenthisspeciiedbehaviourmustbeimplementedbytheECMAScriptcodethatisthebodyofthefunction.
BuiltinfunctionsthatareECMAScriptfunctionobjectsmustbestrictmodefunctions.Ifabuiltinconstructorhasany[[Call]]
behaviourotherthanthrowingaTypeErrorexception,anECMAScriptimplementationofthefunctionmustbedoneina
mannerthatdoesnotcausethefunction's[[FunctionKind]]internalslottohavethevalue"classConstructor".
Builtinfunctionobjectsthatarenotidentiiedasconstructorsdonotimplementthe[[Construct]]internalmethodunless
otherwisespeciiedinthedescriptionofaparticularfunction.Whenabuiltinconstructoriscalledaspartofanew
expressiontheargumentsListparameteroftheinvoked[[Construct]]internalmethodprovidesthevaluesforthebuiltin
constructor'snamedparameters.
Builtinfunctionsthatarenotconstructorsdonothaveaprototypepropertyunlessotherwisespeciiedinthedescription
ofaparticularfunction.
IfabuiltinfunctionobjectisnotimplementedasanECMAScriptfunctionitmustprovide[[Call]]and[[Construct]]internal
methodsthatconformtothefollowingdeinitions:
The[[Call]]internalmethodforabuiltinfunctionobjectFiscalledwithparametersthisArgumentandargumentsList,aList
ofECMAScriptlanguagevalues.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfcallerContextisnotalreadysuspended,suspendcallerContext.
3.LetcalleeContextbeanewECMAScriptcodeexecutioncontext.
4.SettheFunctionofcalleeContexttoF.
6.SettheRealmofcalleeContexttocalleeRealm.
7.SettheScriptOrModuleofcalleeContexttothevalueofF's[[ScriptOrModule]]internalslot.
8.PerformanynecessaryimplementationdeinedinitializationofcalleeContext.
9.PushcalleeContextontotheexecutioncontextstack;calleeContextisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
10.LetresultbetheCompletionRecordthatistheresultofevaluatingFinanimplementationdeinedmannerthat
conformstothespeciicationofF.thisArgumentisthethisvalue,argumentsListprovidesthenamedparameters,and
theNewTargetvalueisundeined.
12.Returnresult.
NOTE WhencalleeContextisremovedfromtheexecutioncontextstackitmustnotbedestroyedifithasbeen
suspendedandretainedbyanaccessiblegeneratorobjectforlaterresumption.
The[[Construct]]internalmethodforbuiltinfunctionobjectFiscalledwithparametersargumentsListandnewTarget.The
stepsperformedarethesameas[[Call]](see9.3.1)exceptthatstep10isreplacedby:
10.LetresultbetheCompletionRecordthatistheresultofevaluatingFinanimplementationdeinedmannerthat
conformstothespeciicationofF.Thethisvalueisuninitialized,argumentsListprovidesthenamedparameters,and
newTargetprovidestheNewTargetvalue.
9.3.3 CreateBuiltinFunction(realm,steps,prototype[,internalSlotsList])
TheabstractoperationCreateBuiltinFunctiontakesargumentsrealm,prototype,andsteps.Theoptionalargument
internalSlotsListisaListofthenamesofadditionalinternalslotsthatmustbedeinedaspartoftheobject.Ifthelistisnot
provided,anewemptyListisused.CreateBuiltinFunctionreturnsabuiltinfunctionobjectcreatedbythefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:realmisaRealmRecord.
2.Assert:stepsiseitherasetofalgorithmstepsorotherdeinitionofafunction'sbehaviourprovidedinthisspeciication.
3.Letfuncbeanewbuiltinfunctionobjectthatwhencalledperformstheactiondescribedbysteps.Thenewfunction
objecthasinternalslotswhosenamesaretheelementsofinternalSlotsList.Theinitialvalueofeachofthoseinternal
slotsisundeined.
4.Setthe[[Realm]]internalslotoffunctorealm.
5.Setthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoffunctoprototype.
6.Setthe[[Extensible]]internalslotoffunctotrue.
7.Setthe[[ScriptOrModule]]internalslotoffunctonull.
8.Returnfunc.
EachbuiltinfunctiondeinedinthisspeciicationiscreatedasifbycallingtheCreateBuiltinFunctionabstractoperation,
unlessotherwisespeciied.
9.4 BuiltinExoticObjectInternalMethodsandSlots
Thisspeciicationdeinesseveralkindsofbuiltinexoticobjects.Theseobjectsgenerallybehavesimilartoordinaryobjects
exceptforafewspeciicsituations.Thefollowingexoticobjectsusetheordinaryobjectinternalmethodsexceptwhereitis
explicitlyspeciiedotherwisebelow:
9.4.1 BoundFunctionExoticObjects
Aboundfunctionisanexoticobjectthatwrapsanotherfunctionobject.Aboundfunctioniscallable(ithasa[[Call]]internal
methodandmayhavea[[Construct]]internalmethod).Callingaboundfunctiongenerallyresultsinacallofitswrapped
function.
BoundfunctionobjectsdonothavetheinternalslotsofECMAScriptfunctionobjectsdeinedinTable27.Insteadtheyhave
theinternalslotsdeinedinTable28.
Table28:InternalSlotsofExoticBoundFunctionObjects
InternalSlot Type Description
[[BoundTargetFunction]] Callable Thewrappedfunctionobject.

Object
[[BoundThis]] Any Thevaluethatisalwayspassedasthethisvaluewhencallingthewrapped

function.
[[BoundArguments]] ListofAny Alistofvalueswhoseelementsareusedastheirstargumentstoanycalltothe

wrappedfunction.
Boundfunctionobjectsprovidealloftheessentialinternalmethodsasspeciiedin9.1.However,theyusethefollowing
deinitionsfortheessentialinternalmethodsoffunctionobjects.
9.4.1.1 [[Call]](thisArgument,argumentsList)
Whenthe[[Call]]internalmethodofanexoticboundfunctionobject,F,whichwascreatedusingthebindfunctioniscalled
withparametersthisArgumentandargumentsList,aListofECMAScriptlanguagevalues,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LettargetbethevalueofF's[[BoundTargetFunction]]internalslot.
2.LetboundThisbethevalueofF's[[BoundThis]]internalslot.
3.LetboundArgsbethevalueofF's[[BoundArguments]]internalslot.
4.LetargsbeanewlistcontainingthesamevaluesasthelistboundArgsinthesameorderfollowedbythesamevaluesas
thelistargumentsListinthesameorder.
5.Return?Call(target,boundThis,args).
9.4.1.2 [[Construct]](argumentsList,newTarget)
Whenthe[[Construct]]internalmethodofanexoticboundfunctionobject,Fthatwascreatedusingthebindfunctionis
calledwithalistofargumentsargumentsListandnewTarget,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LettargetbethevalueofF's[[BoundTargetFunction]]internalslot.
2.Assert:targethasa[[Construct]]internalmethod.
3.LetboundArgsbethevalueofF's[[BoundArguments]]internalslot.
4.LetargsbeanewlistcontainingthesamevaluesasthelistboundArgsinthesameorderfollowedbythesamevaluesas
thelistargumentsListinthesameorder.
5.IfSameValue(F,newTarget)istrue,letnewTargetbetarget.
6.Return?Construct(target,args,newTarget).
9.4.1.3 BoundFunctionCreate(targetFunction,boundThis,boundArgs)
TheabstractoperationBoundFunctionCreatewithargumentstargetFunction,boundThisandboundArgsisusedtospecifythe
creationofnewBoundFunctionexoticobjects.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(targetFunction)isObject.
2.Letprotobe?targetFunction.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
3.Letobjbeanewlycreatedobject.
4.Setobj'sessentialinternalmethodstothedefaultordinaryobjectdeinitionsspeciiedin9.1.
5.Setthe[[Call]]internalmethodofobjasdescribedin9.4.1.1.
6.IftargetFunctionhasa[[Construct]]internalmethod,then
a.Setthe[[Construct]]internalmethodofobjasdescribedin9.4.1.2.
7.Setthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofobjtoproto.
9.Setthe[[BoundTargetFunction]]internalslotofobjtotargetFunction.
10.Setthe[[BoundThis]]internalslotofobjtothevalueofboundThis.
11.Setthe[[BoundArguments]]internalslotofobjtoboundArgs.
12.Returnobj.
9.4.2 ArrayExoticObjects
AnArrayobjectisanexoticobjectthatgivesspecialtreatmenttoarrayindexpropertykeys(see6.1.7).Apropertywhose
propertynameisanarrayindexisalsocalledanelement.EveryArrayobjecthasalengthpropertywhosevalueisalwaysa
nonnegativeintegerlessthan232.Thevalueofthelengthpropertyisnumericallygreaterthanthenameofeveryown
propertywhosenameisanarrayindex;wheneveranownpropertyofanArrayobjectiscreatedorchanged,otherproperties
areadjustedasnecessarytomaintainthisinvariant.Speciically,wheneveranownpropertyisaddedwhosenameisanarray
index,thevalueofthelengthpropertyischanged,ifnecessary,tobeonemorethanthenumericvalueofthatarrayindex;
andwheneverthevalueofthelengthpropertyischanged,everyownpropertywhosenameisanarrayindexwhosevalueis
notsmallerthanthenewlengthisdeleted.ThisconstraintappliesonlytoownpropertiesofanArrayobjectandisunaffected
bylengthorarrayindexpropertiesthatmaybeinheritedfromitsprototypes.
NOTE AStringpropertynamePisanarrayindexifandonlyifToString(ToUint32(P))isequaltoPandToUint32(P)is
notequalto2321.
Arrayexoticobjectsalwayshaveanonconigurablepropertynamed"length".
Arrayexoticobjectsprovideanalternativedeinitionforthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethod.Exceptforthatinternal
method,Arrayexoticobjectsprovidealloftheotheressentialinternalmethodsasspeciiedin9.1.
9.4.2.1 [[DeineOwnProperty]](P,Desc)
Whenthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofanArrayexoticobjectAiscalledwithpropertykeyP,andProperty
DescriptorDesc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfPis"length",then
a.Return?ArraySetLength(A,Desc).
3.ElseifPisanarrayindex,then
a.LetoldLenDescbeOrdinaryGetOwnProperty(A,"length").
b.Assert:oldLenDescwillneverbeundeinedoranaccessordescriptorbecauseArrayobjectsarecreatedwitha
lengthdatapropertythatcannotbedeletedorreconigured.
c.LetoldLenbeoldLenDesc.[[Value]].
d.Letindexbe!ToUint32(P).
e.IfindexoldLenandoldLenDesc.[[Writable]]isfalse,returnfalse.
f.Letsucceededbe!OrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(A,P,Desc).
g.Ifsucceededisfalse,returnfalse.
h.IfindexoldLen,then
i.SetoldLenDesc.[[Value]]toindex+1.
ii.LetsucceededbeOrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(A,"length",oldLenDesc).
iii.Assert:succeededistrue.
i.Returntrue.
4.ReturnOrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(A,P,Desc).
9.4.2.2 ArrayCreate(length[,proto])
TheabstractoperationArrayCreatewithargumentlength(either0orapositiveinteger)andoptionalargumentprotoisused
tospecifythecreationofnewArrayexoticobjects.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:lengthisanintegerNumber0.
2.Iflengthis0,letlengthbe+0.
3.Iflength>2321,throwaRangeErrorexception.
4.Iftheprotoargumentwasnotpassed,letprotobetheintrinsicobject%ArrayPrototype%.
5.LetAbeanewlycreatedArrayexoticobject.
6.SetA'sessentialinternalmethodsexceptfor[[DeineOwnProperty]]tothedefaultordinaryobjectdeinitionsspeciied
in9.1.
7.Setthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofAasspeciiedin9.4.2.1.
8.Setthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofAtoproto.
9.Setthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofAtotrue.
10.Perform!OrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(A,"length",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:length,[[Writable]]:true,
[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:false}).
11.ReturnA.
9.4.2.3 ArraySpeciesCreate(originalArray,length)
TheabstractoperationArraySpeciesCreatewithargumentsoriginalArrayandlengthisusedtospecifythecreationofanew
ArrayobjectusingaconstructorfunctionthatisderivedfromoriginalArray.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:lengthisanintegerNumber0.
2.Iflengthis0,letlengthbe+0.
3.LetCbeundeined.
4.LetisArraybe?IsArray(originalArray).
5.IfisArrayistrue,then
a.LetCbe?Get(originalArray,"constructor").
b.IfIsConstructor(C)istrue,then
i.LetthisRealmbethecurrentRealmRecord.
ii.LetrealmCbe?GetFunctionRealm(C).
iii.IfthisRealmandrealmCarenotthesameRealmRecord,then
1.IfSameValue(C,realmC.[[Intrinsics]].[[%Array%]])istrue,letCbeundeined.
c.IfType(C)isObject,then
i.LetCbe?Get(C,@@species).
ii.IfCisnull,letCbeundeined.
6.IfCisundeined,return?ArrayCreate(length).
7.IfIsConstructor(C)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
8.Return?Construct(C,length).
NOTE IforiginalArraywascreatedusingthestandardbuiltinArrayconstructorforarealmthatisnottherealmof
therunningexecutioncontext,thenanewArrayiscreatedusingtherealmoftherunningexecutioncontext.
ThismaintainscompatibilitywithWebbrowsersthathavehistoricallyhadthatbehaviourforthe
Array.prototypemethodsthatnowaredeinedusingArraySpeciesCreate.
9.4.2.4 ArraySetLength(A,Desc)
WhentheabstractoperationArraySetLengthiscalledwithanArrayexoticobjectA,andPropertyDescriptorDesc,the
1.Ifthe[[Value]]ieldofDescisabsent,then
a.ReturnOrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(A,"length",Desc).
2.LetnewLenDescbeacopyofDesc.
3.LetnewLenbe?ToUint32(Desc.[[Value]]).
4.LetnumberLenbe?ToNumber(Desc.[[Value]]).
5.IfnewLennumberLen,throwaRangeErrorexception.
6.SetnewLenDesc.[[Value]]tonewLen.
7.LetoldLenDescbeOrdinaryGetOwnProperty(A,"length").
8.Assert:oldLenDescwillneverbeundeinedoranaccessordescriptorbecauseArrayobjectsarecreatedwithalength
datapropertythatcannotbedeletedorreconigured.
9.LetoldLenbeoldLenDesc.[[Value]].
10.IfnewLenoldLen,then
a.ReturnOrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(A,"length",newLenDesc).
11.IfoldLenDesc.[[Writable]]isfalse,returnfalse.
12.IfnewLenDesc.[[Writable]]isabsentorhasthevaluetrue,letnewWritablebetrue.
13.Else,
a.Needtodefersettingthe[[Writable]]attributetofalseincaseanyelementscannotbedeleted.
b.LetnewWritablebefalse.
c.SetnewLenDesc.[[Writable]]totrue.
14.Letsucceededbe!OrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(A,"length",newLenDesc).
15.Ifsucceededisfalse,returnfalse.
16.WhilenewLen<oldLenrepeat,
a.SetoldLentooldLen1.
b.LetdeleteSucceededbe!A.[[Delete]](!ToString(oldLen)).
c.IfdeleteSucceededisfalse,then
i.SetnewLenDesc.[[Value]]tooldLen+1.
ii.IfnewWritableisfalse,setnewLenDesc.[[Writable]]tofalse.
iii.Letsucceededbe!OrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(A,"length",newLenDesc).
iv.Returnfalse.
17.IfnewWritableisfalse,then
a.ReturnOrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(A,"length",PropertyDescriptor{[[Writable]]:false}).Thiscallwillalways
returntrue.
18.Returntrue.
NOTE Insteps3and4,ifDesc.[[Value]]isanobjectthenitsvalueOfmethodiscalledtwice.Thisislegacybehaviour
thatwasspeciiedwiththiseffectstartingwiththe2ndEditionofthisspeciication.
9.4.3 StringExoticObjects
AStringobjectisanexoticobjectthatencapsulatesaStringvalueandexposesvirtualintegerindexeddataproperties
correspondingtotheindividualcodeunitelementsoftheStringvalue.ExoticStringobjectsalwayshaveadataproperty
named"length"whosevalueisthenumberofcodeunitelementsintheencapsulatedStringvalue.Boththecodeunitdata
propertiesandthe"length"propertyarenonwritableandnonconigurable.
ExoticStringobjectshavethesameinternalslotsasordinaryobjects.Theyalsohavea[[StringData]]internalslot.
ExoticStringobjectsprovidealternativedeinitionsforthefollowinginternalmethods.AlloftheotherexoticStringobject
essentialinternalmethodsthatarenotdeinedbelowareasspeciiedin9.1.
9.4.3.1 [[GetOwnProperty]](P)
Whenthe[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethodofanexoticStringobjectSiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingsteps
aretaken:
2.LetdescbeOrdinaryGetOwnProperty(S,P).
3.Ifdescisnotundeined,returndesc.
4.IfType(P)isnotString,returnundeined.
5.Letindexbe!CanonicalNumericIndexString(P).
6.Ifindexisundeined,returnundeined.
7.IfIsInteger(index)isfalse,returnundeined.
8.Ifindex=0,returnundeined.
9.LetstrbetheStringvalueofthe[[StringData]]internalslotofS.
10.Letlenbethenumberofelementsinstr.
11.Ifindex<0orlenindex,returnundeined.
12.LetresultStrbeaStringvalueoflength1,containingonecodeunitfromstr,speciicallythecodeunitatindexindex.
13.ReturnaPropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:resultStr,[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:true,[[Conigurable]]:false}.
9.4.3.2 [[OwnPropertyKeys]]()
Whenthe[[OwnPropertyKeys]]internalmethodofaStringexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.LetstrbetheStringvalueofthe[[StringData]]internalslotofO.
3.Letlenbethenumberofelementsinstr.
4.Foreachintegeristartingwith0suchthati<len,inascendingorder,
a.Add!ToString(i)asthelastelementofkeys.
5.ForeachownpropertykeyPofOsuchthatPisanintegerindexandToInteger(P)len,inascendingnumericindex
order,
6.ForeachownpropertykeyPofOsuchthatType(P)isStringandPisnotanintegerindex,inascendingchronological
orderofpropertycreation,
7.ForeachownpropertykeyPofOsuchthatType(P)isSymbol,inascendingchronologicalorderofpropertycreation,
8.Returnkeys.
9.4.3.3 StringCreate(value,prototype)
TheabstractoperationStringCreatewithargumentsvalueandprototypeisusedtospecifythecreationofnewexoticString
objects.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(value)isString.
2.LetSbeanewlycreatedStringexoticobject.
3.Setthe[[StringData]]internalslotofStovalue.
4.SetS'sessentialinternalmethodstothedefaultordinaryobjectdeinitionsspeciiedin9.1.
5.Setthe[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethodofSasspeciiedin9.4.3.1.
6.Setthe[[OwnPropertyKeys]]internalmethodofSasspeciiedin9.4.3.2.
7.Setthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofStoprototype.
8.Setthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofStotrue.
9.Letlengthbethenumberofcodeunitelementsinvalue.
10.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(S,"length",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:length,[[Writable]]:false,
11.ReturnS.
9.4.4 ArgumentsExoticObjects
MostECMAScriptfunctionsmakeanargumentsobjectavailabletotheircode.Dependinguponthecharacteristicsofthe
functiondeinition,itsargumentsobjectiseitheranordinaryobjectoranargumentsexoticobject.Anargumentsexotic
objectisanexoticobjectwhosearrayindexpropertiesmaptotheformalparametersbindingsofaninvocationofits
associatedECMAScriptfunction.
Argumentsexoticobjectshavethesameinternalslotsasordinaryobjects.Theyalsohavea[[ParameterMap]]internalslot.
Ordinaryargumentsobjectsalsohavea[[ParameterMap]]internalslotwhosevalueisalwaysundeined.Forordinary
argumentobjectsthe[[ParameterMap]]internalslotisonlyusedbyObject.prototype.toString(19.1.3.6)toidentify
themassuch.
Argumentsexoticobjectsprovidealternativedeinitionsforthefollowinginternalmethods.Alloftheotherexoticarguments
objectessentialinternalmethodsthatarenotdeinedbelowareasspeciiedin9.1
NOTE1 Fornonstrictfunctionstheintegerindexeddatapropertiesofanargumentsobjectwhosenumericname
valuesarelessthanthenumberofformalparametersofthecorrespondingfunctionobjectinitiallysharetheir
valueswiththecorrespondingargumentbindingsinthefunction'sexecutioncontext.Thismeansthat
changingthepropertychangesthecorrespondingvalueoftheargumentbindingandviceversa.This
correspondenceisbrokenifsuchapropertyisdeletedandthenredeinedorifthepropertyischangedintoan
accessorproperty.Forstrictmodefunctions,thevaluesoftheargumentsobject'spropertiesaresimplyacopy
oftheargumentspassedtothefunctionandthereisnodynamiclinkagebetweenthepropertyvaluesandthe
formalparametervalues.
NOTE2 TheParameterMapobjectanditspropertyvaluesareusedasadeviceforspecifyingtheargumentsobject
correspondencetoargumentbindings.TheParameterMapobjectandtheobjectsthatarethevaluesofits
propertiesarenotdirectlyobservablefromECMAScriptcode.AnECMAScriptimplementationdoesnotneedto
actuallycreateorusesuchobjectstoimplementthespeciiedsemantics.
NOTE3 Argumentsobjectsforstrictmodefunctionsdeinenonconigurableaccessorpropertiesnamed"caller"
and"callee"whichthrowaTypeErrorexceptiononaccess.The"callee"propertyhasamorespeciic
meaningfornonstrictfunctionsanda"caller"propertyhashistoricallybeenprovidedasan
implementationdeinedextensionbysomeECMAScriptimplementations.Thestrictmodedeinitionofthese
propertiesexiststoensurethatneitherofthemisdeinedinanyothermannerbyconformingECMAScript
implementations.
The[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethodofanargumentsexoticobjectwhencalledwithapropertykeyPperformsthe
followingsteps:
1.Letargsbetheargumentsobject.
2.LetdescbeOrdinaryGetOwnProperty(args,P).
3.Ifdescisundeined,returndesc.
4.Letmapbethevalueofthe[[ParameterMap]]internalslotoftheargumentsobject.
5.LetisMappedbe!HasOwnProperty(map,P).
6.IfthevalueofisMappedistrue,then
a.Setdesc.[[Value]]toGet(map,P).
7.IfIsDataDescriptor(desc)istrueandPis"caller"anddesc.[[Value]]isastrictmodeFunctionobject,throwa
TypeErrorexception.
8.Returndesc.
Ifanimplementationdoesnotprovideabuiltincallerpropertyforargumentexoticobjectsthenstep7ofthisalgorithm
mustbeskipped.
The[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofanargumentsexoticobjectwhencalledwithapropertykeyPandProperty
DescriptorDescperformsthefollowingsteps:
3.LetisMappedbeHasOwnProperty(map,P).
4.LetnewArgDescbeDesc.
5.IfisMappedistrueandIsDataDescriptor(Desc)istrue,then
a.IfDesc.[[Value]]isnotpresentandDesc.[[Writable]]ispresentanditsvalueisfalse,then
i.LetnewArgDescbeacopyofDesc.
ii.SetnewArgDesc.[[Value]]toGet(map,P).
6.Letallowedbe?OrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(args,P,newArgDesc).
7.Ifallowedisfalse,returnfalse.
8.IfthevalueofisMappedistrue,then
a.IfIsAccessorDescriptor(Desc)istrue,then
i.Callmap.[[Delete]](P).
b.Else,
i.IfDesc.[[Value]]ispresent,then
1.LetsetStatusbeSet(map,P,Desc.[[Value]],false).
2.Assert:setStatusistruebecauseformalparametersmappedbyargumentobjectsarealwayswritable.
ii.IfDesc.[[Writable]]ispresentanditsvalueisfalse,then
1.Callmap.[[Delete]](P).
9.Returntrue.
9.4.4.3 [[Get]](P,Receiver)
The[[Get]]internalmethodofanargumentsexoticobjectwhencalledwithapropertykeyPandECMAScriptlanguagevalue
Receiverperformsthefollowingsteps:
4.IfthevalueofisMappedisfalse,then
a.Return?OrdinaryGet(args,P,Receiver).
5.ElsemapcontainsaformalparametermappingforP,
a.ReturnGet(map,P).
9.4.4.4 [[Set]](P,V,Receiver)
The[[Set]]internalmethodofanargumentsexoticobjectwhencalledwithpropertykeyP,valueV,andECMAScript
languagevalueReceiverperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.IfSameValue(args,Receiver)isfalse,then
a.LetisMappedbefalse.
3.Else,
a.Letmapbethevalueofthe[[ParameterMap]]internalslotoftheargumentsobject.
b.LetisMappedbe!HasOwnProperty(map,P).
4.IfisMappedistrue,then
a.LetsetStatusbeSet(map,P,V,false).
b.Assert:setStatusistruebecauseformalparametersmappedbyargumentobjectsarealwayswritable.
5.Return?OrdinarySet(args,P,V,Receiver).
9.4.4.5 [[HasProperty]](P)
The[[HasProperty]]internalmethodofanargumentsexoticobjectwhencalledwithpropertykeyP,performsthefollowing
steps:
2.IfPis"caller",then
a.Letdescbe!OrdinaryGetOwnProperty(args,P).
b.IfIsDataDescriptor(desc)istrue,returntrue.
3.Return?OrdinaryHasProperty(args,P).
Ifanimplementationdoesnotprovideabuiltincallerpropertyforargumentexoticobjectsthenstep2ofthisalgorithm
mustbeskipped.
9.4.4.6 [[Delete]](P)
The[[Delete]]internalmethodofanargumentsexoticobjectwhencalledwithapropertykeyPperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Letmapbethevalueofthe[[ParameterMap]]internalslotofargs.
4.Letresultbe?OrdinaryDelete(args,P).
5.IfresultistrueandthevalueofisMappedistrue,then
a.Callmap.[[Delete]](P).
6.Returnresult.
9.4.4.7 CreateUnmappedArgumentsObject(argumentsList)
TheabstractoperationCreateUnmappedArgumentsObjectcalledwithanargumentargumentsListperformsthefollowing
steps:
1.LetlenbethenumberofelementsinargumentsList.
2.LetobjbeObjectCreate(%ObjectPrototype%,[[ParameterMap]]).
3.Setobj's[[ParameterMap]]internalslottoundeined.
4.PerformDeinePropertyOrThrow(obj,"length",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:len,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:
5.Letindexbe0.
6.Repeatwhileindex<len,
a.LetvalbeargumentsList[index].
b.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,!ToString(index),val).
c.Letindexbeindex+1.
7.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(obj,@@iterator,PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:%ArrayProto_values%,[[Writable]]:
true,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}).
8.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(obj,"callee",PropertyDescriptor{[[Get]]:%ThrowTypeError%,[[Set]]:
%ThrowTypeError%,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:false}).
9.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(obj,"caller",PropertyDescriptor{[[Get]]:%ThrowTypeError%,[[Set]]:
%ThrowTypeError%,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:false}).
10.Returnobj.
9.4.4.8 CreateMappedArgumentsObject(func,formals,argumentsList,env)
TheabstractoperationCreateMappedArgumentsObjectiscalledwithobjectfunc,parsedgrammarphraseformals,List
argumentsList,andEnvironmentRecordenv.Thefollowingstepsareperformed:
1.Assert:formalsdoesnotcontainarestparameter,anybindingpatterns,oranyinitializers.Itmaycontainduplicate
identiiers.
2.LetlenbethenumberofelementsinargumentsList.
3.Letobjbeanewlycreatedargumentsexoticobjectwitha[[ParameterMap]]internalslot.
4.Setthe[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethodofobjasspeciiedin9.4.4.1.
5.Setthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofobjasspeciiedin9.4.4.2.
6.Setthe[[Get]]internalmethodofobjasspeciiedin9.4.4.3.
7.Setthe[[Set]]internalmethodofobjasspeciiedin9.4.4.4.
8.Setthe[[HasProperty]]internalmethodofobjasspeciiedin9.4.4.5.
9.Setthe[[Delete]]internalmethodofobjasspeciiedin9.4.4.6.
10.Settheremainderofobj'sessentialinternalmethodstothedefaultordinaryobjectdeinitionsspeciiedin9.1.
11.Setthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofobjto%ObjectPrototype%.
13.LetmapbeObjectCreate(null).
14.Setthe[[ParameterMap]]internalslotofobjtomap.
15.LetparameterNamesbetheBoundNamesofformals.
16.LetnumberOfParametersbethenumberofelementsinparameterNames.
17.Letindexbe0.
18.Repeatwhileindex<len,
a.LetvalbeargumentsList[index].
b.PerformCreateDataProperty(obj,!ToString(index),val).
c.Letindexbeindex+1.
19.PerformDeinePropertyOrThrow(obj,"length",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:len,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:
20.LetmappedNamesbeanewemptyList.
21.LetindexbenumberOfParameters1.
22.Repeatwhileindex0,
a.LetnamebeparameterNames[index].
b.IfnameisnotanelementofmappedNames,then
i.AddnameasanelementofthelistmappedNames.
ii.Ifindex<len,then
1.LetgbeMakeArgGetter(name,env).
2.LetpbeMakeArgSetter(name,env).
3.Performmap.[[DeineOwnProperty]](!ToString(index),PropertyDescriptor{[[Set]]:p,[[Get]]:g,
c.Letindexbeindex1.
23.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(obj,@@iterator,PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:%ArrayProto_values%,[[Writable]]:
true,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}).
24.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(obj,"callee",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:func,[[Writable]]:true,
25.Returnobj.
9.4.4.8.1 MakeArgGetter(name,env)
TheabstractoperationMakeArgGettercalledwithStringnameandEnvironmentRecordenvcreatesabuiltinfunctionobject
thatwhenexecutedreturnsthevalueboundfornameinenv.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetrealmbethecurrentRealmRecord.
2.LetstepsbethestepsofanArgGetterfunctionasspeciiedbelow.
3.LetgetterbeCreateBuiltinFunction(realm,steps,%FunctionPrototype%,[[Name]],[[Env]]).
4.Setgetter's[[Name]]internalslottoname.
5.Setgetter's[[Env]]internalslottoenv.
6.Returngetter.
AnArgGetterfunctionisananonymousbuiltinfunctionwith[[Name]]and[[Env]]internalslots.WhenanArgGetter
functionfthatexpectsnoargumentsiscalleditperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letnamebethevalueoff's[[Name]]internalslot.
2.Letenvbethevalueoff's[[Env]]internalslot.
3.Returnenv.GetBindingValue(name,false).
NOTE ArgGetterfunctionsareneverdirectlyaccessibletoECMAScriptcode.
9.4.4.8.2 MakeArgSetter(name,env)
TheabstractoperationMakeArgSettercalledwithStringnameandEnvironmentRecordenvcreatesabuiltinfunctionobject
thatwhenexecutedsetsthevalueboundfornameinenv.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.LetstepsbethestepsofanArgSetterfunctionasspeciiedbelow.
3.LetsetterbeCreateBuiltinFunction(realm,steps,%FunctionPrototype%,[[Name]],[[Env]]).
4.Setsetter's[[Name]]internalslottoname.
5.Setsetter's[[Env]]internalslottoenv.
6.Returnsetter.
AnArgSetterfunctionisananonymousbuiltinfunctionwith[[Name]]and[[Env]]internalslots.WhenanArgSetter
functionfiscalledwithargumentvalueitperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letnamebethevalueoff's[[Name]]internalslot.
2.Letenvbethevalueoff's[[Env]]internalslot.
3.Returnenv.SetMutableBinding(name,value,false).
NOTE ArgSetterfunctionsareneverdirectlyaccessibletoECMAScriptcode.
9.4.5 IntegerIndexedExoticObjects
AnIntegerIndexedobjectisanexoticobjectthatperformsspecialhandlingofintegerindexpropertykeys.
IntegerIndexedexoticobjectshavethesameinternalslotsasordinaryobjectsandadditionally[[ViewedArrayBuffer]],
[[ArrayLength]],[[ByteOffset]],and[[TypedArrayName]]internalslots.
IntegerIndexedexoticobjectsprovidealternativedeinitionsforthefollowinginternalmethods.AlloftheotherInteger
Indexedexoticobjectessentialinternalmethodsthatarenotdeinedbelowareasspeciiedin9.1.
Whenthe[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethodofanIntegerIndexedexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,the
2.Assert:OisanObjectthathasa[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
3.IfType(P)isString,then
a.LetnumericIndexbe!CanonicalNumericIndexString(P).
b.IfnumericIndexisnotundeined,then
i.Letvaluebe?IntegerIndexedElementGet(O,numericIndex).
ii.Ifvalueisundeined,returnundeined.
iii.ReturnaPropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:value,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:true,[[Conigurable]]:
false}.
4.ReturnOrdinaryGetOwnProperty(O,P).
Whenthe[[HasProperty]]internalmethodofanIntegerIndexedexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
i.LetbufferbethevalueofO's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
ii.IfIsDetachedBuffer(buffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
iii.IfIsInteger(numericIndex)isfalse,returnfalse.
iv.IfnumericIndex=0,returnfalse.
v.IfnumericIndex<0,returnfalse.
vi.IfnumericIndexthevalueofO's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot,returnfalse.
vii.Returntrue.
4.Return?OrdinaryHasProperty(O,P).
Whenthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofanIntegerIndexedexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,and
PropertyDescriptorDesc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
i.IfIsInteger(numericIndex)isfalse,returnfalse.
ii.LetintIndexbenumericIndex.
iii.IfintIndex=0,returnfalse.
iv.IfintIndex<0,returnfalse.
v.LetlengthbethevalueofO's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
vi.IfintIndexlength,returnfalse.
vii.IfIsAccessorDescriptor(Desc)istrue,returnfalse.
viii.IfDeschasa[[Conigurable]]ieldandifDesc.[[Conigurable]]istrue,returnfalse.
ix.IfDeschasan[[Enumerable]]ieldandifDesc.[[Enumerable]]isfalse,returnfalse.
x.IfDeschasa[[Writable]]ieldandifDesc.[[Writable]]isfalse,returnfalse.
xi.IfDeschasa[[Value]]ield,then
1.LetvaluebeDesc.[[Value]].
2.Return?IntegerIndexedElementSet(O,intIndex,value).
xii.Returntrue.
4.ReturnOrdinaryDeineOwnProperty(O,P,Desc).
Whenthe[[Get]]internalmethodofanIntegerIndexedexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyPandECMAScript
languagevalueReceiver,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
i.Return?IntegerIndexedElementGet(O,numericIndex).
3.Return?OrdinaryGet(O,P,Receiver).
Whenthe[[Set]]internalmethodofanIntegerIndexedexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,valueV,andECMAScript
i.Return?IntegerIndexedElementSet(O,numericIndex,V).
3.Return?OrdinarySet(O,P,V,Receiver).
Whenthe[[OwnPropertyKeys]]internalmethodofanIntegerIndexedexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Assert:OisanObjectthathas[[ViewedArrayBuffer]],[[ArrayLength]],[[ByteOffset]],and[[TypedArrayName]]internal
slots.
3.LetlenbethevalueofO's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
4.Foreachintegeristartingwith0suchthati<len,inascendingorder,
a.Add!ToString(i)asthelastelementofkeys.
5.ForeachownpropertykeyPofOsuchthatType(P)isStringandPisnotanintegerindex,inascendingchronological
orderofpropertycreation
6.ForeachownpropertykeyPofOsuchthatType(P)isSymbol,inascendingchronologicalorderofpropertycreation
7.Returnkeys.
9.4.5.7 IntegerIndexedObjectCreate(prototype,internalSlotsList)
TheabstractoperationIntegerIndexedObjectCreatewithargumentsprototypeandinternalSlotsListisusedtospecifythe
creationofnewIntegerIndexedexoticobjects.TheargumentinternalSlotsListisaListofthenamesofadditionalinternal
slotsthatmustbedeinedaspartoftheobject.IntegerIndexedObjectCreateperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:internalSlotsListcontainsthenames[[ViewedArrayBuffer]],[[ArrayLength]],[[ByteOffset]],and
[[TypedArrayName]].
2.LetAbeanewlycreatedobjectwithaninternalslotforeachnameininternalSlotsList.
3.SetA'sessentialinternalmethodstothedefaultordinaryobjectdeinitionsspeciiedin9.1.
4.Setthe[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethodofAasspeciiedin9.4.5.1.
5.Setthe[[HasProperty]]internalmethodofAasspeciiedin9.4.5.2.
6.Setthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofAasspeciiedin9.4.5.3.
7.Setthe[[Get]]internalmethodofAasspeciiedin9.4.5.4.
8.Setthe[[Set]]internalmethodofAasspeciiedin9.4.5.5.
9.Setthe[[OwnPropertyKeys]]internalmethodofAasspeciiedin9.4.5.6.
10.Setthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofAtoprototype.
11.Setthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofAtotrue.
12.ReturnA.
9.4.5.8 IntegerIndexedElementGet(O,index)
TheabstractoperationIntegerIndexedElementGetwithargumentsOandindexperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(index)isNumber.
slots.
3.LetbufferbethevalueofO's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
4.IfIsDetachedBuffer(buffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.IfIsInteger(index)isfalse,returnundeined.
6.Ifindex=0,returnundeined.
7.LetlengthbethevalueofO's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
8.Ifindex<0orindexlength,returnundeined.
9.LetoffsetbethevalueofO's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
10.LetarrayTypeNamebetheStringvalueofO's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
11.LetelementSizebetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedinTable50forarrayTypeName.
12.LetindexedPositionbe(indexelementSize)+offset.
13.LetelementTypebetheStringvalueoftheElementTypevalueinTable50forarrayTypeName.
14.ReturnGetValueFromBuffer(buffer,indexedPosition,elementType).
9.4.5.9 IntegerIndexedElementSet(O,index,value)
TheabstractoperationIntegerIndexedElementSetwithargumentsO,index,andvalueperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(index)isNumber.
slots.
3.LetnumValuebe?ToNumber(value).
6.IfIsInteger(index)isfalse,returnfalse.
7.Ifindex=0,returnfalse.
9.Ifindex<0orindexlength,returnfalse.
11.LetarrayTypeNamebetheStringvalueofO's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
12.LetelementSizebetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedinTable50forarrayTypeName.
13.LetindexedPositionbe(indexelementSize)+offset.
14.LetelementTypebetheStringvalueoftheElementTypevalueinTable50forarrayTypeName.
15.PerformSetValueInBuffer(buffer,indexedPosition,elementType,numValue).
16.Returntrue.
9.4.6 ModuleNamespaceExoticObjects
AmodulenamespaceobjectisanexoticobjectthatexposesthebindingsexportedfromanECMAScriptModule(See15.2.3).
ThereisaonetoonecorrespondencebetweentheStringkeyedownpropertiesofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectand
thebindingnamesexportedbytheModule.Theexportedbindingsincludeanybindingsthatareindirectlyexportedusing
export*exportitems.EachStringvaluedownpropertykeyistheStringValueofthecorrespondingexportedbinding
name.ThesearetheonlyStringkeyedpropertiesofamodulenamespaceexoticobject.Eachsuchpropertyhastheattributes
{[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:true,[[Conigurable]]:false}.Modulenamespaceobjectsarenotextensible.
ModulenamespaceobjectshavetheinternalslotsdeinedinTable29.
Table29:InternalSlotsofModuleNamespaceExoticObjects
Internal Type Description
Slot
[[Module]] Module TheModuleRecordwhoseexportsthisnamespaceexposes.

Record
[[Exports]] Listof AListcontainingtheStringvaluesoftheexportednamesexposedasownpropertiesofthisobject.

String ThelistisorderedasifanArrayofthoseStringvalueshadbeensortedusing
Array.prototype.sortusingSortCompareascomparefn.
Modulenamespaceexoticobjectsprovidealternativedeinitionsforalloftheinternalmethods.
9.4.6.1 [[GetPrototypeOf]]()
Whenthe[[GetPrototypeOf]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Returnnull.
9.4.6.2 [[SetPrototypeOf]](V)
Whenthe[[SetPrototypeOf]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalledwithargumentV,thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
2.Returnfalse.
9.4.6.3 [[IsExtensible]]()
Whenthe[[IsExtensible]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Returnfalse.
9.4.6.4 [[PreventExtensions]]()
Whenthe[[PreventExtensions]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
1.Returntrue.
Whenthe[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,the
1.IfType(P)isSymbol,returnOrdinaryGetOwnProperty(O,P).
2.LetexportsbethevalueofO's[[Exports]]internalslot.
3.IfPisnotanelementofexports,returnundeined.
4.Letvaluebe?O.[[Get]](P,O).
5.ReturnPropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:value,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:true,[[Conigurable]]:false}.
Whenthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyPand
PropertyDescriptorDesc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Returnfalse.
Whenthe[[HasProperty]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
1.IfType(P)isSymbol,returnOrdinaryHasProperty(O,P).
3.IfPisanelementofexports,returntrue.
4.Returnfalse.
Whenthe[[Get]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyPandECMAScript
2.IfType(P)isSymbol,then
a.Return?OrdinaryGet(O,P,Receiver).
4.IfPisnotanelementofexports,returnundeined.
5.LetmbethevalueofO's[[Module]]internalslot.
6.Letbindingbe?m.ResolveExport(P,,).
7.Assert:bindingisneithernullnor"ambiguous".
8.LettargetModulebebinding.[[Module]].
9.Assert:targetModuleisnotundeined.
10.LettargetEnvbetargetModule.[[Environment]].
11.IftargetEnvisundeined,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
12.LettargetEnvRecbetargetEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
13.Return?targetEnvRec.GetBindingValue(binding.[[BindingName]],true).
NOTE ResolveExportisidempotentandsideeffectfree.Animplementationmightchoosetoprecomputeorcache
theResolveExportresultsforthe[[Exports]]ofeachmodulenamespaceexoticobject.
Whenthe[[Set]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,valueV,and
ECMAScriptlanguagevalueReceiver,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Returnfalse.
9.4.6.10 [[Delete]](P)
Whenthe[[Delete]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingsteps
aretaken:
3.IfPisanelementofexports,returnfalse.
4.Returntrue.
Whenthe[[OwnPropertyKeys]]internalmethodofamodulenamespaceexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
1.LetexportsbeacopyofthevalueofO's[[Exports]]internalslot.
2.LetsymbolKeysbe!OrdinaryOwnPropertyKeys(O).
3.AppendalltheentriesofsymbolKeystotheendofexports.
4.Returnexports.
9.4.6.12 ModuleNamespaceCreate(module,exports)
TheabstractoperationModuleNamespaceCreatewithargumentsmodule,andexportsisusedtospecifythecreationofnew
modulenamespaceexoticobjects.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:moduleisaModuleRecord.
2.Assert:module.[[Namespace]]isundeined.
3.Assert:exportsisaListofStringvalues.
4.LetMbeanewlycreatedobject.
5.SetM'sessentialinternalmethodstothedeinitionsspeciiedin9.4.6.
6.SetM's[[Module]]internalslottomodule.
7.SetM's[[Exports]]internalslottoexports.
8.CreateownpropertiesofMcorrespondingtothedeinitionsin26.3.
9.Setmodule.[[Namespace]]toM.
10.ReturnM.
9.4.7 ImmutablePrototypeExoticObjects
Animmutableprototypeexoticobjectisanexoticobjectthathasanimmutable[[Prototype]]internalslot.
9.4.7.1 [[SetPrototypeOf]](V)
Whenthe[[SetPrototypeOf]]internalmethodofanimmutableprototypeexoticobjectOiscalledwithargumentV,the
2.Letcurrentbethevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofO.
3.IfSameValue(V,current)istrue,returntrue.
4.Returnfalse.
9.5 ProxyObjectInternalMethodsandInternalSlots
AproxyobjectisanexoticobjectwhoseessentialinternalmethodsarepartiallyimplementedusingECMAScriptcode.Every
proxyobjectshasaninternalslotcalled[[ProxyHandler]].Thevalueof[[ProxyHandler]]isanobject,calledtheproxy's
handlerobject,ornull.Methods(seeTable30)ofahandlerobjectmaybeusedtoaugmenttheimplementationforoneor
moreoftheproxyobject'sinternalmethods.Everyproxyobjectalsohasaninternalslotcalled[[ProxyTarget]]whosevalue
iseitheranobjectorthenullvalue.Thisobjectiscalledtheproxy'stargetobject.
Table30:ProxyHandlerMethods
InternalMethod HandlerMethod
[[GetPrototypeOf]] getPrototypeOf
[[SetPrototypeOf]] setPrototypeOf
[[IsExtensible]] isExtensible
[[PreventExtensions]] preventExtensions
[[GetOwnProperty]] getOwnPropertyDescriptor
[[HasProperty]] has
[[Get]] get
[[Set]] set
[[Delete]] deleteProperty
[[DeineOwnProperty]] defineProperty
[[OwnPropertyKeys]] ownKeys
[[Call]] apply
[[Construct]] construct
Whenahandlermethodiscalledtoprovidetheimplementationofaproxyobjectinternalmethod,thehandlermethodis
passedtheproxy'stargetobjectasaparameter.Aproxy'shandlerobjectdoesnotnecessarilyhaveamethodcorresponding
toeveryessentialinternalmethod.Invokinganinternalmethodontheproxyresultsintheinvocationofthecorresponding
internalmethodontheproxy'stargetobjectifthehandlerobjectdoesnothaveamethodcorrespondingtotheinternaltrap.
The[[ProxyHandler]]and[[ProxyTarget]]internalslotsofaproxyobjectarealwaysinitializedwhentheobjectiscreated
andtypicallymaynotbemodiied.Someproxyobjectsarecreatedinamannerthatpermitsthemtobesubsequently
revoked.Whenaproxyisrevoked,its[[ProxyHandler]]and[[ProxyTarget]]internalslotsaresettonullcausingsubsequent
invocationsofinternalmethodsonthatproxyobjecttothrowaTypeErrorexception.
BecauseproxyobjectspermittheimplementationofinternalmethodstobeprovidedbyarbitraryECMAScriptcode,itis
possibletodeineaproxyobjectwhosehandlermethodsviolatestheinvariantsdeinedin6.1.7.3.Someoftheinternal
methodinvariantsdeinedin6.1.7.3areessentialintegrityinvariants.Theseinvariantsareexplicitlyenforcedbytheproxy
objectinternalmethodsspeciiedinthissection.AnECMAScriptimplementationmustberobustinthepresenceofall
possibleinvariantviolations.
Inthefollowingalgorithmdescriptions,assumeOisanECMAScriptproxyobject,Pisapropertykeyvalue,Visany
ECMAScriptlanguagevalueandDescisaPropertyDescriptorrecord.
9.5.1 [[GetPrototypeOf]]()
Whenthe[[GetPrototypeOf]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Lethandlerbethevalueofthe[[ProxyHandler]]internalslotofO.
2.Ifhandlerisnull,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.Assert:Type(handler)isObject.
4.Lettargetbethevalueofthe[[ProxyTarget]]internalslotofO.
5.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"getPrototypeOf").
6.Iftrapisundeined,then
a.Return?target.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
7.LethandlerProtobe?Call(trap,handler,target).
8.IfType(handlerProto)isneitherObjectnorNull,throwaTypeErrorexception.
9.LetextensibleTargetbe?IsExtensible(target).
10.IfextensibleTargetistrue,returnhandlerProto.
11.LettargetProtobe?target.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
12.IfSameValue(handlerProto,targetProto)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
13.ReturnhandlerProto.
NOTE [[GetPrototypeOf]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariant:
Theresultof[[GetPrototypeOf]]mustbeeitheranObjectornull.
Ifthetargetobjectisnotextensible,[[GetPrototypeOf]]appliedtotheproxyobjectmustreturnthesame
valueas[[GetPrototypeOf]]appliedtotheproxyobject'stargetobject.
9.5.2 [[SetPrototypeOf]](V)
Whenthe[[SetPrototypeOf]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalledwithargumentV,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
6.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"setPrototypeOf").
a.Return?target.[[SetPrototypeOf]](V).
8.LetbooleanTrapResultbeToBoolean(?Call(trap,handler,target,V)).
9.IfbooleanTrapResultisfalse,returnfalse.
11.IfextensibleTargetistrue,returntrue.
12.LettargetProtobe?target.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
13.IfSameValue(V,targetProto)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
14.Returntrue.
NOTE [[SetPrototypeOf]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariant:
Theresultof[[SetPrototypeOf]]isaBooleanvalue.
Ifthetargetobjectisnotextensible,theargumentvaluemustbethesameastheresultof
[[GetPrototypeOf]]appliedtotargetobject.
9.5.3 [[IsExtensible]]()
Whenthe[[IsExtensible]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"isExtensible").
a.Return?target.[[IsExtensible]]().
7.LetbooleanTrapResultbeToBoolean(?Call(trap,handler,target)).
8.LettargetResultbe?target.[[IsExtensible]]().
9.IfSameValue(booleanTrapResult,targetResult)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
10.ReturnbooleanTrapResult.
NOTE [[IsExtensible]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariant:
Theresultof[[IsExtensible]]isaBooleanvalue.
[[IsExtensible]]appliedtotheproxyobjectmustreturnthesamevalueas[[IsExtensible]]appliedtothe
proxyobject'stargetobjectwiththesameargument.
9.5.4 [[PreventExtensions]]()
Whenthe[[PreventExtensions]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"preventExtensions").
a.Return?target.[[PreventExtensions]]().
7.LetbooleanTrapResultbeToBoolean(?Call(trap,handler,target)).
8.IfbooleanTrapResultistrue,then
a.LettargetIsExtensiblebe?target.[[IsExtensible]]().
b.IftargetIsExtensibleistrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
NOTE [[PreventExtensions]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariant:
Theresultof[[PreventExtensions]]isaBooleanvalue.
[[PreventExtensions]]appliedtotheproxyobjectonlyreturnstrueif[[IsExtensible]]appliedtothe
proxyobject'stargetobjectisfalse.
9.5.5 [[GetOwnProperty]](P)
Whenthe[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingsteps
aretaken:
6.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"getOwnPropertyDescriptor").
a.Return?target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
8.LettrapResultObjbe?Call(trap,handler,target,P).
9.IfType(trapResultObj)isneitherObjectnorUndeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
10.LettargetDescbe?target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
11.IftrapResultObjisundeined,then
a.IftargetDescisundeined,returnundeined.
b.IftargetDesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
c.LetextensibleTargetbe?IsExtensible(target).
d.Assert:Type(extensibleTarget)isBoolean.
e.IfextensibleTargetisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
f.Returnundeined.
13.LetresultDescbe?ToPropertyDescriptor(trapResultObj).
14.CallCompletePropertyDescriptor(resultDesc).
15.LetvalidbeIsCompatiblePropertyDescriptor(extensibleTarget,resultDesc,targetDesc).
16.Ifvalidisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
17.IfresultDesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalse,then
a.IftargetDescisundeinedortargetDesc.[[Conigurable]]istrue,then
i.ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
18.ReturnresultDesc.
NOTE [[GetOwnProperty]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariants:
Theresultof[[GetOwnProperty]]mustbeeitheranObjectorundeined.
Apropertycannotbereportedasnonexistent,ifitexistsasanonconigurableownpropertyofthe
targetobject.
Apropertycannotbereportedasnonexistent,ifitexistsasanownpropertyofthetargetobjectandthe
targetobjectisnotextensible.
Apropertycannotbereportedasexistent,ifitdoesnotexistsasanownpropertyofthetargetobjectand
thetargetobjectisnotextensible.
Apropertycannotbereportedasnonconigurable,ifitdoesnotexistsasanownpropertyofthetarget
objectorifitexistsasaconigurableownpropertyofthetargetobject.
9.5.6 [[DeineOwnProperty]](P,Desc)
Whenthe[[DeineOwnProperty]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyPandProperty
DescriptorDesc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
6.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"defineProperty").
a.Return?target.[[DeineOwnProperty]](P,Desc).
8.LetdescObjbeFromPropertyDescriptor(Desc).
9.LetbooleanTrapResultbeToBoolean(?Call(trap,handler,target,P,descObj)).
13.IfDeschasa[[Conigurable]]ieldandifDesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalse,then
a.LetsettingConigFalsebetrue.
14.ElseletsettingConigFalsebefalse.
15.IftargetDescisundeined,then
a.IfextensibleTargetisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.IfsettingConigFalseistrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
16.ElsetargetDescisnotundeined,
a.IfIsCompatiblePropertyDescriptor(extensibleTarget,Desc,targetDesc)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.IfsettingConigFalseistrueandtargetDesc.[[Conigurable]]istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
17.Returntrue.
NOTE [[DeineOwnProperty]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariants:
Theresultof[[DeineOwnProperty]]isaBooleanvalue.
Apropertycannotbeadded,ifthetargetobjectisnotextensible.
Apropertycannotbenonconigurable,unlessthereexistsacorrespondingnonconigurableown
propertyofthetargetobject.
IfapropertyhasacorrespondingtargetobjectpropertythenapplyingthePropertyDescriptorofthe
propertytothetargetobjectusing[[DeineOwnProperty]]willnotthrowanexception.
9.5.7 [[HasProperty]](P)
Whenthe[[HasProperty]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
6.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"has").
a.Return?target.[[HasProperty]](P).
8.LetbooleanTrapResultbeToBoolean(?Call(trap,handler,target,P)).
9.IfbooleanTrapResultisfalse,then
a.LettargetDescbe?target.[[GetOwnProperty]](P).
b.IftargetDescisnotundeined,then
i.IftargetDesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
ii.LetextensibleTargetbe?IsExtensible(target).
iii.IfextensibleTargetisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
NOTE [[HasProperty]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariants:
Theresultof[[HasProperty]]isaBooleanvalue.
Apropertycannotbereportedasnonexistent,ifitexistsasanonconigurableownpropertyofthe
targetobject.
Apropertycannotbereportedasnonexistent,ifitexistsasanownpropertyofthetargetobjectandthe
targetobjectisnotextensible.
9.5.8 [[Get]](P,Receiver)
Whenthe[[Get]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyPandECMAScriptlanguagevalue
Receiver,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
6.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"get").
a.Return?target.[[Get]](P,Receiver).
8.LettrapResultbe?Call(trap,handler,target,P,Receiver).
10.IftargetDescisnotundeined,then
a.IfIsDataDescriptor(targetDesc)istrueandtargetDesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalseandtargetDesc.[[Writable]]isfalse,
then
i.IfSameValue(trapResult,targetDesc.[[Value]])isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.IfIsAccessorDescriptor(targetDesc)istrueandtargetDesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalseandtargetDesc.[[Get]]is
undeined,then
i.IftrapResultisnotundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
11.ReturntrapResult.
NOTE [[Get]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariants:
Thevaluereportedforapropertymustbethesameasthevalueofthecorrespondingtargetobject
propertyifthetargetobjectpropertyisanonwritable,nonconigurableowndataproperty.
Thevaluereportedforapropertymustbeundeinedifthecorrespondingtargetobjectpropertyisa
nonconigurableownaccessorpropertythathasundeinedasits[[Get]]attribute.
9.5.9 [[Set]](P,V,Receiver)
Whenthe[[Set]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,valueV,andECMAScriptlanguage
valueReceiver,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
6.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"set").
a.Return?target.[[Set]](P,V,Receiver).
8.LetbooleanTrapResultbeToBoolean(?Call(trap,handler,target,P,V,Receiver)).
11.IftargetDescisnotundeined,then
a.IfIsDataDescriptor(targetDesc)istrueandtargetDesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalseandtargetDesc.[[Writable]]isfalse,
then
i.IfSameValue(V,targetDesc.[[Value]])isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.IfIsAccessorDescriptor(targetDesc)istrueandtargetDesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalse,then
i.IftargetDesc.[[Set]]isundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
12.Returntrue.
NOTE [[Set]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariants:
Theresultof[[Set]]isaBooleanvalue.
Cannotchangethevalueofapropertytobedifferentfromthevalueofthecorrespondingtargetobject
propertyifthecorrespondingtargetobjectpropertyisanonwritable,nonconigurableowndata
property.
Cannotsetthevalueofapropertyifthecorrespondingtargetobjectpropertyisanonconigurableown
accessorpropertythathasundeinedasits[[Set]]attribute.
9.5.10 [[Delete]](P)
Whenthe[[Delete]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalledwithpropertykeyP,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
6.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"deleteProperty").
a.Return?target.[[Delete]](P).
8.LetbooleanTrapResultbeToBoolean(?Call(trap,handler,target,P)).
11.IftargetDescisundeined,returntrue.
12.IftargetDesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
13.Returntrue.
NOTE [[Delete]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariant:
Theresultof[[Delete]]isaBooleanvalue.
Apropertycannotbereportedasdeleted,ifitexistsasanonconigurableownpropertyofthetarget
object.
9.5.11 [[OwnPropertyKeys]]()
Whenthe[[OwnPropertyKeys]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"ownKeys").
a.Return?target.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
7.LettrapResultArraybe?Call(trap,handler,target).
8.LettrapResultbe?CreateListFromArrayLike(trapResultArray,String,Symbol).
10.LettargetKeysbe?target.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
11.Assert:targetKeysisaListcontainingonlyStringandSymbolvalues.
12.LettargetConigurableKeysbeanewemptyList.
13.LettargetNonconigurableKeysbeanewemptyList.
14.Repeat,foreachelementkeyoftargetKeys,
a.Letdescbe?target.[[GetOwnProperty]](key).
b.Ifdescisnotundeinedanddesc.[[Conigurable]]isfalse,then
i.AppendkeyasanelementoftargetNonconigurableKeys.
c.Else,
i.AppendkeyasanelementoftargetConigurableKeys.
15.IfextensibleTargetistrueandtargetNonconigurableKeysisempty,then
a.ReturntrapResult.
16.LetuncheckedResultKeysbeanewListwhichisacopyoftrapResult.
17.Repeat,foreachkeythatisanelementoftargetNonconigurableKeys,
a.IfkeyisnotanelementofuncheckedResultKeys,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.RemovekeyfromuncheckedResultKeys.
18.IfextensibleTargetistrue,returntrapResult.
19.Repeat,foreachkeythatisanelementoftargetConigurableKeys,
a.IfkeyisnotanelementofuncheckedResultKeys,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.RemovekeyfromuncheckedResultKeys.
20.IfuncheckedResultKeysisnotempty,throwaTypeErrorexception.
21.ReturntrapResult.
NOTE [[OwnPropertyKeys]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariants:
Theresultof[[OwnPropertyKeys]]isaList.
TheTypeofeachresultListelementiseitherStringorSymbol.
TheresultListmustcontainthekeysofallnonconigurableownpropertiesofthetargetobject.
Ifthetargetobjectisnotextensible,thentheresultListmustcontainallthekeysoftheownpropertiesof
thetargetobjectandnoothervalues.
The[[Call]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalledwithparametersthisArgumentandargumentsList,aListof
ECMAScriptlanguagevalues.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"apply").
a.Return?Call(target,thisArgument,argumentsList).
7.LetargArraybeCreateArrayFromList(argumentsList).
8.Return?Call(trap,handler,target,thisArgument,argArray).
NOTE AProxyexoticobjectonlyhasa[[Call]]internalmethodiftheinitialvalueofits[[ProxyTarget]]internalslotis
anobjectthathasa[[Call]]internalmethod.
The[[Construct]]internalmethodofaProxyexoticobjectOiscalledwithparametersargumentsListwhichisapossibly
emptyListofECMAScriptlanguagevaluesandnewTarget.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.Lettrapbe?GetMethod(handler,"construct").
a.Assert:targethasa[[Construct]]internalmethod.
b.Return?Construct(target,argumentsList,newTarget).
7.LetargArraybeCreateArrayFromList(argumentsList).
8.LetnewObjbe?Call(trap,handler,target,argArray,newTarget).
9.IfType(newObj)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
10.ReturnnewObj.
NOTE1 AProxyexoticobjectonlyhasa[[Construct]]internalmethodiftheinitialvalueofits[[ProxyTarget]]internal
slotisanobjectthathasa[[Construct]]internalmethod.
NOTE2 [[Construct]]forproxyobjectsenforcesthefollowinginvariants:
Theresultof[[Construct]]mustbeanObject.
9.5.14 ProxyCreate(target,handler)
TheabstractoperationProxyCreatewithargumentstargetandhandlerisusedtospecifythecreationofnewProxyexotic
objects.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(target)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.IftargetisaProxyexoticobjectandthevalueofthe[[ProxyHandler]]internalslotoftargetisnull,throwaTypeError
exception.
3.IfType(handler)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.IfhandlerisaProxyexoticobjectandthevalueofthe[[ProxyHandler]]internalslotofhandlerisnull,throwa
TypeErrorexception.
5.LetPbeanewlycreatedobject.
6.SetP'sessentialinternalmethods(exceptfor[[Call]]and[[Construct]])tothedeinitionsspeciiedin9.5.
7.IfIsCallable(target)istrue,then
a.Setthe[[Call]]internalmethodofPasspeciiedin9.5.12.
b.Iftargethasa[[Construct]]internalmethod,then
i.Setthe[[Construct]]internalmethodofPasspeciiedin9.5.13.
8.Setthe[[ProxyTarget]]internalslotofPtotarget.
9.Setthe[[ProxyHandler]]internalslotofPtohandler.
10.ReturnP.
10 ECMAScriptLanguage:SourceCode
10.1 SourceText
Syntax
SourceCharacter ::
anyUnicodecodepoint
ECMAScriptcodeisexpressedusingUnicode,version8.0.0orlater.ECMAScriptsourcetextisasequenceofcodepoints.All
UnicodecodepointvaluesfromU+0000toU+10FFFF,includingsurrogatecodepoints,mayoccurinsourcetextwhere
permittedbytheECMAScriptgrammars.TheactualencodingsusedtostoreandinterchangeECMAScriptsourcetextisnot
relevanttothisspeciication.Regardlessoftheexternalsourcetextencoding,aconformingECMAScriptimplementation
processesthesourcetextasifitwasanequivalentsequenceofSourceCharactervalues,eachSourceCharacterbeinga
Unicodecodepoint.ConformingECMAScriptimplementationsarenotrequiredtoperformanynormalizationofsourcetext,
orbehaveasthoughtheywereperformingnormalizationofsourcetext.
ThecomponentsofacombiningcharactersequencearetreatedasindividualUnicodecodepointseventhoughausermight
thinkofthewholesequenceasasinglecharacter.
NOTE Instringliterals,regularexpressionliterals,templateliteralsandidentiiers,anyUnicodecodepointmayalso
beexpressedusingUnicodeescapesequencesthatexplicitlyexpressacodepoint'snumericvalue.Withina
comment,suchanescapesequenceiseffectivelyignoredaspartofthecomment.
ECMAScriptdiffersfromtheJavaprogramminglanguageinthebehaviourofUnicodeescapesequences.Ina
Javaprogram,iftheUnicodeescapesequence\u000A,forexample,occurswithinasinglelinecomment,itis
interpretedasalineterminator(UnicodecodepointU+000AisLINEFEED(LF))andthereforethenextcode
pointisnotpartofthecomment.Similarly,iftheUnicodeescapesequence\u000Aoccurswithinastring
literalinaJavaprogram,itislikewiseinterpretedasalineterminator,whichisnotallowedwithinastring
literalonemustwrite\ninsteadof\u000AtocauseaLINEFEED(LF)tobepartoftheStringvalueofa
stringliteral.InanECMAScriptprogram,aUnicodeescapesequenceoccurringwithinacommentisnever
interpretedandthereforecannotcontributetoterminationofthecomment.Similarly,aUnicodeescape
sequenceoccurringwithinastringliteralinanECMAScriptprogramalwayscontributestotheliteralandis
neverinterpretedasalineterminatororasacodepointthatmightterminatethestringliteral.
10.1.1 StaticSemantics:UTF16Encoding(cp)
TheUTF16Encodingofanumericcodepointvalue,cp,isdeterminedasfollows:
1.Assert:0cp0x10FFFF.
2.Ifcp65535,returncp.
3.Letcu1beloor((cp65536)/1024)+0xD800.
4.Letcu2be((cp65536)modulo1024)+0xDC00.
5.Returnthecodeunitsequenceconsistingofcu1followedbycu2.
10.1.2 StaticSemantics:UTF16Decode(lead,trail)
Twocodeunits,leadandtrail,thatformaUTF16surrogatepairareconvertedtoacodepointbyperformingthefollowing
steps:
1.Assert:0xD800lead0xDBFFand0xDC00trail0xDFFF.
2.Letcpbe(lead0xD800)1024+(trail0xDC00)+0x10000.
3.Returnthecodepointcp.
10.2 TypesofSourceCode
TherearefourtypesofECMAScriptcode:
GlobalcodeissourcetextthatistreatedasanECMAScriptScript.TheglobalcodeofaparticularScriptdoesnotinclude
anysourcetextthatisparsedaspartofaFunctionDeclaration,FunctionExpression,GeneratorDeclaration,
GeneratorExpression,MethodDeinition,ArrowFunction,ClassDeclaration,orClassExpression.
Evalcodeisthesourcetextsuppliedtothebuiltinevalfunction.Moreprecisely,iftheparametertothebuiltineval
functionisaString,itistreatedasanECMAScriptScript.Theevalcodeforaparticularinvocationofevalistheglobal
codeportionofthatScript.
Functioncodeissourcetextthatisparsedtosupplythevalueofthe[[ECMAScriptCode]]and[[FormalParameters]]
internalslots(see9.2)ofanECMAScriptfunctionobject.ThefunctioncodeofaparticularECMAScriptfunctiondoes
notincludeanysourcetextthatisparsedasthefunctioncodeofanestedFunctionDeclaration,FunctionExpression,
GeneratorDeclaration,GeneratorExpression,MethodDeinition,ArrowFunction,ClassDeclaration,orClassExpression.
ModulecodeissourcetextthatiscodethatisprovidedasaModuleBody.Itisthecodethatisdirectlyevaluatedwhena
moduleisinitialized.Themodulecodeofaparticularmoduledoesnotincludeanysourcetextthatisparsedaspartofa
nestedFunctionDeclaration,FunctionExpression,GeneratorDeclaration,GeneratorExpression,MethodDeinition,
ArrowFunction,ClassDeclaration,orClassExpression.
NOTE FunctioncodeisgenerallyprovidedasthebodiesofFunctionDeinitions(14.1),ArrowFunctionDeinitions
(14.2),MethodDeinitions(14.3)andGeneratorDeinitions(14.4).Functioncodeisalsoderivedfromthe
argumentstotheFunctionconstructor(19.2.1.1)andtheGeneratorFunctionconstructor(25.2.1.1).
10.2.1 StrictModeCode
AnECMAScriptScriptsyntacticunitmaybeprocessedusingeitherunrestrictedorstrictmodesyntaxandsemantics.Codeis
interpretedasstrictmodecodeinthefollowingsituations:
GlobalcodeisstrictmodecodeifitbeginswithaDirectiveProloguethatcontainsaUseStrictDirective.
Modulecodeisalwaysstrictmodecode.
AllpartsofaClassDeclarationoraClassExpressionarestrictmodecode.
EvalcodeisstrictmodecodeifitbeginswithaDirectiveProloguethatcontainsaUseStrictDirectiveorifthecallto
evalisadirectevalthatiscontainedinstrictmodecode.
FunctioncodeisstrictmodecodeiftheassociatedFunctionDeclaration,FunctionExpression,GeneratorDeclaration,
GeneratorExpression,MethodDeinition,orArrowFunctioniscontainedinstrictmodecodeorifthecodethatproduces
thevalueofthefunction's[[ECMAScriptCode]]internalslotbeginswithaDirectiveProloguethatcontainsaUseStrict
Directive.
FunctioncodethatissuppliedastheargumentstothebuiltinFunctionandGeneratorconstructorsisstrictmode
codeifthelastargumentisaStringthatwhenprocessedisaFunctionBodythatbeginswithaDirectiveProloguethat
containsaUseStrictDirective.
ECMAScriptcodethatisnotstrictmodecodeiscallednonstrictcode.
10.2.2 NonECMAScriptFunctions
AnECMAScriptimplementationmaysupporttheevaluationofexoticfunctionobjectswhoseevaluativebehaviouris
expressedinsomeimplementationdeinedformofexecutablecodeotherthanviaECMAScriptcode.Whetherafunction
objectisanECMAScriptcodefunctionoranonECMAScriptfunctionisnotsemanticallyobservablefromtheperspectiveof
anECMAScriptcodefunctionthatcallsoriscalledbysuchanonECMAScriptfunction.
11 ECMAScriptLanguage:LexicalGrammar
ThesourcetextofanECMAScriptScriptorModuleisirstconvertedintoasequenceofinputelements,whicharetokens,line
terminators,comments,orwhitespace.Thesourcetextisscannedfromlefttoright,repeatedlytakingthelongestpossible
sequenceofcodepointsasthenextinputelement.
Thereareseveralsituationswheretheidentiicationoflexicalinputelementsissensitivetothesyntacticgrammarcontext
thatisconsumingtheinputelements.Thisrequiresmultiplegoalsymbolsforthelexicalgrammar.The
InputElementRegExpOrTemplateTailgoalisusedinsyntacticgrammarcontextswhereaRegularExpressionLiteral,a
TemplateMiddle,oraTemplateTailispermitted.TheInputElementRegExpgoalsymbolisusedinallsyntacticgrammar
contextswhereaRegularExpressionLiteralispermittedbutneitheraTemplateMiddle,noraTemplateTailispermitted.The
InputElementTemplateTailgoalisusedinallsyntacticgrammarcontextswhereaTemplateMiddleoraTemplateTailis
permittedbutaRegularExpressionLiteralisnotpermitted.Inallothercontexts,InputElementDivisusedasthelexicalgoal
symbol.
NOTE Theuseofmultiplelexicalgoalsensuresthattherearenolexicalambiguitiesthatwouldaffectautomatic
semicoloninsertion.Forexample,therearenosyntacticgrammarcontextswherebothaleadingdivisionor
divisionassignment,andaleadingRegularExpressionLiteralarepermitted.Thisisnotaffectedbysemicolon
insertion(see11.9);inexamplessuchasthefollowing:
a=b
/hi/g.exec(c).map(d);
wheretheirstnonwhitespace,noncommentcodepointafteraLineTerminatorisU+002F(SOLIDUS)andthe
syntacticcontextallowsdivisionordivisionassignment,nosemicolonisinsertedattheLineTerminator.That
is,theaboveexampleisinterpretedinthesamewayas:
a=b/hi/g.exec(c).map(d);
Syntax
InputElementDiv ::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
Comment
CommonToken
DivPunctuator
RightBracePunctuator
InputElementRegExp ::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
Comment
CommonToken
RegularExpressionLiteral
InputElementRegExpOrTemplateTail ::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
Comment
CommonToken
TemplateSubstitutionTail
InputElementTemplateTail ::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
Comment
CommonToken
DivPunctuator
11.1 UnicodeFormatControlCharacters
TheUnicodeformatcontrolcharacters(i.e.,thecharactersincategoryCfintheUnicodeCharacterDatabasesuchasLEFT
TORIGHTMARKorRIGHTTOLEFTMARK)arecontrolcodesusedtocontroltheformattingofarangeoftextintheabsence
ofhigherlevelprotocolsforthis(suchasmarkuplanguages).
Itisusefultoallowformatcontrolcharactersinsourcetexttofacilitateeditinganddisplay.Allformatcontrolcharactersmay
beusedwithincomments,andwithinstringliterals,templateliterals,andregularexpressionliterals.
U+200C(ZEROWIDTHNONJOINER)andU+200D(ZEROWIDTHJOINER)areformatcontrolcharactersthatareusedto
makenecessarydistinctionswhenformingwordsorphrasesincertainlanguages.InECMAScriptsourcetextthesecode
pointsmayalsobeusedinanIdentiierNameaftertheirstcharacter.
U+FEFF(ZEROWIDTHNOBREAKSPACE)isaformatcontrolcharacterusedprimarilyatthestartofatexttomarkitas
Unicodeandtoallowdetectionofthetext'sencodingandbyteorder.<ZWNBSP>charactersintendedforthispurposecan
sometimesalsoappearafterthestartofatext,forexampleasaresultofconcatenatingiles.InECMAScriptsourcetext
<ZWNBSP>codepointsaretreatedaswhitespacecharacters(see11.2).
Thespecialtreatmentofcertainformatcontrolcharactersoutsideofcomments,stringliterals,andregularexpression
literalsissummarizedinTable31.
Table31:FormatControlCodePointUsage
CodePoint Name Abbreviation Usage
U+200C ZEROWIDTHNONJOINER <ZWNJ> IdentiierPart
U+200D ZEROWIDTHJOINER <ZWJ> IdentiierPart
U+FEFF ZEROWIDTHNOBREAKSPACE <ZWNBSP> WhiteSpace
11.2 WhiteSpace
Whitespacecodepointsareusedtoimprovesourcetextreadabilityandtoseparatetokens(indivisiblelexicalunits)from
eachother,butareotherwiseinsigniicant.Whitespacecodepointsmayoccurbetweenanytwotokensandatthestartor
endofinput.WhitespacecodepointsmayoccurwithinaStringLiteral,aRegularExpressionLiteral,aTemplate,ora
TemplateSubstitutionTailwheretheyareconsideredsigniicantcodepointsformingpartofaliteralvalue.Theymayalso
occurwithinaComment,butcannotappearwithinanyotherkindoftoken.
TheECMAScriptwhitespacecodepointsarelistedinTable32.
Table32:WhiteSpaceCodePoints
CodePoint Name Abbreviation
U+0009 CHARACTERTABULATION <TAB>
U+000B LINETABULATION <VT>
U+000C FORMFEED(FF) <FF>
U+0020 SPACE <SP>
U+00A0 NOBREAKSPACE <NBSP>
U+FEFF ZEROWIDTHNOBREAKSPACE <ZWNBSP>
OthercategoryZs AnyotherUnicodeSeparator,spacecodepoint <USP>

ECMAScriptimplementationsmustrecognizeasWhiteSpacecodepointslistedintheSeparator,space(Zs)category.
NOTE OtherthanforthecodepointslistedinTable32,ECMAScriptWhiteSpaceintentionallyexcludesallcodepoints
thathavetheUnicodeWhite_SpacepropertybutwhicharenotclassiiedincategoryZs.
Syntax
WhiteSpace ::
<TAB>
<VT>
<FF>
<SP>
<NBSP>
<ZWNBSP>
<USP>
11.3 LineTerminators
Likewhitespacecodepoints,lineterminatorcodepointsareusedtoimprovesourcetextreadabilityandtoseparatetokens
(indivisiblelexicalunits)fromeachother.However,unlikewhitespacecodepoints,lineterminatorshavesomeinluence
overthebehaviourofthesyntacticgrammar.Ingeneral,lineterminatorsmayoccurbetweenanytwotokens,buttherearea
fewplaceswheretheyareforbiddenbythesyntacticgrammar.Lineterminatorsalsoaffecttheprocessofautomatic
semicoloninsertion(11.9).AlineterminatorcannotoccurwithinanytokenexceptaStringLiteral,Template,or
TemplateSubstitutionTail.LineterminatorsmayonlyoccurwithinaStringLiteraltokenaspartofaLineContinuation.
AlineterminatorcanoccurwithinaMultiLineCommentbutcannotoccurwithinaSingleLineComment.
Lineterminatorsareincludedinthesetofwhitespacecodepointsthatarematchedbythe\sclassinregularexpressions.
TheECMAScriptlineterminatorcodepointsarelistedinTable33.
Table33:LineTerminatorCodePoints
CodePoint UnicodeName Abbreviation
U+000A LINEFEED(LF) <LF>
U+000D CARRIAGERETURN(CR) <CR>
U+2028 LINESEPARATOR <LS>
U+2029 PARAGRAPHSEPARATOR <PS>
OnlytheUnicodecodepointsinTable33aretreatedaslineterminators.OthernewlineorlinebreakingUnicodecodepoints
arenottreatedaslineterminatorsbutaretreatedaswhitespaceiftheymeettherequirementslistedinTable32.The
sequence<CR><LF>iscommonlyusedasalineterminator.ItshouldbeconsideredasingleSourceCharacterforthepurpose
ofreportinglinenumbers.
Syntax
LineTerminator ::
<LF>
<CR>
<LS>
<PS>
LineTerminatorSequence ::
<LF>
<CR>[lookahead<LF>]
<LS>
<PS>
<CR><LF>
11.4 Comments
Commentscanbeeithersingleormultiline.Multilinecommentscannotnest.
BecauseasinglelinecommentcancontainanyUnicodecodepointexceptaLineTerminatorcodepoint,andbecauseofthe
generalrulethatatokenisalwaysaslongaspossible,asinglelinecommentalwaysconsistsofallcodepointsfromthe//
markertotheendoftheline.However,theLineTerminatorattheendofthelineisnotconsideredtobepartofthesingleline
comment;itisrecognizedseparatelybythelexicalgrammarandbecomespartofthestreamofinputelementsforthe
syntacticgrammar.Thispointisveryimportant,becauseitimpliesthatthepresenceorabsenceofsinglelinecomments
doesnotaffecttheprocessofautomaticsemicoloninsertion(see11.9).
Commentsbehavelikewhitespaceandarediscardedexceptthat,ifaMultiLineCommentcontainsalineterminatorcode
point,thentheentirecommentisconsideredtobeaLineTerminatorforpurposesofparsingbythesyntacticgrammar.
Syntax
Comment ::
MultiLineComment
SingleLineComment
MultiLineComment ::
/* MultiLineCommentCharsopt */
MultiLineCommentChars ::
MultiLineNotAsteriskChar MultiLineCommentCharsopt
* PostAsteriskCommentCharsopt
PostAsteriskCommentChars ::
MultiLineNotForwardSlashOrAsteriskChar MultiLineCommentCharsopt
MultiLineNotAsteriskChar ::
SourceCharacter butnot*
MultiLineNotForwardSlashOrAsteriskChar ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneof/ or*
SingleLineComment ::
// SingleLineCommentCharsopt
SingleLineCommentChars ::
SingleLineCommentChar SingleLineCommentCharsopt
SingleLineCommentChar ::
SourceCharacter butnotLineTerminator
11.5 Tokens
Syntax
CommonToken ::
IdentiierName
Punctuator
NumericLiteral
StringLiteral
Template
NOTE TheDivPunctuator,RegularExpressionLiteral,RightBracePunctuator,andTemplateSubstitutionTailproductions
deriveadditionaltokensthatarenotincludedintheCommonTokenproduction.
11.6 NamesandKeywords
IdentiierNameandReservedWordaretokensthatareinterpretedaccordingtotheDefaultIdentiierSyntaxgiveninUnicode
StandardAnnex#31,IdentiierandPatternSyntax,withsomesmallmodiications.ReservedWordisanenumeratedsubsetof
IdentiierName.ThesyntacticgrammardeinesIdentiierasanIdentiierNamethatisnotaReservedWord.TheUnicode
identiiergrammarisbasedoncharacterpropertiesspeciiedbytheUnicodeStandard.TheUnicodecodepointsinthe
speciiedcategoriesinversion8.0.0oftheUnicodestandardmustbetreatedasinthosecategoriesbyallconforming
ECMAScriptimplementations.ECMAScriptimplementationsmayrecognizeidentiiercodepointsdeinedinlatereditionsof
theUnicodeStandard.
NOTE1 Thisstandardspeciiesspeciiccodepointadditions:U+0024(DOLLARSIGN)andU+005F(LOWLINE)are
permittedanywhereinanIdentiierName,andthecodepointsU+200C(ZEROWIDTHNONJOINER)and
U+200D(ZEROWIDTHJOINER)arepermittedanywhereaftertheirstcodepointofanIdentiierName.
UnicodeescapesequencesarepermittedinanIdentiierName,wheretheycontributeasingleUnicodecodepointtothe
IdentiierName.ThecodepointisexpressedbytheHexDigitsoftheUnicodeEscapeSequence(see11.8.4).The\precedingthe
UnicodeEscapeSequenceandtheuand{}codeunits,iftheyappear,donotcontributecodepointstotheIdentiierName.A
UnicodeEscapeSequencecannotbeusedtoputacodepointintoanIdentiierNamethatwouldotherwisebeillegal.Inother
words,ifa\UnicodeEscapeSequencesequencewerereplacedbytheSourceCharacteritcontributes,theresultmuststillbea
validIdentiierNamethathastheexactsamesequenceofSourceCharacterelementsastheoriginalIdentiierName.All
interpretationsofIdentiierNamewithinthisspeciicationarebasedupontheiractualcodepointsregardlessofwhetheror
notanescapesequencewasusedtocontributeanyparticularcodepoint.
TwoIdentiierNamethatarecanonicallyequivalentaccordingtotheUnicodestandardarenotequalunless,after
replacementofeachUnicodeEscapeSequence,theyarerepresentedbytheexactsamesequenceofcodepoints.
Syntax
IdentiierName ::
IdentiierStart
IdentiierName IdentiierPart
IdentiierStart ::
UnicodeIDStart
$
_
\ UnicodeEscapeSequence
IdentiierPart ::
UnicodeIDContinue
$
_
<ZWNJ>
<ZWJ>
UnicodeIDStart ::
anyUnicodecodepointwiththeUnicodepropertyID_Start
UnicodeIDContinue ::
anyUnicodecodepointwiththeUnicodepropertyID_Continue
ThedeinitionsofthenonterminalUnicodeEscapeSequenceisgivenin11.8.4.
NOTE2 ThesetsofcodepointswithUnicodepropertiesID_StartandID_Continueinclude,respectively,thecode
pointswithUnicodepropertiesOther_ID_StartandOther_ID_Continue.
11.6.1 IdentiierNames
11.6.1.1 StaticSemantics:EarlyErrors
IdentiierStart :: \ UnicodeEscapeSequence
ItisaSyntaxErrorifSV(UnicodeEscapeSequence)isnoneof"$",or"_",ortheUTF16Encodingofacodepointmatched
bytheUnicodeIDStartlexicalgrammarproduction.
IdentiierPart :: \ UnicodeEscapeSequence
ItisaSyntaxErrorifSV(UnicodeEscapeSequence)isnoneof"$",or"_",ortheUTF16Encodingofeither<ZWNJ>or
<ZWJ>,ortheUTF16EncodingofaUnicodecodepointthatwouldbematchedbytheUnicodeIDContinuelexical
grammarproduction.
11.6.1.2 StaticSemantics:StringValue
IdentiierName ::
IdentiierStart
1.ReturntheStringvalueconsistingofthesequenceofcodeunitscorrespondingtoIdentiierName.Indeterminingthe
sequenceanyoccurrencesof\UnicodeEscapeSequenceareirstreplacedwiththecodepointrepresentedbythe
UnicodeEscapeSequenceandthenthecodepointsoftheentireIdentiierNameareconvertedtocodeunitsby
UTF16Encodingeachcodepoint.
11.6.2 ReservedWords
AreservedwordisanIdentiierNamethatcannotbeusedasanIdentiier.
Syntax
ReservedWord ::
Keyword
FutureReservedWord
NullLiteral
BooleanLiteral
NOTE TheReservedWorddeinitionsarespeciiedasliteralsequencesofspeciicSourceCharacterelements.Acode
pointinaReservedWordcannotbeexpressedbya\UnicodeEscapeSequence.
11.6.2.1 Keywords
ThefollowingtokensareECMAScriptkeywordsandmaynotbeusedasIdentiiersinECMAScriptprograms.
Syntax
Keyword :: oneof
break do in typeof case else instanceof var catch export new void class extends return while
const finally super with continue for switch yield debugger function this default if
throw delete import try
NOTE InsomecontextsyieldisgiventhesemanticsofanIdentiier.See12.1.1.Instrictmodecode,letandstatic
aretreatedasreservedkeywordsthroughstaticsemanticrestrictions(see12.1.1,13.3.1.1,13.7.5.1,and
14.5.1)ratherthanthelexicalgrammar.
11.6.2.2 FutureReservedWords
Thefollowingtokensarereservedforusedaskeywordsinfuturelanguageextensions.
Syntax
FutureReservedWord ::
enum
await
awaitisonlytreatedasaFutureReservedWordwhenModuleisthegoalsymbolofthesyntacticgrammar.
NOTE Useofthefollowingtokenswithinstrictmodecodeisalsoreserved.Thatusageisrestrictedusingstatic
semanticrestrictions(see12.1.1)ratherthanthelexicalgrammar:
implements package protected

interface private public
11.7 Punctuators
Syntax
Punctuator :: oneof
{ ( ) [ ] . ... ; , < > <= >= == != === !== + * % ++ << >> >>> & | ^ ! ~ && || ? : = +=
= *= %= <<= >>= >>>= &= |= ^= => ** **=
DivPunctuator ::
/
/=
RightBracePunctuator ::
}
11.8 Literals
11.8.1 NullLiterals
Syntax
NullLiteral ::
null
11.8.2 BooleanLiterals
Syntax
BooleanLiteral ::
true
false
11.8.3 NumericLiterals
Syntax
NumericLiteral ::
DecimalLiteral
OctalIntegerLiteral
HexIntegerLiteral
DecimalLiteral ::
DecimalIntegerLiteral . DecimalDigitsopt ExponentPartopt
DecimalIntegerLiteral ExponentPartopt
DecimalIntegerLiteral ::
0
NonZeroDigit DecimalDigitsopt
DecimalDigits ::
DecimalDigit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ExponentPart ::
ExponentIndicator SignedInteger
ExponentIndicator :: oneof
e E
SignedInteger ::
DecimalDigits
+ DecimalDigits
DecimalDigits
BinaryIntegerLiteral ::
0b BinaryDigits
0B BinaryDigits
BinaryDigits ::
BinaryDigit
BinaryDigits BinaryDigit
BinaryDigit :: oneof
0 1
OctalIntegerLiteral ::
0o OctalDigits
0O OctalDigits
OctalDigits ::
OctalDigit
OctalDigits OctalDigit
OctalDigit :: oneof
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
HexIntegerLiteral ::
0x HexDigits
0X HexDigits
HexDigits ::
HexDigit
HexDigits HexDigit
HexDigit :: oneof
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f A B C D E F
TheSourceCharacterimmediatelyfollowingaNumericLiteralmustnotbeanIdentiierStartorDecimalDigit.
NOTE Forexample:3inisanerrorandnotthetwoinputelements3andin.
Aconformingimplementation,whenprocessingstrictmodecode,mustnotextend,asdescribedinB.1.1,thesyntaxof
NumericLiteraltoincludeLegacyOctalIntegerLiteral,norextendthesyntaxofDecimalIntegerLiteraltoinclude
NonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral.
11.8.3.1 StaticSemantics:MV
AnumericliteralstandsforavalueoftheNumbertype.Thisvalueisdeterminedintwosteps:irst,amathematicalvalue
(MV)isderivedfromtheliteral;second,thismathematicalvalueisroundedasdescribedbelow.
TheMVofNumericLiteral :: DecimalLiteral istheMVofDecimalLiteral.

TheMVofNumericLiteral :: BinaryIntegerLiteral istheMVofBinaryIntegerLiteral.
TheMVofNumericLiteral :: OctalIntegerLiteral istheMVofOctalIntegerLiteral.
TheMVofNumericLiteral :: HexIntegerLiteral istheMVofHexIntegerLiteral.
TheMVofDecimalLiteral :: DecimalIntegerLiteral . istheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral.
TheMVofDecimalLiteral :: DecimalIntegerLiteral . DecimalDigits istheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteralplus(theMVof
DecimalDigits10n),wherenisthenumberofcodepointsinDecimalDigits.
TheMVofDecimalLiteral :: DecimalIntegerLiteral . ExponentPart istheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral10e,wheree
istheMVofExponentPart.
TheMVofDecimalLiteral :: DecimalIntegerLiteral . DecimalDigits ExponentPart is(theMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral
plus(theMVofDecimalDigits10n))10e,wherenisthenumberofcodepointsinDecimalDigitsandeistheMVof
ExponentPart.
TheMVofDecimalLiteral :: . DecimalDigits istheMVofDecimalDigits10n,wherenisthenumberofcodepointsin
DecimalDigits.
TheMVofDecimalLiteral :: . DecimalDigits ExponentPart istheMVofDecimalDigits10en,wherenisthenumber
ofcodepointsinDecimalDigitsandeistheMVofExponentPart.
TheMVofDecimalLiteral :: DecimalIntegerLiteral istheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral.
TheMVofDecimalLiteral :: DecimalIntegerLiteral ExponentPart istheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral10e,whereeis
theMVofExponentPart.
TheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral :: 0 is0.
TheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral :: NonZeroDigit istheMVofNonZeroDigit.
TheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral :: NonZeroDigit DecimalDigits is(theMVofNonZeroDigit10n)plustheMVof
DecimalDigits,wherenisthenumberofcodepointsinDecimalDigits.
TheMVofDecimalDigits :: DecimalDigit istheMVofDecimalDigit.
TheMVofDecimalDigits :: DecimalDigits DecimalDigit is(theMVofDecimalDigits10)plustheMVofDecimalDigit.
TheMVofExponentPart :: ExponentIndicator SignedInteger istheMVofSignedInteger.
TheMVofSignedInteger :: DecimalDigits istheMVofDecimalDigits.
TheMVofSignedInteger :: + DecimalDigits istheMVofDecimalDigits.
TheMVofSignedInteger :: DecimalDigits isthenegativeoftheMVofDecimalDigits.
TheMVofDecimalDigit :: 0 orofHexDigit :: 0 orofOctalDigit :: 0 orofBinaryDigit :: 0 is0.
TheMVofDecimalDigit :: 1 orofNonZeroDigit :: 1 orofHexDigit :: 1 orofOctalDigit :: 1 orofBinaryDigit :: 1
is1.
TheMVofDecimalDigit :: 2 orofNonZeroDigit :: 2 orofHexDigit :: 2 orofOctalDigit :: 2 is2.
TheMVofDecimalDigit :: 8 orofNonZeroDigit :: 8 orofHexDigit :: 8 is8.
TheMVofDecimalDigit :: 9 orofNonZeroDigit :: 9 orofHexDigit :: 9 is9.
TheMVofHexDigit :: a orofHexDigit :: A is10.
TheMVofHexDigit :: b orofHexDigit :: B is11.
TheMVofHexDigit :: c orofHexDigit :: C is12.
TheMVofHexDigit :: d orofHexDigit :: D is13.
TheMVofHexDigit :: e orofHexDigit :: E is14.
TheMVofHexDigit :: f orofHexDigit :: F is15.
TheMVofBinaryIntegerLiteral :: 0b BinaryDigits istheMVofBinaryDigits.
TheMVofBinaryIntegerLiteral :: 0B BinaryDigits istheMVofBinaryDigits.
TheMVofBinaryDigits :: BinaryDigit istheMVofBinaryDigit.
TheMVofBinaryDigits :: BinaryDigits BinaryDigit is(theMVofBinaryDigits2)plustheMVofBinaryDigit.
TheMVofOctalIntegerLiteral :: 0o OctalDigits istheMVofOctalDigits.
TheMVofOctalIntegerLiteral :: 0O OctalDigits istheMVofOctalDigits.
TheMVofOctalDigits :: OctalDigit istheMVofOctalDigit.
TheMVofOctalDigits :: OctalDigits OctalDigit is(theMVofOctalDigits8)plustheMVofOctalDigit.
TheMVofHexIntegerLiteral :: 0x HexDigits istheMVofHexDigits.
TheMVofHexIntegerLiteral :: 0X HexDigits istheMVofHexDigits.
TheMVofHexDigits :: HexDigit istheMVofHexDigit.
TheMVofHexDigits :: HexDigits HexDigit is(theMVofHexDigits16)plustheMVofHexDigit.
OncetheexactMVforanumericliteralhasbeendetermined,itisthenroundedtoavalueoftheNumbertype.IftheMVis0,
thentheroundedvalueis+0;otherwise,theroundedvaluemustbetheNumbervaluefortheMV(asspeciiedin6.1.6),
unlesstheliteralisaDecimalLiteralandtheliteralhasmorethan20signiicantdigits,inwhichcasetheNumbervaluemay
beeithertheNumbervaluefortheMVofaliteralproducedbyreplacingeachsigniicantdigitafterthe20thwitha0digitor
theNumbervaluefortheMVofaliteralproducedbyreplacingeachsigniicantdigitafterthe20thwitha0digitandthen
incrementingtheliteralatthe20thsigniicantdigitposition.AdigitissigniicantifitisnotpartofanExponentPartand
itisnot0;or
thereisanonzerodigittoitsleftandthereisanonzerodigit,notintheExponentPart,toitsright.
11.8.4 StringLiterals
NOTE1 AstringliteraliszeroormoreUnicodecodepointsenclosedinsingleordoublequotes.Unicodecodepoints
mayalsoberepresentedbyanescapesequence.Allcodepointsmayappearliterallyinastringliteralexcept
fortheclosingquotecodepoints,U+005C(REVERSESOLIDUS),U+000D(CARRIAGERETURN),U+2028(LINE
SEPARATOR),U+2029(PARAGRAPHSEPARATOR),andU+000A(LINEFEED).Anycodepointsmayappearin
theformofanescapesequence.StringliteralsevaluatetoECMAScriptStringvalues.Whengeneratingthese
StringvaluesUnicodecodepointsareUTF16encodedasdeinedin10.1.1.CodepointsbelongingtotheBasic
MultilingualPlaneareencodedasasinglecodeunitelementofthestring.Allothercodepointsareencodedas
twocodeunitelementsofthestring.
Syntax
StringLiteral ::
" DoubleStringCharactersopt "
' SingleStringCharactersopt '
DoubleStringCharacters ::
DoubleStringCharacter DoubleStringCharactersopt
SingleStringCharacters ::
SingleStringCharacter SingleStringCharactersopt
DoubleStringCharacter ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneof" or\ orLineTerminator
\ EscapeSequence
LineContinuation
SingleStringCharacter ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneof' or\ orLineTerminator
\ EscapeSequence
LineContinuation
LineContinuation ::
\ LineTerminatorSequence
EscapeSequence ::
CharacterEscapeSequence
0 [lookaheadDecimalDigit]
HexEscapeSequence
UnicodeEscapeSequence
Aconformingimplementation,whenprocessingstrictmodecode,mustnotextendthesyntaxofEscapeSequencetoinclude
LegacyOctalEscapeSequenceasdescribedinB.1.2.
CharacterEscapeSequence ::
SingleEscapeCharacter
NonEscapeCharacter
SingleEscapeCharacter :: oneof
' " \ b f n r t v
NonEscapeCharacter ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneofEscapeCharacter orLineTerminator
EscapeCharacter ::
DecimalDigit
x
u
HexEscapeSequence ::
x HexDigit HexDigit
UnicodeEscapeSequence ::
u Hex4Digits
u{ HexDigits }
Hex4Digits ::
HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit
ThedeinitionofthenonterminalHexDigitisgivenin11.8.3.SourceCharacterisdeinedin10.1.
NOTE2 Alineterminatorcodepointcannotappearinastringliteral,exceptaspartofaLineContinuationtoproduce
theemptycodepointssequence.TheproperwaytocausealineterminatorcodepointtobepartoftheString
valueofastringliteralistouseanescapesequencesuchas\nor\u000A.
UnicodeEscapeSequence :: u{ HexDigits }
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheMVofHexDigits>1114111.
11.8.4.2 StaticSemantics:StringValue
StringLiteral ::
1.ReturntheStringvaluewhoseelementsaretheSVofthisStringLiteral.
11.8.4.3 StaticSemantics:SV
AstringliteralstandsforavalueoftheStringtype.TheStringvalue(SV)oftheliteralisdescribedintermsofcodeunit
valuescontributedbythevariouspartsofthestringliteral.Aspartofthisprocess,someUnicodecodepointswithinthe
stringliteralareinterpretedashavingamathematicalvalue(MV),asdescribedbeloworin11.8.3.
TheSVofStringLiteral :: " " istheemptycodeunitsequence.

TheSVofStringLiteral :: ' ' istheemptycodeunitsequence.
TheSVofStringLiteral :: " DoubleStringCharacters " istheSVofDoubleStringCharacters.
TheSVofStringLiteral :: ' SingleStringCharacters ' istheSVofSingleStringCharacters.
TheSVofDoubleStringCharacters :: DoubleStringCharacter isasequenceofoneortwocodeunitsthatistheSVof
DoubleStringCharacter.
TheSVofDoubleStringCharacters :: DoubleStringCharacter DoubleStringCharacters isasequenceofoneortwocode
unitsthatistheSVofDoubleStringCharacterfollowedbyallthecodeunitsintheSVofDoubleStringCharactersinorder.
TheSVofSingleStringCharacters :: SingleStringCharacter isasequenceofoneortwocodeunitsthatistheSVof
SingleStringCharacter.
TheSVofSingleStringCharacters :: SingleStringCharacter SingleStringCharacters isasequenceofoneortwocode
unitsthatistheSVofSingleStringCharacterfollowedbyallthecodeunitsintheSVofSingleStringCharactersinorder.
TheSVofDoubleStringCharacter :: SourceCharacter butnotoneof" or\ orLineTerminator istheUTF16Encoding
ofthecodepointvalueofSourceCharacter.
TheSVofDoubleStringCharacter :: \ EscapeSequence istheSVoftheEscapeSequence.
TheSVofDoubleStringCharacter :: LineContinuation istheemptycodeunitsequence.
TheSVofSingleStringCharacter :: SourceCharacter butnotoneof' or\ orLineTerminator istheUTF16Encoding
ofthecodepointvalueofSourceCharacter.
TheSVofSingleStringCharacter :: \ EscapeSequence istheSVoftheEscapeSequence.
TheSVofSingleStringCharacter :: LineContinuation istheemptycodeunitsequence.
TheSVofEscapeSequence :: CharacterEscapeSequence istheSVoftheCharacterEscapeSequence.
TheSVofEscapeSequence :: 0 isthecodeunitvalue0.
TheSVofEscapeSequence :: HexEscapeSequence istheSVoftheHexEscapeSequence.
TheSVofEscapeSequence :: UnicodeEscapeSequence istheSVoftheUnicodeEscapeSequence.
TheSVofCharacterEscapeSequence :: SingleEscapeCharacter isthecodeunitwhosevalueisdeterminedbythe
SingleEscapeCharacteraccordingtoTable34.
Table34:StringSingleCharacterEscapeSequences
EscapeSequence CodeUnitValue UnicodeCharacterName Symbol
\b 0x0008 BACKSPACE <BS>
\t 0x0009 CHARACTERTABULATION <HT>
\n 0x000A LINEFEED(LF) <LF>
\v 0x000B LINETABULATION <VT>
\f 0x000C FORMFEED(FF) <FF>
\r 0x000D CARRIAGERETURN(CR) <CR>
\" 0x0022 QUOTATIONMARK "
\' 0x0027 APOSTROPHE '
\\ 0x005C REVERSESOLIDUS \
TheSVofCharacterEscapeSequence :: NonEscapeCharacter istheSVoftheNonEscapeCharacter.

TheSVofNonEscapeCharacter :: SourceCharacter butnotoneofEscapeCharacter orLineTerminator isthe
UTF16EncodingofthecodepointvalueofSourceCharacter.
TheSVofHexEscapeSequence :: x HexDigit HexDigit isthecodeunitvaluethatis(16timestheMVoftheirst
HexDigit)plustheMVofthesecondHexDigit.
TheSVofUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u Hex4Digits istheSVofHex4Digits.
TheSVofHex4Digits :: HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit isthecodeunitvaluethatis(4096timestheMVofthe
irstHexDigit)plus(256timestheMVofthesecondHexDigit)plus(16timestheMVofthethirdHexDigit)plustheMV
ofthefourthHexDigit.
TheSVofUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u{ HexDigits } istheUTF16EncodingoftheMVofHexDigits.
11.8.5 RegularExpressionLiterals
NOTE1 AregularexpressionliteralisaninputelementthatisconvertedtoaRegExpobject(see21.2)eachtimethe
literalisevaluated.Tworegularexpressionliteralsinaprogramevaluatetoregularexpressionobjectsthat
nevercompareas===toeachotherevenifthetwoliterals'contentsareidentical.ARegExpobjectmayalsobe
createdatruntimebynewRegExporcallingtheRegExpconstructorasafunction(see21.2.3).
Theproductionsbelowdescribethesyntaxforaregularexpressionliteralandareusedbytheinputelementscannertoind
theendoftheregularexpressionliteral.ThesourcetextcomprisingtheRegularExpressionBodyandthe
RegularExpressionFlagsaresubsequentlyparsedagainusingthemorestringentECMAScriptRegularExpressiongrammar
(21.2.1).
AnimplementationmayextendtheECMAScriptRegularExpressiongrammardeinedin21.2.1,butitmustnotextendthe
RegularExpressionBodyandRegularExpressionFlagsproductionsdeinedbelowortheproductionsusedbythese
productions.
Syntax
RegularExpressionLiteral ::
/ RegularExpressionBody / RegularExpressionFlags
RegularExpressionBody ::
RegularExpressionFirstChar RegularExpressionChars
RegularExpressionChars ::
[empty]
RegularExpressionChars RegularExpressionChar
RegularExpressionFirstChar ::
RegularExpressionNonTerminator butnotoneof* or\ or/ or[
RegularExpressionBackslashSequence
RegularExpressionClass
RegularExpressionChar ::
RegularExpressionNonTerminator butnotoneof\ or/ or[
RegularExpressionBackslashSequence ::
\ RegularExpressionNonTerminator
RegularExpressionNonTerminator ::
RegularExpressionClass ::
[ RegularExpressionClassChars ]
RegularExpressionClassChars ::
[empty]
RegularExpressionClassChars RegularExpressionClassChar
RegularExpressionClassChar ::
RegularExpressionNonTerminator butnotoneof] or\
RegularExpressionFlags ::
[empty]
RegularExpressionFlags IdentiierPart
NOTE2 Regularexpressionliteralsmaynotbeempty;insteadofrepresentinganemptyregularexpressionliteral,the
codeunitsequence//startsasinglelinecomment.Tospecifyanemptyregularexpression,use:/(?:)/.
RegularExpressionFlags :: RegularExpressionFlags IdentiierPart
ItisaSyntaxErrorifIdentiierPartcontainsaUnicodeescapesequence.
11.8.5.2 StaticSemantics:BodyText
RegularExpressionLiteral :: / RegularExpressionBody / RegularExpressionFlags
1.ReturnthesourcetextthatwasrecognizedasRegularExpressionBody.
11.8.5.3 StaticSemantics:FlagText
RegularExpressionLiteral :: / RegularExpressionBody / RegularExpressionFlags
1.ReturnthesourcetextthatwasrecognizedasRegularExpressionFlags.
11.8.6 TemplateLiteralLexicalComponents
Syntax
Template ::
NoSubstitutionTemplate
TemplateHead
NoSubstitutionTemplate ::
` TemplateCharactersopt `
TemplateHead ::
` TemplateCharactersopt ${
TemplateSubstitutionTail ::
TemplateMiddle
TemplateTail
TemplateMiddle ::
} TemplateCharactersopt ${
TemplateTail ::
} TemplateCharactersopt `
TemplateCharacters ::
TemplateCharacter TemplateCharactersopt
TemplateCharacter ::
$ [lookahead{]
\ EscapeSequence
LineContinuation
LineTerminatorSequence
SourceCharacter butnotoneof` or\ or$ orLineTerminator
AconformingimplementationmustnotusetheextendeddeinitionofEscapeSequencedescribedinB.1.2whenparsinga
TemplateCharacter.
NOTE TemplateSubstitutionTailisusedbytheInputElementTemplateTailalternativelexicalgoal.
11.8.6.1 StaticSemantics:TVandTRV
AtemplateliteralcomponentisinterpretedasasequenceofUnicodecodepoints.TheTemplateValue(TV)ofaliteral
componentisdescribedintermsofcodeunitvalues(SV,11.8.4)contributedbythevariouspartsofthetemplateliteral
component.Aspartofthisprocess,someUnicodecodepointswithinthetemplatecomponentareinterpretedashavinga
mathematicalvalue(MV,11.8.3).IndeterminingaTV,escapesequencesarereplacedbytheUTF16codeunit(s)ofthe
Unicodecodepointrepresentedbytheescapesequence.TheTemplateRawValue(TRV)issimilartoaTemplateValuewith
thedifferencethatinTRVsescapesequencesareinterpretedliterally.
TheTVandTRVofNoSubstitutionTemplate :: ` ` istheemptycodeunitsequence.
TheTVandTRVofTemplateHead :: ` ${ istheemptycodeunitsequence.
TheTVandTRVofTemplateMiddle :: } ${ istheemptycodeunitsequence.
TheTVandTRVofTemplateTail :: } ` istheemptycodeunitsequence.
TheTVofNoSubstitutionTemplate :: ` TemplateCharacters ` istheTVofTemplateCharacters.
TheTVofTemplateHead :: ` TemplateCharacters ${ istheTVofTemplateCharacters.
TheTVofTemplateMiddle :: } TemplateCharacters ${ istheTVofTemplateCharacters.
TheTVofTemplateTail :: } TemplateCharacters ` istheTVofTemplateCharacters.
TheTVofTemplateCharacters :: TemplateCharacter istheTVofTemplateCharacter.
TheTVofTemplateCharacters :: TemplateCharacter TemplateCharacters isasequenceconsistingofthecodeunitsin
theTVofTemplateCharacterfollowedbyallthecodeunitsintheTVofTemplateCharactersinorder.
TheTVofTemplateCharacter :: SourceCharacter butnotoneof` or\ or$ orLineTerminator isthe
TheTVofTemplateCharacter :: $ isthecodeunitvalue0x0024.
TheTVofTemplateCharacter :: \ EscapeSequence istheSVofEscapeSequence.
TheTVofTemplateCharacter :: LineContinuation istheTVofLineContinuation.
TheTVofTemplateCharacter :: LineTerminatorSequence istheTRVofLineTerminatorSequence.
TheTVofLineContinuation :: \ LineTerminatorSequence istheemptycodeunitsequence.
TheTRVofNoSubstitutionTemplate :: ` TemplateCharacters ` istheTRVofTemplateCharacters.
TheTRVofTemplateHead :: ` TemplateCharacters ${ istheTRVofTemplateCharacters.
TheTRVofTemplateMiddle :: } TemplateCharacters ${ istheTRVofTemplateCharacters.
TheTRVofTemplateTail :: } TemplateCharacters ` istheTRVofTemplateCharacters.
TheTRVofTemplateCharacters :: TemplateCharacter istheTRVofTemplateCharacter.
TheTRVofTemplateCharacters :: TemplateCharacter TemplateCharacters isasequenceconsistingofthecodeunitsin
theTRVofTemplateCharacterfollowedbyallthecodeunitsintheTRVofTemplateCharacters,inorder.
TheTRVofTemplateCharacter :: SourceCharacter butnotoneof` or\ or$ orLineTerminator isthe
TheTRVofTemplateCharacter :: $ isthecodeunitvalue0x0024.
TheTRVofTemplateCharacter :: \ EscapeSequence isthesequenceconsistingofthecodeunitvalue0x005Cfollowed
bythecodeunitsofTRVofEscapeSequence.
TheTRVofTemplateCharacter :: LineContinuation istheTRVofLineContinuation.
TheTRVofTemplateCharacter :: LineTerminatorSequence istheTRVofLineTerminatorSequence.
TheTRVofEscapeSequence :: CharacterEscapeSequence istheTRVoftheCharacterEscapeSequence.
TheTRVofEscapeSequence :: 0 isthecodeunitvalue0x0030(DIGITZERO).
TheTRVofEscapeSequence :: HexEscapeSequence istheTRVoftheHexEscapeSequence.
TheTRVofEscapeSequence :: UnicodeEscapeSequence istheTRVoftheUnicodeEscapeSequence.
TheTRVofCharacterEscapeSequence :: SingleEscapeCharacter istheTRVoftheSingleEscapeCharacter.
TheTRVofCharacterEscapeSequence :: NonEscapeCharacter istheSVoftheNonEscapeCharacter.
TheTRVofSingleEscapeCharacter :: oneof ' " \ b f n r t v istheSVoftheSourceCharacterthatisthat
singlecodepoint.
TheTRVofHexEscapeSequence :: x HexDigit HexDigit isthesequenceconsistingofcodeunitvalue0x0078followed
byTRVoftheirstHexDigitfollowedbytheTRVofthesecondHexDigit.
TheTRVofUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u Hex4Digits isthesequenceconsistingofcodeunitvalue0x0075followedby
TRVofHex4Digits.
TheTRVofUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u{ HexDigits } isthesequenceconsistingofcodeunitvalue0x0075followed
bycodeunitvalue0x007BfollowedbyTRVofHexDigitsfollowedbycodeunitvalue0x007D.
TheTRVofHex4Digits :: HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit isthesequenceconsistingoftheTRVoftheirst
HexDigitfollowedbytheTRVofthesecondHexDigitfollowedbytheTRVofthethirdHexDigitfollowedbytheTRVof
thefourthHexDigit.
TheTRVofHexDigits :: HexDigit istheTRVofHexDigit.
TheTRVofHexDigits :: HexDigits HexDigit isthesequenceconsistingofTRVofHexDigitsfollowedbyTRVofHexDigit.
TheTRVofaHexDigitistheSVoftheSourceCharacterthatisthatHexDigit.
TheTRVofLineContinuation :: \ LineTerminatorSequence isthesequenceconsistingofthecodeunitvalue0x005C
followedbythecodeunitsofTRVofLineTerminatorSequence.
TheTRVofLineTerminatorSequence :: <LF>isthecodeunitvalue0x000A.
TheTRVofLineTerminatorSequence :: <CR>isthecodeunitvalue0x000A.
TheTRVofLineTerminatorSequence :: <LS>isthecodeunitvalue0x2028.
TheTRVofLineTerminatorSequence :: <PS>isthecodeunitvalue0x2029.
TheTRVofLineTerminatorSequence :: <CR><LF>isthesequenceconsistingofthecodeunitvalue0x000A.
NOTE TVexcludesthecodeunitsofLineContinuationwhileTRVincludesthem.<CR><LF>and<CR>
LineTerminatorSequencesarenormalizedto<LF>forbothTVandTRV.AnexplicitEscapeSequenceisneededto
includea<CR>or<CR><LF>sequence.
11.9 AutomaticSemicolonInsertion
MostECMAScriptstatementsanddeclarationsmustbeterminatedwithasemicolon.Suchsemicolonsmayalwaysappear
explicitlyinthesourcetext.Forconvenience,however,suchsemicolonsmaybeomittedfromthesourcetextincertain
situations.Thesesituationsaredescribedbysayingthatsemicolonsareautomaticallyinsertedintothesourcecodetoken
streaminthosesituations.
11.9.1 RulesofAutomaticSemicolonInsertion
Inthefollowingrules,tokenmeanstheactualrecognizedlexicaltokendeterminedusingthecurrentlexicalgoalsymbolas
describedinclause11.
Therearethreebasicrulesofsemicoloninsertion:
1.When,asaScriptorModuleisparsedfromlefttoright,atoken(calledtheoffendingtoken)isencounteredthatisnot
allowedbyanyproductionofthegrammar,thenasemicolonisautomaticallyinsertedbeforetheoffendingtokenifone
ormoreofthefollowingconditionsistrue:
TheoffendingtokenisseparatedfromtheprevioustokenbyatleastoneLineTerminator.
Theoffendingtokenis}.
Theprevioustokenis)andtheinsertedsemicolonwouldthenbeparsedastheterminatingsemicolonofado
whilestatement(13.7.2).
2.When,astheScriptorModuleisparsedfromlefttoright,theendoftheinputstreamoftokensisencounteredandthe
parserisunabletoparsetheinputtokenstreamasasinglecompleteECMAScriptScriptorModule,thenasemicolonis
automaticallyinsertedattheendoftheinputstream.
3.When,astheScriptorModuleisparsedfromlefttoright,atokenisencounteredthatisallowedbysomeproductionof
thegrammar,buttheproductionisarestrictedproductionandthetokenwouldbetheirsttokenforaterminalor
nonterminalimmediatelyfollowingtheannotation[noLineTerminatorhere]withintherestrictedproduction(and
thereforesuchatokeniscalledarestrictedtoken),andtherestrictedtokenisseparatedfromtheprevioustokenbyat
leastoneLineTerminator,thenasemicolonisautomaticallyinsertedbeforetherestrictedtoken.
However,thereisanadditionaloverridingconditionontheprecedingrules:asemicolonisneverinsertedautomaticallyif
thesemicolonwouldthenbeparsedasanemptystatementorifthatsemicolonwouldbecomeoneofthetwosemicolonsin
theheaderofaforstatement(see13.7.4).
NOTE Thefollowingaretheonlyrestrictedproductionsinthegrammar:
UpdateExpression[Yield] :
LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] [noLineTerminatorhere] ++
LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] [noLineTerminatorhere]
ContinueStatement[Yield] :
continue ;
continue [noLineTerminatorhere] LabelIdentiier[?Yield] ;
BreakStatement[Yield] :
break ;
break [noLineTerminatorhere] LabelIdentiier[?Yield] ;
ReturnStatement[Yield] :
return ;
return [noLineTerminatorhere] Expression[In,?Yield] ;
ThrowStatement[Yield] :
throw [noLineTerminatorhere] Expression[In,?Yield] ;
ArrowFunction[In,Yield] :
ArrowParameters[?Yield] [noLineTerminatorhere] => ConciseBody[?In]
YieldExpression[In] :
yield [noLineTerminatorhere] * AssignmentExpression[?In,Yield]
yield [noLineTerminatorhere] AssignmentExpression[?In,Yield]
Thepracticaleffectoftheserestrictedproductionsisasfollows:
Whena++ortokenisencounteredwheretheparserwouldtreatitasapostixoperator,andatleast
oneLineTerminatoroccurredbetweentheprecedingtokenandthe++ortoken,thenasemicolonis
automaticallyinsertedbeforethe++ortoken.
Whenacontinue,break,return,throw,oryieldtokenisencounteredandaLineTerminatoris
encounteredbeforethenexttoken,asemicolonisautomaticallyinsertedafterthecontinue,break,
return,throw,oryieldtoken.
TheresultingpracticaladvicetoECMAScriptprogrammersis:
Apostix++oroperatorshouldappearonthesamelineasitsoperand.
AnExpressioninareturnorthrowstatementoranAssignmentExpressioninayieldexpressionshould
startonthesamelineasthereturn,throw,oryieldtoken.
ALabelIdentiierinabreakorcontinuestatementshouldbeonthesamelineasthebreakor
continuetoken.
11.9.2 ExamplesofAutomaticSemicolonInsertion
Thesource
{12}3
isnotavalidsentenceintheECMAScriptgrammar,evenwiththeautomaticsemicoloninsertionrules.Incontrast,thesource
{1
2}3
isalsonotavalidECMAScriptsentence,butistransformedbyautomaticsemicoloninsertionintothefollowing:
{1
;2;}3;
whichisavalidECMAScriptsentence.
Thesource
for(a;b
)
isnotavalidECMAScriptsentenceandisnotalteredbyautomaticsemicoloninsertionbecausethesemicolonisneededfor
theheaderofaforstatement.Automaticsemicoloninsertionneverinsertsoneofthetwosemicolonsintheheaderofafor
statement.
Thesource
return
a+b
istransformedbyautomaticsemicoloninsertionintothefollowing:
return;
a+b;
NOTE1 Theexpressiona+bisnottreatedasavaluetobereturnedbythereturnstatement,becausea
LineTerminatorseparatesitfromthetokenreturn.
Thesource
a=b
++c
istransformedbyautomaticsemicoloninsertionintothefollowing:
a=b;
++c;
NOTE2 Thetoken++isnottreatedasapostixoperatorapplyingtothevariableb,becauseaLineTerminatoroccurs
betweenband++.
Thesource
if(a>b)
elsec=d
isnotavalidECMAScriptsentenceandisnotalteredbyautomaticsemicoloninsertionbeforetheelsetoken,eventhough
noproductionofthegrammarappliesatthatpoint,becauseanautomaticallyinsertedsemicolonwouldthenbeparsedasan
emptystatement.
Thesource
a=b+c
(d+e).print()
isnottransformedbyautomaticsemicoloninsertion,becausetheparenthesizedexpressionthatbeginsthesecondlinecan
beinterpretedasanargumentlistforafunctioncall:
a=b+c(d+e).print()
Inthecircumstancethatanassignmentstatementmustbeginwithaleftparenthesis,itisagoodideafortheprogrammerto
provideanexplicitsemicolonattheendoftheprecedingstatementratherthantorelyonautomaticsemicoloninsertion.
12 ECMAScriptLanguage:Expressions
12.1 Identiiers
Syntax
IdentiierReference[Yield] :
Identiier
[~Yield] yield
BindingIdentiier[Yield] :
Identiier
[~Yield] yield
LabelIdentiier[Yield] :
Identiier
[~Yield] yield
Identiier :
12.1.1 StaticSemantics:EarlyErrors
BindingIdentiier : Identiier
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthecodematchedbythisproductioniscontainedinstrictmodecodeandtheStringValueof
Identiieris"arguments"or"eval".
IdentiierReference : yield
BindingIdentiier : yield
LabelIdentiier : yield
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthecodematchedbythisproductioniscontainedinstrictmodecode.
IdentiierReference : Identiier
LabelIdentiier : Identiier
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthisproductionhasa[Yield]parameterandStringValueofIdentiieris"yield".
Identiier : IdentiierName butnotReservedWord
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthisphraseiscontainedinstrictmodecodeandtheStringValueofIdentiierNameis:
"implements","interface","let","package","private","protected","public","static",or"yield".
ItisaSyntaxErrorifStringValueofIdentiierNameisthesameStringvalueastheStringValueofanyReservedWord
exceptforyield.
NOTE StringValueofIdentiierNamenormalizesanyUnicodeescapesequencesinIdentiierNamehencesuchescapes
cannotbeusedtowriteanIdentiierwhosecodepointsequenceisthesameasaReservedWord.
12.1.2 StaticSemantics:BoundNames
1.ReturnanewListcontainingtheStringValueofIdentiier.
1.ReturnanewListcontaining"yield".
12.1.3 StaticSemantics:IsValidSimpleAssignmentTarget
1.IfthisIdentiierReferenceiscontainedinstrictmodecodeandStringValueofIdentiieris"eval"or"arguments",
returnfalse.
2.Returntrue.
1.Returntrue.
12.1.4 StaticSemantics:StringValue
LabelIdentiier : yield
1.Return"yield".
Identiier : IdentiierName butnotReservedWord
1.ReturntheStringValueofIdentiierName.
12.1.5 RuntimeSemantics:BindingInitialization
Withargumentsvalueandenvironment.
NOTE undeinedispassedforenvironmenttoindicatethataPutValueoperationshouldbeusedtoassignthe
initializationvalue.Thisisthecaseforvarstatementsandformalparameterlistsofsomenonstrictfunctions
(See9.2.12).Inthosecasesalexicalbindingishoistedandpreinitializedpriortoevaluationofitsinitializer.
1.LetnamebeStringValueofIdentiier.
2.Return?InitializeBoundName(name,value,environment).
1.Return?InitializeBoundName("yield",value,environment).
12.1.5.1 RuntimeSemantics:InitializeBoundName(name,value,environment)
1.Assert:Type(name)isString.
2.Ifenvironmentisnotundeined,then
a.LetenvbetheEnvironmentRecordcomponentofenvironment.
b.Performenv.InitializeBinding(name,value).
c.ReturnNormalCompletion(undeined).
3.Else,
a.LetlhsbeResolveBinding(name).
b.Return?PutValue(lhs,value).
12.1.6 RuntimeSemantics:Evaluation
1.Return?ResolveBinding(StringValueofIdentiier).
1.Return?ResolveBinding("yield").
NOTE1 TheresultofevaluatinganIdentiierReferenceisalwaysavalueoftypeReference.
NOTE2 Innonstrictcode,thekeywordyieldmaybeusedasanidentiier.EvaluatingtheIdentiierReference
productionresolvesthebindingofyieldasifitwasanIdentiier.EarlyErrorrestrictionensuresthatsuchan
evaluationonlycanoccurfornonstrictcode.See13.3.1forthehandlingofyieldinbindingcreationcontexts.
12.2 PrimaryExpression
Syntax
PrimaryExpression[Yield] :
this
IdentiierReference[?Yield]
Literal
ArrayLiteral[?Yield]
ObjectLiteral[?Yield]
FunctionExpression
ClassExpression[?Yield]
GeneratorExpression
TemplateLiteral[?Yield]
CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[?Yield]
CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[Yield] :
( Expression[In,?Yield] )
( )
( ... BindingIdentiier[?Yield] )
( ... BindingPattern[?Yield] )
( Expression[In,?Yield] , ... BindingIdentiier[?Yield] )
( Expression[In,?Yield] , ... BindingPattern[?Yield] )
SupplementalSyntax
Whenprocessingtheproduction
PrimaryExpression : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList
theinterpretationofCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterListisreinedusingthefollowinggrammar:
ParenthesizedExpression[Yield] :
12.2.1 Semantics
12.2.1.1 StaticSemantics:CoveredParenthesizedExpression
CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList : ( Expression )
1.Returntheresultofparsingthelexicaltokenstreammatchedby
CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[Yield] usingeitherParenthesizedExpressionor
ParenthesizedExpression[Yield] asthegoalsymboldependinguponwhetherthe[Yield]grammarparameterwas
presentwhenCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterListwasmatched.
12.2.1.2 StaticSemantics:HasName
1.LetexprbeCoveredParenthesizedExpressionofCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.
2.IfIsFunctionDeinitionofexprisfalse,returnfalse.
3.ReturnHasNameofexpr.
12.2.1.3 StaticSemantics:IsFunctionDeinition
PrimaryExpression :
this
IdentiierReference
Literal
ArrayLiteral
ObjectLiteral
TemplateLiteral
1.Returnfalse.
2.ReturnIsFunctionDeinitionofexpr.
12.2.1.4 StaticSemantics:IsIdentiierRef
PrimaryExpression : IdentiierReference
1.Returntrue.
PrimaryExpression :
this
Literal
ArrayLiteral
ObjectLiteral
FunctionExpression
ClassExpression
GeneratorExpression
TemplateLiteral
CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList
1.Returnfalse.
12.2.1.5 StaticSemantics:IsValidSimpleAssignmentTarget
PrimaryExpression :
this
Literal
ArrayLiteral
ObjectLiteral
FunctionExpression
ClassExpression
GeneratorExpression
TemplateLiteral
1.Returnfalse.
2.ReturnIsValidSimpleAssignmentTargetofexpr.
12.2.2 ThethisKeyword
12.2.2.1 RuntimeSemantics:Evaluation
PrimaryExpression : this
1.Return?ResolveThisBinding().
12.2.3 IdentiierReference
See12.1forIdentiierReference.
12.2.4 Literals
Syntax
Literal :
NullLiteral
BooleanLiteral
NumericLiteral
StringLiteral
Literal : NullLiteral
1.Returnnull.
Literal : BooleanLiteral
1.ReturnfalseifBooleanLiteralisthetokenfalse.
2.ReturntrueifBooleanLiteralisthetokentrue.
Literal : NumericLiteral
1.ReturnthenumberwhosevalueisMVofNumericLiteralasdeinedin11.8.3.
Literal : StringLiteral
1.ReturntheStringValueofStringLiteralasdeinedin11.8.4.2.
12.2.5 ArrayInitializer
NOTE AnArrayLiteralisanexpressiondescribingtheinitializationofanArrayobject,usingalist,ofzeroormore
expressionseachofwhichrepresentsanarrayelement,enclosedinsquarebrackets.Theelementsneednotbe
literals;theyareevaluatedeachtimethearrayinitializerisevaluated.
Arrayelementsmaybeelidedatthebeginning,middleorendoftheelementlist.Wheneveracommaintheelementlistis
notprecededbyanAssignmentExpression(i.e.,acommaatthebeginningorafteranothercomma),themissingarrayelement
contributestothelengthoftheArrayandincreasestheindexofsubsequentelements.Elidedarrayelementsarenotdeined.
Ifanelementiselidedattheendofanarray,thatelementdoesnotcontributetothelengthoftheArray.
Syntax
ArrayLiteral[Yield] :
[ Elisionopt ]
[ ElementList[?Yield] ]
[ ElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt ]
ElementList[Yield] :
Elisionopt AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
Elisionopt SpreadElement[?Yield]
ElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
ElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt SpreadElement[?Yield]
Elision :
,
Elision ,
SpreadElement[Yield] :
... AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
12.2.5.1 StaticSemantics:ElisionWidth
Elision : ,
1.Returnthenumericvalue1.
Elision : Elision ,
1.LetprecedingbetheElisionWidthofElision.
2.Returnpreceding+1.
12.2.5.2 RuntimeSemantics:ArrayAccumulation
WithparametersarrayandnextIndex.
ElementList : Elision AssignmentExpression
1.LetpaddingbetheElisionWidthofElision;ifElisionisnotpresent,usethenumericvaluezero.
2.LetinitResultbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
3.LetinitValuebe?GetValue(initResult).
4.LetcreatedbeCreateDataProperty(array,ToString(ToUint32(nextIndex+padding)),initValue).
5.Assert:createdistrue.
6.ReturnnextIndex+padding+1.
ElementList : Elision SpreadElement
2.ReturntheresultofperformingArrayAccumulationforSpreadElementwithargumentsarrayandnextIndex+padding.
ElementList : ElementList , Elision AssignmentExpression
1.LetpostIndexbetheresultofperformingArrayAccumulationforElementListwithargumentsarrayandnextIndex.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(postIndex).
4.LetinitResultbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
5.LetinitValuebe?GetValue(initResult).
6.LetcreatedbeCreateDataProperty(array,ToString(ToUint32(postIndex+padding)),initValue).
7.Assert:createdistrue.
8.ReturnpostIndex+padding+1.
ElementList : ElementList , Elision SpreadElement
1.LetpostIndexbetheresultofperformingArrayAccumulationforElementListwithargumentsarrayandnextIndex.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(postIndex).
4.ReturntheresultofperformingArrayAccumulationforSpreadElementwithargumentsarrayandpostIndex+padding.
SpreadElement : ... AssignmentExpression
1.LetspreadRefbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
2.LetspreadObjbe?GetValue(spreadRef).
3.Letiteratorbe?GetIterator(spreadObj).
4.Repeat
a.Letnextbe?IteratorStep(iterator).
b.Ifnextisfalse,returnnextIndex.
c.LetnextValuebe?IteratorValue(next).
d.LetstatusbeCreateDataProperty(array,ToString(ToUint32(nextIndex)),nextValue).
e.Assert:statusistrue.
f.LetnextIndexbenextIndex+1.
NOTE CreateDataPropertyisusedtoensurethatownpropertiesaredeinedforthearrayevenifthestandardbuilt
inArrayprototypeobjecthasbeenmodiiedinamannerthatwouldprecludethecreationofnewown
propertiesusing[[Set]].
ArrayLiteral : [ Elision ]
2.LetpadbetheElisionWidthofElision;ifElisionisnotpresent,usethenumericvaluezero.
3.PerformSet(array,"length",ToUint32(pad),false).
4.NOTE:TheaboveSetcannotfailbecauseofthenatureoftheobjectreturnedbyArrayCreate.
5.Returnarray.
ArrayLiteral : [ ElementList ]
2.LetlenbetheresultofperformingArrayAccumulationforElementListwithargumentsarrayand0.
3.ReturnIfAbrupt(len).
4.PerformSet(array,"length",ToUint32(len),false).
6.Returnarray.
ArrayLiteral : [ ElementList , Elision ]
2.LetlenbetheresultofperformingArrayAccumulationforElementListwithargumentsarrayand0.
3.ReturnIfAbrupt(len).
5.PerformSet(array,"length",ToUint32(padding+len),false).
7.Returnarray.
12.2.6 ObjectInitializer
NOTE1 AnobjectinitializerisanexpressiondescribingtheinitializationofanObject,writteninaformresemblinga
literal.Itisalistofzeroormorepairsofpropertykeysandassociatedvalues,enclosedincurlybrackets.The
valuesneednotbeliterals;theyareevaluatedeachtimetheobjectinitializerisevaluated.
Syntax
ObjectLiteral[Yield] :
{ }
{ PropertyDeinitionList[?Yield] }
{ PropertyDeinitionList[?Yield] , }
PropertyDeinitionList[Yield] :
PropertyDeinition[?Yield]
PropertyDeinitionList[?Yield] , PropertyDeinition[?Yield]
PropertyDeinition[Yield] :
CoverInitializedName[?Yield]
PropertyName[?Yield] : AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
MethodDeinition[?Yield]
PropertyName[Yield] :
LiteralPropertyName
ComputedPropertyName[?Yield]
LiteralPropertyName :
IdentiierName
StringLiteral
NumericLiteral
ComputedPropertyName[Yield] :
[ AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] ]
CoverInitializedName[Yield] :
IdentiierReference[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield]
Initializer[In,Yield] :
= AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
NOTE2 MethodDeinitionisdeinedin14.3.
NOTE3 Incertaincontexts,ObjectLiteralisusedasacovergrammarforamorerestrictedsecondarygrammar.The
CoverInitializedNameproductionisnecessarytofullycoverthesesecondarygrammars.However,useofthis
productionresultsinanearlySyntaxErrorinnormalcontextswhereanactualObjectLiteralisexpected.
PropertyDeinition : MethodDeinition
ItisaSyntaxErrorifHasDirectSuperofMethodDeinitionistrue.
InadditiontodescribinganactualobjectinitializertheObjectLiteralproductionsarealsousedasacovergrammarfor
ObjectAssignmentPattern.andmayberecognizedaspartofaCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.When
ObjectLiteralappearsinacontextwhereObjectAssignmentPatternisrequiredthefollowingEarlyErrorrulesarenotapplied.
Inaddition,theyarenotappliedwheninitiallyparsingaCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.
PropertyDeinition : CoverInitializedName
AlwaysthrowaSyntaxErrorifcodematchesthisproduction.
NOTE ThisproductionexistssothatObjectLiteralcanserveasacovergrammarforObjectAssignmentPattern.It
cannotoccurinanactualobjectinitializer.
12.2.6.2 StaticSemantics:ComputedPropertyContains
Withparametersymbol.
PropertyName : LiteralPropertyName
1.Returnfalse.
PropertyName : ComputedPropertyName
1.ReturntheresultofComputedPropertyNameContainssymbol.
12.2.6.3 StaticSemantics:Contains
PropertyDeinition : MethodDeinition
1.IfsymbolisMethodDeinition,returntrue.
2.ReturntheresultofComputedPropertyContainsforMethodDeinitionwithargumentsymbol.
NOTE Staticsemanticrulesthatdependuponsubstructuregenerallydonotlookintofunctiondeinitions.
LiteralPropertyName : IdentiierName
1.IfsymbolisaReservedWord,returnfalse.
2.IfsymbolisanIdentiierandStringValueofsymbolisthesamevalueastheStringValueofIdentiierName,returntrue.
3.Returnfalse.
12.2.6.4 StaticSemantics:HasComputedPropertyKey
PropertyDeinitionList : PropertyDeinitionList , PropertyDeinition
1.IfHasComputedPropertyKeyofPropertyDeinitionLististrue,returntrue.
2.ReturnHasComputedPropertyKeyofPropertyDeinition.
PropertyDeinition : IdentiierReference
1.Returnfalse.
PropertyDeinition : PropertyName : AssignmentExpression
1.ReturnIsComputedPropertyKeyofPropertyName.
12.2.6.5 StaticSemantics:IsComputedPropertyKey
PropertyName : LiteralPropertyName
1.Returnfalse.
PropertyName : ComputedPropertyName
1.Returntrue.
12.2.6.6 StaticSemantics:PropName
1.ReturnStringValueofIdentiierReference.
1.ReturnPropNameofPropertyName.
1.ReturnStringValueofIdentiierName.
LiteralPropertyName : StringLiteral
1.ReturnaStringvaluewhosecodeunitsaretheSVoftheStringLiteral.
LiteralPropertyName : NumericLiteral
1.LetnbrbetheresultofformingthevalueoftheNumericLiteral.
2.Return!ToString(nbr).
ComputedPropertyName : [ AssignmentExpression ]
1.Returnempty.
12.2.6.7 StaticSemantics:PropertyNameList
PropertyDeinitionList : PropertyDeinition
1.IfPropNameofPropertyDeinitionisempty,returnanewemptyList.
2.ReturnanewListcontainingPropNameofPropertyDeinition.
1.LetlistbePropertyNameListofPropertyDeinitionList.
2.IfPropNameofPropertyDeinitionisempty,returnlist.
3.AppendPropNameofPropertyDeinitiontotheendoflist.
4.Returnlist.
ObjectLiteral : { }
1.ReturnObjectCreate(%ObjectPrototype%).
ObjectLiteral :
{ PropertyDeinitionList }
{ PropertyDeinitionList , }
2.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingPropertyDeinitionEvaluationofPropertyDeinitionListwithargumentsobjand
true.
3.ReturnIfAbrupt(status).
4.Returnobj.
1.ReturnStringValueofIdentiierName.
LiteralPropertyName : StringLiteral
1.ReturnaStringvaluewhosecodeunitsaretheSVoftheStringLiteral.
LiteralPropertyName : NumericLiteral
1.LetnbrbetheresultofformingthevalueoftheNumericLiteral.
2.Return!ToString(nbr).
ComputedPropertyName : [ AssignmentExpression ]
1.LetexprValuebetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
2.LetpropNamebe?GetValue(exprValue).
3.Return?ToPropertyKey(propName).
12.2.6.9 RuntimeSemantics:PropertyDeinitionEvaluation
Withparametersobjectandenumerable.
1.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingPropertyDeinitionEvaluationofPropertyDeinitionListwithargumentsobjectand
enumerable.
3.ReturntheresultofperformingPropertyDeinitionEvaluationofPropertyDeinitionwithargumentsobjectand
enumerable.
1.LetpropNamebeStringValueofIdentiierReference.
2.LetexprValuebetheresultofevaluatingIdentiierReference.
3.LetpropValuebe?GetValue(exprValue).
4.Assert:enumerableistrue.
5.ReturnCreateDataPropertyOrThrow(object,propName,propValue).
1.LetpropKeybetheresultofevaluatingPropertyName.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(propKey).
3.LetexprValueRefbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
4.LetpropValuebe?GetValue(exprValueRef).
5.IfIsAnonymousFunctionDeinition(AssignmentExpression)istrue,then
a.LethasNamePropertybe?HasOwnProperty(propValue,"name").
b.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(propValue,propKey).
7.ReturnCreateDataPropertyOrThrow(object,propKey,propValue).
NOTE AnalternativesemanticsforthisproductionisgiveninB.3.1.
12.2.7 FunctionDeiningExpressions
See14.1forPrimaryExpression : FunctionExpression .
See14.4forPrimaryExpression : GeneratorExpression .
See14.5forPrimaryExpression : ClassExpression .
12.2.8 RegularExpressionLiterals
Syntax
See11.8.5.
PrimaryExpression : RegularExpressionLiteral
ItisaSyntaxErrorifBodyTextofRegularExpressionLiteralcannotberecognizedusingthegoalsymbolPatternofthe
ECMAScriptRegExpgrammarspeciiedin21.2.1.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifFlagTextofRegularExpressionLiteralcontainsanycodepointsotherthan"g","i","m","u",or
"y",orifitcontainsthesamecodepointmorethanonce.
PrimaryExpression : RegularExpressionLiteral
1.LetpatternbetheStringvalueconsistingoftheUTF16EncodingofeachcodepointofBodyTextof
RegularExpressionLiteral.
2.LetlagsbetheStringvalueconsistingoftheUTF16EncodingofeachcodepointofFlagTextofRegularExpressionLiteral.
3.ReturnRegExpCreate(pattern,lags).
12.2.9 TemplateLiterals
Syntax
TemplateLiteral[Yield] :
TemplateHead Expression[In,?Yield] TemplateSpans[?Yield]
TemplateSpans[Yield] :
TemplateTail
TemplateMiddleList[?Yield] TemplateTail
TemplateMiddleList[Yield] :
TemplateMiddle Expression[In,?Yield]
TemplateMiddleList[?Yield] TemplateMiddle Expression[In,?Yield]
12.2.9.1 StaticSemantics:TemplateStrings
Withparameterraw.
TemplateLiteral : NoSubstitutionTemplate
1.Ifrawisfalse,then
a.LetstringbetheTVofNoSubstitutionTemplate.
2.Else,
a.LetstringbetheTRVofNoSubstitutionTemplate.
3.ReturnaListcontainingthesingleelement,string.
TemplateLiteral : TemplateHead Expression TemplateSpans
1.Ifrawisfalse,then
a.LetheadbetheTVofTemplateHead.
2.Else,
a.LetheadbetheTRVofTemplateHead.
3.LettailbeTemplateStringsofTemplateSpanswithargumentraw.
4.ReturnaListcontainingheadfollowedbytheelements,inorder,oftail.
TemplateSpans : TemplateTail
1.Ifrawisfalse,then
a.LettailbetheTVofTemplateTail.
2.Else,
a.LettailbetheTRVofTemplateTail.
3.ReturnaListcontainingthesingleelement,tail.
TemplateSpans : TemplateMiddleList TemplateTail
1.LetmiddlebeTemplateStringsofTemplateMiddleListwithargumentraw.
2.Ifrawisfalse,then
a.LettailbetheTVofTemplateTail.
3.Else,
a.LettailbetheTRVofTemplateTail.
4.ReturnaListcontainingtheelements,inorder,ofmiddlefollowedbytail.
TemplateMiddleList : TemplateMiddle Expression
1.Ifrawisfalse,then
a.LetstringbetheTVofTemplateMiddle.
2.Else,
a.LetstringbetheTRVofTemplateMiddle.
3.ReturnaListcontainingthesingleelement,string.
TemplateMiddleList : TemplateMiddleList TemplateMiddle Expression
1.LetfrontbeTemplateStringsofTemplateMiddleListwithargumentraw.
2.Ifrawisfalse,then
a.LetlastbetheTVofTemplateMiddle.
3.Else,
a.LetlastbetheTRVofTemplateMiddle.
4.AppendlastasthelastelementoftheListfront.
5.Returnfront.
12.2.9.2 RuntimeSemantics:ArgumentListEvaluation
1.LettemplateLiteralbethisTemplateLiteral.
2.LetsiteObjbeGetTemplateObject(templateLiteral).
3.ReturnaListcontainingtheoneelementwhichissiteObj.
1.LettemplateLiteralbethisTemplateLiteral.
2.LetsiteObjbeGetTemplateObject(templateLiteral).
3.LetirstSubbetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
4.ReturnIfAbrupt(irstSub).
5.LetrestSubbeSubstitutionEvaluationofTemplateSpans.
6.ReturnIfAbrupt(restSub).
7.Assert:restSubisaList.
8.ReturnaListwhoseirstelementissiteObj,whosesecondelementsisirstSub,andwhosesubsequentelementsarethe
elementsofrestSub,inorder.restSubmaycontainnoelements.
12.2.9.3 RuntimeSemantics:GetTemplateObject(templateLiteral)
TheabstractoperationGetTemplateObjectiscalledwithagrammarproduction,templateLiteral,asanargument.Itperforms
thefollowingsteps:
1.LetrawStringsbeTemplateStringsoftemplateLiteralwithargumenttrue.
3.LettemplateRegistryberealm.[[TemplateMap]].
4.ForeachelementeoftemplateRegistry,do
a.Ife.[[Strings]]andrawStringscontainthesamevaluesinthesameorder,then
i.Returne.[[Array]].
5.LetcookedStringsbeTemplateStringsoftemplateLiteralwithargumentfalse.
6.LetcountbethenumberofelementsintheListcookedStrings.
7.LettemplatebeArrayCreate(count).
8.LetrawObjbeArrayCreate(count).
9.Letindexbe0.
10.Repeatwhileindex<count
a.Letpropbe!ToString(index).
b.LetcookedValuebetheStringvaluecookedStrings[index].
c.Calltemplate.[[DeineOwnProperty]](prop,PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:cookedValue,[[Writable]]:false,
[[Enumerable]]:true,[[Conigurable]]:false}).
d.LetrawValuebetheStringvaluerawStrings[index].
e.CallrawObj.[[DeineOwnProperty]](prop,PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:rawValue,[[Writable]]:false,
[[Enumerable]]:true,[[Conigurable]]:false}).
f.Letindexbeindex+1.
11.PerformSetIntegrityLevel(rawObj,"frozen").
12.Calltemplate.[[DeineOwnProperty]]("raw",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:rawObj,[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:
false,[[Conigurable]]:false}).
13.PerformSetIntegrityLevel(template,"frozen").
14.AppendtheRecord{[[Strings]]:rawStrings,[[Array]]:template}totemplateRegistry.
15.Returntemplate.
NOTE1 Thecreationofatemplateobjectcannotresultinanabruptcompletion.
NOTE2 EachTemplateLiteralintheprogramcodeofarealmisassociatedwithauniquetemplateobjectthatisusedin
theevaluationoftaggedTemplates(12.2.9.5).Thetemplateobjectsarefrozenandthesametemplateobjectis
usedeachtimeaspeciictaggedTemplateisevaluated.Whethertemplateobjectsarecreatedlazilyuponirst
evaluationoftheTemplateLiteraloreagerlypriortoirstevaluationisanimplementationchoicethatisnot
observabletoECMAScriptcode.
NOTE3 Futureeditionsofthisspeciicationmaydeineadditionalnonenumerablepropertiesoftemplateobjects.
12.2.9.4 RuntimeSemantics:SubstitutionEvaluation
1.ReturnanewemptyList.
1.ReturntheresultofSubstitutionEvaluationofTemplateMiddleList.
1.LetsubbetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(sub).
3.ReturnaListcontainingonlysub.
1.LetprecedingbetheresultofSubstitutionEvaluationofTemplateMiddleList.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(preceding).
3.LetnextbetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
4.ReturnIfAbrupt(next).
5.AppendnextasthelastelementoftheListpreceding.
6.Returnpreceding.
1.ReturntheStringvaluewhosecodeunitsaretheelementsoftheTVofNoSubstitutionTemplateasdeinedin11.8.6.
1.LetheadbetheTVofTemplateHeadasdeinedin11.8.6.
4.Letmiddlebe?ToString(sub).
5.LettailbetheresultofevaluatingTemplateSpans.
6.ReturnIfAbrupt(tail).
7.ReturntheStringvaluewhosecodeunitsaretheelementsofheadfollowedbytheelementsofmiddlefollowedbythe
elementsoftail.
NOTE1 ThestringconversionsemanticsappliedtotheExpressionvaluearelikeString.prototype.concatrather
thanthe+operator.
1.LettailbetheTVofTemplateTailasdeinedin11.8.6.
2.Returnthestringconsistingofthecodeunitsoftail.
1.LetheadbetheresultofevaluatingTemplateMiddleList.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(head).
3.LettailbetheTVofTemplateTailasdeinedin11.8.6.
4.Returnthestringwhosecodeunitsaretheelementsofheadfollowedbytheelementsoftail.
1.LetheadbetheTVofTemplateMiddleasdeinedin11.8.6.
4.Letmiddlebe?ToString(sub).
5.Returnthesequenceofcodeunitsconsistingofthecodeunitsofheadfollowedbytheelementsofmiddle.
thanthe+operator.
1.LetrestbetheresultofevaluatingTemplateMiddleList.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(rest).
3.LetmiddlebetheTVofTemplateMiddleasdeinedin11.8.6.
6.Letlastbe?ToString(sub).
7.Returnthesequenceofcodeunitsconsistingoftheelementsofrestfollowedbythecodeunitsofmiddlefollowedbythe
elementsoflast.
thanthe+operator.
12.2.10 TheGroupingOperator
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthelexicaltokensequencematchedbyCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList
cannotbeparsedwithnotokensleftoverusingParenthesizedExpressionasthegoalsymbol.
AllEarlyErrorsrulesforParenthesizedExpressionanditsderivedproductionsalsoapplyto
CoveredParenthesizedExpressionofCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.
ParenthesizedExpression : ( Expression )
1.ReturnIsFunctionDeinitionofExpression.
1.ReturnIsValidSimpleAssignmentTargetofExpression.
2.Returntheresultofevaluatingexpr.
1.ReturntheresultofevaluatingExpression.ThismaybeoftypeReference.
NOTE ThisalgorithmdoesnotapplyGetValuetotheresultofevaluatingExpression.Theprincipalmotivationforthis
issothatoperatorssuchasdeleteandtypeofmaybeappliedtoparenthesizedexpressions.
12.3 LeftHandSideExpressions
Syntax
MemberExpression[Yield] :
PrimaryExpression[?Yield]
MemberExpression[?Yield] [ Expression[In,?Yield] ]
MemberExpression[?Yield] . IdentiierName
MemberExpression[?Yield] TemplateLiteral[?Yield]
SuperProperty[?Yield]
MetaProperty
new MemberExpression[?Yield] Arguments[?Yield]
SuperProperty[Yield] :
super [ Expression[In,?Yield] ]
super . IdentiierName
MetaProperty :
NewTarget
NewTarget :
new . target
NewExpression[Yield] :
MemberExpression[?Yield]
new NewExpression[?Yield]
CallExpression[Yield] :
MemberExpression[?Yield] Arguments[?Yield]
SuperCall[?Yield]
CallExpression[?Yield] Arguments[?Yield]
CallExpression[?Yield] [ Expression[In,?Yield] ]
CallExpression[?Yield] . IdentiierName
CallExpression[?Yield] TemplateLiteral[?Yield]
SuperCall[Yield] :
super Arguments[?Yield]
Arguments[Yield] :
( )
( ArgumentList[?Yield] )
ArgumentList[Yield] :
AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
ArgumentList[?Yield] , AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
ArgumentList[?Yield] , ... AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
LeftHandSideExpression[Yield] :
NewExpression[?Yield]
CallExpression[?Yield]
12.3.1 StaticSemantics
12.3.1.1 StaticSemantics:Contains
MemberExpression : MemberExpression . IdentiierName
1.IfMemberExpressionContainssymbolistrue,returntrue.
4.Returnfalse.
SuperProperty : super . IdentiierName
1.IfsymbolistheReservedWordsuper,returntrue.
4.Returnfalse.
CallExpression : CallExpression . IdentiierName
1.IfCallExpressionContainssymbolistrue,returntrue.
4.Returnfalse.
MemberExpression :
MemberExpression [ Expression ]
MemberExpression . IdentiierName
MemberExpression TemplateLiteral
SuperProperty
MetaProperty
new MemberExpression Arguments
NewExpression :
new NewExpression
CallExpression :
MemberExpression Arguments
SuperCall
CallExpression Arguments
CallExpression [ Expression ]
CallExpression . IdentiierName
CallExpression TemplateLiteral
1.Returnfalse.
12.3.1.3 StaticSemantics:IsDestructuring
MemberExpression : PrimaryExpression
1.IfPrimaryExpressioniseitheranObjectLiteraloranArrayLiteral,returntrue.
2.Returnfalse.
MemberExpression :
SuperProperty
MetaProperty
NewExpression :
new NewExpression
CallExpression :
SuperCall
1.Returnfalse.
12.3.1.4 StaticSemantics:IsIdentiierRef
LeftHandSideExpression :
CallExpression
MemberExpression :
SuperProperty
MetaProperty
NewExpression :
new NewExpression
1.Returnfalse.
CallExpression :
MemberExpression :
SuperProperty
1.Returntrue.
CallExpression :
SuperCall
NewExpression :
new NewExpression
MemberExpression :
NewTarget :
new . target
1.Returnfalse.
12.3.2 PropertyAccessors
NOTE Propertiesareaccessedbyname,usingeitherthedotnotation:
MemberExpression.IdentiierName
CallExpression.IdentiierName
orthebracketnotation:
MemberExpression[Expression]
CallExpression[Expression]
Thedotnotationisexplainedbythefollowingsyntacticconversion:
MemberExpression.IdentiierName
isidenticalinitsbehaviourto
MemberExpression[<identiiernamestring>]
andsimilarly
CallExpression.IdentiierName
isidenticalinitsbehaviourto
CallExpression[<identiiernamestring>]
where<identiiernamestring>istheresultofevaluatingStringValueofIdentiierName.
MemberExpression : MemberExpression [ Expression ]
1.LetbaseReferencebetheresultofevaluatingMemberExpression.
2.LetbaseValuebe?GetValue(baseReference).
3.LetpropertyNameReferencebetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
4.LetpropertyNameValuebe?GetValue(propertyNameReference).
5.Letbvbe?RequireObjectCoercible(baseValue).
6.LetpropertyKeybe?ToPropertyKey(propertyNameValue).
7.Ifthecodematchedbythesyntacticproductionthatisbeingevaluatedisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue,elselet
strictbefalse.
8.ReturnavalueoftypeReferencewhosebasevalueisbv,whosereferencednameispropertyKey,andwhosestrict
referencelagisstrict.
MemberExpression : MemberExpression . IdentiierName
1.LetbaseReferencebetheresultofevaluatingMemberExpression.
2.LetbaseValuebe?GetValue(baseReference).
4.LetpropertyNameStringbeStringValueofIdentiierName.
strictbefalse.
6.ReturnavalueoftypeReferencewhosebasevalueisbv,whosereferencednameispropertyNameString,andwhose
strictreferencelagisstrict.
CallExpression : CallExpression [ Expression ]
IsevaluatedinexactlythesamemannerasMemberExpression : MemberExpression [ Expression ] exceptthatthe

containedCallExpressionisevaluatedinstep1.
CallExpression : CallExpression . IdentiierName
IsevaluatedinexactlythesamemannerasMemberExpression : MemberExpression . IdentiierName exceptthatthe

containedCallExpressionisevaluatedinstep1.
12.3.3 ThenewOperator
NewExpression : new NewExpression
1.Return?EvaluateNew(NewExpression,empty).
MemberExpression : new MemberExpression Arguments
1.Return?EvaluateNew(MemberExpression,Arguments).
12.3.3.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:EvaluateNew(constructProduction,arguments)
TheabstractoperationEvaluateNewwithargumentsconstructProduction,andargumentsperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:constructProductioniseitheraNewExpressionoraMemberExpression.
2.Assert:argumentsiseitheremptyoranArgumentsproduction.
3.LetrefbetheresultofevaluatingconstructProduction.
4.Letconstructorbe?GetValue(ref).
5.Ifargumentsisempty,letargListbeanewemptyList.
6.Else,
a.LetargListbeArgumentListEvaluationofarguments.
b.ReturnIfAbrupt(argList).
7.IfIsConstructor(constructor)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
8.Return?Construct(constructor,argList).
12.3.4 FunctionCalls
CallExpression : MemberExpression Arguments
1.LetrefbetheresultofevaluatingMemberExpression.
2.Letfuncbe?GetValue(ref).
3.IfType(ref)isReferenceandIsPropertyReference(ref)isfalseandGetReferencedName(ref)is"eval",then
a.IfSameValue(func,%eval%)istrue,then
i.LetargListbe?ArgumentListEvaluation(Arguments).
ii.IfargListhasnoelements,returnundeined.
iii.LetevalTextbetheirstelementofargList.
iv.IfthesourcecodematchingthisCallExpressionisstrictcode,letstrictCallerbetrue.OtherwiseletstrictCaller
befalse.
v.LetevalRealmbethecurrentRealmRecord.
vi.Return?PerformEval(evalText,evalRealm,strictCaller,true).
4.IfType(ref)isReference,then
a.IfIsPropertyReference(ref)istrue,then
i.LetthisValuebeGetThisValue(ref).
b.Else,thebaseofrefisanEnvironmentRecord
i.LetrefEnvbeGetBase(ref).
ii.LetthisValueberefEnv.WithBaseObject().
5.ElseType(ref)isnotReference,
a.LetthisValuebeundeined.
6.LetthisCallbethisCallExpression.
7.LettailCallbeIsInTailPosition(thisCall).
8.Return?EvaluateDirectCall(func,thisValue,Arguments,tailCall).
ACallExpressionevaluationthatexecutesstep3.a.viisadirecteval.
CallExpression : CallExpression Arguments
1.LetrefbetheresultofevaluatingCallExpression.
4.Return?EvaluateCall(ref,Arguments,tailCall).
12.3.4.2 RuntimeSemantics:EvaluateCall(ref,arguments,tailPosition)
TheabstractoperationEvaluateCalltakesasargumentsavalueref,asyntacticgrammarproductionarguments,anda
BooleanargumenttailPosition.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letfuncbe?GetValue(ref).
2.IfType(ref)isReference,then
a.IfIsPropertyReference(ref)istrue,then
i.LetthisValuebeGetThisValue(ref).
b.Else,thebaseofrefisanEnvironmentRecord
i.LetrefEnvbeGetBase(ref).
ii.LetthisValueberefEnv.WithBaseObject().
3.ElseType(ref)isnotReference,
a.LetthisValuebeundeined.
4.Return?EvaluateDirectCall(func,thisValue,arguments,tailPosition).
12.3.4.3 RuntimeSemantics:EvaluateDirectCall(func,thisValue,arguments,tailPosition)
TheabstractoperationEvaluateDirectCalltakesasargumentsavaluefunc,avaluethisValue,asyntacticgrammarproduction
arguments,andaBooleanargumenttailPosition.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetargListbe?ArgumentListEvaluation(arguments).
2.IfType(func)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.IftailPositionistrue,performPrepareForTailCall().
5.LetresultbeCall(func,thisValue,argList).
6.Assert:IftailPositionistrue,theabovecallwillnotreturnhere,butinsteadevaluationwillcontinueasifthefollowing
returnhasalreadyoccurred.
7.Assert:Ifresultisnotanabruptcompletion,thenType(result)isanECMAScriptlanguagetype.
8.Returnresult.
12.3.5 ThesuperKeyword
SuperProperty : super [ Expression ]
1.LetpropertyNameReferencebetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
2.LetpropertyNameValuebeGetValue(propertyNameReference).
3.LetpropertyKeybe?ToPropertyKey(propertyNameValue).
strictbefalse.
5.Return?MakeSuperPropertyReference(propertyKey,strict).
SuperProperty : super . IdentiierName
1.LetpropertyKeybeStringValueofIdentiierName.
strictbefalse.
3.Return?MakeSuperPropertyReference(propertyKey,strict).
SuperCall : super Arguments
1.LetnewTargetbeGetNewTarget().
2.IfnewTargetisundeined,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
3.Letfuncbe?GetSuperConstructor().
4.LetargListbeArgumentListEvaluationofArguments.
5.ReturnIfAbrupt(argList).
6.Letresultbe?Construct(func,argList,newTarget).
7.LetthisERbeGetThisEnvironment().
8.Return?thisER.BindThisValue(result).
12.3.5.2 RuntimeSemantics:GetSuperConstructor()
TheabstractoperationGetSuperConstructorperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Assert:envRecisafunctionEnvironmentRecord.
3.LetactiveFunctionbeenvRec.[[FunctionObject]].
4.LetsuperConstructorbe?activeFunction.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
5.IfIsConstructor(superConstructor)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
6.ReturnsuperConstructor.
12.3.5.3 RuntimeSemantics:MakeSuperPropertyReference(propertyKey,strict)
TheabstractoperationMakeSuperPropertyReferencewithargumentspropertyKeyandstrictperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetenvbeGetThisEnvironment().
2.Ifenv.HasSuperBinding()isfalse,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
3.LetactualThisbe?env.GetThisBinding().
4.LetbaseValuebe?env.GetSuperBase().
6.ReturnavalueoftypeReferencethatisaSuperReferencewhosebasevalueisbv,whosereferencednameis
propertyKey,whosethisValueisactualThis,andwhosestrictreferencelagisstrict.
12.3.6 ArgumentLists
NOTE TheevaluationofanargumentlistproducesaListofvalues.
12.3.6.1 RuntimeSemantics:ArgumentListEvaluation
Arguments : ( )
ArgumentList : AssignmentExpression
1.LetrefbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
2.Letargbe?GetValue(ref).
3.ReturnaListwhosesoleitemisarg.
ArgumentList : ... AssignmentExpression
1.LetlistbeanewemptyList.
3.LetspreadObjbe?GetValue(spreadRef).
4.Letiteratorbe?GetIterator(spreadObj).
5.Repeat
b.Ifnextisfalse,returnlist.
c.LetnextArgbe?IteratorValue(next).
d.AppendnextArgasthelastelementoflist.
ArgumentList : ArgumentList , AssignmentExpression
1.LetprecedingArgsbetheresultofevaluatingArgumentList.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(precedingArgs).
3.LetrefbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
4.Letargbe?GetValue(ref).
5.AppendargtotheendofprecedingArgs.
6.ReturnprecedingArgs.
ArgumentList : ArgumentList , ... AssignmentExpression
1.LetprecedingArgsbetheresultofevaluatingArgumentList.
3.Letiteratorbe?GetIterator(?GetValue(spreadRef)).
4.Repeat
b.Ifnextisfalse,returnprecedingArgs.
c.LetnextArgbe?IteratorValue(next).
d.AppendnextArgasthelastelementofprecedingArgs.
12.3.7 TaggedTemplates
NOTE AtaggedtemplateisafunctioncallwheretheargumentsofthecallarederivedfromaTemplateLiteral(12.2.9).
Theactualargumentsincludeatemplateobject(12.2.9.3)andthevaluesproducedbyevaluatingthe
expressionsembeddedwithintheTemplateLiteral.
MemberExpression : MemberExpression TemplateLiteral
1.LettagRefbetheresultofevaluatingMemberExpression.
2.LetthisCallbethisMemberExpression.
4.Return?EvaluateCall(tagRef,TemplateLiteral,tailCall).
CallExpression : CallExpression TemplateLiteral
1.LettagRefbetheresultofevaluatingCallExpression.
4.Return?EvaluateCall(tagRef,TemplateLiteral,tailCall).
12.3.8 MetaProperties
NewTarget : new . target
1.ReturnGetNewTarget().
12.4 UpdateExpressions
Syntax
LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield]
++ UnaryExpression[?Yield]
UnaryExpression[?Yield]
UpdateExpression :
LeftHandSideExpression ++
LeftHandSideExpression
ItisanearlyReferenceErrorifIsValidSimpleAssignmentTargetofLeftHandSideExpressionisfalse.
UpdateExpression :
++ UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression
ItisanearlyReferenceErrorifIsValidSimpleAssignmentTargetofUnaryExpressionisfalse.
12.4.2 StaticSemantics:IsFunctionDeinition
UpdateExpression :
++ UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression
1.Returnfalse.
UpdateExpression :
++ UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression
1.Returnfalse.
12.4.4 PostixIncrementOperator
UpdateExpression : LeftHandSideExpression ++
1.LetlhsbetheresultofevaluatingLeftHandSideExpression.
2.LetoldValuebe?ToNumber(?GetValue(lhs)).
3.LetnewValuebetheresultofaddingthevalue1tooldValue,usingthesamerulesasforthe+operator(see12.8.5).
4.Perform?PutValue(lhs,newValue).
5.ReturnoldValue.
12.4.5 PostixDecrementOperator
UpdateExpression : LeftHandSideExpression
1.LetlhsbetheresultofevaluatingLeftHandSideExpression.
2.LetoldValuebe?ToNumber(?GetValue(lhs)).
3.LetnewValuebetheresultofsubtractingthevalue1fromoldValue,usingthesamerulesasfortheoperator(see
12.8.5).
4.Perform?PutValue(lhs,newValue).
5.ReturnoldValue.
12.4.6 PreixIncrementOperator
UpdateExpression : ++ UnaryExpression
1.LetexprbetheresultofevaluatingUnaryExpression.
2.LetoldValuebe?ToNumber(?GetValue(expr)).
3.LetnewValuebetheresultofaddingthevalue1tooldValue,usingthesamerulesasforthe+operator(see12.8.5).
4.Perform?PutValue(expr,newValue).
5.ReturnnewValue.
12.4.7 PreixDecrementOperator
UpdateExpression : UnaryExpression
3.LetnewValuebetheresultofsubtractingthevalue1fromoldValue,usingthesamerulesasfortheoperator(see
12.8.5).
4.Perform?PutValue(expr,newValue).
5.ReturnnewValue.
12.5 UnaryOperators
Syntax
UnaryExpression[Yield] :
UpdateExpression[?Yield]
delete UnaryExpression[?Yield]
void UnaryExpression[?Yield]
typeof UnaryExpression[?Yield]
+ UnaryExpression[?Yield]
~ UnaryExpression[?Yield]
! UnaryExpression[?Yield]
UnaryExpression :
UpdateExpression
delete UnaryExpression
void UnaryExpression
typeof UnaryExpression
+ UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression
~ UnaryExpression
! UnaryExpression
1.Returnfalse.
UnaryExpression :
UpdateExpression
+ UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression
~ UnaryExpression
! UnaryExpression
1.Returnfalse.
12.5.3 ThedeleteOperator
UnaryExpression : delete UnaryExpression
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheUnaryExpressioniscontainedinstrictmodecodeandthederivedUnaryExpressionis
PrimaryExpression : IdentiierReference .
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthederivedUnaryExpressionis
andCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterListultimatelyderivesaphrasethat,ifusedinplaceof
UnaryExpression,wouldproduceaSyntaxErroraccordingtotheserules.Thisruleisrecursivelyapplied.
NOTE Thelastrulemeansthatexpressionssuchasdelete(((foo)))produceearlyerrorsbecauseofrecursive
applicationoftheirstrule.
UnaryExpression : delete UnaryExpression
1.LetrefbetheresultofevaluatingUnaryExpression.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(ref).
3.IfType(ref)isnotReference,returntrue.
4.IfIsUnresolvableReference(ref)istrue,then
a.Assert:IsStrictReference(ref)isfalse.
b.Returntrue.
5.IfIsPropertyReference(ref)istrue,then
a.IfIsSuperReference(ref)istrue,throwaReferenceErrorexception.
b.LetbaseObjbe!ToObject(GetBase(ref)).
c.LetdeleteStatusbe?baseObj.[[Delete]](GetReferencedName(ref)).
d.IfdeleteStatusisfalseandIsStrictReference(ref)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
e.ReturndeleteStatus.
6.ElserefisaReferencetoanEnvironmentRecordbinding,
a.LetbindingsbeGetBase(ref).
b.Return?bindings.DeleteBinding(GetReferencedName(ref)).
NOTE Whenadeleteoperatoroccurswithinstrictmodecode,aSyntaxErrorexceptionisthrownifits
UnaryExpressionisadirectreferencetoavariable,functionargument,orfunctionname.Inaddition,ifa
deleteoperatoroccurswithinstrictmodecodeandthepropertytobedeletedhastheattribute{
[[Conigurable]]:false},aTypeErrorexceptionisthrown.
12.5.4 ThevoidOperator
UnaryExpression : void UnaryExpression
2.Perform?GetValue(expr).
3.Returnundeined.
NOTE GetValuemustbecalledeventhoughitsvalueisnotusedbecauseitmayhaveobservablesideeffects.
12.5.5 ThetypeofOperator
UnaryExpression : typeof UnaryExpression
1.LetvalbetheresultofevaluatingUnaryExpression.
2.IfType(val)isReference,then
a.IfIsUnresolvableReference(val)istrue,return"undefined".
3.Letvalbe?GetValue(val).
4.ReturnaStringaccordingtoTable35.
Table35:typeofOperatorResults
Typeofval Result
Undeined "undefined"
Null "object"
Boolean "boolean"
Number "number"
String "string"
Symbol "symbol"
Object(ordinaryanddoesnotimplement "object"
[[Call]])
Object(standardexoticanddoesnot "object"
implement[[Call]])
Object(implements[[Call]]) "function"
Object(nonstandardexoticanddoesnot Implementationdeined.Mustnotbe"undefined","boolean","function",
implement[[Call]]) "number","symbol",or"string".
NOTE Implementationsarediscouragedfromdeiningnewtypeofresultvaluesfornonstandardexoticobjects.If
possible"object"shouldbeusedforsuchobjects.
12.5.6 Unary+Operator
NOTE Theunary+operatorconvertsitsoperandtoNumbertype.
UnaryExpression : + UnaryExpression
2.Return?ToNumber(?GetValue(expr)).
12.5.7 UnaryOperator
NOTE TheunaryoperatorconvertsitsoperandtoNumbertypeandthennegatesit.Negating+0produces0,and
negating0produces+0.
UnaryExpression : UnaryExpression
3.IfoldValueisNaN,returnNaN.
4.ReturntheresultofnegatingoldValue;thatis,computeaNumberwiththesamemagnitudebutoppositesign.
12.5.8 BitwiseNOTOperator(~)
UnaryExpression : ~ UnaryExpression
2.LetoldValuebe?ToInt32(?GetValue(expr)).
3.ReturntheresultofapplyingbitwisecomplementtooldValue.Theresultisasigned32bitinteger.
12.5.9 LogicalNOTOperator(!)
UnaryExpression : ! UnaryExpression
2.LetoldValuebeToBoolean(?GetValue(expr)).
3.IfoldValueistrue,returnfalse.
4.Returntrue.
12.6 ExponentiationOperator
Syntax
ExponentiationExpression[Yield] :
UpdateExpression[?Yield] ** ExponentiationExpression[?Yield]
ExponentiationExpression :
UpdateExpression ** ExponentiationExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
ExponentiationExpression : UpdateExpression ** ExponentiationExpression
1.LetleftbetheresultofevaluatingUpdateExpression.
2.LetleftValuebe?GetValue(left).
3.LetrightbetheresultofevaluatingExponentiationExpression.
4.LetrightValuebe?GetValue(right).
5.Letbasebe?ToNumber(leftValue).
6.Letexponentbe?ToNumber(rightValue).
7.ReturntheresultofApplyingthe**operatorwithbaseandexponentasspeciiedin12.7.3.4.
12.7 MultiplicativeOperators
Syntax
MultiplicativeExpression[Yield] :
ExponentiationExpression[?Yield]
MultiplicativeExpression[?Yield] MultiplicativeOperator ExponentiationExpression[?Yield]
MultiplicativeOperator : oneof
* / %
MultiplicativeExpression : MultiplicativeExpression MultiplicativeOperator ExponentiationExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
1.LetleftbetheresultofevaluatingMultiplicativeExpression.
2.LetleftValuebe?GetValue(left).
3.LetrightbetheresultofevaluatingExponentiationExpression.
4.LetrightValuebe?GetValue(right).
5.Letlnumbe?ToNumber(leftValue).
6.Letrnumbe?ToNumber(rightValue).
7.ReturntheresultofapplyingtheMultiplicativeOperator(*,/,or%)tolnumandrnumasspeciiedin12.7.3.1,12.7.3.2,or
12.7.3.3.
12.7.3.1 Applyingthe*Operator
The*MultiplicativeOperatorperformsmultiplication,producingtheproductofitsoperands.Multiplicationiscommutative.
MultiplicationisnotalwaysassociativeinECMAScript,becauseofiniteprecision.
TheresultofaloatingpointmultiplicationisgovernedbytherulesofIEEE7542008binarydoubleprecisionarithmetic:
IfeitheroperandisNaN,theresultisNaN.
Thesignoftheresultispositiveifbothoperandshavethesamesign,negativeiftheoperandshavedifferentsigns.
MultiplicationofanininitybyazeroresultsinNaN.
Multiplicationofanininitybyanininityresultsinanininity.Thesignisdeterminedbytherulealreadystatedabove.
Multiplicationofanininitybyainitenonzerovalueresultsinasignedininity.Thesignisdeterminedbytherule
alreadystatedabove.
Intheremainingcases,whereneitheranininitynorNaNisinvolved,theproductiscomputedandroundedtothe
nearestrepresentablevalueusingIEEE7542008roundtonearest,tiestoevenmode.Ifthemagnitudeistoolargeto
represent,theresultisthenanininityofappropriatesign.Ifthemagnitudeistoosmalltorepresent,theresultisthena
zeroofappropriatesign.TheECMAScriptlanguagerequiressupportofgradualunderlowasdeinedbyIEEE7542008.
12.7.3.2 Applyingthe/Operator
The/MultiplicativeOperatorperformsdivision,producingthequotientofitsoperands.Theleftoperandisthedividendand
therightoperandisthedivisor.ECMAScriptdoesnotperformintegerdivision.Theoperandsandresultofalldivision
operationsaredoubleprecisionloatingpointnumbers.TheresultofdivisionisdeterminedbythespeciicationofIEEE
7542008arithmetic:
Thesignoftheresultispositiveifbothoperandshavethesamesign,negativeiftheoperandshavedifferentsigns.
DivisionofanininitybyanininityresultsinNaN.
Divisionofanininitybyazeroresultsinanininity.Thesignisdeterminedbytherulealreadystatedabove.
Divisionofanininitybyanonzeroinitevalueresultsinasignedininity.Thesignisdeterminedbytherulealready
statedabove.
Divisionofainitevaluebyanininityresultsinzero.Thesignisdeterminedbytherulealreadystatedabove.
DivisionofazerobyazeroresultsinNaN;divisionofzerobyanyotherinitevalueresultsinzero,withthesign
determinedbytherulealreadystatedabove.
Divisionofanonzeroinitevaluebyazeroresultsinasignedininity.Thesignisdeterminedbytherulealreadystated
above.
Intheremainingcases,whereneitheranininity,norazero,norNaNisinvolved,thequotientiscomputedandrounded
tothenearestrepresentablevalueusingIEEE7542008roundtonearest,tiestoevenmode.Ifthemagnitudeistoo
largetorepresent,theoperationoverlows;theresultisthenanininityofappropriatesign.Ifthemagnitudeistoo
smalltorepresent,theoperationunderlowsandtheresultisazerooftheappropriatesign.TheECMAScriptlanguage
requiressupportofgradualunderlowasdeinedbyIEEE7542008.
12.7.3.3 Applyingthe%Operator
The%MultiplicativeOperatoryieldstheremainderofitsoperandsfromanimplieddivision;theleftoperandisthedividend
andtherightoperandisthedivisor.
NOTE InCandC++,theremainderoperatoracceptsonlyintegraloperands;inECMAScript,italsoacceptsloating
pointoperands.
Theresultofaloatingpointremainderoperationascomputedbythe%operatorisnotthesameastheremainder
operationdeinedbyIEEE7542008.TheIEEE7542008remainderoperationcomputestheremainderfromarounding
division,notatruncatingdivision,andsoitsbehaviourisnotanalogoustothatoftheusualintegerremainderoperator.
InsteadtheECMAScriptlanguagedeines%onloatingpointoperationstobehaveinamanneranalogoustothatoftheJava
integerremainderoperator;thismaybecomparedwiththeClibraryfunctionfmod.
TheresultofanECMAScriptloatingpointremainderoperationisdeterminedbytherulesofIEEEarithmetic:
Thesignoftheresultequalsthesignofthedividend.
Ifthedividendisanininity,orthedivisorisazero,orboth,theresultisNaN.
Ifthedividendisiniteandthedivisorisanininity,theresultequalsthedividend.
Ifthedividendisazeroandthedivisorisnonzeroandinite,theresultisthesameasthedividend.
Intheremainingcases,whereneitheranininity,norazero,norNaNisinvolved,theloatingpointremainderrfroma
dividendnandadivisordisdeinedbythemathematicalrelationr=n(dq)whereqisanintegerthatisnegative
onlyifn/disnegativeandpositiveonlyifn/dispositive,andwhosemagnitudeisaslargeaspossiblewithoutexceeding
themagnitudeofthetruemathematicalquotientofnandd.riscomputedandroundedtothenearestrepresentable
valueusingIEEE7542008roundtonearest,tiestoevenmode.
12.7.3.4 Applyingthe**Operator
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationoftheresultofraisingbasetothepowerexponent.
IfexponentisNaN,theresultisNaN.
Ifexponentis+0,theresultis1,evenifbaseisNaN.
Ifexponentis0,theresultis1,evenifbaseisNaN.
IfbaseisNaNandexponentisnonzero,theresultisNaN.
Ifabs(base)>1andexponentis+,theresultis+.
Ifabs(base)>1andexponentis,theresultis+0.
Ifabs(base)is1andexponentis+,theresultisNaN.
Ifabs(base)is1andexponentis,theresultisNaN.
Ifabs(base)<1andexponentis+,theresultis+0.
Ifabs(base)<1andexponentis,theresultis+.
Ifbaseis+andexponent>0,theresultis+.
Ifbaseis+andexponent<0,theresultis+0.
Ifbaseisandexponent>0andexponentisanoddinteger,theresultis.
Ifbaseisandexponent>0andexponentisnotanoddinteger,theresultis+.
Ifbaseisandexponent<0andexponentisanoddinteger,theresultis0.
Ifbaseisandexponent<0andexponentisnotanoddinteger,theresultis+0.
Ifbaseis+0andexponent>0,theresultis+0.
Ifbaseis+0andexponent<0,theresultis+.
Ifbaseis0andexponent>0andexponentisanoddinteger,theresultis0.
Ifbaseis0andexponent>0andexponentisnotanoddinteger,theresultis+0.
Ifbaseis0andexponent<0andexponentisanoddinteger,theresultis.
Ifbaseis0andexponent<0andexponentisnotanoddinteger,theresultis+.
Ifbase<0andbaseisiniteandexponentisiniteandexponentisnotaninteger,theresultisNaN.
NOTE Theresultofbase**exponentwhenbaseis1or1andexponentis+IninityorIninitydiffersfromIEEE
7542008.TheirsteditionofECMAScriptspeciiedaresultofNaNforthisoperation,whereaslaterversions
ofIEEE7542008speciied1.ThehistoricalECMAScriptbehaviourispreservedforcompatibilityreasons.
12.8 AdditiveOperators
Syntax
AdditiveExpression[Yield] :
MultiplicativeExpression[?Yield]
AdditiveExpression[?Yield] + MultiplicativeExpression[?Yield]
AdditiveExpression[?Yield] MultiplicativeExpression[?Yield]
AdditiveExpression :
AdditiveExpression + MultiplicativeExpression
AdditiveExpression MultiplicativeExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
12.8.3 TheAdditionOperator(+)
NOTE Theadditionoperatoreitherperformsstringconcatenationornumericaddition.
AdditiveExpression : AdditiveExpression + MultiplicativeExpression
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingAdditiveExpression.
2.Letlvalbe?GetValue(lref).
3.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingMultiplicativeExpression.
4.Letrvalbe?GetValue(rref).
5.Letlprimbe?ToPrimitive(lval).
6.Letrprimbe?ToPrimitive(rval).
7.IfType(lprim)isStringorType(rprim)isString,then
a.Letlstrbe?ToString(lprim).
b.Letrstrbe?ToString(rprim).
c.ReturntheStringthatistheresultofconcatenatinglstrandrstr.
8.Letlnumbe?ToNumber(lprim).
9.Letrnumbe?ToNumber(rprim).
10.Returntheresultofapplyingtheadditionoperationtolnumandrnum.SeetheNotebelow12.8.5.
NOTE1 NohintisprovidedinthecallstoToPrimitiveinsteps5and6.AllstandardobjectsexceptDateobjectshandle
theabsenceofahintasifthehintNumberweregiven;Dateobjectshandletheabsenceofahintasifthehint
Stringweregiven.Exoticobjectsmayhandletheabsenceofahintinsomeothermanner.
NOTE2 Step7differsfromstep5oftheAbstractRelationalComparisonalgorithm,byusingthelogicaloroperation
insteadofthelogicalandoperation.
12.8.4 TheSubtractionOperator()
AdditiveExpression : AdditiveExpression MultiplicativeExpression
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingAdditiveExpression.
3.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingMultiplicativeExpression.
5.Letlnumbe?ToNumber(lval).
6.Letrnumbe?ToNumber(rval).
7.Returntheresultofapplyingthesubtractionoperationtolnumandrnum.Seethenotebelow12.8.5.
12.8.5 ApplyingtheAdditiveOperatorstoNumbers
The+operatorperformsadditionwhenappliedtotwooperandsofnumerictype,producingthesumoftheoperands.The
operatorperformssubtraction,producingthedifferenceoftwonumericoperands.
Additionisacommutativeoperation,butnotalwaysassociative.
TheresultofanadditionisdeterminedusingtherulesofIEEE7542008binarydoubleprecisionarithmetic:
ThesumoftwoininitiesofoppositesignisNaN.
Thesumoftwoininitiesofthesamesignistheininityofthatsign.
Thesumofanininityandainitevalueisequaltotheininiteoperand.
Thesumoftwonegativezeroesis0.Thesumoftwopositivezeroes,oroftwozeroesofoppositesign,is+0.
Thesumofazeroandanonzeroinitevalueisequaltothenonzerooperand.
Thesumoftwononzeroinitevaluesofthesamemagnitudeandoppositesignis+0.
Intheremainingcases,whereneitheranininity,norazero,norNaNisinvolved,andtheoperandshavethesamesign
orhavedifferentmagnitudes,thesumiscomputedandroundedtothenearestrepresentablevalueusingIEEE754
2008roundtonearest,tiestoevenmode.Ifthemagnitudeistoolargetorepresent,theoperationoverlowsandthe
resultisthenanininityofappropriatesign.TheECMAScriptlanguagerequiressupportofgradualunderlowas
deinedbyIEEE7542008.
NOTE Theoperatorperformssubtractionwhenappliedtotwooperandsofnumerictype,producingthedifference
ofitsoperands;theleftoperandistheminuendandtherightoperandisthesubtrahend.Givennumeric
operandsaandb,itisalwaysthecasethatabproducesthesameresultasa+(b).
12.9 BitwiseShiftOperators
Syntax
ShiftExpression[Yield] :
AdditiveExpression[?Yield]
ShiftExpression[?Yield] << AdditiveExpression[?Yield]
ShiftExpression[?Yield] >> AdditiveExpression[?Yield]
ShiftExpression[?Yield] >>> AdditiveExpression[?Yield]
ShiftExpression :
ShiftExpression << AdditiveExpression
ShiftExpression >> AdditiveExpression
ShiftExpression >>> AdditiveExpression
1.Returnfalse.
ShiftExpression :
1.Returnfalse.
12.9.3 TheLeftShiftOperator(<<)
NOTE Performsabitwiseleftshiftoperationontheleftoperandbytheamountspeciiedbytherightoperand.
ShiftExpression : ShiftExpression << AdditiveExpression
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingShiftExpression.
3.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingAdditiveExpression.
5.Letlnumbe?ToInt32(lval).
6.Letrnumbe?ToUint32(rval).
7.LetshiftCountbetheresultofmaskingoutallbuttheleastsigniicant5bitsofrnum,thatis,computernum&0x1F.
8.ReturntheresultofleftshiftinglnumbyshiftCountbits.Theresultisasigned32bitinteger.
12.9.4 TheSignedRightShiftOperator(>>)
NOTE Performsasignillingbitwiserightshiftoperationontheleftoperandbytheamountspeciiedbytheright
operand.
ShiftExpression : ShiftExpression >> AdditiveExpression
8.ReturntheresultofperformingasignextendingrightshiftoflnumbyshiftCountbits.Themostsigniicantbitis
propagated.Theresultisasigned32bitinteger.
12.9.5 TheUnsignedRightShiftOperator(>>>)
NOTE Performsazeroillingbitwiserightshiftoperationontheleftoperandbytheamountspeciiedbytheright
operand.
ShiftExpression : ShiftExpression >>> AdditiveExpression
5.Letlnumbe?ToUint32(lval).
8.ReturntheresultofperformingazeroillingrightshiftoflnumbyshiftCountbits.Vacatedbitsareilledwithzero.The
resultisanunsigned32bitinteger.
12.10 RelationalOperators
NOTE1 TheresultofevaluatingarelationaloperatorisalwaysoftypeBoolean,relectingwhethertherelationship
namedbytheoperatorholdsbetweenitstwooperands.
Syntax
RelationalExpression[In,Yield] :
ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] < ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] > ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] <= ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] >= ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] instanceof ShiftExpression[?Yield]
[+In] RelationalExpression[In,?Yield] in ShiftExpression[?Yield]
NOTE2 The[In]grammarparameterisneededtoavoidconfusingtheinoperatorinarelationalexpressionwiththe
inoperatorinaforstatement.
RelationalExpression :
RelationalExpression < ShiftExpression
RelationalExpression > ShiftExpression
RelationalExpression <= ShiftExpression
RelationalExpression >= ShiftExpression
RelationalExpression instanceof ShiftExpression
RelationalExpression in ShiftExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
RelationalExpression : RelationalExpression < ShiftExpression
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingRelationalExpression.
3.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingShiftExpression.
5.LetrbetheresultofperformingAbstractRelationalComparisonlval<rval.
6.ReturnIfAbrupt(r).
7.Ifrisundeined,returnfalse.Otherwise,returnr.
RelationalExpression : RelationalExpression > ShiftExpression
5.LetrbetheresultofperformingAbstractRelationalComparisonrval<lvalwithLeftFirstequaltofalse.
7.Ifrisundeined,returnfalse.Otherwise,returnr.
RelationalExpression : RelationalExpression <= ShiftExpression
5.LetrbetheresultofperformingAbstractRelationalComparisonrval<lvalwithLeftFirstequaltofalse.
7.Ifristrueorundeined,returnfalse.Otherwise,returntrue.
RelationalExpression : RelationalExpression >= ShiftExpression
5.LetrbetheresultofperformingAbstractRelationalComparisonlval<rval.
7.Ifristrueorundeined,returnfalse.Otherwise,returntrue.
RelationalExpression : RelationalExpression instanceof ShiftExpression
5.Return?InstanceofOperator(lval,rval).
RelationalExpression : RelationalExpression in ShiftExpression
5.IfType(rval)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
6.Return?HasProperty(rval,ToPropertyKey(lval)).
12.10.4 RuntimeSemantics:InstanceofOperator(O,C)
TheabstractoperationInstanceofOperator(O,C)implementsthegenericalgorithmfordeterminingifanobjectOinherits
fromtheinheritancepathdeinedbyconstructorC.Thisabstractoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.LetinstOfHandlerbe?GetMethod(C,@@hasInstance).
3.IfinstOfHandlerisnotundeined,then
a.ReturnToBoolean(?Call(instOfHandler,C,O)).
4.IfIsCallable(C)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Return?OrdinaryHasInstance(C,O).
NOTE Steps5and6providecompatibilitywithpreviouseditionsofECMAScriptthatdidnotusea@@hasInstance
methodtodeinetheinstanceofoperatorsemantics.Ifafunctionobjectdoesnotdeineorinherit
@@hasInstanceitusesthedefaultinstanceofsemantics.
12.11 EqualityOperators
NOTE TheresultofevaluatinganequalityoperatorisalwaysoftypeBoolean,relectingwhethertherelationship
namedbytheoperatorholdsbetweenitstwooperands.
Syntax
EqualityExpression[In,Yield] :
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield] == RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield] != RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield] === RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield] !== RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
EqualityExpression :
EqualityExpression == RelationalExpression
EqualityExpression != RelationalExpression
EqualityExpression === RelationalExpression
EqualityExpression !== RelationalExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
EqualityExpression : EqualityExpression == RelationalExpression
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingEqualityExpression.
3.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingRelationalExpression.
5.ReturntheresultofperformingAbstractEqualityComparisonrval==lval.
EqualityExpression : EqualityExpression != RelationalExpression
5.LetrbetheresultofperformingAbstractEqualityComparisonrval==lval.
6.Ifristrue,returnfalse.Otherwise,returntrue.
EqualityExpression : EqualityExpression === RelationalExpression
5.ReturntheresultofperformingStrictEqualityComparisonrval===lval.
EqualityExpression : EqualityExpression !== RelationalExpression

5.LetrbetheresultofperformingStrictEqualityComparisonrval===lval.
6.Ifristrue,returnfalse.Otherwise,returntrue.
NOTE1 Giventheabovedeinitionofequality:
Stringcomparisoncanbeforcedby:""+a==""+b.
Numericcomparisoncanbeforcedby:+a==+b.
Booleancomparisoncanbeforcedby:!a==!b.
NOTE2 Theequalityoperatorsmaintainthefollowinginvariants:
A!=Bisequivalentto!(A==B).
A==BisequivalenttoB==A,exceptintheorderofevaluationofAandB.
NOTE3 Theequalityoperatorisnotalwaystransitive.Forexample,theremightbetwodistinctStringobjects,each
representingthesameStringvalue;eachStringobjectwouldbeconsideredequaltotheStringvaluebythe==
operator,butthetwoStringobjectswouldnotbeequaltoeachother.Forexample:
newString("a")=="a"and"a"==newString("a")arebothtrue.
newString("a")==newString("a")isfalse.
NOTE4 ComparisonofStringsusesasimpleequalitytestonsequencesofcodeunitvalues.Thereisnoattempttouse
themorecomplex,semanticallyorienteddeinitionsofcharacterorstringequalityandcollatingorderdeined
intheUnicodespeciication.ThereforeStringsvaluesthatarecanonicallyequalaccordingtotheUnicode
standardcouldtestasunequal.IneffectthisalgorithmassumesthatbothStringsarealreadyinnormalized
form.
12.12 BinaryBitwiseOperators
Syntax
BitwiseANDExpression[In,Yield] :
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseANDExpression[?In,?Yield] & EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseXORExpression[In,Yield] :
BitwiseANDExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseXORExpression[?In,?Yield] ^ BitwiseANDExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseORExpression[In,Yield] :
BitwiseXORExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseORExpression[?In,?Yield] | BitwiseXORExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseANDExpression : BitwiseANDExpression & EqualityExpression
BitwiseXORExpression : BitwiseXORExpression ^ BitwiseANDExpression
BitwiseORExpression : BitwiseORExpression | BitwiseXORExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
TheproductionA : A @ B ,where@isoneofthebitwiseoperatorsintheproductionsabove,isevaluatedasfollows:
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingA.
3.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingB.
6.Letrnumbe?ToInt32(rval).
7.Returntheresultofapplyingthebitwiseoperator@tolnumandrnum.Theresultisasigned32bitinteger.
12.13 BinaryLogicalOperators
Syntax
LogicalANDExpression[In,Yield] :
BitwiseORExpression[?In,?Yield]
LogicalANDExpression[?In,?Yield] && BitwiseORExpression[?In,?Yield]
LogicalORExpression[In,Yield] :
LogicalANDExpression[?In,?Yield]
LogicalORExpression[?In,?Yield] || LogicalANDExpression[?In,?Yield]
NOTE Thevalueproducedbya&&or||operatorisnotnecessarilyoftypeBoolean.Thevalueproducedwillalways
bethevalueofoneofthetwooperandexpressions.
LogicalANDExpression : LogicalANDExpression && BitwiseORExpression
LogicalORExpression : LogicalORExpression || LogicalANDExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingLogicalANDExpression.
3.LetlboolbeToBoolean(lval).
4.Iflboolisfalse,returnlval.
5.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingBitwiseORExpression.
6.Return?GetValue(rref).
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingLogicalORExpression.
3.LetlboolbeToBoolean(lval).
4.Iflboolistrue,returnlval.
5.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingLogicalANDExpression.
12.14 ConditionalOperator(?:)
Syntax
ConditionalExpression[In,Yield] :
LogicalORExpression[?In,?Yield]
LogicalORExpression[?In,?Yield] ? AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] : AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
NOTE ThegrammarforaConditionalExpressioninECMAScriptisslightlydifferentfromthatinCandJava,whicheach
allowthesecondsubexpressiontobeanExpressionbutrestrictthethirdexpressiontobea
ConditionalExpression.ThemotivationforthisdifferenceinECMAScriptistoallowanassignmentexpressionto
begovernedbyeitherarmofaconditionalandtoeliminatetheconfusingandfairlyuselesscaseofacomma
expressionasthecentreexpression.
ConditionalExpression : LogicalORExpression ? AssignmentExpression : AssignmentExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingLogicalORExpression.
2.LetlvalbeToBoolean(?GetValue(lref)).
3.Iflvalistrue,then
a.LettrueRefbetheresultofevaluatingtheirstAssignmentExpression.
b.Return?GetValue(trueRef).
4.Else,
a.LetfalseRefbetheresultofevaluatingthesecondAssignmentExpression.
b.Return?GetValue(falseRef).
12.15 AssignmentOperators
Syntax
AssignmentExpression[In,Yield] :
ConditionalExpression[?In,?Yield]
[+Yield] YieldExpression[?In]
ArrowFunction[?In,?Yield]
LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] = AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
AssignmentOperator : oneof
*= /= %= += = <<= >>= >>>= &= ^= |= **=
AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression = AssignmentExpression
ItisaSyntaxErrorifLeftHandSideExpressioniseitheranObjectLiteraloranArrayLiteralandthelexicaltokensequence
matchedbyLeftHandSideExpressioncannotbeparsedwithnotokensleftoverusingAssignmentPatternasthegoal
symbol.
ItisanearlyReferenceErrorifLeftHandSideExpressionisneitheranObjectLiteralnoranArrayLiteraland
IsValidSimpleAssignmentTargetofLeftHandSideExpressionisfalse.
AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression
ItisanearlyReferenceErrorifIsValidSimpleAssignmentTargetofLeftHandSideExpressionisfalse.
AssignmentExpression : ArrowFunction
1.Returntrue.
AssignmentExpression :
YieldExpression
LeftHandSideExpression = AssignmentExpression
LeftHandSideExpression AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression
1.Returnfalse.
YieldExpression
ArrowFunction
1.Returnfalse.
AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression = AssignmentExpression
1.IfLeftHandSideExpressionisneitheranObjectLiteralnoranArrayLiteral,then
a.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingLeftHandSideExpression.
b.ReturnIfAbrupt(lref).
c.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
d.Letrvalbe?GetValue(rref).
e.IfIsAnonymousFunctionDeinition(AssignmentExpression)andIsIdentiierRefofLeftHandSideExpressionareboth
true,then
i.LethasNamePropertybe?HasOwnProperty(rval,"name").
ii.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(rval,GetReferencedName(lref)).
f.Perform?PutValue(lref,rval).
g.Returnrval.
2.LetassignmentPatternbetheparseofthesourcetextcorrespondingtoLeftHandSideExpressionusing
AssignmentPattern[?Yield] asthegoalsymbol.
3.LetrrefbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
5.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofassignmentPatternusingrvalasthe
argument.
7.Returnrval.
AssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingLeftHandSideExpression.
5.Letopbethe@whereAssignmentOperatoris@=.
6.Letrbetheresultofapplyingoptolvalandrvalasifevaluatingtheexpressionlvaloprval.
7.Perform?PutValue(lref,r).
8.Returnr.
NOTE Whenanassignmentoccurswithinstrictmodecode,itisanruntimeerroriflrefinstep1.foftheirst
algorithmorstep7ofthesecondalgorithmitisanunresolvablereference.Ifitis,aReferenceErrorexception
isthrown.TheLeftHandSideExpressionalsomaynotbeareferencetoadatapropertywiththeattributevalue
{[[Writable]]:false},toanaccessorpropertywiththeattributevalue{[[Set]]:undeined},nortoanon
existentpropertyofanobjectforwhichtheIsExtensiblepredicatereturnsthevaluefalse.Inthesecasesa
TypeErrorexceptionisthrown.
12.15.5 DestructuringAssignment
SupplementalSyntax
IncertaincircumstanceswhenprocessingtheproductionAssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression =
AssignmentExpression thefollowinggrammarisusedtoreinetheinterpretationofLeftHandSideExpression.
AssignmentPattern[Yield] :
ObjectAssignmentPattern[?Yield]
ArrayAssignmentPattern[?Yield]
ObjectAssignmentPattern[Yield] :
{ }
{ AssignmentPropertyList[?Yield] }
{ AssignmentPropertyList[?Yield] , }
ArrayAssignmentPattern[Yield] :
[ Elisionopt AssignmentRestElement[?Yield] opt ]
[ AssignmentElementList[?Yield] ]
[ AssignmentElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt AssignmentRestElement[?Yield] opt ]
AssignmentPropertyList[Yield] :
AssignmentProperty[?Yield]
AssignmentPropertyList[?Yield] , AssignmentProperty[?Yield]
AssignmentElementList[Yield] :
AssignmentElisionElement[?Yield]
AssignmentElementList[?Yield] , AssignmentElisionElement[?Yield]
AssignmentElisionElement[Yield] :
Elisionopt AssignmentElement[?Yield]
AssignmentProperty[Yield] :
IdentiierReference[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield] opt
PropertyName[?Yield] : AssignmentElement[?Yield]
AssignmentElement[Yield] :
DestructuringAssignmentTarget[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield] opt
AssignmentRestElement[Yield] :
... DestructuringAssignmentTarget[?Yield]
DestructuringAssignmentTarget[Yield] :
AssignmentProperty : IdentiierReference Initializer
ItisaSyntaxErrorifIsValidSimpleAssignmentTargetofIdentiierReferenceisfalse.
DestructuringAssignmentTarget : LeftHandSideExpression
ItisaSyntaxErrorifLeftHandSideExpressioniseitheranObjectLiteraloranArrayLiteralandifthelexicaltoken
sequencematchedbyLeftHandSideExpressioncannotbeparsedwithnotokensleftoverusingAssignmentPatternasthe
goalsymbol.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifLeftHandSideExpressionisneitheranObjectLiteralnoranArrayLiteraland
IsValidSimpleAssignmentTarget(LeftHandSideExpression)isfalse.
12.15.5.2 RuntimeSemantics:DestructuringAssignmentEvaluation
withparametervalue
ObjectAssignmentPattern : { }
1.Perform?RequireObjectCoercible(value).
ObjectAssignmentPattern :
{ AssignmentPropertyList }
{ AssignmentPropertyList , }
2.ReturntheresultofperformingDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationforAssignmentPropertyListusingvalueasthe
argument.
ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ ]
1.Letiteratorbe?GetIterator(value).
2.Return?IteratorClose(iterator,NormalCompletion(empty)).
ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ Elision ]
2.LetiteratorRecordbeRecord{[[Iterator]]:iterator,[[Done]]:false}.
3.LetresultbetheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofElisionwithiteratorRecordasthe
argument.
4.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,return?IteratorClose(iterator,result).
5.Returnresult.
ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ Elision AssignmentRestElement ]
3.IfElisionispresent,then
a.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofElisionwithiteratorRecordas
theargument.
b.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,then
i.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,return?IteratorClose(iterator,status).
ii.ReturnCompletion(status).
4.LetresultbetheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentRestElementwith
iteratorRecordastheargument.
6.Returnresult.
ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ AssignmentElementList ]
3.LetresultbetheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentElementListusing
5.Returnresult.
ArrayAssignmentPattern : [ AssignmentElementList , Elision AssignmentRestElement ]
3.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentElementListusing
4.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,then
a.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,return?IteratorClose(iterator,status).
b.ReturnCompletion(status).
theargument.
b.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,then
i.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,return?IteratorClose(iterator,status).
6.IfAssignmentRestElementispresent,then
a.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentRestElementwith
7.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,return?IteratorClose(iterator,status).
8.ReturnCompletion(status).
AssignmentPropertyList : AssignmentPropertyList , AssignmentProperty
1.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationforAssignmentPropertyListusingvalueasthe
argument.
3.ReturntheresultofperformingDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationforAssignmentPropertyusingvalueasthe
argument.
AssignmentProperty : IdentiierReference Initializer

1.LetPbeStringValueofIdentiierReference.
2.Letlrefbe?ResolveBinding(P).
3.Letvbe?GetV(value,P).
4.IfInitializeropt ispresentandvisundeined,then
a.LetdefaultValuebetheresultofevaluatingInitializer.
b.Letvbe?GetValue(defaultValue).
c.IfIsAnonymousFunctionDeinition(Initializer)istrue,then
i.LethasNamePropertybe?HasOwnProperty(v,"name").
ii.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(v,P).
5.Return?PutValue(lref,v).
AssignmentProperty : PropertyName : AssignmentElement
1.LetnamebetheresultofevaluatingPropertyName.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(name).
3.ReturntheresultofperformingKeyedDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentElementwithvalueandname
asthearguments.
12.15.5.3 RuntimeSemantics:IteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation
withparametersiteratorRecord
AssignmentElementList : AssignmentElisionElement
1.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentElisionElementusing
AssignmentElementList : AssignmentElementList , AssignmentElisionElement
1.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentElementListusing
3.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentElisionElementusing
AssignmentElisionElement : AssignmentElement
1.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentElementwithiteratorRecord
astheargument.
AssignmentElisionElement : Elision AssignmentElement
1.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofElisionwithiteratorRecordasthe
argument.
3.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofAssignmentElementwithiteratorRecord
astheargument.
Elision : ,
1.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,then
a.LetnextbeIteratorStep(iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]]).
b.Ifnextisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
c.ReturnIfAbrupt(next).
d.Ifnextisfalse,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
Elision : Elision ,
argument.
AssignmentElement : DestructuringAssignmentTarget Initializer
1.IfDestructuringAssignmentTargetisneitheranObjectLiteralnoranArrayLiteral,then
a.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingDestructuringAssignmentTarget.
e.Else,
i.LetvaluebeIteratorValue(next).
ii.Ifvalueisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
iii.ReturnIfAbrupt(value).
3.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]istrue,letvaluebeundeined.
4.IfInitializerispresentandvalueisundeined,then
5.Else,letvbevalue.
6.IfDestructuringAssignmentTargetisanObjectLiteraloranArrayLiteral,then
a.LetnestedAssignmentPatternbetheparseofthesourcetextcorrespondingtoDestructuringAssignmentTarget
usingeitherAssignmentPatternorAssignmentPattern[Yield] asthegoalsymboldependinguponwhetherthis
AssignmentElementhasthe[Yield]parameter.
b.ReturntheresultofperformingDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofnestedAssignmentPatternwithvasthe
argument.
7.IfInitializerispresentandvalueisundeinedandIsAnonymousFunctionDeinition(Initializer)andIsIdentiierRefof
DestructuringAssignmentTargetarebothtrue,then
a.LethasNamePropertybe?HasOwnProperty(v,"name").
b.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(v,GetReferencedName(lref)).
8.Return?PutValue(lref,v).
NOTE LefttorightevaluationorderismaintainedbyevaluatingaDestructuringAssignmentTargetthatisnota
destructuringpatternpriortoaccessingtheiteratororevaluatingtheInitializer.
AssignmentRestElement : ... DestructuringAssignmentTarget
2.LetAbeArrayCreate(0).
3.Letnbe0.
4.RepeatwhileiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,
e.Else,
i.LetnextValuebeIteratorValue(next).
ii.IfnextValueisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
iii.ReturnIfAbrupt(nextValue).
iv.LetstatusbeCreateDataProperty(A,!ToString(n),nextValue).
v.Assert:statusistrue.
vi.Incrementnby1.
a.Return?PutValue(lref,A).
6.LetnestedAssignmentPatternbetheparseofthesourcetextcorrespondingtoDestructuringAssignmentTargetusing
eitherAssignmentPatternorAssignmentPattern[Yield] asthegoalsymboldependinguponwhetherthis
7.ReturntheresultofperformingDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofnestedAssignmentPatternwithAasthe
argument.
12.15.5.4 RuntimeSemantics:KeyedDestructuringAssignmentEvaluation
withparametersvalueandpropertyName
AssignmentElement : DestructuringAssignmentTarget Initializer
2.Letvbe?GetV(value,propertyName).
3.IfInitializerispresentandvisundeined,then
b.LetrhsValuebe?GetValue(defaultValue).
4.Else,letrhsValuebev.
5.IfDestructuringAssignmentTargetisanObjectLiteraloranArrayLiteral,then
a.LetassignmentPatternbetheparseofthesourcetextcorrespondingtoDestructuringAssignmentTargetusing
eitherAssignmentPatternorAssignmentPattern[Yield] asthegoalsymboldependinguponwhetherthis
b.ReturntheresultofperformingDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofassignmentPatternwithrhsValueasthe
argument.
6.IfInitializerispresentandvisundeinedandIsAnonymousFunctionDeinition(Initializer)andIsIdentiierRefof
DestructuringAssignmentTargetarebothtrue,then
a.LethasNamePropertybe?HasOwnProperty(rhsValue,"name").
b.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(rhsValue,GetReferencedName(lref)).
7.Return?PutValue(lref,rhsValue).
12.16 CommaOperator(,)
Syntax
Expression[In,Yield] :
AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
Expression[?In,?Yield] , AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
Expression : Expression , AssignmentExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
1.LetlrefbetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
2.Perform?GetValue(lref).
NOTE GetValuemustbecalledeventhoughitsvalueisnotusedbecauseitmayhaveobservablesideeffects.
13 ECMAScriptLanguage:StatementsandDeclarations
Syntax
Statement[Yield,Return] :
BlockStatement[?Yield,?Return]
VariableStatement[?Yield]
EmptyStatement
ExpressionStatement[?Yield]
IfStatement[?Yield,?Return]
BreakableStatement[?Yield,?Return]
ContinueStatement[?Yield]
BreakStatement[?Yield]
[+Return] ReturnStatement[?Yield]
WithStatement[?Yield,?Return]
LabelledStatement[?Yield,?Return]
ThrowStatement[?Yield]
TryStatement[?Yield,?Return]
DebuggerStatement
Declaration[Yield] :
HoistableDeclaration[?Yield]
ClassDeclaration[?Yield]
LexicalDeclaration[In,?Yield]
HoistableDeclaration[Yield,Default] :
FunctionDeclaration[?Yield,?Default]
GeneratorDeclaration[?Yield,?Default]
BreakableStatement[Yield,Return] :
IterationStatement[?Yield,?Return]
SwitchStatement[?Yield,?Return]
13.1 StatementSemantics
13.1.1 StaticSemantics:ContainsDuplicateLabels
WithargumentlabelSet.
Statement :
VariableStatement
EmptyStatement
ExpressionStatement
ContinueStatement
BreakStatement
ReturnStatement
ThrowStatement
DebuggerStatement
1.Returnfalse.
13.1.2 StaticSemantics:ContainsUndeinedBreakTarget
Statement :
VariableStatement
EmptyStatement
ExpressionStatement
ContinueStatement
ReturnStatement
ThrowStatement
DebuggerStatement
1.Returnfalse.
13.1.3 StaticSemantics:ContainsUndeinedContinueTarget
WithargumentsiterationSetandlabelSet.
Statement :
VariableStatement
EmptyStatement
ExpressionStatement
BreakStatement
ReturnStatement
ThrowStatement
DebuggerStatement
1.Returnfalse.
BreakableStatement : IterationStatement
1.LetnewIterationSetbeacopyofiterationSetwithalltheelementsoflabelSetappended.
2.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofIterationStatementwithargumentsnewIterationSetand.
13.1.4 StaticSemantics:DeclarationPart
HoistableDeclaration : FunctionDeclaration
1.ReturnFunctionDeclaration.
HoistableDeclaration : GeneratorDeclaration
1.ReturnGeneratorDeclaration.
Declaration : ClassDeclaration
1.ReturnClassDeclaration.
Declaration : LexicalDeclaration
1.ReturnLexicalDeclaration.
13.1.5 StaticSemantics:VarDeclaredNames
Statement :
EmptyStatement
ExpressionStatement
ContinueStatement
BreakStatement
ReturnStatement
ThrowStatement
DebuggerStatement
13.1.6 StaticSemantics:VarScopedDeclarations
Statement :
EmptyStatement
ExpressionStatement
ContinueStatement
BreakStatement
ReturnStatement
ThrowStatement
DebuggerStatement
13.1.7 RuntimeSemantics:LabelledEvaluation
BreakableStatement : IterationStatement
1.LetstmtResultbetheresultofperformingLabelledEvaluationofIterationStatementwithargumentlabelSet.
2.IfstmtResult.[[Type]]isbreak,then
a.IfstmtResult.[[Target]]isempty,then
i.IfstmtResult.[[Value]]isempty,letstmtResultbeNormalCompletion(undeined).
ii.Else,letstmtResultbeNormalCompletion(stmtResult.[[Value]]).
3.ReturnCompletion(stmtResult).
BreakableStatement : SwitchStatement
1.LetstmtResultbetheresultofevaluatingSwitchStatement.
2.IfstmtResult.[[Type]]isbreak,then
a.IfstmtResult.[[Target]]isempty,then
i.IfstmtResult.[[Value]]isempty,letstmtResultbeNormalCompletion(undeined).
ii.Else,letstmtResultbeNormalCompletion(stmtResult.[[Value]]).
NOTE ABreakableStatementisonethatcanbeexitedviaanunlabelledBreakStatement.
HoistableDeclaration :
GeneratorDeclaration
HoistableDeclaration :
FunctionDeclaration
1.ReturntheresultofevaluatingFunctionDeclaration.
BreakableStatement :
IterationStatement
SwitchStatement
1.LetnewLabelSetbeanewemptyList.
2.ReturntheresultofperformingLabelledEvaluationofthisBreakableStatementwithargumentnewLabelSet.
13.2 Block
Syntax
BlockStatement[Yield,Return] :
Block[?Yield,?Return]
Block[Yield,Return] :
{ StatementList[?Yield,?Return] opt }
StatementList[Yield,Return] :
StatementListItem[?Yield,?Return]
StatementList[?Yield,?Return] StatementListItem[?Yield,?Return]
StatementListItem[Yield,Return] :
Statement[?Yield,?Return]
Declaration[?Yield]
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementListcontainsanyduplicateentries.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementListalsooccursintheVarDeclaredNames
ofStatementList.
Block : { }
1.Returnfalse.
StatementList : StatementList StatementListItem
1.LethasDuplicatesbeContainsDuplicateLabelsofStatementListwithargumentlabelSet.
2.IfhasDuplicatesistrue,returntrue.
3.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofStatementListItemwithargumentlabelSet.
StatementListItem : Declaration
1.Returnfalse.
Block : { }
1.Returnfalse.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofStatementListwithargumentlabelSet.
2.IfhasUndeinedLabelsistrue,returntrue.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofStatementListItemwithargumentlabelSet.
1.Returnfalse.
Block : { }
1.Returnfalse.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofStatementListwithargumentsiterationSetand.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofStatementListItemwithargumentsiterationSetand.
1.Returnfalse.
13.2.5 StaticSemantics:LexicallyDeclaredNames
Block : { }
1.LetnamesbeLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementListItem.
3.Returnnames.
StatementListItem : Statement
1.IfStatementisStatement : LabelledStatement ,returnLexicallyDeclaredNamesofLabelledStatement.

1.ReturntheBoundNamesofDeclaration.
13.2.6 StaticSemantics:LexicallyScopedDeclarations
1.LetdeclarationsbeLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofStatementListItem.
3.Returndeclarations.
1.IfStatementisStatement : LabelledStatement ,returnLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofLabelledStatement.

1.ReturnanewListcontainingDeclarationPartofDeclaration.
13.2.7 StaticSemantics:TopLevelLexicallyDeclaredNames
1.LetnamesbeTopLevelLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheTopLevelLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementListItem.
3.Returnnames.
1.IfDeclarationisDeclaration : HoistableDeclaration ,then

a.Return.
NOTE Atthetoplevelofafunction,orscript,functiondeclarationsaretreatedlikevardeclarationsratherthanlike
lexicaldeclarations.
13.2.8 StaticSemantics:TopLevelLexicallyScopedDeclarations
Block : { }
1.LetdeclarationsbeTopLevelLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheTopLevelLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofStatementListItem.

a.Return.
2.ReturnanewListcontainingDeclaration.
13.2.9 StaticSemantics:TopLevelVarDeclaredNames
Block : { }
1.LetnamesbeTopLevelVarDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheTopLevelVarDeclaredNamesofStatementListItem.
3.Returnnames.

a.ReturntheBoundNamesofHoistableDeclaration.
1.IfStatementisStatement : LabelledStatement ,returnTopLevelVarDeclaredNamesofStatement.

2.ReturnVarDeclaredNamesofStatement.
NOTE Atthetoplevelofafunctionorscript,innerfunctiondeclarationsaretreatedlikevardeclarations.
13.2.10 StaticSemantics:TopLevelVarScopedDeclarations
Block : { }
1.LetdeclarationsbeTopLevelVarScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheTopLevelVarScopedDeclarationsofStatementListItem.
1.IfStatementisStatement : LabelledStatement ,returnTopLevelVarScopedDeclarationsofStatement.

2.ReturnVarScopedDeclarationsofStatement.

a.LetdeclarationbeDeclarationPartofHoistableDeclaration.
b.Returndeclaration.
Block : { }
1.LetnamesbeVarDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofStatementListItem.
3.Returnnames.
Block : { }
1.LetdeclarationsbeVarScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofStatementListItem.
Block : { }
1.LetoldEnvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
2.LetblockEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(oldEnv).
3.PerformBlockDeclarationInstantiation(StatementList,blockEnv).
4.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttoblockEnv.
5.LetblockValuebetheresultofevaluatingStatementList.
6.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttooldEnv.
7.ReturnblockValue.
NOTE1 NomatterhowcontrolleavestheBlocktheLexicalEnvironmentisalwaysrestoredtoitsformerstate.
1.LetslbetheresultofevaluatingStatementList.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(sl).
3.LetsbetheresultofevaluatingStatementListItem.
4.ReturnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(s,sl)).
NOTE2 ThevalueofaStatementLististhevalueofthelastvalueproducingitemintheStatementList.Forexample,the
followingcallstotheevalfunctionallreturnthevalue1:
eval("1;;;;;")
eval("1;{}")
eval("1;vara;")
13.2.14 RuntimeSemantics:BlockDeclarationInstantiation(code,env)
NOTE WhenaBlockorCaseBlockproductionisevaluatedanewdeclarativeEnvironmentRecordiscreatedand
bindingsforeachblockscopedvariable,constant,function,generatorfunction,orclassdeclaredintheblock
areinstantiatedintheEnvironmentRecord.
BlockDeclarationInstantiationisperformedasfollowsusingargumentscodeandenv.codeisthegrammarproduction
correspondingtothebodyoftheblock.envistheLexicalEnvironmentinwhichbindingsaretobecreated.
2.Assert:envRecisadeclarativeEnvironmentRecord.
3.LetdeclarationsbetheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofcode.
4.Foreachelementdindeclarationsdo
a.ForeachelementdnoftheBoundNamesofddo
1.Perform!envRec.CreateImmutableBinding(dn,true).
ii.Else,
1.Perform!envRec.CreateMutableBinding(dn,false).
b.IfdisaGeneratorDeclarationproductionoraFunctionDeclarationproduction,then
i.LetfnbethesoleelementoftheBoundNamesofd.
ii.LetfobetheresultofperformingInstantiateFunctionObjectfordwithargumentenv.
iii.PerformenvRec.InitializeBinding(fn,fo).
13.3 DeclarationsandtheVariableStatement
13.3.1 LetandConstDeclarations
NOTE letandconstdeclarationsdeinevariablesthatarescopedtotherunningexecutioncontext's
LexicalEnvironment.ThevariablesarecreatedwhentheircontainingLexicalEnvironmentisinstantiatedbut
maynotbeaccessedinanywayuntilthevariable'sLexicalBindingisevaluated.Avariabledeinedbya
LexicalBindingwithanInitializerisassignedthevalueofitsInitializer'sAssignmentExpressionwhenthe
LexicalBindingisevaluated,notwhenthevariableiscreated.IfaLexicalBindinginaletdeclarationdoesnot
haveanInitializerthevariableisassignedthevalueundeinedwhentheLexicalBindingisevaluated.
Syntax
LexicalDeclaration[In,Yield] :
LetOrConst BindingList[?In,?Yield] ;
LetOrConst :
let
const
BindingList[In,Yield] :
LexicalBinding[?In,?Yield]
BindingList[?In,?Yield] , LexicalBinding[?In,?Yield]
LexicalBinding[In,Yield] :
BindingIdentiier[?Yield] Initializer[?In,?Yield] opt
BindingPattern[?Yield] Initializer[?In,?Yield]
LexicalDeclaration : LetOrConst BindingList ;
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheBoundNamesofBindingListcontains"let".
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheBoundNamesofBindingListcontainsanyduplicateentries.
LexicalBinding : BindingIdentiier Initializer
ItisaSyntaxErrorifInitializerisnotpresentandIsConstantDeclarationoftheLexicalDeclarationcontainingthis
productionistrue.
13.3.1.2 StaticSemantics:BoundNames
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofBindingList.
BindingList : BindingList , LexicalBinding

1.LetnamesbetheBoundNamesofBindingList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheBoundNamesofLexicalBinding.
3.Returnnames.
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofBindingIdentiier.
LexicalBinding : BindingPattern Initializer
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofBindingPattern.
13.3.1.3 StaticSemantics:IsConstantDeclaration
1.ReturnIsConstantDeclarationofLetOrConst.
LetOrConst : let
1.Returnfalse.
LetOrConst : const
1.Returntrue.
1.LetnextbetheresultofevaluatingBindingList.
BindingList : BindingList , LexicalBinding
1.LetnextbetheresultofevaluatingBindingList.
3.ReturntheresultofevaluatingLexicalBinding.
LexicalBinding : BindingIdentiier
1.LetlhsbeResolveBinding(StringValueofBindingIdentiier).
2.ReturnInitializeReferencedBinding(lhs,undeined).
NOTE AstaticsemanticsruleensuresthatthisformofLexicalBindingneveroccursinaconstdeclaration.
1.LetbindingIdbeStringValueofBindingIdentiier.
2.LetlhsbeResolveBinding(bindingId).
3.LetrhsbetheresultofevaluatingInitializer.
4.Letvaluebe?GetValue(rhs).
5.IfIsAnonymousFunctionDeinition(Initializer)istrue,then
a.LethasNamePropertybe?HasOwnProperty(value,"name").
b.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(value,bindingId).
6.ReturnInitializeReferencedBinding(lhs,value).
LexicalBinding : BindingPattern Initializer
3.Letenvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
4.ReturntheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforBindingPatternusingvalueandenvasthearguments.
13.3.2 VariableStatement
NOTE Avarstatementdeclaresvariablesthatarescopedtotherunningexecutioncontext'sVariableEnvironment.
VarvariablesarecreatedwhentheircontainingLexicalEnvironmentisinstantiatedandareinitializedto
undeinedwhencreated.WithinthescopeofanyVariableEnvironmentacommonBindingIdentiiermay
appearinmorethanoneVariableDeclarationbutthosedeclarationscollectivedeineonlyonevariable.A
variabledeinedbyaVariableDeclarationwithanInitializerisassignedthevalueofitsInitializer's
AssignmentExpressionwhentheVariableDeclarationisexecuted,notwhenthevariableiscreated.
Syntax
VariableStatement[Yield] :
var VariableDeclarationList[In,?Yield] ;
VariableDeclarationList[In,Yield] :
VariableDeclaration[?In,?Yield]
VariableDeclarationList[?In,?Yield] , VariableDeclaration[?In,?Yield]
VariableDeclaration[In,Yield] :
VariableDeclarationList : VariableDeclarationList , VariableDeclaration
1.LetnamesbeBoundNamesofVariableDeclarationList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsofBoundNamesofVariableDeclaration.
3.Returnnames.
VariableDeclaration : BindingIdentiier Initializer
VariableDeclaration : BindingPattern Initializer
13.3.2.2 StaticSemantics:VarDeclaredNames
VariableStatement : var VariableDeclarationList ;
1.ReturnBoundNamesofVariableDeclarationList.
13.3.2.3 StaticSemantics:VarScopedDeclarations
VariableDeclarationList : VariableDeclaration
1.ReturnanewListcontainingVariableDeclaration.
1.LetdeclarationsbeVarScopedDeclarationsofVariableDeclarationList.
2.AppendVariableDeclarationtodeclarations.
VariableStatement : var VariableDeclarationList ;
1.LetnextbetheresultofevaluatingVariableDeclarationList.
1.LetnextbetheresultofevaluatingVariableDeclarationList.
3.ReturntheresultofevaluatingVariableDeclaration.
VariableDeclaration : BindingIdentiier
VariableDeclaration : BindingIdentiier Initializer
2.Letlhsbe?ResolveBinding(bindingId).
5.IfIsAnonymousFunctionDeinition(Initializer)istrue,then
b.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(value,bindingId).
6.Return?PutValue(lhs,value).
NOTE IfaVariableDeclarationisnestedwithinawithstatementandtheBindingIdentiierintheVariableDeclaration
isthesameasapropertynameofthebindingobjectofthewithstatement'sobjectEnvironmentRecord,then
step6willassignvaluetothepropertyinsteadofassigningtotheVariableEnvironmentbindingofthe
Identiier.
VariableDeclaration : BindingPattern Initializer
2.Letrvalbe?GetValue(rhs).
3.ReturntheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforBindingPatternpassingrvalandundeinedasarguments.
13.3.3 DestructuringBindingPatterns
Syntax
BindingPattern[Yield] :
ObjectBindingPattern[?Yield]
ArrayBindingPattern[?Yield]
ObjectBindingPattern[Yield] :
{ }
{ BindingPropertyList[?Yield] }
{ BindingPropertyList[?Yield] , }
ArrayBindingPattern[Yield] :
[ Elisionopt BindingRestElement[?Yield] opt ]
[ BindingElementList[?Yield] ]
[ BindingElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt BindingRestElement[?Yield] opt ]
BindingPropertyList[Yield] :
BindingProperty[?Yield]
BindingPropertyList[?Yield] , BindingProperty[?Yield]
BindingElementList[Yield] :
BindingElisionElement[?Yield]
BindingElementList[?Yield] , BindingElisionElement[?Yield]
BindingElisionElement[Yield] :
Elisionopt BindingElement[?Yield]
BindingProperty[Yield] :
SingleNameBinding[?Yield]
PropertyName[?Yield] : BindingElement[?Yield]
BindingElement[Yield] :
BindingPattern[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield] opt
SingleNameBinding[Yield] :
BindingIdentiier[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield] opt
BindingRestElement[Yield] :
... BindingIdentiier[?Yield]
... BindingPattern[?Yield]
ObjectBindingPattern : { }
ArrayBindingPattern : [ Elision ]
ArrayBindingPattern : [ Elision BindingRestElement ]
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofBindingRestElement.
ArrayBindingPattern : [ BindingElementList , Elision ]
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofBindingElementList.
ArrayBindingPattern : [ BindingElementList , Elision BindingRestElement ]
1.LetnamesbeBoundNamesofBindingElementList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsofBoundNamesofBindingRestElement.
3.Returnnames.
BindingPropertyList : BindingPropertyList , BindingProperty
1.LetnamesbeBoundNamesofBindingPropertyList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsofBoundNamesofBindingProperty.
3.Returnnames.
BindingElementList : BindingElementList , BindingElisionElement
1.LetnamesbeBoundNamesofBindingElementList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsofBoundNamesofBindingElisionElement.
3.Returnnames.
BindingElisionElement : Elision BindingElement
1.ReturnBoundNamesofBindingElement.
BindingProperty : PropertyName : BindingElement
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofBindingElement.
SingleNameBinding : BindingIdentiier Initializer
BindingElement : BindingPattern Initializer
13.3.3.2 StaticSemantics:ContainsExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
1.ReturnContainsExpressionofBindingRestElement.
1.ReturnContainsExpressionofBindingElementList.
1.LethasbeContainsExpressionofBindingElementList.
2.Ifhasistrue,returntrue.
3.ReturnContainsExpressionofBindingRestElement.
1.LethasbeContainsExpressionofBindingPropertyList.
3.ReturnContainsExpressionofBindingProperty.
1.LethasbeContainsExpressionofBindingElementList.
3.ReturnContainsExpressionofBindingElisionElement.
1.ReturnContainsExpressionofBindingElement.
1.LethasbeIsComputedPropertyKeyofPropertyName.
3.ReturnContainsExpressionofBindingElement.
1.Returntrue.
SingleNameBinding : BindingIdentiier
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
BindingRestElement : ... BindingIdentiier
1.Returnfalse.
BindingRestElement : ... BindingPattern
1.ReturnContainsExpressionofBindingPattern.
13.3.3.3 StaticSemantics:HasInitializer
BindingElement : BindingPattern
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
13.3.3.4 StaticSemantics:IsSimpleParameterList
BindingElement : BindingPattern
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
1.Returnfalse.
13.3.3.5 RuntimeSemantics:BindingInitialization
Withparametersvalueandenvironment.
NOTE WhenundeinedispassedforenvironmentitindicatesthataPutValueoperationshouldbeusedtoassignthe
initializationvalue.Thisisthecaseforformalparameterlistsofnonstrictfunctions.Inthatcasetheformal
parameterbindingsarepreinitializedinordertodealwiththepossibilityofmultipleparameterswiththe
samename.
BindingPattern : ObjectBindingPattern
2.ReturntheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforObjectBindingPatternusingvalueandenvironmentas
arguments.
BindingPattern : ArrayBindingPattern
3.LetresultbeIteratorBindingInitializationforArrayBindingPatternusingiteratorRecordandenvironmentasarguments.
5.Returnresult.
1.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforBindingPropertyListusingvalueandenvironmentas
arguments.
3.ReturntheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforBindingPropertyusingvalueandenvironmentasarguments.
BindingProperty : SingleNameBinding
1.LetnamebethestringthatistheonlyelementofBoundNamesofSingleNameBinding.
2.ReturntheresultofperformingKeyedBindingInitializationforSingleNameBindingusingvalue,environment,andname
asthearguments.
1.LetPbetheresultofevaluatingPropertyName.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(P).
3.ReturntheresultofperformingKeyedBindingInitializationforBindingElementusingvalue,environment,andPas
arguments.
13.3.3.6 RuntimeSemantics:IteratorBindingInitialization
WithparametersiteratorRecord,andenvironment.
samename.
ArrayBindingPattern : [ ]
1.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofElisionwithiteratorRecordasthe
argument.

theargument.
b.ReturnIfAbrupt(status).
2.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforBindingRestElementwithiteratorRecordand
environmentasarguments.
ArrayBindingPattern : [ BindingElementList ]
1.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforBindingElementListwithiteratorRecordand
ArrayBindingPattern : [ BindingElementList , ]
1.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforBindingElementListwithiteratorRecordand
1.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforBindingElementListwithiteratorRecordand
3.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofElisionwithiteratorRecordasthe
argument.
theargument.
b.ReturnIfAbrupt(status).
4.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforBindingRestElementwithiteratorRecordand
BindingElementList : BindingElisionElement
1.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforBindingElisionElementwithiteratorRecordand
3.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforBindingElisionElementusingiteratorRecordand
BindingElisionElement : BindingElement
1.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationofBindingElementwithiteratorRecordandenvironmentas
thearguments.
argument.
3.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationofBindingElementwithiteratorRecordandenvironmentas
thearguments.
BindingElement : SingleNameBinding
1.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforSingleNameBindingwithiteratorRecordand
environmentasthearguments.
2.Letlhsbe?ResolveBinding(bindingId,environment).
e.Else,
i.LetvbeIteratorValue(next).
ii.Ifvisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
iii.ReturnIfAbrupt(v).
4.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]istrue,letvbeundeined.
ii.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(v,bindingId).
6.Ifenvironmentisundeined,return?PutValue(lhs,v).
7.ReturnInitializeReferencedBinding(lhs,v).
e.Else,
i.LetvbeIteratorValue(next).
ii.Ifvisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
iii.ReturnIfAbrupt(v).
4.ReturntheresultofperformingBindingInitializationofBindingPatternwithvandenvironmentasthearguments.
BindingRestElement : ... BindingIdentiier
1.Letlhsbe?ResolveBinding(StringValueofBindingIdentiier,environment).
3.Letnbe0.
4.Repeat,
a.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,then
i.LetnextbeIteratorStep(iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]]).
ii.Ifnextisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
iii.ReturnIfAbrupt(next).
iv.Ifnextisfalse,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
b.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]istrue,then
i.Ifenvironmentisundeined,return?PutValue(lhs,A).
ii.ReturnInitializeReferencedBinding(lhs,A).
c.LetnextValuebeIteratorValue(next).
d.IfnextValueisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
e.ReturnIfAbrupt(nextValue).
f.LetstatusbeCreateDataProperty(A,!ToString(n),nextValue).
g.Assert:statusistrue.
h.Incrementnby1.
BindingRestElement : ... BindingPattern
2.Letnbe0.
3.Repeat,
a.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,then
i.LetnextbeIteratorStep(iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]]).
ii.Ifnextisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
iii.ReturnIfAbrupt(next).
iv.Ifnextisfalse,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
b.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]istrue,then
i.ReturntheresultofperformingBindingInitializationofBindingPatternwithAandenvironmentasthe
arguments.
c.LetnextValuebeIteratorValue(next).
d.IfnextValueisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
e.ReturnIfAbrupt(nextValue).
f.LetstatusbeCreateDataProperty(A,!ToString(n),nextValue).
g.Assert:statusistrue.
h.Incrementnby1.
13.3.3.7 RuntimeSemantics:KeyedBindingInitialization
Withparametersvalue,environment,andpropertyName.
samename.
3.ReturntheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforBindingPatternpassingvandenvironmentasarguments.
2.Letlhsbe?ResolveBinding(bindingId,environment).
ii.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(v,bindingId).
5.Ifenvironmentisundeined,return?PutValue(lhs,v).
6.ReturnInitializeReferencedBinding(lhs,v).
13.4 EmptyStatement
Syntax
EmptyStatement :
;
EmptyStatement : ;
13.5 ExpressionStatement
Syntax
ExpressionStatement[Yield] :
[lookahead{{ ,function ,class ,let[}] Expression[In,?Yield] ;
NOTE AnExpressionStatementcannotstartwithaU+007B(LEFTCURLYBRACKET)becausethatmightmakeit
ambiguouswithaBlock.Also,anExpressionStatementcannotstartwiththefunctionorclasskeywords
becausethatwouldmakeitambiguouswithaFunctionDeclaration,aGeneratorDeclaration,ora
ClassDeclaration.AnExpressionStatementcannotstartwiththetwotokensequencelet[becausethatwould
makeitambiguouswithaletLexicalDeclarationwhoseirstLexicalBindingwasanArrayBindingPattern.
ExpressionStatement : Expression ;
1.LetexprRefbetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
2.Return?GetValue(exprRef).
13.6 TheifStatement
Syntax
IfStatement[Yield,Return] :
if ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return] else Statement[?Yield,?Return]
if ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
Eachelseforwhichthechoiceofassociatedifisambiguousshallbeassociatedwiththenearestpossibleifthatwould
otherwisehavenocorrespondingelse.
IfStatement :
if ( Expression ) Statement else Statement
if ( Expression ) Statement
ItisaSyntaxErrorifIsLabelledFunction(Statement)istrue.
NOTE ItisonlynecessarytoapplythisruleiftheextensionspeciiedinB.3.2isimplemented.
IfStatement : if ( Expression ) Statement else Statement
1.LethasDuplicatebeContainsDuplicateLabelsoftheirstStatementwithargumentlabelSet.
2.IfhasDuplicateistrue,returntrue.
3.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofthesecondStatementwithargumentlabelSet.
IfStatement : if ( Expression ) Statement
1.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofStatementwithargumentlabelSet.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedBreakTargetoftheirstStatementwithargumentlabelSet.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofthesecondStatementwithargumentlabelSet.
1.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofStatementwithargumentlabelSet.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedContinueTargetoftheirstStatementwithargumentsiterationSetand.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofthesecondStatementwithargumentsiterationSetand.
1.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofStatementwithargumentsiterationSetand.
1.LetnamesbeVarDeclaredNamesoftheirstStatement.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofthesecondStatement.
3.Returnnames.
1.ReturntheVarDeclaredNamesofStatement.
1.LetdeclarationsbeVarScopedDeclarationsoftheirstStatement.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofthesecondStatement.
1.ReturntheVarScopedDeclarationsofStatement.
2.LetexprValuebeToBoolean(?GetValue(exprRef)).
3.IfexprValueistrue,then
a.LetstmtCompletionbetheresultofevaluatingtheirstStatement.
4.Else,
a.LetstmtCompletionbetheresultofevaluatingthesecondStatement.
5.ReturnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(stmtCompletion,undeined)).
2.LetexprValuebeToBoolean(?GetValue(exprRef)).
3.IfexprValueisfalse,then
a.ReturnNormalCompletion(undeined).
4.Else,
a.LetstmtCompletionbetheresultofevaluatingStatement.
b.ReturnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(stmtCompletion,undeined)).
13.7 IterationStatements
Syntax
IterationStatement[Yield,Return] :
do Statement[?Yield,?Return] while ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) ;
while ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( [lookahead{let[}] Expression[?Yield] opt ; Expression[In,?Yield] opt ;
Expression[In,?Yield] opt ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( var VariableDeclarationList[?Yield] ; Expression[In,?Yield] opt ; Expression[In,?Yield] opt )
for ( LexicalDeclaration[?Yield] Expression[In,?Yield] opt ; Expression[In,?Yield] opt )
for ( [lookahead{let[}] LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] in Expression[In,?Yield] )
for ( var ForBinding[?Yield] in Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( ForDeclaration[?Yield] in Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( [lookaheadlet] LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] of AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] )
for ( var ForBinding[?Yield] of AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( ForDeclaration[?Yield] of AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
ForDeclaration[Yield] :
LetOrConst ForBinding[?Yield]
ForBinding[Yield] :
BindingIdentiier[?Yield]
BindingPattern[?Yield]
13.7.1 Semantics
do Statement while ( Expression ) ;
for ( Expressionopt ; Expressionopt ; Expressionopt ) Statement
for ( var VariableDeclarationList ; Expressionopt ; Expressionopt ) Statement
for ( LeftHandSideExpression in Expression ) Statement
for ( var ForBinding in Expression ) Statement
for ( ForDeclaration in Expression ) Statement
for ( LeftHandSideExpression of AssignmentExpression ) Statement
for ( var ForBinding of AssignmentExpression ) Statement
for ( ForDeclaration of AssignmentExpression ) Statement
NOTE ItisonlynecessarytoapplythisruleiftheextensionspeciiedinB.3.2isimplemented.
13.7.1.2 RuntimeSemantics:LoopContinues(completion,labelSet)
TheabstractoperationLoopContinueswithargumentscompletionandlabelSetisdeinedbythefollowingsteps:
1.Ifcompletion.[[Type]]isnormal,returntrue.
2.Ifcompletion.[[Type]]isnotcontinue,returnfalse.
3.Ifcompletion.[[Target]]isempty,returntrue.
4.Ifcompletion.[[Target]]isanelementoflabelSet,returntrue.
5.Returnfalse.
NOTE WithintheStatementpartofanIterationStatementaContinueStatementmaybeusedtobeginanewiteration.
13.7.2 ThedowhileStatement
13.7.2.1 StaticSemantics:ContainsDuplicateLabels
IterationStatement : do Statement while ( Expression ) ;
13.7.2.2 StaticSemantics:ContainsUndeinedBreakTarget
13.7.2.3 StaticSemantics:ContainsUndeinedContinueTarget
13.7.2.6 RuntimeSemantics:LabelledEvaluation
1.LetVbeundeined.
2.Repeat
a.LetstmtbetheresultofevaluatingStatement.
b.IfLoopContinues(stmt,labelSet)isfalse,returnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(stmt,V)).
c.Ifstmt.[[Value]]isnotempty,letVbestmt.[[Value]].
d.LetexprRefbetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
e.LetexprValuebe?GetValue(exprRef).
f.IfToBoolean(exprValue)isfalse,returnNormalCompletion(V).
13.7.3 ThewhileStatement
IterationStatement : while ( Expression ) Statement

1.LetVbeundeined.
2.Repeat
a.LetexprRefbetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
b.LetexprValuebe?GetValue(exprRef).
c.IfToBoolean(exprValue)isfalse,returnNormalCompletion(V).
d.LetstmtbetheresultofevaluatingStatement.
e.IfLoopContinues(stmt,labelSet)isfalse,returnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(stmt,V)).
f.Ifstmt.[[Value]]isnotempty,letVbestmt.[[Value]].
13.7.4 TheforStatement
IterationStatement : for ( LexicalDeclaration Expression ; Expression ) Statement
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofLexicalDeclarationalsooccursintheVarDeclaredNamesof
Statement.
IterationStatement : for ( Expression ; Expression ; Expression ) Statement
IterationStatement : for ( var VariableDeclarationList ; Expression ; Expression ) Statement
1.LetnamesbeBoundNamesofVariableDeclarationList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofStatement.
3.Returnnames.
1.LetdeclarationsbeVarScopedDeclarationsofVariableDeclarationList.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofStatement.
1.IftheirstExpressionispresent,then
a.LetexprRefbetheresultofevaluatingtheirstExpression.
b.Perform?GetValue(exprRef).
2.Return?ForBodyEvaluation(thesecondExpression,thethirdExpression,Statement,,labelSet).
1.LetvarDclbetheresultofevaluatingVariableDeclarationList.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(varDcl).
3.Return?ForBodyEvaluation(theirstExpression,thesecondExpression,Statement,,labelSet).
2.LetloopEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(oldEnv).
3.LetloopEnvRecbeloopEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
4.LetisConstbetheresultofperformingIsConstantDeclarationofLexicalDeclaration.
5.LetboundNamesbetheBoundNamesofLexicalDeclaration.
6.ForeachelementdnofboundNamesdo
a.IfisConstistrue,then
i.Perform!loopEnvRec.CreateImmutableBinding(dn,true).
b.Else,
i.Perform!loopEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(dn,false).
7.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttoloopEnv.
8.LetforDclbetheresultofevaluatingLexicalDeclaration.
9.IfforDclisanabruptcompletion,then
a.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttooldEnv.
b.ReturnCompletion(forDcl).
10.IfisConstisfalse,letperIterationLetsbeboundNames;otherwiseletperIterationLetsbe.
11.LetbodyResultbeForBodyEvaluation(theirstExpression,thesecondExpression,Statement,perIterationLets,labelSet).
13.ReturnCompletion(bodyResult).
13.7.4.8 RuntimeSemantics:ForBodyEvaluation(test,increment,stmt,perIterationBindings,labelSet)
TheabstractoperationForBodyEvaluationwithargumentstest,increment,stmt,perIterationBindings,andlabelSetis
performedasfollows:
1.LetVbeundeined.
2.Perform?CreatePerIterationEnvironment(perIterationBindings).
3.Repeat
a.Iftestisnot[empty],then
i.LettestRefbetheresultofevaluatingtest.
ii.LettestValuebe?GetValue(testRef).
iii.IfToBoolean(testValue)isfalse,returnNormalCompletion(V).
b.Letresultbetheresultofevaluatingstmt.
c.IfLoopContinues(result,labelSet)isfalse,returnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(result,V)).
d.Ifresult.[[Value]]isnotempty,letVberesult.[[Value]].
e.Perform?CreatePerIterationEnvironment(perIterationBindings).
f.Ifincrementisnot[empty],then
i.LetincRefbetheresultofevaluatingincrement.
ii.Perform?GetValue(incRef).
13.7.4.9 RuntimeSemantics:CreatePerIterationEnvironment(perIterationBindings)
TheabstractoperationCreatePerIterationEnvironmentwithargumentperIterationBindingsisperformedasfollows:
1.IfperIterationBindingshasanyelements,then
a.LetlastIterationEnvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
b.LetlastIterationEnvRecbelastIterationEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
c.LetouterbelastIterationEnv'souterenvironmentreference.
d.Assert:outerisnotnull.
e.LetthisIterationEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(outer).
f.LetthisIterationEnvRecbethisIterationEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
g.ForeachelementbnofperIterationBindingsdo,
i.Perform!thisIterationEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(bn,false).
ii.LetlastValuebe?lastIterationEnvRec.GetBindingValue(bn,true).
iii.PerformthisIterationEnvRec.InitializeBinding(bn,lastValue).
h.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttothisIterationEnv.
2.Returnundeined.
13.7.5 TheforinandforofStatements
ItisaSyntaxErrorifLeftHandSideExpressioniseitheranObjectLiteraloranArrayLiteralandifthelexicaltoken
sequencematchedbyLeftHandSideExpressioncannotbeparsedwithnotokensleftoverusingAssignmentPatternasthe
goalsymbol.
IfLeftHandSideExpressioniseitheranObjectLiteraloranArrayLiteralandifthelexicaltokensequencematchedby
LeftHandSideExpressioncanbeparsedwithnotokensleftoverusingAssignmentPatternasthegoalsymbolthenthefollowing
rulesarenotapplied.Instead,theEarlyErrorrulesforAssignmentPatternareused.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifIsValidSimpleAssignmentTargetofLeftHandSideExpressionisfalse.
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheLeftHandSideExpressionisCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList : (
Expression ) andExpressionderivesaproductionthatwouldproduceaSyntaxErroraccordingtotheserulesifthat
productionissubstitutedforLeftHandSideExpression.Thisruleisrecursivelyapplied.
NOTE ThelastrulemeansthattheotherrulesareappliedevenifparenthesessurroundExpression.
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheBoundNamesofForDeclarationcontains"let".
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofForDeclarationalsooccursintheVarDeclaredNamesof
Statement.
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheBoundNamesofForDeclarationcontainsanyduplicateentries.
ForDeclaration : LetOrConst ForBinding
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofForBinding.
13.7.5.6 StaticSemantics:IsDestructuring
1.ReturnIsDestructuringofForBinding.
ForBinding : BindingIdentiier
1.Returnfalse.
ForBinding : BindingPattern
1.Returntrue.
IterationStatement : for ( LeftHandSideExpression in Expression ) Statement
IterationStatement : for ( var ForBinding in Expression ) Statement
1.LetnamesbetheBoundNamesofForBinding.
3.Returnnames.
IterationStatement : for ( ForDeclaration in Expression ) Statement
IterationStatement : for ( LeftHandSideExpression of AssignmentExpression ) Statement
IterationStatement : for ( var ForBinding of AssignmentExpression ) Statement
1.LetnamesbetheBoundNamesofForBinding.
3.Returnnames.
IterationStatement : for ( ForDeclaration of AssignmentExpression ) Statement
1.LetdeclarationsbeaListcontainingForBinding.
1.LetdeclarationsbeaListcontainingForBinding.
13.7.5.9 RuntimeSemantics:BindingInitialization
Withargumentsvalueandenvironment.
NOTE undeinedispassedforenvironmenttoindicatethataPutValueoperationshouldbeusedtoassignthe
initializationvalue.Thisisthecaseforvarstatementsandtheformalparameterlistsofsomenonstrict
functions(see9.2.12).Inthosecasesalexicalbindingishoistedandpreinitializedpriortoevaluationofits
initializer.
1.ReturntheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforForBindingpassingvalueandenvironmentasthearguments.
13.7.5.10 RuntimeSemantics:BindingInstantiation
Withargumentenvironment.
1.LetenvRecbeenvironment'sEnvironmentRecord.
2.Assert:envRecisadeclarativeEnvironmentRecord.
3.ForeachelementnameoftheBoundNamesofForBindingdo
a.IfIsConstantDeclarationofLetOrConstistrue,then
i.Perform!envRec.CreateImmutableBinding(name,true).
b.Else,
i.Perform!envRec.CreateMutableBinding(name,false).
1.LetkeyResultbe?ForIn/OfHeadEvaluation(,Expression,enumerate).
2.Return?ForIn/OfBodyEvaluation(LeftHandSideExpression,Statement,keyResult,assignment,labelSet).
1.LetkeyResultbe?ForIn/OfHeadEvaluation(,Expression,enumerate).
2.Return?ForIn/OfBodyEvaluation(ForBinding,Statement,keyResult,varBinding,labelSet).
1.LetkeyResultbetheresultofperforming?ForIn/OfHeadEvaluation(BoundNamesofForDeclaration,Expression,
enumerate).
2.Return?ForIn/OfBodyEvaluation(ForDeclaration,Statement,keyResult,lexicalBinding,labelSet).
1.LetkeyResultbetheresultofperforming?ForIn/OfHeadEvaluation(,AssignmentExpression,iterate).
2.Return?ForIn/OfBodyEvaluation(LeftHandSideExpression,Statement,keyResult,assignment,labelSet).
1.LetkeyResultbetheresultofperforming?ForIn/OfHeadEvaluation(,AssignmentExpression,iterate).
2.Return?ForIn/OfBodyEvaluation(ForBinding,Statement,keyResult,varBinding,labelSet).
1.LetkeyResultbetheresultofperforming?ForIn/OfHeadEvaluation(BoundNamesofForDeclaration,
AssignmentExpression,iterate).
2.Return?ForIn/OfBodyEvaluation(ForDeclaration,Statement,keyResult,lexicalBinding,labelSet).
13.7.5.12 RuntimeSemantics:ForIn/OfHeadEvaluation(TDZnames,expr,iterationKind)
TheabstractoperationForIn/OfHeadEvaluationiscalledwithargumentsTDZnames,expr,anditerationKind.Thevalueof
iterationKindiseitherenumerateoriterate.
2.IfTDZnamesisnotanemptyList,then
a.Assert:TDZnameshasnoduplicateentries.
b.LetTDZbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(oldEnv).
c.LetTDZEnvRecbeTDZ'sEnvironmentRecord.
d.ForeachstringnameinTDZnames,do
i.Perform!TDZEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(name,false).
e.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttoTDZ.
3.LetexprRefbetheresultofevaluatingexpr.
5.LetexprValuebe?GetValue(exprRef).
6.IfiterationKindisenumerate,then
a.IfexprValue.[[Value]]isnullorundeined,then
i.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:break,[[Value]]:empty,[[Target]]:empty}.
b.LetobjbeToObject(exprValue).
c.Return?EnumerateObjectProperties(obj).
7.Else,
a.Assert:iterationKindisiterate.
b.Return?GetIterator(exprValue).
13.7.5.13 RuntimeSemantics:ForIn/OfBodyEvaluation(lhs,stmt,iterator,lhsKind,labelSet)
TheabstractoperationForIn/OfBodyEvaluationiscalledwithargumentslhs,stmt,iterator,lhsKind,andlabelSet.Thevalueof
lhsKindiseitherassignment,varBindingorlexicalBinding.
2.LetVbeundeined.
3.LetdestructuringbeIsDestructuringoflhs.
4.IfdestructuringistrueandiflhsKindisassignment,then
a.Assert:lhsisaLeftHandSideExpression.
b.LetassignmentPatternbetheparseofthesourcetextcorrespondingtolhsusingAssignmentPatternasthegoal
symbol.
5.Repeat
a.LetnextResultbe?IteratorStep(iterator).
b.IfnextResultisfalse,returnNormalCompletion(V).
c.LetnextValuebe?IteratorValue(nextResult).
d.IflhsKindiseitherassignmentorvarBinding,then
i.Ifdestructuringisfalse,then
1.LetlhsRefbetheresultofevaluatinglhs.(Itmaybeevaluatedrepeatedly.)
e.Else,
i.Assert:lhsKindislexicalBinding.
ii.Assert:lhsisaForDeclaration.
iii.LetiterationEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(oldEnv).
iv.PerformBindingInstantiationforlhspassingiterationEnvastheargument.
v.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttoiterationEnv.
vi.Ifdestructuringisfalse,then
1.Assert:lhsbindsasinglename.
2.LetlhsNamebethesoleelementofBoundNamesoflhs.
3.LetlhsRefbe!ResolveBinding(lhsName).
f.Ifdestructuringisfalse,then
i.IflhsRefisanabruptcompletion,then
1.LetstatusbelhsRef.
ii.ElseiflhsKindislexicalBinding,then
1.LetstatusbeInitializeReferencedBinding(lhsRef,nextValue).
iii.Else,
1.LetstatusbePutValue(lhsRef,nextValue).
g.Else,
i.IflhsKindisassignment,then
1.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingDestructuringAssignmentEvaluationofassignmentPatternusing
nextValueastheargument.
ii.ElseiflhsKindisvarBinding,then
1.Assert:lhsisaForBinding.
2.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforlhspassingnextValueandundeinedas
thearguments.
iii.Else,
1.Assert:lhsKindislexicalBinding.
2.Assert:lhsisaForDeclaration.
3.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforlhspassingnextValueanditerationEnvas
arguments.
h.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,then
i.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttooldEnv.
ii.Return?IteratorClose(iterator,status).
i.Letresultbetheresultofevaluatingstmt.
j.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttooldEnv.
k.IfLoopContinues(result,labelSet)isfalse,return?IteratorClose(iterator,UpdateEmpty(result,V)).
l.Ifresult.[[Value]]isnotempty,letVberesult.[[Value]].
ForBinding : BindingIdentiier
2.Return?ResolveBinding(bindingId).
13.7.5.15 EnumerateObjectProperties(O)
WhentheabstractoperationEnumerateObjectPropertiesiscalledwithargumentO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.ReturnanIteratorobject(25.1.1.2)whosenextmethoditeratesoveralltheStringvaluedkeysofenumerable
propertiesofO.TheiteratorobjectisneverdirectlyaccessibletoECMAScriptcode.Themechanicsandorderof
enumeratingthepropertiesisnotspeciiedbutmustconformtotherulesspeciiedbelow.
Theiterator'sthrowandreturnmethodsarenullandareneverinvoked.Theiterator'snextmethodprocessesobject
propertiestodeterminewhetherthepropertykeyshouldbereturnedasaniteratorvalue.Returnedpropertykeysdonot
includekeysthatareSymbols.Propertiesofthetargetobjectmaybedeletedduringenumeration.Apropertythatisdeleted
beforeitisprocessedbytheiterator'snextmethodisignored.Ifnewpropertiesareaddedtothetargetobjectduring
enumeration,thenewlyaddedpropertiesarenotguaranteedtobeprocessedintheactiveenumeration.Apropertyname
willbereturnedbytheiterator'snextmethodatmostonceinanyenumeration.
Enumeratingthepropertiesofthetargetobjectincludesenumeratingpropertiesofitsprototype,andtheprototypeofthe
prototype,andsoon,recursively;butapropertyofaprototypeisnotprocessedifithasthesamenameasapropertythat
hasalreadybeenprocessedbytheiterator'snextmethod.Thevaluesof[[Enumerable]]attributesarenotconsideredwhen
determiningifapropertyofaprototypeobjecthasalreadybeenprocessed.Theenumerablepropertynamesofprototype
objectsmustbeobtainedbyinvokingEnumerateObjectPropertiespassingtheprototypeobjectastheargument.
EnumerateObjectPropertiesmustobtaintheownpropertykeysofthetargetobjectbycallingits[[OwnPropertyKeys]]
internalmethod.Propertyattributesofthetargetobjectmustbeobtainedbycallingits[[GetOwnProperty]]internalmethod.
NOTE ThefollowingisaninformativedeinitionofanECMAScriptgeneratorfunctionthatconformstotheserules:
function*EnumerateObjectProperties(obj){
letvisited=newSet;
for(letkeyofReflect.ownKeys(obj)){
if(typeofkey==="string"){
letdesc=Reflect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(obj,key);
if(desc&&!visited.has(key)){
visited.add(key);
if(desc.enumerable)yieldkey;
}
}
}
letproto=Reflect.getPrototypeOf(obj)
if(proto===null)return;
for(letprotoNameofEnumerateObjectProperties(proto)){
if(!visited.has(protoName))yieldprotoName;
}
}
13.8 ThecontinueStatement
Syntax
continue ;
ContinueStatement : continue ;
ContinueStatement : continue LabelIdentiier ;
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthisproductionisnotnested,directlyorindirectly(butnotcrossingfunctionboundaries),within
anIterationStatement.
1.Returnfalse.
1.IftheStringValueofLabelIdentiierisnotanelementofiterationSet,returntrue.
2.Returnfalse.
1.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:continue,[[Value]]:empty,[[Target]]:empty}.
1.LetlabelbetheStringValueofLabelIdentiier.
2.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:continue,[[Value]]:empty,[[Target]]:label}.
13.9 ThebreakStatement
Syntax
break ;
BreakStatement : break ;
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthisproductionisnotnested,directlyorindirectly(butnotcrossingfunctionboundaries),within
anIterationStatementoraSwitchStatement.
1.Returnfalse.
BreakStatement : break LabelIdentiier ;
1.IftheStringValueofLabelIdentiierisnotanelementoflabelSet,returntrue.
2.Returnfalse.
1.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:break,[[Value]]:empty,[[Target]]:empty}.
BreakStatement : break LabelIdentiier ;
2.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:break,[[Value]]:empty,[[Target]]:label}.
13.10 ThereturnStatement
Syntax
return ;
NOTE Areturnstatementcausesafunctiontoceaseexecutionandreturnavaluetothecaller.IfExpressionis
omitted,thereturnvalueisundeined.Otherwise,thereturnvalueisthevalueofExpression.
ReturnStatement : return ;
1.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:return,[[Value]]:undeined,[[Target]]:empty}.
ReturnStatement : return Expression ;
3.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:return,[[Value]]:exprValue,[[Target]]:empty}.
13.11 ThewithStatement
Syntax
WithStatement[Yield,Return] :
with ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
NOTE ThewithstatementaddsanobjectEnvironmentRecordforacomputedobjecttothelexicalenvironmentof
therunningexecutioncontext.Itthenexecutesastatementusingthisaugmentedlexicalenvironment.Finally,
itrestorestheoriginallexicalenvironment.
WithStatement : with ( Expression ) Statement
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthecodethatmatchesthisproductioniscontainedinstrictcode.
NOTE ItisonlynecessarytoapplythesecondruleiftheextensionspeciiedinB.3.2isimplemented.
1.LetvalbetheresultofevaluatingExpression.
2.Letobjbe?ToObject(?GetValue(val)).
4.LetnewEnvbeNewObjectEnvironment(obj,oldEnv).
5.SetthewithEnvironmentlagofnewEnv'sEnvironmentRecordtotrue.
6.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttonewEnv.
7.LetCbetheresultofevaluatingStatement.
9.ReturnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(C,undeined)).
NOTE NomatterhowcontrolleavestheembeddedStatement,whethernormallyorbysomeformofabrupt
completionorexception,theLexicalEnvironmentisalwaysrestoredtoitsformerstate.
13.12 TheswitchStatement
Syntax
SwitchStatement[Yield,Return] :
switch ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) CaseBlock[?Yield,?Return]
CaseBlock[Yield,Return] :
{ CaseClauses[?Yield,?Return] opt }
{ CaseClauses[?Yield,?Return] opt DefaultClause[?Yield,?Return] CaseClauses[?Yield,?Return] opt }
CaseClauses[Yield,Return] :
CaseClause[?Yield,?Return]
CaseClauses[?Yield,?Return] CaseClause[?Yield,?Return]
CaseClause[Yield,Return] :
case Expression[In,?Yield] : StatementList[?Yield,?Return] opt
DefaultClause[Yield,Return] :
default : StatementList[?Yield,?Return] opt
SwitchStatement : switch ( Expression ) CaseBlock
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofCaseBlockcontainsanyduplicateentries.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofCaseBlockalsooccursintheVarDeclaredNamesof
CaseBlock.
1.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofCaseBlockwithargumentlabelSet.
CaseBlock : { }
1.Returnfalse.
CaseBlock : { CaseClauses DefaultClause CaseClauses }
1.IftheirstCaseClausesispresent,then
a.LethasDuplicatesbeContainsDuplicateLabelsoftheirstCaseClauseswithargumentlabelSet.
b.IfhasDuplicatesistrue,returntrue.
2.LethasDuplicatesbeContainsDuplicateLabelsofDefaultClausewithargumentlabelSet.
4.IfthesecondCaseClausesisnotpresent,returnfalse.
5.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofthesecondCaseClauseswithargumentlabelSet.
CaseClauses : CaseClauses CaseClause
1.LethasDuplicatesbeContainsDuplicateLabelsofCaseClauseswithargumentlabelSet.
3.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofCaseClausewithargumentlabelSet.
CaseClause : case Expression : StatementList
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returnContainsDuplicateLabelsofStatementListwithargumentlabelSet.
2.Elsereturnfalse.
DefaultClause : default : StatementList
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returnContainsDuplicateLabelsofStatementListwithargumentlabelSet.
2.Elsereturnfalse.
1.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofCaseBlockwithargumentlabelSet.
CaseBlock : { }
1.Returnfalse.
a.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedBreakTargetoftheirstCaseClauseswithargumentlabelSet.
b.IfhasUndeinedLabelsistrue,returntrue.
2.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofDefaultClausewithargumentlabelSet.
5.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofthesecondCaseClauseswithargumentlabelSet.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofCaseClauseswithargumentlabelSet.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofCaseClausewithargumentlabelSet.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofStatementListwithargumentlabelSet.
2.Elsereturnfalse.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofStatementListwithargumentlabelSet.
2.Elsereturnfalse.
1.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofCaseBlockwithargumentsiterationSetand.
CaseBlock : { }
1.Returnfalse.
a.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedContinueTargetoftheirstCaseClauseswithargumentsiterationSet
and.
b.IfhasUndeinedLabelsistrue,returntrue.
2.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofDefaultClausewithargumentsiterationSetand.
5.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofthesecondCaseClauseswithargumentsiterationSetand.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofCaseClauseswithargumentsiterationSetand.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofCaseClausewithargumentsiterationSetand.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofStatementListwithargumentsiterationSet
and.
2.Elsereturnfalse.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofStatementListwithargumentsiterationSet
and.
2.Elsereturnfalse.
CaseBlock : { }
1.IftheirstCaseClausesispresent,letnamesbetheLexicallyDeclaredNamesoftheirstCaseClauses.
2.ElseletnamesbeanewemptyList.
3.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesoftheDefaultClause.
4.IfthesecondCaseClausesisnotpresent,returnnames.
5.ElsereturntheresultofappendingtonamestheelementsoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofthesecondCaseClauses.
1.LetnamesbeLexicallyDeclaredNamesofCaseClauses.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofCaseClause.
3.Returnnames.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returntheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
2.ElsereturnanewemptyList.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returntheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
CaseBlock : { }
1.IftheirstCaseClausesispresent,letdeclarationsbetheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsoftheirstCaseClauses.
2.ElseletdeclarationsbeanewemptyList.
3.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsoftheDefaultClause.
4.IfthesecondCaseClausesisnotpresent,returndeclarations.
5.ElsereturntheresultofappendingtodeclarationstheelementsoftheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofthesecond
CaseClauses.
1.LetdeclarationsbeLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofCaseClauses.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofCaseClause.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returntheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returntheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
1.ReturntheVarDeclaredNamesofCaseBlock.
CaseBlock : { }
1.IftheirstCaseClausesispresent,letnamesbetheVarDeclaredNamesoftheirstCaseClauses.
2.ElseletnamesbeanewemptyList.
3.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesoftheDefaultClause.
4.IfthesecondCaseClausesisnotpresent,returnnames.
5.ElsereturntheresultofappendingtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofthesecondCaseClauses.
1.LetnamesbeVarDeclaredNamesofCaseClauses.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofCaseClause.
3.Returnnames.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returntheVarDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returntheVarDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
1.ReturntheVarScopedDeclarationsofCaseBlock.
CaseBlock : { }

1.IftheirstCaseClausesispresent,letdeclarationsbetheVarScopedDeclarationsoftheirstCaseClauses.
2.ElseletdeclarationsbeanewemptyList.
3.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsoftheDefaultClause.
4.IfthesecondCaseClausesisnotpresent,returndeclarations.
5.ElsereturntheresultofappendingtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofthesecondCaseClauses
.
1.LetdeclarationsbeVarScopedDeclarationsofCaseClauses.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofCaseClause.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returntheVarScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
1.IftheStatementListispresent,returntheVarScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
13.12.9 RuntimeSemantics:CaseBlockEvaluation
Withargumentinput.
CaseBlock : { }
CaseBlock : { CaseClauses }
1.LetVbeundeined.
2.LetAbetheListofCaseClauseitemsinCaseClauses,insourcetextorder.
3.Letfoundbefalse.
4.RepeatforeachCaseClauseCinA,
a.Iffoundisfalse,then
i.LetclauseSelectorbetheresultofCaseSelectorEvaluationofC.
ii.ReturnIfAbrupt(clauseSelector).
iii.LetfoundbetheresultofperformingStrictEqualityComparisoninput===clauseSelector.[[Value]].
b.Iffoundistrue,then
i.LetRbetheresultofevaluatingC.
ii.IfR.[[Value]]isnotempty,letVbeR.[[Value]].
iii.IfRisanabruptcompletion,returnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(R,V)).
5.ReturnNormalCompletion(V).
1.LetVbeundeined.
2.LetAbetheListofCaseClauseitemsintheirstCaseClauses,insourcetextorder.IftheirstCaseClausesisnotpresent,A
is.
3.Letfoundbefalse.
4.RepeatforeachCaseClauseCinA
a.Iffoundisfalse,then
i.LetclauseSelectorbetheresultofCaseSelectorEvaluationofC.
ii.ReturnIfAbrupt(clauseSelector).
iii.LetfoundbetheresultofperformingStrictEqualityComparisoninput===clauseSelector.[[Value]].
b.Iffoundistrue,then
i.LetRbetheresultofevaluatingC.
ii.IfR.[[Value]]isnotempty,letVbeR.[[Value]].
iii.IfRisanabruptcompletion,returnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(R,V)).
5.LetfoundInBbefalse.
6.LetBbetheListcontainingtheCaseClauseitemsinthesecondCaseClauses,insourcetextorder.Ifthesecond
CaseClausesisnotpresent,Bis.
7.Iffoundisfalse,then
a.RepeatforeachCaseClauseCinB
i.IffoundInBisfalse,then
1.LetclauseSelectorbetheresultofCaseSelectorEvaluationofC.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(clauseSelector).
3.LetfoundInBbetheresultofperformingStrictEqualityComparisoninput===clauseSelector.[[Value]].
ii.IffoundInBistrue,then
1.LetRbetheresultofevaluatingCaseClauseC.
2.IfR.[[Value]]isnotempty,letVbeR.[[Value]].
3.IfRisanabruptcompletion,returnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(R,V)).
8.IffoundInBistrue,returnNormalCompletion(V).
9.LetRbetheresultofevaluatingDefaultClause.
10.IfR.[[Value]]isnotempty,letVbeR.[[Value]].
11.IfRisanabruptcompletion,returnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(R,V)).
12.RepeatforeachCaseClauseCinB(NOTEthisisanothercompleteiterationofthesecondCaseClauses)
a.LetRbetheresultofevaluatingCaseClauseC.
b.IfR.[[Value]]isnotempty,letVbeR.[[Value]].
c.IfRisanabruptcompletion,returnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(R,V)).
13.ReturnNormalCompletion(V).
13.12.10 RuntimeSemantics:CaseSelectorEvaluation
2.Return?GetValue(exprRef).
NOTE CaseSelectorEvaluationdoesnotexecutetheassociatedStatementList.ItsimplyevaluatestheExpressionand
returnsthevalue,whichtheCaseBlockalgorithmusestodeterminewhichStatementListtostartexecuting.
2.LetswitchValuebe?GetValue(exprRef).
4.LetblockEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(oldEnv).
5.PerformBlockDeclarationInstantiation(CaseBlock,blockEnv).
6.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttoblockEnv.
7.LetRbetheresultofperformingCaseBlockEvaluationofCaseBlockwithargumentswitchValue.
9.ReturnR.
NOTE NomatterhowcontrolleavestheSwitchStatementtheLexicalEnvironmentisalwaysrestoredtoitsformer
state.
CaseClause : case Expression :
DefaultClause : default :
13.13 LabelledStatements
Syntax
LabelledStatement[Yield,Return] :
LabelIdentiier[?Yield] : LabelledItem[?Yield,?Return]
LabelledItem[Yield,Return] :
FunctionDeclaration[?Yield]
NOTE AStatementmaybepreixedbyalabel.Labelledstatementsareonlyusedinconjunctionwithlabelledbreak
andcontinuestatements.ECMAScripthasnogotostatement.AStatementcanbepartofaLabelledStatement,
whichitselfcanbepartofaLabelledStatement,andsoon.Thelabelsintroducedthiswayarecollectively
referredtoasthecurrentlabelsetwhendescribingthesemanticsofindividualstatements.
LabelledItem : FunctionDeclaration
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanysourcetextmatchesthisrule.
NOTE AnalternativedeinitionforthisruleisprovidedinB.3.2.
LabelledStatement : LabelIdentiier : LabelledItem
2.IflabelisanelementoflabelSet,returntrue.
3.LetnewLabelSetbeacopyoflabelSetwithlabelappended.
4.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofLabelledItemwithargumentnewLabelSet.
1.Returnfalse.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofLabelledItemwithargumentnewLabelSet.
1.Returnfalse.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofLabelledItemwithargumentsiterationSetandnewLabelSet.
1.Returnfalse.
13.13.5 StaticSemantics:IsLabelledFunction(stmt)
TheabstractoperationIsLabelledFunctionwithargumentstmtperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfstmtisnotaLabelledStatement,returnfalse.
2.LetitembetheLabelledItemcomponentofstmt.
3.IfitemisLabelledItem : FunctionDeclaration ,returntrue.
4.LetsubStmtbetheStatementcomponentofitem.
5.ReturnIsLabelledFunction(subStmt).
1.ReturntheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofLabelledItem.
LabelledItem : Statement
1.ReturnBoundNamesofFunctionDeclaration.
1.ReturntheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofLabelledItem.
1.ReturnanewListcontainingFunctionDeclaration.
13.13.8 StaticSemantics:TopLevelLexicallyDeclaredNames
13.13.9 StaticSemantics:TopLevelLexicallyScopedDeclarations
13.13.10 StaticSemantics:TopLevelVarDeclaredNames
1.ReturntheTopLevelVarDeclaredNamesofLabelledItem.
1.IfStatementisStatement : LabelledStatement ,returnTopLevelVarDeclaredNamesofStatement.

2.ReturnVarDeclaredNamesofStatement.
1.ReturnBoundNamesofFunctionDeclaration.
13.13.11 StaticSemantics:TopLevelVarScopedDeclarations
1.ReturntheTopLevelVarScopedDeclarationsofLabelledItem.
1.IfStatementisStatement : LabelledStatement ,returnTopLevelVarScopedDeclarationsofStatement.

2.ReturnVarScopedDeclarationsofStatement.
1.ReturnanewListcontainingFunctionDeclaration.
1.ReturntheVarDeclaredNamesofLabelledItem.
1.ReturntheVarScopedDeclarationsofLabelledItem.
13.13.14 RuntimeSemantics:LabelledEvaluation
2.AppendlabelasanelementoflabelSet.
3.LetstmtResultbeLabelledEvaluationofLabelledItemwithargumentlabelSet.
4.IfstmtResult.[[Type]]isbreakandSameValue(stmtResult.[[Target]],label)istrue,then
a.LetstmtResultbeNormalCompletion(stmtResult.[[Value]]).
1.IfStatementiseitheraLabelledStatementoraBreakableStatement,then
a.ReturnLabelledEvaluationofStatementwithargumentlabelSet.
2.Else,
a.ReturntheresultofevaluatingStatement.
1.ReturntheresultofevaluatingFunctionDeclaration.
1.LetnewLabelSetbeanewemptyList.
2.ReturnLabelledEvaluationofthisLabelledStatementwithargumentnewLabelSet.
13.14 ThethrowStatement
Syntax
ThrowStatement : throw Expression ;
3.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:throw,[[Value]]:exprValue,[[Target]]:empty}.
13.15 ThetryStatement
Syntax
TryStatement[Yield,Return] :
try Block[?Yield,?Return] Catch[?Yield,?Return]
try Block[?Yield,?Return] Finally[?Yield,?Return]
try Block[?Yield,?Return] Catch[?Yield,?Return] Finally[?Yield,?Return]
Catch[Yield,Return] :
catch ( CatchParameter[?Yield] ) Block[?Yield,?Return]
Finally[Yield,Return] :
finally Block[?Yield,?Return]
CatchParameter[Yield] :
NOTE Thetrystatementenclosesablockofcodeinwhichanexceptionalconditioncanoccur,suchasaruntime
errororathrowstatement.Thecatchclauseprovidestheexceptionhandlingcode.Whenacatchclause
catchesanexception,itsCatchParameterisboundtothatexception.
Catch : catch ( CatchParameter ) Block
ItisaSyntaxErrorifBoundNamesofCatchParametercontainsanyduplicateelements.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofCatchParameteralsooccursintheLexicallyDeclaredNamesof
Block.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofCatchParameteralsooccursintheVarDeclaredNamesofBlock.
NOTE AnalternativestaticsemanticsforthisproductionisgiveninB.3.5.
TryStatement : try Block Catch
1.LethasDuplicatesbeContainsDuplicateLabelsofBlockwithargumentlabelSet.
3.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofCatchwithargumentlabelSet.
TryStatement : try Block Finally
3.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofFinallywithargumentlabelSet.
TryStatement : try Block Catch Finally
3.LethasDuplicatesbeContainsDuplicateLabelsofCatchwithargumentlabelSet.
5.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofFinallywithargumentlabelSet.
1.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofBlockwithargumentlabelSet.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofBlockwithargumentlabelSet.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofCatchwithargumentlabelSet.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofFinallywithargumentlabelSet.

3.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofCatchwithargumentlabelSet.
5.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofFinallywithargumentlabelSet.
1.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofBlockwithargumentlabelSet.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofBlockwithargumentsiterationSetand.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofCatchwithargumentsiterationSetand.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofFinallywithargumentsiterationSetand.
3.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofCatchwithargumentsiterationSetand.
5.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofFinallywithargumentsiterationSetand.
1.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofBlockwithargumentsiterationSetand.
1.LetnamesbeVarDeclaredNamesofBlock.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofCatch.
3.Returnnames.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofFinally.
3.Returnnames.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofCatch.
3.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofFinally.
4.Returnnames.

1.ReturntheVarDeclaredNamesofBlock.
1.LetdeclarationsbeVarScopedDeclarationsofBlock.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofCatch.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofFinally.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofCatch.
3.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofFinally.
1.ReturntheVarScopedDeclarationsofBlock.
13.15.7 RuntimeSemantics:CatchClauseEvaluation
withparameterthrownValue
2.LetcatchEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(oldEnv).
3.LetcatchEnvRecbecatchEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
4.ForeachelementargNameoftheBoundNamesofCatchParameter,do
a.Perform!catchEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(argName,false).
5.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttocatchEnv.
6.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforCatchParameterpassingthrownValueandcatchEnvas
arguments.
7.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,then
a.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttooldEnv.
b.ReturnCompletion(status).
8.LetBbetheresultofevaluatingBlock.
10.ReturnCompletion(B).
NOTE NomatterhowcontrolleavestheBlocktheLexicalEnvironmentisalwaysrestoredtoitsformerstate.
2.IfB.[[Type]]isthrow,letCbeCatchClauseEvaluationofCatchwithparameterB.[[Value]].
3.Else,letCbeB.
4.ReturnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(C,undeined)).
2.LetFbetheresultofevaluatingFinally.
3.IfF.[[Type]]isnormal,letFbeB.
4.ReturnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(F,undeined)).
2.IfB.[[Type]]isthrow,letCbeCatchClauseEvaluationofCatchwithparameterB.[[Value]].
3.Else,letCbeB.
4.LetFbetheresultofevaluatingFinally.
5.IfF.[[Type]]isnormal,letFbeC.
6.ReturnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(F,undeined)).
13.16 ThedebuggerStatement
Syntax
DebuggerStatement :
debugger ;
NOTE EvaluatingtheDebuggerStatementproductionmayallowanimplementationtocauseabreakpointwhenrun
underadebugger.Ifadebuggerisnotpresentoractivethisstatementhasnoobservableeffect.
DebuggerStatement : debugger ;
1.Ifanimplementationdeineddebuggingfacilityisavailableandenabled,then
a.Performanimplementationdeineddebuggingaction.
b.LetresultbeanimplementationdeinedCompletionvalue.
2.Else,
a.LetresultbeNormalCompletion(empty).
3.Returnresult.
14 ECMAScriptLanguage:FunctionsandClasses
NOTE VariousECMAScriptlanguageelementscausethecreationofECMAScriptfunctionobjects(9.2).Evaluationof
suchfunctionsstartswiththeexecutionoftheir[[Call]]internalmethod(9.2.1).
14.1 FunctionDeinitions
Syntax
FunctionDeclaration[Yield,Default] :
function BindingIdentiier[?Yield] ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
[+Default] function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
FunctionExpression :
function BindingIdentiieropt ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
StrictFormalParameters[Yield] :
FormalParameters[?Yield]
FormalParameters[Yield] :
[empty]
FormalParameterList[?Yield]
FormalParameterList[Yield] :
FunctionRestParameter[?Yield]
FormalsList[?Yield]
FormalsList[?Yield] , FunctionRestParameter[?Yield]
FormalsList[Yield] :
FormalParameter[?Yield]
FormalsList[?Yield] , FormalParameter[?Yield]
FunctionRestParameter[Yield] :
BindingRestElement[?Yield]
FormalParameter[Yield] :
BindingElement[?Yield]
FunctionBody[Yield] :
FunctionStatementList[?Yield]
FunctionStatementList[Yield] :
StatementList[?Yield,Return] opt
14.1.1 DirectiveProloguesandtheUseStrictDirective
ADirectivePrologueisthelongestsequenceofExpressionStatementproductionsoccurringastheinitialStatementListItemor
ModuleItemproductionsofaFunctionBody,aScriptBody,oraModuleBodyandwhereeachExpressionStatementinthe
sequenceconsistsentirelyofaStringLiteraltokenfollowedbyasemicolon.Thesemicolonmayappearexplicitlyormaybe
insertedbyautomaticsemicoloninsertion.ADirectiveProloguemaybeanemptysequence.
AUseStrictDirectiveisanExpressionStatementinaDirectiveProloguewhoseStringLiteraliseithertheexactcodeunit
sequences"usestrict"or'usestrict'.AUseStrictDirectivemaynotcontainanEscapeSequenceorLineContinuation.
ADirectiveProloguemaycontainmorethanoneUseStrictDirective.However,animplementationmayissueawarningifthis
occurs.
NOTE TheExpressionStatementproductionsofaDirectivePrologueareevaluatednormallyduringevaluationofthe
containingproduction.Implementationsmaydeineimplementationspeciicmeaningsfor
ExpressionStatementproductionswhicharenotaUseStrictDirectiveandwhichoccurinaDirectivePrologue.
Ifanappropriatenotiicationmechanismexists,animplementationshouldissueawarningifitencountersina
DirectivePrologueanExpressionStatementthatisnotaUseStrictDirectiveandwhichdoesnothaveameaning
deinedbytheimplementation.
FunctionDeclaration : function BindingIdentiier ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
FunctionDeclaration : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
FunctionExpression : function BindingIdentiier ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
Ifthesourcecodematchingthisproductionisstrictcode,theEarlyErrorrulesforStrictFormalParameters :
FormalParameters areapplied.
Ifthesourcecodematchingthisproductionisstrictcode,itisaSyntaxErrorifBindingIdentiieristheIdentiierName
evalortheIdentiierNamearguments.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUseStrictofFunctionBodyistrueandIsSimpleParameterListofFormalParametersis
false.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofFormalParametersalsooccursintheLexicallyDeclaredNames
ofFunctionBody.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifFormalParametersContainsSuperPropertyistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifFunctionBodyContainsSuperPropertyistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifFormalParametersContainsSuperCallistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifFunctionBodyContainsSuperCallistrue.
NOTE1 TheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofaFunctionBodydoesnotincludeidentiiersboundusingvarorfunction
declarations.
StrictFormalParameters : FormalParameters
ItisaSyntaxErrorifBoundNamesofFormalParameterscontainsanyduplicateelements.
FormalParameters : FormalParameterList
ItisaSyntaxErrorifIsSimpleParameterListofFormalParameterListisfalseandBoundNamesofFormalParameterList
containsanyduplicateelements.
NOTE2 MultipleoccurrencesofthesameBindingIdentiierinaFormalParameterListisonlyallowedforfunctionsand
generatorfunctionswhichhavesimpleparameterlistsandwhicharenotdeinedinstrictmodecode.
FunctionBody : FunctionStatementList
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofFunctionStatementListcontainsanyduplicateentries.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofFunctionStatementListalsooccursinthe
VarDeclaredNamesofFunctionStatementList.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsDuplicateLabelsofFunctionStatementListwithargumentistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofFunctionStatementListwithargumentistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofFunctionStatementListwithargumentsandistrue.
1.Return"*default*".
NOTE "*default*"isusedwithinthisspeciicationasasyntheticnameforhoistableanonymousfunctionsthatare
deinedusingexportdeclarations.
FormalParameters : [empty]
FormalParameterList : FormalsList , FunctionRestParameter
1.LetnamesbeBoundNamesofFormalsList.
2.AppendtonamestheBoundNamesofFunctionRestParameter.
3.Returnnames.
FormalsList : FormalsList , FormalParameter
1.LetnamesbeBoundNamesofFormalsList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsofBoundNamesofFormalParameter.
3.Returnnames.
14.1.4 StaticSemantics:Contains

1.Returnfalse.
14.1.5 StaticSemantics:ContainsExpression
1.Returnfalse.
FormalParameterList : FunctionRestParameter
1.ReturnContainsExpressionofFunctionRestParameter.
1.IfContainsExpressionofFormalsLististrue,returntrue.
2.ReturnContainsExpressionofFunctionRestParameter.
1.IfContainsExpressionofFormalsLististrue,returntrue.
2.ReturnContainsExpressionofFormalParameter.
14.1.6 StaticSemantics:ContainsUseStrict
1.IftheDirectivePrologueofFunctionStatementListcontainsaUseStrictDirective,returntrue;otherwise,returnfalse.
14.1.7 StaticSemantics:ExpectedArgumentCount
1.Return0.
1.Return0.
1.ReturntheExpectedArgumentCountofFormalsList.
NOTE TheExpectedArgumentCountofaFormalParameterLististhenumberofFormalParameterstotheleftofeither
therestparameterortheirstFormalParameterwithanInitializer.AFormalParameterwithoutaninitializeris
allowedaftertheirstparameterwithaninitializerbutsuchparametersareconsideredtobeoptionalwith
undeinedastheirdefaultvalue.
FormalsList : FormalParameter
1.IfHasInitializerofFormalParameteristrue,return0.
2.Return1.
1.LetcountbetheExpectedArgumentCountofFormalsList.
2.IfHasInitializerofFormalsLististrueorHasInitializerofFormalParameteristrue,returncount.
3.Returncount+1.
14.1.8 StaticSemantics:HasInitializer
1.IfHasInitializerofFormalsLististrue,returntrue.
2.ReturnHasInitializerofFormalParameter.
14.1.9 StaticSemantics:HasName
FunctionExpression : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
14.1.10 StaticSemantics:IsAnonymousFunctionDeinition(production)
TheabstractoperationIsAnonymousFunctionDeinitiondeterminesifitsargumentisafunctiondeinitionthatdoesnotbind
aname.TheargumentproductionistheresultofparsinganAssignmentExpressionorInitializer.Thefollowingstepsare
taken:
1.IfIsFunctionDeinitionofproductionisfalse,returnfalse.
2.LethasNamebetheresultofHasNameofproduction.
3.IfhasNameistrue,returnfalse.
4.Returntrue.
14.1.11 StaticSemantics:IsConstantDeclaration
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
14.1.13 StaticSemantics:IsSimpleParameterList
1.Returntrue.
1.Returnfalse.

1.Returnfalse.
1.IfIsSimpleParameterListofFormalsListisfalse,returnfalse.
2.ReturnIsSimpleParameterListofFormalParameter.
FormalParameter : BindingElement
1.ReturnIsSimpleParameterListofBindingElement.
FunctionStatementList : [empty]
FunctionStatementList : StatementList
1.ReturnTopLevelLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
1.ReturntheTopLevelLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
1.ReturnTopLevelVarDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
1.ReturntheTopLevelVarScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
14.1.18 RuntimeSemantics:EvaluateBody
WithparameterfunctionObject.
1.ReturntheresultofevaluatingFunctionStatementList.
14.1.19 RuntimeSemantics:IteratorBindingInitialization
WithparametersiteratorRecordandenvironment.
NOTE1 WhenundeinedispassedforenvironmentitindicatesthataPutValueoperationshouldbeusedtoassignthe
samename.
1.LetrestIndexbetheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforFormalsListusingiteratorRecordand
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(restIndex).
3.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforFunctionRestParameterusingiteratorRecordand
1.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforFormalsListusingiteratorRecordandenvironment
asthearguments.
3.ReturntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforFormalParameterusingiteratorRecordand
FormalParameter : BindingElement
1.IfContainsExpressionofBindingElementisfalse,returntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationfor
BindingElementusingiteratorRecordandenvironmentasthearguments.
2.LetcurrentContextbetherunningexecutioncontext.
3.LetoriginalEnvbetheVariableEnvironmentofcurrentContext.
4.Assert:TheVariableEnvironmentandLexicalEnvironmentofcurrentContextarethesame.
5.Assert:environmentandoriginalEnvarethesame.
6.LetparamVarEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(originalEnv).
7.SettheVariableEnvironmentofcurrentContexttoparamVarEnv.
8.SettheLexicalEnvironmentofcurrentContexttoparamVarEnv.
9.LetresultbetheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforBindingElementusingiteratorRecordand
10.SettheVariableEnvironmentofcurrentContexttooriginalEnv.
11.SettheLexicalEnvironmentofcurrentContexttooriginalEnv.
12.Returnresult.
NOTE2 ThenewEnvironmentRecordcreatedinstep6isonlyusediftheBindingElementcontainsadirecteval.
FunctionRestParameter : BindingRestElement
1.IfContainsExpressionofBindingRestElementisfalse,returntheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationfor
BindingRestElementusingiteratorRecordandenvironmentasthearguments.
2.LetcurrentContextbetherunningexecutioncontext.
3.LetoriginalEnvbetheVariableEnvironmentofcurrentContext.
4.Assert:TheVariableEnvironmentandLexicalEnvironmentofcurrentContextarethesame.
5.Assert:environmentandoriginalEnvarethesame.
6.LetparamVarEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(originalEnv).
7.SettheVariableEnvironmentofcurrentContexttoparamVarEnv.
8.SettheLexicalEnvironmentofcurrentContexttoparamVarEnv.
9.LetresultbetheresultofperformingIteratorBindingInitializationforBindingRestElementusingiteratorRecordand
10.SettheVariableEnvironmentofcurrentContexttooriginalEnv.
11.SettheLexicalEnvironmentofcurrentContexttooriginalEnv.
12.Returnresult.
NOTE3 ThenewEnvironmentRecordcreatedinstep6isonlyusediftheBindingRestElementcontainsadirecteval.
14.1.20 RuntimeSemantics:InstantiateFunctionObject
Withparameterscope.
1.IfthefunctioncodeforFunctionDeclarationisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
2.LetnamebeStringValueofBindingIdentiier.
3.LetFbeFunctionCreate(Normal,FormalParameters,FunctionBody,scope,strict).
4.PerformMakeConstructor(F).
5.PerformSetFunctionName(F,name).
6.ReturnF.
1.IfthefunctioncodeforFunctionDeclarationisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
2.LetFbeFunctionCreate(Normal,FormalParameters,FunctionBody,scope,strict).
3.PerformMakeConstructor(F).
4.PerformSetFunctionName(F,"default").
5.ReturnF.
NOTE AnanonymousFunctionDeclarationcanonlyoccuraspartofanexportdefaultdeclaration.
NOTE1 AnalternativesemanticsisprovidedinB.3.3.
FunctionExpression : function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
1.IfthefunctioncodeforFunctionExpressionisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
2.LetscopebetheLexicalEnvironmentoftherunningexecutioncontext.
3.LetclosurebeFunctionCreate(Normal,FormalParameters,FunctionBody,scope,strict).
4.PerformMakeConstructor(closure).
5.Returnclosure.
1.IfthefunctioncodeforFunctionExpressionisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
2.Letscopebetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
3.LetfuncEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(scope).
4.LetenvRecbefuncEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
6.PerformenvRec.CreateImmutableBinding(name,false).
7.LetclosurebeFunctionCreate(Normal,FormalParameters,FunctionBody,funcEnv,strict).
8.PerformMakeConstructor(closure).
9.PerformSetFunctionName(closure,name).
10.PerformenvRec.InitializeBinding(name,closure).
11.Returnclosure.
NOTE2 TheBindingIdentiierinaFunctionExpressioncanbereferencedfrominsidetheFunctionExpression's
FunctionBodytoallowthefunctiontocallitselfrecursively.However,unlikeinaFunctionDeclaration,the
BindingIdentiierinaFunctionExpressioncannotbereferencedfromanddoesnotaffectthescopeenclosingthe
FunctionExpression.
NOTE3 AprototypepropertyisautomaticallycreatedforeveryfunctiondeinedusingaFunctionDeclarationor
FunctionExpression,toallowforthepossibilitythatthefunctionwillbeusedasaconstructor.
14.2 ArrowFunctionDeinitions
Syntax
ArrowParameters[Yield] :
ConciseBody[In] :
[lookahead{] AssignmentExpression[?In]
{ FunctionBody }
SupplementalSyntax
Whentheproduction
ArrowParameters : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList
isrecognizedthefollowinggrammarisusedtoreinetheinterpretationof
CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList:
ArrowFormalParameters[Yield] :
( StrictFormalParameters[?Yield] )
ArrowFunction : ArrowParameters => ConciseBody
ItisaSyntaxErrorifArrowParametersContainsYieldExpressionistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUseStrictofConciseBodyistrueandIsSimpleParameterListofArrowParametersisfalse.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofArrowParametersalsooccursintheLexicallyDeclaredNamesof
ConciseBody.
Ifthe[Yield]grammarparameterispresentonArrowParameters,itisaSyntaxErrorifthelexicaltokensequence
matchedbyCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[?Yield] cannotbeparsedwithnotokensleftover
usingArrowFormalParameters[Yield] asthegoalsymbol.
Ifthe[Yield]grammarparameterisnotpresentonArrowParameters,itisaSyntaxErrorifthelexicaltokensequence
matchedbyCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[?Yield] cannotbeparsedwithnotokensleftover
usingArrowFormalParametersasthegoalsymbol.
AllearlyerrorsrulesforArrowFormalParametersanditsderivedproductionsalsoapplytoCoveredFormalsListof
CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[?Yield] .
1.LetformalsbeCoveredFormalsListofCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.
2.ReturntheBoundNamesofformals.
1.IfsymbolisnotoneofNewTarget,SuperProperty,SuperCall,superorthis,returnfalse.
2.IfArrowParametersContainssymbolistrue,returntrue.
3.ReturnConciseBodyContainssymbol.
NOTE Normally,Containsdoesnotlookinsidemostfunctionforms.However,Containsisusedtodetectnew.target,
this,andsuperusagewithinanArrowFunction.
2.ReturnformalsContainssymbol.
14.2.4 StaticSemantics:ContainsExpression
ArrowParameters : BindingIdentiier
1.Returnfalse.
14.2.5 StaticSemantics:ContainsUseStrict
ConciseBody : AssignmentExpression
1.Returnfalse.
1.Return1.
1.Returnfalse.
14.2.8 StaticSemantics:IsSimpleParameterList
1.Returntrue.
2.ReturnIsSimpleParameterListofformals.
14.2.9 StaticSemantics:CoveredFormalsList
1.ReturnthisArrowParameters.
( Expression )
( )
( ... BindingIdentiier )
( ... BindingPattern )
( Expression , ... BindingIdentiier )
( Expression , ... BindingPattern )
1.Ifthe[Yield]grammarparameterispresentforCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[Yield] ,return
theresultofparsingthelexicaltokenstreammatchedbyCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[Yield]
usingArrowFormalParameters[Yield] asthegoalsymbol.
2.Ifthe[Yield]grammarparameterisnotpresentforCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList[Yield] ,
returntheresultofparsingthelexicaltokenstreammatchedbyCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList
usingArrowFormalParametersasthegoalsymbol.
14.2.14 RuntimeSemantics:IteratorBindingInitialization
WithparametersiteratorRecordandenvironment.
samename.
1.Assert:iteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse.
2.LetnextbeIteratorStep(iteratorRecord.[[Iterator]]).
3.Ifnextisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
5.Ifnextisfalse,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
6.Else,
a.LetvbeIteratorValue(next).
b.Ifvisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
c.ReturnIfAbrupt(v).
8.ReturntheresultofperformingBindingInitializationforBindingIdentiierusingvandenvironmentasthearguments.
1.LetexprRefbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
3.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:return,[[Value]]:exprValue,[[Target]]:empty}.
1.IfthefunctioncodeforthisArrowFunctionisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
3.LetparametersbeCoveredFormalsListofArrowParameters.
4.LetclosurebeFunctionCreate(Arrow,parameters,ConciseBody,scope,strict).
5.Returnclosure.
NOTE AnArrowFunctiondoesnotdeinelocalbindingsforarguments,super,this,ornew.target.Anyreference
toarguments,super,this,ornew.targetwithinanArrowFunctionmustresolvetoabindinginalexically
enclosingenvironment.TypicallythiswillbetheFunctionEnvironmentofanimmediatelyenclosingfunction.
EventhoughanArrowFunctionmaycontainreferencestosuper,thefunctionobjectcreatedinstep4isnot
madeintoamethodbyperformingMakeMethod.AnArrowFunctionthatreferencessuperisalwayscontained
withinanonArrowFunctionandthenecessarystatetoimplementsuperisaccessibleviathescopethatis
capturedbythefunctionobjectoftheArrowFunction.
14.3 MethodDeinitions
Syntax
MethodDeinition[Yield] :
PropertyName[?Yield] ( StrictFormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
GeneratorMethod[?Yield]
get PropertyName[?Yield] ( ) { FunctionBody }
set PropertyName[?Yield] ( PropertySetParameterList ) { FunctionBody }
PropertySetParameterList :
FormalParameter
MethodDeinition : PropertyName ( StrictFormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUseStrictofFunctionBodyistrueandIsSimpleParameterListofStrictFormalParametersis
false.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofStrictFormalParametersalsooccursinthe
LexicallyDeclaredNamesofFunctionBody.
MethodDeinition : set PropertyName ( PropertySetParameterList ) { FunctionBody }
ItisaSyntaxErrorifBoundNamesofPropertySetParameterListcontainsanyduplicateelements.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUseStrictofFunctionBodyistrueandIsSimpleParameterListofPropertySetParameterList
isfalse.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofPropertySetParameterListalsooccursinthe
LexicallyDeclaredNamesofFunctionBody.
14.3.2 StaticSemantics:ComputedPropertyContains
MethodDeinition :
PropertyName ( StrictFormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
get PropertyName ( ) { FunctionBody }
set PropertyName ( PropertySetParameterList ) { FunctionBody }
1.ReturntheresultofComputedPropertyContainsforPropertyNamewithargumentsymbol.
PropertySetParameterList : FormalParameter
1.IfHasInitializerofFormalParameteristrue,return0.
2.Return1.
14.3.4 StaticSemantics:HasComputedPropertyKey
MethodDeinition :
14.3.5 StaticSemantics:HasDirectSuper
1.IfStrictFormalParametersContainsSuperCallistrue,returntrue.
2.ReturnFunctionBodyContainsSuperCall.
MethodDeinition : get PropertyName ( ) { FunctionBody }
1.IfPropertySetParameterListContainsSuperCallistrue,returntrue.
14.3.6 StaticSemantics:PropName
MethodDeinition :
14.3.7 StaticSemantics:SpecialMethod
1.Returnfalse.
MethodDeinition :
GeneratorMethod
1.Returntrue.
14.3.8 RuntimeSemantics:DeineMethod
WithparametersobjectandoptionalparameterfunctionPrototype.
3.IfthefunctioncodeforthisMethodDeinitionisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
5.IffunctionPrototypewaspassedasaparameter,letkindbeNormal;otherwiseletkindbeMethod.
6.LetclosurebeFunctionCreate(kind,StrictFormalParameters,FunctionBody,scope,strict).IffunctionPrototypewas
passedasaparameter,thenpassitsvalueastheprototypeoptionalargumentofFunctionCreate.
7.PerformMakeMethod(closure,object).
8.ReturntheRecord{[[Key]]:propKey,[[Closure]]:closure}.
14.3.9 RuntimeSemantics:PropertyDeinitionEvaluation
Withparametersobjectandenumerable.
1.LetmethodDefbeDeineMethodofMethodDeinitionwithargumentobject.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(methodDef).
3.PerformSetFunctionName(methodDef.[[Closure]],methodDef.[[Key]]).
4.LetdescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:methodDef.[[Closure]],[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:enumerable,
5.Return?DeinePropertyOrThrow(object,methodDef.[[Key]],desc).
MethodDeinition : GeneratorMethod
See14.4.
MethodDeinition : get PropertyName ( ) { FunctionBody }
5.LetformalParameterListbetheproductionFormalParameters : [empty] .
6.LetclosurebeFunctionCreate(Method,formalParameterList,FunctionBody,scope,strict).
8.PerformSetFunctionName(closure,propKey,"get").
9.LetdescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Get]]:closure,[[Enumerable]]:enumerable,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
10.Return?DeinePropertyOrThrow(object,propKey,desc).
5.LetclosurebeFunctionCreate(Method,PropertySetParameterList,FunctionBody,scope,strict).
7.PerformSetFunctionName(closure,propKey,"set").
8.LetdescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Set]]:closure,[[Enumerable]]:enumerable,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
14.4 GeneratorFunctionDeinitions
Syntax
GeneratorMethod[Yield] :
* PropertyName[?Yield] ( StrictFormalParameters[Yield] ) { GeneratorBody }
GeneratorDeclaration[Yield,Default] :
function * BindingIdentiier[?Yield] ( FormalParameters[Yield] ) { GeneratorBody }
[+Default] function * ( FormalParameters[Yield] ) { GeneratorBody }
GeneratorExpression :
function * BindingIdentiier[Yield] opt ( FormalParameters[Yield] ) { GeneratorBody }
GeneratorBody :
FunctionBody[Yield]
yield
NOTE1 ThesyntacticcontextimmediatelyfollowingyieldrequiresuseoftheInputElementRegExpOrTemplateTail
lexicalgoal.
NOTE2 YieldExpressioncannotbeusedwithintheFormalParametersofageneratorfunctionbecauseanyexpressions
thatarepartofFormalParametersareevaluatedbeforetheresultinggeneratorobjectisinaresumablestate.
NOTE3 Abstractoperationsrelatingtogeneratorobjectsaredeinedin25.3.3.
GeneratorMethod : * PropertyName ( StrictFormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
ItisaSyntaxErrorifHasDirectSuperofGeneratorMethodistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifStrictFormalParametersContainsYieldExpressionistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUseStrictofGeneratorBodyistrueandIsSimpleParameterListofStrictFormalParameters
isfalse.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofStrictFormalParametersalsooccursinthe
LexicallyDeclaredNamesofGeneratorBody.
GeneratorDeclaration : function * BindingIdentiier ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
GeneratorDeclaration : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
GeneratorExpression : function * BindingIdentiier ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
Ifthesourcecodematchingthisproductionisstrictcode,theEarlyErrorrulesforStrictFormalParameters :
FormalParameters areapplied.
Ifthesourcecodematchingthisproductionisstrictcode,itisaSyntaxErrorifBindingIdentiieristheIdentiierName
evalortheIdentiierNamearguments.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUseStrictofGeneratorBodyistrueandIsSimpleParameterListofFormalParametersis
false.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofFormalParametersalsooccursintheLexicallyDeclaredNames
ofGeneratorBody.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifFormalParametersContainsYieldExpressionistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifFormalParametersContainsSuperPropertyistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifGeneratorBodyContainsSuperPropertyistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifFormalParametersContainsSuperCallistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifGeneratorBodyContainsSuperCallistrue.
NOTE "*default*"isusedwithinthisspeciicationasasyntheticnameforhoistableanonymousfunctionsthatare
deinedusingexportdeclarations.
1.ReturntheresultofComputedPropertyContainsforPropertyNamewithargumentsymbol.

1.Returnfalse.
14.4.5 StaticSemantics:HasComputedPropertyKey
14.4.6 StaticSemantics:HasDirectSuper
1.IfStrictFormalParametersContainsSuperCallistrue,returntrue.
2.ReturnGeneratorBodyContainsSuperCall.
GeneratorExpression : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
GeneratorBody : FunctionBody
1.LetGbe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(functionObject,"%GeneratorPrototype%",[[GeneratorState]],
[[GeneratorContext]]).
2.PerformGeneratorStart(G,FunctionBody).
3.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:return,[[Value]]:G,[[Target]]:empty}.
14.4.12 RuntimeSemantics:InstantiateFunctionObject
Withparameterscope.
1.IfthefunctioncodeforGeneratorDeclarationisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
3.LetFbeGeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal,FormalParameters,GeneratorBody,scope,strict).
4.LetprototypebeObjectCreate(%GeneratorPrototype%).
5.PerformDeinePropertyOrThrow(F,"prototype",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:prototype,[[Writable]]:true,
6.PerformSetFunctionName(F,name).
7.ReturnF.

1.IfthefunctioncodeforGeneratorDeclarationisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
2.LetFbeGeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal,FormalParameters,GeneratorBody,scope,strict).
4.PerformDeinePropertyOrThrow(F,"prototype",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:prototype,[[Writable]]:true,
5.PerformSetFunctionName(F,"default").
6.ReturnF.
NOTE AnanonymousGeneratorDeclarationcanonlyoccuraspartofanexportdefaultdeclaration.
14.4.13 RuntimeSemantics:PropertyDeinitionEvaluation
Withparameterobjectandenumerable.
3.IfthefunctioncodeforthisGeneratorMethodisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
5.LetclosurebeGeneratorFunctionCreate(Method,StrictFormalParameters,GeneratorBody,scope,strict).
8.PerformDeinePropertyOrThrow(closure,"prototype",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:prototype,[[Writable]]:true,
9.PerformSetFunctionName(closure,propKey).
10.LetdescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:closure,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:enumerable,[[Conigurable]]:
true}.
GeneratorExpression : function * ( FormalParameters ) { GeneratorBody }
1.IfthefunctioncodeforthisGeneratorExpressionisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
3.LetclosurebeGeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal,FormalParameters,GeneratorBody,scope,strict).
6.Returnclosure.
1.IfthefunctioncodeforthisGeneratorExpressionisstrictmodecode,letstrictbetrue.Otherwiseletstrictbefalse.
3.LetfuncEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(scope).
4.LetenvRecbefuncEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
6.PerformenvRec.CreateImmutableBinding(name,false).
7.LetclosurebeGeneratorFunctionCreate(Normal,FormalParameters,GeneratorBody,funcEnv,strict).
10.PerformSetFunctionName(closure,name).
11.PerformenvRec.InitializeBinding(name,closure).
12.Returnclosure.
NOTE TheBindingIdentiierinaGeneratorExpressioncanbereferencedfrominsidetheGeneratorExpression's
FunctionBodytoallowthegeneratorcodetocallitselfrecursively.However,unlikeinaGeneratorDeclaration,
theBindingIdentiierinaGeneratorExpressioncannotbereferencedfromanddoesnotaffectthescope
enclosingtheGeneratorExpression.
YieldExpression : yield
1.Return?GeneratorYield(CreateIterResultObject(undeined,false)).
YieldExpression : yield AssignmentExpression
2.Letvaluebe?GetValue(exprRef).
3.Return?GeneratorYield(CreateIterResultObject(value,false)).
YieldExpression : yield * AssignmentExpression
2.Letvaluebe?GetValue(exprRef).
4.LetreceivedbeNormalCompletion(undeined).
5.Repeat
a.Ifreceived.[[Type]]isnormal,then
i.LetinnerResultbe?IteratorNext(iterator,received.[[Value]]).
ii.Letdonebe?IteratorComplete(innerResult).
iii.Ifdoneistrue,then
1.Return?IteratorValue(innerResult).
iv.LetreceivedbeGeneratorYield(innerResult).
b.Elseifreceived.[[Type]]isthrow,then
i.Letthrowbe?GetMethod(iterator,"throw").
ii.Ifthrowisnotundeined,then
1.LetinnerResultbe?Call(throw,iterator,received.[[Value]]).
2.NOTE:Exceptionsfromtheinneriteratorthrowmethodarepropagated.Normalcompletionsfroman
innerthrowmethodareprocessedsimilarlytoaninnernext.
3.IfType(innerResult)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Letdonebe?IteratorComplete(innerResult).
5.Ifdoneistrue,then
a.Return?IteratorValue(innerResult).
6.LetreceivedbeGeneratorYield(innerResult).
iii.Else,
1.NOTE:Ifiteratordoesnothaveathrowmethod,thisthrowisgoingtoterminatetheyield*loop.But
irstweneedtogiveiteratorachancetocleanup.
2.Perform?IteratorClose(iterator,Completion{[[Type]]:normal,[[Value]]:empty,[[Target]]:empty}).
3.NOTE:ThenextstepthrowsaTypeErrortoindicatethattherewasayield*protocolviolation:
iteratordoesnothaveathrowmethod.
c.Else,
i.Assert:received.[[Type]]isreturn.
ii.Letreturnbe?GetMethod(iterator,"return").
iii.Ifreturnisundeined,returnCompletion(received).
iv.LetinnerReturnResultbe?Call(return,iterator,received.[[Value]]).
v.IfType(innerReturnResult)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
vi.Letdonebe?IteratorComplete(innerReturnResult).
vii.Ifdoneistrue,then
1.Letvaluebe?IteratorValue(innerReturnResult).
2.ReturnCompletion{[[Type]]:return,[[Value]]:value,[[Target]]:empty}.
viii.LetreceivedbeGeneratorYield(innerReturnResult).
14.5 ClassDeinitions
Syntax
ClassDeclaration[Yield,Default] :
class BindingIdentiier[?Yield] ClassTail[?Yield]
[+Default] class ClassTail[?Yield]
ClassExpression[Yield] :
class BindingIdentiier[?Yield] opt ClassTail[?Yield]
ClassTail[Yield] :
ClassHeritage[?Yield] opt { ClassBody[?Yield] opt }
ClassHeritage[Yield] :
extends LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield]
ClassBody[Yield] :
ClassElementList[?Yield]
ClassElementList[Yield] :
ClassElement[?Yield]
ClassElementList[?Yield] ClassElement[?Yield]
ClassElement[Yield] :
static MethodDeinition[?Yield]
;
NOTE Aclassdeinitionisalwaysstrictcode.
ClassTail : ClassHeritage { ClassBody }
ItisaSyntaxErrorifClassHeritageisnotpresentandthefollowingalgorithmevaluatestotrue:
1.LetconstructorbeConstructorMethodofClassBody.
2.Ifconstructorisempty,returnfalse.
3.ReturnHasDirectSuperofconstructor.
ClassBody : ClassElementList
ItisaSyntaxErrorifPrototypePropertyNameListofClassElementListcontainsmorethanoneoccurrenceof
"constructor".
ClassElement : MethodDeinition
ItisaSyntaxErrorifPropNameofMethodDeinitionisnot"constructor"andHasDirectSuperofMethodDeinitionis
true.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifPropNameofMethodDeinitionis"constructor"andSpecialMethodofMethodDeinitionistrue.
ClassElement : static MethodDeinition

ItisaSyntaxErrorifHasDirectSuperofMethodDeinitionistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifPropNameofMethodDeinitionis"prototype".
ClassDeclaration : class BindingIdentiier ClassTail
ClassDeclaration : class ClassTail
14.5.3 StaticSemantics:ConstructorMethod
ClassElementList : ClassElement
1.IfClassElementistheproductionClassElement : ; ,returnempty.
2.IfIsStaticofClassElementistrue,returnempty.
3.IfPropNameofClassElementisnot"constructor",returnempty.
4.ReturnClassElement.
ClassElementList : ClassElementList ClassElement
1.LetheadbeConstructorMethodofClassElementList.
2.Ifheadisnotempty,returnhead.
3.IfClassElementistheproductionClassElement : ; ,returnempty.
4.IfIsStaticofClassElementistrue,returnempty.
5.IfPropNameofClassElementisnot"constructor",returnempty.
6.ReturnClassElement.
NOTE EarlyErrorrulesensurethatthereisonlyonemethoddeinitionnamed"constructor"andthatitisnotan
accessorpropertyorgeneratordeinition.
1.IfsymbolisClassBody,returntrue.
2.IfsymbolisClassHeritage,then
a.IfClassHeritageispresent,returntrue;otherwisereturnfalse.
3.LetinHeritagebeClassHeritageContainssymbol.
4.IfinHeritageistrue,returntrue.
5.ReturntheresultofComputedPropertyContainsforClassBodywithargumentsymbol.
NOTE Staticsemanticrulesthatdependuponsubstructuregenerallydonotlookintoclassbodiesexceptfor
PropertyNameproductions.
1.LetinListbetheresultofComputedPropertyContainsforClassElementListwithargumentsymbol.
2.IfinLististrue,returntrue.
3.ReturntheresultofComputedPropertyContainsforClassElementwithargumentsymbol.
ClassElement : ;
1.Returnfalse.
ClassExpression : class ClassTail
1.Returnfalse.
ClassExpression : class BindingIdentiier ClassTail
1.Returntrue.
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
14.5.9 StaticSemantics:IsStatic
1.Returnfalse.
1.Returntrue.
ClassElement : ;
1.Returnfalse.
14.5.10 StaticSemantics:NonConstructorMethodDeinitions
1.IfClassElementistheproductionClassElement : ; ,returnanewemptyList.
2.IfIsStaticofClassElementisfalseandPropNameofClassElementis"constructor",returnanewemptyList.
3.ReturnaListcontainingClassElement.
1.LetlistbeNonConstructorMethodDeinitionsofClassElementList.
2.IfClassElementistheproductionClassElement : ; ,returnlist.
3.IfIsStaticofClassElementisfalseandPropNameofClassElementis"constructor",returnlist.
4.AppendClassElementtotheendoflist.
5.Returnlist.
14.5.11 StaticSemantics:PrototypePropertyNameList
1.IfPropNameofClassElementisempty,returnanewemptyList.
2.IfIsStaticofClassElementistrue,returnanewemptyList.
3.ReturnaListcontainingPropNameofClassElement.
1.LetlistbePrototypePropertyNameListofClassElementList.
2.IfPropNameofClassElementisempty,returnlist.
3.IfIsStaticofClassElementistrue,returnlist.
4.AppendPropNameofClassElementtotheendoflist.
5.Returnlist.
ClassElement : ;
1.Returnempty.
14.5.13 StaticSemantics:StaticPropertyNameList
1.IfPropNameofClassElementisempty,returnanewemptyList.
2.IfIsStaticofClassElementisfalse,returnanewemptyList.
3.ReturnaListcontainingPropNameofClassElement.
1.LetlistbeStaticPropertyNameListofClassElementList.
2.IfPropNameofClassElementisempty,returnlist.
3.IfIsStaticofClassElementisfalse,returnlist.
4.AppendPropNameofClassElementtotheendoflist.
5.Returnlist.
14.5.14 RuntimeSemantics:ClassDeinitionEvaluation
WithparameterclassName.
1.LetlexbetheLexicalEnvironmentoftherunningexecutioncontext.
2.LetclassScopebeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(lex).
3.LetclassScopeEnvRecbeclassScope'sEnvironmentRecord.
4.IfclassNameisnotundeined,then
a.PerformclassScopeEnvRec.CreateImmutableBinding(className,true).
5.IfClassHeritageopt isnotpresent,then
a.LetprotoParentbetheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
b.LetconstructorParentbetheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
6.Else,
a.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttoclassScope.
b.LetsuperclassbetheresultofevaluatingClassHeritage.
c.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttolex.
d.ReturnIfAbrupt(superclass).
e.Ifsuperclassisnull,then
i.LetprotoParentbenull.
ii.LetconstructorParentbetheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
f.ElseifIsConstructor(superclass)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
g.Else,
i.LetprotoParentbe?Get(superclass,"prototype").
ii.IfType(protoParent)isneitherObjectnorNull,throwaTypeErrorexception.
iii.LetconstructorParentbesuperclass.
7.LetprotobeObjectCreate(protoParent).
8.IfClassBodyopt isnotpresent,letconstructorbeempty.
9.Else,letconstructorbeConstructorMethodofClassBody.
10.Ifconstructorisempty,then
a.IfClassHeritageopt ispresent,then
i.Letconstructorbetheresultofparsingthesourcetext
constructor(...args){super(...args);}
usingthesyntacticgrammarwiththegoalsymbolMethodDeinition.
b.Else,
i.Letconstructorbetheresultofparsingthesourcetext
constructor(){}
usingthesyntacticgrammarwiththegoalsymbolMethodDeinition.
11.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttoclassScope.
12.LetconstructorInfobetheresultofperformingDeineMethodforconstructorwithargumentsprotoand
constructorParentastheoptionalfunctionPrototypeargument.
13.Assert:constructorInfoisnotanabruptcompletion.
14.LetFbeconstructorInfo.[[Closure]].
15.IfClassHeritageopt ispresent,setF's[[ConstructorKind]]internalslotto"derived".
16.PerformMakeConstructor(F,false,proto).
17.PerformMakeClassConstructor(F).
18.PerformCreateMethodProperty(proto,"constructor",F).
19.IfClassBodyopt isnotpresent,letmethodsbeanewemptyList.
20.Else,letmethodsbeNonConstructorMethodDeinitionsofClassBody.
21.ForeachClassElementminorderfrommethods
a.IfIsStaticofmisfalse,then
i.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingPropertyDeinitionEvaluationformwithargumentsprotoandfalse.
b.Else,
i.LetstatusbetheresultofperformingPropertyDeinitionEvaluationformwithargumentsFandfalse.
c.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,then
i.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttolex.
22.Settherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironmenttolex.
a.PerformclassScopeEnvRec.InitializeBinding(className,F).
24.ReturnF.
14.5.15 RuntimeSemantics:BindingClassDeclarationEvaluation
1.LetclassNamebeStringValueofBindingIdentiier.
2.LetvaluebetheresultofClassDeinitionEvaluationofClassTailwithargumentclassName.
3.ReturnIfAbrupt(value).
4.LethasNamePropertybe?HasOwnProperty(value,"name").
5.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(value,className).
7.Perform?InitializeBoundName(className,value,env).
8.Returnvalue.
1.ReturntheresultofClassDeinitionEvaluationofClassTailwithargumentundeined.
NOTE ClassDeclaration : class ClassTail onlyoccursaspartofanExportDeclarationandthesettingofaname

propertyandestablishingitsbindingarehandledaspartoftheevaluationactionforthatproduction.See
15.2.3.11.
1.LetstatusbetheresultofBindingClassDeclarationEvaluationofthisClassDeclaration.
NOTE1 ClassDeclaration : class ClassTail onlyoccursaspartofanExportDeclarationandisneverdirectly

evaluated.
1.IfBindingIdentiieropt isnotpresent,letclassNamebeundeined.
2.Else,letclassNamebeStringValueofBindingIdentiier.
3.LetvaluebetheresultofClassDeinitionEvaluationofClassTailwithargumentclassName.
b.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,then
i.PerformSetFunctionName(value,className).
6.ReturnNormalCompletion(value).
NOTE2 Iftheclassdeinitionincludedanamestaticmethodthenthatmethodisnotoverwrittenwithanamedata
propertyfortheclassname.
14.6 TailPositionCalls
14.6.1 StaticSemantics:IsInTailPosition(nonterminal)
TheabstractoperationIsInTailPositionwithargumentnonterminalperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:nonterminalisaparsedgrammarproduction.
2.Ifthesourcecodematchingnonterminalisnotstrictcode,returnfalse.
3.IfnonterminalisnotcontainedwithinaFunctionBodyorConciseBody,returnfalse.
4.LetbodybetheFunctionBodyorConciseBodythatmostcloselycontainsnonterminal.
5.IfbodyistheFunctionBodyofaGeneratorBody,returnfalse.
6.ReturntheresultofHasProductionInTailPositionofbodywithargumentnonterminal.
NOTE TailPositioncallsareonlydeinedinstrictmodecodebecauseofacommonnonstandardlanguageextension
(see9.2.7)thatenablesobservationofthechainofcallercontexts.
14.6.2 StaticSemantics:HasProductionInTailPosition
Withparameternonterminal.
NOTE nonterminalisaparsedgrammarproductionthatrepresentsaspeciicrangeofsourcetext.Whenthe
followingalgorithmscomparenonterminaltoothergrammarsymbolstheyaretestingwhetherthesame
sourcetextwasmatchedbybothsymbols.
14.6.2.1 StatementRules
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofAssignmentExpressionwithargumentnonterminal.
1.LethasbeHasProductionInTailPositionofStatementListwithargumentnonterminal.
3.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofStatementListItemwithargumentnonterminal.
Statement :
VariableStatement
EmptyStatement
ExpressionStatement
ContinueStatement
BreakStatement
ThrowStatement
DebuggerStatement
Block : { }
ReturnStatement : return ;
CaseBlock : { }
1.Returnfalse.
1.LethasbeHasProductionInTailPositionoftheirstStatementwithargumentnonterminal.
3.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofthesecondStatementwithargumentnonterminal.
do Statement while ( Expression ) ;
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofStatementwithargumentnonterminal.
LabelledStatement :
LabelIdentiier : LabelledItem
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofLabelledItemwithargumentnonterminal.
ReturnStatement : return Expression ;
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofExpressionwithargumentnonterminal.
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofCaseBlockwithargumentnonterminal.
1.Lethasbefalse.
2.IftheirstCaseClausesispresent,lethasbeHasProductionInTailPositionoftheirstCaseClauseswithargument
nonterminal.
4.LethasbeHasProductionInTailPositionoftheDefaultClausewithargumentnonterminal.
6.IfthesecondCaseClausesispresent,lethasbeHasProductionInTailPositionofthesecondCaseClauseswithargument
nonterminal.
7.Returnhas.
1.LethasbeHasProductionInTailPositionofCaseClauseswithargumentnonterminal.
3.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofCaseClausewithargumentnonterminal.

1.IfStatementListispresent,returnHasProductionInTailPositionofStatementListwithargumentnonterminal.
2.Returnfalse.
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofCatchwithargumentnonterminal.

1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofFinallywithargumentnonterminal.
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofBlockwithargumentnonterminal.
14.6.2.2 ExpressionRules
NOTE ApotentialtailpositioncallthatisimmediatelyfollowedbyreturnGetValueofthecallresultisalsoapossible
tailpositioncall.Functioncallscannotreturnreferencevalues,sosuchaGetValueoperationwillalways
returnsthesamevalueastheactualfunctioncallresult.
YieldExpression
ArrowFunction

ShiftExpression :
MultiplicativeExpression :
MultiplicativeExpression MultiplicativeOperator ExponentiationExpression
UpdateExpression :
++ UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression :
+ UnaryExpression
UnaryExpression
~ UnaryExpression
! UnaryExpression
CallExpression :
SuperCall
NewExpression : new NewExpression
MemberExpression :
SuperProperty
MetaProperty
PrimaryExpression :
this
IdentiierReference
Literal
ArrayLiteral
ObjectLiteral
FunctionExpression
ClassExpression
GeneratorExpression
TemplateLiteral
1.Returnfalse.
Expression :
AssignmentExpression
Expression , AssignmentExpression
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofAssignmentExpressionwithargumentnonterminal.
1.LethasbeHasProductionInTailPositionoftheirstAssignmentExpressionwithargumentnonterminal.
3.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofthesecondAssignmentExpressionwithargumentnonterminal.
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofBitwiseORExpressionwithargumentnonterminal.
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofLogicalANDExpressionwithargumentnonterminal.
CallExpression :
1.IfthisCallExpressionisnonterminal,returntrue.
2.Returnfalse.
MemberExpression :
1.IfthisMemberExpressionisnonterminal,returntrue.
2.Returnfalse.
2.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofexprwithargumentnonterminal.
ParenthesizedExpression :
( Expression )
1.ReturnHasProductionInTailPositionofExpressionwithargumentnonterminal.
14.6.3 RuntimeSemantics:PrepareForTailCall()
TheabstractoperationPrepareForTailCallperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetleafContextbetherunningexecutioncontext.
2.SuspendleafContext.
3.PopleafContextfromtheexecutioncontextstack.Theexecutioncontextnowonthetopofthestackbecomesthe
runningexecutioncontext.
4.Assert:leafContexthasnofurtheruse.Itwillneverbeactivatedastherunningexecutioncontext.
Atailpositioncallmusteitherreleaseanytransientinternalresourcesassociatedwiththecurrentlyexecutingfunction
executioncontextbeforeinvokingthetargetfunctionorreusethoseresourcesinsupportofthetargetfunction.
NOTE Forexample,atailpositioncallshouldonlygrowanimplementation'sactivationrecordstackbytheamount
thatthesizeofthetargetfunction'sactivationrecordexceedsthesizeofthecallingfunction'sactivation
record.Ifthetargetfunction'sactivationrecordissmaller,thenthetotalsizeofthestackshoulddecrease.
15 ECMAScriptLanguage:ScriptsandModules
15.1 Scripts
Syntax
Script :
ScriptBodyopt
ScriptBody :
StatementList
Script : ScriptBody
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofScriptBodycontainsanyduplicateentries.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofScriptBodyalsooccursintheVarDeclaredNamesof
ScriptBody.
ScriptBody : StatementList
ItisaSyntaxErrorifStatementListContainssuperunlessthesourcecodecontainingsuperisevalcodethatisbeing
processedbyadirectevalthatiscontainedinfunctioncodethatisnotthefunctioncodeofanArrowFunction.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifStatementListContainsNewTargetunlessthesourcecodecontainingNewTargetisevalcodethatis
beingprocessedbyadirectevalthatiscontainedinfunctioncodethatisnotthefunctioncodeofanArrowFunction.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsDuplicateLabelsofStatementListwithargumentistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofStatementListwithargumentistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofStatementListwithargumentsandistrue.
15.1.2 StaticSemantics:IsStrict
1.IftheDirectivePrologueofStatementListcontainsaUseStrictDirective,returntrue;otherwise,returnfalse.
1.ReturnTopLevelLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
NOTE AtthetoplevelofaScript,functiondeclarationsaretreatedlikevardeclarationsratherthanlikelexical
declarations.
1.ReturnTopLevelLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
1.ReturnTopLevelVarDeclaredNamesofStatementList.
1.ReturnTopLevelVarScopedDeclarationsofStatementList.
Script : [empty]
15.1.8 ScriptRecords
AScriptRecordencapsulatesinformationaboutascriptbeingevaluated.EachscriptrecordcontainstheieldslistedinTable
36.
Table36:ScriptRecordFields
FieldName ValueType Meaning
[[Realm]] RealmRecord| Therealmwithinwhichthisscriptwascreated.undeinedifnotyet

undeined assigned.
[[Environment]] LexicalEnvironment TheLexicalEnvironmentcontainingthetoplevelbindingsforthisscript.This

|undeined ieldissetwhenthescriptisinstantiated.
[[ECMAScriptCode]] aparseresult TheresultofparsingthesourcetextofthismoduleusingScriptasthegoal

symbol.
[[HostDeined]] Any,defaultvalueis Fieldreservedforusebyhostenvironmentsthatneedtoassociateadditional

undeined. informationwithascript.
15.1.9 ParseScript(sourceText,realm,hostDeined)
TheabstractoperationParseScriptwithargumentssourceText,realm,andhostDeinedcreatesaScriptRecordbasedupon
theresultofparsingsourceTextasaScript.ParseScriptperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:sourceTextisanECMAScriptsourcetext(seeclause10).
2.ParsesourceTextusingScriptasthegoalsymbolandanalyzetheparseresultforanyEarlyErrorconditions.Iftheparse
wassuccessfulandnoearlyerrorswerefound,letbodybetheresultingparsetree.Otherwise,letbodybeaListofone
ormoreSyntaxErrororReferenceErrorobjectsrepresentingtheparsingerrorsand/orearlyerrors.Parsingandearly
errordetectionmaybeinterweavedinanimplementationdependentmanner.Ifmorethanoneparsingerrororearly
errorispresent,thenumberandorderingoferrorobjectsinthelistisimplementationdependent,butatleastonemust
bepresent.
3.IfbodyisaListoferrors,thenreturnbody.
4.ReturnScriptRecord{[[Realm]]:realm,[[Environment]]:undeined,[[ECMAScriptCode]]:body,[[HostDeined]]:
hostDeined}.
NOTE AnimplementationmayparsescriptsourcetextandanalyzeitforEarlyErrorconditionspriortoevaluationof
ParseScriptforthatscriptsourcetext.However,thereportingofanyerrorsmustbedeferreduntilthepoint
wherethisspeciicationactuallyperformsParseScriptuponthatsourcetext.
15.1.10 ScriptEvaluation(scriptRecord)
1.LetglobalEnvbescriptRecord.[[Realm]].[[GlobalEnv]].
2.LetscriptCxtbeanewECMAScriptcodeexecutioncontext.
3.SettheFunctionofscriptCxttonull.
4.SettheRealmofscriptCxttoscriptRecord.[[Realm]].
5.SettheScriptOrModuleofscriptCxttoscriptRecord.
6.SettheVariableEnvironmentofscriptCxttoglobalEnv.
7.SettheLexicalEnvironmentofscriptCxttoglobalEnv.
8.Suspendthecurrentlyrunningexecutioncontext.
9.PushscriptCxtontotheexecutioncontextstack;scriptCxtisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
10.LetresultbeGlobalDeclarationInstantiation(ScriptBody,globalEnv).
11.Ifresult.[[Type]]isnormal,then
a.LetresultbetheresultofevaluatingScriptBody.
12.Ifresult.[[Type]]isnormalandresult.[[Value]]isempty,then
a.LetresultbeNormalCompletion(undeined).
13.SuspendscriptCxtandremoveitfromtheexecutioncontextstack.
14.Assert:theexecutioncontextstackisnotempty.
15.Resumethecontextthatisnowonthetopoftheexecutioncontextstackastherunningexecutioncontext.
16.ReturnCompletion(result).
15.1.11 RuntimeSemantics:GlobalDeclarationInstantiation(script,env)
NOTE1 Whenanexecutioncontextisestablishedforevaluatingscripts,declarationsareinstantiatedinthecurrent
globalenvironment.Eachglobalbindingdeclaredinthecodeisinstantiated.
GlobalDeclarationInstantiationisperformedasfollowsusingargumentsscriptandenv.scriptistheScriptBodyforwhichthe
executioncontextisbeingestablished.envisthegloballexicalenvironmentinwhichbindingsaretobecreated.
2.Assert:envRecisaglobalEnvironmentRecord.
3.LetlexNamesbetheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofscript.
4.LetvarNamesbetheVarDeclaredNamesofscript.
5.ForeachnameinlexNames,do
a.IfenvRec.HasVarDeclaration(name)istrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
b.IfenvRec.HasLexicalDeclaration(name)istrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
c.LethasRestrictedGlobalbe?envRec.HasRestrictedGlobalProperty(name).
d.IfhasRestrictedGlobalistrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
6.ForeachnameinvarNames,do
a.IfenvRec.HasLexicalDeclaration(name)istrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
7.LetvarDeclarationsbetheVarScopedDeclarationsofscript.
9.LetdeclaredFunctionNamesbeanewemptyList.
ii.NOTEIftherearemultipleFunctionDeclarationsforthesamename,thelastdeclarationisused.
iii.LetfnbethesoleelementoftheBoundNamesofd.
iv.IffnisnotanelementofdeclaredFunctionNames,then
1.LetfnDeinablebe?envRec.CanDeclareGlobalFunction(fn).
2.IffnDeinableisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.AppendfntodeclaredFunctionNames.
11.LetdeclaredVarNamesbeanewemptyList.
12.ForeachdinvarDeclarations,do
a.IfdisaVariableDeclarationoraForBinding,then
i.ForeachStringvnintheBoundNamesofd,do
1.IfvnisnotanelementofdeclaredFunctionNames,then
a.LetvnDeinablebe?envRec.CanDeclareGlobalVar(vn).
b.IfvnDeinableisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
c.IfvnisnotanelementofdeclaredVarNames,then
i.AppendvntodeclaredVarNames.
13.NOTE:Noabnormalterminationsoccurafterthisalgorithmstepiftheglobalobjectisanordinaryobject.However,if
theglobalobjectisaProxyexoticobjectitmayexhibitbehavioursthatcauseabnormalterminationsinsomeofthe
followingsteps.
15.LetlexDeclarationsbetheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofscript.
a.NOTELexicallydeclarednamesareonlyinstantiatedherebutnotinitialized.
1.Perform?envRec.CreateImmutableBinding(dn,true).
ii.Else,
1.Perform?envRec.CreateMutableBinding(dn,false).
17.ForeachproductionfinfunctionsToInitialize,do
b.LetfobetheresultofperformingInstantiateFunctionObjectforfwithargumentenv.
c.Perform?envRec.CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(fn,fo,false).
18.ForeachStringvnindeclaredVarNames,inlistorderdo
a.Perform?envRec.CreateGlobalVarBinding(vn,false).
NOTE2 Earlyerrorsspeciiedin15.1.1preventnameconlictsbetweenfunction/vardeclarationsandlet/const/class
declarationsaswellasredeclarationoflet/const/classbindingsfordeclarationcontainedwithinasingleScript
.However,suchconlictsandredeclarationsthatspanmorethanoneScriptaredetectedasruntimeerrors
duringGlobalDeclarationInstantiation.Ifanysucherrorsaredetected,nobindingsareinstantiatedforthe
script.However,iftheglobalobjectisdeinedusingProxyexoticobjectsthentheruntimetestsforconlicting
declarationsmaybeunreliableresultinginanabruptcompletionandsomeglobaldeclarationsnotbeing
instantiated.Ifthisoccurs,thecodefortheScriptisnotevaluated.
Unlikeexplicitvarorfunctiondeclarations,propertiesthataredirectlycreatedontheglobalobjectresultin
globalbindingsthatmaybeshadowedbylet/const/classdeclarations.
15.1.12 RuntimeSemantics:ScriptEvaluationJob(sourceText,hostDeined)
ThejobScriptEvaluationJobwithparameterssourceTextandhostDeinedparses,validates,andevaluatessourceTextasa
Script.
3.LetsbeParseScript(sourceText,realm,hostDeined).
4.IfsisaListoferrors,then
a.PerformHostReportErrors(s).
b.NextJobNormalCompletion(undeined).
5.LetstatusbeScriptEvaluation(s).
6.NextJobCompletion(status).
15.2 Modules
Syntax
Module :
ModuleBodyopt
ModuleBody :
ModuleItemList
ModuleItemList :
ModuleItem
ModuleItemList ModuleItem
ModuleItem :
ImportDeclaration
ExportDeclaration
StatementListItem
15.2.1 ModuleSemantics
ModuleBody : ModuleItemList
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofModuleItemListcontainsanyduplicateentries.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofModuleItemListalsooccursinthe
VarDeclaredNamesofModuleItemList.
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheExportedNamesofModuleItemListcontainsanyduplicateentries.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheExportedBindingsofModuleItemListdoesnotalsooccurineitherthe
VarDeclaredNamesofModuleItemList,ortheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofModuleItemList.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifModuleItemListcontainssuper.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifModuleItemListcontainsNewTarget.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsDuplicateLabelsofModuleItemListwithargumentistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofModuleItemListwithargumentistrue.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofModuleItemListwithargumentsandistrue.
NOTE TheduplicateExportedNamesruleimpliesthatmultipleexportdefaultExportDeclarationitemswithina
ModuleBodyisaSyntaxError.Additionalerrorconditionsrelatingtoconlictingorduplicatedeclarationsare
checkedduringmodulelinkingpriortoevaluationofaModule.IfanysucherrorsaredetectedtheModuleis
notevaluated.
ModuleItemList : ModuleItemList ModuleItem
1.LethasDuplicatesbeContainsDuplicateLabelsofModuleItemListwithargumentlabelSet.
3.ReturnContainsDuplicateLabelsofModuleItemwithargumentlabelSet.
ModuleItem :
ImportDeclaration
ExportDeclaration
1.Returnfalse.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofModuleItemListwithargumentlabelSet.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedBreakTargetofModuleItemwithargumentlabelSet.
ModuleItem :
ImportDeclaration
ExportDeclaration
1.Returnfalse.
1.LethasUndeinedLabelsbeContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofModuleItemListwithargumentsiterationSetand.
3.ReturnContainsUndeinedContinueTargetofModuleItemwithargumentsiterationSetand.
ModuleItem :
ImportDeclaration
ExportDeclaration
1.Returnfalse.
15.2.1.5 StaticSemantics:ExportedBindings
NOTE ExportedBindingsarethelocallyboundnamesthatareexplicitlyassociatedwithaModule'sExportedNames.
1.LetnamesbeExportedBindingsofModuleItemList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheExportedBindingsofModuleItem.
3.Returnnames.
ModuleItem :
ImportDeclaration
StatementListItem
15.2.1.6 StaticSemantics:ExportedNames
NOTE ExportedNamesaretheexternallyvisiblenamesthataModuleexplicitlymapstooneofitslocalname
bindings.
1.LetnamesbeExportedNamesofModuleItemList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheExportedNamesofModuleItem.
3.Returnnames.
ModuleItem : ExportDeclaration
1.ReturntheExportedNamesofExportDeclaration.
ModuleItem :
ImportDeclaration
StatementListItem
15.2.1.7 StaticSemantics:ExportEntries
Module : [empty]
1.LetentriesbeExportEntriesofModuleItemList.
2.AppendtoentriestheelementsoftheExportEntriesofModuleItem.
3.Returnentries.
ModuleItem :
ImportDeclaration
StatementListItem
15.2.1.8 StaticSemantics:ImportEntries
Module : [empty]
1.LetentriesbeImportEntriesofModuleItemList.
2.AppendtoentriestheelementsoftheImportEntriesofModuleItem.
3.Returnentries.
ModuleItem :
ExportDeclaration
StatementListItem
15.2.1.9 StaticSemantics:ImportedLocalNames(importEntries)
TheabstractoperationImportedLocalNameswithargumentimportEntriescreatesaListofallofthelocalnamebindings
deinedbyaListofImportEntryRecords(seeTable40).ImportedLocalNamesperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetlocalNamesbeanewemptyList.
2.ForeachImportEntryRecordiinimportEntries,do
a.Appendi.[[LocalName]]tolocalNames.
3.ReturnlocalNames.
15.2.1.10 StaticSemantics:ModuleRequests
Module : [empty]
ModuleItemList : ModuleItem
1.ReturnModuleRequestsofModuleItem.
1.LetmoduleNamesbeModuleRequestsofModuleItemList.
2.LetadditionalNamesbeModuleRequestsofModuleItem.
3.AppendtomoduleNameseachelementofadditionalNamesthatisnotalreadyanelementofmoduleNames.
4.ReturnmoduleNames.
ModuleItem : StatementListItem
15.2.1.11 StaticSemantics:LexicallyDeclaredNames
NOTE1 TheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofaModuleincludesthenamesofallofitsimportedbindings.
1.LetnamesbeLexicallyDeclaredNamesofModuleItemList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofModuleItem.
3.Returnnames.
ModuleItem : ImportDeclaration
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofImportDeclaration.
1.IfExportDeclarationisexportVariableStatement,returnanewemptyList.
2.ReturntheBoundNamesofExportDeclaration.
ModuleItem : StatementListItem
1.ReturnLexicallyDeclaredNamesofStatementListItem.
NOTE2 AtthetoplevelofaModule,functiondeclarationsaretreatedlikelexicaldeclarationsratherthanlikevar
declarations.
15.2.1.12 StaticSemantics:LexicallyScopedDeclarations
Module : [empty]
1.LetdeclarationsbeLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofModuleItemList.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofModuleItem.
Module : [empty]
1.LetnamesbeVarDeclaredNamesofModuleItemList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheVarDeclaredNamesofModuleItem.
3.Returnnames.
1.IfExportDeclarationisexportVariableStatement,returnBoundNamesofExportDeclaration.
Module : [empty]
1.LetdeclarationsbeVarScopedDeclarationsofModuleItemList.
2.AppendtodeclarationstheelementsoftheVarScopedDeclarationsofModuleItem.
1.IfExportDeclarationisexportVariableStatement,returnVarScopedDeclarationsofVariableStatement.
15.2.1.15 AbstractModuleRecords
AModuleRecordencapsulatesstructuralinformationabouttheimportsandexportsofasinglemodule.Thisinformationis
usedtolinktheimportsandexportsofsetsofconnectedmodules.AModuleRecordincludesfourieldsthatareonlyused
whenevaluatingamodule.
ForspeciicationpurposesModuleRecordvaluesarevaluesoftheRecordspeciicationtypeandcanbethoughtofasexisting
inasimpleobjectorientedhierarchywhereModuleRecordisanabstractclasswithconcretesubclasses.Thisspeciication
onlydeinesasingleModuleRecordconcretesubclassnamedSourceTextModuleRecord.Otherspeciicationsand
implementationsmaydeineadditionalModuleRecordsubclassescorrespondingtoalternativemoduledeinitionfacilities
thattheydeined.
ModuleRecorddeinestheieldslistedinTable37.AllModuleDeinitionsubclassesincludeatleastthoseields.Module
RecordalsodeinestheabstractmethodlistinTable38.AllModuledeinitionsubclassesmustprovideconcrete
implementationsoftheseabstractmethods.
Table37:ModuleRecordFields
[[Realm]] RealmRecord| TheRealmwithinwhichthismodulewascreated.undeinedifnotyetassigned.

undeined
[[Environment]] Lexical TheLexicalEnvironmentcontainingthetoplevelbindingsforthismodule.This

Environment| ieldissetwhenthemoduleisinstantiated.
undeined
[[Namespace]] Object|undeined TheModuleNamespaceObject(26.3)ifonehasbeencreatedforthismodule.

Otherwiseundeined.
[[Evaluated]] Boolean Initiallyfalse,trueifevaluationofthismodulehasstarted.Remainstruewhen

evaluationcompletes,evenifitisanabruptcompletion.
[[HostDeined]] Any,defaultvalueis Fieldreservedforusebyhostenvironmentsthatneedtoassociateadditional

undeined. informationwithamodule.
Table38:AbstractMethodsofModuleRecords
Method Purpose
GetExportedNames(exportStarSet) Returnalistofallnamesthatareeitherdirectlyorindirectlyexportedfromthis
module.
ResolveExport(exportName, Returnthebindingofanameexportedbythismodule.Bindingsarerepresentedbya
resolveSet,exportStarSet) Recordoftheform{[[Module]]:ModuleRecord,[[BindingName]]:String}
ModuleDeclarationInstantiation() TransitivelyresolveallmoduledependenciesandcreateamoduleEnvironment
Recordforthemodule.
ModuleEvaluation() Donothingifthismodulehasalreadybeenevaluated.Otherwise,transitivelyevaluate
allmoduledependencesofthismoduleandthenevaluatethismodule.
ModuleDeclarationInstantiationmustbecompletedpriortoinvokingthismethod.
15.2.1.16 SourceTextModuleRecords
ASourceTextModuleRecordisusedtorepresentinformationaboutamodulethatwasdeinedfromECMAScriptsourcetext
(10)thatwasparsedusingthegoalsymbolModule.Itsieldscontaindigestedinformationaboutthenamesthatare
importedbythemoduleanditsconcretemethodsusethisdigesttolink,instantiate,andevaluatethemodule.
Inadditiontotheields,deinedinTable37,SourceTextModuleRecordshavetheadditionalieldslistedinTable39.Eachof
theseieldsinitiallyhasthevalueundeined.
Table39:AdditionalFieldsofSourceTextModuleRecords
[[ECMAScriptCode]] aparse TheresultofparsingthesourcetextofthismoduleusingModuleasthegoal

result symbol.
[[RequestedModules]] Listof AListofalltheModuleSpeciierstringsusedbythemodulerepresentedbythis

String recordtorequesttheimportationofamodule.TheListissourcecode
occurrenceordered.
[[ImportEntries]] Listof AListofImportEntryrecordsderivedfromthecodeofthismodule.

ImportEntry
Records
[[LocalExportEntries]] Listof AListofExportEntryrecordsderivedfromthecodeofthismodulethat

ExportEntry correspondtodeclarationsthatoccurwithinthemodule.
Records
[[IndirectExportEntries]] Listof AListofExportEntryrecordsderivedfromthecodeofthismodulethat

ExportEntry correspondtoreexportedimportsthatoccurwithinthemodule.
Records
[[StarExportEntries]] Listof AListofExportEntryrecordsderivedfromthecodeofthismodulethat

ExportEntry correspondtoexport*declarationsthatoccurwithinthemodule.
Records
AnImportEntryRecordisaRecordthatdigestsinformationaboutasingledeclarativeimport.EachImportEntryRecordhas
theieldsdeinedinTable40:
Table40:ImportEntryRecordFields
Type
[[ModuleRequest]] String StringvalueoftheModuleSpeciieroftheImportDeclaration.
[[ImportName]] String Thenameunderwhichthedesiredbindingisexportedbythemoduleidentiiedby

[[ModuleRequest]].Thevalue"*"indicatesthattheimportrequestisforthetargetmodule's
namespaceobject.
[[LocalName]] String Thenamethatisusedtolocallyaccesstheimportedvaluefromwithintheimportingmodule.
NOTE1 Table41givesexamplesofImportEntryrecordsieldsusedtorepresentthesyntacticimportforms:
Table41(Informative):ImportFormsMappingstoImportEntryRecords
ImportStatementForm [[ModuleRequest]] [[ImportName]] [[LocalName]]
importvfrom"mod"; "mod" "default" "v"
import*asnsfrom"mod"; "mod" "*" "ns"
import{x}from"mod"; "mod" "x" "x"
import{xasv}from"mod"; "mod" "x" "v"
import"mod"; AnImportEntryRecordisnotcreated.
AnExportEntryRecordisaRecordthatdigestsinformationaboutasingledeclarativeexport.EachExportEntryRecordhas
theieldsdeinedinTable42:
Table42:ExportEntryRecordFields
Type
[[ExportName]] String Thenameusedtoexportthisbindingbythismodule.
[[ModuleRequest]] String TheStringvalueoftheModuleSpeciieroftheExportDeclaration.nulliftheExportDeclaration

|null doesnothaveaModuleSpeciier.
[[ImportName]] String Thenameunderwhichthedesiredbindingisexportedbythemoduleidentiiedby

|null [[ModuleRequest]].nulliftheExportDeclarationdoesnothaveaModuleSpeciier."*"
indicatesthattheexportrequestisforallexportedbindings.
[[LocalName]] String Thenamethatisusedtolocallyaccesstheexportedvaluefromwithintheimportingmodule.

|null nulliftheexportedvalueisnotlocallyaccessiblefromwithinthemodule.
NOTE2 Table43givesexamplesoftheExportEntryrecordieldsusedtorepresentthesyntacticexportforms:
Table43(Informative):ExportFormsMappingstoExportEntryRecords
ExportStatementForm [[ExportName]] [[ModuleRequest]] [[ImportName]] [[LocalName]]
exportvarv; "v" null null "v"
exportdefaultfunctionf(){} "default" null null "f"
exportdefaultfunction(){} "default" null null "*default*"
exportdefault42; "default" null null "*default*"
export{x}; "x" null null "x"
export{vasx}; "x" null null "v"
export{x}from"mod"; "x" "mod" "x" null
export{vasx}from"mod"; "x" "mod" "v" null
export*from"mod"; null "mod" "*" null
ThefollowingdeinitionsspecifytherequiredconcretemethodsandotherabstractoperationsforSourceTextModule
Records
15.2.1.16.1 ParseModule(sourceText,realm,hostDeined)
TheabstractoperationParseModulewithargumentssourceText,realm,andhostDeinedcreatesaSourceTextModuleRecord
basedupontheresultofparsingsourceTextasaModule.ParseModuleperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.ParsesourceTextusingModuleasthegoalsymbolandanalyzetheparseresultforanyEarlyErrorconditions.Ifthe
parsewassuccessfulandnoearlyerrorswerefound,letbodybetheresultingparsetree.Otherwise,letbodybeaListof
oneormoreSyntaxErrororReferenceErrorobjectsrepresentingtheparsingerrorsand/orearlyerrors.Parsingand
earlyerrordetectionmaybeinterweavedinanimplementationdependentmanner.Ifmorethanoneparsingerroror
earlyerrorispresent,thenumberandorderingoferrorobjectsinthelistisimplementationdependent,butatleastone
mustbepresent.
3.IfbodyisaListoferrors,thenreturnbody.
4.LetrequestedModulesbetheModuleRequestsofbody.
5.LetimportEntriesbeImportEntriesofbody.
6.LetimportedBoundNamesbeImportedLocalNames(importEntries).
7.LetindirectExportEntriesbeanewemptyList.
8.LetlocalExportEntriesbeanewemptyList.
9.LetstarExportEntriesbeanewemptyList.
10.LetexportEntriesbeExportEntriesofbody.
11.ForeachrecordeeinexportEntries,do
a.Ifee.[[ModuleRequest]]isnull,then
i.Ifee.[[LocalName]]isnotanelementofimportedBoundNames,then
1.AppendeetolocalExportEntries.
ii.Else,
1.LetiebetheelementofimportEntrieswhose[[LocalName]]isthesameasee.[[LocalName]].
2.Ifie.[[ImportName]]is"*",then
a.Assert:thisisareexportofanimportedmodulenamespaceobject.
b.AppendeetolocalExportEntries.
3.Else,thisisareexportofasinglename
a.AppendtoindirectExportEntriestheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:ie.[[ModuleRequest]],
[[ImportName]]:ie.[[ImportName]],[[LocalName]]:null,[[ExportName]]:ee.[[ExportName]]}.
b.Else,ifee.[[ImportName]]is"*",then
i.AppendeetostarExportEntries.
c.Else,
i.AppendeetoindirectExportEntries.
12.ReturnSourceTextModuleRecord{[[Realm]]:realm,[[Environment]]:undeined,[[HostDeined]]:hostDeined,
[[Namespace]]:undeined,[[Evaluated]]:false,[[ECMAScriptCode]]:body,[[RequestedModules]]:requestedModules,
[[ImportEntries]]:importEntries,[[LocalExportEntries]]:localExportEntries,[[StarExportEntries]]:starExportEntries,
[[IndirectExportEntries]]:indirectExportEntries}.
NOTE AnimplementationmayparsemodulesourcetextandanalyzeitforEarlyErrorconditionspriortothe
evaluationofParseModuleforthatmodulesourcetext.However,thereportingofanyerrorsmustbedeferred
untilthepointwherethisspeciicationactuallyperformsParseModuleuponthatsourcetext.
15.2.1.16.2 GetExportedNames(exportStarSet)ConcreteMethod
TheGetExportedNamesconcretemethodofaSourceTextModuleRecordwithargumentexportStarSetperformsthe
followingsteps:
1.LetmodulebethisSourceTextModuleRecord.
2.IfexportStarSetcontainsmodule,then
a.Assert:We'vereachedthestartingpointofanimport*circularity.
b.ReturnanewemptyList.
3.AppendmoduletoexportStarSet.
4.LetexportedNamesbeanewemptyList.
5.ForeachExportEntryRecordeinmodule.[[LocalExportEntries]],do
a.Assert:moduleprovidesthedirectbindingforthisexport.
b.Appende.[[ExportName]]toexportedNames.
6.ForeachExportEntryRecordeinmodule.[[IndirectExportEntries]],do
a.Assert:moduleimportsaspeciicbindingforthisexport.
b.Appende.[[ExportName]]toexportedNames.
7.ForeachExportEntryRecordeinmodule.[[StarExportEntries]],do
a.LetrequestedModulebe?HostResolveImportedModule(module,e.[[ModuleRequest]]).
b.LetstarNamesbe?requestedModule.GetExportedNames(exportStarSet).
c.ForeachelementnofstarNames,do
i.IfSameValue(n,"default")isfalse,then
1.IfnisnotanelementofexportedNames,then
a.AppendntoexportedNames.
8.ReturnexportedNames.
NOTE GetExportedNamesdoesnotilteroutorthrowanexceptionfornamesthathaveambiguousstarexport
bindings.
15.2.1.16.3 ResolveExport(exportName,resolveSet,exportStarSet)ConcreteMethod
TheResolveExportconcretemethodofaSourceTextModuleRecordwithargumentsexportName,resolveSet,and
exportStarSetperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.ForeachRecord{[[Module]],[[ExportName]]}rinresolveSet,do:
a.Ifmoduleandr.[[Module]]arethesameModuleRecordandSameValue(exportName,r.[[ExportName]])istrue,
then
i.Assert:thisisacircularimportrequest.
ii.Returnnull.
3.AppendtheRecord{[[Module]]:module,[[ExportName]]:exportName}toresolveSet.
4.ForeachExportEntryRecordeinmodule.[[LocalExportEntries]],do
a.IfSameValue(exportName,e.[[ExportName]])istrue,then
i.Assert:moduleprovidesthedirectbindingforthisexport.
ii.ReturnRecord{[[Module]]:module,[[BindingName]]:e.[[LocalName]]}.
a.IfSameValue(exportName,e.[[ExportName]])istrue,then
i.Assert:moduleimportsaspeciicbindingforthisexport.
ii.LetimportedModulebe?HostResolveImportedModule(module,e.[[ModuleRequest]]).
iii.LetindirectResolutionbe?importedModule.ResolveExport(e.[[ImportName]],resolveSet,exportStarSet).
iv.IfindirectResolutionisnotnull,returnindirectResolution.
6.IfSameValue(exportName,"default")istrue,then
a.Assert:Adefaultexportwasnotexplicitlydeinedbythismodule.
b.ThrowaSyntaxErrorexception.
c.NOTEAdefaultexportcannotbeprovidedbyanexport*.
7.IfexportStarSetcontainsmodule,returnnull.
8.AppendmoduletoexportStarSet.
9.LetstarResolutionbenull.
10.ForeachExportEntryRecordeinmodule.[[StarExportEntries]],do
a.LetimportedModulebe?HostResolveImportedModule(module,e.[[ModuleRequest]]).
b.Letresolutionbe?importedModule.ResolveExport(exportName,resolveSet,exportStarSet).
c.Ifresolutionis"ambiguous",return"ambiguous".
d.Ifresolutionisnotnull,then
i.IfstarResolutionisnull,letstarResolutionberesolution.
ii.Else,
1.Assert:thereismorethanone*importthatincludestherequestedname.
2.Ifresolution.[[Module]]andstarResolution.[[Module]]arenotthesameModuleRecordor
SameValue(resolution.[[BindingName]],starResolution.[[BindingName]])isfalse,return"ambiguous".
11.ReturnstarResolution.
NOTE ResolveExportattemptstoresolveanimportedbindingtotheactualdeiningmoduleandlocalbindingname.
ThedeiningmodulemaybethemodulerepresentedbytheModuleRecordthismethodwasinvokedonor
someothermodulethatisimportedbythatmodule.TheparameterresolveSetisusetodetectunresolved
circularimport/exportpaths.IfapairconsistingofspeciicModuleRecordandexportNameisreachedthatis
alreadyinresolveSet,animportcircularityhasbeenencountered.BeforerecursivelycallingResolveExport,a
pairconsistingofmoduleandexportNameisaddedtoresolveSet.
IfadeiningmoduleisfoundaRecord{[[Module]],[[BindingName]]}isreturned.Thisrecordidentiiesthe
resolvedbindingoftheoriginallyrequestedexport.Ifnodeinitionwasfoundortherequestisfoundtobe
circular,nullisreturned.Iftherequestisfoundtobeambiguous,thestring"ambiguous"isreturned.
15.2.1.16.4 ModuleDeclarationInstantiation()ConcreteMethod
TheModuleDeclarationInstantiationconcretemethodofaSourceTextModuleRecordperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Letrealmbemodule.[[Realm]].
3.Assert:realmisnotundeined.
4.Letcodebemodule.[[ECMAScriptCode]].
5.Ifmodule.[[Environment]]isnotundeined,returnNormalCompletion(empty).
6.LetenvbeNewModuleEnvironment(realm.[[GlobalEnv]]).
7.Setmodule.[[Environment]]toenv.
8.ForeachStringrequiredthatisanelementofmodule.[[RequestedModules]]do,
a.NOTE:Beforeinstantiatingamodule,allofthemodulesitrequestedmustbeavailable.Animplementationmay
performthistestatanytimepriortothispoint.
b.LetrequiredModulebe?HostResolveImportedModule(module,required).
c.Perform?requiredModule.ModuleDeclarationInstantiation().
a.Letresolutionbe?module.ResolveExport(e.[[ExportName]],,).
b.Ifresolutionisnullorresolutionis"ambiguous",throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
10.Assert:allnamedexportsfrommoduleareresolvable.
12.ForeachImportEntryRecordininmodule.[[ImportEntries]],do
a.LetimportedModulebe?HostResolveImportedModule(module,in.[[ModuleRequest]]).
b.Ifin.[[ImportName]]is"*",then
i.Letnamespacebe?GetModuleNamespace(importedModule).
ii.Perform!envRec.CreateImmutableBinding(in.[[LocalName]],true).
iii.CallenvRec.InitializeBinding(in.[[LocalName]],namespace).
c.Else,
i.Letresolutionbe?importedModule.ResolveExport(in.[[ImportName]],,).
ii.Ifresolutionisnullorresolutionis"ambiguous",throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
iii.CallenvRec.CreateImportBinding(in.[[LocalName]],resolution.[[Module]],resolution.[[BindingName]]).
13.LetvarDeclarationsbetheVarScopedDeclarationsofcode.
15.ForeachelementdinvarDeclarationsdo
i.IfdnisnotanelementofdeclaredVarNames,then
2.CallenvRec.InitializeBinding(dn,undeined).
3.AppenddntodeclaredVarNames.
16.LetlexDeclarationsbetheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofcode.
1.Perform!envRec.CreateImmutableBinding(dn,true).
ii.Else,
iii.IfdisaGeneratorDeclarationproductionoraFunctionDeclarationproduction,then
1.LetfobetheresultofperformingInstantiateFunctionObjectfordwithargumentenv.
2.CallenvRec.InitializeBinding(dn,fo).
15.2.1.16.5 ModuleEvaluation()ConcreteMethod
TheModuleEvaluationconcretemethodofaSourceTextModuleRecordperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Assert:ModuleDeclarationInstantiationhasalreadybeeninvokedonmoduleandsuccessfullycompleted.
3.Assert:module.[[Realm]]isnotundeined.
4.Ifmodule.[[Evaluated]]istrue,returnundeined.
5.Setmodule.[[Evaluated]]totrue.
6.ForeachStringrequiredthatisanelementofmodule.[[RequestedModules]]do,
a.LetrequiredModulebe?HostResolveImportedModule(module,required).
b.Perform?requiredModule.ModuleEvaluation().
7.LetmoduleCxtbeanewECMAScriptcodeexecutioncontext.
8.SettheFunctionofmoduleCxttonull.
9.SettheRealmofmoduleCxttomodule.[[Realm]].
10.SettheScriptOrModuleofmoduleCxttomodule.
11.Assert:modulehasbeenlinkedanddeclarationsinitsmoduleenvironmenthavebeeninstantiated.
12.SettheVariableEnvironmentofmoduleCxttomodule.[[Environment]].
13.SettheLexicalEnvironmentofmoduleCxttomodule.[[Environment]].
14.Suspendthecurrentlyrunningexecutioncontext.
15.PushmoduleCxtontotheexecutioncontextstack;moduleCxtisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
16.Letresultbetheresultofevaluatingmodule.[[ECMAScriptCode]].
17.SuspendmoduleCxtandremoveitfromtheexecutioncontextstack.
15.2.1.17 RuntimeSemantics:HostResolveImportedModule(referencingModule,speciier)
HostResolveImportedModuleisanimplementationdeinedabstractoperationthatprovidestheconcreteModuleRecord
subclassinstancethatcorrespondstotheModuleSpeciierString,speciier,occurringwithinthecontextofthemodule
representedbytheModuleRecordreferencingModule.
TheimplementationofHostResolveImportedModulemustconformtothefollowingrequirements:
ThenormalreturnvaluemustbeaninstanceofaconcretesubclassofModuleRecord.
IfaModuleRecordcorrespondingtothepairreferencingModule,speciierdoesnotexistorcannotbecreated,an
exceptionmustbethrown.
Thisoperationmustbeidempotentifitcompletesnormally.EachtimeitiscalledwithaspeciicreferencingModule,
speciierpairasargumentsitmustreturnthesameModuleRecordinstance.
MultipledifferentreferencingModule,speciierpairsmaymaptothesameModuleRecordinstance.Theactualmapping
semanticisimplementationdeinedbuttypicallyanormalizationprocessisappliedtospeciieraspartofthemapping
process.Atypicalnormalizationprocesswouldincludeactionssuchasalphabeticcasefoldingandexpansionofrelativeand
abbreviatedpathspeciiers.
15.2.1.18 RuntimeSemantics:GetModuleNamespace(module)
TheabstractoperationGetModuleNamespacecalledwithargumentmoduleperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:moduleisaninstanceofaconcretesubclassofModuleRecord.
2.Letnamespacebemodule.[[Namespace]].
3.Ifnamespaceisundeined,then
a.LetexportedNamesbe?module.GetExportedNames().
b.LetunambiguousNamesbeanewemptyList.
c.ForeachnamethatisanelementofexportedNames,
i.Letresolutionbe?module.ResolveExport(name,,).
ii.Ifresolutionisnull,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
iii.Ifresolutionisnot"ambiguous",appendnametounambiguousNames.
d.LetnamespacebeModuleNamespaceCreate(module,unambiguousNames).
4.Returnnamespace.
15.2.1.19 RuntimeSemantics:TopLevelModuleEvaluationJob(sourceText,hostDeined)
ATopLevelModuleEvaluationJobwithparameterssourceTextandhostDeinedisajobthatparses,validates,andevaluates
sourceTextasaModule.
3.LetmbeParseModule(sourceText,realm,hostDeined).
4.IfmisaListoferrors,then
a.PerformHostReportErrors(m).
b.NextJobNormalCompletion(undeined).
5.Letstatusbem.ModuleDeclarationInstantiation().
6.Ifstatusisnotanabruptcompletion,then
a.Assert:alldependenciesofmhavebeentransitivelyresolvedandmisreadyforevaluation.
b.Letstatusbem.ModuleEvaluation().
NOTE AnimplementationmayparseasourceTextasaModule,analyzeitforEarlyErrorconditions,andinstantiateit
priortotheexecutionoftheTopLevelModuleEvaluationJobforthatsourceText.Animplementationmayalso
resolve,preparseandpreanalyze,andpreinstantiatemoduledependenciesofsourceText.However,the
reportingofanyerrorsdetectedbytheseactionsmustbedeferreduntiltheTopLevelModuleEvaluationJobis
actuallyexecuted.
Module : [empty]
ModuleBody : ModuleItemList
1.LetresultbetheresultofevaluatingModuleItemList.
a.ReturnNormalCompletion(undeined).
1.LetslbetheresultofevaluatingModuleItemList.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(sl).
3.LetsbetheresultofevaluatingModuleItem.
4.ReturnCompletion(UpdateEmpty(s,sl.[[Value]])).
NOTE ThevalueofaModuleItemLististhevalueofthelastvalueproducingitemintheModuleItemList.
15.2.2 Imports
Syntax
ImportDeclaration :
import ImportClause FromClause ;
import ModuleSpeciier ;
ImportClause :
ImportedDefaultBinding
NameSpaceImport
NamedImports
ImportedDefaultBinding , NameSpaceImport
ImportedDefaultBinding , NamedImports
ImportedDefaultBinding :
ImportedBinding
NameSpaceImport :
* as ImportedBinding
NamedImports :
{ }
{ ImportsList }
{ ImportsList , }
FromClause :
from ModuleSpeciier
ImportsList :
ImportSpeciier
ImportsList , ImportSpeciier
ImportSpeciier :
ImportedBinding
IdentiierName as ImportedBinding
ModuleSpeciier :
StringLiteral
ImportedBinding :
BindingIdentiier
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheBoundNamesofImportDeclarationcontainsanyduplicateentries.
ImportDeclaration : import ImportClause FromClause ;
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofImportClause.
ImportDeclaration : import ModuleSpeciier ;
ImportClause : ImportedDefaultBinding , NameSpaceImport
1.LetnamesbetheBoundNamesofImportedDefaultBinding.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheBoundNamesofNameSpaceImport.
3.Returnnames.
ImportClause : ImportedDefaultBinding , NamedImports
1.LetnamesbetheBoundNamesofImportedDefaultBinding.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheBoundNamesofNamedImports.
3.Returnnames.
NamedImports : { }
ImportsList : ImportsList , ImportSpeciier
1.LetnamesbetheBoundNamesofImportsList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheBoundNamesofImportSpeciier.
3.Returnnames.
ImportSpeciier : IdentiierName as ImportedBinding
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofImportedBinding.
15.2.2.3 StaticSemantics:ImportEntries
1.LetmodulebethesoleelementofModuleRequestsofFromClause.
2.ReturnImportEntriesForModuleofImportClausewithargumentmodule.
ImportDeclaration : import ModuleSpeciier ;
15.2.2.4 StaticSemantics:ImportEntriesForModule
Withparametermodule.
ImportClause : ImportedDefaultBinding , NameSpaceImport
1.LetentriesbeImportEntriesForModuleofImportedDefaultBindingwithargumentmodule.
2.AppendtoentriestheelementsoftheImportEntriesForModuleofNameSpaceImportwithargumentmodule.
3.Returnentries.
ImportClause : ImportedDefaultBinding , NamedImports
1.LetentriesbeImportEntriesForModuleofImportedDefaultBindingwithargumentmodule.
2.AppendtoentriestheelementsoftheImportEntriesForModuleofNamedImportswithargumentmodule.
3.Returnentries.
ImportedDefaultBinding : ImportedBinding
1.LetlocalNamebethesoleelementofBoundNamesofImportedBinding.
2.LetdefaultEntrybetheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:module,[[ImportName]]:"default",[[LocalName]]:localName}.
3.ReturnanewListcontainingdefaultEntry.
NameSpaceImport : * as ImportedBinding
1.LetlocalNamebetheStringValueofImportedBinding.
2.LetentrybetheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:module,[[ImportName]]:"*",[[LocalName]]:localName}.
3.ReturnanewListcontainingentry.
NamedImports : { }
ImportsList : ImportsList , ImportSpeciier

1.LetspecsbetheImportEntriesForModuleofImportsListwithargumentmodule.
2.AppendtospecstheelementsoftheImportEntriesForModuleofImportSpeciierwithargumentmodule.
3.Returnspecs.
ImportSpeciier : ImportedBinding
1.LetlocalNamebethesoleelementofBoundNamesofImportedBinding.
2.LetentrybetheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:module,[[ImportName]]:localName,[[LocalName]]:localName}.
ImportSpeciier : IdentiierName as ImportedBinding
1.LetimportNamebetheStringValueofIdentiierName.
2.LetlocalNamebetheStringValueofImportedBinding.
3.LetentrybetheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:module,[[ImportName]]:importName,[[LocalName]]:localName}.
1.ReturnModuleRequestsofFromClause.
ModuleSpeciier : StringLiteral
1.ReturnaListcontainingtheStringValueofStringLiteral.
15.2.3 Exports
Syntax
ExportDeclaration :
export * FromClause ;
export ExportClause FromClause ;
export ExportClause ;
export VariableStatement
export Declaration
export default HoistableDeclaration[Default]
export default ClassDeclaration[Default]
export default [lookahead{function ,class}] AssignmentExpression[In] ;
ExportClause :
{ }
{ ExportsList }
{ ExportsList , }
ExportsList :
ExportSpeciier
ExportsList , ExportSpeciier
ExportSpeciier :
IdentiierName
IdentiierName as IdentiierName
ExportDeclaration : export ExportClause ;

ForeachIdentiierNameninReferencedBindingsofExportClause:ItisaSyntaxErrorifStringValueofnisa
ReservedWordoriftheStringValueofnisoneof:"implements","interface","let","package","private",
"protected","public",or"static".
NOTE TheaboverulemeansthateachReferencedBindingsofExportClauseistreatedasanIdentiierReference.
ExportDeclaration :
ExportDeclaration : export VariableStatement
1.ReturntheBoundNamesofVariableStatement.
ExportDeclaration : export Declaration
ExportDeclaration : export default HoistableDeclaration
1.LetdeclarationNamesbetheBoundNamesofHoistableDeclaration.
2.IfdeclarationNamesdoesnotincludetheelement"*default*",append"*default*"todeclarationNames.
3.ReturndeclarationNames.
ExportDeclaration : export default ClassDeclaration
1.LetdeclarationNamesbetheBoundNamesofClassDeclaration.
2.IfdeclarationNamesdoesnotincludetheelement"*default*",append"*default*"todeclarationNames.
3.ReturndeclarationNames.
ExportDeclaration : export default AssignmentExpression ;
15.2.3.3 StaticSemantics:ExportedBindings
ExportDeclaration :
1.ReturntheExportedBindingsofExportClause.

1.ReturntheBoundNamesofthisExportDeclaration.
ExportClause : { }
ExportsList : ExportsList , ExportSpeciier
1.LetnamesbetheExportedBindingsofExportsList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheExportedBindingsofExportSpeciier.
3.Returnnames.
ExportSpeciier : IdentiierName
1.ReturnaListcontainingtheStringValueofIdentiierName.
ExportSpeciier : IdentiierName as IdentiierName
1.ReturnaListcontainingtheStringValueoftheirstIdentiierName.
15.2.3.4 StaticSemantics:ExportedNames
ExportDeclaration : export * FromClause ;
ExportDeclaration :
1.ReturntheExportedNamesofExportClause.

1.Return"default".
ExportClause : { }
1.LetnamesbetheExportedNamesofExportsList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheExportedNamesofExportSpeciier.
3.Returnnames.
1.ReturnaListcontainingtheStringValueofIdentiierName.
1.ReturnaListcontainingtheStringValueofthesecondIdentiierName.
15.2.3.5 StaticSemantics:ExportEntries
2.LetentrybetheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:module,[[ImportName]]:"*",[[LocalName]]:null,[[ExportName]]:null}.
ExportDeclaration : export ExportClause FromClause ;
2.ReturnExportEntriesForModuleofExportClausewithargumentmodule.
1.ReturnExportEntriesForModuleofExportClausewithargumentnull.
1.LetentriesbeanewemptyList.
2.LetnamesbetheBoundNamesofVariableStatement.
3.Repeatforeachnameinnames,
a.AppendtoentriestheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:null,[[ImportName]]:null,[[LocalName]]:name,
[[ExportName]]:name}.
4.Returnentries.
1.LetentriesbeanewemptyList.
2.LetnamesbetheBoundNamesofDeclaration.
3.Repeatforeachnameinnames,
a.AppendtoentriestheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:null,[[ImportName]]:null,[[LocalName]]:name,
[[ExportName]]:name}.
4.Returnentries.
1.LetnamesbeBoundNamesofHoistableDeclaration.
2.LetlocalNamebethesoleelementofnames.
3.ReturnanewListcontainingtheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:null,[[ImportName]]:null,[[LocalName]]:localName,
[[ExportName]]:"default"}.
1.LetnamesbeBoundNamesofClassDeclaration.
2.LetlocalNamebethesoleelementofnames.
3.ReturnanewListcontainingtheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:null,[[ImportName]]:null,[[LocalName]]:localName,
1.LetentrybetheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:null,[[ImportName]]:null,[[LocalName]]:"*default*",
NOTE "*default*"isusedwithinthisspeciicationasasyntheticnameforanonymousdefaultexportvalues.
15.2.3.6 StaticSemantics:ExportEntriesForModule
Withparametermodule.
ExportClause : { }
1.LetspecsbetheExportEntriesForModuleofExportsListwithargumentmodule.
2.AppendtospecstheelementsoftheExportEntriesForModuleofExportSpeciierwithargumentmodule.
3.Returnspecs.
1.LetsourceNamebetheStringValueofIdentiierName.
2.Ifmoduleisnull,then
a.LetlocalNamebesourceName.
b.LetimportNamebenull.
3.Else,
a.LetlocalNamebenull.
b.LetimportNamebesourceName.
4.ReturnanewListcontainingtheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:module,[[ImportName]]:importName,[[LocalName]]:
localName,[[ExportName]]:sourceName}.
1.LetsourceNamebetheStringValueoftheirstIdentiierName.
2.LetexportNamebetheStringValueofthesecondIdentiierName.
3.Ifmoduleisnull,then
a.LetlocalNamebesourceName.
b.LetimportNamebenull.
4.Else,
a.LetlocalNamebenull.
b.LetimportNamebesourceName.
5.ReturnanewListcontainingtheRecord{[[ModuleRequest]]:module,[[ImportName]]:importName,[[LocalName]]:
localName,[[ExportName]]:exportName}.
15.2.3.7 StaticSemantics:IsConstantDeclaration
ExportDeclaration :
export default AssignmentExpression ;
1.Returnfalse.
NOTE ItisnotnecessarytotreatexportdefaultAssignmentExpressionasaconstantdeclarationbecausethereis
nosyntaxthatpermitsassignmenttotheinternalboundnameusedtoreferenceamodule'sdefaultobject.
15.2.3.8 StaticSemantics:LexicallyScopedDeclarations
ExportDeclaration :
1.ReturnanewListcontainingDeclarationPartofDeclaration.
1.ReturnanewListcontainingDeclarationPartofHoistableDeclaration.
1.ReturnanewListcontainingClassDeclaration.
1.ReturnanewListcontainingthisExportDeclaration.

ExportDeclaration : export ExportClause FromClause ;
1.ReturntheModuleRequestsofFromClause.
ExportDeclaration :
export Declaration
export default HoistableDeclaration
export default ClassDeclaration
export default AssignmentExpression ;
15.2.3.10 StaticSemantics:ReferencedBindings
ExportClause : { }
1.LetnamesbetheReferencedBindingsofExportsList.
2.AppendtonamestheelementsoftheReferencedBindingsofExportSpeciier.
3.Returnnames.
1.ReturnaListcontainingtheIdentiierName.
1.ReturnaListcontainingtheirstIdentiierName.
ExportDeclaration :
1.ReturntheresultofevaluatingVariableStatement.
1.ReturntheresultofevaluatingDeclaration.
1.ReturntheresultofevaluatingHoistableDeclaration.
1.LetvaluebetheresultofBindingClassDeclarationEvaluationofClassDeclaration.
3.LetclassNamebethesoleelementofBoundNamesofClassDeclaration.
4.IfclassNameis"*default*",then
b.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(value,"default").
c.Letenvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
d.Perform?InitializeBoundName("*default*",value,env).
1.LetrhsbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
b.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(value,"default").
5.Perform?InitializeBoundName("*default*",value,env).
16 ErrorHandlingandLanguageExtensions
AnimplementationmustreportmosterrorsatthetimetherelevantECMAScriptlanguageconstructisevaluated.Anearly
errorisanerrorthatcanbedetectedandreportedpriortotheevaluationofanyconstructintheScriptcontainingtheerror.
Thepresenceofanearlyerrorpreventstheevaluationoftheconstruct.Animplementationmustreportearlyerrorsina
ScriptaspartofparsingthatScriptinParseScript.EarlyerrorsinaModulearereportedatthepointwhentheModulewould
beevaluatedandtheModuleisneverinitialized.Earlyerrorsinevalcodearereportedatthetimeevaliscalledandprevent
evaluationoftheevalcode.Allerrorsthatarenotearlyerrorsareruntimeerrors.
AnimplementationmustreportasanearlyerroranyoccurrenceofaconditionthatislistedinaStaticSemantics:Early
Errorssubclauseofthisspeciication.
Animplementationshallnottreatotherkindsoferrorsasearlyerrorsevenifthecompilercanprovethataconstructcannot
executewithouterrorunderanycircumstances.Animplementationmayissueanearlywarninginsuchacase,butitshould
notreporttheerroruntiltherelevantconstructisactuallyexecuted.
Animplementationshallreportallerrorsasspeciied,exceptforthefollowing:
Exceptasrestrictedin16.2,animplementationmayextendScriptsyntax,Modulesyntax,andregularexpressionpattern
orlagsyntax.Topermitthis,alloperations(suchascallingeval,usingaregularexpressionliteral,orusingthe
FunctionorRegExpconstructor)thatareallowedtothrowSyntaxErrorarepermittedtoexhibitimplementation
deinedbehaviourinsteadofthrowingSyntaxErrorwhentheyencounteranimplementationdeinedextensiontothe
scriptsyntaxorregularexpressionpatternorlagsyntax.
Exceptasrestrictedin16.2,animplementationmayprovideadditionaltypes,values,objects,properties,andfunctions
beyondthosedescribedinthisspeciication.Thismaycauseconstructs(suchaslookingupavariableintheglobal
scope)tohaveimplementationdeinedbehaviourinsteadofthrowinganerror(suchasReferenceError).
AnimplementationmaydeinebehaviourotherthanthrowingRangeErrorfortoFixed,toExponential,and
toPrecisionwhenthefractionDigitsorprecisionargumentisoutsidethespeciiedrange.
16.1 HostReportErrors(errorList)
HostReportErrorsisanimplementationdeinedabstractoperationthatallowshostenvironmentstoreportparsingerrors,
earlyerrors,andruntimeerrors.
AnimplementationofHostReportErrorsmustcompletenormallyinallcases.Thedefaultimplementationof
HostReportErrorsistodonothing.
NOTE errorListwillbeaListofECMAScriptlanguagevalues.Iftheerrorsareparsingerrorsorearlyerrors,thesewill
alwaysbeSyntaxErrororReferenceErrorobjects.Runtimeerrors,however,canbeanyECMAScriptvalue.
16.2 ForbiddenExtensions
Animplementationmustnotextendthisspeciicationinthefollowingways:
Otherthanasdeinedinthisspeciication,ECMAScriptFunctionobjectsdeinedusingsyntacticconstructorsinstrict
modecodemustnotbecreatedwithownpropertiesnamed"caller"or"arguments"otherthanthosethatare
createdbyapplyingtheAddRestrictedFunctionPropertiesabstractoperationtothefunction.Suchownpropertiesalso
mustnotbecreatedforfunctionobjectsdeinedusinganArrowFunction,MethodDeinition,GeneratorDeclaration,
GeneratorExpression,ClassDeclaration,orClassExpressionregardlessofwhetherthedeinitioniscontainedinstrict
modecode.Builtinfunctions,strictmodefunctionscreatedusingtheFunctionconstructor,generatorfunctions
createdusingtheGeneratorconstructor,andfunctionscreatedusingthebindmethodalsomustnotbecreatedwith
suchownproperties.
Ifanimplementationextendsnonstrictorbuiltinfunctionobjectswithanownpropertynamed"caller"thevalueof
thatproperty,asobservedusing[[Get]]or[[GetOwnProperty]],mustnotbeastrictfunctionobject.Ifitisanaccessor
property,thefunctionthatisthevalueoftheproperty's[[Get]]attributemustneverreturnastrictfunctionwhen
called.
ThebehaviourofthefollowingmethodsmustnotbeextendedexceptasspeciiedinECMA402:
Object.prototype.toLocaleString,Array.prototype.toLocaleString,
Number.prototype.toLocaleString,Date.prototype.toLocaleDateString,
Date.prototype.toLocaleString,Date.prototype.toLocaleTimeString,
String.prototype.localeCompare,%TypedArray%.prototype.toLocaleString.
TheRegExppatterngrammarsin21.2.1andB.1.4mustnotbeextendedtorecognizeanyofthesourcecharactersAZor
azasIdentityEscape[U] whentheUgrammarparameterispresent.
TheSyntacticGrammarmustnotbeextendedinanymannerthatallowsthetoken:toimmediatefollowsourcetext
thatmatchestheBindingIdentiiernonterminalsymbol.
Whenprocessingstrictmodecode,thesyntaxofNumericLiteralmustnotbeextendedtoinclude
LegacyOctalIntegerLiteralandthesyntaxofDecimalIntegerLiteralmustnotbeextendedtoinclude
NonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteralasdescribedinB.1.1.
TemplateCharactermustnotbeextendedtoincludeLegacyOctalEscapeSequenceasdeinedinB.1.2.
Whenprocessingstrictmodecode,theextensionsdeinedinB.3.2,B.3.3,andB.3.4mustnotbesupported.
WhenparsingfortheModulegoalsymbol,thelexicalgrammarextensionsdeinedinB.1.3mustnotbesupported.
17 ECMAScriptStandardBuiltinObjects
TherearecertainbuiltinobjectsavailablewheneveranECMAScriptScriptorModulebeginsexecution.One,theglobal
object,ispartofthelexicalenvironmentoftheexecutingprogram.Othersareaccessibleasinitialpropertiesoftheglobal
objectorindirectlyaspropertiesofaccessiblebuiltinobjects.
Unlessspeciiedotherwise,abuiltinobjectthatiscallableasafunctionisabuiltinFunctionobjectwiththecharacteristics
describedin9.3.Unlessspeciiedotherwise,the[[Extensible]]internalslotofabuiltinobjectinitiallyhasthevaluetrue.
EverybuiltinFunctionobjecthasa[[Realm]]internalslotwhosevalueistheRealmRecordoftherealmforwhichtheobject
wasinitiallycreated.
Manybuiltinobjectsarefunctions:theycanbeinvokedwitharguments.Someofthemfurthermoreareconstructors:they
arefunctionsintendedforusewiththenewoperator.Foreachbuiltinfunction,thisspeciicationdescribesthearguments
requiredbythatfunctionandthepropertiesofthatfunctionobject.Foreachbuiltinconstructor,thisspeciication
furthermoredescribespropertiesoftheprototypeobjectofthatconstructorandpropertiesofspeciicobjectinstances
returnedbyanewexpressionthatinvokesthatconstructor.
Unlessotherwisespeciiedinthedescriptionofaparticularfunction,ifabuiltinfunctionorconstructorisgivenfewer
argumentsthanthefunctionisspeciiedtorequire,thefunctionorconstructorshallbehaveexactlyasifithadbeengiven
suficientadditionalarguments,eachsuchargumentbeingtheundeinedvalue.Suchmissingargumentsareconsideredto
benotpresentandmaybeidentiiedinthatmannerbyspeciicationalgorithms.Inthedescriptionofaparticularfunction,
thetermsthisvalueandNewTargethavethemeaningsgivenin9.3.
Unlessotherwisespeciiedinthedescriptionofaparticularfunction,ifabuiltinfunctionorconstructordescribedisgiven
moreargumentsthanthefunctionisspeciiedtoallow,theextraargumentsareevaluatedbythecallandthenignoredbythe
function.However,animplementationmaydeineimplementationspeciicbehaviourrelatingtosuchargumentsaslongas
thebehaviourisnotthethrowingofaTypeErrorexceptionthatispredicatedsimplyonthepresenceofanextraargument.
NOTE1 Implementationsthataddadditionalcapabilitiestothesetofbuiltinfunctionsareencouragedtodosoby
addingnewfunctionsratherthanaddingnewparameterstoexistingfunctions.
UnlessotherwisespeciiedeverybuiltinfunctionandeverybuiltinconstructorhastheFunctionprototypeobject,whichis
theinitialvalueoftheexpressionFunction.prototype(19.2.3),asthevalueofits[[Prototype]]internalslot.
UnlessotherwisespeciiedeverybuiltinprototypeobjecthastheObjectprototypeobject,whichistheinitialvalueofthe
expressionObject.prototype(19.1.3),asthevalueofits[[Prototype]]internalslot,excepttheObjectprototypeobject
itself.
Builtinfunctionobjectsthatarenotidentiiedasconstructorsdonotimplementthe[[Construct]]internalmethodunless
otherwisespeciiedinthedescriptionofaparticularfunction.
Unlessotherwisespeciied,eachbuiltinfunctiondeinedinthisspeciicationiscreatedasifbycallingthe
CreateBuiltinFunctionabstractoperation(9.3.3).
EverybuiltinFunctionobject,includingconstructors,hasalengthpropertywhosevalueisaninteger.Unlessotherwise
speciied,thisvalueisequaltothelargestnumberofnamedargumentsshowninthesubclauseheadingsforthefunction
description.Optionalparameters(whichareindicatedwithbrackets:[])orrestparameters(whichareshownusingthe
form...name)arenotincludedinthedefaultargumentcount.
NOTE2 Forexample,thefunctionobjectthatistheinitialvalueofthemappropertyoftheArrayprototypeobjectis
describedunderthesubclauseheadingArray.prototype.map(callbackFn[,thisArg])whichshowsthetwo
namedargumentscallbackFnandthisArg,thelatterbeingoptional;thereforethevalueofthelengthproperty
ofthatFunctionobjectis1.
Unlessotherwisespeciied,thelengthpropertyofabuiltinFunctionobjecthastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,
[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
EverybuiltinFunctionobject,includingconstructors,thatisnotidentiiedasananonymousfunctionhasanameproperty
whosevalueisaString.Unlessotherwisespeciied,thisvalueisthenamethatisgiventothefunctioninthisspeciication.
Forfunctionsthatarespeciiedaspropertiesofobjects,thenamevalueisthepropertynamestringusedtoaccessthe
function.Functionsthatarespeciiedasgetorsetaccessorfunctionsofbuiltinpropertieshave"get"or"set"
prependedtothepropertynamestring.Thevalueofthenamepropertyisexplicitlyspeciiedforeachbuiltinfunctions
whosepropertykeyisaSymbolvalue.
Unlessotherwisespeciied,thenamepropertyofabuiltinFunctionobject,ifitexists,hastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,
[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
Everyotherdatapropertydescribedinclauses18through26andinAnnexB.2hastheattributes{[[Writable]]:true,
[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}unlessotherwisespeciied.
Everyaccessorpropertydescribedinclauses18through26andinAnnexB.2hastheattributes{[[Enumerable]]:false,
[[Conigurable]]:true}unlessotherwisespeciied.Ifonlyagetaccessorfunctionisdescribed,thesetaccessorfunctionis
thedefaultvalue,undeined.Ifonlyasetaccessorisdescribedthegetaccessoristhedefaultvalue,undeined.
18 TheGlobalObject
Theuniqueglobalobjectiscreatedbeforecontrolentersanyexecutioncontext.
Theglobalobjectdoesnothavea[[Construct]]internalmethod;itisnotpossibletousetheglobalobjectasaconstructor
withthenewoperator.
Theglobalobjectdoesnothavea[[Call]]internalmethod;itisnotpossibletoinvoketheglobalobjectasafunction.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheglobalobjectisimplementationdependent.
Inadditiontothepropertiesdeinedinthisspeciicationtheglobalobjectmayhaveadditionalhostdeinedproperties.This
mayincludeapropertywhosevalueistheglobalobjectitself;forexample,intheHTMLdocumentobjectmodelthewindow
propertyoftheglobalobjectistheglobalobjectitself.
18.1 ValuePropertiesoftheGlobalObject
18.1.1 Ininity
ThevalueofInfinityis+(see6.1.6).Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:false,
18.1.2 NaN
ThevalueofNaNisNaN(see6.1.6).Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:false,
18.1.3 undeined
Thevalueofundefinedisundeined(see6.1.1).Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:
18.2 FunctionPropertiesoftheGlobalObject
18.2.1 eval(x)
Theevalfunctionisthe%eval%intrinsicobject.Whentheevalfunctioniscalledwithoneargumentx,thefollowingsteps
aretaken:
1.LetevalRealmbethevalueoftheactivefunctionobject's[[Realm]]internalslot.
2.LetstrictCallerbefalse.
3.LetdirectEvalbefalse.
4.Return?PerformEval(x,evalRealm,strictCaller,directEval).
18.2.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:PerformEval(x,evalRealm,strictCaller,direct)
TheabstractoperationPerformEvalwithargumentsx,evalRealm,strictCaller,anddirectperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Ifdirectisfalse,thenstrictCallerisalsofalse.
2.IfType(x)isnotString,returnx.
3.LetscriptbetheECMAScriptcodethatistheresultofparsingx,interpretedasUTF16encodedUnicodetextas
describedin6.1.4,forthegoalsymbolScript.Iftheparsefails,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.Ifanyearlyerrorsare
detected,throwaSyntaxErrororaReferenceErrorexception,dependingonthetypeoftheerror(butseealsoclause
16).Parsingandearlyerrordetectionmaybeinterweavedinanimplementationdependentmanner.
4.IfscriptContainsScriptBodyisfalse,returnundeined.
5.LetbodybetheScriptBodyofscript.
6.IfstrictCalleristrue,letstrictEvalbetrue.
7.Else,letstrictEvalbeIsStrictofscript.
8.Letctxbetherunningexecutioncontext.Ifdirectistrue,ctxwillbetheexecutioncontextthatperformedthedirect
eval.Ifdirectisfalse,ctxwillbetheexecutioncontextfortheinvocationoftheevalfunction.
9.Ifdirectistrue,then
a.LetlexEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(ctx'sLexicalEnvironment).
b.LetvarEnvbectx'sVariableEnvironment.
10.Else,
a.LetlexEnvbeNewDeclarativeEnvironment(evalRealm.[[GlobalEnv]]).
b.LetvarEnvbeevalRealm.[[GlobalEnv]].
11.IfstrictEvalistrue,letvarEnvbelexEnv.
12.Ifctxisnotalreadysuspended,suspendctx.
13.LetevalCxtbeanewECMAScriptcodeexecutioncontext.
14.SettheevalCxt'sFunctiontonull.
15.SettheevalCxt'sRealmtoevalRealm.
16.SettheevalCxt'sScriptOrModuletoctx'sScriptOrModule.
17.SettheevalCxt'sVariableEnvironmenttovarEnv.
18.SettheevalCxt'sLexicalEnvironmenttolexEnv.
19.PushevalCxtontotheexecutioncontextstack;evalCxtisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
20.LetresultbeEvalDeclarationInstantiation(body,varEnv,lexEnv,strictEval).
21.Ifresult.[[Type]]isnormal,then
a.Letresultbetheresultofevaluatingbody.
a.LetresultbeNormalCompletion(undeined).
23.SuspendevalCxtandremoveitfromtheexecutioncontextstack.
NOTE Theevalcodecannotinstantiatevariableorfunctionbindingsinthevariableenvironmentofthecalling
contextthatinvokedtheevalifthecallingcontextisevaluatingformalparameterinitializersorifeitherthe
codeofthecallingcontextortheevalcodeisstrictcode.Insteadsuchbindingsareinstantiatedinanew
VariableEnvironmentthatisonlyaccessibletotheevalcode.Bindingsintroducedbylet,const,orclass
declarationsarealwaysinstantiatedinanewLexicalEnvironment.
18.2.1.2 RuntimeSemantics:EvalDeclarationInstantiation(body,varEnv,lexEnv,strict)
WhentheabstractoperationEvalDeclarationInstantiationiscalledwithargumentsbody,varEnv,lexEnv,andstrict,the
1.LetvarNamesbetheVarDeclaredNamesofbody.
2.LetvarDeclarationsbetheVarScopedDeclarationsofbody.
3.LetlexEnvRecbelexEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
4.LetvarEnvRecbevarEnv'sEnvironmentRecord.
a.IfvarEnvRecisaglobalEnvironmentRecord,then
i.ForeachnameinvarNames,do
1.IfvarEnvRec.HasLexicalDeclaration(name)istrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
2.NOTE:evalwillnotcreateaglobalvardeclarationthatwouldbeshadowedbyagloballexical
declaration.
b.LetthisLexbelexEnv.
c.Assert:thefollowingloopwillterminate.
d.RepeatwhilethisLexisnotthesameasvarEnv,
i.LetthisEnvRecbethisLex'sEnvironmentRecord.
ii.IfthisEnvRecisnotanobjectEnvironmentRecord,then
1.NOTE:Theenvironmentofwithstatementscannotcontainanylexicaldeclarationsoitdoesn'tneedto
becheckedforvar/lethoistingconlicts.
2.ForeachnameinvarNames,do
a.IfthisEnvRec.HasBinding(name)istrue,then
i.ThrowaSyntaxErrorexception.
b.NOTE:Adirectevalwillnothoistvardeclarationoveralikenamedlexicaldeclaration.
iii.LetthisLexbethisLex'souterenvironmentreference.
7.LetdeclaredFunctionNamesbeanewemptyList.
ii.NOTEIftherearemultipleFunctionDeclarationsforthesamename,thelastdeclarationisused.
iii.LetfnbethesoleelementoftheBoundNamesofd.
iv.IffnisnotanelementofdeclaredFunctionNames,then
1.IfvarEnvRecisaglobalEnvironmentRecord,then
a.LetfnDeinablebe?varEnvRec.CanDeclareGlobalFunction(fn).
b.IffnDeinableisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.AppendfntodeclaredFunctionNames.
11.ForeachdinvarDeclarations,do
a.IfdisaVariableDeclarationoraForBinding,then
i.ForeachStringvnintheBoundNamesofd,do
1.IfvnisnotanelementofdeclaredFunctionNames,then
i.LetvnDeinablebe?varEnvRec.CanDeclareGlobalVar(vn).
ii.IfvnDeinableisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.IfvnisnotanelementofdeclaredVarNames,then
i.AppendvntodeclaredVarNames.
12.NOTE:NoabnormalterminationsoccurafterthisalgorithmstepunlessvarEnvRecisaglobalEnvironmentRecordand
theglobalobjectisaProxyexoticobject.
13.LetlexDeclarationsbetheLexicallyScopedDeclarationsofbody.
a.NOTELexicallydeclarednamesareonlyinstantiatedherebutnotinitialized.
1.Perform?lexEnvRec.CreateImmutableBinding(dn,true).
ii.Else,
1.Perform?lexEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(dn,false).
15.ForeachproductionfinfunctionsToInitialize,do
b.LetfobetheresultofperformingInstantiateFunctionObjectforfwithargumentlexEnv.
c.IfvarEnvRecisaglobalEnvironmentRecord,then
i.Perform?varEnvRec.CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(fn,fo,true).
d.Else,
i.LetbindingExistsbevarEnvRec.HasBinding(fn).
ii.IfbindingExistsisfalse,then
1.Letstatusbe!varEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(fn,true).
2.Assert:statusisnotanabruptcompletionbecauseofvalidationprecedingstep12.
3.Perform!varEnvRec.InitializeBinding(fn,fo).
iii.Else,
1.Perform!varEnvRec.SetMutableBinding(fn,fo,false).
16.ForeachStringvnindeclaredVarNames,inlistorderdo
i.Perform?varEnvRec.CreateGlobalVarBinding(vn,true).
b.Else,
i.LetbindingExistsbevarEnvRec.HasBinding(vn).
1.Letstatusbe!varEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(vn,true).
2.Assert:statusisnotanabruptcompletionbecauseofvalidationprecedingstep12.
3.Perform!varEnvRec.InitializeBinding(vn,undeined).
NOTE AnalternativeversionofthisalgorithmisdescribedinB.3.5.
18.2.2 isFinite(number)
TheisFinitefunctionisthe%isFinite%intrinsicobject.WhentheisFinitefunctioniscalledwithoneargumentnumber,
1.Letnumbe?ToNumber(number).
2.IfnumisNaN,+,or,returnfalse.
3.Otherwise,returntrue.
18.2.3 isNaN(number)
TheisNaNfunctionisthe%isNaN%intrinsicobject.WhentheisNaNfunctioniscalledwithoneargumentnumber,the
1.Letnumbe?ToNumber(number).
2.IfnumisNaN,returntrue.
3.Otherwise,returnfalse.
NOTE AreliablewayforECMAScriptcodetotestifavalueXisaNaNisanexpressionoftheformX!==X.The
resultwillbetrueifandonlyifXisaNaN.
18.2.4 parseFloat(string)
TheparseFloatfunctionproducesaNumbervaluedictatedbyinterpretationofthecontentsofthestringargumentasa
decimalliteral.
TheparseFloatfunctionisthe%parseFloat%intrinsicobject.WhentheparseFloatfunctioniscalledwithoneargument
string,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetinputStringbe?ToString(string).
2.LettrimmedStringbeasubstringofinputStringconsistingoftheleftmostcodeunitthatisnotaStrWhiteSpaceCharand
allcodeunitstotherightofthatcodeunit.(Inotherwords,removeleadingwhitespace.)IfinputStringdoesnotcontain
anysuchcodeunits,lettrimmedStringbetheemptystring.
3.IfneithertrimmedStringnoranypreixoftrimmedStringsatisiesthesyntaxofaStrDecimalLiteral(see7.1.3.1),return
NaN.
4.LetnumberStringbethelongestpreixoftrimmedString,whichmightbetrimmedStringitself,thatsatisiesthesyntaxof
aStrDecimalLiteral.
5.LetmathFloatbeMVofnumberString.
6.IfmathFloat=0,then
a.IftheirstcodeunitoftrimmedStringis"",return0.
b.Return+0.
7.ReturntheNumbervalueformathFloat.
NOTE parseFloatmayinterpretonlyaleadingportionofstringasaNumbervalue;itignoresanycodeunitsthat
cannotbeinterpretedaspartofthenotationofandecimalliteral,andnoindicationisgiventhatanysuchcode
unitswereignored.
18.2.5 parseInt(string,radix)
TheparseIntfunctionproducesanintegervaluedictatedbyinterpretationofthecontentsofthestringargumentaccording
tothespeciiedradix.Leadingwhitespaceinstringisignored.Ifradixisundeinedor0,itisassumedtobe10exceptwhen
thenumberbeginswiththecodeunitpairs0xor0X,inwhichcasearadixof16isassumed.Ifradixis16,thenumbermay
alsooptionallybeginwiththecodeunitpairs0xor0X.
TheparseIntfunctionisthe%parseInt%intrinsicobject.WhentheparseIntfunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
1.LetinputStringbe?ToString(string).
2.LetSbeanewlycreatedsubstringofinputStringconsistingoftheirstcodeunitthatisnotaStrWhiteSpaceCharandall
codeunitsfollowingthatcodeunit.(Inotherwords,removeleadingwhitespace.)IfinputStringdoesnotcontainany
suchcodeunit,letSbetheemptystring.
3.Letsignbe1.
4.IfSisnotemptyandtheirstcodeunitofSis0x002D(HYPHENMINUS),letsignbe1.
5.IfSisnotemptyandtheirstcodeunitofSis0x002B(PLUSSIGN)or0x002D(HYPHENMINUS),removetheirstcode
unitfromS.
6.LetRbe?ToInt32(radix).
7.LetstripPreixbetrue.
8.IfR0,then
a.IfR<2orR>36,returnNaN.
b.IfR16,letstripPreixbefalse.
9.ElseR=0,
a.LetRbe10.
10.IfstripPreixistrue,then
a.IfthelengthofSisatleast2andtheirsttwocodeunitsofSareeither"0x"or"0X",removetheirsttwocode
unitsfromSandletRbe16.
11.IfScontainsacodeunitthatisnotaradixRdigit,letZbethesubstringofSconsistingofallcodeunitsbeforetheirst
suchcodeunit;otherwise,letZbeS.
12.IfZisempty,returnNaN.
13.LetmathIntbethemathematicalintegervaluethatisrepresentedbyZinradixRnotation,usingthelettersAZandaz
fordigitswithvalues10through35.(However,ifRis10andZcontainsmorethan20signiicantdigits,everysigniicant
digitafterthe20thmaybereplacedbya0digit,attheoptionoftheimplementation;andifRisnot2,4,8,10,16,or32,
thenmathIntmaybeanimplementationdependentapproximationtothemathematicalintegervaluethatis
representedbyZinradixRnotation.)
14.IfmathInt=0,then
a.Ifsign=1,return0.
b.Return+0.
15.LetnumberbetheNumbervalueformathInt.
16.Returnsignnumber.
NOTE parseIntmayinterpretonlyaleadingportionofstringasanintegervalue;itignoresanycodeunitsthat
cannotbeinterpretedaspartofthenotationofaninteger,andnoindicationisgiventhatanysuchcodeunits
wereignored.
18.2.6 URIHandlingFunctions
UniformResourceIdentiiers,orURIs,areStringsthatidentifyresources(e.g.webpagesoriles)andtransportprotocolsby
whichtoaccessthem(e.g.HTTPorFTP)ontheInternet.TheECMAScriptlanguageitselfdoesnotprovideanysupportfor
usingURIsexceptforfunctionsthatencodeanddecodeURIsasdescribedin18.2.6.2,18.2.6.3,18.2.6.4and18.2.6.5
NOTE ManyimplementationsofECMAScriptprovideadditionalfunctionsandmethodsthatmanipulatewebpages;
thesefunctionsarebeyondthescopeofthisstandard.
18.2.6.1 URISyntaxandSemantics
AURIiscomposedofasequenceofcomponentsseparatedbycomponentseparators.Thegeneralformis:
Scheme:First/Second;Third?Fourth
wheretheitalicizednamesrepresentcomponentsand:,/,;and?arereservedforuseasseparators.TheencodeURI
anddecodeURIfunctionsareintendedtoworkwithcompleteURIs;theyassumethatanyreservedcodeunitsintheURIare
intendedtohavespecialmeaningandsoarenotencoded.TheencodeURIComponentanddecodeURIComponentfunctions
areintendedtoworkwiththeindividualcomponentpartsofaURI;theyassumethatanyreservedcodeunitsrepresenttext
andsomustbeencodedsothattheyarenotinterpretedasreservedcodeunitswhenthecomponentispartofacomplete
URI.
ThefollowinglexicalgrammarspeciiestheformofencodedURIs.
Syntax
uri :::
uriCharactersopt
uriCharacters :::
uriCharacter uriCharactersopt
uriCharacter :::
uriReserved
uriUnescaped
uriEscaped
uriReserved ::: oneof

; / ? : @ & = + $ ,
uriUnescaped :::
uriAlpha
DecimalDigit
uriMark
uriEscaped :::
% HexDigit HexDigit
uriAlpha ::: oneof

a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
W X Y Z
uriMark ::: oneof
_ . ! ~ * ' ( )
NOTE TheabovesyntaxisbaseduponRFC2396anddoesnotrelectchangesintroducedbythemorerecentRFC
3986.
RuntimeSemantics
WhenacodeunittobeincludedinaURIisnotlistedaboveorisnotintendedtohavethespecialmeaningsometimesgiven
tothereservedcodeunits,thatcodeunitmustbeencoded.ThecodeunitistransformedintoitsUTF8encoding,with
surrogatepairsirstconvertedfromUTF16tothecorrespondingcodepointvalue.(Notethatforcodeunitsintherange
[0,127]thisresultsinasingleoctetwiththesamevalue.)TheresultingsequenceofoctetsisthentransformedintoaString
witheachoctetrepresentedbyanescapesequenceoftheform"%xx".
18.2.6.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:Encode(string,unescapedSet)
TheencodingandescapingprocessisdescribedbytheabstractoperationEncodetakingtwoStringargumentsstringand
unescapedSet.
1.LetstrLenbethenumberofcodeunitsinstring.
2.LetRbetheemptyString.
3.Letkbe0.
4.Repeat
a.IfkequalsstrLen,returnR.
b.LetCbethecodeunitatindexkwithinstring.
c.IfCisinunescapedSet,then
i.LetSbeaStringcontainingonlythecodeunitC.
ii.LetRbeanewStringvaluecomputedbyconcatenatingthepreviousvalueofRandS.
d.ElseCisnotinunescapedSet,
i.IfthecodeunitvalueofCisnotlessthan0xDC00andnotgreaterthan0xDFFF,throwaURIErrorexception.
ii.IfthecodeunitvalueofCislessthan0xD800orgreaterthan0xDBFF,then
1.LetVbethecodeunitvalueofC.
iii.Else,
1.Increasekby1.
2.IfkequalsstrLen,throwaURIErrorexception.
3.LetkCharbethecodeunitvalueofthecodeunitatindexkwithinstring.
4.IfkCharislessthan0xDC00orgreaterthan0xDFFF,throwaURIErrorexception.
5.LetVbeUTF16Decode(C,kChar).
iv.LetOctetsbethearrayofoctetsresultingbyapplyingtheUTF8transformationtoV,andletLbethearray
size.
v.Letjbe0.
vi.Repeat,whilej<L
1.LetjOctetbethevalueatindexjwithinOctets.
2.LetSbeaStringcontainingthreecodeunits"%XY"whereXYaretwouppercasehexadecimaldigits
encodingthevalueofjOctet.
3.LetRbeanewStringvaluecomputedbyconcatenatingthepreviousvalueofRandS.
4.Increasejby1.
e.Increasekby1.
18.2.6.1.2 RuntimeSemantics:Decode(string,reservedSet)
TheunescapinganddecodingprocessisdescribedbytheabstractoperationDecodetakingtwoStringargumentsstringand
reservedSet.
1.LetstrLenbethenumberofcodeunitsinstring.
3.Letkbe0.
4.Repeat
a.IfkequalsstrLen,returnR.
b.LetCbethecodeunitatindexkwithinstring.
c.IfCisnot"%",then
i.LetSbetheStringcontainingonlythecodeunitC.
d.ElseCis"%",
i.Letstartbek.
ii.Ifk+2isgreaterthanorequaltostrLen,throwaURIErrorexception.
iii.Ifthecodeunitsatindex(k+1)and(k+2)withinstringdonotrepresenthexadecimaldigits,throwa
URIErrorexception.
iv.LetBbethe8bitvaluerepresentedbythetwohexadecimaldigitsatindex(k+1)and(k+2).
v.Incrementkby2.
vi.IfthemostsigniicantbitinBis0,then
1.LetCbethecodeunitwithcodeunitvalueB.
2.IfCisnotinreservedSet,then
a.LetSbetheStringcontainingonlythecodeunitC.
3.ElseCisinreservedSet,
a.LetSbethesubstringofstringfromindexstarttoindexkinclusive.
vii.ElsethemostsigniicantbitinBis1,
1.Letnbethesmallestnonnegativeintegersuchthat(B<<n)&0x80isequalto0.
2.Ifnequals1ornisgreaterthan4,throwaURIErrorexception.
3.LetOctetsbeanarrayof8bitintegersofsizen.
4.PutBintoOctetsatindex0.
5.Ifk+(3(n1))isgreaterthanorequaltostrLen,throwaURIErrorexception.
6.Letjbe1.
7.Repeat,whilej<n
a.Incrementkby1.
b.Ifthecodeunitatindexkwithinstringisnot"%",throwaURIErrorexception.
c.Ifthecodeunitsatindex(k+1)and(k+2)withinstringdonotrepresenthexadecimaldigits,
throwaURIErrorexception.
d.LetBbethe8bitvaluerepresentedbythetwohexadecimaldigitsatindex(k+1)and(k+2).
e.IfthetwomostsigniicantbitsinBarenot10,throwaURIErrorexception.
f.Incrementkby2.
g.PutBintoOctetsatindexj.
h.Incrementjby1.
8.LetVbethevalueobtainedbyapplyingtheUTF8transformationtoOctets,thatis,fromanarrayof
octetsintoa21bitvalue.IfOctetsdoesnotcontainavalidUTF8encodingofaUnicodecodepoint,
throwaURIErrorexception.
9.IfV<0x10000,then
a.LetCbethecodeunitV.
b.IfCisnotinreservedSet,then
i.LetSbetheStringcontainingonlythecodeunitC.
c.ElseCisinreservedSet,
i.LetSbethesubstringofstringfromindexstarttoindexkinclusive.
10.ElseV0x10000,
a.LetLbe(((V0x10000)&0x3FF)+0xDC00).
b.LetHbe((((V0x10000)>>10)&0x3FF)+0xD800).
c.LetSbetheStringcontainingthetwocodeunitsHandL.
e.LetRbeanewStringvaluecomputedbyconcatenatingthepreviousvalueofRandS.
f.Increasekby1.
NOTE ThissyntaxofUniformResourceIdentiiersisbaseduponRFC2396anddoesnotrelectthemorerecentRFC
3986whichreplacesRFC2396.AformaldescriptionandimplementationofUTF8isgiveninRFC3629.
InUTF8,charactersareencodedusingsequencesof1to6octets.Theonlyoctetofasequenceofonehasthe
higherorderbitsetto0,theremaining7bitsbeingusedtoencodethecharactervalue.Inasequenceofn
octets,n>1,theinitialoctethasthenhigherorderbitssetto1,followedbyabitsetto0.Theremainingbitsof
thatoctetcontainbitsfromthevalueofthecharactertobeencoded.Thefollowingoctetsallhavethehigher
orderbitsetto1andthefollowingbitsetto0,leaving6bitsineachtocontainbitsfromthecharactertobe
encoded.ThepossibleUTF8encodingsofECMAScriptcharactersarespeciiedinTable44.
Table44(Informative):UTF8Encodings
CodeUnitValue Representation 1stOctet 2ndOctet 3rdOctet 4thOctet
0x00000x007F 000000000zzzzzzz 0zzzzzzz
0x00800x07FF 00000yyyyyzzzzzz 110yyyyy 10zzzzzz
0x08000xD7FF xxxxyyyyyyzzzzzz 1110xxxx 10yyyyyy 10zzzzzz
0xD8000xDBFF 110110vvvvwwwwxx 11110uuu 10uuwwww 10xxyyyy 10zzzzzz

followedby followedby
0xDC000xDFFF 110111yyyyzzzzzz
0xD8000xDBFF causesURIError
notfollowedby
0xDC000xDFFF
0xDC000xDFFF causesURIError
0xE0000xFFFF xxxxyyyyyyzzzzzz 1110xxxx 10yyyyyy 10zzzzzz
Where
uuuuu=vvvv+1
toaccountfortheadditionof0x10000asinSurrogates,section3.8,oftheUnicodeStandard.
Therangeofcodeunitvalues0xD8000xDFFFisusedtoencodesurrogatepairs;theabovetransformation
combinesaUTF16surrogatepairintoaUTF32representationandencodestheresulting21bitvalueinUTF
8.Decodingreconstructsthesurrogatepair.
RFC3629prohibitsthedecodingofinvalidUTF8octetsequences.Forexample,theinvalidsequenceC080
mustnotdecodeintothecodeunit0x0000.ImplementationsoftheDecodealgorithmarerequiredtothrowa
URIErrorwhenencounteringsuchinvalidsequences.
18.2.6.2 decodeURI(encodedURI)
ThedecodeURIfunctioncomputesanewversionofaURIinwhicheachescapesequenceandUTF8encodingofthesort
thatmightbeintroducedbytheencodeURIfunctionisreplacedwiththeUTF16encodingofthecodepointsthatit
represents.EscapesequencesthatcouldnothavebeenintroducedbyencodeURIarenotreplaced.
ThedecodeURIfunctionisthe%decodeURI%intrinsicobject.WhenthedecodeURIfunctioniscalledwithoneargument
encodedURI,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LeturiStringbe?ToString(encodedURI).
2.LetreservedURISetbeaStringcontainingoneinstanceofeachcodeunitvalidinuriReservedplus"#".
3.Return?Decode(uriString,reservedURISet).
NOTE Thecodepoint"#"isnotdecodedfromescapesequenceseventhoughitisnotareservedURIcodepoint.
18.2.6.3 decodeURIComponent(encodedURIComponent)
ThedecodeURIComponentfunctioncomputesanewversionofaURIinwhicheachescapesequenceandUTF8encodingof
thesortthatmightbeintroducedbytheencodeURIComponentfunctionisreplacedwiththeUTF16encodingofthecode
pointsthatitrepresents.
ThedecodeURIComponentfunctionisthe%decodeURIComponent%intrinsicobject.WhenthedecodeURIComponent
functioniscalledwithoneargumentencodedURIComponent,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetcomponentStringbe?ToString(encodedURIComponent).
2.LetreservedURIComponentSetbetheemptyString.
3.Return?Decode(componentString,reservedURIComponentSet).
18.2.6.4 encodeURI(uri)
TheencodeURIfunctioncomputesanewversionofaUTF16encoded(6.1.4)URIinwhicheachinstanceofcertaincode
pointsisreplacedbyone,two,three,orfourescapesequencesrepresentingtheUTF8encodingofthecodepoints.
TheencodeURIfunctionisthe%encodeURI%intrinsicobject.WhentheencodeURIfunctioniscalledwithoneargument
uri,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LeturiStringbe?ToString(uri).
2.LetunescapedURISetbeaStringcontainingoneinstanceofeachcodeunitvalidinuriReservedanduriUnescapedplus
"#".
3.Return?Encode(uriString,unescapedURISet).
NOTE Thecodeunit"#"isnotencodedtoanescapesequenceeventhoughitisnotareservedorunescapedURI
codepoint.
18.2.6.5 encodeURIComponent(uriComponent)
TheencodeURIComponentfunctioncomputesanewversionofaUTF16encoded(6.1.4)URIinwhicheachinstanceof
certaincodepointsisreplacedbyone,two,three,orfourescapesequencesrepresentingtheUTF8encodingofthecode
point.
TheencodeURIComponentfunctionisthe%encodeURIComponent%intrinsicobject.WhentheencodeURIComponent
functioniscalledwithoneargumenturiComponent,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetcomponentStringbe?ToString(uriComponent).
2.LetunescapedURIComponentSetbeaStringcontainingoneinstanceofeachcodeunitvalidinuriUnescaped.
3.Return?Encode(componentString,unescapedURIComponentSet).
18.3 ConstructorPropertiesoftheGlobalObject
18.3.1 Array(...)
See22.1.1.
18.3.2 ArrayBuffer(...)
See24.1.2.
18.3.3 Boolean(...)
See19.3.1.
18.3.4 DataView(...)
See24.2.2.
18.3.5 Date(...)
See20.3.2.
18.3.6 Error(...)
See19.5.1.
18.3.7 EvalError(...)
See19.5.5.1.
18.3.8 Float32Array(...)
See22.2.4.
18.3.9 Float64Array(...)
See22.2.4.
18.3.10 Function(...)
See19.2.1.
18.3.11 Int8Array(...)
See22.2.4.
18.3.12 Int16Array(...)
See22.2.4.
18.3.13 Int32Array(...)
See22.2.4.
18.3.14 Map(...)
See23.1.1.
18.3.15 Number(...)
See20.1.1.
18.3.16 Object(...)
See19.1.1.
18.3.17 Proxy(...)
See26.2.1.
18.3.18 Promise(...)
See25.4.3.
18.3.19 RangeError(...)
See19.5.5.2.
18.3.20 ReferenceError(...)
See19.5.5.3.
18.3.21 RegExp(...)
See21.2.3.
18.3.22 Set(...)
See23.2.1.
18.3.23 String(...)
See21.1.1.
18.3.24 Symbol(...)
See19.4.1.
18.3.25 SyntaxError(...)
See19.5.5.4.
18.3.26 TypeError(...)
See19.5.5.5.
18.3.27 Uint8Array(...)
See22.2.4.
18.3.28 Uint8ClampedArray(...)
See22.2.4.
18.3.29 Uint16Array(...)
See22.2.4.
18.3.30 Uint32Array(...)
See22.2.4.
18.3.31 URIError(...)
See19.5.5.6.
18.3.32 WeakMap(...)
See23.3.1.
18.3.33 WeakSet(...)
See23.4.
18.4 OtherPropertiesoftheGlobalObject
18.4.1 JSON
See24.3.
18.4.2 Math
See20.2.
18.4.3 Relect
See26.1.
19 FundamentalObjects
19.1 ObjectObjects
19.1.1 TheObjectConstructor
TheObjectconstructoristhe%Object%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheObjectpropertyoftheglobalobject.
Whencalledasaconstructoritcreatesanewordinaryobject.WhenObjectiscalledasafunctionratherthanasa
constructor,itperformsatypeconversion.
TheObjectconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
19.1.1.1 Object([value])
WhenObjectfunctioniscalledwithoptionalargumentvalue,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfNewTargetisneitherundeinednortheactivefunction,then
a.Return?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%ObjectPrototype%").
2.Ifvalueisnull,undeinedornotsupplied,returnObjectCreate(%ObjectPrototype%).
3.ReturnToObject(value).
ThelengthpropertyoftheObjectconstructorfunctionis1.
19.1.2 PropertiesoftheObjectConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheObjectconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
Besidesthelengthproperty,theObjectconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
19.1.2.1 Object.assign(target,...sources)
Theassignfunctionisusedtocopythevaluesofalloftheenumerableownpropertiesfromoneormoresourceobjectstoa
targetobject.Whentheassignfunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Lettobe?ToObject(target).
2.Ifonlyoneargumentwaspassed,returnto.
3.LetsourcesbetheListofargumentvaluesstartingwiththesecondargument.
4.ForeachelementnextSourceofsources,inascendingindexorder,
a.IfnextSourceisundeinedornull,letkeysbeanewemptyList.
b.Else,
i.LetfrombeToObject(nextSource).
ii.Letkeysbe?from.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
c.RepeatforeachelementnextKeyofkeysinListorder,
i.Letdescbe?from.[[GetOwnProperty]](nextKey).
ii.Ifdescisnotundeinedanddesc.[[Enumerable]]istrue,then
1.LetpropValuebe?Get(from,nextKey).
2.Perform?Set(to,nextKey,propValue,true).
5.Returnto.
Thelengthpropertyoftheassignmethodis2.
19.1.2.2 Object.create(O,Properties)
Thecreatefunctioncreatesanewobjectwithaspeciiedprototype.Whenthecreatefunctioniscalled,thefollowingsteps
aretaken:
1.IfType(O)isneitherObjectnorNull,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.LetobjbeObjectCreate(O).
3.IfPropertiesisnotundeined,then
a.Return?ObjectDeineProperties(obj,Properties).
4.Returnobj.
19.1.2.3 Object.deineProperties(O,Properties)
ThedefinePropertiesfunctionisusedtoaddownpropertiesand/orupdatetheattributesofexistingownpropertiesof
anobject.WhenthedefinePropertiesfunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return?ObjectDeineProperties(O,Properties).
19.1.2.3.1 RuntimeSemantics:ObjectDeineProperties(O,Properties)
TheabstractoperationObjectDeinePropertieswithargumentsOandPropertiesperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(O)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.Letpropsbe?ToObject(Properties).
3.Letkeysbe?props.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
4.LetdescriptorsbeanewemptyList.
5.RepeatforeachelementnextKeyofkeysinListorder,
a.LetpropDescbe?props.[[GetOwnProperty]](nextKey).
b.IfpropDescisnotundeinedandpropDesc.[[Enumerable]]istrue,then
i.LetdescObjbe?Get(props,nextKey).
ii.Letdescbe?ToPropertyDescriptor(descObj).
iii.Appendthepair(atwoelementList)consistingofnextKeyanddesctotheendofdescriptors.
6.Foreachpairfromdescriptorsinlistorder,
a.LetPbetheirstelementofpair.
b.Letdescbethesecondelementofpair.
c.Perform?DeinePropertyOrThrow(O,P,desc).
7.ReturnO.
19.1.2.4 Object.deineProperty(O,P,Attributes)
ThedefinePropertyfunctionisusedtoaddanownpropertyand/orupdatetheattributesofanexistingownpropertyof
anobject.WhenthedefinePropertyfunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Letkeybe?ToPropertyKey(P).
3.Letdescbe?ToPropertyDescriptor(Attributes).
4.Perform?DeinePropertyOrThrow(O,key,desc).
5.ReturnO.
19.1.2.5 Object.freeze(O)
Whenthefreezefunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfType(O)isnotObject,returnO.
2.Letstatusbe?SetIntegrityLevel(O,"frozen").
3.Ifstatusisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.ReturnO.
19.1.2.6 Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(O,P)
WhenthegetOwnPropertyDescriptorfunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letobjbe?ToObject(O).
2.Letkeybe?ToPropertyKey(P).
3.Letdescbe?obj.[[GetOwnProperty]](key).
4.ReturnFromPropertyDescriptor(desc).
19.1.2.7 Object.getOwnPropertyNames(O)
WhenthegetOwnPropertyNamesfunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return?GetOwnPropertyKeys(O,String).
19.1.2.8 Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(O)
WhenthegetOwnPropertySymbolsfunctioniscalledwithargumentO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return?GetOwnPropertyKeys(O,Symbol).
19.1.2.8.1 RuntimeSemantics:GetOwnPropertyKeys(O,Type)
TheabstractoperationGetOwnPropertyKeysiscalledwithargumentsOandTypewhereOisanObjectandTypeisoneofthe
ECMAScriptspeciicationtypesStringorSymbol.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Letkeysbe?obj.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
3.LetnameListbeanewemptyList.
4.RepeatforeachelementnextKeyofkeysinListorder,
a.IfType(nextKey)isType,then
i.AppendnextKeyasthelastelementofnameList.
5.ReturnCreateArrayFromList(nameList).
19.1.2.9 Object.getPrototypeOf(O)
WhenthegetPrototypeOffunctioniscalledwithargumentO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?obj.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
19.1.2.10 Object.is(value1,value2)
Whentheisfunctioniscalledwithargumentsvalue1andvalue2,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.ReturnSameValue(value1,value2).
19.1.2.11 Object.isExtensible(O)
WhentheisExtensiblefunctioniscalledwithargumentO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?IsExtensible(O).
19.1.2.12 Object.isFrozen(O)
WhentheisFrozenfunctioniscalledwithargumentO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfType(O)isnotObject,returntrue.
2.Return?TestIntegrityLevel(O,"frozen").
19.1.2.13 Object.isSealed(O)
WhentheisSealedfunctioniscalledwithargumentO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfType(O)isnotObject,returntrue.
2.Return?TestIntegrityLevel(O,"sealed").
19.1.2.14 Object.keys(O)
WhenthekeysfunctioniscalledwithargumentO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.LetnameListbe?EnumerableOwnNames(obj).
3.ReturnCreateArrayFromList(nameList).
Ifanimplementationdeinesaspeciicorderofenumerationfortheforinstatement,thesameordermustbeusedforthe
elementsofthearrayreturnedinstep3.
19.1.2.15 Object.preventExtensions(O)
WhenthepreventExtensionsfunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Letstatusbe?O.[[PreventExtensions]]().
4.ReturnO.
19.1.2.16 Object.prototype
TheinitialvalueofObject.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:false}.
19.1.2.17 Object.seal(O)
Whenthesealfunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Letstatusbe?SetIntegrityLevel(O,"sealed").
4.ReturnO.
19.1.2.18 Object.setPrototypeOf(O,proto)
WhenthesetPrototypeOffunctioniscalledwithargumentsOandproto,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetObe?RequireObjectCoercible(O).
2.IfType(proto)isneitherObjectnorNull,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Letstatusbe?O.[[SetPrototypeOf]](proto).
6.ReturnO.
19.1.3 PropertiesoftheObjectPrototypeObject
TheObjectprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.TheObjectprototypeobjectisanimmutable
prototypeexoticobject.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheObjectprototypeobjectisnullandtheinitialvalueofthe[[Extensible]]
internalslotistrue.
19.1.3.1 Object.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofObject.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Object%.
19.1.3.2 Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty(V)
WhenthehasOwnPropertymethodiscalledwithargumentV,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetPbe?ToPropertyKey(V).
2.LetObe?ToObject(thisvalue).
3.Return?HasOwnProperty(O,P).
NOTE Theorderingofsteps1and2ischosentoensurethatanyexceptionthatwouldhavebeenthrownbystep1in
previouseditionsofthisspeciicationwillcontinuetobethrownevenifthethisvalueisundeinedornull.
19.1.3.3 Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf(V)
WhentheisPrototypeOfmethodiscalledwithargumentV,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfType(V)isnotObject,returnfalse.
3.Repeat
a.LetVbe?V.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
b.IfVisnull,returnfalse.
c.IfSameValue(O,V)istrue,returntrue.
NOTE Theorderingofsteps1and2preservesthebehaviourspeciiedbypreviouseditionsofthisspeciicationfor
thecasewhereVisnotanobjectandthethisvalueisundeinedornull.
19.1.3.4 Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable(V)
WhenthepropertyIsEnumerablemethodiscalledwithargumentV,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetPbe?ToPropertyKey(V).
4.Ifdescisundeined,returnfalse.
5.Returnthevalueofdesc.[[Enumerable]].
NOTE1 Thismethoddoesnotconsiderobjectsintheprototypechain.
NOTE2 Theorderingofsteps1and2ischosentoensurethatanyexceptionthatwouldhavebeenthrownbystep1in
previouseditionsofthisspeciicationwillcontinuetobethrownevenifthethisvalueisundeinedornull.
19.1.3.5 Object.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
WhenthetoLocaleStringmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?Invoke(O,"toString").
Theoptionalparameterstothisfunctionarenotusedbutareintendedtocorrespondtotheparameterpatternusedby
ECMA402toLocalStringfunctions.ImplementationsthatdonotincludeECMA402supportmustnotusethose
parameterpositionsforotherpurposes.
NOTE1 ThisfunctionprovidesagenerictoLocaleStringimplementationforobjectsthathavenolocalespeciic
toStringbehaviour.Array,Number,Date,andTypedArraysprovidetheirownlocalesensitive
toLocaleStringmethods.
NOTE2 ECMA402intentionallydoesnotprovideanalternativetothisdefaultimplementation.
19.1.3.6 Object.prototype.toString()
WhenthetoStringmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Ifthethisvalueisundeined,return"[objectUndefined]".
2.Ifthethisvalueisnull,return"[objectNull]".
3.LetObeToObject(thisvalue).
4.LetisArraybe?IsArray(O).
5.IfisArrayistrue,letbuiltinTagbe"Array".
6.Else,ifOisanexoticStringobject,letbuiltinTagbe"String".
7.Else,ifOhasan[[ParameterMap]]internalslot,letbuiltinTagbe"Arguments".
8.Else,ifOhasa[[Call]]internalmethod,letbuiltinTagbe"Function".
9.Else,ifOhasan[[ErrorData]]internalslot,letbuiltinTagbe"Error".
10.Else,ifOhasa[[BooleanData]]internalslot,letbuiltinTagbe"Boolean".
11.Else,ifOhasa[[NumberData]]internalslot,letbuiltinTagbe"Number".
12.Else,ifOhasa[[DateValue]]internalslot,letbuiltinTagbe"Date".
13.Else,ifOhasa[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot,letbuiltinTagbe"RegExp".
14.Else,letbuiltinTagbe"Object".
15.Lettagbe?Get(O,@@toStringTag).
16.IfType(tag)isnotString,lettagbebuiltinTag.
17.ReturntheStringthatistheresultofconcatenating"[object",tag,and"]".
Thisfunctionisthe%ObjProto_toString%intrinsicobject.
NOTE Historically,thisfunctionwasoccasionallyusedtoaccesstheStringvalueofthe[[Class]]internalslotthatwas
usedinpreviouseditionsofthisspeciicationasanominaltypetagforvariousbuiltinobjects.Theabove
deinitionoftoStringpreservescompatibilityforlegacycodethatusestoStringasatestforthosespeciic
kindsofbuiltinobjects.Itdoesnotprovideareliabletypetestingmechanismforotherkindsofbuiltinor
programdeinedobjects.Inaddition,programscanuse@@toStringTaginwaysthatwillinvalidatethe
reliabilityofsuchlegacytypetests.
19.1.3.7 Object.prototype.valueOf()
WhenthevalueOfmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return?ToObject(thisvalue).
Thisfunctionisthe%ObjProto_valueOf%intrinsicobject.
19.1.4 PropertiesofObjectInstances
ObjectinstanceshavenospecialpropertiesbeyondthoseinheritedfromtheObjectprototypeobject.
19.2 FunctionObjects
19.2.1 TheFunctionConstructor
TheFunctionconstructoristhe%Function%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheFunctionpropertyoftheglobal
object.WhenFunctioniscalledasafunctionratherthanasaconstructor,itcreatesandinitializesanewFunctionobject.
ThusthefunctioncallFunction()isequivalenttotheobjectcreationexpressionnewFunction()withthesame
arguments.
TheFunctionconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclass
deinition.SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedFunctionbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltothe
Functionconstructortocreateandinitializeasubclassinstanceswiththeinternalslotsnecessaryforbuiltinfunction
behaviour.AllECMAScriptsyntacticformsfordeiningfunctionobjectscreateinstancesofFunction.Thereisnosyntactic
meanstocreateinstancesofFunctionsubclassesexceptforthebuiltinGeneratorFunctionsubclass.
19.2.1.1 Function(p1,p2,,pn,body)
Thelastargumentspeciiesthebody(executablecode)ofafunction;anyprecedingargumentsspecifyformalparameters.
WhentheFunctionfunctioniscalledwithsomeargumentsp1,p2,,pn,body(wherenmightbe0,thatis,therearenop
arguments,andwherebodymightalsonotbeprovided),thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetCbetheactivefunctionobject.
2.LetargsbetheargumentsListthatwaspassedtothisfunctionby[[Call]]or[[Construct]].
3.Return?CreateDynamicFunction(C,NewTarget,"normal",args).
NOTE Itispermissiblebutnotnecessarytohaveoneargumentforeachformalparametertobespeciied.For
example,allthreeofthefollowingexpressionsproducethesameresult:
newFunction("a","b","c","returna+b+c")
newFunction("a,b,c","returna+b+c")
newFunction("a,b","c","returna+b+c")
19.2.1.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:CreateDynamicFunction(constructor,newTarget,kind,args)
TheabstractoperationCreateDynamicFunctioniscalledwithargumentsconstructor,newTarget,kind,andargs.constructor
istheconstructorfunctionthatisperformingthisaction,newTargetistheconstructorthatnewwasinitiallyappliedto,kind
iseither"normal"or"generator",andargsisaListcontainingtheactualargumentvaluesthatwerepassedto
constructor.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfnewTargetisundeined,letnewTargetbeconstructor.
2.Ifkindis"normal",then
a.LetgoalbethegrammarsymbolFunctionBody.
b.LetparameterGoalbethegrammarsymbolFormalParameters.
c.LetfallbackProtobe"%FunctionPrototype%".
3.Else,
a.LetgoalbethegrammarsymbolGeneratorBody.
b.LetparameterGoalbethegrammarsymbolFormalParameters[Yield] .
c.LetfallbackProtobe"%Generator%".
4.LetargCountbethenumberofelementsinargs.
5.LetPbetheemptyString.
6.IfargCount=0,letbodyTextbetheemptyString.
7.ElseifargCount=1,letbodyTextbeargs[0].
8.ElseargCount>1,
a.LetirstArgbeargs[0].
b.LetPbe?ToString(irstArg).
c.Letkbe1.
d.Repeat,whilek<argCount1
i.LetnextArgbeargs[k].
ii.LetnextArgStringbe?ToString(nextArg).
iii.LetPbetheresultofconcatenatingthepreviousvalueofP,theString","(acomma),andnextArgString.
iv.Increasekby1.
e.LetbodyTextbeargs[k].
9.LetbodyTextbe?ToString(bodyText).
10.LetparametersbetheresultofparsingP,interpretedasUTF16encodedUnicodetextasdescribedin6.1.4,using
parameterGoalasthegoalsymbol.ThrowaSyntaxErrorexceptioniftheparsefails.
11.LetbodybetheresultofparsingbodyText,interpretedasUTF16encodedUnicodetextasdescribedin6.1.4,usinggoal
asthegoalsymbol.ThrowaSyntaxErrorexceptioniftheparsefails.
12.IfbodyTextisstrictmodecode,thenletstrictbetrue,elseletstrictbefalse.
13.Ifanystaticsemanticserrorsaredetectedforparametersorbody,throwaSyntaxErrororaReferenceErrorexception,
dependingonthetypeoftheerror.Ifstrictistrue,theEarlyErrorrulesforStrictFormalParameters :
FormalParameters areapplied.Parsingandearlyerrordetectionmaybeinterweavedinanimplementation
dependentmanner.
14.IfContainsUseStrictofbodyistrueandIsSimpleParameterListofparametersisfalse,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
15.IfanyelementoftheBoundNamesofparametersalsooccursintheLexicallyDeclaredNamesofbody,throwa
SyntaxErrorexception.
16.IfbodyContainsSuperCallistrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
17.IfparametersContainsSuperCallistrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
18.IfbodyContainsSuperPropertyistrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
19.IfparametersContainsSuperPropertyistrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
20.Ifkindis"generator",then
a.IfparametersContainsYieldExpressionistrue,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
21.Ifstrictistrue,then
a.IfBoundNamesofparameterscontainsanyduplicateelements,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
22.Letprotobe?GetPrototypeFromConstructor(newTarget,fallbackProto).
23.LetFbeFunctionAllocate(proto,strict,kind).
24.LetrealmFbethevalueofF's[[Realm]]internalslot.
25.LetscopeberealmF.[[GlobalEnv]].
26.PerformFunctionInitialize(F,Normal,parameters,body,scope).
27.Ifkindis"generator",then
a.LetprototypebeObjectCreate(%GeneratorPrototype%).
b.PerformDeinePropertyOrThrow(F,"prototype",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:prototype,[[Writable]]:true,
28.Else,performMakeConstructor(F).
29.PerformSetFunctionName(F,"anonymous").
30.ReturnF.
NOTE AprototypepropertyisautomaticallycreatedforeveryfunctioncreatedusingCreateDynamicFunction,to
provideforthepossibilitythatthefunctionwillbeusedasaconstructor.
19.2.2 PropertiesoftheFunctionConstructor
TheFunctionconstructorisitselfabuiltinfunctionobject.Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheFunction
constructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
Thevalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotoftheFunctionconstructoristrue.
TheFunctionconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
19.2.2.1 Function.length
Thisisadatapropertywithavalueof1.Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:false,
19.2.2.2 Function.prototype
ThevalueofFunction.prototypeis%FunctionPrototype%,theintrinsicFunctionprototypeobject.
19.2.3 PropertiesoftheFunctionPrototypeObject
TheFunctionprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.TheFunctionprototypeobjectisitselfabuiltin
functionobject.Wheninvoked,itacceptsanyargumentsandreturnsundeined.Itdoesnothavea[[Construct]]internal
methodsoitisnotaconstructor.
NOTE TheFunctionprototypeobjectisspeciiedtobeafunctionobjecttoensurecompatibilitywithECMAScript
codethatwascreatedpriortotheECMAScript2015speciication.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheFunctionprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.The
initialvalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotoftheFunctionprototypeobjectistrue.
TheFunctionprototypeobjectdoesnothaveaprototypeproperty.
ThevalueofthelengthpropertyoftheFunctionprototypeobjectis0.
ThevalueofthenamepropertyoftheFunctionprototypeobjectistheemptyString.
19.2.3.1 Function.prototype.apply(thisArg,argArray)
WhentheapplymethodiscalledonanobjectfuncwithargumentsthisArgandargArray,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfargArrayisnullorundeined,then
a.PerformPrepareForTailCall().
b.Return?Call(func,thisArg).
3.LetargListbe?CreateListFromArrayLike(argArray).
4.PerformPrepareForTailCall().
5.Return?Call(func,thisArg,argList).
NOTE1 ThethisArgvalueispassedwithoutmodiicationasthethisvalue.ThisisachangefromEdition3,wherean
undeinedornullthisArgisreplacedwiththeglobalobjectandToObjectisappliedtoallothervaluesandthat
resultispassedasthethisvalue.EventhoughthethisArgispassedwithoutmodiication,nonstrictfunctions
stillperformthesetransformationsuponentrytothefunction.
NOTE2 IffuncisanarrowfunctionoraboundfunctionthenthethisArgwillbeignoredbythefunction[[Call]]instep
5.
19.2.3.2 Function.prototype.bind(thisArg,...args)
WhenthebindmethodiscalledwithargumentthisArgandzeroormoreargs,itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetTargetbethethisvalue.
2.IfIsCallable(Target)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.Letargsbeanew(possiblyempty)ListconsistingofalloftheargumentvaluesprovidedafterthisArginorder.
4.LetFbe?BoundFunctionCreate(Target,thisArg,args).
5.LettargetHasLengthbe?HasOwnProperty(Target,"length").
6.IftargetHasLengthistrue,then
a.LettargetLenbe?Get(Target,"length").
b.IfType(targetLen)isnotNumber,letLbe0.
c.Else,
i.LettargetLenbeToInteger(targetLen).
ii.LetLbethelargerof0andtheresultoftargetLenminusthenumberofelementsofargs.
7.ElseletLbe0.
8.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(F,"length",PropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:L,[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:
9.LettargetNamebe?Get(Target,"name").
10.IfType(targetName)isnotString,lettargetNamebetheemptystring.
11.PerformSetFunctionName(F,targetName,"bound").
12.ReturnF.
NOTE1 FunctionobjectscreatedusingFunction.prototype.bindareexoticobjects.Theyalsodonothavea
prototypeproperty.
NOTE2 IfTargetisanarrowfunctionoraboundfunctionthenthethisArgpassedtothismethodwillnotbeusedby
subsequentcallstoF.
19.2.3.3 Function.prototype.call(thisArg,...args)
Whenthecallmethodiscalledonanobjectfuncwithargument,thisArgandzeroormoreargs,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
2.LetargListbeanewemptyList.
3.Ifthismethodwascalledwithmorethanoneargument,theninlefttorightorder,startingwiththesecondargument,
appendeachargumentasthelastelementofargList.
5.Return?Call(func,thisArg,argList).
NOTE1 ThethisArgvalueispassedwithoutmodiicationasthethisvalue.ThisisachangefromEdition3,wherean
undeinedornullthisArgisreplacedwiththeglobalobjectandToObjectisappliedtoallothervaluesandthat
resultispassedasthethisvalue.EventhoughthethisArgispassedwithoutmodiication,nonstrictfunctions
stillperformthesetransformationsuponentrytothefunction.
NOTE2 IffuncisanarrowfunctionoraboundfunctionthenthethisArgwillbeignoredbythefunction[[Call]]instep
5.
19.2.3.4 Function.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofFunction.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Function%.
19.2.3.5 Function.prototype.toString()
WhenthetoStringmethodiscalledonanobjectfunc,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IffuncisaBoundFunctionexoticobject,then
a.ReturnanimplementationdependentStringsourcecoderepresentationoffunc.Therepresentationmustconform
totherulesbelow.Itisimplementationdependentwhethertherepresentationincludesboundfunction
informationorinformationaboutthetargetfunction.
2.IfType(func)isObjectandiseitherabuiltinfunctionobjectorhasan[[ECMAScriptCode]]internalslot,then
a.ReturnanimplementationdependentStringsourcecoderepresentationoffunc.Therepresentationmustconform
totherulesbelow.
toStringRepresentationRequirements:
ThestringrepresentationmusthavethesyntaxofaFunctionDeclaration,FunctionExpression,GeneratorDeclaration,
GeneratorExpression,ClassDeclaration,ClassExpression,ArrowFunction,MethodDeinition,orGeneratorMethod
dependingupontheactualcharacteristicsoftheobject.
Theuseandplacementofwhitespace,lineterminators,andsemicolonswithintherepresentationStringis
implementationdependent.
IftheobjectwasdeinedusingECMAScriptcodeandthereturnedstringrepresentationisnotintheformofa
MethodDeinitionorGeneratorMethodthentherepresentationmustbesuchthatifthestringisevaluated,usingevalin
alexicalcontextthatisequivalenttothelexicalcontextusedtocreatetheoriginalobject,itwillresultinanew
functionallyequivalentobject.Inthatcasethereturnedsourcecodemustnotmentionfreelyanyvariablesthatwere
notmentionedfreelybytheoriginalfunction'ssourcecode,eveniftheseextranameswereoriginallyinscope.
Iftheimplementationcannotproduceasourcecodestringthatmeetsthesecriteriathenitmustreturnastringfor
whichevalwillthrowaSyntaxErrorexception.
19.2.3.6 Function.prototype[@@hasInstance](V)
Whenthe@@hasInstancemethodofanobjectFiscalledwithvalueV,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetFbethethisvalue.
2.Return?OrdinaryHasInstance(F,V).
Thevalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"[Symbol.hasInstance]".
NOTE Thisisthedefaultimplementationof@@hasInstancethatmostfunctionsinherit.@@hasInstanceiscalledby
theinstanceofoperatortodeterminewhetheravalueisaninstanceofaspeciicconstructor.Anexpression
suchas
vinstanceofF
evaluatesas
F[@@hasInstance](v)
Aconstructorfunctioncancontrolwhichobjectsarerecognizedasitsinstancesbyinstanceofbyexposinga
different@@hasInstancemethodonthefunction.
Thispropertyisnonwritableandnonconigurabletopreventtamperingthatcouldbeusedtogloballyexposethetarget
functionofaboundfunction.
19.2.4 FunctionInstances
EveryfunctioninstanceisanECMAScriptfunctionobjectandhastheinternalslotslistedinTable27.Functioninstances
createdusingtheFunction.prototype.bindmethod(19.2.3.2)havetheinternalslotslistedinTable28.
TheFunctioninstanceshavethefollowingproperties:
19.2.4.1 length
Thevalueofthelengthpropertyisanintegerthatindicatesthetypicalnumberofargumentsexpectedbythefunction.
However,thelanguagepermitsthefunctiontobeinvokedwithsomeothernumberofarguments.Thebehaviourofa
functionwheninvokedonanumberofargumentsotherthanthenumberspeciiedbyitslengthpropertydependsonthe
function.Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
19.2.4.2 name
ThevalueofthenamepropertyisanStringthatisdescriptiveofthefunction.Thenamehasnosemanticsigniicancebutis
typicallyavariableorpropertynamethatisusedtorefertothefunctionatitspointofdeinitioninECMAScriptcode.This
propertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
Anonymousfunctionsobjectsthatdonothaveacontextualnameassociatedwiththembythisspeciicationdonothavea
nameownpropertybutinheritthenamepropertyof%FunctionPrototype%.
19.2.4.3 prototype
Functioninstancesthatcanbeusedasaconstructorhaveaprototypeproperty.Wheneversuchafunctioninstanceis
createdanotherordinaryobjectisalsocreatedandistheinitialvalueofthefunction'sprototypeproperty.Unless
otherwisespeciied,thevalueoftheprototypepropertyisusedtoinitializethe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheobject
createdwhenthatfunctionisinvokedasaconstructor.
Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:false}.
NOTE FunctionobjectscreatedusingFunction.prototype.bind,orbyevaluatingaMethodDeinition(thatarenot
aGeneratorMethod)oranArrowFunctiongrammarproductiondonothaveaprototypeproperty.
19.3 BooleanObjects
19.3.1 TheBooleanConstructor
TheBooleanconstructoristhe%Boolean%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheBooleanpropertyoftheglobalobject.
WhencalledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewBooleanobject.WhenBooleaniscalledasafunctionrather
thanasaconstructor,itperformsatypeconversion.
TheBooleanconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclass
deinition.SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedBooleanbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltothe
Booleanconstructortocreateandinitializethesubclassinstancewitha[[BooleanData]]internalslot.
19.3.1.1 Boolean(value)
WhenBooleaniscalledwithargumentvalue,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetbbeToBoolean(value).
2.IfNewTargetisundeined,returnb.
3.LetObe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%BooleanPrototype%",[[BooleanData]]).
4.SetthevalueofO's[[BooleanData]]internalslottob.
5.ReturnO.
19.3.2 PropertiesoftheBooleanConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheBooleanconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheBooleanconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
19.3.2.1 Boolean.prototype
TheinitialvalueofBoolean.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%BooleanPrototype%.
19.3.3 PropertiesoftheBooleanPrototypeObject
TheBooleanprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%BooleanPrototype%.TheBooleanprototypeobjectisanordinary
object.TheBooleanprototypeisitselfaBooleanobject;ithasa[[BooleanData]]internalslotwiththevaluefalse.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheBooleanprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
19.3.3.1 thisBooleanValue(value)
TheabstractoperationthisBooleanValue(value)performsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(value)isBoolean,returnvalue.
2.IfType(value)isObjectandvaluehasa[[BooleanData]]internalslot,then
a.Assert:value's[[BooleanData]]internalslotisaBooleanvalue.
b.Returnthevalueofvalue's[[BooleanData]]internalslot.
19.3.3.2 Boolean.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofBoolean.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Boolean%.
19.3.3.3 Boolean.prototype.toString()
Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letbbe?thisBooleanValue(thisvalue).
2.Ifbistrue,return"true";elsereturn"false".
19.3.3.4 Boolean.prototype.valueOf()
1.Return?thisBooleanValue(thisvalue).
19.3.4 PropertiesofBooleanInstances
BooleaninstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheBooleanprototypeobject.Booleaninstanceshavea
[[BooleanData]]internalslot.The[[BooleanData]]internalslotistheBooleanvaluerepresentedbythisBooleanobject.
19.4 SymbolObjects
19.4.1 TheSymbolConstructor
TheSymbolconstructoristhe%Symbol%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheSymbolpropertyoftheglobalobject.
WhenSymboliscalledasafunction,itreturnsanewSymbolvalue.
TheSymbolconstructorisnotintendedtobeusedwiththenewoperatorortobesubclassed.Itmaybeusedasthevalueof
anextendsclauseofaclassdeinitionbutasupercalltotheSymbolconstructorwillcauseanexception.
19.4.1.1 Symbol([description])
WhenSymboliscalledwithoptionalargumentdescription,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfNewTargetisnotundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.Ifdescriptionisundeined,letdescStringbeundeined.
3.Else,letdescStringbe?ToString(description).
4.ReturnanewuniqueSymbolvaluewhose[[Description]]valueisdescString.
19.4.2 PropertiesoftheSymbolConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheSymbolconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheSymbolconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
19.4.2.1 Symbol.for(key)
WhenSymbol.foriscalledwithargumentkeyitperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetstringKeybe?ToString(key).
2.ForeachelementeoftheGlobalSymbolRegistryList,
a.IfSameValue(e.[[Key]],stringKey)istrue,returne.[[Symbol]].
3.Assert:GlobalSymbolRegistrydoesnotcurrentlycontainanentryforstringKey.
4.LetnewSymbolbeanewuniqueSymbolvaluewhose[[Description]]valueisstringKey.
5.AppendtheRecord{[[Key]]:stringKey,[[Symbol]]:newSymbol}totheGlobalSymbolRegistryList.
6.ReturnnewSymbol.
TheGlobalSymbolRegistryisaListthatisgloballyavailable.Itissharedbyallrealms.Priortotheevaluationofany
ECMAScriptcodeitisinitializedasanewemptyList.ElementsoftheGlobalSymbolRegistryareRecordswiththestructure
deinedinTable45.
Table45:GlobalSymbolRegistryRecordFields
FieldName Value Usage
[[Key]] AString AstringkeyusedtogloballyidentifyaSymbol.
[[Symbol]] ASymbol Asymbolthatcanberetrievedfromanyrealm.

19.4.2.2 Symbol.hasInstance
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.hasInstanceisthewellknownsymbol@@hasInstance(Table1).
19.4.2.3 Symbol.isConcatSpreadable
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.isConcatSpreadableisthewellknownsymbol@@isConcatSpreadable(Table1).
19.4.2.4 Symbol.iterator
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.iteratoristhewellknownsymbol@@iterator(Table1).
19.4.2.5 Symbol.keyFor(sym)
WhenSymbol.keyForiscalledwithargumentsymitperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(sym)isnotSymbol,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.ForeachelementeoftheGlobalSymbolRegistryList(see19.4.2.1),
a.IfSameValue(e.[[Symbol]],sym)istrue,returne.[[Key]].
3.Assert:GlobalSymbolRegistrydoesnotcurrentlycontainanentryforsym.
4.Returnundeined.
19.4.2.6 Symbol.match
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.matchisthewellknownsymbol@@match(Table1).
19.4.2.7 Symbol.prototype
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%SymbolPrototype%.
19.4.2.8 Symbol.replace
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.replaceisthewellknownsymbol@@replace(Table1).
19.4.2.9 Symbol.search
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.searchisthewellknownsymbol@@search(Table1).
19.4.2.10 Symbol.species
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.speciesisthewellknownsymbol@@species(Table1).
19.4.2.11 Symbol.split
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.splitisthewellknownsymbol@@split(Table1).
19.4.2.12 Symbol.toPrimitive
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.toPrimitiveisthewellknownsymbol@@toPrimitive(Table1).
19.4.2.13 Symbol.toStringTag
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.toStringTagisthewellknownsymbol@@toStringTag(Table1).
19.4.2.14 Symbol.unscopables
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.unscopablesisthewellknownsymbol@@unscopables(Table1).
19.4.3 PropertiesoftheSymbolPrototypeObject
TheSymbolprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%SymbolPrototype%.TheSymbolprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.
ItisnotaSymbolinstanceanddoesnothavea[[SymbolData]]internalslot.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheSymbolprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
19.4.3.1 Symbol.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofSymbol.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Symbol%.
19.4.3.2 Symbol.prototype.toString()
1.Letsbethethisvalue.
2.IfType(s)isSymbol,letsymbes.
3.Else,
a.IfType(s)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.Ifsdoesnothavea[[SymbolData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
c.Letsymbethevalueofs's[[SymbolData]]internalslot.
4.ReturnSymbolDescriptiveString(sym).
19.4.3.2.1 RuntimeSemantics:SymbolDescriptiveString(sym)
WhentheabstractoperationSymbolDescriptiveStringiscalledwithargumentsym,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:Type(sym)isSymbol.
2.Letdescbesym's[[Description]]value.
3.Ifdescisundeined,letdescbetheemptystring.
4.Assert:Type(desc)isString.
5.Returntheresultofconcatenatingthestrings"Symbol(",desc,and")".
19.4.3.3 Symbol.prototype.valueOf()
2.IfType(s)isSymbol,returns.
3.IfType(s)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Ifsdoesnothavea[[SymbolData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Returnthevalueofs's[[SymbolData]]internalslot.
19.4.3.4 Symbol.prototype[@@toPrimitive](hint)
ThisfunctioniscalledbyECMAScriptlanguageoperatorstoconvertaSymbolobjecttoaprimitivevalue.Theallowedvalues
forhintare"default","number",and"string".
Whenthe@@toPrimitivemethodiscalledwithargumenthint,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfType(s)isSymbol,returns.
3.IfType(s)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Ifsdoesnothavea[[SymbolData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Returnthevalueofs's[[SymbolData]]internalslot.
Thevalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"[Symbol.toPrimitive]".
Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
19.4.3.5 Symbol.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"Symbol".
19.4.4 PropertiesofSymbolInstances
SymbolinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheSymbolprototypeobject.Symbolinstanceshavea
[[SymbolData]]internalslot.The[[SymbolData]]internalslotistheSymbolvaluerepresentedbythisSymbolobject.
19.5 ErrorObjects
InstancesofErrorobjectsarethrownasexceptionswhenruntimeerrorsoccur.TheErrorobjectsmayalsoserveasbase
objectsforuserdeinedexceptionclasses.
19.5.1 TheErrorConstructor
TheErrorconstructoristhe%Error%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheErrorpropertyoftheglobalobject.When
Erroriscalledasafunctionratherthanasaconstructor,itcreatesandinitializesanewErrorobject.Thusthefunctioncall
Error()isequivalenttotheobjectcreationexpressionnewError()withthesamearguments.
TheErrorconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedErrorbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltotheError
constructortocreateandinitializesubclassinstanceswitha[[ErrorData]]internalslot.
19.5.1.1 Error(message)
WhentheErrorfunctioniscalledwithargumentmessage,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfNewTargetisundeined,letnewTargetbetheactivefunctionobject,elseletnewTargetbeNewTarget.
2.LetObe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(newTarget,"%ErrorPrototype%",[[ErrorData]]).
3.Ifmessageisnotundeined,then
a.Letmsgbe?ToString(message).
b.LetmsgDescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:msg,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:
true}.
c.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(O,"message",msgDesc).
4.ReturnO.
19.5.2 PropertiesoftheErrorConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheErrorconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheErrorconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
19.5.2.1 Error.prototype
TheinitialvalueofError.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%ErrorPrototype%.
19.5.3 PropertiesoftheErrorPrototypeObject
TheErrorprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ErrorPrototype%.TheErrorprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.Itis
notanErrorinstanceanddoesnothavean[[ErrorData]]internalslot.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheErrorprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
19.5.3.1 Error.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofError.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Error%.
19.5.3.2 Error.prototype.message
TheinitialvalueofError.prototype.messageistheemptyString.
19.5.3.3 Error.prototype.name
TheinitialvalueofError.prototype.nameis"Error".
19.5.3.4 Error.prototype.toString()
3.Letnamebe?Get(O,"name").
4.Ifnameisundeined,letnamebe"Error";otherwiseletnamebe?ToString(name).
5.Letmsgbe?Get(O,"message").
6.Ifmsgisundeined,letmsgbetheemptyString;otherwiseletmsgbe?ToString(msg).
7.IfnameistheemptyString,returnmsg.
8.IfmsgistheemptyString,returnname.
9.Returntheresultofconcatenatingname,thecodeunit0x003A(COLON),thecodeunit0x0020(SPACE),andmsg.
19.5.4 PropertiesofErrorInstances
ErrorinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheErrorprototypeobjectandhavean[[ErrorData]]
internalslotwhosevalueisundeined.Theonlyspeciiedusesof[[ErrorData]]istoidentifyErrorandNativeErrorinstances
asErrorobjectswithinObject.prototype.toString.
19.5.5 NativeErrorTypesUsedinThisStandard
AnewinstanceofoneoftheNativeErrorobjectsbelowisthrownwhenaruntimeerrorisdetected.Alloftheseobjectsshare
thesamestructure,asdescribedin19.5.6.
19.5.5.1 EvalError
Thisexceptionisnotcurrentlyusedwithinthisspeciication.Thisobjectremainsforcompatibilitywithpreviouseditionsof
thisspeciication.
19.5.5.2 RangeError
Indicatesavaluethatisnotinthesetorrangeofallowablevalues.
19.5.5.3 ReferenceError
Indicatethataninvalidreferencevaluehasbeendetected.
19.5.5.4 SyntaxError
Indicatesthataparsingerrorhasoccurred.
19.5.5.5 TypeError
TypeErrorisusedtoindicateanunsuccessfuloperationwhennoneoftheotherNativeErrorobjectsareanappropriate
indicationofthefailurecause.
19.5.5.6 URIError
IndicatesthatoneoftheglobalURIhandlingfunctionswasusedinawaythatisincompatiblewithitsdeinition.
19.5.6 NativeErrorObjectStructure
WhenanECMAScriptimplementationdetectsaruntimeerror,itthrowsanewinstanceofoneoftheNativeErrorobjects
deinedin19.5.5.Eachoftheseobjectshasthestructuredescribedbelow,differingonlyinthenameusedastheconstructor
nameinsteadofNativeError,inthenamepropertyoftheprototypeobject,andintheimplementationdeinedmessage
propertyoftheprototypeobject.
Foreacherrorobject,referencestoNativeErrorinthedeinitionshouldbereplacedwiththeappropriateerrorobjectname
from19.5.5.
19.5.6.1 NativeErrorConstructors
WhenaNativeErrorconstructoriscalledasafunctionratherthanasaconstructor,itcreatesandinitializesanew
NativeErrorobject.Acalloftheobjectasafunctionisequivalenttocallingitasaconstructorwiththesamearguments.Thus
thefunctioncallNativeError()isequivalenttotheobjectcreationexpressionnewNativeError()withthesame
arguments.
EachNativeErrorconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclass
deinition.SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedNativeErrorbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltothe
NativeErrorconstructortocreateandinitializesubclassinstanceswitha[[ErrorData]]internalslot.
19.5.6.1.1 NativeError(message)
WhenaNativeErrorfunctioniscalledwithargumentmessage,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.LetObe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(newTarget,"%NativeErrorPrototype%",[[ErrorData]]).
3.Ifmessageisnotundeined,then
a.Letmsgbe?ToString(message).
b.LetmsgDescbethePropertyDescriptor{[[Value]]:msg,[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:
true}.
c.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(O,"message",msgDesc).
4.ReturnO.
Theactualvalueofthestringpassedinstep2iseither"%EvalErrorPrototype%","%RangeErrorPrototype%",
"%ReferenceErrorPrototype%","%SyntaxErrorPrototype%","%TypeErrorPrototype%",or
"%URIErrorPrototype%"correspondingtowhichNativeErrorconstructorisbeingdeined.
19.5.6.2 PropertiesoftheNativeErrorConstructors
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofaNativeErrorconstructoristheintrinsicobject%Error%.
EachNativeErrorconstructorhasanamepropertywhosevalueistheStringvalue`"NativeError"`.
EachNativeErrorconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
19.5.6.2.1 NativeError.prototype
TheinitialvalueofNativeError.prototypeisaNativeErrorprototypeobject(19.5.6.3).EachNativeErrorconstructorhas
adistinctprototypeobject.
19.5.6.3 PropertiesoftheNativeErrorPrototypeObjects
EachNativeErrorprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.ItisnotanErrorinstanceanddoesnothavean[[ErrorData]]
internalslot.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofeachNativeErrorprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ErrorPrototype%.
19.5.6.3.1 NativeError.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueoftheconstructorpropertyoftheprototypeforagivenNativeErrorconstructoristhecorresponding
intrinsicobject%NativeError%(19.5.6.1).
19.5.6.3.2 NativeError.prototype.message
TheinitialvalueofthemessagepropertyoftheprototypeforagivenNativeErrorconstructoristheemptyString.
19.5.6.3.3 NativeError.prototype.name
TheinitialvalueofthenamepropertyoftheprototypeforagivenNativeErrorconstructorisastringconsistingofthename
oftheconstructor(thenameusedinsteadofNativeError).
19.5.6.4 PropertiesofNativeErrorInstances
NativeErrorinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheirNativeErrorprototypeobjectandhavean
[[ErrorData]]internalslotwhosevalueisundeined.Theonlyspeciieduseof[[ErrorData]]isby
Object.prototype.toString(19.1.3.6)toidentifyErrororNativeErrorinstances.
20 NumbersandDates
20.1 NumberObjects
20.1.1 TheNumberConstructor
TheNumberconstructoristhe%Number%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheNumberpropertyoftheglobalobject.
Whencalledasaconstructor,itcreatesandinitializesanewNumberobject.WhenNumberiscalledasafunctionratherthan
asaconstructor,itperformsatypeconversion.
TheNumberconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedNumberbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltotheNumber
constructortocreateandinitializethesubclassinstancewitha[[NumberData]]internalslot.
20.1.1.1 Number(value)
WhenNumberiscalledwithargumentnumber,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Ifnoargumentswerepassedtothisfunctioninvocation,letnbe+0.
2.Else,letnbe?ToNumber(value).
3.IfNewTargetisundeined,returnn.
4.LetObe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%NumberPrototype%",[[NumberData]]).
5.SetthevalueofO's[[NumberData]]internalslotton.
6.ReturnO.
20.1.2 PropertiesoftheNumberConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheNumberconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheNumberconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
20.1.2.1 Number.EPSILON
ThevalueofNumber.EPSILONisthedifferencebetween1andthesmallestvaluegreaterthan1thatisrepresentableasa
Numbervalue,whichisapproximately2.2204460492503130808472633361816x1016.
20.1.2.2 Number.isFinite(number)
WhentheNumber.isFiniteiscalledwithoneargumentnumber,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfType(number)isnotNumber,returnfalse.
2.IfnumberisNaN,+,or,returnfalse.
20.1.2.3 Number.isInteger(number)
WhentheNumber.isIntegeriscalledwithoneargumentnumber,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.LetintegerbeToInteger(number).
4.Ifintegerisnotequaltonumber,returnfalse.
20.1.2.4 Number.isNaN(number)
WhentheNumber.isNaNiscalledwithoneargumentnumber,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfnumberisNaN,returntrue.
NOTE ThisfunctiondiffersfromtheglobalisNaNfunction(18.2.3)inthatitdoesnotconvertitsargumenttoa
NumberbeforedeterminingwhetheritisNaN.
20.1.2.5 Number.isSafeInteger(number)
WhentheNumber.isSafeIntegeriscalledwithoneargumentnumber,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.LetintegerbeToInteger(number).
4.Ifintegerisnotequaltonumber,returnfalse.
5.Ifabs(integer)2531,returntrue.
20.1.2.6 Number.MAX_SAFE_INTEGER
NOTE ThevalueofNumber.MAX_SAFE_INTEGERisthelargestintegernsuchthatnandn+1arebothexactly
representableasaNumbervalue.
ThevalueofNumber.MAX_SAFE_INTEGERis9007199254740991(2531).
20.1.2.7 Number.MAX_VALUE
ThevalueofNumber.MAX_VALUEisthelargestpositiveinitevalueoftheNumbertype,whichisapproximately
1.797693134862315710308.
20.1.2.8 Number.MIN_SAFE_INTEGER
NOTE ThevalueofNumber.MIN_SAFE_INTEGERisthesmallestintegernsuchthatnandn1arebothexactly
representableasaNumbervalue.
ThevalueofNumber.MIN_SAFE_INTEGERis9007199254740991((2531)).
20.1.2.9 Number.MIN_VALUE
ThevalueofNumber.MIN_VALUEisthesmallestpositivevalueoftheNumbertype,whichisapproximately510324.
IntheIEEE7542008doubleprecisionbinaryrepresentation,thesmallestpossiblevalueisadenormalizednumber.Ifan
implementationdoesnotsupportdenormalizedvalues,thevalueofNumber.MIN_VALUEmustbethesmallestnonzero
positivevaluethatcanactuallyberepresentedbytheimplementation.
20.1.2.10 Number.NaN
ThevalueofNumber.NaNisNaN.
20.1.2.11 Number.NEGATIVE_INFINITY
ThevalueofNumber.NEGATIVE_INFINITYis.
20.1.2.12 Number.parseFloat(string)
ThevalueoftheNumber.parseFloatdatapropertyisthesamebuiltinfunctionobjectthatisthevalueoftheparseFloat
propertyoftheglobalobjectdeinedin18.2.4.
20.1.2.13 Number.parseInt(string,radix)
ThevalueoftheNumber.parseIntdatapropertyisthesamebuiltinfunctionobjectthatisthevalueoftheparseInt
propertyoftheglobalobjectdeinedin18.2.5.
20.1.2.14 Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY
ThevalueofNumber.POSITIVE_INFINITYis+.
20.1.2.15 Number.prototype
TheinitialvalueofNumber.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%NumberPrototype%.
20.1.3 PropertiesoftheNumberPrototypeObject
TheNumberprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%NumberPrototype%.TheNumberprototypeobjectisanordinary
object.TheNumberprototypeisitselfaNumberobject;ithasa[[NumberData]]internalslotwiththevalue+0.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheNumberprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
Unlessexplicitlystatedotherwise,themethodsoftheNumberprototypeobjectdeinedbelowarenotgenericandthethis
valuepassedtothemmustbeeitheraNumbervalueoranobjectthathasa[[NumberData]]internalslotthathasbeen
initializedtoaNumbervalue.
TheabstractoperationthisNumberValue(value)performsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(value)isNumber,returnvalue.
2.IfType(value)isObjectandvaluehasa[[NumberData]]internalslot,then
a.Assert:value's[[NumberData]]internalslotisaNumbervalue.
b.Returnthevalueofvalue's[[NumberData]]internalslot.
ThephrasethisNumbervaluewithinthespeciicationofamethodreferstotheresultreturnedbycallingtheabstract
operationthisNumberValuewiththethisvalueofthemethodinvocationpassedastheargument.
20.1.3.1 Number.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofNumber.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Number%.
20.1.3.2 Number.prototype.toExponential(fractionDigits)
ReturnaStringcontainingthisNumbervaluerepresentedindecimalexponentialnotationwithonedigitbeforethe
signiicand'sdecimalpointandfractionDigitsdigitsafterthesigniicand'sdecimalpoint.IffractionDigitsisundeined,
includeasmanysigniicanddigitsasnecessarytouniquelyspecifytheNumber(justlikeinToStringexceptthatinthiscase
theNumberisalwaysoutputinexponentialnotation).Speciically,performthefollowingsteps:
1.Letxbe?thisNumberValue(thisvalue).
2.Letfbe?ToInteger(fractionDigits).
3.Assert:fis0,whenfractionDigitsisundeined.
4.IfxisNaN,returntheString"NaN".
5.LetsbetheemptyString.
6.Ifx<0,then
a.Letsbe"".
b.Letxbex.
7.Ifx=+,then
a.ReturntheconcatenationoftheStringssand"Infinity".
8.Iff<0orf>20,throwaRangeErrorexception.However,animplementationispermittedtoextendthebehaviourof
toExponentialforvaluesofflessthan0orgreaterthan20.InthiscasetoExponentialwouldnotnecessarilythrow
RangeErrorforsuchvalues.
9.Ifx=0,then
a.LetmbetheStringconsistingoff+1occurrencesofthecodeunit0x0030(DIGITZERO).
b.Letebe0.
10.Elsex0,
a.IffractionDigitsisnotundeined,then
i.Leteandnbeintegerssuchthat10fn<10f+1andforwhichtheexactmathematicalvalueofn10efxis
asclosetozeroaspossible.Iftherearetwosuchsetsofeandn,picktheeandnforwhichn10efislarger.
b.ElsefractionDigitsisundeined,
i.Lete,n,andfbeintegerssuchthatf0,10fn<10f+1,theNumbervalueforn10efisx,andfisassmallas
possible.Notethatthedecimalrepresentationofnhasf+1digits,nisnotdivisibleby10,andtheleast
signiicantdigitofnisnotnecessarilyuniquelydeterminedbythesecriteria.
c.LetmbetheStringconsistingofthedigitsofthedecimalrepresentationofn(inorder,withnoleadingzeroes).
11.Iff0,then
a.Letabetheirstelementofm,andletbbetheremainingfelementsofm.
b.LetmbetheconcatenationofthethreeStringsa,".",andb.
12.Ife=0,then
a.Letcbe"+".
b.Letdbe"0".
13.Else,
a.Ife>0,letcbe"+".
b.Elsee0,
i.Letcbe"".
ii.Letebee.
c.LetdbetheStringconsistingofthedigitsofthedecimalrepresentationofe(inorder,withnoleadingzeroes).
14.LetmbetheconcatenationofthefourStringsm,"e",c,andd.
15.ReturntheconcatenationoftheStringssandm.
IfthetoExponentialmethodiscalledwithmorethanoneargument,thenthebehaviourisundeined(seeclause17).
NOTE Forimplementationsthatprovidemoreaccurateconversionsthanrequiredbytherulesabove,itis
recommendedthatthefollowingalternativeversionofstep10.b.ibeusedasaguideline:
1.Lete,n,andfbeintegerssuchthatf0,10fn<10f+1,theNumbervalueforn10efisx,andfisas
smallaspossible.Iftherearemultiplepossibilitiesforn,choosethevalueofnforwhichn10efis
closestinvaluetox.Iftherearetwosuchpossiblevaluesofn,choosetheonethatiseven.
20.1.3.3 Number.prototype.toFixed(fractionDigits)
NOTE1 toFixedreturnsaStringcontainingthisNumbervaluerepresentedindecimalixedpointnotationwith
fractionDigitsdigitsafterthedecimalpoint.IffractionDigitsisundeined,0isassumed.
Thefollowingstepsareperformed:
2.Letfbe?ToInteger(fractionDigits).(IffractionDigitsisundeined,thisstepproducesthevalue0.)
3.Iff<0orf>20,throwaRangeErrorexception.However,animplementationispermittedtoextendthebehaviourof
toFixedforvaluesofflessthan0orgreaterthan20.InthiscasetoFixedwouldnotnecessarilythrowRangeError
forsuchvalues.
6.Ifx<0,then
a.Letsbe"".
b.Letxbex.
7.Ifx1021,then
a.Letmbe!ToString(x).
8.Elsex<1021,
a.Letnbeanintegerforwhichtheexactmathematicalvalueofn10fxisasclosetozeroaspossible.Ifthereare
twosuchn,pickthelargern.
b.Ifn=0,letmbetheString"0".Otherwise,letmbetheStringconsistingofthedigitsofthedecimalrepresentation
ofn(inorder,withnoleadingzeroes).
c.Iff0,then
i.Letkbethenumberofelementsinm.
ii.Ifkf,then
1.LetzbetheStringconsistingoff+1koccurrencesofthecodeunit0x0030(DIGITZERO).
2.LetmbetheconcatenationofStringszandm.
3.Letkbef+1.
iii.Letabetheirstkfelementsofm,andletbbetheremainingfelementsofm.
iv.LetmbetheconcatenationofthethreeStringsa,".",andb.
9.ReturntheconcatenationoftheStringssandm.
IfthetoFixedmethodiscalledwithmorethanoneargument,thenthebehaviourisundeined(seeclause17).
NOTE2 TheoutputoftoFixedmaybemoreprecisethantoStringforsomevaluesbecausetoStringonlyprints
enoughsigniicantdigitstodistinguishthenumberfromadjacentnumbervalues.Forexample,
(1000000000000000128).toString()returns"1000000000000000100",while
(1000000000000000128).toFixed(0)returns"1000000000000000128".
20.1.3.4 Number.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
AnECMAScriptimplementationthatincludestheECMA402InternationalizationAPImustimplementthe
Number.prototype.toLocaleStringmethodasspeciiedintheECMA402speciication.IfanECMAScript
implementationdoesnotincludetheECMA402APIthefollowingspeciicationofthetoLocaleStringmethodisused.
ProducesaStringvaluethatrepresentsthisNumbervalueformattedaccordingtotheconventionsofthehostenvironment's
currentlocale.Thisfunctionisimplementationdependent,anditispermissible,butnotencouraged,forittoreturnthesame
thingastoString.
ThemeaningsoftheoptionalparameterstothismethodaredeinedintheECMA402speciication;implementationsthatdo
notincludeECMA402supportmustnotusethoseparameterpositionsforanythingelse.
20.1.3.5 Number.prototype.toPrecision(precision)
ReturnaStringcontainingthisNumbervaluerepresentedeitherindecimalexponentialnotationwithonedigitbeforethe
signiicand'sdecimalpointandprecision1digitsafterthesigniicand'sdecimalpointorindecimalixednotationwith
precisionsigniicantdigits.Ifprecisionisundeined,callToStringinstead.Speciically,performthefollowingsteps:
2.Ifprecisionisundeined,return!ToString(x).
3.Letpbe?ToInteger(precision).
6.Ifx<0,then
a.Letsbecodeunit0x002D(HYPHENMINUS).
b.Letxbex.
7.Ifx=+,then
a.ReturntheStringthatistheconcatenationofsand"Infinity".
8.Ifp<1orp>21,throwaRangeErrorexception.However,animplementationispermittedtoextendthebehaviourof
toPrecisionforvaluesofplessthan1orgreaterthan21.InthiscasetoPrecisionwouldnotnecessarilythrow
RangeErrorforsuchvalues.
9.Ifx=0,then
a.LetmbetheStringconsistingofpoccurrencesofthecodeunit0x0030(DIGITZERO).
b.Letebe0.
10.Elsex0,
a.Leteandnbeintegerssuchthat10p1n<10pandforwhichtheexactmathematicalvalueofn10ep+1xisas
closetozeroaspossible.Iftherearetwosuchsetsofeandn,picktheeandnforwhichn10ep+1islarger.
b.LetmbetheStringconsistingofthedigitsofthedecimalrepresentationofn(inorder,withnoleadingzeroes).
c.Ife<6orep,then
i.Assert:e0.
ii.Letabetheirstelementofm,andletbbetheremainingp1elementsofm.
iii.Letmbetheconcatenationofa,".",andb.
iv.Ife>0,then
1.Letcbecodeunit0x002B(PLUSSIGN).
v.Elsee<0,
1.Letcbecodeunit0x002D(HYPHENMINUS).
2.Letebee.
vi.LetdbetheStringconsistingofthedigitsofthedecimalrepresentationofe(inorder,withnoleading
zeroes).
vii.Returntheconcatenationofs,m,codeunit0x0065(LATINSMALLLETTERE),c,andd.
11.Ife=p1,returntheconcatenationoftheStringssandm.
12.Ife0,then
a.Letmbetheconcatenationoftheirste+1elementsofm,thecodeunit0x002E(FULLSTOP),andtheremainingp
(e+1)elementsofm.
13.Elsee<0,
a.LetmbetheStringformedbytheconcatenationofcodeunit0x0030(DIGITZERO),codeunit0x002E(FULL
STOP),(e+1)occurrencesofcodeunit0x0030(DIGITZERO),andtheStringm.
14.ReturntheStringthatistheconcatenationofsandm.
IfthetoPrecisionmethodiscalledwithmorethanoneargument,thenthebehaviourisundeined(seeclause17).
20.1.3.6 Number.prototype.toString([radix])
NOTE Theoptionalradixshouldbeanintegervalueintheinclusiverange2to36.Ifradixnotpresentoris
undeinedtheNumber10isusedasthevalueofradix.
2.Ifradixisnotpresent,letradixNumberbe10.
3.Elseifradixisundeined,letradixNumberbe10.
4.ElseletradixNumberbe?ToInteger(radix).
5.IfradixNumber<2orradixNumber>36,throwaRangeErrorexception.
6.IfradixNumber=10,return!ToString(x).
7.ReturntheStringrepresentationofthisNumbervalueusingtheradixspeciiedbyradixNumber.Lettersazareused
fordigitswithvalues10through35.Theprecisealgorithmisimplementationdependent,howeverthealgorithm
shouldbeageneralizationofthatspeciiedin7.1.12.1.
ThetoStringfunctionisnotgeneric;itthrowsaTypeErrorexceptionifitsthisvalueisnotaNumberoraNumberobject.
Therefore,itcannotbetransferredtootherkindsofobjectsforuseasamethod.
ThelengthpropertyofthetoStringmethodis1.
20.1.3.7 Number.prototype.valueOf()
1.Return?thisNumberValue(thisvalue).
20.1.4 PropertiesofNumberInstances
NumberinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheNumberprototypeobject.Numberinstancesalso
havea[[NumberData]]internalslot.The[[NumberData]]internalslotistheNumbervaluerepresentedbythisNumber
object.
20.2 TheMathObject
TheMathobjectisthe%Math%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheMathpropertyoftheglobalobject.TheMath
objectisasingleordinaryobject.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheMathobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
TheMathobjectisnotafunctionobject.Itdoesnothavea[[Construct]]internalmethod;itisnotpossibletousetheMath
objectasaconstructorwiththenewoperator.TheMathobjectalsodoesnothavea[[Call]]internalmethod;itisnotpossible
toinvoketheMathobjectasafunction.
NOTE Inthisspeciication,thephrasetheNumbervalueforxhasatechnicalmeaningdeinedin6.1.6.
20.2.1 ValuePropertiesoftheMathObject
20.2.1.1 Math.E
TheNumbervaluefore,thebaseofthenaturallogarithms,whichisapproximately2.7182818284590452354.
20.2.1.2 Math.LN10
TheNumbervalueforthenaturallogarithmof10,whichisapproximately2.302585092994046.
20.2.1.3 Math.LN2
TheNumbervalueforthenaturallogarithmof2,whichisapproximately0.6931471805599453.
20.2.1.4 Math.LOG10E
TheNumbervalueforthebase10logarithmofe,thebaseofthenaturallogarithms;thisvalueisapproximately
0.4342944819032518.
NOTE ThevalueofMath.LOG10EisapproximatelythereciprocalofthevalueofMath.LN10.
20.2.1.5 Math.LOG2E
TheNumbervalueforthebase2logarithmofe,thebaseofthenaturallogarithms;thisvalueisapproximately
1.4426950408889634.
NOTE ThevalueofMath.LOG2EisapproximatelythereciprocalofthevalueofMath.LN2.
20.2.1.6 Math.PI
TheNumbervaluefor,theratioofthecircumferenceofacircletoitsdiameter,whichisapproximately
3.1415926535897932.
20.2.1.7 Math.SQRT1_2
TheNumbervalueforthesquarerootof,whichisapproximately0.7071067811865476.
NOTE ThevalueofMath.SQRT1_2isapproximatelythereciprocalofthevalueofMath.SQRT2.
20.2.1.8 Math.SQRT2
TheNumbervalueforthesquarerootof2,whichisapproximately1.4142135623730951.
20.2.1.9 Math[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"Math".
20.2.2 FunctionPropertiesoftheMathObject
EachofthefollowingMathobjectfunctionsappliestheToNumberabstractoperationtoeachofitsarguments(inlefttoright
orderifthereismorethanone).IfToNumberreturnsanabruptcompletion,thatCompletionRecordisimmediately
returned.Otherwise,thefunctionperformsacomputationontheresultingNumbervalue(s).Thevaluereturnedbyeach
functionisaNumber.
Inthefunctiondescriptionsbelow,thesymbolsNaN,0,+0,and+refertotheNumbervaluesdescribedin6.1.6.
NOTE Thebehaviourofthefunctionsacos,acosh,asin,asinh,atan,atanh,atan2,cbrt,cos,cosh,exp,expm1,
hypot,log,log1p,log2,log10,pow,random,sin,sinh,sqrt,tan,andtanhisnotpreciselyspeciiedhere
excepttorequirespeciicresultsforcertainargumentvaluesthatrepresentboundarycasesofinterest.For
otherargumentvalues,thesefunctionsareintendedtocomputeapproximationstotheresultsoffamiliar
mathematicalfunctions,butsomelatitudeisallowedinthechoiceofapproximationalgorithms.Thegeneral
intentisthatanimplementershouldbeabletousethesamemathematicallibraryforECMAScriptonagiven
hardwareplatformthatisavailabletoCprogrammersonthatplatform.
Althoughthechoiceofalgorithmsislefttotheimplementation,itisrecommended(butnotspeciiedbythis
standard)thatimplementationsusetheapproximationalgorithmsforIEEE7542008arithmeticcontainedin
fdlibm,thefreelydistributablemathematicallibraryfromSunMicrosystems(http://www.netlib.org/fdlibm).
20.2.2.1 Math.abs(x)
Returnstheabsolutevalueofx;theresulthasthesamemagnitudeasxbuthaspositivesign.
IfxisNaN,theresultisNaN.
Ifxis0,theresultis+0.
Ifxis,theresultis+.
20.2.2.2 Math.acos(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothearccosineofx.Theresultisexpressedinradiansandranges
from+0to+.
Ifxisgreaterthan1,theresultisNaN.
Ifxislessthan1,theresultisNaN.
Ifxisexactly1,theresultis+0.
20.2.2.3 Math.acosh(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtotheinversehyperboliccosineofx.
Ifxis+,theresultis+.
20.2.2.4 Math.asin(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothearcsineofx.Theresultisexpressedinradiansandrangesfrom
/2to+/2.
Ifxis+0,theresultis+0.
Ifxis0,theresultis0.
20.2.2.5 Math.asinh(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtotheinversehyperbolicsineofx.
Ifxis,theresultis.
20.2.2.6 Math.atan(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothearctangentofx.Theresultisexpressedinradiansandranges
from/2to+/2.
Ifxis+,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto+/2.
Ifxis,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto/2.
20.2.2.7 Math.atanh(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtotheinversehyperbolictangentofx.
Ifxis1,theresultis.
Ifxis+1,theresultis+.
20.2.2.8 Math.atan2(y,x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothearctangentofthequotienty/xoftheargumentsyandx,where
thesignsofyandxareusedtodeterminethequadrantoftheresult.Notethatitisintentionalandtraditionalforthetwo
argumentarctangentfunctionthattheargumentnamedybeirstandtheargumentnamedxbesecond.Theresultis
expressedinradiansandrangesfromto+.
IfeitherxoryisNaN,theresultisNaN.
Ify>0andxis+0,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto+/2.
Ify>0andxis0,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto+/2.
Ifyis+0andx>0,theresultis+0.
Ifyis+0andxis+0,theresultis+0.
Ifyis+0andxis0,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto+.
Ifyis+0andx<0,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto+.
Ifyis0andx>0,theresultis0.
Ifyis0andxis+0,theresultis0.
Ifyis0andxis0,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto.
Ifyis0andx<0,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto.
Ify<0andxis+0,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto/2.
Ify<0andxis0,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto/2.
Ify>0andyisiniteandxis+,theresultis+0.
Ify>0andyisiniteandxis,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto+.
Ify<0andyisiniteandxis+,theresultis0.
Ify<0andyisiniteandxis,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto.
Ifyis+andxisinite,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto+/2.
Ifyisandxisinite,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto/2.
Ifyis+andxis+,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto+/4.
Ifyis+andxis,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto+3/4.
Ifyisandxis+,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto/4.
Ifyisandxis,theresultisanimplementationdependentapproximationto3/4.
20.2.2.9 Math.cbrt(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothecuberootofx.
Ifxis,theresultis.
20.2.2.10 Math.ceil(x)
Returnsthesmallest(closestto)Numbervaluethatisnotlessthanxandisequaltoamathematicalinteger.Ifxisalready
aninteger,theresultisx.
Ifxis,theresultis.
Ifxislessthan0butgreaterthan1,theresultis0.
ThevalueofMath.ceil(x)isthesameasthevalueofMath.floor(x).
20.2.2.11 Math.clz32(x)
WhenMath.clz32iscalledwithoneargumentx,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetnbeToUint32(x).
2.Letpbethenumberofleadingzerobitsinthe32bitbinaryrepresentationofn.
3.Returnp.
NOTE Ifnis0,pwillbe32.Ifthemostsigniicantbitofthe32bitbinaryencodingofnis1,pwillbe0.
20.2.2.12 Math.cos(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothecosineofx.Theargumentisexpressedinradians.
Ifxis+0,theresultis1.
Ifxis+,theresultisNaN.
Ifxis,theresultisNaN.
20.2.2.13 Math.cosh(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothehyperboliccosineofx.
Ifxis,theresultis+.
NOTE Thevalueofcosh(x)isthesameas(exp(x)+exp(x))/2.
20.2.2.14 Math.exp(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtotheexponentialfunctionofx(eraisedtothepowerofx,whereeis
thebaseofthenaturallogarithms).
Ifxis,theresultis+0.
20.2.2.15 Math.expm1(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtosubtracting1fromtheexponentialfunctionofx(eraisedtothe
powerofx,whereeisthebaseofthenaturallogarithms).Theresultiscomputedinawaythatisaccurateevenwhenthe
valueofxisclose0.
Ifxis,theresultis1.
20.2.2.16 Math.loor(x)
Returnsthegreatest(closestto+)Numbervaluethatisnotgreaterthanxandisequaltoamathematicalinteger.Ifxis
alreadyaninteger,theresultisx.
Ifxis,theresultis.
Ifxisgreaterthan0butlessthan1,theresultis+0.
NOTE ThevalueofMath.floor(x)isthesameasthevalueofMath.ceil(x).
20.2.2.17 Math.fround(x)
WhenMath.froundiscalledwithargumentx,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfxisNaN,returnNaN.
2.Ifxisoneof+0,0,+,,returnx.
3.Letx32betheresultofconvertingxtoavalueinIEEE7542008binary32formatusingroundTiesToEven.
4.Letx64betheresultofconvertingx32toavalueinIEEE7542008binary64format.
5.ReturntheECMAScriptNumbervaluecorrespondingtox64.
20.2.2.18 Math.hypot(value1,value2,...values)
Math.hypotreturnsanimplementationdependentapproximationofthesquarerootofthesumofsquaresofitsarguments.
Ifnoargumentsarepassed,theresultis+0.
Ifanyargumentis+,theresultis+.
Ifanyargumentis,theresultis+.
Ifnoargumentis+or,andanyargumentisNaN,theresultisNaN.
Ifallargumentsareeither+0or0,theresultis+0.
NOTE Implementationsshouldtakecaretoavoidthelossofprecisionfromoverlowsandunderlowsthatareprone
tooccurinnaiveimplementationswhenthisfunctioniscalledwithtwoormorearguments.
20.2.2.19 Math.imul(x,y)
WhentheMath.imuliscalledwithargumentsxandy,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetabeToUint32(x).
2.LetbbeToUint32(y).
3.Letproductbe(ab)modulo232.
4.Ifproduct231,returnproduct232;otherwisereturnproduct.
20.2.2.20 Math.log(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothenaturallogarithmofx.
Ifxis+0or0,theresultis.
20.2.2.21 Math.log1p(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothenaturallogarithmof1+x.Theresultiscomputedinawaythat
isaccurateevenwhenthevalueofxisclosetozero.
Ifxis1,theresultis.
20.2.2.22 Math.log10(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothebase10logarithmofx.
Ifxis+0,theresultis.
Ifxis0,theresultis.
20.2.2.23 Math.log2(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothebase2logarithmofx.
Ifxis+0,theresultis.
Ifxis0,theresultis.
20.2.2.24 Math.max(value1,value2,...values)
Givenzeroormorearguments,callsToNumberoneachoftheargumentsandreturnsthelargestoftheresultingvalues.
Ifnoargumentsaregiven,theresultis.
IfanyvalueisNaN,theresultisNaN.
ThecomparisonofvaluestodeterminethelargestvalueisdoneusingtheAbstractRelationalComparisonalgorithm
exceptthat+0isconsideredtobelargerthan0.
20.2.2.25 Math.min(value1,value2,...values)
Givenzeroormorearguments,callsToNumberoneachoftheargumentsandreturnsthesmallestoftheresultingvalues.
Ifnoargumentsaregiven,theresultis+.
IfanyvalueisNaN,theresultisNaN.
ThecomparisonofvaluestodeterminethesmallestvalueisdoneusingtheAbstractRelationalComparisonalgorithm
exceptthat+0isconsideredtobelargerthan0.
20.2.2.26 Math.pow(base,exponent)
1.ReturntheresultofApplyingthe**operatorwithbaseandexponentasspeciiedin12.7.3.4.
20.2.2.27 Math.random()
ReturnsaNumbervaluewithpositivesign,greaterthanorequalto0butlessthan1,chosenrandomlyorpseudorandomly
withapproximatelyuniformdistributionoverthatrange,usinganimplementationdependentalgorithmorstrategy.This
functiontakesnoarguments.
EachMath.randomfunctioncreatedfordistinctrealmsmustproduceadistinctsequenceofvaluesfromsuccessivecalls.
20.2.2.28 Math.round(x)
ReturnstheNumbervaluethatisclosesttoxandisequaltoamathematicalinteger.IftwointegerNumbervaluesareequally
closetox,thentheresultistheNumbervaluethatiscloserto+.Ifxisalreadyaninteger,theresultisx.
Ifxis,theresultis.
Ifxisgreaterthan0butlessthan0.5,theresultis+0.
Ifxislessthan0butgreaterthanorequalto0.5,theresultis0.
NOTE1 Math.round(3.5)returns4,butMath.round(3.5)returns3.
NOTE2 ThevalueofMath.round(x)isnotalwaysthesameasthevalueofMath.floor(x+0.5).Whenxis0oris
lessthan0butgreaterthanorequalto0.5,Math.round(x)returns0,butMath.floor(x+0.5)returns+0.
Math.round(x)mayalsodifferfromthevalueofMath.floor(x+0.5)becauseofinternalroundingwhen
computingx+0.5.
20.2.2.29 Math.sign(x)
Returnsthesignofthex,indicatingwhetherxispositive,negativeorzero.
Ifxisnegativeandnot0,theresultis1.
Ifxispositiveandnot+0,theresultis+1.
20.2.2.30 Math.sin(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothesineofx.Theargumentisexpressedinradians.
Ifxis+or,theresultisNaN.
20.2.2.31 Math.sinh(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothehyperbolicsineofx.
Ifxis,theresultis.
NOTE Thevalueofsinh(x)isthesameas(exp(x)exp(x))/2.
20.2.2.32 Math.sqrt(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothesquarerootofx.
20.2.2.33 Math.tan(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothetangentofx.Theargumentisexpressedinradians.
Ifxis+or,theresultisNaN.
20.2.2.34 Math.tanh(x)
Returnsanimplementationdependentapproximationtothehyperbolictangentofx.
Ifxis+,theresultis+1.
Ifxis,theresultis1.
NOTE Thevalueoftanh(x)isthesameas(exp(x)exp(x))/(exp(x)+exp(x)).
20.2.2.35 Math.trunc(x)
Returnstheintegralpartofthenumberx,removinganyfractionaldigits.Ifxisalreadyaninteger,theresultisx.
Ifxis,theresultis.
Ifxisgreaterthan0butlessthan1,theresultis+0.
Ifxislessthan0butgreaterthan1,theresultis0.
20.3 DateObjects
20.3.1 OverviewofDateObjectsandDeinitionsofAbstractOperations
Thefollowingfunctionsareabstractoperationsthatoperateontimevalues(deinedin20.3.1.1).Notethat,ineverycase,if
anyargumenttooneofthesefunctionsisNaN,theresultwillbeNaN.
20.3.1.1 TimeValuesandTimeRange
ADateobjectcontainsaNumberindicatingaparticularinstantintimetowithinamillisecond.SuchaNumberiscalleda
timevalue.AtimevaluemayalsobeNaN,indicatingthattheDateobjectdoesnotrepresentaspeciicinstantoftime.
TimeismeasuredinECMAScriptinmillisecondssince01January,1970UTC.Intimevaluesleapsecondsareignored.Itis
assumedthatthereareexactly86,400,000millisecondsperday.ECMAScriptNumbervaluescanrepresentallintegersfrom
9,007,199,254,740,992to9,007,199,254,740,992;thisrangesuficestomeasuretimestomillisecondprecisionforany
instantthatiswithinapproximately285,616years,eitherforwardorbackward,from01January,1970UTC.
TheactualrangeoftimessupportedbyECMAScriptDateobjectsisslightlysmaller:exactly100,000,000daysto
100,000,000daysmeasuredrelativetomidnightatthebeginningof01January,1970UTC.Thisgivesarangeof
8,640,000,000,000,000millisecondstoeithersideof01January,1970UTC.
Theexactmomentofmidnightatthebeginningof01January,1970UTCisrepresentedbythevalue+0.
20.3.1.2 DayNumberandTimewithinDay
Agiventimevaluetbelongstodaynumber
Day(t)=loor(t/msPerDay)
wherethenumberofmillisecondsperdayis
msPerDay=86400000
Theremainderiscalledthetimewithintheday:
TimeWithinDay(t)=tmodulomsPerDay
20.3.1.3 YearNumber
ECMAScriptusesanextrapolatedGregoriansystemtomapadaynumbertoayearnumberandtodeterminethemonthand
datewithinthatyear.Inthissystem,leapyearsarepreciselythosewhichare(divisibleby4)and((notdivisibleby100)or
(divisibleby400)).Thenumberofdaysinyearnumberyisthereforedeinedby
DaysInYear(y)
=365if(ymodulo4)0
=366if(ymodulo4)=0and(ymodulo100)0
=365if(ymodulo100)=0and(ymodulo400)0
=366if(ymodulo400)=0
Allnonleapyearshave365dayswiththeusualnumberofdayspermonthandleapyearshaveanextradayinFebruary.The
daynumberoftheirstdayofyearyisgivenby:
DayFromYear(y)=365(y1970)+loor((y1969)/4)loor((y1901)/100)+loor((y1601)/400)
Thetimevalueofthestartofayearis:
TimeFromYear(y)=msPerDayDayFromYear(y)
Atimevaluedeterminesayearby:
YearFromTime(t)=thelargestintegery(closesttopositiveininity)suchthatTimeFromYear(y)t
Theleapyearfunctionis1foratimewithinaleapyearandotherwiseiszero:
InLeapYear(t)
=0ifDaysInYear(YearFromTime(t))=365
=1ifDaysInYear(YearFromTime(t))=366
20.3.1.4 MonthNumber
Monthsareidentiiedbyanintegerintherange0to11,inclusive.ThemappingMonthFromTime(t)fromatimevaluettoa
monthnumberisdeinedby:
MonthFromTime(t)
=0if0DayWithinYear(t)<31
=1if31DayWithinYear(t)<59+InLeapYear(t)
=2if59+InLeapYear(t)DayWithinYear(t)<90+InLeapYear(t)
where
DayWithinYear(t)=Day(t)DayFromYear(YearFromTime(t))
Amonthvalueof0speciiesJanuary;1speciiesFebruary;2speciiesMarch;3speciiesApril;4speciiesMay;5speciies
June;6speciiesJuly;7speciiesAugust;8speciiesSeptember;9speciiesOctober;10speciiesNovember;and11speciies
December.NotethatMonthFromTime(0)=0,correspondingtoThursday,01January,1970.
20.3.1.5 DateNumber
Adatenumberisidentiiedbyanintegerintherange1through31,inclusive.ThemappingDateFromTime(t)fromatime
valuettoadatenumberisdeinedby:
DateFromTime(t)
=DayWithinYear(t)+1ifMonthFromTime(t)=0
=DayWithinYear(t)30ifMonthFromTime(t)=1
=DayWithinYear(t)58InLeapYear(t)ifMonthFromTime(t)=2
20.3.1.6 WeekDay
Theweekdayforaparticulartimevaluetisdeinedas
WeekDay(t)=(Day(t)+4)modulo7
Aweekdayvalueof0speciiesSunday;1speciiesMonday;2speciiesTuesday;3speciiesWednesday;4speciiesThursday;
5speciiesFriday;and6speciiesSaturday.NotethatWeekDay(0)=4,correspondingtoThursday,01January,1970.
20.3.1.7 LocalTimeZoneAdjustment
AnimplementationofECMAScriptisexpectedtodeterminethelocaltimezoneadjustment.Thelocaltimezoneadjustment
isavalueLocalTZAmeasuredinmillisecondswhichwhenaddedtoUTCrepresentsthelocalstandardtime.Daylightsaving
timeisnotrelectedbyLocalTZA.
NOTE ItisrecommendedthatimplementationsusethetimezoneinformationoftheIANATimeZoneDatabase
http://www.iana.org/timezones/.
20.3.1.8 DaylightSavingTimeAdjustment
Animplementationdependentalgorithmusingbestavailableinformationontimezonestodeterminethelocaldaylight
savingtimeadjustmentDaylightSavingTA(t),measuredinmilliseconds.AnimplementationofECMAScriptisexpectedto
makeitsbestefforttodeterminethelocaldaylightsavingtimeadjustment.
NOTE ItisrecommendedthatimplementationsusethetimezoneinformationoftheIANATimeZoneDatabase
http://www.iana.org/timezones/.
20.3.1.9 LocalTime(t)
TheabstractoperationLocalTimewithargumenttconvertstfromUTCtolocaltimebyperformingthefollowingsteps:
1.Returnt+LocalTZA+DaylightSavingTA(t).
20.3.1.10 UTC(t)
TheabstractoperationUTCwithargumenttconvertstfromlocaltimetoUTCisdeinedbyperformingthefollowingsteps:
1.ReturntLocalTZADaylightSavingTA(tLocalTZA).
NOTE UTC(LocalTime(t))isnotnecessarilyalwaysequaltot.
20.3.1.11 Hours,Minutes,Second,andMilliseconds
Thefollowingabstractoperationsareusefulindecomposingtimevalues:
HourFromTime(t)=loor(t/msPerHour)moduloHoursPerDay
MinFromTime(t)=loor(t/msPerMinute)moduloMinutesPerHour
SecFromTime(t)=loor(t/msPerSecond)moduloSecondsPerMinute
msFromTime(t)=tmodulomsPerSecond
where
HoursPerDay=24
MinutesPerHour=60
SecondsPerMinute=60
msPerSecond=1000
msPerMinute=60000=msPerSecondSecondsPerMinute
msPerHour=3600000=msPerMinuteMinutesPerHour
20.3.1.12 MakeTime(hour,min,sec,ms)
TheabstractoperationMakeTimecalculatesanumberofmillisecondsfromitsfourarguments,whichmustbeECMAScript
Numbervalues.Thisoperatorfunctionsasfollows:
1.Ifhourisnotiniteorminisnotiniteorsecisnotiniteormsisnotinite,returnNaN.
2.LethbeToInteger(hour).
3.LetmbeToInteger(min).
4.LetsbeToInteger(sec).
5.LetmillibeToInteger(ms).
6.Lettbeh*msPerHour+m*msPerMinute+s*msPerSecond+milli,performingthearithmeticaccordingtoIEEE754
2008rules(thatis,asifusingtheECMAScriptoperators*and+).
7.Returnt.
20.3.1.13 MakeDay(year,month,date)
TheabstractoperationMakeDaycalculatesanumberofdaysfromitsthreearguments,whichmustbeECMAScriptNumber
values.Thisoperatorfunctionsasfollows:
1.Ifyearisnotiniteormonthisnotiniteordateisnotinite,returnNaN.
2.LetybeToInteger(year).
3.LetmbeToInteger(month).
4.LetdtbeToInteger(date).
5.Letymbey+loor(m/12).
6.Letmnbemmodulo12.
7.FindavaluetsuchthatYearFromTime(t)isymandMonthFromTime(t)ismnandDateFromTime(t)is1;butifthisis
notpossible(becausesomeargumentisoutofrange),returnNaN.
8.ReturnDay(t)+dt1.
20.3.1.14 MakeDate(day,time)
TheabstractoperationMakeDatecalculatesanumberofmillisecondsfromitstwoarguments,whichmustbeECMAScript
Numbervalues.Thisoperatorfunctionsasfollows:
1.Ifdayisnotiniteortimeisnotinite,returnNaN.
2.ReturndaymsPerDay+time.
20.3.1.15 TimeClip(time)
TheabstractoperationTimeClipcalculatesanumberofmillisecondsfromitsargument,whichmustbeanECMAScript
Numbervalue.Thisoperatorfunctionsasfollows:
1.Iftimeisnotinite,returnNaN.
2.Ifabs(time)>8.641015,returnNaN.
3.LetclippedTimebeToInteger(time).
4.IfclippedTimeis0,letclippedTimebe+0.
5.ReturnclippedTime.
NOTE Thepointofstep4isthatanimplementationispermittedachoiceofinternalrepresentationsoftimevalues,
forexampleasa64bitsignedintegerorasa64bitloatingpointvalue.Dependingontheimplementation,
thisinternalrepresentationmayormaynotdistinguish0and+0.
20.3.1.16 DateTimeStringFormat
ECMAScriptdeinesastringinterchangeformatfordatetimesbaseduponasimpliicationoftheISO8601ExtendedFormat.
Theformatisasfollows:YYYYMMDDTHH:mm:ss.sssZ
Wheretheieldsareasfollows:
YYYY isthedecimaldigitsoftheyear0000to9999intheGregoriancalendar.
""(hyphen)appearsliterallytwiceinthestring.
MM isthemonthoftheyearfrom01(January)to12(December).
DD isthedayofthemonthfrom01to31.
T "T"appearsliterallyinthestring,toindicatethebeginningofthetimeelement.
HH isthenumberofcompletehoursthathavepassedsincemidnightastwodecimaldigitsfrom00to24.
: ":"(colon)appearsliterallytwiceinthestring.
mm isthenumberofcompleteminutessincethestartofthehourastwodecimaldigitsfrom00to59.
ss isthenumberofcompletesecondssincethestartoftheminuteastwodecimaldigitsfrom00to59.
. "."(dot)appearsliterallyinthestring.
sss isthenumberofcompletemillisecondssincethestartofthesecondasthreedecimaldigits.
Z isthetimezoneoffsetspeciiedas"Z"(forUTC)oreither"+"or""followedbyatimeexpressionHH:mm
Thisformatincludesdateonlyforms:
YYYY
YYYYMM
YYYYMMDD

Italsoincludesdatetimeformsthatconsistofoneoftheabovedateonlyformsimmediatelyfollowedbyoneofthe
followingtimeformswithanoptionaltimezoneoffsetappended:
THH:mm
THH:mm:ss
THH:mm:ss.sss

Allnumbersmustbebase10.IftheMMorDDieldsareabsent"01"isusedasthevalue.IftheHH,mm,orssieldsareabsent
"00"isusedasthevalueandthevalueofanabsentsssieldis"000".Whenthetimezoneoffsetisabsent,dateonlyforms
areinterpretedasaUTCtimeanddatetimeformsareinterpretedasalocaltime.
Illegalvalues(outofboundsaswellassyntaxerrors)inaformatstringmeansthattheformatstringisnotavalidinstance
ofthisformat.
NOTE1 Aseverydaybothstartsandendswithmidnight,thetwonotations00:00and24:00areavailableto
distinguishthetwomidnightsthatcanbeassociatedwithonedate.Thismeansthatthefollowingtwo
notationsrefertoexactlythesamepointintime:19950204T24:00and19950205T00:00
NOTE2 ThereexistsnointernationalstandardthatspeciiesabbreviationsforciviltimezoneslikeCET,EST,etc.and
sometimesthesameabbreviationisevenusedfortwoverydifferenttimezones.Forthisreason,ISO8601and
thisformatspeciiesnumericrepresentationsofdateandtime.
20.3.1.16.1 ExtendedYears
ECMAScriptrequirestheabilitytospecify6digityears(extendedyears);approximately285,426years,eitherforwardor
backward,from01January,1970UTC.Torepresentyearsbefore0orafter9999,ISO8601permitstheexpansionoftheyear
representation,butonlybyprioragreementbetweenthesenderandthereceiver.InthesimpliiedECMAScriptformatsuch
anexpandedyearrepresentationshallhave2extrayeardigitsandisalwayspreixedwitha+orsign.Theyear0is
consideredpositiveandhencepreixedwitha+sign.
NOTE Examplesofextendedyears:
2834570321T15:00:59.008Z 283458B.C.
0000010101T00:00:00Z 2B.C.
+0000000101T00:00:00Z 1B.C.
+0000010101T00:00:00Z 1A.D.
+0019700101T00:00:00Z 1970A.D.
+0020091215T00:00:00Z 2009A.D.
+2873961012T08:59:00.992Z 287396A.D.
20.3.2 TheDateConstructor
TheDateconstructoristhe%Date%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheDatepropertyoftheglobalobject.When
calledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewDateobject.WhenDateiscalledasafunctionratherthanasa
constructor,itreturnsaStringrepresentingthecurrenttime(UTC).
TheDateconstructorisasinglefunctionwhosebehaviourisoverloadedbaseduponthenumberandtypesofitsarguments.
TheDateconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedDatebehaviourmustincludeasupercalltotheDateconstructor
tocreateandinitializethesubclassinstancewitha[[DateValue]]internalslot.
ThelengthpropertyoftheDateconstructorfunctionis7.
20.3.2.1 Date(year,month[,date[,hours[,minutes[,seconds[,ms]]]]])
ThisdescriptionappliesonlyiftheDateconstructoriscalledwithatleasttwoarguments.
WhentheDatefunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetnumberOfArgsbethenumberofargumentspassedtothisfunctioncall.
2.Assert:numberOfArgs2.
3.IfNewTargetisnotundeined,then
a.Letybe?ToNumber(year).
b.Letmbe?ToNumber(month).
c.Ifdateissupplied,letdtbe?ToNumber(date);elseletdtbe1.
d.Ifhoursissupplied,lethbe?ToNumber(hours);elselethbe0.
e.Ifminutesissupplied,letminbe?ToNumber(minutes);elseletminbe0.
f.Ifsecondsissupplied,letsbe?ToNumber(seconds);elseletsbe0.
g.Ifmsissupplied,letmillibe?ToNumber(ms);elseletmillibe0.
h.IfyisnotNaNand0ToInteger(y)99,letyrbe1900+ToInteger(y);otherwise,letyrbey.
i.LetinalDatebeMakeDate(MakeDay(yr,m,dt),MakeTime(h,min,s,milli)).
j.LetObe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%DatePrototype%",[[DateValue]]).
k.Setthe[[DateValue]]internalslotofOtoTimeClip(UTC(inalDate)).
l.ReturnO.
4.Else,
a.LetnowbetheNumberthatisthetimevalue(UTC)identifyingthecurrenttime.
b.ReturnToDateString(now).
20.3.2.2 Date(value)
ThisdescriptionappliesonlyiftheDateconstructoriscalledwithexactlyoneargument.
2.Assert:numberOfArgs=1.
a.IfType(value)isObjectandvaluehasa[[DateValue]]internalslot,then
i.LettvbethisTimeValue(value).
b.Else,
i.Letvbe?ToPrimitive(value).
ii.IfType(v)isString,then
1.Lettvbetheresultofparsingvasadate,inexactlythesamemannerasfortheparsemethod
(20.3.3.2).Iftheparseresultedinanabruptcompletion,tvistheCompletionRecord.
2.ReturnIfAbrupt(tv).
iii.Else,
1.Lettvbe?ToNumber(v).
c.LetObe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%DatePrototype%",[[DateValue]]).
d.Setthe[[DateValue]]internalslotofOtoTimeClip(tv).
e.ReturnO.
4.Else,
20.3.2.3 Date()
ThisdescriptionappliesonlyiftheDateconstructoriscalledwithnoarguments.
a.LetObe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%DatePrototype%",[[DateValue]]).
b.Setthe[[DateValue]]internalslotofOtothetimevalue(UTC)identifyingthecurrenttime.
c.ReturnO.
4.Else,
20.3.3 PropertiesoftheDateConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheDateconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheDateconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
20.3.3.1 Date.now()
ThenowfunctionreturnsaNumbervaluethatisthetimevaluedesignatingtheUTCdateandtimeoftheoccurrenceofthe
calltonow.
20.3.3.2 Date.parse(string)
TheparsefunctionappliestheToStringoperatortoitsargument.IfToStringresultsinanabruptcompletiontheCompletion
Recordisimmediatelyreturned.Otherwise,parseinterpretstheresultingStringasadateandtime;itreturnsaNumber,the
UTCtimevaluecorrespondingtothedateandtime.TheStringmaybeinterpretedasalocaltime,aUTCtime,oratimein
someothertimezone,dependingonthecontentsoftheString.ThefunctionirstattemptstoparsetheformatoftheString
accordingtotherules(includingextendedyears)calledoutinDateTimeStringFormat(20.3.1.16).IftheStringdoesnot
conformtothatformatthefunctionmayfallbacktoanyimplementationspeciicheuristicsorimplementationspeciicdate
formats.UnrecognizableStringsordatescontainingillegalelementvaluesintheformatStringshallcauseDate.parseto
returnNaN.
IfxisanyDateobjectwhosemillisecondsamountiszerowithinaparticularimplementationofECMAScript,thenallofthe
followingexpressionsshouldproducethesamenumericvalueinthatimplementation,ifallthepropertiesreferencedhave
theirinitialvalues:
x.valueOf()
Date.parse(x.toString())
Date.parse(x.toUTCString())
Date.parse(x.toISOString())
However,theexpression
Date.parse(x.toLocaleString())
isnotrequiredtoproducethesameNumbervalueastheprecedingthreeexpressionsand,ingeneral,thevalueproducedby
Date.parseisimplementationdependentwhengivenanyStringvaluethatdoesnotconformtotheDateTimeString
Format(20.3.1.16)andthatcouldnotbeproducedinthatimplementationbythetoStringortoUTCStringmethod.
20.3.3.3 Date.prototype
TheinitialvalueofDate.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%DatePrototype%.
20.3.3.4 Date.UTC(year,month[,date[,hours[,minutes[,seconds[,ms]]]]])
WhentheUTCfunctioniscalledwithfewerthantwoarguments,thebehaviourisimplementationdependent.WhentheUTC
functioniscalledwithtwotosevenarguments,itcomputesthedatefromyear,monthand(optionally)date,hours,minutes,
secondsandms.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letybe?ToNumber(year).
2.Letmbe?ToNumber(month).
3.Ifdateissupplied,letdtbe?ToNumber(date);elseletdtbe1.
4.Ifhoursissupplied,lethbe?ToNumber(hours);elselethbe0.
5.Ifminutesissupplied,letminbe?ToNumber(minutes);elseletminbe0.
6.Ifsecondsissupplied,letsbe?ToNumber(seconds);elseletsbe0.
7.Ifmsissupplied,letmillibe?ToNumber(ms);elseletmillibe0.
8.IfyisnotNaNand0ToInteger(y)99,letyrbe1900+ToInteger(y);otherwise,letyrbey.
9.ReturnTimeClip(MakeDate(MakeDay(yr,m,dt),MakeTime(h,min,s,milli))).
ThelengthpropertyoftheUTCfunctionis7.
NOTE TheUTCfunctiondiffersfromtheDateconstructorintwoways:itreturnsatimevalueasaNumber,rather
thancreatingaDateobject,anditinterpretstheargumentsinUTCratherthanaslocaltime.
20.3.4 PropertiesoftheDatePrototypeObject
TheDateprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%DatePrototype%.TheDateprototypeobjectisitselfanordinaryobject.Itis
notaDateinstanceanddoesnothavea[[DateValue]]internalslot.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheDateprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
Unlessexplicitlydeinedotherwise,themethodsoftheDateprototypeobjectdeinedbelowarenotgenericandthethis
valuepassedtothemmustbeanobjectthathasa[[DateValue]]internalslotthathasbeeninitializedtoatimevalue.
TheabstractoperationthisTimeValue(value)performsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(value)isObjectandvaluehasa[[DateValue]]internalslot,then
a.Returnthevalueofvalue's[[DateValue]]internalslot.
InfollowingdescriptionsoffunctionsthatarepropertiesoftheDateprototypeobject,thephrasethisDateobjectrefersto
theobjectthatisthethisvaluefortheinvocationofthefunction.IftheTypeofthethisvalueisnotObject,aTypeError
exceptionisthrown.Thephrasethistimevaluewithinthespeciicationofamethodreferstotheresultreturnedbycalling
theabstractoperationthisTimeValuewiththethisvalueofthemethodinvocationpassedastheargument.
20.3.4.1 Date.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofDate.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Date%.
20.3.4.2 Date.prototype.getDate()
1.Lettbe?thisTimeValue(thisvalue).
2.IftisNaN,returnNaN.
3.ReturnDateFromTime(LocalTime(t)).
20.3.4.3 Date.prototype.getDay()
3.ReturnWeekDay(LocalTime(t)).
20.3.4.4 Date.prototype.getFullYear()
3.ReturnYearFromTime(LocalTime(t)).
20.3.4.5 Date.prototype.getHours()
3.ReturnHourFromTime(LocalTime(t)).
20.3.4.6 Date.prototype.getMilliseconds()
3.ReturnmsFromTime(LocalTime(t)).
20.3.4.7 Date.prototype.getMinutes()
3.ReturnMinFromTime(LocalTime(t)).
20.3.4.8 Date.prototype.getMonth()
3.ReturnMonthFromTime(LocalTime(t)).
20.3.4.9 Date.prototype.getSeconds()
3.ReturnSecFromTime(LocalTime(t)).
20.3.4.10 Date.prototype.getTime()
1.Return?thisTimeValue(thisvalue).
20.3.4.11 Date.prototype.getTimezoneOffset()
3.Return(tLocalTime(t))/msPerMinute.
20.3.4.12 Date.prototype.getUTCDate()
3.ReturnDateFromTime(t).
20.3.4.13 Date.prototype.getUTCDay()
3.ReturnWeekDay(t).
20.3.4.14 Date.prototype.getUTCFullYear()
3.ReturnYearFromTime(t).
20.3.4.15 Date.prototype.getUTCHours()
3.ReturnHourFromTime(t).
20.3.4.16 Date.prototype.getUTCMilliseconds()
3.ReturnmsFromTime(t).
20.3.4.17 Date.prototype.getUTCMinutes()
3.ReturnMinFromTime(t).
20.3.4.18 Date.prototype.getUTCMonth()
3.ReturnMonthFromTime(t).
20.3.4.19 Date.prototype.getUTCSeconds()
3.ReturnSecFromTime(t).
20.3.4.20 Date.prototype.setDate(date)
1.LettbeLocalTime(?thisTimeValue(thisvalue)).
2.Letdtbe?ToNumber(date).
3.LetnewDatebeMakeDate(MakeDay(YearFromTime(t),MonthFromTime(t),dt),TimeWithinDay(t)).
4.LetubeTimeClip(UTC(newDate)).
5.Setthe[[DateValue]]internalslotofthisDateobjecttou.
6.Returnu.
20.3.4.21 Date.prototype.setFullYear(year[,month[,date]])
2.IftisNaN,lettbe+0;otherwise,lettbeLocalTime(t).
4.Ifmonthisnotspeciied,letmbeMonthFromTime(t);otherwise,letmbe?ToNumber(month).
5.Ifdateisnotspeciied,letdtbeDateFromTime(t);otherwise,letdtbe?ToNumber(date).
6.LetnewDatebeMakeDate(MakeDay(y,m,dt),TimeWithinDay(t)).
9.Returnu.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetFullYearmethodis3.
NOTE Ifmonthisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifmonthwerespeciiedwiththevaluegetMonth().Ifdateis
notspeciied,itbehavesasifdatewerespeciiedwiththevaluegetDate().
20.3.4.22 Date.prototype.setHours(hour[,min[,sec[,ms]]])
2.Lethbe?ToNumber(hour).
3.Ifminisnotspeciied,letmbeMinFromTime(t);otherwise,letmbe?ToNumber(min).
4.Ifsecisnotspeciied,letsbeSecFromTime(t);otherwise,letsbe?ToNumber(sec).
5.Ifmsisnotspeciied,letmillibemsFromTime(t);otherwise,letmillibe?ToNumber(ms).
6.LetdatebeMakeDate(Day(t),MakeTime(h,m,s,milli)).
7.LetubeTimeClip(UTC(date)).
9.Returnu.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetHoursmethodis4.
NOTE Ifminisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifminwerespeciiedwiththevaluegetMinutes().Ifsecisnot
speciied,itbehavesasifsecwerespeciiedwiththevaluegetSeconds().Ifmsisnotspeciied,itbehavesasif
mswerespeciiedwiththevaluegetMilliseconds().
20.3.4.23 Date.prototype.setMilliseconds(ms)
2.Letmsbe?ToNumber(ms).
3.LettimebeMakeTime(HourFromTime(t),MinFromTime(t),SecFromTime(t),ms).
4.LetubeTimeClip(UTC(MakeDate(Day(t),time))).
6.Returnu.
20.3.4.24 Date.prototype.setMinutes(min[,sec[,ms]])
2.Letmbe?ToNumber(min).
5.LetdatebeMakeDate(Day(t),MakeTime(HourFromTime(t),m,s,milli)).
8.Returnu.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetMinutesmethodis3.
NOTE Ifsecisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifsecwerespeciiedwiththevaluegetSeconds().Ifmsisnot
speciied,thisbehavesasifmswerespeciiedwiththevaluegetMilliseconds().
20.3.4.25 Date.prototype.setMonth(month[,date])
4.LetnewDatebeMakeDate(MakeDay(YearFromTime(t),m,dt),TimeWithinDay(t)).
7.Returnu.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetMonthmethodis2.
NOTE Ifdateisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifdatewerespeciiedwiththevaluegetDate().
20.3.4.26 Date.prototype.setSeconds(sec[,ms])
2.Letsbe?ToNumber(sec).
4.LetdatebeMakeDate(Day(t),MakeTime(HourFromTime(t),MinFromTime(t),s,milli)).
7.Returnu.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetSecondsmethodis2.
NOTE Ifmsisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifmswerespeciiedwiththevaluegetMilliseconds().
20.3.4.27 Date.prototype.setTime(time)
1.Perform?thisTimeValue(thisvalue).
2.Lettbe?ToNumber(time).
3.LetvbeTimeClip(t).
4.Setthe[[DateValue]]internalslotofthisDateobjecttov.
5.Returnv.
20.3.4.28 Date.prototype.setUTCDate(date)
2.Letdtbe?ToNumber(date).
3.LetnewDatebeMakeDate(MakeDay(YearFromTime(t),MonthFromTime(t),dt),TimeWithinDay(t)).
4.LetvbeTimeClip(newDate).
6.Returnv.
20.3.4.29 Date.prototype.setUTCFullYear(year[,month[,date]])
2.IftisNaN,lettbe+0.
4.Ifmonthisnotspeciied,letmbeMonthFromTime(t);otherwise,letmbe?ToNumber(month).
6.LetnewDatebeMakeDate(MakeDay(y,m,dt),TimeWithinDay(t)).
9.Returnv.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetUTCFullYearmethodis3.
NOTE Ifmonthisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifmonthwerespeciiedwiththevaluegetUTCMonth().If
dateisnotspeciied,itbehavesasifdatewerespeciiedwiththevaluegetUTCDate().
20.3.4.30 Date.prototype.setUTCHours(hour[,min[,sec[,ms]]])
2.Lethbe?ToNumber(hour).
3.Ifminisnotspeciied,letmbeMinFromTime(t);otherwise,letmbe?ToNumber(min).
6.LetnewDatebeMakeDate(Day(t),MakeTime(h,m,s,milli)).
9.Returnv.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetUTCHoursmethodis4.
NOTE Ifminisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifminwerespeciiedwiththevaluegetUTCMinutes().Ifsecis
notspeciied,itbehavesasifsecwerespeciiedwiththevaluegetUTCSeconds().Ifmsisnotspeciied,it
behavesasifmswerespeciiedwiththevaluegetUTCMilliseconds().
20.3.4.31 Date.prototype.setUTCMilliseconds(ms)
2.Letmillibe?ToNumber(ms).
3.LettimebeMakeTime(HourFromTime(t),MinFromTime(t),SecFromTime(t),milli).
4.LetvbeTimeClip(MakeDate(Day(t),time)).
6.Returnv.
20.3.4.32 Date.prototype.setUTCMinutes(min[,sec[,ms]])
2.Letmbe?ToNumber(min).
3.Ifsecisnotspeciied,letsbeSecFromTime(t).
4.Else,
a.Letsbe?ToNumber(sec).
5.Ifmsisnotspeciied,letmillibemsFromTime(t).
6.Else,
a.Letmillibe?ToNumber(ms).
7.LetdatebeMakeDate(Day(t),MakeTime(HourFromTime(t),m,s,milli)).
8.LetvbeTimeClip(date).
10.Returnv.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetUTCMinutesmethodis3.
NOTE Ifsecisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifsecwerespeciiedwiththevaluegetUTCSeconds().Ifmsis
notspeciied,itfunctionbehavesasifmswerespeciiedwiththevaluereturnbygetUTCMilliseconds().
20.3.4.33 Date.prototype.setUTCMonth(month[,date])
3.Ifdateisnotspeciied,letdtbeDateFromTime(t).
4.Else,
a.Letdtbe?ToNumber(date).
5.LetnewDatebeMakeDate(MakeDay(YearFromTime(t),m,dt),TimeWithinDay(t)).
8.Returnv.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetUTCMonthmethodis2.
NOTE Ifdateisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifdatewerespeciiedwiththevaluegetUTCDate().
20.3.4.34 Date.prototype.setUTCSeconds(sec[,ms])
2.Letsbe?ToNumber(sec).
3.Ifmsisnotspeciied,letmillibemsFromTime(t).
4.Else,
a.Letmillibe?ToNumber(ms).
5.LetdatebeMakeDate(Day(t),MakeTime(HourFromTime(t),MinFromTime(t),s,milli)).
6.LetvbeTimeClip(date).
8.Returnv.
ThelengthpropertyofthesetUTCSecondsmethodis2.
NOTE Ifmsisnotspeciied,thismethodbehavesasifmswerespeciiedwiththevaluegetUTCMilliseconds().
20.3.4.35 Date.prototype.toDateString()
ThisfunctionreturnsaStringvalue.ThecontentsoftheStringareimplementationdependent,butareintendedtorepresent
thedateportionoftheDateinthecurrenttimezoneinaconvenient,humanreadableform.
20.3.4.36 Date.prototype.toISOString()
ThisfunctionreturnsaStringvaluerepresentingtheinstanceintimecorrespondingtothistimevalue.Theformatofthe
StringistheDateTimestringformatdeinedin20.3.1.16.AllieldsarepresentintheString.ThetimezoneisalwaysUTC,
denotedbythesufixZ.IfthistimevalueisnotainiteNumberoriftheyearisnotavaluethatcanberepresentedinthat
format(ifnecessaryusingextendedyearformat),aRangeErrorexceptionisthrown.
20.3.4.37 Date.prototype.toJSON(key)
ThisfunctionprovidesaStringrepresentationofaDateobjectforusebyJSON.stringify(24.3.2).
WhenthetoJSONmethodiscalledwithargumentkey,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Lettvbe?ToPrimitive(O,hintNumber).
3.IfType(tv)isNumberandtvisnotinite,returnnull.
4.Return?Invoke(O,"toISOString").
NOTE1 Theargumentisignored.
NOTE2 ThetoJSONfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaDateobject.Therefore,
itcanbetransferredtootherkindsofobjectsforuseasamethod.However,itdoesrequirethatanysuchobject
haveatoISOStringmethod.
20.3.4.38 Date.prototype.toLocaleDateString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
Date.prototype.toLocaleDateStringmethodasspeciiedintheECMA402speciication.IfanECMAScript
implementationdoesnotincludetheECMA402APIthefollowingspeciicationofthetoLocaleDateStringmethodis
used.
thedateportionoftheDateinthecurrenttimezoneinaconvenient,humanreadableformthatcorrespondstothe
conventionsofthehostenvironment'scurrentlocale.
ThemeaningoftheoptionalparameterstothismethodaredeinedintheECMA402speciication;implementationsthatdo
20.3.4.39 Date.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
Date.prototype.toLocaleStringmethodasspeciiedintheECMA402speciication.IfanECMAScriptimplementation
doesnotincludetheECMA402APIthefollowingspeciicationofthetoLocaleStringmethodisused.
theDateinthecurrenttimezoneinaconvenient,humanreadableformthatcorrespondstotheconventionsofthehost
environment'scurrentlocale.
20.3.4.40 Date.prototype.toLocaleTimeString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
Date.prototype.toLocaleTimeStringmethodasspeciiedintheECMA402speciication.IfanECMAScript
implementationdoesnotincludetheECMA402APIthefollowingspeciicationofthetoLocaleTimeStringmethodis
used.
thetimeportionoftheDateinthecurrenttimezoneinaconvenient,humanreadableformthatcorrespondstothe
conventionsofthehostenvironment'scurrentlocale.
20.3.4.41 Date.prototype.toString()
1.LetObethisDateobject.
2.IfOdoesnothavea[[DateValue]]internalslot,then
a.LettvbeNaN.
3.Else,
a.LettvbethisTimeValue(O).
4.ReturnToDateString(tv).
NOTE1 ForanyDateobjectdwhosemillisecondsamountiszero,theresultofDate.parse(d.toString())isequal
tod.valueOf().See20.3.3.2.
NOTE2 ThetoStringfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaDateobject.
Therefore,itcanbetransferredtootherkindsofobjectsforuseasamethod.
20.3.4.41.1 RuntimeSemantics:ToDateString(tv)
1.Assert:Type(tv)isNumber.
2.IftvisNaN,return"InvalidDate".
3.ReturnanimplementationdependentStringvaluethatrepresentstvasadateandtimeinthecurrenttimezoneusinga
convenient,humanreadableform.
20.3.4.42 Date.prototype.toTimeString()
thetimeportionoftheDateinthecurrenttimezoneinaconvenient,humanreadableform.
20.3.4.43 Date.prototype.toUTCString()
thistimevalueinaconvenient,humanreadableforminUTC.
NOTE TheintentistoproduceaStringrepresentationofadatethatismorereadablethantheformatspeciiedin
20.3.1.16.Itisnotessentialthatthechosenformatbeunambiguousoreasilymachineparsable.Ifan
implementationdoesnothaveapreferredhumanreadableformatitisrecommendedtousetheformat
deinedin20.3.1.16butwithaspaceratherthana"T"usedtoseparatethedateandtimeelements.
20.3.4.44 Date.prototype.valueOf()
1.Return?thisTimeValue(thisvalue).
20.3.4.45 Date.prototype[@@toPrimitive](hint)
ThisfunctioniscalledbyECMAScriptlanguageoperatorstoconvertaDateobjecttoaprimitivevalue.Theallowedvaluesfor
hintare"default","number",and"string".Dateobjects,areuniqueamongbuiltinECMAScriptobjectinthattheytreat
"default"asbeingequivalentto"string",AllotherbuiltinECMAScriptobjectstreat"default"asbeingequivalentto
"number".
Whenthe@@toPrimitivemethodiscalledwithargumenthint,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.IfhintistheStringvalue"string"ortheStringvalue"default",then
a.LettryFirstbe"string".
4.ElseifhintistheStringvalue"number",then
a.LettryFirstbe"number".
5.Else,throwaTypeErrorexception.
6.Return?OrdinaryToPrimitive(O,tryFirst).
Thevalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"[Symbol.toPrimitive]".
20.3.5 PropertiesofDateInstances
DateinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheDateprototypeobject.Dateinstancesalsohavea
[[DateValue]]internalslot.The[[DateValue]]internalslotisthetimevaluerepresentedbythisDateobject.
21 TextProcessing
21.1 StringObjects
21.1.1 TheStringConstructor
TheStringconstructoristhe%String%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheStringpropertyoftheglobalobject.
WhencalledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewStringobject.WhenStringiscalledasafunctionratherthanas
aconstructor,itperformsatypeconversion.
TheStringconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedStringbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltotheString
constructortocreateandinitializethesubclassinstancewitha[[StringData]]internalslot.
21.1.1.1 String(value)
WhenStringiscalledwithargumentvalue,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Ifnoargumentswerepassedtothisfunctioninvocation,letsbe"".
2.Else,
a.IfNewTargetisundeinedandType(value)isSymbol,returnSymbolDescriptiveString(value).
b.Letsbe?ToString(value).
3.IfNewTargetisundeined,returns.
4.Return?StringCreate(s,?GetPrototypeFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%StringPrototype%")).
21.1.2 PropertiesoftheStringConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheStringconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheStringconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
21.1.2.1 String.fromCharCode(...codeUnits)
TheString.fromCharCodefunctionmaybecalledwithanynumberofargumentswhichformtherestparameter
codeUnits.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetcodeUnitsbeaListcontainingtheargumentspassedtothisfunction.
2.LetlengthbethenumberofelementsincodeUnits.
3.LetelementsbeanewemptyList.
4.LetnextIndexbe0.
5.RepeatwhilenextIndex<length
a.LetnextbecodeUnits[nextIndex].
b.LetnextCUbe?ToUint16(next).
c.AppendnextCUtotheendofelements.
d.LetnextIndexbenextIndex+1.
6.ReturntheStringvaluewhoseelementsare,inorder,theelementsintheListelements.Iflengthis0,theemptystringis
returned.
ThelengthpropertyofthefromCharCodefunctionis1.
21.1.2.2 String.fromCodePoint(...codePoints)
TheString.fromCodePointfunctionmaybecalledwithanynumberofargumentswhichformtherestparameter
codePoints.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetcodePointsbeaListcontainingtheargumentspassedtothisfunction.
2.LetlengthbethenumberofelementsincodePoints.
3.LetelementsbeanewemptyList.
4.LetnextIndexbe0.
5.RepeatwhilenextIndex<length
a.LetnextbecodePoints[nextIndex].
b.LetnextCPbe?ToNumber(next).
c.IfSameValue(nextCP,ToInteger(nextCP))isfalse,throwaRangeErrorexception.
d.IfnextCP<0ornextCP>0x10FFFF,throwaRangeErrorexception.
e.AppendtheelementsoftheUTF16EncodingofnextCPtotheendofelements.
f.LetnextIndexbenextIndex+1.
6.ReturntheStringvaluewhoseelementsare,inorder,theelementsintheListelements.Iflengthis0,theemptystringis
returned.
ThelengthpropertyofthefromCodePointfunctionis1.
21.1.2.3 String.prototype
TheinitialvalueofString.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%StringPrototype%.
21.1.2.4 String.raw(template,...substitutions)
TheString.rawfunctionmaybecalledwithavariablenumberofarguments.Theirstargumentistemplateandthe
remainderoftheargumentsformtheListsubstitutions.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetsubstitutionsbeaListconsistingofalloftheargumentspassedtothisfunction,startingwiththesecondargument.
Iffewerthantwoargumentswerepassed,theListisempty.
2.LetnumberOfSubstitutionsbethenumberofelementsinsubstitutions.
3.Letcookedbe?ToObject(template).
4.Letrawbe?ToObject(?Get(cooked,"raw")).
5.LetliteralSegmentsbe?ToLength(?Get(raw,"length")).
6.IfliteralSegments0,returntheemptystring.
7.LetstringElementsbeanewemptyList.
8.LetnextIndexbe0.
9.Repeat
a.LetnextKeybe!ToString(nextIndex).
b.LetnextSegbe?ToString(?Get(raw,nextKey)).
c.AppendinorderthecodeunitelementsofnextSegtotheendofstringElements.
d.IfnextIndex+1=literalSegments,then
i.ReturntheStringvaluewhosecodeunitsare,inorder,theelementsintheListstringElements.If
stringElementshasnoelements,theemptystringisreturned.
e.IfnextIndex<numberOfSubstitutions,letnextbesubstitutions[nextIndex].
f.Else,letnextbetheemptyString.
g.LetnextSubbe?ToString(next).
h.AppendinorderthecodeunitelementsofnextSubtotheendofstringElements.
i.LetnextIndexbenextIndex+1.
NOTE String.rawisintendedforuseasatagfunctionofaTaggedTemplate(12.3.7).Whencalledassuch,theirst
argumentwillbeawellformedtemplateobjectandtherestparameterwillcontainthesubstitutionvalues.
21.1.3 PropertiesoftheStringPrototypeObject
TheStringprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%StringPrototype%.TheStringprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.The
StringprototypeisitselfaStringobject;ithasa[[StringData]]internalslotwiththevalue"".
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheStringprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
Unlessexplicitlystatedotherwise,themethodsoftheStringprototypeobjectdeinedbelowarenotgenericandthethis
valuepassedtothemmustbeeitheraStringvalueoranobjectthathasa[[StringData]]internalslotthathasbeeninitialized
toaStringvalue.
TheabstractoperationthisStringValue(value)performsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(value)isString,returnvalue.
2.IfType(value)isObjectandvaluehasa[[StringData]]internalslot,then
a.Assert:value's[[StringData]]internalslotisaStringvalue.
b.Returnthevalueofvalue's[[StringData]]internalslot.
ThephrasethisStringvaluewithinthespeciicationofamethodreferstotheresultreturnedbycallingtheabstract
operationthisStringValuewiththethisvalueofthemethodinvocationpassedastheargument.
21.1.3.1 String.prototype.charAt(pos)
NOTE1 ReturnsasingleelementStringcontainingthecodeunitatindexposintheStringvalueresultingfrom
convertingthisobjecttoaString.Ifthereisnoelementatthatindex,theresultistheemptyString.Theresult
isaStringvalue,notaStringobject.
IfposisavalueofNumbertypethatisaninteger,thentheresultofx.charAt(pos)isequaltotheresultof
x.substring(pos,pos+1).
WhenthecharAtmethodiscalledwithoneargumentpos,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetObe?RequireObjectCoercible(thisvalue).
2.LetSbe?ToString(O).
3.Letpositionbe?ToInteger(pos).
4.LetsizebethenumberofelementsinS.
5.Ifposition<0orpositionsize,returntheemptyString.
6.ReturnaStringoflength1,containingonecodeunitfromS,namelythecodeunitatindexposition.
NOTE2 ThecharAtfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.2 String.prototype.charCodeAt(pos)
NOTE1 ReturnsaNumber(anonnegativeintegerlessthan216)thatisthecodeunitvalueofthestringelementat
indexposintheStringresultingfromconvertingthisobjecttoaString.Ifthereisnoelementatthatindex,the
resultisNaN.
WhenthecharCodeAtmethodiscalledwithoneargumentpos,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.Ifposition<0orpositionsize,returnNaN.
6.ReturnavalueofNumbertype,whosevalueisthecodeunitvalueoftheelementatindexpositionintheStringS.
NOTE2 ThecharCodeAtfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
Thereforeitcanbetransferredtootherkindsofobjectsforuseasamethod.
21.1.3.3 String.prototype.codePointAt(pos)
NOTE1 ReturnsanonnegativeintegerNumberlessthan1114112(0x110000)thatisthecodepointvalueoftheUTF
16encodedcodepoint(6.1.4)startingatthestringelementatindexposintheStringresultingfromconverting
thisobjecttoaString.Ifthereisnoelementatthatindex,theresultisundeined.IfavalidUTF16surrogate
pairdoesnotbeginatpos,theresultisthecodeunitatpos.
WhenthecodePointAtmethodiscalledwithoneargumentpos,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.Ifposition<0orpositionsize,returnundeined.
6.LetirstbethecodeunitvalueoftheelementatindexpositionintheStringS.
7.Ifirst<0xD800orirst>0xDBFForposition+1=size,returnirst.
8.Letsecondbethecodeunitvalueoftheelementatindexposition+1intheStringS.
9.Ifsecond<0xDC00orsecond>0xDFFF,returnirst.
10.ReturnUTF16Decode(irst,second).
NOTE2 ThecodePointAtfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.4 String.prototype.concat(...args)
NOTE1 WhentheconcatmethodiscalleditreturnsaStringconsistingofthecodeunitsofthethisobject(converted
toaString)followedbythecodeunitsofeachoftheargumentsconvertedtoaString.TheresultisaString
value,notaStringobject.
Whentheconcatmethodiscalledwithzeroormorearguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.LetargsbeaListwhoseelementsaretheargumentspassedtothisfunction.
4.LetRbeS.
5.Repeat,whileargsisnotempty
a.Removetheirstelementfromargsandletnextbethevalueofthatelement.
b.LetnextStringbe?ToString(next).
c.LetRbetheStringvalueconsistingofthecodeunitsofthepreviousvalueofRfollowedbythecodeunitsof
nextString.
6.ReturnR.
Thelengthpropertyoftheconcatmethodis1.
NOTE2 Theconcatfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.Therefore
itcanbetransferredtootherkindsofobjectsforuseasamethod.
21.1.3.5 String.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofString.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%String%.
21.1.3.6 String.prototype.endsWith(searchString[,endPosition])
3.LetisRegExpbe?IsRegExp(searchString).
4.IfisRegExpistrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.LetsearchStrbe?ToString(searchString).
6.LetlenbethenumberofelementsinS.
7.IfendPositionisundeined,letposbelen,elseletposbe?ToInteger(endPosition).
8.Letendbemin(max(pos,0),len).
9.LetsearchLengthbethenumberofelementsinsearchStr.
10.LetstartbeendsearchLength.
11.Ifstartislessthan0,returnfalse.
12.IfthesequenceofelementsofSstartingatstartoflengthsearchLengthisthesameasthefullelementsequenceof
searchStr,returntrue.
NOTE1 ReturnstrueifthesequenceofelementsofsearchStringconvertedtoaStringisthesameasthecorresponding
elementsofthisobject(convertedtoaString)startingatendPositionlength(this).Otherwisereturnsfalse.
NOTE2 ThrowinganexceptioniftheirstargumentisaRegExpisspeciiedinordertoallowfutureeditionstodeine
extensionsthatallowsuchargumentvalues.
NOTE3 TheendsWithfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.7 String.prototype.includes(searchString[,position])
Theincludesmethodtakestwoarguments,searchStringandposition,andperformsthefollowingsteps:
6.Letposbe?ToInteger(position).(Ifpositionisundeined,thisstepproducesthevalue0.)
8.Letstartbemin(max(pos,0),len).
9.LetsearchLenbethenumberofelementsinsearchStr.
10.Ifthereexistsanyintegerknotsmallerthanstartsuchthatk+searchLenisnotgreaterthanlen,andforallnonnegative
integersjlessthansearchLen,thecodeunitatindexk+jofSisthesameasthecodeunitatindexjofsearchStr,return
true;butifthereisnosuchintegerk,returnfalse.
NOTE1 IfsearchStringappearsasasubstringoftheresultofconvertingthisobjecttoaString,atoneormoreindices
thataregreaterthanorequaltoposition,returntrue;otherwise,returnsfalse.Ifpositionisundeined,0is
assumed,soastosearchalloftheString.
NOTE3 Theincludesfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.8 String.prototype.indexOf(searchString[,position])
NOTE1 IfsearchStringappearsasasubstringoftheresultofconvertingthisobjecttoaString,atoneormoreindices
thataregreaterthanorequaltoposition,thenthesmallestsuchindexisreturned;otherwise,1isreturned.If
positionisundeined,0isassumed,soastosearchalloftheString.
TheindexOfmethodtakestwoarguments,searchStringandposition,andperformsthefollowingsteps:
8.Returnthesmallestpossibleintegerknotsmallerthanstartsuchthatk+searchLenisnotgreaterthanlen,andforall
nonnegativeintegersjlessthansearchLen,thecodeunitatindexk+jofSisthesameasthecodeunitatindexjof
searchStr;butifthereisnosuchintegerk,returnthevalue1.
NOTE2 TheindexOffunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.9 String.prototype.lastIndexOf(searchString[,position])
NOTE1 IfsearchStringappearsasasubstringoftheresultofconvertingthisobjecttoaStringatoneormoreindices
thataresmallerthanorequaltoposition,thenthegreatestsuchindexisreturned;otherwise,1isreturned.If
positionisundeined,thelengthoftheStringvalueisassumed,soastosearchalloftheString.
ThelastIndexOfmethodtakestwoarguments,searchStringandposition,andperformsthefollowingsteps:
4.LetnumPosbe?ToNumber(position).(Ifpositionisundeined,thisstepproducesthevalueNaN.)
5.IfnumPosisNaN,letposbe+;otherwise,letposbeToInteger(numPos).
9.Returnthelargestpossiblenonnegativeintegerknotlargerthanstartsuchthatk+searchLenisnotgreaterthanlen,and
forallnonnegativeintegersjlessthansearchLen,thecodeunitatindexk+jofSisthesameasthecodeunitatindexjof
searchStr;butifthereisnosuchintegerk,returnthevalue1.
NOTE2 ThelastIndexOffunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.10 String.prototype.localeCompare(that[,reserved1[,reserved2]])
AnECMAScriptimplementationthatincludestheECMA402InternationalizationAPImustimplementthelocaleCompare
methodasspeciiedintheECMA402speciication.IfanECMAScriptimplementationdoesnotincludetheECMA402APIthe
followingspeciicationofthelocaleComparemethodisused.
WhenthelocaleComparemethodiscalledwithargumentthat,itreturnsaNumberotherthanNaNthatrepresentsthe
resultofalocalesensitiveStringcomparisonofthethisvalue(convertedtoaString)withthat(convertedtoaString).The
twoStringsareSandThat.ThetwoStringsarecomparedinanimplementationdeinedfashion.Theresultisintendedto
orderStringvaluesinthesortorderspeciiedbyahostdefaultlocale,andwillbenegative,zero,orpositive,dependingon
whetherScomesbeforeThatinthesortorder,theStringsareequal,orScomesafterThatinthesortorder,respectively.
Beforeperformingthecomparisons,thefollowingstepsareperformedtopreparetheStrings:
3.LetThatbe?ToString(that).
ThemeaningoftheoptionalsecondandthirdparameterstothismethodaredeinedintheECMA402speciication;
implementationsthatdonotincludeECMA402supportmustnotassignanyotherinterpretationtothoseparameter
positions.
ThelocaleComparemethod,ifconsideredasafunctionoftwoargumentsthisandthat,isaconsistentcomparisonfunction
(asdeinedin22.1.3.25)onthesetofallStrings.
Theactualreturnvaluesareimplementationdeinedtopermitimplementerstoencodeadditionalinformationinthevalue,
butthefunctionisrequiredtodeineatotalorderingonallStrings.ThisfunctionmusttreatStringsthatarecanonically
equivalentaccordingtotheUnicodestandardasidenticalandmustreturn0whencomparingStringsthatareconsidered
canonicallyequivalent.
NOTE1 ThelocaleComparemethoditselfisnotdirectlysuitableasanargumenttoArray.prototype.sort
becausethelatterrequiresafunctionoftwoarguments.
NOTE2 Thisfunctionisintendedtorelyonwhateverlanguagesensitivecomparisonfunctionalityisavailabletothe
ECMAScriptenvironmentfromthehostenvironment,andtocompareaccordingtotherulesofthehost
environment'scurrentlocale.However,regardlessofthehostprovidedcomparisoncapabilities,thisfunction
musttreatStringsthatarecanonicallyequivalentaccordingtotheUnicodestandardasidentical.Itis
recommendedthatthisfunctionshouldnothonourUnicodecompatibilityequivalencesordecompositions.For
adeinitionanddiscussionofcanonicalequivalenceseetheUnicodeStandard,chapters2and3,aswellas
UnicodeStandardAnnex#15,UnicodeNormalizationForms(http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/)and
UnicodeTechnicalNote#5,CanonicalEquivalenceinApplications(http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn5/).Also
seeUnicodeTechnicalStandard#10,UnicodeCollationAlgorithm(http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr10/).
NOTE3 ThelocaleComparefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.11 String.prototype.match(regexp)
Whenthematchmethodiscalledwithargumentregexp,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Ifregexpisneitherundeinednornull,then
a.Letmatcherbe?GetMethod(regexp,@@match).
b.Ifmatcherisnotundeined,then
i.Return?Call(matcher,regexp,O).
4.Letrxbe?RegExpCreate(regexp,undeined).
5.Return?Invoke(rx,@@match,S).
NOTE Thematchfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.Therefore,
21.1.3.12 String.prototype.normalize([form])
Whenthenormalizemethodiscalledwithoneargumentform,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Ifformisnotprovidedorformisundeined,letformbe"NFC".
4.Letfbe?ToString(form).
5.Iffisnotoneof"NFC","NFD","NFKC",or"NFKD",throwaRangeErrorexception.
6.LetnsbetheStringvaluethatistheresultofnormalizingSintothenormalizationformnamedbyfasspeciiedin
http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/tr1529.html.
7.Returnns.
NOTE Thenormalizefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.13 String.prototype.repeat(count)
3.Letnbe?ToInteger(count).
4.Ifn<0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
5.Ifnis+,throwaRangeErrorexception.
6.LetTbeaStringvaluethatismadefromncopiesofSappendedtogether.Ifnis0,TistheemptyString.
7.ReturnT.
NOTE1 ThismethodcreatesaStringconsistingofthecodeunitsofthethisobject(convertedtoString)repeated
counttimes.
NOTE2 Therepeatfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.14 String.prototype.replace(searchValue,replaceValue)
WhenthereplacemethodiscalledwithargumentssearchValueandreplaceValue,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfsearchValueisneitherundeinednornull,then
a.Letreplacerbe?GetMethod(searchValue,@@replace).
b.Ifreplacerisnotundeined,then
i.Return?Call(replacer,searchValue,O,replaceValue).
3.Letstringbe?ToString(O).
4.LetsearchStringbe?ToString(searchValue).
5.LetfunctionalReplacebeIsCallable(replaceValue).
6.IffunctionalReplaceisfalse,then
a.LetreplaceValuebe?ToString(replaceValue).
7.SearchstringfortheirstoccurrenceofsearchStringandletposbetheindexwithinstringoftheirstcodeunitofthe
matchedsubstringandletmatchedbesearchString.IfnooccurrencesofsearchStringwerefound,returnstring.
8.IffunctionalReplaceistrue,then
a.LetreplValuebe?Call(replaceValue,undeined,matched,pos,string).
b.LetreplStrbe?ToString(replValue).
9.Else,
a.LetcapturesbeanewemptyList.
b.LetreplStrbeGetSubstitution(matched,string,pos,captures,replaceValue).
10.LettailPosbepos+thenumberofcodeunitsinmatched.
11.LetnewStringbetheStringformedbyconcatenatingtheirstposcodeunitsofstring,replStr,andthetrailingsubstring
ofstringstartingatindextailPos.Ifposis0,theirstelementoftheconcatenationwillbetheemptyString.
12.ReturnnewString.
NOTE Thereplacefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.14.1 RuntimeSemantics:GetSubstitution(matched,str,position,captures,replacement)
TheabstractoperationGetSubstitutionperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(matched)isString.
2.LetmatchLengthbethenumberofcodeunitsinmatched.
3.Assert:Type(str)isString.
4.LetstringLengthbethenumberofcodeunitsinstr.
5.Assert:positionisanonnegativeinteger.
6.Assert:positionstringLength.
7.Assert:capturesisapossiblyemptyListofStrings.
8.Assert:Type(replacement)isString.
9.LettailPosbeposition+matchLength.
10.Letmbethenumberofelementsincaptures.
11.LetresultbeaStringvaluederivedfromreplacementbycopyingcodeunitelementsfromreplacementtoresultwhile
performingreplacementsasspeciiedinTable46.These$replacementsaredonelefttoright,and,oncesucha
replacementisperformed,thenewreplacementtextisnotsubjecttofurtherreplacements.
12.Returnresult.
Table46:ReplacementTextSymbolSubstitutions
Code UnicodeCharacters Replacementtext
units
0x0024, $$ $
0x0024
0x0024, $& matched

0x0026
0x0024, $` Ifpositionis0,thereplacementistheemptyString.Otherwisethereplacementisthe
0x0060 substringofstrthatstartsatindex0andwhoselastcodeunitisatindexposition1.
0x0024, $' IftailPosstringLength,thereplacementistheemptyString.Otherwisethe

0x0027 replacementisthesubstringofstrthatstartsatindextailPosandcontinuestothe
endofstr.
0x0024, $nwhere Thenthelementofcaptures,wherenisasingledigitintherange1to9.Ifnmand

N nisoneof thenthelementofcapturesisundeined,usetheemptyStringinstead.Ifn>m,the
Where 123456789 resultisimplementationdeined.
0x0031 and$nisnotfollowedby
N adecimaldigit
0x0039
0x0024, $nnwhere Thennthelementofcaptures,wherennisatwodigitdecimalnumberintherange

N,N nisoneof 01to99.Ifnnmandthennthelementofcapturesisundeined,usetheempty
Where 0123456789 Stringinstead.Ifnnis00ornn>m,theresultisimplementationdeined.
0x0030
N
0x0039
0x0024 $inanycontextthatdoes $
notmatchanyofthe
above.
21.1.3.15 String.prototype.search(regexp)
Whenthesearchmethodiscalledwithargumentregexp,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Ifregexpisneitherundeinednornull,then
a.Letsearcherbe?GetMethod(regexp,@@search).
b.Ifsearcherisnotundeined,then
i.Return?Call(searcher,regexp,O).
3.Letstringbe?ToString(O).
4.Letrxbe?RegExpCreate(regexp,undeined).
5.Return?Invoke(rx,@@search,string).
NOTE Thesearchfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.16 String.prototype.slice(start,end)
Theslicemethodtakestwoarguments,startandend,andreturnsasubstringoftheresultofconvertingthisobjecttoa
String,startingfromindexstartandrunningto,butnotincluding,indexend(orthroughtheendoftheStringifendis
undeined).Ifstartisnegative,itistreatedassourceLength+startwheresourceLengthisthelengthoftheString.Ifendis
negative,itistreatedassourceLength+endwheresourceLengthisthelengthoftheString.TheresultisaStringvalue,nota
Stringobject.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
4.LetintStartbe?ToInteger(start).
5.Ifendisundeined,letintEndbelen;elseletintEndbe?ToInteger(end).
6.IfintStart<0,letfrombemax(len+intStart,0);otherwiseletfrombemin(intStart,len).
7.IfintEnd<0,lettobemax(len+intEnd,0);otherwiselettobemin(intEnd,len).
8.Letspanbemax(tofrom,0).
9.ReturnaStringvaluecontainingspanconsecutiveelementsfromSbeginningwiththeelementatindexfrom.
NOTE Theslicefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.Therefore
21.1.3.17 String.prototype.split(separator,limit)
ReturnsanArrayobjectintowhichsubstringsoftheresultofconvertingthisobjecttoaStringhavebeenstored.The
substringsaredeterminedbysearchingfromlefttorightforoccurrencesofseparator;theseoccurrencesarenotpartofany
substringinthereturnedarray,butservetodivideuptheStringvalue.ThevalueofseparatormaybeaStringofanylength
oritmaybeanobject,suchasanRegExp,thathasa@@splitmethod.
Whenthesplitmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Ifseparatorisneitherundeinednornull,then
a.Letsplitterbe?GetMethod(separator,@@split).
b.Ifsplitterisnotundeined,then
i.Return?Call(splitter,separator,O,limit).
5.LetlengthAbe0.
6.Iflimitisundeined,letlimbe2321;elseletlimbe?ToUint32(limit).
7.LetsbethenumberofelementsinS.
8.Letpbe0.
9.LetRbe?ToString(separator).
10.Iflim=0,returnA.
11.Ifseparatorisundeined,then
a.Perform!CreateDataProperty(A,"0",S).
b.ReturnA.
12.Ifs=0,then
a.LetzbeSplitMatch(S,0,R).
b.Ifzisnotfalse,returnA.
c.Perform!CreateDataProperty(A,"0",S).
d.ReturnA.
13.Letqbep.
14.Repeat,whileqs
a.LetebeSplitMatch(S,q,R).
b.Ifeisfalse,letqbeq+1.
c.Elseeisanintegerindexs,
i.Ife=p,letqbeq+1.
ii.Elseep,
1.LetTbeaStringvalueequaltothesubstringofSconsistingofthecodeunitsatindicesp(inclusive)
throughq(exclusive).
2.Perform!CreateDataProperty(A,!ToString(lengthA),T).
3.IncrementlengthAby1.
4.IflengthA=lim,returnA.
5.Letpbee.
6.Letqbep.
15.LetTbeaStringvalueequaltothesubstringofSconsistingofthecodeunitsatindicesp(inclusive)throughs
(exclusive).
17.ReturnA.
NOTE1 ThevalueofseparatormaybeanemptyString.Inthiscase,separatordoesnotmatchtheemptysubstringat
thebeginningorendoftheinputString,nordoesitmatchtheemptysubstringattheendoftheprevious
separatormatch.IfseparatoristheemptyString,theStringissplitupintoindividualcodeunitelements;the
lengthoftheresultarrayequalsthelengthoftheString,andeachsubstringcontainsonecodeunit.
Ifthethisobjectis(orconvertsto)theemptyString,theresultdependsonwhetherseparatorcanmatchthe
emptyString.Ifitcan,theresultarraycontainsnoelements.Otherwise,theresultarraycontainsoneelement,
whichistheemptyString.
Ifseparatorisundeined,thentheresultarraycontainsjustoneString,whichisthethisvalue(convertedtoa
String).Iflimitisnotundeined,thentheoutputarrayistruncatedsothatitcontainsnomorethanlimit
elements.
NOTE2 Thesplitfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.Therefore,
21.1.3.17.1 RuntimeSemantics:SplitMatch(S,q,R)
TheabstractoperationSplitMatchtakesthreeparameters,aStringS,anintegerq,andaStringR,andperformsthefollowing
stepsinordertoreturneitherfalseortheendindexofamatch:
1.Assert:Type(R)isString.
2.LetrbethenumberofcodeunitsinR.
3.LetsbethenumberofcodeunitsinS.
4.Ifq+r>s,returnfalse.
5.Ifthereexistsanintegeribetween0(inclusive)andr(exclusive)suchthatthecodeunitatindexq+iofSisdifferent
fromthecodeunitatindexiofR,returnfalse.
6.Returnq+r.
21.1.3.18 String.prototype.startsWith(searchString[,position])
9.LetsearchLengthbethenumberofelementsinsearchStr.
10.IfsearchLength+startisgreaterthanlen,returnfalse.
11.IfthesequenceofelementsofSstartingatstartoflengthsearchLengthisthesameasthefullelementsequenceof
searchStr,returntrue.
NOTE1 ThismethodreturnstrueifthesequenceofelementsofsearchStringconvertedtoaStringisthesameasthe
correspondingelementsofthisobject(convertedtoaString)startingatindexposition.Otherwisereturns
false.
NOTE3 ThestartsWithfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.19 String.prototype.substring(start,end)
Thesubstringmethodtakestwoarguments,startandend,andreturnsasubstringoftheresultofconvertingthisobjectto
aString,startingfromindexstartandrunningto,butnotincluding,indexendoftheString(orthroughtheendoftheStringif
endisundeined).TheresultisaStringvalue,notaStringobject.
IfeitherargumentisNaNornegative,itisreplacedwithzero;ifeitherargumentislargerthanthelengthoftheString,itis
replacedwiththelengthoftheString.
Ifstartislargerthanend,theyareswapped.
5.Ifendisundeined,letintEndbelen;elseletintEndbe?ToInteger(end).
6.LetinalStartbemin(max(intStart,0),len).
7.LetinalEndbemin(max(intEnd,0),len).
8.Letfrombemin(inalStart,inalEnd).
9.Lettobemax(inalStart,inalEnd).
10.ReturnaStringwhoselengthistofrom,containingcodeunitsfromS,namelythecodeunitswithindicesfromthrough
to1,inascendingorder.
NOTE Thesubstringfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.20 String.prototype.toLocaleLowerCase([reserved1[,reserved2]])
toLocaleLowerCasemethodasspeciiedintheECMA402speciication.IfanECMAScriptimplementationdoesnotinclude
theECMA402APIthefollowingspeciicationofthetoLocaleLowerCasemethodisused.
ThisfunctioninterpretsaStringvalueasasequenceofUTF16encodedcodepoints,asdescribedin6.1.4.
ThisfunctionworksexactlythesameastoLowerCaseexceptthatitsresultisintendedtoyieldthecorrectresultforthehost
environment'scurrentlocale,ratherthanalocaleindependentresult.Therewillonlybeadifferenceinthefewcases(such
asTurkish)wheretherulesforthatlanguageconlictwiththeregularUnicodecasemappings.
NOTE ThetoLocaleLowerCasefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaString
object.Therefore,itcanbetransferredtootherkindsofobjectsforuseasamethod.
21.1.3.21 String.prototype.toLocaleUpperCase([reserved1[,reserved2]])
toLocaleUpperCasemethodasspeciiedintheECMA402speciication.IfanECMAScriptimplementationdoesnotinclude
theECMA402APIthefollowingspeciicationofthetoLocaleUpperCasemethodisused.
ThisfunctionworksexactlythesameastoUpperCaseexceptthatitsresultisintendedtoyieldthecorrectresultforthehost
environment'scurrentlocale,ratherthanalocaleindependentresult.Therewillonlybeadifferenceinthefewcases(such
asTurkish)wheretherulesforthatlanguageconlictwiththeregularUnicodecasemappings.
NOTE ThetoLocaleUpperCasefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaString
object.Therefore,itcanbetransferredtootherkindsofobjectsforuseasamethod.
21.1.3.22 String.prototype.toLowerCase()
ThisfunctioninterpretsaStringvalueasasequenceofUTF16encodedcodepoints,asdescribedin6.1.4.Thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
3.LetcpListbeaListcontaininginorderthecodepointsasdeinedin6.1.4ofS,startingattheirstelementofS.
4.ForeachcodepointcincpList,iftheUnicodeCharacterDatabaseprovidesalanguageinsensitivelowercaseequivalent
ofc,thenreplacecincpListwiththatequivalentcodepoint(s).
5.LetcuListbeanewemptyList.
6.ForeachcodepointcincpList,inorder,appendtocuListtheelementsoftheUTF16Encodingofc.
7.LetLbeaStringwhoseelementsare,inorder,theelementsofcuList.
8.ReturnL.
TheresultmustbederivedaccordingtothelocaleinsensitivecasemappingsintheUnicodeCharacterDatabase(this
explicitlyincludesnotonlytheUnicodeData.txtile,butalsoalllocaleinsensitivemappingsintheSpecialCasings.txtilethat
accompaniesit).
NOTE1 Thecasemappingofsomecodepointsmayproducemultiplecodepoints.InthiscasetheresultStringmaynot
bethesamelengthasthesourceString.BecausebothtoUpperCaseandtoLowerCasehavecontextsensitive
behaviour,thefunctionsarenotsymmetrical.Inotherwords,s.toUpperCase().toLowerCase()isnot
necessarilyequaltos.toLowerCase().
NOTE2 ThetoLowerCasefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.23 String.prototype.toString()
1.Return?thisStringValue(thisvalue).
NOTE ForaStringobject,thetoStringmethodhappenstoreturnthesamethingasthevalueOfmethod.
21.1.3.24 String.prototype.toUpperCase()
ThisfunctionbehavesinexactlythesamewayasString.prototype.toLowerCase,exceptthatcodepointsaremappedto
theiruppercaseequivalentsasspeciiedintheUnicodeCharacterDatabase.
NOTE ThetoUpperCasefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.
21.1.3.25 String.prototype.trim()
3.LetTbeaStringvaluethatisacopyofSwithbothleadingandtrailingwhitespaceremoved.Thedeinitionofwhite
spaceistheunionofWhiteSpaceandLineTerminator.WhendeterminingwhetheraUnicodecodepointisinUnicode
generalcategoryZs,codeunitsequencesareinterpretedasUTF16encodedcodepointsequencesasspeciiedin
6.1.4.
4.ReturnT.
NOTE Thetrimfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.Therefore,it
canbetransferredtootherkindsofobjectsforuseasamethod.
21.1.3.26 String.prototype.valueOf()
WhenthevalueOfmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Return?thisStringValue(thisvalue).
21.1.3.27 String.prototype[@@iterator]()
Whenthe@@iteratormethodiscalleditreturnsanIteratorobject(25.1.1.2)thatiteratesoverthecodepointsofaString
value,returningeachcodepointasaStringvalue.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.ReturnCreateStringIterator(S).
Thevalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"[Symbol.iterator]".
21.1.4 PropertiesofStringInstances
StringinstancesareStringexoticobjectsandhavetheinternalmethodsspeciiedforsuchobjects.Stringinstancesinherit
propertiesfromtheStringprototypeobject.Stringinstancesalsohavea[[StringData]]internalslot.
Stringinstanceshavealengthproperty,andasetofenumerablepropertieswithintegerindexednames.
21.1.4.1 length
ThenumberofelementsintheStringvaluerepresentedbythisStringobject.
OnceaStringobjectisinitialized,thispropertyisunchanging.Ithastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:
21.1.5 StringIteratorObjects
AnStringIteratorisanobject,thatrepresentsaspeciiciterationoversomespeciicStringinstanceobject.Thereisnota
namedconstructorforStringIteratorobjects.Instead,StringiteratorobjectsarecreatedbycallingcertainmethodsofString
instanceobjects.
21.1.5.1 CreateStringIteratorAbstractOperation
SeveralmethodsofStringobjectsreturnIteratorobjects.TheabstractoperationCreateStringIteratorwithargumentstringis
usedtocreatesuchiteratorobjects.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(string)isString.
2.LetiteratorbeObjectCreate(%StringIteratorPrototype%,[[IteratedString]],[[StringIteratorNextIndex]]).
3.Setiterator's[[IteratedString]]internalslottostring.
4.Setiterator's[[StringIteratorNextIndex]]internalslotto0.
5.Returniterator.
21.1.5.2 The%StringIteratorPrototype%Object
AllStringIteratorObjectsinheritpropertiesfromthe%StringIteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.The
%StringIteratorPrototype%objectisanordinaryobjectandits[[Prototype]]internalslotisthe%IteratorPrototype%
intrinsicobject.Inaddition,%StringIteratorPrototype%hasthefollowingproperties:
21.1.5.2.1 %StringIteratorPrototype%.next()
3.IfOdoesnothavealloftheinternalslotsofanStringIteratorInstance(21.1.5.3),throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Letsbethevalueofthe[[IteratedString]]internalslotofO.
5.Ifsisundeined,returnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
6.Letpositionbethevalueofthe[[StringIteratorNextIndex]]internalslotofO.
7.Letlenbethenumberofelementsins.
8.Ifpositionlen,then
a.Setthevalueofthe[[IteratedString]]internalslotofOtoundeined.
b.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
9.Letirstbethecodeunitvalueatindexpositionins.
10.Ifirst<0xD800orirst>0xDBFForposition+1=len,letresultStringbethestringconsistingofthesinglecodeunitirst.
11.Else,
a.Letsecondbethecodeunitvalueatindexposition+1intheStringS.
b.Ifsecond<0xDC00orsecond>0xDFFF,letresultStringbethestringconsistingofthesinglecodeunitirst.
c.Else,letresultStringbethestringconsistingofthecodeunitirstfollowedbythecodeunitsecond.
12.LetresultSizebethenumberofcodeunitsinresultString.
13.Setthevalueofthe[[StringIteratorNextIndex]]internalslotofOtoposition+resultSize.
14.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(resultString,false).
21.1.5.2.2 %StringIteratorPrototype%[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"StringIterator".
21.1.5.3 PropertiesofStringIteratorInstances
StringIteratorinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromthe%StringIteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.
StringIteratorinstancesareinitiallycreatedwiththeinternalslotslistedinTable47.
Table47:InternalSlotsofStringIteratorInstances
InternalSlot Description
[[IteratedString]] TheStringvaluewhoseelementsarebeingiterated.
[[StringIteratorNextIndex]] Theintegerindexofthenextstringindextobeexaminedbythisiteration.
21.2 RegExp(RegularExpression)Objects
ARegExpobjectcontainsaregularexpressionandtheassociatedlags.
NOTE TheformandfunctionalityofregularexpressionsismodelledaftertheregularexpressionfacilityinthePerl5
programminglanguage.
21.2.1 Patterns
TheRegExpconstructorappliesthefollowinggrammartotheinputpatternString.Anerroroccursifthegrammarcannot
interprettheStringasanexpansionofPattern.
Syntax
Pattern[U] ::
Disjunction[?U]
Disjunction[U] ::
Alternative[?U]
Alternative[?U] | Disjunction[?U]
Alternative[U] ::
[empty]
Alternative[?U] Term[?U]
Term[U] ::
Assertion[?U]
Atom[?U]
Atom[?U] Quantiier
Assertion[U] ::
^
$
\ b
\ B
( ? = Disjunction[?U] )
( ? ! Disjunction[?U] )
Quantiier ::
QuantiierPreix
QuantiierPreix ?
QuantiierPreix ::
*
+
?
{ DecimalDigits }
{ DecimalDigits , }
{ DecimalDigits , DecimalDigits }
Atom[U] ::
PatternCharacter
.
\ AtomEscape[?U]
CharacterClass[?U]
( Disjunction[?U] )
( ? : Disjunction[?U] )
SyntaxCharacter :: oneof
^ $ \ . * + ? ( ) [ ] { } |
PatternCharacter ::
SourceCharacter butnotSyntaxCharacter
AtomEscape[U] ::
DecimalEscape
CharacterEscape[?U]
CharacterClassEscape
CharacterEscape[U] ::
ControlEscape
c ControlLetter
HexEscapeSequence
RegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence[?U]
IdentityEscape[?U]
ControlEscape :: oneof
f n r t v
ControlLetter :: oneof
W X Y Z
RegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence[U] ::
[+U] u LeadSurrogate \u TrailSurrogate
[+U] u LeadSurrogate
[+U] u TrailSurrogate
[+U] u NonSurrogate
[~U] u Hex4Digits
[+U] u{ HexDigits }
Each\uTrailSurrogateforwhichthechoiceofassociateduLeadSurrogateisambiguousshallbeassociatedwiththenearest
possibleuLeadSurrogatethatwouldotherwisehavenocorresponding\uTrailSurrogate.
LeadSurrogate ::
Hex4Digits butonlyiftheSVofHex4Digits isintheinclusiverange0xD800to0xDBFF
TrailSurrogate ::
Hex4Digits butonlyiftheSVofHex4Digits isintheinclusiverange0xDC00to0xDFFF
NonSurrogate ::
Hex4Digits butonlyiftheSVofHex4Digits isnotintheinclusiverange0xD800to0xDFFF
IdentityEscape[U] ::
[+U] SyntaxCharacter
[+U] /
[~U] SourceCharacter butnotUnicodeIDContinue
DecimalEscape ::
DecimalIntegerLiteral [lookaheadDecimalDigit]
CharacterClassEscape :: oneof
d D s S w W
CharacterClass[U] ::
[ [lookahead{^}] ClassRanges[?U] ]
[ ^ ClassRanges[?U] ]
ClassRanges[U] ::
[empty]
NonemptyClassRanges[?U]
NonemptyClassRanges[U] ::
ClassAtom[?U]
ClassAtom[?U] NonemptyClassRangesNoDash[?U]
ClassAtom[?U] ClassAtom[?U] ClassRanges[?U]
NonemptyClassRangesNoDash[U] ::
ClassAtom[?U]
ClassAtomNoDash[?U] NonemptyClassRangesNoDash[?U]
ClassAtomNoDash[?U] ClassAtom[?U] ClassRanges[?U]
ClassAtom[U] ::

ClassAtomNoDash[?U]
ClassAtomNoDash[U] ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneof\ or] or
\ ClassEscape[?U]
ClassEscape[U] ::
DecimalEscape
b
[+U]
CharacterEscape[?U]
RegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u{ HexDigits }
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheMVofHexDigits>1114111.
21.2.2 PatternSemantics
Aregularexpressionpatternisconvertedintoaninternalprocedureusingtheprocessdescribedbelow.Animplementation
isencouragedtousemoreeficientalgorithmsthantheoneslistedbelow,aslongastheresultsarethesame.Theinternal
procedureisusedasthevalueofaRegExpobject's[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot.
APatterniseitheraBMPpatternoraUnicodepatterndependinguponwhetherornotitsassociatedlagscontaina"u".A
BMPpatternmatchesagainstaStringinterpretedasconsistingofasequenceof16bitvaluesthatareUnicodecodepointsin
therangeoftheBasicMultilingualPlane.AUnicodepatternmatchesagainstaStringinterpretedasconsistingofUnicode
codepointsencodedusingUTF16.InthecontextofdescribingthebehaviourofaBMPpatterncharactermeansasingle
16bitUnicodeBMPcodepoint.InthecontextofdescribingthebehaviourofaUnicodepatterncharactermeansaUTF16
encodedcodepoint(6.1.4).Ineithercontext,charactervaluemeansthenumericvalueofthecorrespondingnonencoded
codepoint.
ThesyntaxandsemanticsofPatternisdeinedasifthesourcecodeforthePatternwasaListofSourceCharactervalues
whereeachSourceCharactercorrespondstoaUnicodecodepoint.IfaBMPpatterncontainsanonBMPSourceCharacterthe
entirepatternisencodedusingUTF16andtheindividualcodeunitsofthatencodingareusedastheelementsoftheList.
NOTE Forexample,considerapatternexpressedinsourcetextasthesinglenonBMPcharacterU+1D11E(MUSICAL
SYMBOLGCLEF).InterpretedasaUnicodepattern,itwouldbeasingleelement(character)Listconsistingof
thesinglecodepoint0x1D11E.However,interpretedasaBMPpattern,itisirstUTF16encodedtoproducea
twoelementListconsistingofthecodeunits0xD834and0xDD1E.
PatternsarepassedtotheRegExpconstructorasECMAScriptStringvaluesinwhichnonBMPcharactersare
UTF16encoded.Forexample,thesinglecharacterMUSICALSYMBOLGCLEFpattern,expressedasaString
value,isaStringoflength2whoseelementswerethecodeunits0xD834and0xDD1E.Sonofurther
translationofthestringwouldbenecessarytoprocessitasaBMPpatternconsistingoftwopattern
characters.However,toprocessitasaUnicodepatternUTF16DecodemustbeusedinproducingaList
consistingofasinglepatterncharacter,thecodepointU+1D11E.
AnimplementationmaynotactuallyperformsuchtranslationstoorfromUTF16,butthesemanticsofthis
speciicationrequiresthattheresultofpatternmatchingbeasifsuchtranslationswereperformed.
21.2.2.1 Notation
Thedescriptionsbelowusethefollowingvariables:
InputisaListconsistingofallofthecharacters,inorder,oftheStringbeingmatchedbytheregularexpressionpattern.
Eachcharacteriseitheracodeunitoracodepoint,dependinguponthekindofpatterninvolved.ThenotationInput[n]
meansthenthcharacterofInput,wherencanrangebetween0(inclusive)andInputLength(exclusive).
InputLengthisthenumberofcharactersinInput.
NcapturingParensisthetotalnumberofleftcapturingparentheses(i.e.thetotalnumberoftimestheAtom :: (
Disjunction ) productionisexpanded)inthepattern.Aleftcapturingparenthesisisany(patterncharacterthatis
matchedbythe(terminaloftheAtom :: ( Disjunction ) production.
IgnoreCaseistrueiftheRegExpobject's[[OriginalFlags]]internalslotcontains"i"andotherwiseisfalse.
MultilineistrueiftheRegExpobject's[[OriginalFlags]]internalslotcontains"m"andotherwiseisfalse.
UnicodeistrueiftheRegExpobject's[[OriginalFlags]]internalslotcontains"u"andotherwiseisfalse.
Furthermore,thedescriptionsbelowusethefollowinginternaldatastructures:
ACharSetisamathematicalsetofcharacters,eithercodeunitsorcodepointsdependingupthestateoftheUnicode
lag.AllcharactersmeanseitherallcodeunitvaluesorallcodepointvaluesalsodependinguponthestateifUnicode.
AStateisanorderedpair(endIndex,captures)whereendIndexisanintegerandcapturesisaListofNcapturingParens
values.Statesareusedtorepresentpartialmatchstatesintheregularexpressionmatchingalgorithms.TheendIndexis
oneplustheindexofthelastinputcharactermatchedsofarbythepattern,whilecapturesholdstheresultsofcapturing
parentheses.ThenthelementofcapturesiseitheraListthatrepresentsthevalueobtainedbythenthsetofcapturing
parenthesesorundeinedifthenthsetofcapturingparentheseshasn'tbeenreachedyet.Duetobacktracking,many
Statesmaybeinuseatanytimeduringthematchingprocess.
AMatchResultiseitheraStateorthespecialtokenfailurethatindicatesthatthematchfailed.
AContinuationprocedureisaninternalclosure(i.e.aninternalprocedurewithsomeargumentsalreadyboundto
values)thattakesoneStateargumentandreturnsaMatchResultresult.Ifaninternalclosurereferencesvariables
whichareboundinthefunctionthatcreatestheclosure,theclosureusesthevaluesthatthesevariableshadatthetime
theclosurewascreated.TheContinuationattemptstomatchtheremainingportion(speciiedbytheclosure'salready
boundarguments)ofthepatternagainstInput,startingattheintermediatestategivenbyitsStateargument.Ifthe
matchsucceeds,theContinuationreturnstheinalStatethatitreached;ifthematchfails,theContinuationreturns
failure.
AMatcherprocedureisaninternalclosurethattakestwoargumentsaStateandaContinuationandreturnsa
MatchResultresult.AMatcherattemptstomatchamiddlesubpattern(speciiedbytheclosure'salreadybound
arguments)ofthepatternagainstInput,startingattheintermediatestategivenbyitsStateargument.TheContinuation
argumentshouldbeaclosurethatmatchestherestofthepattern.Aftermatchingthesubpatternofapatterntoobtaina
newState,theMatcherthencallsContinuationonthatnewStatetotestiftherestofthepatterncanmatchaswell.Ifit
can,theMatcherreturnstheStatereturnedbyContinuation;ifnot,theMatchermaytrydifferentchoicesatitschoice
points,repeatedlycallingContinuationuntiliteithersucceedsorallpossibilitieshavebeenexhausted.
AnAssertionTesterprocedureisaninternalclosurethattakesaStateargumentandreturnsaBooleanresult.The
assertiontestertestsaspeciiccondition(speciiedbytheclosure'salreadyboundarguments)againstthecurrentplace
inInputandreturnstrueiftheconditionmatchedorfalseifnot.
AnEscapeValueiseitheracharacteroraninteger.AnEscapeValueisusedtodenotetheinterpretationofa
DecimalEscapeescapesequence:acharacterchmeansthattheescapesequenceisinterpretedasthecharacterch,while
anintegernmeansthattheescapesequenceisinterpretedasabackreferencetothenthsetofcapturingparentheses.
21.2.2.2 Pattern
TheproductionPattern :: Disjunction evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateDisjunctiontoobtainaMatcherm.
2.Returnaninternalclosurethattakestwoarguments,aStringstrandanintegerindex,andperformsthefollowingsteps:
a.Assert:indexthenumberofelementsinstr.
b.IfUnicodeistrue,letInputbeaListconsistingofthesequenceofcodepointsofstrinterpretedasaUTF16
encoded(6.1.4)Unicodestring.Otherwise,letInputbeaListconsistingofthesequenceofcodeunitsthatarethe
elementsofstr.Inputwillbeusedthroughoutthealgorithmsin21.2.2.EachelementofInputisconsideredtobea
character.
c.LetInputLengthbethenumberofcharacterscontainedinInput.Thisvariablewillbeusedthroughoutthe
algorithmsin21.2.2.
d.LetlistIndexbetheindexintoInputofthecharacterthatwasobtainedfromelementindexofstr.
e.LetcbeaContinuationthatalwaysreturnsitsStateargumentasasuccessfulMatchResult.
f.LetcapbeaListofNcapturingParensundeinedvalues,indexed1throughNcapturingParens.
g.LetxbetheState(listIndex,cap).
h.Callm(x,c)andreturnitsresult.
NOTE APatternevaluates(compiles)toaninternalprocedurevalue.RegExpBuiltinExeccanthenapplythis
proceduretoaStringandanoffsetwithintheStringtodeterminewhetherthepatternwouldmatchstartingat
exactlythatoffsetwithintheString,and,ifitdoesmatch,whatthevaluesofthecapturingparentheseswould
be.Thealgorithmsin21.2.2aredesignedsothatcompilingapatternmaythrowaSyntaxErrorexception;on
theotherhand,oncethepatternissuccessfullycompiled,applyingtheresultinginternalproceduretoinda
matchinaStringcannotthrowanexception(exceptforanyhostdeinedexceptionsthatcanoccuranywhere
suchasoutofmemory).
21.2.2.3 Disjunction
TheproductionDisjunction :: Alternative evaluatesbyevaluatingAlternativetoobtainaMatcherandreturningthat

Matcher.
TheproductionDisjunction :: Alternative | Disjunction evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateAlternativetoobtainaMatcherm1.
2.EvaluateDisjunctiontoobtainaMatcherm2.
3.ReturnaninternalMatcherclosurethattakestwoarguments,aStatexandaContinuationc,andperformsthefollowing
stepswhenevaluated:
a.Callm1(x,c)andletrbeitsresult.
b.Ifrisnotfailure,returnr.
c.Callm2(x,c)andreturnitsresult.
NOTE The|regularexpressionoperatorseparatestwoalternatives.Thepatternirsttriestomatchtheleft
Alternative(followedbythesequeloftheregularexpression);ifitfails,ittriestomatchtherightDisjunction
(followedbythesequeloftheregularexpression).IftheleftAlternative,therightDisjunction,andthesequelall
havechoicepoints,allchoicesinthesequelaretriedbeforemovingontothenextchoiceintheleftAlternative.
IfchoicesintheleftAlternativeareexhausted,therightDisjunctionistriedinsteadoftheleftAlternative.Any
capturingparenthesesinsideaportionofthepatternskippedby|produceundeinedvaluesinsteadof
Strings.Thus,forexample,
/a|ab/.exec("abc")
returnstheresult"a"andnot"ab".Moreover,
/((a)|(ab))((c)|(bc))/.exec("abc")
returnsthearray
["abc","a","a",undefined,"bc",undefined,"bc"]
andnot
["abc","ab",undefined,"ab","c","c",undefined]
21.2.2.4 Alternative
TheproductionAlternative :: [empty] evaluatesbyreturningaMatcherthattakestwoarguments,aStatexanda

Continuationc,andreturnstheresultofcallingc(x).
TheproductionAlternative :: Alternative Term evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateAlternativetoobtainaMatcherm1.
2.EvaluateTermtoobtainaMatcherm2.
stepswhenevaluated:
a.CreateaContinuationdthattakesaStateargumentyandreturnstheresultofcallingm2(y,c).
b.Callm1(x,d)andreturnitsresult.
NOTE ConsecutiveTermstrytosimultaneouslymatchconsecutiveportionsofInput.IftheleftAlternative,theright
Term,andthesequeloftheregularexpressionallhavechoicepoints,allchoicesinthesequelaretriedbefore
movingontothenextchoiceintherightTerm,andallchoicesintherightTermaretriedbeforemovingonto
thenextchoiceintheleftAlternative.
21.2.2.5 Term
TheproductionTerm :: Assertion evaluatesbyreturninganinternalMatcherclosurethattakestwoarguments,aStatex

andaContinuationc,andperformsthefollowingstepswhenevaluated:
1.EvaluateAssertiontoobtainanAssertionTestert.
2.Callt(x)andletrbetheresultingBooleanvalue.
3.Ifrisfalse,returnfailure.
4.Callc(x)andreturnitsresult.
TheproductionTerm :: Atom evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheMatcherthatistheresultofevaluatingAtom.
TheproductionTerm :: Atom Quantiier evaluatesasfollows:

1.EvaluateAtomtoobtainaMatcherm.
2.EvaluateQuantiiertoobtainthethreeresults:anintegermin,aninteger(or)max,andBooleangreedy.
3.Ifmaxisiniteandlessthanmin,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
4.LetparenIndexbethenumberofleftcapturingparenthesesintheentireregularexpressionthatoccurtotheleftofthis
productionexpansion'sTerm.ThisisthetotalnumberoftimestheAtom :: ( Disjunction ) productionisexpanded
priortothisproduction'sTermplusthetotalnumberofAtom :: ( Disjunction ) productionsenclosingthisTerm.
5.LetparenCountbethenumberofleftcapturingparenthesesintheexpansionofthisproduction'sAtom.Thisisthetotal
numberofAtom :: ( Disjunction ) productionsenclosedbythisproduction'sAtom.
stepswhenevaluated:
a.CallRepeatMatcher(m,min,max,greedy,x,c,parenIndex,parenCount)andreturnitsresult.
21.2.2.5.1 RuntimeSemantics:RepeatMatcherAbstractOperation
TheabstractoperationRepeatMatchertakeseightparameters,aMatcherm,anintegermin,aninteger(or)max,aBoolean
greedy,aStatex,aContinuationc,anintegerparenIndex,andanintegerparenCount,andperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Ifmaxiszero,returnc(x).
2.CreateaninternalContinuationclosuredthattakesoneStateargumentyandperformsthefollowingstepswhen
evaluated:
a.Ifminiszeroandy'sendIndexisequaltox'sendIndex,returnfailure.
b.Ifminiszero,letmin2bezero;otherwiseletmin2bemin1.
c.Ifmaxis,letmax2be;otherwiseletmax2bemax1.
d.CallRepeatMatcher(m,min2,max2,greedy,y,c,parenIndex,parenCount)andreturnitsresult.
3.Letcapbeafreshcopyofx'scapturesList.
4.ForeveryintegerkthatsatisiesparenIndex<kandkparenIndex+parenCount,setcap[k]toundeined.
5.Letebex'sendIndex.
6.LetxrbetheState(e,cap).
7.Ifminisnotzero,returnm(xr,d).
8.Ifgreedyisfalse,then
a.Callc(x)andletzbeitsresult.
b.Ifzisnotfailure,returnz.
c.Callm(xr,d)andreturnitsresult.
9.Callm(xr,d)andletzbeitsresult.
10.Ifzisnotfailure,returnz.
11.Callc(x)andreturnitsresult.
NOTE1 AnAtomfollowedbyaQuantiierisrepeatedthenumberoftimesspeciiedbytheQuantiier.AQuantiiercan
benongreedy,inwhichcasetheAtompatternisrepeatedasfewtimesaspossiblewhilestillmatchingthe
sequel,oritcanbegreedy,inwhichcasetheAtompatternisrepeatedasmanytimesaspossiblewhilestill
matchingthesequel.TheAtompatternisrepeatedratherthantheinputcharactersequencethatitmatches,so
differentrepetitionsoftheAtomcanmatchdifferentinputsubstrings.
NOTE2 IftheAtomandthesequeloftheregularexpressionallhavechoicepoints,theAtomisirstmatchedasmany
(orasfew,ifnongreedy)timesaspossible.Allchoicesinthesequelaretriedbeforemovingontothenext
choiceinthelastrepetitionofAtom.Allchoicesinthelast(nth)repetitionofAtomaretriedbeforemovingon
tothenextchoiceinthenexttolast(n1)strepetitionofAtom;atwhichpointitmayturnoutthatmoreor
fewerrepetitionsofAtomarenowpossible;theseareexhausted(again,startingwitheitherasfeworasmany
aspossible)beforemovingontothenextchoiceinthe(n1)strepetitionofAtomandsoon.
Compare
/a[az]{2,4}/.exec("abcdefghi")
whichreturns"abcde"with
/a[az]{2,4}?/.exec("abcdefghi")
whichreturns"abc".
Consideralso
/(aa|aabaac|ba|b|c)*/.exec("aabaac")
which,bythechoicepointorderingabove,returnsthearray
["aaba","ba"]
andnotanyof:
["aabaac","aabaac"]
["aabaac","c"]
Theaboveorderingofchoicepointscanbeusedtowritearegularexpressionthatcalculatesthegreatest
commondivisoroftwonumbers(representedinunarynotation).Thefollowingexamplecalculatesthegcdof
10and15:
"aaaaaaaaaa,aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa".replace(/^(a+)\1*,\1+$/,"$1")
whichreturnsthegcdinunarynotation"aaaaa".
NOTE3 Step4oftheRepeatMatcherclearsAtom'scaptureseachtimeAtomisrepeated.Wecanseeitsbehaviourinthe
regularexpression
/(z)((a+)?(b+)?(c))*/.exec("zaacbbbcac")
whichreturnsthearray
["zaacbbbcac","z","ac","a",undefined,"c"]
andnot
["zaacbbbcac","z","ac","a","bbb","c"]
becauseeachiterationoftheoutermost*clearsallcapturedStringscontainedinthequantiiedAtom,whichin
thiscaseincludescaptureStringsnumbered2,3,4,and5.
NOTE4 Step1oftheRepeatMatcher'sdclosurestatesthat,oncetheminimumnumberofrepetitionshasbeen
satisied,anymoreexpansionsofAtomthatmatchtheemptycharactersequencearenotconsideredfor
furtherrepetitions.Thispreventstheregularexpressionenginefromfallingintoanininitelooponpatterns
suchas:
/(a*)*/.exec("b")
ortheslightlymorecomplicated:
/(a*)b\1+/.exec("baaaac")
whichreturnsthearray
["b",""]
21.2.2.6 Assertion
TheproductionAssertion :: ^ evaluatesbyreturninganinternalAssertionTesterclosurethattakesaStateargumentxand
performsthefollowingstepswhenevaluated:
2.Ifeiszero,returntrue.
3.IfMultilineisfalse,returnfalse.
4.IfthecharacterInput[e1]isoneofLineTerminator,returntrue.
5.Returnfalse.
NOTE Evenwhentheylagisusedwithapattern,^alwaysmatchesonlyatthebeginningofInput,or(ifMultilineis
true)atthebeginningofaline.
TheproductionAssertion :: $ evaluatesbyreturninganinternalAssertionTesterclosurethattakesaStateargumentxand
performsthefollowingstepswhenevaluated:
2.IfeisequaltoInputLength,returntrue.
3.IfMultilineisfalse,returnfalse.
4.IfthecharacterInput[e]isoneofLineTerminator,returntrue.
5.Returnfalse.
TheproductionAssertion :: \ b evaluatesbyreturninganinternalAssertionTesterclosurethattakesaStateargumentx
andperformsthefollowingstepswhenevaluated:
2.CallIsWordChar(e1)andletabetheBooleanresult.
3.CallIsWordChar(e)andletbbetheBooleanresult.
4.Ifaistrueandbisfalse,returntrue.
5.Ifaisfalseandbistrue,returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
TheproductionAssertion :: \ B evaluatesbyreturninganinternalAssertionTesterclosurethattakesaStateargumentx
andperformsthefollowingstepswhenevaluated:
2.CallIsWordChar(e1)andletabetheBooleanresult.
3.CallIsWordChar(e)andletbbetheBooleanresult.
4.Ifaistrueandbisfalse,returnfalse.
5.Ifaisfalseandbistrue,returnfalse.
6.Returntrue.
TheproductionAssertion :: ( ? = Disjunction ) evaluatesasfollows:
steps:
a.LetdbeaContinuationthatalwaysreturnsitsStateargumentasasuccessfulMatchResult.
b.Callm(x,d)andletrbeitsresult.
c.Ifrisfailure,returnfailure.
d.Letyber'sState.
e.Letcapbey'scapturesList.
f.Letxebex'sendIndex.
g.LetzbetheState(xe,cap).
h.Callc(z)andreturnitsresult.
TheproductionAssertion :: ( ? ! Disjunction ) evaluatesasfollows:
steps:
a.LetdbeaContinuationthatalwaysreturnsitsStateargumentasasuccessfulMatchResult.
b.Callm(x,d)andletrbeitsresult.
c.Ifrisnotfailure,returnfailure.
d.Callc(x)andreturnitsresult.
21.2.2.6.1 RuntimeSemantics:IsWordCharAbstractOperation
TheabstractoperationIsWordChartakesanintegerparametereandperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Ifeis1oreisInputLength,returnfalse.
2.LetcbethecharacterInput[e].
3.Ifcisoneofthesixtythreecharactersbelow,returntrue.
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 _
4.Returnfalse.
21.2.2.7 Quantiier
TheproductionQuantiier :: QuantiierPreix evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateQuantiierPreixtoobtainthetworesults:anintegerminandaninteger(or)max.
2.Returnthethreeresultsmin,max,andtrue.
TheproductionQuantiier :: QuantiierPreix ? evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateQuantiierPreixtoobtainthetworesults:anintegerminandaninteger(or)max.
2.Returnthethreeresultsmin,max,andfalse.
TheproductionQuantiierPreix :: * evaluatesasfollows:
1.Returnthetworesults0and.
TheproductionQuantiierPreix :: + evaluatesasfollows:
1.Returnthetworesults1and.
TheproductionQuantiierPreix :: ? evaluatesasfollows:
1.Returnthetworesults0and1.
TheproductionQuantiierPreix :: { DecimalDigits } evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetibetheMVofDecimalDigits(see11.8.3).
2.Returnthetworesultsiandi.
TheproductionQuantiierPreix :: { DecimalDigits , } evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetibetheMVofDecimalDigits.
2.Returnthetworesultsiand.
TheproductionQuantiierPreix :: { DecimalDigits , DecimalDigits } evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetibetheMVoftheirstDecimalDigits.
2.LetjbetheMVofthesecondDecimalDigits.
3.Returnthetworesultsiandj.
21.2.2.8 Atom
TheproductionAtom :: PatternCharacter evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetchbethecharactermatchedbyPatternCharacter.
2.LetAbeaoneelementCharSetcontainingthecharacterch.
3.CallCharacterSetMatcher(A,false)andreturnitsMatcherresult.
TheproductionAtom :: . evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetAbethesetofallcharactersexceptLineTerminator.
TheproductionAtom :: \ AtomEscape evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheMatcherthatistheresultofevaluatingAtomEscape.
TheproductionAtom :: CharacterClass evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateCharacterClasstoobtainaCharSetAandaBooleaninvert.
2.CallCharacterSetMatcher(A,invert)andreturnitsMatcherresult.
TheproductionAtom :: ( Disjunction ) evaluatesasfollows:
2.LetparenIndexbethenumberofleftcapturingparenthesesintheentireregularexpressionthatoccurtotheleftofthis
productionexpansion'sinitialleftparenthesis.ThisisthetotalnumberoftimestheAtom :: ( Disjunction )
productionisexpandedpriortothisproduction'sAtomplusthetotalnumberofAtom :: ( Disjunction ) productions
enclosingthisAtom.
steps:
a.CreateaninternalContinuationclosuredthattakesoneStateargumentyandperformsthefollowingsteps:
i.Letcapbeafreshcopyofy'scapturesList.
ii.Letxebex'sendIndex.
iii.Letyebey'sendIndex.
iv.LetsbeafreshListwhosecharactersarethecharactersofInputatindicesxe(inclusive)throughye
(exclusive).
v.Setcap[parenIndex+1]tos.
vi.LetzbetheState(ye,cap).
vii.Callc(z)andreturnitsresult.
b.Callm(x,d)andreturnitsresult.
TheproductionAtom :: ( ? : Disjunction ) evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheMatcherthatistheresultofevaluatingDisjunction.
21.2.2.8.1 RuntimeSemantics:CharacterSetMatcherAbstractOperation
TheabstractoperationCharacterSetMatchertakestwoarguments,aCharSetAandaBooleanlaginvert,andperformsthe
followingsteps:
stepswhenevaluated:
a.Letebex'sendIndex.
b.IfeisInputLength,returnfailure.
c.LetchbethecharacterInput[e].
d.LetccbeCanonicalize(ch).
e.Ifinvertisfalse,then
i.IftheredoesnotexistamemberaofsetAsuchthatCanonicalize(a)iscc,returnfailure.
f.Elseinvertistrue,
i.IfthereexistsamemberaofsetAsuchthatCanonicalize(a)iscc,returnfailure.
g.Letcapbex'scapturesList.
h.LetybetheState(e+1,cap).
i.Callc(y)andreturnitsresult.
21.2.2.8.2 RuntimeSemantics:Canonicalize(ch)
TheabstractoperationCanonicalizetakesacharacterparameterchandperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfIgnoreCaseisfalse,returnch.
2.IfUnicodeistrue,then
a.IftheileCaseFolding.txtoftheUnicodeCharacterDatabaseprovidesasimpleorcommoncasefoldingmapping
forch,returntheresultofapplyingthatmappingtoch.
b.Else,returnch.
3.Else,
a.Assert:chisaUTF16codeunit.
b.LetsbetheECMAScriptStringvalueconsistingofthesinglecodeunitch.
c.LetubethesameresultproducedasifbyperformingthealgorithmforString.prototype.toUpperCaseusing
sasthethisvalue.
d.Assert:uisaStringvalue.
e.Ifudoesnotconsistofasinglecodeunit,returnch.
f.Letcubeu'ssinglecodeunitelement.
g.Ifch'scodeunitvalue128andcu'scodeunitvalue<128,returnch.
h.Returncu.
NOTE1 Parenthesesoftheform(Disjunction)servebothtogroupthecomponentsoftheDisjunctionpatterntogether
andtosavetheresultofthematch.Theresultcanbeusedeitherinabackreference(\followedbyanonzero
decimalnumber),referencedinareplaceString,orreturnedaspartofanarrayfromtheregularexpression
matchinginternalprocedure.Toinhibitthecapturingbehaviourofparentheses,usetheform(?:Disjunction)
instead.
NOTE2 Theform(?=Disjunction)speciiesazerowidthpositivelookahead.Inorderforittosucceed,thepattern
insideDisjunctionmustmatchatthecurrentposition,butthecurrentpositionisnotadvancedbeforematching
thesequel.IfDisjunctioncanmatchatthecurrentpositioninseveralways,onlytheirstoneistried.Unlike
otherregularexpressionoperators,thereisnobacktrackingintoa(?=form(thisunusualbehaviouris
inheritedfromPerl).ThisonlymatterswhentheDisjunctioncontainscapturingparenthesesandthesequelof
thepatterncontainsbackreferencestothosecaptures.
Forexample,
/(?=(a+))/.exec("baaabac")
matchestheemptyStringimmediatelyaftertheirstbandthereforereturnsthearray:
["","aaa"]
Toillustratethelackofbacktrackingintothelookahead,consider:
/(?=(a+))a*b\1/.exec("baaabac")
Thisexpressionreturns
["aba","a"]
andnot:
["aaaba","a"]
NOTE3 Theform(?!Disjunction)speciiesazerowidthnegativelookahead.Inorderforittosucceed,thepattern
insideDisjunctionmustfailtomatchatthecurrentposition.Thecurrentpositionisnotadvancedbefore
matchingthesequel.Disjunctioncancontaincapturingparentheses,butbackreferencestothemonlymake
sensefromwithinDisjunctionitself.Backreferencestothesecapturingparenthesesfromelsewhereinthe
patternalwaysreturnundeinedbecausethenegativelookaheadmustfailforthepatterntosucceed.For
example,
/(.*?)a(?!(a+)b\2c)\2(.*)/.exec("baaabaac")
looksforananotimmediatelyfollowedbysomepositivenumbernofa's,ab,anotherna's(speciiedbythe
irst\2)andac.Thesecond\2isoutsidethenegativelookahead,soitmatchesagainstundeinedand
thereforealwayssucceeds.Thewholeexpressionreturnsthearray:
["baaabaac","ba",undefined,"abaac"]
NOTE4 IncaseinsigniicantmatcheswhenUnicodeistrue,allcharactersareimplicitlycasefoldedusingthesimple
mappingprovidedbytheUnicodestandardimmediatelybeforetheyarecompared.Thesimplemapping
alwaysmapstoasinglecodepoint,soitdoesnotmap,forexample,""(U+00DF)to"SS".Itmayhowever
mapacodepointoutsidetheBasicLatinrangetoacharacterwithin,forexample,""(U+017F)to"s".Such
charactersarenotmappedifUnicodeisfalse.ThispreventsUnicodecodepointssuchasU+017FandU+212A
frommatchingregularexpressionssuchas/[az]/i,buttheywillmatch/[az]/ui.
21.2.2.9 AtomEscape
TheproductionAtomEscape :: DecimalEscape evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateDecimalEscapetoobtainanEscapeValueE.
2.IfEisacharacter,then
a.LetchbeE'scharacter.
b.LetAbeaoneelementCharSetcontainingthecharacterch.
c.CallCharacterSetMatcher(A,false)andreturnitsMatcherresult.
3.Assert:Emustbeaninteger.
4.Letnbethatinteger.
5.Ifn=0orn>NcapturingParens,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
steps:
a.Letcapbex'scapturesList.
b.Letsbecap[n].
c.Ifsisundeined,returnc(x).
d.Letebex'sendIndex.
e.Letlenbes'slength.
f.Letfbee+len.
g.Iff>InputLength,returnfailure.
h.Ifthereexistsanintegeribetween0(inclusive)andlen(exclusive)suchthatCanonicalize(s[i])isnotthesame
charactervalueasCanonicalize(Input[e+i]),returnfailure.
i.LetybetheState(f,cap).
j.Callc(y)andreturnitsresult.
TheproductionAtomEscape :: CharacterEscape evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateCharacterEscapetoobtainacharacterch.
TheproductionAtomEscape :: CharacterClassEscape evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateCharacterClassEscapetoobtainaCharSetA.
NOTE Anescapesequenceoftheform\followedbyanonzerodecimalnumbernmatchestheresultofthenthsetof
capturingparentheses(see0).Itisanerroriftheregularexpressionhasfewerthanncapturingparentheses.If
theregularexpressionhasnormorecapturingparenthesesbutthenthoneisundeinedbecauseithasnot
capturedanything,thenthebackreferencealwayssucceeds.
21.2.2.10 CharacterEscape
TheproductionCharacterEscape :: ControlEscape evaluatesbyreturningthecharacteraccordingtoTable48.
Table48:ControlEscapeCharacterValues
ControlEscape CharacterValue CodePoint UnicodeName Symbol
t 9 U+0009 CHARACTERTABULATION <HT>
n 10 U+000A LINEFEED(LF) <LF>
v 11 U+000B LINETABULATION <VT>
f 12 U+000C FORMFEED(FF) <FF>
r 13 U+000D CARRIAGERETURN(CR) <CR>
TheproductionCharacterEscape :: c ControlLetter evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetchbethecharactermatchedbyControlLetter.
2.Letibech'scharactervalue.
3.Letjbetheremainderofdividingiby32.
4.Returnthecharacterwhosecharactervalueisj.
TheproductionCharacterEscape :: HexEscapeSequence evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturnthecharacterwhosecodeistheSVofHexEscapeSequence.
TheproductionCharacterEscape :: RegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheresultofevaluatingRegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence.
TheproductionCharacterEscape :: IdentityEscape evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturnthecharactermatchedbyIdentityEscape.
TheproductionRegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u LeadSurrogate \u TrailSurrogate evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetleadbetheresultofevaluatingLeadSurrogate.
2.LettrailbetheresultofevaluatingTrailSurrogate.
3.LetcpbeUTF16Decode(lead,trail).
4.Returnthecharacterwhosecharactervalueiscp.
TheproductionRegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u LeadSurrogate evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturnthecharacterwhosecodeistheresultofevaluatingLeadSurrogate.
TheproductionRegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u TrailSurrogate evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturnthecharacterwhosecodeistheresultofevaluatingTrailSurrogate.
TheproductionRegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u NonSurrogate evaluatesasfollows:

1.ReturnthecharacterwhosecodeistheresultofevaluatingNonSurrogate.
TheproductionRegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u Hex4Digits evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturnthecharacterwhosecodeistheSVofHex4Digits.
TheproductionRegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence :: u{ HexDigits } evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturnthecharacterwhosecodeistheMVofHexDigits.
TheproductionLeadSurrogate :: Hex4Digits evaluatesasfollows:
TheproductionTrailSurrogate :: Hex4Digits evaluatesasfollows:
TheproductionNonSurrogate :: Hex4Digits evaluatesasfollows:
21.2.2.11 DecimalEscape
TheproductionDecimalEscape :: DecimalIntegerLiteral evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetibetheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral.
2.Ifiiszero,returntheEscapeValueconsistingofthecharacterU+0000(NULL).
3.ReturntheEscapeValueconsistingoftheintegeri.
ThedeinitionoftheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteralisin11.8.3.
NOTE If\isfollowedbyadecimalnumbernwhoseirstdigitisnot0,thentheescapesequenceisconsideredtobea
backreference.Itisanerrorifnisgreaterthanthetotalnumberofleftcapturingparenthesesintheentire
regularexpression.\0representsthe<NUL>characterandcannotbefollowedbyadecimaldigit.
21.2.2.12 CharacterClassEscape
TheproductionCharacterClassEscape :: d evaluatesbyreturningthetenelementsetofcharacterscontainingthe
characters0through9inclusive.
TheproductionCharacterClassEscape :: D evaluatesbyreturningthesetofallcharactersnotincludedinthesetreturned
byCharacterClassEscape :: d .
TheproductionCharacterClassEscape :: s evaluatesbyreturningthesetofcharacterscontainingthecharactersthatareon
therighthandsideoftheWhiteSpaceorLineTerminatorproductions.
TheproductionCharacterClassEscape :: S evaluatesbyreturningthesetofallcharactersnotincludedinthesetreturned
byCharacterClassEscape :: s .
TheproductionCharacterClassEscape :: w evaluatesbyreturningthesetofcharacterscontainingthesixtythree
characters:
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 _
TheproductionCharacterClassEscape :: W evaluatesbyreturningthesetofallcharactersnotincludedinthesetreturned
byCharacterClassEscape :: w .
21.2.2.13 CharacterClass
TheproductionCharacterClass :: [ ClassRanges ] evaluatesbyevaluatingClassRangestoobtainaCharSetandreturning

thatCharSetandtheBooleanfalse.
TheproductionCharacterClass :: [ ^ ClassRanges ] evaluatesbyevaluatingClassRangestoobtainaCharSetandreturning

thatCharSetandtheBooleantrue.
21.2.2.14 ClassRanges
TheproductionClassRanges :: [empty] evaluatesbyreturningtheemptyCharSet.
TheproductionClassRanges :: NonemptyClassRanges evaluatesbyevaluatingNonemptyClassRangestoobtainaCharSetand

returningthatCharSet.
21.2.2.15 NonemptyClassRanges
TheproductionNonemptyClassRanges :: ClassAtom evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheCharSetthatistheresultofevaluatingClassAtom.
TheproductionNonemptyClassRanges :: ClassAtom NonemptyClassRangesNoDash evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateClassAtomtoobtainaCharSetA.
2.EvaluateNonemptyClassRangesNoDashtoobtainaCharSetB.
3.ReturntheunionofCharSetsAandB.
TheproductionNonemptyClassRanges :: ClassAtom ClassAtom ClassRanges evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluatetheirstClassAtomtoobtainaCharSetA.
2.EvaluatethesecondClassAtomtoobtainaCharSetB.
3.EvaluateClassRangestoobtainaCharSetC.
4.CallCharacterRange(A,B)andletDbetheresultingCharSet.
5.ReturntheunionofCharSetsDandC.
21.2.2.15.1 RuntimeSemantics:CharacterRangeAbstractOperation
TheabstractoperationCharacterRangetakestwoCharSetparametersAandBandperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfAdoesnotcontainexactlyonecharacterorBdoesnotcontainexactlyonecharacter,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
2.LetabetheonecharacterinCharSetA.
3.LetbbetheonecharacterinCharSetB.
4.Letibethecharactervalueofcharactera.
5.Letjbethecharactervalueofcharacterb.
6.Ifi>j,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
7.Returnthesetcontainingallcharactersnumberedithroughj,inclusive.
21.2.2.16 NonemptyClassRangesNoDash
TheproductionNonemptyClassRangesNoDash :: ClassAtom evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheCharSetthatistheresultofevaluatingClassAtom.
TheproductionNonemptyClassRangesNoDash :: ClassAtomNoDash NonemptyClassRangesNoDash evaluatesasfollows:
1.EvaluateClassAtomNoDashtoobtainaCharSetA.
2.EvaluateNonemptyClassRangesNoDashtoobtainaCharSetB.
3.ReturntheunionofCharSetsAandB.
TheproductionNonemptyClassRangesNoDash :: ClassAtomNoDash ClassAtom ClassRanges evaluatesasfollows:

1.EvaluateClassAtomNoDashtoobtainaCharSetA.
2.EvaluateClassAtomtoobtainaCharSetB.
4.CallCharacterRange(A,B)andletDbetheresultingCharSet.
NOTE1 ClassRangescanexpandintoasingleClassAtomand/orrangesoftwoClassAtomseparatedbydashes.Inthe
lattercasetheClassRangesincludesallcharactersbetweentheirstClassAtomandthesecondClassAtom,
inclusive;anerroroccursifeitherClassAtomdoesnotrepresentasinglecharacter(forexample,ifoneis\w)
oriftheirstClassAtom'scharactervalueisgreaterthanthesecondClassAtom'scharactervalue.
NOTE2 Evenifthepatternignorescase,thecaseofthetwoendsofarangeissigniicantindeterminingwhich
charactersbelongtotherange.Thus,forexample,thepattern/[EF]/imatchesonlythelettersE,F,e,andf,
whilethepattern/[Ef]/imatchesallupperandlowercaselettersintheUnicodeBasicLatinblockaswell
asthesymbols[,\,],^,_,and`.
NOTE3 Acharactercanbetreatedliterallyoritcandenotearange.Itistreatedliterallyifitistheirstorlast
characterofClassRanges,thebeginningorendlimitofarangespeciication,orimmediatelyfollowsarange
speciication.
21.2.2.17 ClassAtom
TheproductionClassAtom :: evaluatesbyreturningtheCharSetcontainingtheonecharacter.
TheproductionClassAtom :: ClassAtomNoDash evaluatesbyevaluatingClassAtomNoDashtoobtainaCharSetandreturning

thatCharSet.
21.2.2.18 ClassAtomNoDash
TheproductionClassAtomNoDash :: SourceCharacter butnotoneof\ or] or evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheCharSetcontainingthecharactermatchedbySourceCharacter.
TheproductionClassAtomNoDash :: \ ClassEscape evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheCharSetthatistheresultofevaluatingClassEscape.
21.2.2.19 ClassEscape
TheproductionClassEscape :: DecimalEscape evaluatesasfollows:
2.IfEisnotacharacter,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
3.LetchbeE'scharacter.
4.ReturntheoneelementCharSetcontainingthecharacterch.
TheproductionClassEscape :: b evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheCharSetcontainingthesinglecharacter<BS>U+0008(BACKSPACE).
TheproductionClassEscape :: evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheCharSetcontainingthesinglecharacterU+002D(HYPHENMINUS).
TheproductionClassEscape :: CharacterEscape evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheCharSetcontainingthesinglecharacterthatistheresultofevaluatingCharacterEscape.
TheproductionClassEscape :: CharacterClassEscape evaluatesasfollows:
1.ReturntheCharSetthatistheresultofevaluatingCharacterClassEscape.
NOTE AClassAtomcanuseanyoftheescapesequencesthatareallowedintherestoftheregularexpressionexcept
for\b,\B,andbackreferences.InsideaCharacterClass,\bmeansthebackspacecharacter,while\Band
backreferencesraiseerrors.UsingabackreferenceinsideaClassAtomcausesanerror.
21.2.3 TheRegExpConstructor
TheRegExpconstructoristhe%RegExp%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheRegExppropertyoftheglobalobject.
WhenRegExpiscalledasafunctionratherthanasaconstructor,itcreatesandinitializesanewRegExpobject.Thusthe
functioncallRegExp()isequivalenttotheobjectcreationexpressionnewRegExp()withthesamearguments.
TheRegExpconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedRegExpbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltotheRegExp
constructortocreateandinitializesubclassinstanceswiththenecessaryinternalslots.
21.2.3.1 RegExp(pattern,lags)
1.LetpatternIsRegExpbe?IsRegExp(pattern).
2.IfNewTargetisnotundeined,letnewTargetbeNewTarget.
3.Else,
a.LetnewTargetbetheactivefunctionobject.
b.IfpatternIsRegExpistrueandlagsisundeined,then
i.LetpatternConstructorbe?Get(pattern,"constructor").
ii.IfSameValue(newTarget,patternConstructor)istrue,returnpattern.
4.IfType(pattern)isObjectandpatternhasa[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot,then
a.LetPbethevalueofpattern's[[OriginalSource]]internalslot.
b.Iflagsisundeined,letFbethevalueofpattern's[[OriginalFlags]]internalslot.
c.Else,letFbelags.
5.ElseifpatternIsRegExpistrue,then
a.LetPbe?Get(pattern,"source").
b.Iflagsisundeined,then
i.LetFbe?Get(pattern,"flags").
c.Else,letFbelags.
6.Else,
a.LetPbepattern.
b.LetFbelags.
7.LetObe?RegExpAlloc(newTarget).
8.Return?RegExpInitialize(O,P,F).
NOTE IfpatternissuppliedusingaStringLiteral,theusualescapesequencesubstitutionsareperformedbeforethe
StringisprocessedbyRegExp.IfpatternmustcontainanescapesequencetoberecognizedbyRegExp,any
U+005C(REVERSESOLIDUS)codepointsmustbeescapedwithintheStringLiteraltopreventthembeing
removedwhenthecontentsoftheStringLiteralareformed.
21.2.3.2 AbstractOperationsfortheRegExpConstructor
21.2.3.2.1 RuntimeSemantics:RegExpAlloc(newTarget)
WhentheabstractoperationRegExpAllocwithargumentnewTargetiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letobjbe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(newTarget,"%RegExpPrototype%",[[RegExpMatcher]],
[[OriginalSource]],[[OriginalFlags]]).
2.Perform!DeinePropertyOrThrow(obj,"lastIndex",PropertyDescriptor{[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:false,
[[Conigurable]]:false}).
3.Returnobj.
21.2.3.2.2 RuntimeSemantics:RegExpInitialize(obj,pattern,lags)
WhentheabstractoperationRegExpInitializewithargumentsobj,pattern,andlagsiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Ifpatternisundeined,letPbetheemptyString.
2.Else,letPbe?ToString(pattern).
3.Iflagsisundeined,letFbetheemptyString.
4.Else,letFbe?ToString(lags).
5.IfFcontainsanycodeunitotherthan"g","i","m","u",or"y"orifitcontainsthesamecodeunitmorethanonce,
throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
6.IfFcontains"u",letBMPbefalse;elseletBMPbetrue.
7.IfBMPistrue,then
a.ParsePusingthegrammarsin21.2.1andinterpretingeachofits16bitelementsasaUnicodeBMPcodepoint.
UTF16decodingisnotappliedtotheelements.ThegoalsymbolfortheparseisPattern.ThrowaSyntaxError
exceptionifPdidnotconformtothegrammar,ifanyelementsofPwerenotmatchedbytheparse,orifanyEarly
Errorconditionsexist.
b.LetpatternCharactersbeaListwhoseelementsarethecodeunitelementsofP.
8.Else,
a.ParsePusingthegrammarsin21.2.1andinterpretingPasUTF16encodedUnicodecodepoints(6.1.4).Thegoal
symbolfortheparseisPattern[U] .ThrowaSyntaxErrorexceptionifPdidnotconformtothegrammar,ifany
elementsofPwerenotmatchedbytheparse,orifanyEarlyErrorconditionsexist.
b.LetpatternCharactersbeaListwhoseelementsarethecodepointsresultingfromapplyingUTF16decodingtoP's
sequenceofelements.
9.Setthevalueofobj's[[OriginalSource]]internalslottoP.
10.Setthevalueofobj's[[OriginalFlags]]internalslottoF.
11.Setobj's[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslottotheinternalprocedurethatevaluatestheaboveparseofPbyapplyingthe
semanticsprovidedin21.2.2usingpatternCharactersasthepattern'sListofSourceCharactervaluesandFasthelag
parameters.
12.Perform?Set(obj,"lastIndex",0,true).
13.Returnobj.
21.2.3.2.3 RuntimeSemantics:RegExpCreate(P,F)
WhentheabstractoperationRegExpCreatewithargumentsPandFiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letobjbe?RegExpAlloc(%RegExp%).
2.Return?RegExpInitialize(obj,P,F).
21.2.3.2.4 RuntimeSemantics:EscapeRegExpPattern(P,F)
WhentheabstractoperationEscapeRegExpPatternwithargumentsPandFiscalled,thefollowingoccurs:
1.LetSbeaStringintheformofaPattern(Pattern[U] ifFcontains"u")equivalenttoPinterpretedasUTF16encoded
Unicodecodepoints(6.1.4),inwhichcertaincodepointsareescapedasdescribedbelow.Smayormaynotbeidentical
toP;however,theinternalprocedurethatwouldresultfromevaluatingSasaPattern(Pattern[U] ifFcontains"u")
mustbehaveidenticallytotheinternalproceduregivenbytheconstructedobject's[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot.
MultiplecallstothisabstractoperationusingthesamevaluesforPandFmustproduceidenticalresults.
2.Thecodepoints/oranyLineTerminatoroccurringinthepatternshallbeescapedinSasnecessarytoensurethatthe
StringvalueformedbyconcatenatingtheStrings"/",S,"/",andFcanbeparsed(inanappropriatelexicalcontext)asa
RegularExpressionLiteralthatbehavesidenticallytotheconstructedregularexpression.Forexample,ifPis"/",thenS
couldbe"\/"or"\u002F",amongotherpossibilities,butnot"/",because///followedbyFwouldbeparsedasa
SingleLineCommentratherthanaRegularExpressionLiteral.IfPistheemptyString,thisspeciicationcanbemetby
lettingSbe"(?:)".
3.ReturnS.
21.2.4 PropertiesoftheRegExpConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheRegExpconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheRegExpconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
21.2.4.1 RegExp.prototype
TheinitialvalueofRegExp.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%RegExpPrototype%.
21.2.4.2 getRegExp[@@species]
RegExp[@@species]isanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunctionperforms
thefollowingsteps:
1.Returnthethisvalue.
Thevalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"get[Symbol.species]".
NOTE RegExpprototypemethodsnormallyusetheirthisobject'sconstructortocreateaderivedobject.However,a
subclassconstructormayoverridethatdefaultbehaviourbyredeiningits@@speciesproperty.
21.2.5 PropertiesoftheRegExpPrototypeObject
TheRegExpprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%RegExpPrototype%.TheRegExpprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.
ItisnotaRegExpinstanceanddoesnothavea[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslotoranyoftheotherinternalslotsofRegExp
instanceobjects.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheRegExpprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
NOTE TheRegExpprototypeobjectdoesnothaveavalueOfpropertyofitsown;however,itinheritsthevalueOf
propertyfromtheObjectprototypeobject.
21.2.5.1 RegExp.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofRegExp.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%RegExp%.
21.2.5.2 RegExp.prototype.exec(string)
PerformsaregularexpressionmatchofstringagainsttheregularexpressionandreturnsanArrayobjectcontainingthe
resultsofthematch,ornullifstringdidnotmatch.
TheStringToString(string)issearchedforanoccurrenceoftheregularexpressionpatternasfollows:
1.LetRbethethisvalue.
2.IfType(R)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.IfRdoesnothavea[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.LetSbe?ToString(string).
5.Return?RegExpBuiltinExec(R,S).
21.2.5.2.1 RuntimeSemantics:RegExpExec(R,S)
TheabstractoperationRegExpExecwithargumentsRandSperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(R)isObject.
2.Assert:Type(S)isString.
3.Letexecbe?Get(R,"exec").
4.IfIsCallable(exec)istrue,then
a.Letresultbe?Call(exec,R,S).
b.IfType(result)isneitherObjectorNull,throwaTypeErrorexception.
c.Returnresult.
5.IfRdoesnothavea[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
6.Return?RegExpBuiltinExec(R,S).
NOTE IfacallableexecpropertyisnotfoundthisalgorithmfallsbacktoattemptingtousethebuiltinRegExp
matchingalgorithm.Thisprovidescompatiblebehaviourforcodewrittenforprioreditionswheremostbuilt
inalgorithmsthatuseregularexpressionsdidnotperformadynamicpropertylookupofexec.
21.2.5.2.2 RuntimeSemantics:RegExpBuiltinExec(R,S)
TheabstractoperationRegExpBuiltinExecwithargumentsRandSperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:RisaninitializedRegExpinstance.
3.LetlengthbethenumberofcodeunitsinS.
4.LetlastIndexbe?ToLength(?Get(R,"lastIndex")).
5.LetglobalbeToBoolean(?Get(R,"global")).
6.LetstickybeToBoolean(?Get(R,"sticky")).
7.Ifglobalisfalseandstickyisfalse,letlastIndexbe0.
8.LetmatcherbethevalueofR's[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot.
9.LetlagsbethevalueofR's[[OriginalFlags]]internalslot.
10.Iflagscontains"u",letfullUnicodebetrue,elseletfullUnicodebefalse.
11.LetmatchSucceededbefalse.
12.Repeat,whilematchSucceededisfalse
a.IflastIndex>length,then
i.Perform?Set(R,"lastIndex",0,true).
ii.Returnnull.
b.Letrbematcher(S,lastIndex).
c.Ifrisfailure,then
i.Ifstickyistrue,then
1.Perform?Set(R,"lastIndex",0,true).
2.Returnnull.
ii.LetlastIndexbeAdvanceStringIndex(S,lastIndex,fullUnicode).
d.Else,
i.Assert:risaState.
ii.SetmatchSucceededtotrue.
13.Leteber'sendIndexvalue.
14.IffullUnicodeistrue,then
a.eisanindexintotheInputcharacterlist,derivedfromS,matchedbymatcher.LeteUTFbethesmallestindexintoS
thatcorrespondstothecharacteratelementeofInput.IfeisgreaterthanorequaltothelengthofInput,then
eUTFisthenumberofcodeunitsinS.
b.LetebeeUTF.
15.Ifglobalistrueorstickyistrue,then
a.Perform?Set(R,"lastIndex",e,true).
16.Letnbethelengthofr'scapturesList.(Thisisthesamevalueas21.2.2.1'sNcapturingParens.)
17.LetAbeArrayCreate(n+1).
18.Assert:ThevalueofA's"length"propertyisn+1.
19.LetmatchIndexbelastIndex.
20.Perform!CreateDataProperty(A,"index",matchIndex).
21.Perform!CreateDataProperty(A,"input",S).
22.LetmatchedSubstrbethematchedsubstring(i.e.theportionofSbetweenoffsetlastIndexinclusiveandoffsete
exclusive).
23.Perform!CreateDataProperty(A,"0",matchedSubstr).
24.Foreachintegerisuchthati>0andin
a.LetcaptureIbeithelementofr'scapturesList.
b.IfcaptureIisundeined,letcapturedValuebeundeined.
c.ElseiffullUnicodeistrue,then
i.Assert:captureIisaListofcodepoints.
ii.LetcapturedValuebeastringwhosecodeunitsaretheUTF16EncodingofthecodepointsofcaptureI.
d.Else,fullUnicodeisfalse,
i.Assert:captureIisaListofcodeunits.
ii.LetcapturedValuebeastringconsistingofthecodeunitsofcaptureI.
e.Perform!CreateDataProperty(A,!ToString(i),capturedValue).
25.ReturnA.
21.2.5.2.3 AdvanceStringIndex(S,index,unicode)
TheabstractoperationAdvanceStringIndexwithargumentsS,index,andunicodeperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Assert:indexisanintegersuchthat0index2531.
3.Assert:Type(unicode)isBoolean.
4.Ifunicodeisfalse,returnindex+1.
5.LetlengthbethenumberofcodeunitsinS.
6.Ifindex+1length,returnindex+1.
7.LetirstbethecodeunitvalueatindexindexinS.
8.Ifirst<0xD800orirst>0xDBFF,returnindex+1.
9.Letsecondbethecodeunitvalueatindexindex+1inS.
10.Ifsecond<0xDC00orsecond>0xDFFF,returnindex+1.
11.Returnindex+2.
21.2.5.3 getRegExp.prototype.lags
RegExp.prototype.flagsisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunction
3.LetresultbetheemptyString.
4.LetglobalbeToBoolean(?Get(R,"global")).
5.Ifglobalistrue,append"g"asthelastcodeunitofresult.
6.LetignoreCasebeToBoolean(?Get(R,"ignoreCase")).
7.IfignoreCaseistrue,append"i"asthelastcodeunitofresult.
8.LetmultilinebeToBoolean(?Get(R,"multiline")).
9.Ifmultilineistrue,append"m"asthelastcodeunitofresult.
10.LetunicodebeToBoolean(?Get(R,"unicode")).
11.Ifunicodeistrue,append"u"asthelastcodeunitofresult.
12.LetstickybeToBoolean(?Get(R,"sticky")).
13.Ifstickyistrue,append"y"asthelastcodeunitofresult.
14.Returnresult.
21.2.5.4 getRegExp.prototype.global
RegExp.prototype.globalisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunction
3.IfRdoesnothavean[[OriginalFlags]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Iflagscontainsthecodeunit"g",returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
21.2.5.5 getRegExp.prototype.ignoreCase
RegExp.prototype.ignoreCaseisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessor
functionperformsthefollowingsteps:
5.Iflagscontainsthecodeunit"i",returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
21.2.5.6 RegExp.prototype[@@match](string)
Whenthe@@matchmethodiscalledwithargumentstring,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letrxbethethisvalue.
2.IfType(rx)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.LetglobalbeToBoolean(?Get(rx,"global")).
5.Ifglobalisfalse,then
a.Return?RegExpExec(rx,S).
6.Elseglobalistrue,
a.LetfullUnicodebeToBoolean(?Get(rx,"unicode")).
b.Perform?Set(rx,"lastIndex",0,true).
c.LetAbeArrayCreate(0).
d.Letnbe0.
e.Repeat,
i.Letresultbe?RegExpExec(rx,S).
ii.Ifresultisnull,then
1.Ifn=0,returnnull.
2.Else,returnA.
iii.Elseresultisnotnull,
1.LetmatchStrbe?ToString(?Get(result,"0")).
2.LetstatusbeCreateDataProperty(A,!ToString(n),matchStr).
3.Assert:statusistrue.
4.IfmatchStristheemptyString,then
a.LetthisIndexbe?ToLength(?Get(rx,"lastIndex")).
b.LetnextIndexbeAdvanceStringIndex(S,thisIndex,fullUnicode).
c.Perform?Set(rx,"lastIndex",nextIndex,true).
5.Incrementn.
Thevalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"[Symbol.match]".
NOTE The@@matchpropertyisusedbytheIsRegExpabstractoperationtoidentifyobjectsthathavethebasic
behaviourofregularexpressions.Theabsenceofa@@matchpropertyortheexistenceofsuchaproperty
whosevaluedoesnotBooleancoercetotrueindicatesthattheobjectisnotintendedtobeusedasaregular
expressionobject.
21.2.5.7 getRegExp.prototype.multiline
RegExp.prototype.multilineisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunction
5.Iflagscontainsthecodeunit"m",returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
21.2.5.8 RegExp.prototype[@@replace](string,replaceValue)
Whenthe@@replacemethodiscalledwithargumentsstringandreplaceValue,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
4.LetlengthSbethenumberofcodeunitelementsinS.
5.LetfunctionalReplacebeIsCallable(replaceValue).
6.IffunctionalReplaceisfalse,then
a.LetreplaceValuebe?ToString(replaceValue).
7.LetglobalbeToBoolean(?Get(rx,"global")).
8.Ifglobalistrue,then
a.LetfullUnicodebeToBoolean(?Get(rx,"unicode")).
b.Perform?Set(rx,"lastIndex",0,true).
9.LetresultsbeanewemptyList.
10.Letdonebefalse.
11.Repeat,whiledoneisfalse
a.Letresultbe?RegExpExec(rx,S).
b.Ifresultisnull,setdonetotrue.
c.Elseresultisnotnull,
i.Appendresulttotheendofresults.
ii.Ifglobalisfalse,setdonetotrue.
iii.Else,
1.LetmatchStrbe?ToString(?Get(result,"0")).
2.IfmatchStristheemptyString,then
a.LetthisIndexbe?ToLength(?Get(rx,"lastIndex")).
b.LetnextIndexbeAdvanceStringIndex(S,thisIndex,fullUnicode).
c.Perform?Set(rx,"lastIndex",nextIndex,true).
12.LetaccumulatedResultbetheemptyStringvalue.
13.LetnextSourcePositionbe0.
14.Repeat,foreachresultinresults,
a.LetnCapturesbe?ToLength(?Get(result,"length")).
b.LetnCapturesbemax(nCaptures1,0).
c.Letmatchedbe?ToString(?Get(result,"0")).
d.LetmatchLengthbethenumberofcodeunitsinmatched.
e.Letpositionbe?ToInteger(?Get(result,"index")).
f.Letpositionbemax(min(position,lengthS),0).
g.Letnbe1.
h.LetcapturesbeanewemptyList.
i.RepeatwhilennCaptures
i.LetcapNbe?Get(result,!ToString(n)).
ii.IfcapNisnotundeined,then
1.LetcapNbe?ToString(capN).
iii.AppendcapNasthelastelementofcaptures.
iv.Letnben+1.
j.IffunctionalReplaceistrue,then
i.LetreplacerArgsbematched.
ii.AppendinlistordertheelementsofcapturestotheendoftheListreplacerArgs.
iii.AppendpositionandSasthelasttwoelementsofreplacerArgs.
iv.LetreplValuebe?Call(replaceValue,undeined,replacerArgs).
v.Letreplacementbe?ToString(replValue).
k.Else,
i.LetreplacementbeGetSubstitution(matched,S,position,captures,replaceValue).
l.IfpositionnextSourcePosition,then
i.NOTEpositionshouldnotnormallymovebackwards.Ifitdoes,itisanindicationofanillbehavingRegExp
subclassoruseofanaccesstriggeredsideeffecttochangethegloballagorothercharacteristicsofrx.In
suchcases,thecorrespondingsubstitutionisignored.
ii.LetaccumulatedResultbetheStringformedbyconcatenatingthecodeunitsofthecurrentvalueof
accumulatedResultwiththesubstringofSconsistingofthecodeunitsfromnextSourcePosition(inclusive)up
toposition(exclusive)andwiththecodeunitsofreplacement.
iii.LetnextSourcePositionbeposition+matchLength.
15.IfnextSourcePositionlengthS,returnaccumulatedResult.
16.ReturntheStringformedbyconcatenatingthecodeunitsofaccumulatedResultwiththesubstringofSconsistingofthe
codeunitsfromnextSourcePosition(inclusive)upthroughtheinalcodeunitofS(inclusive).
Thevalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"[Symbol.replace]".
21.2.5.9 RegExp.prototype[@@search](string)
Whenthe@@searchmethodiscalledwithargumentstring,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
4.LetpreviousLastIndexbe?Get(rx,"lastIndex").
5.Perform?Set(rx,"lastIndex",0,true).
6.Letresultbe?RegExpExec(rx,S).
7.Perform?Set(rx,"lastIndex",previousLastIndex,true).
8.Ifresultisnull,return1.
9.Return?Get(result,"index").
Thevalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"[Symbol.search]".
NOTE ThelastIndexandglobalpropertiesofthisRegExpobjectareignoredwhenperformingthesearch.The
lastIndexpropertyisleftunchanged.
21.2.5.10 getRegExp.prototype.source
RegExp.prototype.sourceisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunction
3.IfRdoesnothavean[[OriginalSource]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.LetsrcbethevalueofR's[[OriginalSource]]internalslot.
7.ReturnEscapeRegExpPattern(src,lags).
21.2.5.11 RegExp.prototype[@@split](string,limit)
NOTE1 ReturnsanArrayobjectintowhichsubstringsoftheresultofconvertingstringtoaStringhavebeenstored.
Thesubstringsaredeterminedbysearchingfromlefttorightformatchesofthethisvalueregularexpression;
theseoccurrencesarenotpartofanysubstringinthereturnedarray,butservetodivideuptheStringvalue.
ThethisvaluemaybeanemptyregularexpressionoraregularexpressionthatcanmatchanemptyString.In
thiscase,theregularexpressiondoesnotmatchtheemptysubstringatthebeginningorendoftheinput
String,nordoesitmatchtheemptysubstringattheendofthepreviousseparatormatch.(Forexample,ifthe
regularexpressionmatchestheemptyString,theStringissplitupintoindividualcodeunitelements;the
lengthoftheresultarrayequalsthelengthoftheString,andeachsubstringcontainsonecodeunit.)Onlythe
irstmatchatagivenindexoftheStringisconsidered,evenifbacktrackingcouldyieldanonemptysubstring
matchatthatindex.(Forexample,/a*?/[Symbol.split]("ab")evaluatestothearray["a","b"],while
/a*/[Symbol.split]("ab")evaluatestothearray["","b"].)
Ifthestringis(orconvertsto)theemptyString,theresultdependsonwhethertheregularexpressioncan
matchtheemptyString.Ifitcan,theresultarraycontainsnoelements.Otherwise,theresultarraycontains
oneelement,whichistheemptyString.
Iftheregularexpressioncontainscapturingparentheses,theneachtimeseparatorismatchedtheresults
(includinganyundeinedresults)ofthecapturingparenthesesaresplicedintotheoutputarray.Forexample,
/<(\/)?([^<>]+)>/[Symbol.split]("A<B>bold</B>and<CODE>coded</CODE>")
evaluatestothearray
["A",undefined,"B","bold","/","B","and",undefined,"CODE","coded","/","CODE",""]
Iflimitisnotundeined,thentheoutputarrayistruncatedsothatitcontainsnomorethanlimitelements.
Whenthe@@splitmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
4.LetCbe?SpeciesConstructor(rx,%RegExp%).
5.Letlagsbe?ToString(?Get(rx,"flags")).
6.Iflagscontains"u",letunicodeMatchingbetrue.
7.Else,letunicodeMatchingbefalse.
8.Iflagscontains"y",letnewFlagsbelags.
9.Else,letnewFlagsbethestringthatistheconcatenationoflagsand"y".
10.Letsplitterbe?Construct(C,rx,newFlags).
12.LetlengthAbe0.
13.Iflimitisundeined,letlimbe2321;elseletlimbe?ToUint32(limit).
15.Letpbe0.
16.Iflim=0,returnA.
17.Ifsize=0,then
a.Letzbe?RegExpExec(splitter,S).
b.Ifzisnotnull,returnA.
c.Perform!CreateDataProperty(A,"0",S).
d.ReturnA.
18.Letqbep.
19.Repeat,whileq<size
a.Perform?Set(splitter,"lastIndex",q,true).
b.Letzbe?RegExpExec(splitter,S).
c.Ifzisnull,letqbeAdvanceStringIndex(S,q,unicodeMatching).
d.Elsezisnotnull,
i.Letebe?ToLength(?Get(splitter,"lastIndex")).
ii.Letebemin(e,size).
iii.Ife=p,letqbeAdvanceStringIndex(S,q,unicodeMatching).
iv.Elseep,
1.LetTbeaStringvalueequaltothesubstringofSconsistingoftheelementsatindicesp(inclusive)
throughq(exclusive).
3.LetlengthAbelengthA+1.
4.IflengthA=lim,returnA.
5.Letpbee.
6.LetnumberOfCapturesbe?ToLength(?Get(z,"length")).
7.LetnumberOfCapturesbemax(numberOfCaptures1,0).
8.Letibe1.
9.Repeat,whileinumberOfCaptures,
a.LetnextCapturebe?Get(z,!ToString(i)).
b.Perform!CreateDataProperty(A,!ToString(lengthA),nextCapture).
c.Letibei+1.
d.LetlengthAbelengthA+1.
e.IflengthA=lim,returnA.
10.Letqbep.
20.LetTbeaStringvalueequaltothesubstringofSconsistingoftheelementsatindicesp(inclusive)throughsize
(exclusive).
22.ReturnA.
Thevalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"[Symbol.split]".
NOTE2 The@@splitmethodignoresthevalueoftheglobalandstickypropertiesofthisRegExpobject.
21.2.5.12 getRegExp.prototype.sticky
RegExp.prototype.stickyisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunction
5.Iflagscontainsthecodeunit"y",returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
21.2.5.13 RegExp.prototype.test(S)
3.Letstringbe?ToString(S).
4.Letmatchbe?RegExpExec(R,string).
5.Ifmatchisnotnull,returntrue;elsereturnfalse.
21.2.5.14 RegExp.prototype.toString()
3.Letpatternbe?ToString(?Get(R,"source")).
4.Letlagsbe?ToString(?Get(R,"flags")).
5.LetresultbetheStringvalueformedbyconcatenating"/",pattern,"/",andlags.
6.Returnresult.
NOTE ThereturnedStringhastheformofaRegularExpressionLiteralthatevaluatestoanotherRegExpobjectwith
thesamebehaviourasthisobject.
21.2.5.15 getRegExp.prototype.unicode
RegExp.prototype.unicodeisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunction
5.Iflagscontainsthecodeunit"u",returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
21.2.6 PropertiesofRegExpInstances
RegExpinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheRegExpprototypeobject.RegExpinstanceshave
internalslots[[RegExpMatcher]],[[OriginalSource]],and[[OriginalFlags]].Thevalueofthe[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot
isanimplementationdependentrepresentationofthePatternoftheRegExpobject.
NOTE PriortoECMAScript2015,RegExpinstanceswerespeciiedashavingtheowndatapropertiessource,
global,ignoreCase,andmultiline.Thosepropertiesarenowspeciiedasaccessorpropertiesof
RegExp.prototype.
RegExpinstancesalsohavethefollowingproperty:
21.2.6.1 lastIndex
ThevalueofthelastIndexpropertyspeciiestheStringindexatwhichtostartthenextmatch.Itiscoercedtoaninteger
whenused(see21.2.5.2.2).Thispropertyshallhavetheattributes{[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:false,
22 IndexedCollections
22.1 ArrayObjects
Arrayobjectsareexoticobjectsthatgivespecialtreatmenttoacertainclassofpropertynames.See9.4.2foradeinitionof
thisspecialtreatment.
22.1.1 TheArrayConstructor
TheArrayconstructoristhe%Array%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheArraypropertyoftheglobalobject.When
calledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewexoticArrayobject.WhenArrayiscalledasafunctionratherthanasa
constructor,italsocreatesandinitializesanewArrayobject.ThusthefunctioncallArray()isequivalenttotheobject
creationexpressionnewArray()withthesamearguments.
TheArrayconstructorisasinglefunctionwhosebehaviourisoverloadedbaseduponthenumberandtypesofits
arguments.
TheArrayconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinherittheexoticArraybehaviourmustincludeasupercalltotheArrayconstructor
toinitializesubclassinstancesthatareexoticArrayobjects.However,mostoftheArray.prototypemethodsaregeneric
methodsthatarenotdependentupontheirthisvaluebeinganexoticArrayobject.
ThelengthpropertyoftheArrayconstructorfunctionis1.
22.1.1.1 Array()
ThisdescriptionappliesifandonlyiftheArrayconstructoriscalledwithnoarguments.
4.Letprotobe?GetPrototypeFromConstructor(newTarget,"%ArrayPrototype%").
5.ReturnArrayCreate(0,proto).
22.1.1.2 Array(len)
ThisdescriptionappliesifandonlyiftheArrayconstructoriscalledwithexactlyoneargument.
5.LetarraybeArrayCreate(0,proto).
6.IfType(len)isnotNumber,then
a.LetdeineStatusbeCreateDataProperty(array,"0",len).
b.Assert:deineStatusistrue.
c.LetintLenbe1.
7.Else,
a.LetintLenbeToUint32(len).
b.IfintLenlen,throwaRangeErrorexception.
8.Perform!Set(array,"length",intLen,true).
9.Returnarray.
22.1.1.3 Array(...items)
ThisdescriptionappliesifandonlyiftheArrayconstructoriscalledwithatleasttwoarguments.
WhentheArrayfunctioniscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Assert:numberOfArgs2.
5.Letarraybe?ArrayCreate(numberOfArgs,proto).
6.Letkbe0.
7.LetitemsbeazerooriginedListcontainingtheargumentitemsinorder.
8.Repeat,whilek<numberOfArgs
a.LetPkbe!ToString(k).
b.LetitemKbeitems[k].
c.LetdeineStatusbeCreateDataProperty(array,Pk,itemK).
d.Assert:deineStatusistrue.
e.Increasekby1.
9.Assert:thevalueofarray'slengthpropertyisnumberOfArgs.
10.Returnarray.
22.1.2 PropertiesoftheArrayConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheArrayconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheArrayconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
22.1.2.1 Array.from(items[,mapfn[,thisArg]])
WhenthefrommethodiscalledwithargumentitemsandoptionalargumentsmapfnandthisArg,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
1.LetCbethethisvalue.
2.Ifmapfnisundeined,letmappingbefalse.
3.Else,
a.IfIsCallable(mapfn)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.IfthisArgwassupplied,letTbethisArg;elseletTbeundeined.
c.Letmappingbetrue.
4.LetusingIteratorbe?GetMethod(items,@@iterator).
5.IfusingIteratorisnotundeined,then
a.IfIsConstructor(C)istrue,then
i.LetAbe?Construct(C).
b.Else,
i.LetAbeArrayCreate(0).
c.Letiteratorbe?GetIterator(items,usingIterator).
d.Letkbe0.
e.Repeat
i.Ifk2531,then
1.LeterrorbeCompletion{[[Type]]:throw,[[Value]]:anewlycreatedTypeErrorobject,[[Target]]:
empty}.
2.Return?IteratorClose(iterator,error).
ii.LetPkbe!ToString(k).
iii.Letnextbe?IteratorStep(iterator).
iv.Ifnextisfalse,then
1.Perform?Set(A,"length",k,true).
2.ReturnA.
v.LetnextValuebe?IteratorValue(next).
vi.Ifmappingistrue,then
1.LetmappedValuebeCall(mapfn,T,nextValue,k).
2.IfmappedValueisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iterator,mappedValue).
3.LetmappedValuebemappedValue.[[Value]].
vii.Else,letmappedValuebenextValue.
viii.LetdeineStatusbeCreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A,Pk,mappedValue).
ix.IfdeineStatusisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iterator,deineStatus).
x.Increasekby1.
6.NOTE:itemsisnotanIterablesoassumeitisanarraylikeobject.
7.LetarrayLikebe!ToObject(items).
8.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(arrayLike,"length")).
9.IfIsConstructor(C)istrue,then
a.LetAbe?Construct(C,len).
10.Else,
a.LetAbe?ArrayCreate(len).
11.Letkbe0.
12.Repeat,whilek<len
b.LetkValuebe?Get(arrayLike,Pk).
c.Ifmappingistrue,then
i.LetmappedValuebe?Call(mapfn,T,kValue,k).
d.Else,letmappedValuebekValue.
e.Perform?CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A,Pk,mappedValue).
f.Increasekby1.
13.Perform?Set(A,"length",len,true).
14.ReturnA.
NOTE Thefromfunctionisanintentionallygenericfactorymethod;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebethe
Arrayconstructor.Thereforeitcanbetransferredtoorinheritedbyanyotherconstructorsthatmaybecalled
withasinglenumericargument.
22.1.2.2 Array.isArray(arg)
TheisArrayfunctiontakesoneargumentarg,andperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Return?IsArray(arg).
22.1.2.3 Array.of(...items)
Whentheofmethodiscalledwithanynumberofarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letlenbetheactualnumberofargumentspassedtothisfunction.
2.LetitemsbetheListofargumentspassedtothisfunction.
4.IfIsConstructor(C)istrue,then
a.LetAbe?Construct(C,len).
5.Else,
a.LetAbe?ArrayCreate(len).
6.Letkbe0.
7.Repeat,whilek<len
a.LetkValuebeitems[k].
b.LetPkbe!ToString(k).
c.Perform?CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A,Pk,kValue).
d.Increasekby1.
8.Perform?Set(A,"length",len,true).
9.ReturnA.
NOTE1 Theitemsargumentisassumedtobeawellformedrestargumentvalue.
NOTE2 Theoffunctionisanintentionallygenericfactorymethod;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebetheArray
constructor.Thereforeitcanbetransferredtoorinheritedbyotherconstructorsthatmaybecalledwitha
singlenumericargument.
22.1.2.4 Array.prototype
ThevalueofArray.prototypeis%ArrayPrototype%,theintrinsicArrayprototypeobject.
22.1.2.5 getArray[@@species]
Array[@@species]isanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunctionperforms
thefollowingsteps:
NOTE Arrayprototypemethodsnormallyusetheirthisobject'sconstructortocreateaderivedobject.However,a
22.1.3 PropertiesoftheArrayPrototypeObject
TheArrayprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ArrayPrototype%.TheArrayprototypeobjectisanArrayexoticobjects
andhastheinternalmethodsspeciiedforsuchobjects.Ithasalengthpropertywhoseinitialvalueis0andwhose
attributesare{[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:false}.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheArrayprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
NOTE TheArrayprototypeobjectisspeciiedtobeanArrayexoticobjecttoensurecompatibilitywithECMAScript
codethatwascreatedpriortotheECMAScript2015speciication.
22.1.3.1 Array.prototype.concat(...arguments)
Whentheconcatmethodiscalledwithzeroormorearguments,itreturnsanarraycontainingthearrayelementsofthe
objectfollowedbythearrayelementsofeachargumentinorder.
2.LetAbe?ArraySpeciesCreate(O,0).
3.Letnbe0.
4.LetitemsbeaListwhoseirstelementisOandwhosesubsequentelementsare,inlefttorightorder,theargumentsthat
werepassedtothisfunctioninvocation.
5.Repeat,whileitemsisnotempty
a.RemovetheirstelementfromitemsandletEbethevalueoftheelement.
b.Letspreadablebe?IsConcatSpreadable(E).
c.Ifspreadableistrue,then
i.Letkbe0.
ii.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(E,"length")).
iii.Ifn+len>2531,throwaTypeErrorexception.
iv.Repeat,whilek<len
1.LetPbe!ToString(k).
2.Letexistsbe?HasProperty(E,P).
3.Ifexistsistrue,then
a.LetsubElementbe?Get(E,P).
b.Perform?CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A,!ToString(n),subElement).
4.Increasenby1.
5.Increasekby1.
d.ElseEisaddedasasingleitemratherthanspread,
i.Ifn2531,throwaTypeErrorexception.
ii.Perform?CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A,!ToString(n),E).
iii.Increasenby1.
6.Perform?Set(A,"length",n,true).
7.ReturnA.
Thelengthpropertyoftheconcatmethodis1.
NOTE1 Theexplicitsettingofthelengthpropertyinstep6isnecessarytoensurethatitsvalueiscorrectinsituations
wherethetrailingelementsoftheresultArrayarenotpresent.
NOTE2 Theconcatfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:IsConcatSpreadable(O)
TheabstractoperationIsConcatSpreadablewithargumentOperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Letspreadablebe?Get(O,@@isConcatSpreadable).
3.Ifspreadableisnotundeined,returnToBoolean(spreadable).
4.Return?IsArray(O).
22.1.3.2 Array.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofArray.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Array%.
22.1.3.3 Array.prototype.copyWithin(target,start[,end])
ThecopyWithinmethodtakesuptothreeargumentstarget,startandend.
NOTE1 Theendargumentisoptionalwiththelengthofthethisobjectasitsdefaultvalue.Iftargetisnegative,itis
treatedaslength+targetwherelengthisthelengthofthearray.Ifstartisnegative,itistreatedaslength+start.
Ifendisnegative,itistreatedaslength+end.
2.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(O,"length")).
3.LetrelativeTargetbe?ToInteger(target).
4.IfrelativeTarget<0,lettobemax((len+relativeTarget),0);elselettobemin(relativeTarget,len).
5.LetrelativeStartbe?ToInteger(start).
6.IfrelativeStart<0,letfrombemax((len+relativeStart),0);elseletfrombemin(relativeStart,len).
7.Ifendisundeined,letrelativeEndbelen;elseletrelativeEndbe?ToInteger(end).
8.IfrelativeEnd<0,letinalbemax((len+relativeEnd),0);elseletinalbemin(relativeEnd,len).
9.Letcountbemin(inalfrom,lento).
10.Iffrom<toandto<from+count,then
a.Letdirectionbe1.
b.Letfrombefrom+count1.
c.Lettobeto+count1.
11.Else,
a.Letdirectionbe1.
12.Repeat,whilecount>0
a.LetfromKeybe!ToString(from).
b.LettoKeybe!ToString(to).
c.LetfromPresentbe?HasProperty(O,fromKey).
d.IffromPresentistrue,then
i.LetfromValbe?Get(O,fromKey).
ii.Perform?Set(O,toKey,fromVal,true).
e.ElsefromPresentisfalse,
i.Perform?DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,toKey).
f.Letfrombefrom+direction.
g.Lettobeto+direction.
h.Letcountbecount1.
13.ReturnO.
NOTE2 ThecopyWithinfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.4 Array.prototype.entries()
2.ReturnCreateArrayIterator(O,"key+value").
22.1.3.5 Array.prototype.every(callbackfn[,thisArg])
NOTE1 callbackfnshouldbeafunctionthatacceptsthreeargumentsandreturnsavaluethatiscoercibletothe
Booleanvaluetrueorfalse.everycallscallbackfnonceforeachelementpresentinthearray,inascending
order,untilitindsonewherecallbackfnreturnsfalse.Ifsuchanelementisfound,everyimmediatelyreturns
false.Otherwise,ifcallbackfnreturnedtrueforallelements,everywillreturntrue.callbackfniscalledonly
forelementsofthearraywhichactuallyexist;itisnotcalledformissingelementsofthearray.
IfathisArgparameterisprovided,itwillbeusedasthethisvalueforeachinvocationofcallbackfn.Ifitisnot
provided,undeinedisusedinstead.
callbackfniscalledwiththreearguments:thevalueoftheelement,theindexoftheelement,andtheobject
beingtraversed.
everydoesnotdirectlymutatetheobjectonwhichitiscalledbuttheobjectmaybemutatedbythecallsto
callbackfn.
Therangeofelementsprocessedbyeveryissetbeforetheirstcalltocallbackfn.Elementswhichare
appendedtothearrayafterthecalltoeverybeginswillnotbevisitedbycallbackfn.Ifexistingelementsofthe
arrayarechanged,theirvalueaspassedtocallbackfnwillbethevalueatthetimeeveryvisitsthem;elements
thataredeletedafterthecalltoeverybeginsandbeforebeingvisitedarenotvisited.everyactslikethe"for
all"quantiierinmathematics.Inparticular,foranemptyarray,itreturnstrue.
Whentheeverymethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.IfIsCallable(callbackfn)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.IfthisArgwassupplied,letTbethisArg;elseletTbeundeined.
5.Letkbe0.
6.Repeat,whilek<len
b.LetkPresentbe?HasProperty(O,Pk).
c.IfkPresentistrue,then
i.LetkValuebe?Get(O,Pk).
ii.LettestResultbeToBoolean(?Call(callbackfn,T,kValue,k,O)).
iii.IftestResultisfalse,returnfalse.
d.Increasekby1.
7.Returntrue.
NOTE2 Theeveryfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Therefore
22.1.3.6 Array.prototype.ill(value[,start[,end]])
Thefillmethodtakesuptothreeargumentsvalue,startandend.
NOTE1 Thestartandendargumentsareoptionalwithdefaultvaluesof0andthelengthofthethisobject.Ifstartis
negative,itistreatedaslength+startwherelengthisthelengthofthearray.Ifendisnegative,itistreatedas
length+end.
4.IfrelativeStart<0,letkbemax((len+relativeStart),0);elseletkbemin(relativeStart,len).
7.Repeat,whilek<inal
b.Perform?Set(O,Pk,value,true).
c.Increasekby1.
8.ReturnO.
NOTE2 Thefillfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Therefore
22.1.3.7 Array.prototype.ilter(callbackfn[,thisArg])
Booleanvaluetrueorfalse.filtercallscallbackfnonceforeachelementinthearray,inascendingorder,and
constructsanewarrayofallthevaluesforwhichcallbackfnreturnstrue.callbackfniscalledonlyforelements
ofthearraywhichactuallyexist;itisnotcalledformissingelementsofthearray.
beingtraversed.
filterdoesnotdirectlymutatetheobjectonwhichitiscalledbuttheobjectmaybemutatedbythecallsto
callbackfn.
Therangeofelementsprocessedbyfilterissetbeforetheirstcalltocallbackfn.Elementswhichare
appendedtothearrayafterthecalltofilterbeginswillnotbevisitedbycallbackfn.Ifexistingelementsof
thearrayarechangedtheirvalueaspassedtocallbackfnwillbethevalueatthetimefiltervisitsthem;
elementsthataredeletedafterthecalltofilterbeginsandbeforebeingvisitedarenotvisited.
Whenthefiltermethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.LetAbe?ArraySpeciesCreate(O,0).
6.Letkbe0.
7.Lettobe0.
8.Repeat,whilek<len
ii.LetselectedbeToBoolean(?Call(callbackfn,T,kValue,k,O)).
iii.Ifselectedistrue,then
1.Perform?CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A,!ToString(to),kValue).
2.Increasetoby1.
d.Increasekby1.
9.ReturnA.
NOTE2 Thefilterfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.8 Array.prototype.ind(predicate[,thisArg])
Thefindmethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,predicateandthisArg.
NOTE1 predicateshouldbeafunctionthatacceptsthreeargumentsandreturnsavaluethatiscoercibletoaBoolean
value.findcallspredicateonceforeachelementofthearray,inascendingorder,untilitindsonewhere
predicatereturnstrue.Ifsuchanelementisfound,findimmediatelyreturnsthatelementvalue.Otherwise,
findreturnsundeined.
IfathisArgparameterisprovided,itwillbeusedasthethisvalueforeachinvocationofpredicate.Ifitisnot
predicateiscalledwiththreearguments:thevalueoftheelement,theindexoftheelement,andtheobject
beingtraversed.
finddoesnotdirectlymutatetheobjectonwhichitiscalledbuttheobjectmaybemutatedbythecallsto
predicate.
Therangeofelementsprocessedbyfindissetbeforetheirstcalltocallbackfn.Elementsthatareappended
tothearrayafterthecalltofindbeginswillnotbevisitedbycallbackfn.Ifexistingelementsofthearrayare
changed,theirvalueaspassedtopredicatewillbethevalueatthetimethatfindvisitsthem.
Whenthefindmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.IfIsCallable(predicate)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Letkbe0.
6.Repeat,whilek<len
b.LetkValuebe?Get(O,Pk).
c.LettestResultbeToBoolean(?Call(predicate,T,kValue,k,O)).
d.IftestResultistrue,returnkValue.
e.Increasekby1.
7.Returnundeined.
NOTE2 Thefindfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Therefore
22.1.3.9 Array.prototype.indIndex(predicate[,thisArg])
NOTE1 predicateshouldbeafunctionthatacceptsthreeargumentsandreturnsavaluethatiscoercibletotheBoolean
valuetrueorfalse.findIndexcallspredicateonceforeachelementofthearray,inascendingorder,untilit
indsonewherepredicatereturnstrue.Ifsuchanelementisfound,findIndeximmediatelyreturnstheindex
ofthatelementvalue.Otherwise,findIndexreturns1.
IfathisArgparameterisprovided,itwillbeusedasthethisvalueforeachinvocationofpredicate.Ifitisnot
predicateiscalledwiththreearguments:thevalueoftheelement,theindexoftheelement,andtheobject
beingtraversed.
findIndexdoesnotdirectlymutatetheobjectonwhichitiscalledbuttheobjectmaybemutatedbythecalls
topredicate.
TherangeofelementsprocessedbyfindIndexissetbeforetheirstcalltocallbackfn.Elementsthatare
appendedtothearrayafterthecalltofindIndexbeginswillnotbevisitedbycallbackfn.Ifexistingelements
ofthearrayarechanged,theirvalueaspassedtopredicatewillbethevalueatthetimethatfindIndexvisits
them.
WhenthefindIndexmethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.IfIsCallable(predicate)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Letkbe0.
6.Repeat,whilek<len
c.LettestResultbeToBoolean(?Call(predicate,T,kValue,k,O)).
d.IftestResultistrue,returnk.
e.Increasekby1.
7.Return1.
NOTE2 ThefindIndexfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.10 Array.prototype.forEach(callbackfn[,thisArg])
NOTE1 callbackfnshouldbeafunctionthatacceptsthreearguments.forEachcallscallbackfnonceforeachelement
presentinthearray,inascendingorder.callbackfniscalledonlyforelementsofthearraywhichactuallyexist;
itisnotcalledformissingelementsofthearray.
beingtraversed.
forEachdoesnotdirectlymutatetheobjectonwhichitiscalledbuttheobjectmaybemutatedbythecallsto
callbackfn.
WhentheforEachmethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.Letkbe0.
6.Repeat,whilek<len
ii.Perform?Call(callbackfn,T,kValue,k,O).
d.Increasekby1.
7.Returnundeined.
NOTE2 TheforEachfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.11 Array.prototype.includes(searchElement[,fromIndex])
NOTE1 includescomparessearchElementtotheelementsofthearray,inascendingorder,usingtheSameValueZero
algorithm,andiffoundatanyposition,returnstrue;otherwise,falseisreturned.
TheoptionalsecondargumentfromIndexdefaultsto0(i.e.thewholearrayissearched).Ifitisgreaterthanor
equaltothelengthofthearray,falseisreturned,i.e.thearraywillnotbesearched.Ifitisnegative,itisusedas
theoffsetfromtheendofthearraytocomputefromIndex.Ifthecomputedindexislessthan0,thewholearray
willbesearched.
Whentheincludesmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Iflenis0,returnfalse.
4.Letnbe?ToInteger(fromIndex).(IffromIndexisundeined,thisstepproducesthevalue0.)
5.Ifn0,then
a.Letkben.
6.Elsen<0,
a.Letkbelen+n.
b.Ifk<0,letkbe0.
7.Repeat,whilek<len
a.LetelementKbetheresultof?Get(O,!ToString(k)).
b.IfSameValueZero(searchElement,elementK)istrue,returntrue.
c.Increasekby1.
8.Returnfalse.
NOTE2 Theincludesfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
NOTE3 TheincludesmethodintentionallydiffersfromthesimilarindexOfmethodintwoways.First,itusesthe
SameValueZeroalgorithm,insteadofStrictEqualityComparison,allowingittodetectNaNarrayelements.
Second,itdoesnotskipmissingarrayelements,insteadtreatingthemasundeined.
22.1.3.12 Array.prototype.indexOf(searchElement[,fromIndex])
NOTE1 indexOfcomparessearchElementtotheelementsofthearray,inascendingorder,usingtheStrictEquality
Comparisonalgorithm,andiffoundatoneormoreindices,returnsthesmallestsuchindex;otherwise,1is
returned.
TheoptionalsecondargumentfromIndexdefaultsto0(i.e.thewholearrayissearched).Ifitisgreaterthanor
equaltothelengthofthearray,1isreturned,i.e.thearraywillnotbesearched.Ifitisnegative,itisusedas
theoffsetfromtheendofthearraytocomputefromIndex.Ifthecomputedindexislessthan0,thewholearray
willbesearched.
WhentheindexOfmethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Iflenis0,return1.
4.Letnbe?ToInteger(fromIndex).(IffromIndexisundeined,thisstepproducesthevalue0.)
5.Ifnlen,return1.
6.Ifn0,then
a.Ifnis0,letkbe+0;elseletkben.
7.Elsen<0,
a.Letkbelen+n.
b.Ifk<0,letkbe0.
8.Repeat,whilek<len
a.LetkPresentbe?HasProperty(O,!ToString(k)).
b.IfkPresentistrue,then
i.LetelementKbe?Get(O,!ToString(k)).
ii.LetsamebetheresultofperformingStrictEqualityComparisonsearchElement===elementK.
iii.Ifsameistrue,returnk.
c.Increasekby1.
9.Return1.
NOTE2 TheindexOffunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.13 Array.prototype.join(separator)
NOTE1 TheelementsofthearrayareconvertedtoStrings,andtheseStringsarethenconcatenated,separatedby
occurrencesoftheseparator.Ifnoseparatorisprovided,asinglecommaisusedastheseparator.
Thejoinmethodtakesoneargument,separator,andperformsthefollowingsteps:
3.Ifseparatorisundeined,letseparatorbethesingleelementString",".
4.Letsepbe?ToString(separator).
5.Ifleniszero,returntheemptyString.
6.Letelement0beGet(O,"0").
7.Ifelement0isundeinedornull,letRbetheemptyString;otherwise,letRbe?ToString(element0).
8.Letkbe1.
9.Repeat,whilek<len
a.LetSbetheStringvalueproducedbyconcatenatingRandsep.
b.Letelementbe?Get(O,!ToString(k)).
c.Ifelementisundeinedornull,letnextbetheemptyString;otherwise,letnextbe?ToString(element).
d.LetRbeaStringvalueproducedbyconcatenatingSandnext.
e.Increasekby1.
10.ReturnR.
NOTE2 Thejoinfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Therefore,
22.1.3.14 Array.prototype.keys()
2.ReturnCreateArrayIterator(O,"key").
22.1.3.15 Array.prototype.lastIndexOf(searchElement[,fromIndex])
NOTE1 lastIndexOfcomparessearchElementtotheelementsofthearrayindescendingorderusingtheStrict
EqualityComparisonalgorithm,andiffoundatoneormoreindices,returnsthelargestsuchindex;otherwise,
1isreturned.
TheoptionalsecondargumentfromIndexdefaultstothearray'slengthminusone(i.e.thewholearrayis
searched).Ifitisgreaterthanorequaltothelengthofthearray,thewholearraywillbesearched.Ifitis
negative,itisusedastheoffsetfromtheendofthearraytocomputefromIndex.Ifthecomputedindexisless
than0,1isreturned.
WhenthelastIndexOfmethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Iflenis0,return1.
4.IfargumentfromIndexwaspassed,letnbe?ToInteger(fromIndex);elseletnbelen1.
5.Ifn0,then
a.Ifnis0,letkbe+0;elseletkbemin(n,len1).
6.Elsen<0,
a.Letkbelen+n.
7.Repeat,whilek0
a.LetkPresentbe?HasProperty(O,!ToString(k)).
b.IfkPresentistrue,then
i.LetelementKbe?Get(O,!ToString(k)).
ii.LetsamebetheresultofperformingStrictEqualityComparisonsearchElement===elementK.
iii.Ifsameistrue,returnk.
c.Decreasekby1.
8.Return1.
NOTE2 ThelastIndexOffunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.16 Array.prototype.map(callbackfn[,thisArg])
NOTE1 callbackfnshouldbeafunctionthatacceptsthreearguments.mapcallscallbackfnonceforeachelementinthe
array,inascendingorder,andconstructsanewArrayfromtheresults.callbackfniscalledonlyforelementsof
thearraywhichactuallyexist;itisnotcalledformissingelementsofthearray.
beingtraversed.
mapdoesnotdirectlymutatetheobjectonwhichitiscalledbuttheobjectmaybemutatedbythecallsto
callbackfn.
Therangeofelementsprocessedbymapissetbeforetheirstcalltocallbackfn.Elementswhichareappended
tothearrayafterthecalltomapbeginswillnotbevisitedbycallbackfn.Ifexistingelementsofthearrayare
changed,theirvalueaspassedtocallbackfnwillbethevalueatthetimemapvisitsthem;elementsthatare
deletedafterthecalltomapbeginsandbeforebeingvisitedarenotvisited.
Whenthemapmethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.LetAbe?ArraySpeciesCreate(O,len).
6.Letkbe0.
7.Repeat,whilek<len
ii.LetmappedValuebe?Call(callbackfn,T,kValue,k,O).
iii.Perform?CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A,Pk,mappedValue).
d.Increasekby1.
8.ReturnA.
NOTE2 Themapfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Thereforeit
22.1.3.17 Array.prototype.pop()
NOTE1 Thelastelementofthearrayisremovedfromthearrayandreturned.
Whenthepopmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Ifleniszero,then
a.Perform?Set(O,"length",0,true).
b.Returnundeined.
4.Elselen>0,
a.LetnewLenbelen1.
b.Letindxbe!ToString(newLen).
c.Letelementbe?Get(O,indx).
d.Perform?DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,indx).
e.Perform?Set(O,"length",newLen,true).
f.Returnelement.
NOTE2 Thepopfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Thereforeit
22.1.3.18 Array.prototype.push(...items)
NOTE1 Theargumentsareappendedtotheendofthearray,intheorderinwhichtheyappear.Thenewlengthofthe
arrayisreturnedastheresultofthecall.
Whenthepushmethodiscalledwithzeroormorearguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.LetitemsbeaListwhoseelementsare,inlefttorightorder,theargumentsthatwerepassedtothisfunctioninvocation.
4.LetargCountbethenumberofelementsinitems.
5.Iflen+argCount>2531,throwaTypeErrorexception.
a.RemovetheirstelementfromitemsandletEbethevalueoftheelement.
b.Perform?Set(O,!ToString(len),E,true).
c.Letlenbelen+1.
7.Perform?Set(O,"length",len,true).
8.Returnlen.
Thelengthpropertyofthepushmethodis1.
NOTE2 Thepushfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Therefore
22.1.3.19 Array.prototype.reduce(callbackfn[,initialValue])
NOTE1 callbackfnshouldbeafunctionthattakesfourarguments.reducecallsthecallback,asafunction,oncefor
eachelementpresentinthearray,inascendingorder.
callbackfniscalledwithfourarguments:thepreviousValue(valuefromthepreviouscalltocallbackfn),the
currentValue(valueofthecurrentelement),thecurrentIndex,andtheobjectbeingtraversed.Theirsttime
thatcallbackiscalled,thepreviousValueandcurrentValuecanbeoneoftwovalues.IfaninitialValuewas
providedinthecalltoreduce,thenpreviousValuewillbeequaltoinitialValueandcurrentValuewillbeequalto
theirstvalueinthearray.IfnoinitialValuewasprovided,thenpreviousValuewillbeequaltotheirstvaluein
thearrayandcurrentValuewillbeequaltothesecond.ItisaTypeErrorifthearraycontainsnoelementsand
initialValueisnotprovided.
reducedoesnotdirectlymutatetheobjectonwhichitiscalledbuttheobjectmaybemutatedbythecallsto
callbackfn.
Therangeofelementsprocessedbyreduceissetbeforetheirstcalltocallbackfn.Elementsthatare
appendedtothearrayafterthecalltoreducebeginswillnotbevisitedbycallbackfn.Ifexistingelementsof
thearrayarechanged,theirvalueaspassedtocallbackfnwillbethevalueatthetimereducevisitsthem;
elementsthataredeletedafterthecalltoreducebeginsandbeforebeingvisitedarenotvisited.
Whenthereducemethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
4.Iflenis0andinitialValueisnotpresent,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Letkbe0.
6.IfinitialValueispresent,then
a.SetaccumulatortoinitialValue.
7.ElseinitialValueisnotpresent,
a.LetkPresentbefalse.
b.Repeat,whilekPresentisfalseandk<len
i.LetPkbe!ToString(k).
ii.LetkPresentbe?HasProperty(O,Pk).
iii.IfkPresentistrue,then
1.Letaccumulatorbe?Get(O,Pk).
iv.Increasekby1.
c.IfkPresentisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
8.Repeat,whilek<len
ii.Letaccumulatorbe?Call(callbackfn,undeined,accumulator,kValue,k,O).
d.Increasekby1.
9.Returnaccumulator.
NOTE2 Thereducefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.20 Array.prototype.reduceRight(callbackfn[,initialValue])
NOTE1 callbackfnshouldbeafunctionthattakesfourarguments.reduceRightcallsthecallback,asafunction,once
foreachelementpresentinthearray,indescendingorder.
callbackfniscalledwithfourarguments:thepreviousValue(valuefromthepreviouscalltocallbackfn),the
currentValue(valueofthecurrentelement),thecurrentIndex,andtheobjectbeingtraversed.Theirsttimethe
functioniscalled,thepreviousValueandcurrentValuecanbeoneoftwovalues.IfaninitialValuewasprovided
inthecalltoreduceRight,thenpreviousValuewillbeequaltoinitialValueandcurrentValuewillbeequalto
thelastvalueinthearray.IfnoinitialValuewasprovided,thenpreviousValuewillbeequaltothelastvaluein
thearrayandcurrentValuewillbeequaltothesecondtolastvalue.ItisaTypeErrorifthearraycontainsno
elementsandinitialValueisnotprovided.
reduceRightdoesnotdirectlymutatetheobjectonwhichitiscalledbuttheobjectmaybemutatedbythe
callstocallbackfn.
TherangeofelementsprocessedbyreduceRightissetbeforetheirstcalltocallbackfn.Elementsthatare
appendedtothearrayafterthecalltoreduceRightbeginswillnotbevisitedbycallbackfn.Ifexisting
elementsofthearrayarechangedbycallbackfn,theirvalueaspassedtocallbackfnwillbethevalueatthetime
reduceRightvisitsthem;elementsthataredeletedafterthecalltoreduceRightbeginsandbeforebeing
visitedarenotvisited.
WhenthereduceRightmethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
4.Iflenis0andinitialValueisnotpresent,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Letkbelen1.
6.IfinitialValueispresent,then
a.SetaccumulatortoinitialValue.
7.ElseinitialValueisnotpresent,
a.LetkPresentbefalse.
b.Repeat,whilekPresentisfalseandk0
ii.LetkPresentbe?HasProperty(O,Pk).
iii.IfkPresentistrue,then
1.Letaccumulatorbe?Get(O,Pk).
iv.Decreasekby1.
c.IfkPresentisfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
8.Repeat,whilek0
ii.Letaccumulatorbe?Call(callbackfn,undeined,accumulator,kValue,k,O).
d.Decreasekby1.
9.Returnaccumulator.
NOTE2 ThereduceRightfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.21 Array.prototype.reverse()
NOTE1 Theelementsofthearrayarerearrangedsoastoreversetheirorder.Theobjectisreturnedastheresultofthe
call.
Whenthereversemethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Letmiddlebeloor(len/2).
4.Letlowerbe0.
5.Repeat,whilelowermiddle
a.Letupperbelenlower1.
b.LetupperPbe!ToString(upper).
c.LetlowerPbe!ToString(lower).
d.LetlowerExistsbe?HasProperty(O,lowerP).
e.IflowerExistsistrue,then
i.LetlowerValuebe?Get(O,lowerP).
f.LetupperExistsbe?HasProperty(O,upperP).
g.IfupperExistsistrue,then
i.LetupperValuebe?Get(O,upperP).
h.IflowerExistsistrueandupperExistsistrue,then
i.Perform?Set(O,lowerP,upperValue,true).
ii.Perform?Set(O,upperP,lowerValue,true).
i.ElseiflowerExistsisfalseandupperExistsistrue,then
i.Perform?Set(O,lowerP,upperValue,true).
ii.Perform?DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,upperP).
j.ElseiflowerExistsistrueandupperExistsisfalse,then
i.Perform?DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,lowerP).
ii.Perform?Set(O,upperP,lowerValue,true).
k.ElsebothlowerExistsandupperExistsarefalse,
i.Noactionisrequired.
l.Increaselowerby1.
6.ReturnO.
NOTE2 Thereversefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.22 Array.prototype.shift()
NOTE1 Theirstelementofthearrayisremovedfromthearrayandreturned.
Whentheshiftmethodiscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Ifleniszero,then
a.Perform?Set(O,"length",0,true).
b.Returnundeined.
4.Letirstbe?Get(O,"0").
5.Letkbe1.
6.Repeat,whilek<len
a.Letfrombe!ToString(k).
b.Lettobe!ToString(k1).
c.LetfromPresentbe?HasProperty(O,from).
d.IffromPresentistrue,then
i.LetfromValbe?Get(O,from).
ii.Perform?Set(O,to,fromVal,true).
e.ElsefromPresentisfalse,
i.Perform?DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,to).
f.Increasekby1.
7.Perform?DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,!ToString(len1)).
8.Perform?Set(O,"length",len1,true).
9.Returnirst.
NOTE2 Theshiftfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Therefore
22.1.3.23 Array.prototype.slice(start,end)
NOTE1 Theslicemethodtakestwoarguments,startandend,andreturnsanarraycontainingtheelementsofthe
arrayfromelementstartupto,butnotincluding,elementend(orthroughtheendofthearrayifendis
undeined).Ifstartisnegative,itistreatedaslength+startwherelengthisthelengthofthearray.Ifendis
negative,itistreatedaslength+endwherelengthisthelengthofthearray.
7.Letcountbemax(inalk,0).
8.LetAbe?ArraySpeciesCreate(O,count).
9.Letnbe0.
10.Repeat,whilek<inal
ii.Perform?CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A,!ToString(n),kValue).
d.Increasekby1.
e.Increasenby1.
11.Perform?Set(A,"length",n,true).
12.ReturnA.
NOTE2 TheexplicitsettingofthelengthpropertyoftheresultArrayinstep11wasnecessaryinpreviouseditionsof
ECMAScripttoensurethatitslengthwascorrectinsituationswherethetrailingelementsoftheresultArray
werenotpresent.SettinglengthbecameunnecessarystartinginES2015whentheresultArraywasinitialized
toitsproperlengthratherthananemptyArraybutiscarriedforwardtopreservebackwardcompatibility.
NOTE3 Theslicefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Therefore
22.1.3.24 Array.prototype.some(callbackfn[,thisArg])
Booleanvaluetrueorfalse.somecallscallbackfnonceforeachelementpresentinthearray,inascending
order,untilitindsonewherecallbackfnreturnstrue.Ifsuchanelementisfound,someimmediatelyreturns
true.Otherwise,somereturnsfalse.callbackfniscalledonlyforelementsofthearraywhichactuallyexist;itis
notcalledformissingelementsofthearray.
beingtraversed.
somedoesnotdirectlymutatetheobjectonwhichitiscalledbuttheobjectmaybemutatedbythecallsto
callbackfn.
Therangeofelementsprocessedbysomeissetbeforetheirstcalltocallbackfn.Elementsthatareappended
tothearrayafterthecalltosomebeginswillnotbevisitedbycallbackfn.Ifexistingelementsofthearrayare
changed,theirvalueaspassedtocallbackfnwillbethevalueatthetimethatsomevisitsthem;elementsthat
aredeletedafterthecalltosomebeginsandbeforebeingvisitedarenotvisited.someactslikethe"exists"
quantiierinmathematics.Inparticular,foranemptyarray,itreturnsfalse.
Whenthesomemethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
5.Letkbe0.
6.Repeat,whilek<len
ii.LettestResultbeToBoolean(?Call(callbackfn,T,kValue,k,O)).
iii.IftestResultistrue,returntrue.
d.Increasekby1.
7.Returnfalse.
NOTE2 Thesomefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Therefore
22.1.3.25 Array.prototype.sort(comparefn)
Theelementsofthisarrayaresorted.Thesortisnotnecessarilystable(thatis,elementsthatcompareequaldonot
necessarilyremainintheiroriginalorder).Ifcomparefnisnotundeined,itshouldbeafunctionthatacceptstwoarguments
xandyandreturnsanegativevalueifx<y,zeroifx=y,orapositivevalueifx>y.
Uponentry,thefollowingstepsareperformedtoinitializeevaluationofthesortfunction:
1.Letobjbe?ToObject(thisvalue).
2.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(obj,"length")).
Withinthisspeciicationofthesortmethod,anobject,obj,issaidtobesparseifthefollowingalgorithmreturnstrue:
1.Foreachintegeriintherange0i<len
a.Letelembeobj.[[GetOwnProperty]](!ToString(i)).
b.Ifelemisundeined,returntrue.
2.Returnfalse.
Thesortorderistheordering,aftercompletionofthisfunction,oftheintegerindexedpropertyvaluesofobjwhoseinteger
indexesarelessthanlen.Theresultofthesortfunctionisthendeterminedasfollows:
Ifcomparefnisnotundeinedandisnotaconsistentcomparisonfunctionfortheelementsofthisarray(seebelow),thesort
orderisimplementationdeined.ThesortorderisalsoimplementationdeinedifcomparefnisundeinedandSortCompare
doesnotactasaconsistentcomparisonfunction.
Letprotobeobj.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().Ifprotoisnotnullandthereexistsanintegerjsuchthatalloftheconditionsbeloware
satisiedthenthesortorderisimplementationdeined:
objissparse
0j<len
HasProperty(proto,ToString(j))istrue.
Thesortorderisalsoimplementationdeinedifobjissparseandanyofthefollowingconditionsaretrue:
IsExtensible(obj)isfalse.
Anyintegerindexpropertyofobjwhosenameisanonnegativeintegerlessthanlenisadatapropertywhose
[[Conigurable]]attributeisfalse.
Thesortorderisalsoimplementationdeinedifanyofthefollowingconditionsaretrue:
Ifobjisanexoticobject(includingProxyexoticobjects)whosebehaviourfor[[Get]],[[Set]],[[Delete]],and
[[GetOwnProperty]]isnottheordinaryobjectimplementationoftheseinternalmethods.
Ifanyindexpropertyofobjwhosenameisanonnegativeintegerlessthanlenisanaccessorpropertyorisadata
propertywhose[[Writable]]attributeisfalse.
IfcomparefnisundeinedandtheapplicationofToStringtoanyvaluepassedasanargumenttoSortComparemodiies
objoranyobjectonobj'sprototypechain.
IfcomparefnisundeinedandallapplicationsofToString,toanyspeciicvaluepassedasanargumenttoSortCompare,
donotproducethesameresult.
1.Performanimplementationdependentsequenceofcallstothe[[Get]]and[[Set]]internalmethodsofobj,tothe
DeletePropertyOrThrowandHasOwnPropertyabstractoperationwithobjastheirstargument,andtoSortCompare
(describedbelow),suchthat:
Thepropertykeyargumentforeachcallto[[Get]],[[Set]],HasOwnProperty,orDeletePropertyOrThrowisthe
stringrepresentationofanonnegativeintegerlessthanlen.
TheargumentsforcallstoSortComparearevaluesreturnedbyapreviouscalltothe[[Get]]internalmethod,
unlessthepropertiesaccessedbythosepreviouscallsdidnotexistaccordingtoHasOwnProperty.Ifboth
perspectiveargumentstoSortComparecorrespondtononexistentproperties,use+0insteadofcalling
SortCompare.Ifonlytheirstperspectiveargumentisnonexistentuse+1.Ifonlythesecondperspective
argumentisnonexistentuse1.
IfobjisnotsparsethenDeletePropertyOrThrowmustnotbecalled.
Ifany[[Set]]callreturnsfalseaTypeErrorexceptionisthrown.
Ifanabruptcompletionisreturnedfromanyoftheseoperations,itisimmediatelyreturnedasthevalueofthis
function.
2.Returnobj.
Unlessthesortorderisspeciiedabovetobeimplementationdeined,thereturnedobjectmusthavethefollowingtwo
characteristics:
Theremustbesomemathematicalpermutationofthenonnegativeintegerslessthanlen,suchthatforevery
nonnegativeintegerjlessthanlen,ifpropertyold[j]existed,thennew[(j)]isexactlythesamevalueasold[j].Butif
propertyold[j]didnotexist,thennew[(j)]doesnotexist.
Thenforallnonnegativeintegersjandk,eachlessthanlen,ifSortCompare(old[j],old[k])<0(seeSortComparebelow),
thennew[(j)]<new[(k)].
Herethenotationold[j]isusedtorefertothehypotheticalresultofcallingthe[[Get]]internalmethodofobjwithargumentj
beforethisfunctionisexecuted,andthenotationnew[j]torefertothehypotheticalresultofcallingthe[[Get]]internal
methodofobjwithargumentjafterthisfunctionhasbeenexecuted.
AfunctioncomparefnisaconsistentcomparisonfunctionforasetofvaluesSifalloftherequirementsbelowaremetforall
valuesa,b,andc(possiblythesamevalue)inthesetS:Thenotationa<CFbmeanscomparefn(a,b)<0;a=CFbmeans
comparefn(a,b)=0(ofeithersign);anda>CFbmeanscomparefn(a,b)>0.
Callingcomparefn(a,b)alwaysreturnsthesamevaluevwhengivenaspeciicpairofvaluesaandbasitstwo
arguments.Furthermore,Type(v)isNumber,andvisnotNaN.Notethatthisimpliesthatexactlyoneofa<CFb,a=CFb,
anda>CFbwillbetrueforagivenpairofaandb.
Callingcomparefn(a,b)doesnotmodifyobjoranyobjectonobj'sprototypechain.
a=CFa(relexivity)
Ifa=CFb,thenb=CFa(symmetry)
Ifa=CFbandb=CFc,thena=CFc(transitivityof=CF)
Ifa<CFbandb<CFc,thena<CFc(transitivityof<CF)
Ifa>CFbandb>CFc,thena>CFc(transitivityof>CF)
NOTE1 TheaboveconditionsarenecessaryandsuficienttoensurethatcomparefndividesthesetSintoequivalence
classesandthattheseequivalenceclassesaretotallyordered.
NOTE2 Thesortfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.Therefore,
22.1.3.25.1 RuntimeSemantics:SortCompare(x,y)
TheSortCompareabstractoperationiscalledwithtwoargumentsxandy.Italsohasaccesstothecomparefnargument
passedtothecurrentinvocationofthesortmethod.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Ifxandyarebothundeined,return+0.
2.Ifxisundeined,return1.
3.Ifyisundeined,return1.
4.Iftheargumentcomparefnisnotundeined,then
a.Letvbe?ToNumber(?Call(comparefn,undeined,x,y)).
b.IfvisNaN,return+0.
c.Returnv.
5.LetxStringbe?ToString(x).
6.LetyStringbe?ToString(y).
7.LetxSmallerbetheresultofperformingAbstractRelationalComparisonxString<yString.
8.IfxSmalleristrue,return1.
9.LetySmallerbetheresultofperformingAbstractRelationalComparisonyString<xString.
10.IfySmalleristrue,return1.
11.Return+0.
NOTE1 Becausenonexistentpropertyvaluesalwayscomparegreaterthanundeinedpropertyvalues,and
undeinedalwayscomparesgreaterthananyothervalue,undeinedpropertyvaluesalwayssorttotheendof
theresult,followedbynonexistentpropertyvalues.
NOTE2 MethodcallsperformedbytheToStringabstractoperationsinsteps5and7havethepotentialtocause
SortComparetonotbehaveasaconsistentcomparisonfunction.
22.1.3.26 Array.prototype.splice(start,deleteCount,...items)
NOTE1 Whenthesplicemethodiscalledwithtwoormoreargumentsstart,deleteCountandzeroormoreitems,the
deleteCountelementsofthearraystartingatintegerindexstartarereplacedbytheargumentsitems.AnArray
objectcontainingthedeletedelements(ifany)isreturned.
4.IfrelativeStart<0,letactualStartbemax((len+relativeStart),0);elseletactualStartbemin(relativeStart,len).
5.Ifthenumberofactualargumentsis0,then
a.LetinsertCountbe0.
b.LetactualDeleteCountbe0.
6.Elseifthenumberofactualargumentsis1,then
a.LetinsertCountbe0.
b.LetactualDeleteCountbelenactualStart.
7.Else,
a.LetinsertCountbethenumberofactualargumentsminus2.
b.Letdcbe?ToInteger(deleteCount).
c.LetactualDeleteCountbemin(max(dc,0),lenactualStart).
8.Iflen+insertCountactualDeleteCount>2531,throwaTypeErrorexception.
9.LetAbe?ArraySpeciesCreate(O,actualDeleteCount).
10.Letkbe0.
11.Repeat,whilek<actualDeleteCount
a.Letfrombe!ToString(actualStart+k).
b.LetfromPresentbe?HasProperty(O,from).
c.IffromPresentistrue,then
i.LetfromValuebe?Get(O,from).
ii.Perform?CreateDataPropertyOrThrow(A,!ToString(k),fromValue).
d.Incrementkby1.
12.Perform?Set(A,"length",actualDeleteCount,true).
13.LetitemsbeaListwhoseelementsare,inlefttorightorder,theportionoftheactualargumentliststartingwiththe
thirdargument.Thelistisemptyiffewerthanthreeargumentswerepassed.
14.LetitemCountbethenumberofelementsinitems.
15.IfitemCount<actualDeleteCount,then
a.LetkbeactualStart.
b.Repeat,whilek<(lenactualDeleteCount)
i.Letfrombe!ToString(k+actualDeleteCount).
ii.Lettobe!ToString(k+itemCount).
iii.LetfromPresentbe?HasProperty(O,from).
iv.IffromPresentistrue,then
1.LetfromValuebe?Get(O,from).
2.Perform?Set(O,to,fromValue,true).
v.ElsefromPresentisfalse,
1.Perform?DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,to).
vi.Increasekby1.
c.Letkbelen.
d.Repeat,whilek>(lenactualDeleteCount+itemCount)
i.Perform?DeletePropertyOrThrow(O,!ToString(k1)).
ii.Decreasekby1.
16.ElseifitemCount>actualDeleteCount,then
a.Letkbe(lenactualDeleteCount).
b.Repeat,whilek>actualStart
i.Letfrombe!ToString(k+actualDeleteCount1).
ii.Lettobe!ToString(k+itemCount1).
vi.Decreasekby1.
17.LetkbeactualStart.
a.RemovetheirstelementfromitemsandletEbethevalueofthatelement.
b.Perform?Set(O,!ToString(k),E,true).
c.Increasekby1.
19.Perform?Set(O,"length",lenactualDeleteCount+itemCount,true).
20.ReturnA.
NOTE2 TheexplicitsettingofthelengthpropertyoftheresultArrayinstep19wasnecessaryinpreviouseditionsof
ECMAScripttoensurethatitslengthwascorrectinsituationswherethetrailingelementsoftheresultArray
werenotpresent.SettinglengthbecameunnecessarystartinginES2015whentheresultArraywas
initializedtoitsproperlengthratherthananemptyArraybutiscarriedforwardtopreservebackward
compatibility.
NOTE3 Thesplicefunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.27 Array.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
Array.prototype.toLocaleStringmethodasspeciiedintheECMA402speciication.IfanECMAScriptimplementation
doesnotincludetheECMA402APIthefollowingspeciicationofthetoLocaleStringmethodisused.
NOTE1 TheirsteditionofECMA402didnotincludeareplacementspeciicationforthe
Array.prototype.toLocaleStringmethod.
ThemeaningsoftheoptionalparameterstothismethodaredeinedintheECMA402speciication;implementationsthatdo
1.Letarraybe?ToObject(thisvalue).
2.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(array,"length")).
3.LetseparatorbetheStringvalueforthelistseparatorStringappropriateforthehostenvironment'scurrentlocale(this
isderivedinanimplementationdeinedway).
4.Ifleniszero,returntheemptyString.
5.LetirstElementbe?Get(array,"0").
6.IfirstElementisundeinedornull,then
a.LetRbetheemptyString.
7.Else,
a.LetRbe?ToString(?Invoke(irstElement,"toLocaleString")).
8.Letkbe1.
9.Repeat,whilek<len
a.LetSbeaStringvalueproducedbyconcatenatingRandseparator.
b.LetnextElementbe?Get(array,!ToString(k)).
c.IfnextElementisundeinedornull,then
i.LetRbetheemptyString.
d.Else,
i.LetRbe?ToString(?Invoke(nextElement,"toLocaleString")).
e.LetRbeaStringvalueproducedbyconcatenatingSandR.
f.Increasekby1.
10.ReturnR.
NOTE2 TheelementsofthearrayareconvertedtoStringsusingtheirtoLocaleStringmethods,andtheseStrings
arethenconcatenated,separatedbyoccurrencesofaseparatorStringthathasbeenderivedinan
implementationdeinedlocalespeciicway.Theresultofcallingthisfunctionisintendedtobeanalogousto
theresultoftoString,exceptthattheresultofthisfunctionisintendedtobelocalespeciic.
NOTE3 ThetoLocaleStringfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArray
object.Thereforeitcanbetransferredtootherkindsofobjectsforuseasamethod.
22.1.3.28 Array.prototype.toString()
1.Letarraybe?ToObject(thisvalue).
2.Letfuncbe?Get(array,"join").
3.IfIsCallable(func)isfalse,letfuncbetheintrinsicfunction%ObjProto_toString%.
4.Return?Call(func,array).
NOTE ThetoStringfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.29 Array.prototype.unshift(...items)
NOTE1 Theargumentsareprependedtothestartofthearray,suchthattheirorderwithinthearrayisthesameasthe
orderinwhichtheyappearintheargumentlist.
Whentheunshiftmethodiscalledwithzeroormoreargumentsitem1,item2,etc.,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.LetargCountbethenumberofactualarguments.
4.IfargCount>0,then
a.Iflen+argCount>2531,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.Letkbelen.
c.Repeat,whilek>0,
i.Letfrombe!ToString(k1).
ii.Lettobe!ToString(k+argCount1).
vi.Decreasekby1.
d.Letjbe0.
e.LetitemsbeaListwhoseelementsare,inlefttorightorder,theargumentsthatwerepassedtothisfunction
invocation.
f.Repeat,whileitemsisnotempty
i.RemovetheirstelementfromitemsandletEbethevalueofthatelement.
ii.Perform?Set(O,!ToString(j),E,true).
iii.Increasejby1.
5.Perform?Set(O,"length",len+argCount,true).
6.Returnlen+argCount.
Thelengthpropertyoftheunshiftmethodis1.
NOTE2 Theunshiftfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeanArrayobject.
22.1.3.30 Array.prototype.values()
2.ReturnCreateArrayIterator(O,"value").
Thisfunctionisthe%ArrayProto_values%intrinsicobject.
22.1.3.31 Array.prototype[@@iterator]()
Theinitialvalueofthe@@iteratorpropertyisthesamefunctionobjectastheinitialvalueofthe
Array.prototype.valuesproperty.
22.1.3.32 Array.prototype[@@unscopables]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@unscopablesdatapropertyisanobjectcreatedbythefollowingsteps:
1.LetblackListbeObjectCreate(null).
2.PerformCreateDataProperty(blackList,"copyWithin",true).
3.PerformCreateDataProperty(blackList,"entries",true).
4.PerformCreateDataProperty(blackList,"fill",true).
5.PerformCreateDataProperty(blackList,"find",true).
6.PerformCreateDataProperty(blackList,"findIndex",true).
7.PerformCreateDataProperty(blackList,"includes",true).
8.PerformCreateDataProperty(blackList,"keys",true).
9.PerformCreateDataProperty(blackList,"values",true).
10.Assert:Eachoftheabovecallswillreturntrue.
11.ReturnblackList.
NOTE Theownpropertynamesofthisobjectarepropertynamesthatwerenotincludedasstandardpropertiesof
Array.prototypepriortotheECMAScript2015speciication.Thesenamesareignoredforwithstatement
bindingpurposesinordertopreservethebehaviourofexistingcodethatmightuseoneofthesenamesasa
bindinginanouterscopethatisshadowedbyawithstatementwhosebindingobjectisanArrayobject.
22.1.4 PropertiesofArrayInstances
ArrayinstancesareArrayexoticobjectsandhavetheinternalmethodsspeciiedforsuchobjects.Arrayinstancesinherit
propertiesfromtheArrayprototypeobject.
Arrayinstanceshavealengthproperty,andasetofenumerablepropertieswitharrayindexnames.
22.1.4.1 length
ThelengthpropertyofanArrayinstanceisadatapropertywhosevalueisalwaysnumericallygreaterthanthenameof
everyconigurableownpropertywhosenameisanarrayindex.
Thelengthpropertyinitiallyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:false}.
NOTE Reducingthevalueofthelengthpropertyhasthesideeffectofdeletingownarrayelementswhosearray
indexisbetweentheoldandnewlengthvalues.However,nonconigurablepropertiescannotbedeleted.
AttemptingtosetthelengthpropertyofanArrayobjecttoavaluethatisnumericallylessthanorequaltothe
largestnumericownpropertynameofanexistingnonconigurablearrayindexedpropertyofthearraywill
resultinthelengthbeingsettoanumericvaluethatisonegreaterthanthatnonconigurablenumericown
propertyname.See9.4.2.1.
22.1.5 ArrayIteratorObjects
AnArrayIteratorisanobject,thatrepresentsaspeciiciterationoversomespeciicArrayinstanceobject.Thereisnota
namedconstructorforArrayIteratorobjects.Instead,ArrayiteratorobjectsarecreatedbycallingcertainmethodsofArray
instanceobjects.
22.1.5.1 CreateArrayIteratorAbstractOperation
SeveralmethodsofArrayobjectsreturnIteratorobjects.TheabstractoperationCreateArrayIteratorwithargumentsarray
andkindisusedtocreatesuchiteratorobjects.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(array)isObject.
2.LetiteratorbeObjectCreate(%ArrayIteratorPrototype%,[[IteratedObject]],[[ArrayIteratorNextIndex]],
[[ArrayIterationKind]]).
3.Setiterator's[[IteratedObject]]internalslottoarray.
4.Setiterator's[[ArrayIteratorNextIndex]]internalslotto0.
5.Setiterator's[[ArrayIterationKind]]internalslottokind.
6.Returniterator.
22.1.5.2 The%ArrayIteratorPrototype%Object
AllArrayIteratorObjectsinheritpropertiesfromthe%ArrayIteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.The
%ArrayIteratorPrototype%objectisanordinaryobjectandits[[Prototype]]internalslotisthe%IteratorPrototype%
intrinsicobject.Inaddition,%ArrayIteratorPrototype%hasthefollowingproperties:
22.1.5.2.1 %ArrayIteratorPrototype%.next()
3.IfOdoesnothavealloftheinternalslotsofanArrayIteratorInstance(22.1.5.3),throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Letabethevalueofthe[[IteratedObject]]internalslotofO.
5.Ifaisundeined,returnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
6.Letindexbethevalueofthe[[ArrayIteratorNextIndex]]internalslotofO.
7.LetitemKindbethevalueofthe[[ArrayIterationKind]]internalslotofO.
8.Ifahasa[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot,then
a.Letlenbethevalueofa's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
9.Else,
a.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(a,"length")).
10.Ifindexlen,then
a.Setthevalueofthe[[IteratedObject]]internalslotofOtoundeined.
b.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
11.Setthevalueofthe[[ArrayIteratorNextIndex]]internalslotofOtoindex+1.
12.IfitemKindis"key",returnCreateIterResultObject(index,false).
13.LetelementKeybe!ToString(index).
14.LetelementValuebe?Get(a,elementKey).
15.IfitemKindis"value",letresultbeelementValue.
16.Else,
a.Assert:itemKindis"key+value".
b.LetresultbeCreateArrayFromList(index,elementValue).
17.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(result,false).
22.1.5.2.2 %ArrayIteratorPrototype%[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"ArrayIterator".
22.1.5.3 PropertiesofArrayIteratorInstances
ArrayIteratorinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromthe%ArrayIteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.
ArrayIteratorinstancesareinitiallycreatedwiththeinternalslotslistedinTable49.
Table49:InternalSlotsofArrayIteratorInstances
[[IteratedObject]] Theobjectwhosearrayelementsarebeingiterated.
[[ArrayIteratorNextIndex]] Theintegerindexofthenextintegerindextobeexaminedbythisiteration.
[[ArrayIterationKind]] AStringvaluethatidentiieswhatisreturnedforeachelementoftheiteration.Thepossible
valuesare:"key","value","key+value".
22.2 TypedArrayObjects
TypedArrayobjectspresentanarraylikeviewofanunderlyingbinarydatabuffer(24.1).EachelementofaTypedArray
instancehasthesameunderlyingbinaryscalardatatype.ThereisadistinctTypedArrayconstructor,listedinTable50,for
eachoftheninesupportedelementtypes.EachconstructorinTable50hasacorrespondingdistinctprototypeobject.
Table50:TheTypedArrayConstructors
ConstructorNameand Element Element Conversion Description EquivalentC
Intrinsic Type Size Operation Type
Int8Array Int8 1 ToInt8 8bit2'scomplementsigned signedchar

%Int8Array% integer
Uint8Array Uint8 1 ToUint8 8bitunsignedinteger unsignedchar

%Uint8Array%
Uint8ClampedArray Uint8C 1 ToUint8Clamp 8bitunsignedinteger(clamped unsignedchar

%Uint8ClampedArray% conversion)
Int16Array Int16 2 ToInt16 16bit2'scomplementsigned short

%Int16Array% integer
Uint16Array Uint16 2 ToUint16 16bitunsignedinteger unsigned

%Uint16Array% short
Int32Array Int32 4 ToInt32 32bit2'scomplementsigned int

%Int32Array% integer
Uint32Array Uint32 4 ToUint32 32bitunsignedinteger unsignedint

%Uint32Array%
Float32Array Float32 4 32bitIEEEloatingpoint loat

%Float32Array%
Float64Array Float64 8 64bitIEEEloatingpoint double

%Float64Array%
Inthedeinitionsbelow,referencestoTypedArrayshouldbereplacedwiththeappropriateconstructornamefromtheabove
table.ThephrasetheelementsizeinbytesreferstothevalueintheElementSizecolumnofthetableintherow
correspondingtotheconstructor.ThephraseelementTypereferstothevalueintheElementTypecolumnforthatrow.
22.2.1 The%TypedArray%IntrinsicObject
The%TypedArray%intrinsicobjectisaconstructorfunctionobjectthatalloftheTypedArrayconstructorobjectinheritfrom.
%TypedArray%anditscorrespondingprototypeobjectprovidecommonpropertiesthatareinheritedbyallTypedArray
constructorsandtheirinstances.The%TypedArray%intrinsicdoesnothaveaglobalnameorappearasapropertyofthe
globalobject.
The%TypedArray%intrinsicfunctionobjectactsastheabstractsuperclassofthevariousTypedArrayconstructors.Because
itisanabstractclassconstructoritwillthrowanerrorwheninvoked.TheTypeArrayconstructorsdonotperformasuper
calltoit.
22.2.1.1 %TypedArray%()
The%TypedArray%constructorperformsthefollowingsteps:
Thelengthpropertyofthe%TypedArray%constructorfunctionis0.
22.2.2 Propertiesofthe%TypedArray%IntrinsicObject
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotof%TypedArray%istheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
Thenamepropertyofthe%TypedArray%constructorfunctionis"TypedArray".
The%TypedArray%constructorhasthefollowingproperties:
22.2.2.1 %TypedArray%.from(source[,mapfn[,thisArg]])
Whenthefrommethodiscalledwithargumentsource,andoptionalargumentsmapfnandthisArg,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
3.Ifmapfnwassuppliedandmapfnisnotundeined,then
a.IfIsCallable(mapfn)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.Letmappingbetrue.
4.Else,letmappingbefalse.
6.LetarrayLikebe?IterableToArrayLike(source).
8.LettargetObjbe?TypedArrayCreate(C,len).
9.Letkbe0.
10.Repeat,whilek<len
c.Ifmappingistrue,then
i.LetmappedValuebe?Call(mapfn,T,kValue,k).
d.Else,letmappedValuebekValue.
e.Perform?Set(targetObj,Pk,mappedValue,true).
f.Increasekby1.
11.ReturntargetObj.
22.2.2.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:IterableToArrayLike(items)
TheabstractoperationIterableToArrayLikeperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetusingIteratorbe?GetMethod(items,@@iterator).
2.IfusingIteratorisnotundeined,then
a.Letiteratorbe?GetIterator(items,usingIterator).
b.LetvaluesbeanewemptyList.
c.Letnextbetrue.
d.Repeat,whilenextisnotfalse
i.Letnextbe?IteratorStep(iterator).
ii.Ifnextisnotfalse,then
1.LetnextValuebe?IteratorValue(next).
2.AppendnextValuetotheendoftheListvalues.
e.ReturnCreateArrayFromList(values).
3.NOTE:itemsisnotanIterablesoassumeitisalreadyanarraylikeobject.
4.Return!ToObject(items).
22.2.2.2 %TypedArray%.of(...items)
Whentheofmethodiscalledwithanynumberofarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letlenbetheactualnumberofargumentspassedtothisfunction.
2.LetitemsbetheListofargumentspassedtothisfunction.
5.LetnewObjbe?TypedArrayCreate(C,len).
6.Letkbe0.
7.Repeat,whilek<len
a.LetkValuebeitems[k].
b.LetPkbe!ToString(k).
c.Perform?Set(newObj,Pk,kValue,true).
d.Increasekby1.
8.ReturnnewObj.
NOTE Theitemsargumentisassumedtobeawellformedrestargumentvalue.
22.2.2.3 %TypedArray%.prototype
Theinitialvalueof%TypedArray%.prototypeisthe%TypedArrayPrototype%intrinsicobject.
22.2.2.4 get%TypedArray%[@@species]
%TypedArray%[@@species]isanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunction
NOTE %TypedArrayPrototype%methodsnormallyusetheirthisobject'sconstructortocreateaderivedobject.
However,asubclassconstructormayoverridethatdefaultbehaviourbyredeiningits@@speciesproperty.
22.2.3 Propertiesofthe%TypedArrayPrototype%Object
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofthe%TypedArrayPrototype%objectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
The%TypedArrayPrototype%objectisanordinaryobject.Itdoesnothavea[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]oranyotherofthe
internalslotsthatarespeciictoTypedArrayinstanceobjects.
22.2.3.1 get%TypedArray%.prototype.buffer
%TypedArray%.prototype.bufferisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessor
3.IfOdoesnothavea[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Returnbuffer.
22.2.3.2 get%TypedArray%.prototype.byteLength
%TypedArray%.prototype.byteLengthisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessor
5.IfIsDetachedBuffer(buffer)istrue,return0.
6.LetsizebethevalueofO's[[ByteLength]]internalslot.
7.Returnsize.
22.2.3.3 get%TypedArray%.prototype.byteOffset
%TypedArray%.prototype.byteOffsetisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessor
7.Returnoffset.
22.2.3.4 %TypedArray%.prototype.constructor
Theinitialvalueof%TypedArray%.prototype.constructoristhe%TypedArray%intrinsicobject.
22.2.3.5 %TypedArray%.prototype.copyWithin(target,start[,end])
%TypedArray%.prototype.copyWithinisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.copyWithinasdeinedin22.1.3.3exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotisaccessed
inplaceofperforminga[[Get]]of"length"andtheactualcopyingofvaluesinstep12mustbeperformedinamannerthat
preservesthebitlevelencodingofthesourcedata
Theimplementationofthealgorithmmaybeoptimizedwiththeknowledgethatthethisvalueisanobjectthathasaixed
lengthandwhoseintegerindexedpropertiesarenotsparse.However,suchoptimizationmustnotintroduceanyobservable
changesinthespeciiedbehaviourofthealgorithm.
Thisfunctionisnotgeneric.ValidateTypedArrayisappliedtothethisvaluepriortoevaluatingthealgorithm.Ifitsresultis
anabruptcompletionthatexceptionisthrowninsteadofevaluatingthealgorithm.
22.2.3.5.1 RuntimeSemantics:ValidateTypedArray(O)
WhencalledwithargumentO,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfOdoesnothavea[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
6.Returnbuffer.
22.2.3.6 %TypedArray%.prototype.entries()
2.Perform?ValidateTypedArray(O).
3.ReturnCreateArrayIterator(O,"key+value").
22.2.3.7 %TypedArray%.prototype.every(callbackfn[,thisArg])
%TypedArray%.prototype.everyisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmasArray.prototype.every
asdeinedin22.1.3.5exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotisaccessedinplaceofperforminga[[Get]]of
"length".Theimplementationofthealgorithmmaybeoptimizedwiththeknowledgethatthethisvalueisanobjectthat
hasaixedlengthandwhoseintegerindexedpropertiesarenotsparse.However,suchoptimizationmustnotintroduceany
observablechangesinthespeciiedbehaviourofthealgorithmandmusttakeintoaccountthepossibilitythatcallsto
callbackfnmaycausethethisvaluetobecomedetached.
22.2.3.8 %TypedArray%.prototype.ill(value[,start[,end]])
%TypedArray%.prototype.fillisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmasArray.prototype.fillas
deinedin22.1.3.6exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotisaccessedinplaceofperforminga[[Get]]of
observablechangesinthespeciiedbehaviourofthealgorithm.
22.2.3.9 %TypedArray%.prototype.ilter(callbackfn[,thisArg])
Theinterpretationanduseoftheargumentsof%TypedArray%.prototype.filterarethesameasfor
Array.prototype.filterasdeinedin22.1.3.7.
Whenthefiltermethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
6.LetkeptbeanewemptyList.
7.Letkbe0.
8.Letcapturedbe0.
9.Repeat,whilek<len
c.LetselectedbeToBoolean(?Call(callbackfn,T,kValue,k,O)).
d.Ifselectedistrue,then
i.AppendkValuetotheendofkept.
ii.Increasecapturedby1.
e.Increasekby1.
10.LetAbe?TypedArraySpeciesCreate(O,captured).
11.Letnbe0.
12.Foreachelementeofkept
a.Perform!Set(A,!ToString(n),e,true).
b.Incrementnby1.
13.ReturnA.
Thisfunctionisnotgeneric.Thethisvaluemustbeanobjectwitha[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
22.2.3.10 %TypedArray%.prototype.ind(predicate[,thisArg])
%TypedArray%.prototype.findisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmasArray.prototype.findas
predicatemaycausethethisvaluetobecomedetached.
22.2.3.11 %TypedArray%.prototype.indIndex(predicate[,thisArg])
%TypedArray%.prototype.findIndexisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.findIndexasdeinedin22.1.3.9exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotisaccessed
inplaceofperforminga[[Get]]of"length".Theimplementationofthealgorithmmaybeoptimizedwiththeknowledge
thatthethisvalueisanobjectthathasaixedlengthandwhoseintegerindexedpropertiesarenotsparse.However,such
optimizationmustnotintroduceanyobservablechangesinthespeciiedbehaviourofthealgorithmandmusttakeinto
accountthepossibilitythatcallstopredicatemaycausethethisvaluetobecomedetached.
22.2.3.12 %TypedArray%.prototype.forEach(callbackfn[,thisArg])
%TypedArray%.prototype.forEachisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.forEachasdeinedin22.1.3.10exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotisaccessedin
placeofperforminga[[Get]]of"length".Theimplementationofthealgorithmmaybeoptimizedwiththeknowledgethat
thethisvalueisanobjectthathasaixedlengthandwhoseintegerindexedpropertiesarenotsparse.However,such
accountthepossibilitythatcallstocallbackfnmaycausethethisvaluetobecomedetached.
22.2.3.13 %TypedArray%.prototype.indexOf(searchElement[,fromIndex])
%TypedArray%.prototype.indexOfisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.indexOfasdeinedin22.1.3.12exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotisaccessedin
optimizationmustnotintroduceanyobservablechangesinthespeciiedbehaviourofthealgorithm.
22.2.3.14 %TypedArray%.prototype.includes(searchElement[,fromIndex])
%TypedArray%.prototype.includesisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.includesasdeinedin22.1.3.11exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotisaccessed
inplaceofperforminga[[Get]]of"length".Theimplementationofthealgorithmmaybeoptimizedwiththeknowledge
thatthethisvalueisanobjectthathasaixedlengthandwhoseintegerindexedpropertiesarenotsparse.However,such
22.2.3.15 %TypedArray%.prototype.join(separator)
%TypedArray%.prototype.joinisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmasArray.prototype.joinas
observablechangesinthespeciiedbehaviourofthealgorithm.
22.2.3.16 %TypedArray%.prototype.keys()
3.ReturnCreateArrayIterator(O,"key").
22.2.3.17 %TypedArray%.prototype.lastIndexOf(searchElement[,fromIndex])
%TypedArray%.prototype.lastIndexOfisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.lastIndexOfasdeinedin22.1.3.15exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotis
accessedinplaceofperforminga[[Get]]of"length".Theimplementationofthealgorithmmaybeoptimizedwiththe
knowledgethatthethisvalueisanobjectthathasaixedlengthandwhoseintegerindexedpropertiesarenotsparse.
However,suchoptimizationmustnotintroduceanyobservablechangesinthespeciiedbehaviourofthealgorithm.
22.2.3.18 get%TypedArray%.prototype.length
%TypedArray%.prototype.lengthisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessor
4.Assert:Ohas[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]and[[ArrayLength]]internalslots.
8.Returnlength.
22.2.3.19 %TypedArray%.prototype.map(callbackfn[,thisArg])
Theinterpretationanduseoftheargumentsof%TypedArray%.prototype.maparethesameasfor
Array.prototype.mapasdeinedin22.1.3.16.
Whenthemapmethodiscalledwithoneortwoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
6.LetAbe?TypedArraySpeciesCreate(O,len).
7.Letkbe0.
8.Repeat,whilek<len
c.LetmappedValuebe?Call(callbackfn,T,kValue,k,O).
d.Perform?Set(A,Pk,mappedValue,true).
e.Increasekby1.
9.ReturnA.
22.2.3.20 %TypedArray%.prototype.reduce(callbackfn[,initialValue])
%TypedArray%.prototype.reduceisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.reduceasdeinedin22.1.3.19exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotisaccessedin
accountthepossibilitythatcallstocallbackfnmaycausethethisvaluetobecomedetached.
22.2.3.21 %TypedArray%.prototype.reduceRight(callbackfn[,initialValue])
%TypedArray%.prototype.reduceRightisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.reduceRightasdeinedin22.1.3.20exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotis
However,suchoptimizationmustnotintroduceanyobservablechangesinthespeciiedbehaviourofthealgorithmandmust
takeintoaccountthepossibilitythatcallstocallbackfnmaycausethethisvaluetobecomedetached.
22.2.3.22 %TypedArray%.prototype.reverse()
%TypedArray%.prototype.reverseisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.reverseasdeinedin22.1.3.21exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotisaccessedin
22.2.3.23 %TypedArray%.prototype.set(overloaded[,offset])
%TypedArray%.prototype.setisasinglefunctionwhosebehaviourisoverloadedbaseduponthetypeofitsirst
argument.
22.2.3.23.1 %TypedArray%.prototype.set(array[,offset])
SetsmultiplevaluesinthisTypedArray,readingthevaluesfromtheobjectarray.Theoptionaloffsetvalueindicatestheirst
elementindexinthisTypedArraywherevaluesarewritten.Ifomitted,itisassumedtobe0.
1.Assert:arrayisanyECMAScriptlanguagevalueotherthananObjectwitha[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.Ifitis
suchanObject,thedeinitionin22.2.3.23.2applies.
2.Lettargetbethethisvalue.
4.Iftargetdoesnothavea[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Assert:targethasa[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
6.LettargetOffsetbe?ToInteger(offset).
7.IftargetOffset<0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
8.LettargetBufferbethevalueoftarget's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
9.IfIsDetachedBuffer(targetBuffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
10.LettargetLengthbethevalueoftarget's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
11.LettargetNamebetheStringvalueoftarget's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
12.LettargetElementSizebetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedinTable50fortargetName.
13.LettargetTypebetheStringvalueoftheElementTypevalueinTable50fortargetName.
14.LettargetByteOffsetbethevalueoftarget's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
15.Letsrcbe?ToObject(array).
16.LetsrcLengthbe?ToLength(?Get(src,"length")).
17.IfsrcLength+targetOffset>targetLength,throwaRangeErrorexception.
18.LettargetByteIndexbetargetOffsettargetElementSize+targetByteOffset.
19.Letkbe0.
20.LetlimitbetargetByteIndex+targetElementSizesrcLength.
21.Repeat,whiletargetByteIndex<limit
b.LetkNumberbe?ToNumber(?Get(src,Pk)).
c.IfIsDetachedBuffer(targetBuffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
d.PerformSetValueInBuffer(targetBuffer,targetByteIndex,targetType,kNumber).
e.Setktok+1.
f.SettargetByteIndextotargetByteIndex+targetElementSize.
22.Returnundeined.
22.2.3.23.2 %TypedArray%.prototype.set(typedArray[,offset])
SetsmultiplevaluesinthisTypedArray,readingthevaluesfromthetypedArrayargumentobject.Theoptionaloffsetvalue
indicatestheirstelementindexinthisTypedArraywherevaluesarewritten.Ifomitted,itisassumedtobe0.
1.Assert:typedArrayhasa[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.Ifitdoesnot,thedeinitionin22.2.3.23.1applies.
2.Lettargetbethethisvalue.
4.Iftargetdoesnothavea[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.Assert:targethasa[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
6.LettargetOffsetbe?ToInteger(offset).
7.IftargetOffset<0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
8.LettargetBufferbethevalueoftarget's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
9.IfIsDetachedBuffer(targetBuffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
10.LettargetLengthbethevalueoftarget's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
11.LetsrcBufferbethevalueoftypedArray's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
12.IfIsDetachedBuffer(srcBuffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
13.LettargetNamebetheStringvalueoftarget's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
15.LettargetElementSizebetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedinTable50fortargetName.
16.LettargetByteOffsetbethevalueoftarget's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
17.LetsrcNamebetheStringvalueoftypedArray's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
18.LetsrcTypebetheStringvalueoftheElementTypevalueinTable50forsrcName.
19.LetsrcElementSizebetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedinTable50forsrcName.
20.LetsrcLengthbethevalueoftypedArray's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
21.LetsrcByteOffsetbethevalueoftypedArray's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
22.IfsrcLength+targetOffset>targetLength,throwaRangeErrorexception.
23.IfSameValue(srcBuffer,targetBuffer)istrue,then
a.LetsrcBufferbe?CloneArrayBuffer(targetBuffer,srcByteOffset,%ArrayBuffer%).
b.NOTE:%ArrayBuffer%isusedtoclonetargetBufferbecauseisitknowntonothaveanyobservablesideeffects.
c.LetsrcByteIndexbe0.
24.Else,letsrcByteIndexbesrcByteOffset.
25.LettargetByteIndexbetargetOffsettargetElementSize+targetByteOffset.
26.LetlimitbetargetByteIndex+targetElementSizesrcLength.
27.IfSameValue(srcType,targetType)isfalse,then
a.Repeat,whiletargetByteIndex<limit
i.LetvaluebeGetValueFromBuffer(srcBuffer,srcByteIndex,srcType).
ii.PerformSetValueInBuffer(targetBuffer,targetByteIndex,targetType,value).
iii.SetsrcByteIndextosrcByteIndex+srcElementSize.
iv.SettargetByteIndextotargetByteIndex+targetElementSize.
28.Else,
a.NOTE:IfsrcTypeandtargetTypearethesame,thetransfermustbeperformedinamannerthatpreservesthebit
levelencodingofthesourcedata.
b.Repeat,whiletargetByteIndex<limit
i.LetvaluebeGetValueFromBuffer(srcBuffer,srcByteIndex,"Uint8").
ii.PerformSetValueInBuffer(targetBuffer,targetByteIndex,"Uint8",value).
iii.SetsrcByteIndextosrcByteIndex+1.
iv.SettargetByteIndextotargetByteIndex+1.
29.Returnundeined.
22.2.3.24 %TypedArray%.prototype.slice(start,end)
Theinterpretationanduseoftheargumentsof%TypedArray%.prototype.slicearethesameasfor
Array.prototype.sliceasdeinedin22.1.3.23.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
8.Letcountbemax(inalk,0).
9.LetAbe?TypedArraySpeciesCreate(O,count).
10.LetsrcNamebetheStringvalueofO's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
12.LettargetNamebetheStringvalueofA's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
14.IfSameValue(srcType,targetType)isfalse,then
a.Letnbe0.
b.Repeat,whilek<inal
ii.LetkValuebe?Get(O,Pk).
iii.Perform?Set(A,!ToString(n),kValue,true).
iv.Increasekby1.
v.Increasenby1.
15.Elseifcount>0,then
a.LetsrcBufferbethevalueofO's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
b.IfIsDetachedBuffer(srcBuffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
c.LettargetBufferbethevalueofA's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
d.LetelementSizebetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedinTable50forsrcType.
e.NOTE:IfsrcTypeandtargetTypearethesame,thetransfermustbeperformedinamannerthatpreservesthebit
levelencodingofthesourcedata.
f.LetsrcByteOffetbethevalueofO's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
g.LettargetByteIndexbeA's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
h.LetsrcByteIndexbe(kelementSize)+srcByteOffet.
i.LetlimitbetargetByteIndex+countelementSize.
j.Repeat,whiletargetByteIndex<limit
i.LetvaluebeGetValueFromBuffer(srcBuffer,srcByteIndex,"Uint8").
ii.PerformSetValueInBuffer(targetBuffer,targetByteIndex,"Uint8",value).
iii.IncreasesrcByteIndexby1.
iv.IncreasetargetByteIndexby1.
16.ReturnA.
22.2.3.25 %TypedArray%.prototype.some(callbackfn[,thisArg])
%TypedArray%.prototype.someisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmasArray.prototype.someas
callbackfnmaycausethethisvaluetobecomedetached.
22.2.3.26 %TypedArray%.prototype.sort(comparefn)
%TypedArray%.prototype.sortisadistinctfunctionthat,exceptasdescribedbelow,implementsthesamerequirements
asthoseofArray.prototype.sortasdeinedin22.1.3.25.Theimplementationofthe%TypedArray%.prototype.sort
speciicationmaybeoptimizedwiththeknowledgethatthethisvalueisanobjectthathasaixedlengthandwhoseinteger
indexedpropertiesarenotsparse.Theonlyinternalmethodsofthethisobjectthatthealgorithmmaycallare[[Get]]and
[[Set]].
Uponentry,thefollowingstepsareperformedtoinitializeevaluationofthesortfunction.Thesestepsareusedinsteadof
theentrystepsin22.1.3.25:
1.Letobjbethethisvalue.
2.Letbufferbe?ValidateTypedArray(obj).
3.Letlenbethevalueofobj's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
Theimplementationdeinedsortorderconditionforexoticobjectsisnotappliedby%TypedArray%.prototype.sort.
ThefollowingversionofSortCompareisusedby%TypedArray%.prototype.sort.Itperformsanumericcomparison
ratherthanthestringcomparisonusedin22.1.3.25.SortComparehasaccesstothecomparefnandbuffervaluesofthe
currentinvocationofthesortmethod.
WhentheTypedArraySortCompareabstractoperationiscalledwithtwoargumentsxandy,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:BothType(x)andType(y)isNumber.
2.Iftheargumentcomparefnisnotundeined,then
a.Letvbe?Call(comparefn,undeined,x,y).
b.IfIsDetachedBuffer(buffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
c.IfvisNaN,return+0.
d.Returnv.
3.IfxandyarebothNaN,return+0.
4.IfxisNaN,return1.
5.IfyisNaN,return1.
6.Ifx<y,return1.
7.Ifx>y,return1.
8.Ifxis0andyis+0,return1.
9.Ifxis+0andyis0,return1.
10.Return+0.
NOTE BecauseNaNalwayscomparesgreaterthananyothervalue,NaNpropertyvaluesalwayssorttotheendofthe
resultwhencomparefnisnotprovided.
22.2.3.27 %TypedArray%.prototype.subarray(begin,end)
ReturnsanewTypedArrayobjectwhoseelementtypeisthesameasthisTypedArrayandwhoseArrayBufferisthesameas
theArrayBufferofthisTypedArray,referencingtheelementsatbegin,inclusive,uptoend,exclusive.Ifeitherbeginorendis
negative,itreferstoanindexfromtheendofthearray,asopposedtofromthebeginning.
4.Assert:Ohasa[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
6.LetsrcLengthbethevalueofO's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
7.LetrelativeBeginbe?ToInteger(begin).
8.IfrelativeBegin<0,letbeginIndexbemax((srcLength+relativeBegin),0);elseletbeginIndexbemin(relativeBegin,
srcLength).
9.Ifendisundeined,letrelativeEndbesrcLength;else,letrelativeEndbe?ToInteger(end).
10.IfrelativeEnd<0,letendIndexbemax((srcLength+relativeEnd),0);elseletendIndexbemin(relativeEnd,srcLength).
11.LetnewLengthbemax(endIndexbeginIndex,0).
12.LetconstructorNamebetheStringvalueofO's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
13.LetelementSizebetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedinTable50forconstructorName.
14.LetsrcByteOffsetbethevalueofO's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
15.LetbeginByteOffsetbesrcByteOffset+beginIndexelementSize.
16.LetargumentsListbebuffer,beginByteOffset,newLength.
17.Return?TypedArraySpeciesCreate(O,argumentsList).
22.2.3.28 %TypedArray%.prototype.toLocaleString([reserved1[,reserved2]])
%TypedArray%.prototype.toLocaleStringisadistinctfunctionthatimplementsthesamealgorithmas
Array.prototype.toLocaleStringasdeinedin22.1.3.27exceptthatthethisobject's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotis
However,suchoptimizationmustnotintroduceanyobservablechangesinthespeciiedbehaviourofthealgorithm.
NOTE IftheECMAScriptimplementationincludestheECMA402InternationalizationAPIthisfunctionisbasedupon
thealgorithmforArray.prototype.toLocaleStringthatisintheECMA402speciication.
22.2.3.29 %TypedArray%.prototype.toString()
Theinitialvalueofthe%TypedArray%.prototype.toStringdatapropertyisthesamebuiltinfunctionobjectasthe
Array.prototype.toStringmethoddeinedin22.1.3.28.
22.2.3.30 %TypedArray%.prototype.values()
3.ReturnCreateArrayIterator(O,"value").
22.2.3.31 %TypedArray%.prototype[@@iterator]()
Theinitialvalueofthe@@iteratorpropertyisthesamefunctionobjectastheinitialvalueofthe
%TypedArray%.prototype.valuesproperty.
22.2.3.32 get%TypedArray%.prototype[@@toStringTag]
%TypedArray%.prototype[@@toStringTag]isanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsget
accessorfunctionperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.IfType(O)isnotObject,returnundeined.
3.IfOdoesnothavea[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot,returnundeined.
4.LetnamebethevalueofO's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
5.Assert:nameisaStringvalue.
6.Returnname.
Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}.
Theinitialvalueofthenamepropertyofthisfunctionis"get[Symbol.toStringTag]".
22.2.4 TheTypedArrayConstructors
EachoftheTypedArrayconstructorobjectsisanintrinsicobjectthathasthestructuredescribedbelow,differingonlyinthe
nameusedastheconstructornameinsteadofTypedArray,inTable50.
TheTypedArrayintrinsicconstructorfunctionsaresinglefunctionswhosebehaviourisoverloadedbaseduponthenumber
andtypesofitsarguments.TheactualbehaviourofacallofTypedArraydependsuponthenumberandkindofarguments
thatarepassedtoit.
TheTypedArrayconstructorsarenotintendedtobecalledasafunctionandwillthrowanexceptionwhencalledinthat
manner.
TheTypedArrayconstructorsaredesignedtobesubclassable.Theymaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclass
deinition.SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedTypedArraybehaviourmustincludeasupercalltothe
TypedArrayconstructortocreateandinitializethesubclassinstancewiththeinternalstatenecessarytosupportthe
%TypedArray%.prototypebuiltinmethods.
ThelengthpropertyoftheTypedArrayconstructorfunctionis3.
22.2.4.1 TypedArray()
ThisdescriptionappliesonlyiftheTypedArrayfunctioniscalledwithnoarguments.
1.IfNewTargetisundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.LetconstructorNamebetheStringvalueoftheConstructorNamevaluespeciiedinTable50forthisTypedArray
constructor.
3.Return?AllocateTypedArray(constructorName,NewTarget,"%TypedArrayPrototype%",0).
22.2.4.2 TypedArray(length)
ThisdescriptionappliesonlyiftheTypedArrayfunctioniscalledwithatleastoneargumentandtheTypeoftheirst
argumentisnotObject.
TypedArraycalledwithargumentlengthperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(length)isnotObject.
3.Iflengthisundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.LetnumberLengthbe?ToNumber(length).
5.LetelementLengthbeToLength(numberLength).
6.IfSameValueZero(numberLength,elementLength)isfalse,throwaRangeErrorexception.
constructor.
8.Return?AllocateTypedArray(constructorName,NewTarget,"%TypedArrayPrototype%",elementLength).
22.2.4.2.1 RuntimeSemantics:AllocateTypedArray(constructorName,newTarget,defaultProto[,length])
TheabstractoperationAllocateTypedArraywithargumentsconstructorName,newTarget,defaultProtoandoptional
argumentlengthisusedtovalidateandcreateaninstanceofaTypedArrayconstructor.constructorNameisrequiredtobe
thenameofaTypedArrayconstructorinTable50.IfthelengthargumentispassedanArrayBufferofthatlengthisalso
allocatedandassociatedwiththenewTypedArrayinstance.AllocateTypedArrayprovidescommonsemanticsthatisusedby
alloftheTypedArrayoverloads.AllocateTypedArrayperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letprotobe?GetPrototypeFromConstructor(newTarget,defaultProto).
2.LetobjbeIntegerIndexedObjectCreate(proto,[[ViewedArrayBuffer]],[[TypedArrayName]],[[ByteLength]],
[[ByteOffset]],[[ArrayLength]]).
3.Assert:The[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslotofobjisundeined.
4.Setobj's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslottoconstructorName.
5.Iflengthwasnotpassed,then
a.Setobj's[[ByteLength]]internalslotto0.
b.Setobj's[[ByteOffset]]internalslotto0.
c.Setobj's[[ArrayLength]]internalslotto0.
6.Else,
a.Perform?AllocateTypedArrayBuffer(obj,length).
7.Returnobj.
22.2.4.2.2 RuntimeSemantics:AllocateTypedArrayBuffer(O,length)
TheabstractoperationAllocateTypedArrayBufferwithargumentsOandlengthallocatesandassociatesanArrayBufferwith
theTypedArrayinstanceO.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Assert:The[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslotofOisundeined.
3.Assert:length0.
5.LetelementSizebetheElementSizevalueinTable50forconstructorName.
6.LetbyteLengthbeelementSizelength.
7.Letdatabe?AllocateArrayBuffer(%ArrayBuffer%,byteLength).
8.SetO's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslottodata.
9.SetO's[[ByteLength]]internalslottobyteLength.
10.SetO's[[ByteOffset]]internalslotto0.
11.SetO's[[ArrayLength]]internalslottolength.
12.ReturnO.
22.2.4.3 TypedArray(typedArray)
argumentisObjectandthatobjecthasa[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
TypedArraycalledwithargumenttypedArrayperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(typedArray)isObjectandtypedArrayhasa[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
constructor.
4.LetObe?AllocateTypedArray(constructorName,NewTarget,"%TypedArrayPrototype%").
5.LetsrcArraybetypedArray.
6.LetsrcDatabethevalueofsrcArray's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
7.IfIsDetachedBuffer(srcData)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
9.LetelementTypebetheStringvalueoftheElementTypevalueinTable50forconstructorName.
10.LetelementLengthbethevalueofsrcArray's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot.
11.LetsrcNamebetheStringvalueofsrcArray's[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
13.LetsrcElementSizebetheElementSizevalueinTable50forsrcName.
14.LetsrcByteOffsetbethevalueofsrcArray's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
15.LetelementSizebetheElementSizevalueinTable50forconstructorName.
16.LetbyteLengthbeelementSizeelementLength.
17.IfSameValue(elementType,srcType)istrue,then
a.Letdatabe?CloneArrayBuffer(srcData,srcByteOffset).
18.Else,
a.LetbufferConstructorbe?SpeciesConstructor(srcData,%ArrayBuffer%).
b.Letdatabe?AllocateArrayBuffer(bufferConstructor,byteLength).
c.IfIsDetachedBuffer(srcData)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
d.LetsrcByteIndexbesrcByteOffset.
e.LettargetByteIndexbe0.
f.LetcountbeelementLength.
g.Repeat,whilecount>0
i.LetvaluebeGetValueFromBuffer(srcData,srcByteIndex,srcType).
ii.PerformSetValueInBuffer(data,targetByteIndex,elementType,value).
iii.SetsrcByteIndextosrcByteIndex+srcElementSize.
iv.SettargetByteIndextotargetByteIndex+elementSize.
v.Decrementcountby1.
19.SetO's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslottodata.
20.SetO's[[ByteLength]]internalslottobyteLength.
21.SetO's[[ByteOffset]]internalslotto0.
22.SetO's[[ArrayLength]]internalslottoelementLength.
23.ReturnO.
22.2.4.4 TypedArray(object)
argumentisObjectandthatobjectdoesnothaveeithera[[TypedArrayName]]oran[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
TypedArraycalledwithargumentobjectperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(object)isObjectandobjectdoesnothaveeithera[[TypedArrayName]]oran[[ArrayBufferData]]internal
slot.
constructor.
5.LetarrayLikebe?IterableToArrayLike(object).
7.Perform?AllocateTypedArrayBuffer(O,len).
8.Letkbe0.
9.Repeat,whilek<len
c.Perform?Set(O,Pk,kValue,true).
d.Increasekby1.
10.ReturnO.
22.2.4.5 TypedArray(buffer[,byteOffset[,length]])
argumentisObjectandthatobjecthasan[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
TypedArraycalledwithargumentsbuffer,byteOffset,andlengthperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(buffer)isObjectandbufferhasan[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
constructor.
6.LetelementSizebetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevalueinTable50forconstructorName.
7.Letoffsetbe?ToInteger(byteOffset).
8.Ifoffset<0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
9.Ifoffsetis0,letoffsetbe+0.
10.IfoffsetmoduloelementSize0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
12.LetbufferByteLengthbethevalueofbuffer's[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslot.
13.Iflengthisundeined,then
a.IfbufferByteLengthmoduloelementSize0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
b.LetnewByteLengthbebufferByteLengthoffset.
c.IfnewByteLength<0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
14.Else,
a.LetnewLengthbe?ToLength(length).
b.LetnewByteLengthbenewLengthelementSize.
c.Ifoffset+newByteLength>bufferByteLength,throwaRangeErrorexception.
15.SetO's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslottobuffer.
16.SetO's[[ByteLength]]internalslottonewByteLength.
17.SetO's[[ByteOffset]]internalslottooffset.
18.SetO's[[ArrayLength]]internalslottonewByteLength/elementSize.
19.ReturnO.
22.2.4.6 TypedArrayCreate(constructor,argumentList)
TheabstractoperationTypedArrayCreatewithargumentsconstructorandargumentListisusedtospecifythecreationofa
newTypedArrayobjectusingaconstructorfunction.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetnewTypedArraybe?Construct(constructor,argumentList).
2.Perform?ValidateTypedArray(newTypedArray).
3.IfargumentListisaListofasingleNumber,then
a.IfthevalueofnewTypedArray's[[ArrayLength]]internalslot<argumentList[0],throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.ReturnnewTypedArray.
22.2.4.7 TypedArraySpeciesCreate(exemplar,argumentList)
TheabstractoperationTypedArraySpeciesCreatewithargumentsexemplarandargumentListisusedtospecifythecreation
ofanewTypedArrayobjectusingaconstructorfunctionthatisderivedfromexemplar.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:exemplarisanObjectthathasa[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
2.LetdefaultConstructorbetheintrinsicobjectlistedincolumnoneofTable50forthevalueofexemplar's
[[TypedArrayName]]internalslot.
3.Letconstructorbe?SpeciesConstructor(exemplar,defaultConstructor).
4.Return?TypedArrayCreate(constructor,argumentList).
22.2.5 PropertiesoftheTypedArrayConstructors
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofeachTypedArrayconstructoristhe%TypedArray%intrinsicobject.
EachTypedArrayconstructorhasanamepropertywhosevalueistheStringvalueoftheconstructornamespeciiedforitin
Table50.
EachTypedArrayconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
22.2.5.1 TypedArray.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT
ThevalueofTypedArray.BYTES_PER_ELEMENTistheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedinTable50for
TypedArray.
22.2.5.2 TypedArray.prototype
TheinitialvalueofTypedArray.prototypeisthecorrespondingTypedArrayprototypeintrinsicobject(22.2.6).
22.2.6 PropertiesofTypedArrayPrototypeObjects
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofaTypedArrayprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%TypedArrayPrototype%.
ATypedArrayprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.Itdoesnothavea[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]oranyotheroftheinternal
slotsthatarespeciictoTypedArrayinstanceobjects.
22.2.6.1 TypedArray.prototype.BYTES_PER_ELEMENT
ThevalueofTypedArray.prototype.BYTES_PER_ELEMENTistheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedin
Table50forTypedArray.
22.2.6.2 TypedArray.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofaTypedArray.prototype.constructoristhecorresponding%TypedArray%intrinsicobject.
22.2.7 PropertiesofTypedArrayInstances
TypedArrayinstancesareIntegerIndexedexoticobjects.EachTypedArrayinstanceinheritspropertiesfromthe
correspondingTypedArrayprototypeobject.EachTypedArrayinstancehasthefollowinginternalslots:[[TypedArrayName]],
[[ViewedArrayBuffer]],[[ByteLength]],[[ByteOffset]],and[[ArrayLength]].
23 KeyedCollection
23.1 MapObjects
Mapobjectsarecollectionsofkey/valuepairswhereboththekeysandvaluesmaybearbitraryECMAScriptlanguagevalues.
Adistinctkeyvaluemayonlyoccurinonekey/valuepairwithintheMap'scollection.Distinctkeyvaluesarediscriminated
usingtheSameValueZerocomparisonalgorithm.
Mapobjectmustbeimplementedusingeitherhashtablesorothermechanismsthat,onaverage,provideaccesstimesthat
aresublinearonthenumberofelementsinthecollection.ThedatastructuresusedinthisMapobjectsspeciicationisonly
intendedtodescribetherequiredobservablesemanticsofMapobjects.Itisnotintendedtobeaviableimplementation
model.
23.1.1 TheMapConstructor
TheMapconstructoristhe%Map%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheMappropertyoftheglobalobject.Whencalled
asaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewMapobject.Mapisnotintendedtobecalledasafunctionandwillthrowan
exceptionwhencalledinthatmanner.
TheMapconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueinanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedMapbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltotheMapconstructorto
createandinitializethesubclassinstancewiththeinternalstatenecessarytosupporttheMap.prototypebuiltinmethods.
23.1.1.1 Map([iterable])
WhentheMapfunctioniscalledwithoptionalargument,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Letmapbe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%MapPrototype%",[[MapData]]).
3.Setmap's[[MapData]]internalslottoanewemptyList.
4.Ifiterableisnotpresent,letiterablebeundeined.
5.Ifiterableiseitherundeinedornull,letiterbeundeined.
6.Else,
a.Letadderbe?Get(map,"set").
b.IfIsCallable(adder)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
c.Letiterbe?GetIterator(iterable).
7.Ifiterisundeined,returnmap.
8.Repeat
a.Letnextbe?IteratorStep(iter).
b.Ifnextisfalse,returnmap.
c.LetnextItembe?IteratorValue(next).
d.IfType(nextItem)isnotObject,then
i.LeterrorbeCompletion{[[Type]]:throw,[[Value]]:anewlycreatedTypeErrorobject,[[Target]]:empty}.
ii.Return?IteratorClose(iter,error).
e.LetkbeGet(nextItem,"0").
f.Ifkisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iter,k).
g.LetvbeGet(nextItem,"1").
h.Ifvisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iter,v).
i.LetstatusbeCall(adder,map,k.[[Value]],v.[[Value]]).
j.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iter,status).
NOTE Iftheparameteriterableispresent,itisexpectedtobeanobjectthatimplementsan@@iteratormethodthat
returnsaniteratorobjectthatproducesatwoelementarraylikeobjectwhoseirstelementisavaluethatwill
beusedasaMapkeyandwhosesecondelementisthevaluetoassociatewiththatkey.
23.1.2 PropertiesoftheMapConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheMapconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheMapconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
23.1.2.1 Map.prototype
TheinitialvalueofMap.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%MapPrototype%.
23.1.2.2 getMap[@@species]
Map[@@species]isanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunctionperformsthe
followingsteps:
NOTE Methodsthatcreatederivedcollectionobjectsshouldcall@@speciestodeterminetheconstructortouseto
createthederivedobjects.Subclassconstructormayoverride@@speciestochangethedefaultconstructor
assignment.
23.1.3 PropertiesoftheMapPrototypeObject
TheMapprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%MapPrototype%.Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheMap
prototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.TheMapprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.Itdoesnothave
a[[MapData]]internalslot.
23.1.3.1 Map.prototype.clear()
1.LetMbethethisvalue.
2.IfType(M)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.IfMdoesnothavea[[MapData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.LetentriesbetheListthatisthevalueofM's[[MapData]]internalslot.
5.RepeatforeachRecord{[[Key]],[[Value]]}pthatisanelementofentries,
a.Setp.[[Key]]toempty.
b.Setp.[[Value]]toempty.
6.Returnundeined.
NOTE Theexisting[[MapData]]ListispreservedbecausetheremaybeexistingMapIteratorobjectsthatare
suspendedmidwaythroughiteratingoverthatList.
23.1.3.2 Map.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofMap.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Map%.
23.1.3.3 Map.prototype.delete(key)
a.Ifp.[[Key]]isnotemptyandSameValueZero(p.[[Key]],key)istrue,then
i.Setp.[[Key]]toempty.
ii.Setp.[[Value]]toempty.
iii.Returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
NOTE Thevalueemptyisusedasaspeciicationdevicetoindicatethatanentryhasbeendeleted.Actual
implementationsmaytakeotheractionssuchasphysicallyremovingtheentryfrominternaldatastructures.
23.1.3.4 Map.prototype.entries()
2.Return?CreateMapIterator(M,"key+value").
23.1.3.5 Map.prototype.forEach(callbackfn[,thisArg])
7.RepeatforeachRecord{[[Key]],[[Value]]}ethatisanelementofentries,inoriginalkeyinsertionorder
a.Ife.[[Key]]isnotempty,then
i.Perform?Call(callbackfn,T,e.[[Value]],e.[[Key]],M).
8.Returnundeined.
NOTE callbackfnshouldbeafunctionthatacceptsthreearguments.forEachcallscallbackfnonceforeachkey/value
pairpresentinthemapobject,inkeyinsertionorder.callbackfniscalledonlyforkeysofthemapwhich
actuallyexist;itisnotcalledforkeysthathavebeendeletedfromthemap.
callbackfniscalledwiththreearguments:thevalueoftheitem,thekeyoftheitem,andtheMapobjectbeing
traversed.
callbackfn.Eachentryofamap's[[MapData]]isonlyvisitedonce.NewkeysaddedafterthecalltoforEach
beginsarevisited.Akeywillberevisitedifitisdeletedafterithasbeenvisitedandthenreaddedbeforethe
forEachcallcompletes.KeysthataredeletedafterthecalltoforEachbeginsandbeforebeingvisitedarenot
visitedunlessthekeyisaddedagainbeforetheforEachcallcompletes.
23.1.3.6 Map.prototype.get(key)
a.Ifp.[[Key]]isnotemptyandSameValueZero(p.[[Key]],key)istrue,returnp.[[Value]].
6.Returnundeined.
23.1.3.7 Map.prototype.has(key)
a.Ifp.[[Key]]isnotemptyandSameValueZero(p.[[Key]],key)istrue,returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
23.1.3.8 Map.prototype.keys()
2.Return?CreateMapIterator(M,"key").
23.1.3.9 Map.prototype.set(key,value)
a.Ifp.[[Key]]isnotemptyandSameValueZero(p.[[Key]],key)istrue,then
i.Setp.[[Value]]tovalue.
ii.ReturnM.
6.Ifkeyis0,letkeybe+0.
7.LetpbetheRecord{[[Key]]:key,[[Value]]:value}.
8.Appendpasthelastelementofentries.
9.ReturnM.
23.1.3.10 getMap.prototype.size
Map.prototype.sizeisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunctionperformsthe
followingsteps:
5.Letcountbe0.
6.ForeachRecord{[[Key]],[[Value]]}pthatisanelementofentries
a.Ifp.[[Key]]isnotempty,setcounttocount+1.
7.Returncount.
23.1.3.11 Map.prototype.values()
2.Return?CreateMapIterator(M,"value").
23.1.3.12 Map.prototype[@@iterator]()
Theinitialvalueofthe@@iteratorpropertyisthesamefunctionobjectastheinitialvalueoftheentriesproperty.
23.1.3.13 Map.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"Map".
23.1.4 PropertiesofMapInstances
MapinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheMapprototype.Mapinstancesalsohavea[[MapData]]
internalslot.
23.1.5 MapIteratorObjects
AMapIteratorisanobject,thatrepresentsaspeciiciterationoversomespeciicMapinstanceobject.Thereisnotanamed
constructorforMapIteratorobjects.Instead,mapiteratorobjectsarecreatedbycallingcertainmethodsofMapinstance
objects.
23.1.5.1 CreateMapIteratorAbstractOperation
SeveralmethodsofMapobjectsreturnIteratorobjects.TheabstractoperationCreateMapIteratorwithargumentsmapand
kindisusedtocreatesuchiteratorobjects.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(map)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.Ifmapdoesnothavea[[MapData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.LetiteratorbeObjectCreate(%MapIteratorPrototype%,[[Map]],[[MapNextIndex]],[[MapIterationKind]]).
4.Setiterator's[[Map]]internalslottomap.
5.Setiterator's[[MapNextIndex]]internalslotto0.
6.Setiterator's[[MapIterationKind]]internalslottokind.
7.Returniterator.
23.1.5.2 The%MapIteratorPrototype%Object
AllMapIteratorObjectsinheritpropertiesfromthe%MapIteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.The%MapIteratorPrototype%
intrinsicobjectisanordinaryobjectandits[[Prototype]]internalslotisthe%IteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.In
addition,%MapIteratorPrototype%hasthefollowingproperties:
23.1.5.2.1 %MapIteratorPrototype%.next()
3.IfOdoesnothavealloftheinternalslotsofaMapIteratorInstance(23.1.5.3),throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Letmbethevalueofthe[[Map]]internalslotofO.
5.Letindexbethevalueofthe[[MapNextIndex]]internalslotofO.
6.LetitemKindbethevalueofthe[[MapIterationKind]]internalslotofO.
7.Ifmisundeined,returnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
8.Assert:mhasa[[MapData]]internalslot.
9.LetentriesbetheListthatisthevalueofthe[[MapData]]internalslotofm.
10.Repeatwhileindexislessthanthetotalnumberofelementsofentries.Thenumberofelementsmustberedetermined
eachtimethismethodisevaluated.
a.LetebetheRecord{[[Key]],[[Value]]}thatisthevalueofentries[index].
b.Setindextoindex+1.
c.Setthe[[MapNextIndex]]internalslotofOtoindex.
d.Ife.[[Key]]isnotempty,then
i.IfitemKindis"key",letresultbee.[[Key]].
ii.ElseifitemKindis"value",letresultbee.[[Value]].
iii.Else,
1.Assert:itemKindis"key+value".
2.LetresultbeCreateArrayFromList(e.[[Key]],e.[[Value]]).
iv.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(result,false).
11.Setthe[[Map]]internalslotofOtoundeined.
12.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
23.1.5.2.2 %MapIteratorPrototype%[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"MapIterator".
23.1.5.3 PropertiesofMapIteratorInstances
MapIteratorinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromthe%MapIteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.Map
IteratorinstancesareinitiallycreatedwiththeinternalslotsdescribedinTable51.
Table51:InternalSlotsofMapIteratorInstances
[[Map]] TheMapobjectthatisbeingiterated.
[[MapNextIndex]] TheintegerindexofthenextMapdataelementtobeexaminedbythisiterator.
[[MapIterationKind]] AStringvaluethatidentiieswhatistobereturnedforeachelementoftheiteration.Thepossible
valuesare:"key","value","key+value".
23.2 SetObjects
SetobjectsarecollectionsofECMAScriptlanguagevalues.AdistinctvaluemayonlyoccuronceasanelementofaSet's
collection.DistinctvaluesarediscriminatedusingtheSameValueZerocomparisonalgorithm.
Setobjectsmustbeimplementedusingeitherhashtablesorothermechanismsthat,onaverage,provideaccesstimesthat
aresublinearonthenumberofelementsinthecollection.ThedatastructuresusedinthisSetobjectsspeciicationisonly
intendedtodescribetherequiredobservablesemanticsofSetobjects.Itisnotintendedtobeaviableimplementation
model.
23.2.1 TheSetConstructor
TheSetconstructoristhe%Set%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheSetpropertyoftheglobalobject.Whencalledas
aconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewSetobject.Setisnotintendedtobecalledasafunctionandwillthrowan
exceptionwhencalledinthatmanner.
TheSetconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueinanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedSetbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltotheSetconstructorto
createandinitializethesubclassinstancewiththeinternalstatenecessarytosupporttheSet.prototypebuiltinmethods.
23.2.1.1 Set([iterable])
WhentheSetfunctioniscalledwithoptionalargumentiterable,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Letsetbe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%SetPrototype%",[[SetData]]).
3.Setset's[[SetData]]internalslottoanewemptyList.
6.Else,
a.Letadderbe?Get(set,"add").
7.Ifiterisundeined,returnset.
8.Repeat
b.Ifnextisfalse,returnset.
d.LetstatusbeCall(adder,set,nextValue.[[Value]]).
e.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iter,status).
23.2.2 PropertiesoftheSetConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheSetconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheSetconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
23.2.2.1 Set.prototype
TheinitialvalueofSet.prototypeistheintrinsic%SetPrototype%object.
23.2.2.2 getSet[@@species]
Set[@@species]isanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunctionperformsthe
followingsteps:
NOTE Methodsthatcreatederivedcollectionobjectsshouldcall@@speciestodeterminetheconstructortouseto
createthederivedobjects.Subclassconstructormayoverride@@speciestochangethedefaultconstructor
assignment.
23.2.3 PropertiesoftheSetPrototypeObject
TheSetprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%SetPrototype%.Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheSet
prototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.TheSetprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.Itdoesnothavea
[[SetData]]internalslot.
23.2.3.1 Set.prototype.add(value)
1.LetSbethethisvalue.
2.IfType(S)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.IfSdoesnothavea[[SetData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.LetentriesbetheListthatisthevalueofS's[[SetData]]internalslot.
5.Repeatforeachethatisanelementofentries,
a.IfeisnotemptyandSameValueZero(e,value)istrue,then
i.ReturnS.
6.Ifvalueis0,letvaluebe+0.
7.Appendvalueasthelastelementofentries.
8.ReturnS.
23.2.3.2 Set.prototype.clear()
a.Replacetheelementofentrieswhosevalueisewithanelementwhosevalueisempty.
6.Returnundeined.
NOTE Theexisting[[SetData]]ListispreservedbecausetheremaybeexistingSetIteratorobjectsthataresuspended
midwaythroughiteratingoverthatList.
23.2.3.3 Set.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofSet.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Set%.
23.2.3.4 Set.prototype.delete(value)
a.IfeisnotemptyandSameValueZero(e,value)istrue,then
i.Replacetheelementofentrieswhosevalueisewithanelementwhosevalueisempty.
ii.Returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
23.2.3.5 Set.prototype.entries()
2.Return?CreateSetIterator(S,"key+value").
NOTE Foriterationpurposes,aSetappearssimilartoaMapwhereeachentryhasthesamevalueforitskeyand
value.
23.2.3.6 Set.prototype.forEach(callbackfn[,thisArg])
7.Repeatforeachethatisanelementofentries,inoriginalinsertionorder
a.Ifeisnotempty,then
i.Perform?Call(callbackfn,T,e,e,S).
8.Returnundeined.
NOTE callbackfnshouldbeafunctionthatacceptsthreearguments.forEachcallscallbackfnonceforeachvalue
presentinthesetobject,invalueinsertionorder.callbackfniscalledonlyforvaluesoftheSetwhichactually
exist;itisnotcalledforkeysthathavebeendeletedfromtheset.
callbackfniscalledwiththreearguments:theirsttwoargumentsareavaluecontainedintheSet.Thesame
valueispassedforbotharguments.TheSetobjectbeingtraversedispassedasthethirdargument.
ThecallbackfniscalledwiththreeargumentstobeconsistentwiththecallbackfunctionsusedbyforEach
methodsforMapandArray.ForSets,eachitemvalueisconsideredtobeboththekeyandthevalue.
callbackfn.
Eachvalueisnormallyvisitedonlyonce.However,avaluewillberevisitedifitisdeletedafterithasbeen
visitedandthenreaddedbeforetheforEachcallcompletes.ValuesthataredeletedafterthecalltoforEach
beginsandbeforebeingvisitedarenotvisitedunlessthevalueisaddedagainbeforetheforEachcall
completes.NewvaluesaddedafterthecalltoforEachbeginsarevisited.
23.2.3.7 Set.prototype.has(value)
a.IfeisnotemptyandSameValueZero(e,value)istrue,returntrue.
6.Returnfalse.
23.2.3.8 Set.prototype.keys()
Theinitialvalueofthekeyspropertyisthesamefunctionobjectastheinitialvalueofthevaluesproperty.
NOTE Foriterationpurposes,aSetappearssimilartoaMapwhereeachentryhasthesamevalueforitskeyand
value.
23.2.3.9 getSet.prototype.size
Set.prototype.sizeisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunctionperforms
thefollowingsteps:
5.Letcountbe0.
6.Foreachethatisanelementofentries
a.Ifeisnotempty,setcounttocount+1.
7.Returncount.
23.2.3.10 Set.prototype.values()
2.Return?CreateSetIterator(S,"value").
23.2.3.11 Set.prototype[@@iterator]()
Theinitialvalueofthe@@iteratorpropertyisthesamefunctionobjectastheinitialvalueofthevaluesproperty.
23.2.3.12 Set.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"Set".
23.2.4 PropertiesofSetInstances
SetinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheSetprototype.Setinstancesalsohavea[[SetData]]
internalslot.
23.2.5 SetIteratorObjects
ASetIteratorisanordinaryobject,withthestructuredeinedbelow,thatrepresentsaspeciiciterationoversomespeciic
Setinstanceobject.ThereisnotanamedconstructorforSetIteratorobjects.Instead,setiteratorobjectsarecreatedby
callingcertainmethodsofSetinstanceobjects.
23.2.5.1 CreateSetIteratorAbstractOperation
SeveralmethodsofSetobjectsreturnIteratorobjects.TheabstractoperationCreateSetIteratorwithargumentssetandkind
isusedtocreatesuchiteratorobjects.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(set)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.Ifsetdoesnothavea[[SetData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.LetiteratorbeObjectCreate(%SetIteratorPrototype%,[[IteratedSet]],[[SetNextIndex]],[[SetIterationKind]]).
4.Setiterator's[[IteratedSet]]internalslottoset.
5.Setiterator's[[SetNextIndex]]internalslotto0.
6.Setiterator's[[SetIterationKind]]internalslottokind.
7.Returniterator.
23.2.5.2 The%SetIteratorPrototype%Object
AllSetIteratorObjectsinheritpropertiesfromthe%SetIteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.The%SetIteratorPrototype%
intrinsicobjectisanordinaryobjectandits[[Prototype]]internalslotisthe%IteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.In
addition,%SetIteratorPrototype%hasthefollowingproperties:
23.2.5.2.1 %SetIteratorPrototype%.next()
3.IfOdoesnothavealloftheinternalslotsofaSetIteratorInstance(23.2.5.3),throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Letsbethevalueofthe[[IteratedSet]]internalslotofO.
5.Letindexbethevalueofthe[[SetNextIndex]]internalslotofO.
6.LetitemKindbethevalueofthe[[SetIterationKind]]internalslotofO.
7.Ifsisundeined,returnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
8.Assert:shasa[[SetData]]internalslot.
9.LetentriesbetheListthatisthevalueofthe[[SetData]]internalslotofs.
10.Repeatwhileindexislessthanthetotalnumberofelementsofentries.Thenumberofelementsmustberedetermined
eachtimethismethodisevaluated.
a.Letebeentries[index].
b.Setindextoindex+1.
c.Setthe[[SetNextIndex]]internalslotofOtoindex.
d.Ifeisnotempty,then
i.IfitemKindis"key+value",then
1.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(CreateArrayFromList(e,e),false).
ii.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(e,false).
11.Setthe[[IteratedSet]]internalslotofOtoundeined.
12.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
23.2.5.2.2 %SetIteratorPrototype%[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"SetIterator".
23.2.5.3 PropertiesofSetIteratorInstances
SetIteratorinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromthe%SetIteratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.Set
IteratorinstancesareinitiallycreatedwiththeinternalslotsspeciiedinTable52.
Table52:InternalSlotsofSetIteratorInstances
[[IteratedSet]] TheSetobjectthatisbeingiterated.
[[SetNextIndex]] TheintegerindexofthenextSetdataelementtobeexaminedbythisiterator
[[SetIterationKind]] AStringvaluethatidentiieswhatistobereturnedforeachelementoftheiteration.Thepossible
valuesare:"key","value","key+value"."key"and"value"havethesamemeaning.
23.3 WeakMapObjects
WeakMapobjectsarecollectionsofkey/valuepairswherethekeysareobjectsandvaluesmaybearbitraryECMAScript
languagevalues.AWeakMapmaybequeriedtoseeifitcontainsakey/valuepairwithaspeciickey,butnomechanismis
providedforenumeratingtheobjectsitholdsaskeys.IfanobjectthatisbeingusedasthekeyofaWeakMapkey/valuepair
isonlyreachablebyfollowingachainofreferencesthatstartwithinthatWeakMap,thenthatkey/valuepairisinaccessible
andisautomaticallyremovedfromtheWeakMap.WeakMapimplementationsmustdetectandremovesuchkey/valuepairs
andanyassociatedresources.
Animplementationmayimposeanarbitrarilydeterminedlatencybetweenthetimeakey/valuepairofaWeakMapbecomes
inaccessibleandthetimewhenthekey/valuepairisremovedfromtheWeakMap.Ifthislatencywasobservableto
ECMAScriptprogram,itwouldbeasourceofindeterminacythatcouldimpactprogramexecution.Forthatreason,an
ECMAScriptimplementationmustnotprovideanymeanstoobserveakeyofaWeakMapthatdoesnotrequiretheobserver
topresenttheobservedkey.
WeakMapobjectsmustbeimplementedusingeitherhashtablesorothermechanismsthat,onaverage,provideaccesstimes
thataresublinearonthenumberofkey/valuepairsinthecollection.ThedatastructureusedinthisWeakMapobjects
speciicationareonlyintendedtodescribetherequiredobservablesemanticsofWeakMapobjects.Itisnotintendedtobea
viableimplementationmodel.
NOTE WeakMapandWeakSetsareintendedtoprovidemechanismsfordynamicallyassociatingstatewithanobject
inamannerthatdoesnotleakmemoryresourcesif,intheabsenceoftheWeakMaporWeakSet,theobject
otherwisebecameinaccessibleandsubjecttoresourcereclamationbytheimplementation'sgarbagecollection
mechanisms.Thischaracteristiccanbeachievedbyusinganinvertedperobjectmappingofweakmap
instancestokeys.Alternativelyeachweakmapmayinternallystoreitskeytovaluemappingsbutthis
approachrequirescoordinationbetweentheWeakMaporWeakSetimplementationandthegarbagecollector.
ThefollowingreferencesdescribemechanismthatmaybeusefultoimplementationsofWeakMapand
WeakSets:
BarryHayes.1997.Ephemerons:anewinalizationmechanism.InProceedingsofthe12thACMSIGPLAN
conferenceonObjectorientedprogramming,systems,languages,andapplications(OOPSLA'97),A.Michael
Berman(Ed.).ACM,NewYork,NY,USA,176183,http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/263698.263733.
AlexandraBarros,RobertoIerusalimschy,EliminatingCyclesinWeakTables.JournalofUniversalComputer
ScienceJ.UCS,vol.14,no.21,pp.34813497,2008,
http://www.jucs.org/jucs_14_21/eliminating_cycles_in_weak
23.3.1 TheWeakMapConstructor
TheWeakMapconstructoristhe%WeakMap%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheWeakMappropertyoftheglobal
object.WhencalledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewWeakMapobject.WeakMapisnotintendedtobecalledas
afunctionandwillthrowanexceptionwhencalledinthatmanner.
TheWeakMapconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueinanextendsclauseofaclass
deinition.SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedWeakMapbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltothe
WeakMapconstructortocreateandinitializethesubclassinstancewiththeinternalstatenecessarytosupportthe
WeakMap.prototypebuiltinmethods.
23.3.1.1 WeakMap([iterable])
WhentheWeakMapfunctioniscalledwithoptionalargumentiterable,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Letmapbe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%WeakMapPrototype%",[[WeakMapData]]).
3.Setmap's[[WeakMapData]]internalslottoanewemptyList.
6.Else,
a.Letadderbe?Get(map,"set").
7.Ifiterisundeined,returnmap.
8.Repeat
b.Ifnextisfalse,returnmap.
c.LetnextItembe?IteratorValue(next).
d.IfType(nextItem)isnotObject,then
i.LeterrorbeCompletion{[[Type]]:throw,[[Value]]:anewlycreatedTypeErrorobject,[[Target]]:empty}.
ii.Return?IteratorClose(iter,error).
e.LetkbeGet(nextItem,"0").
f.Ifkisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iter,k).
g.LetvbeGet(nextItem,"1").
h.Ifvisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iter,v).
i.LetstatusbeCall(adder,map,k.[[Value]],v.[[Value]]).
j.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iter,status).
NOTE Iftheparameteriterableispresent,itisexpectedtobeanobjectthatimplementsan@@iteratormethodthat
returnsaniteratorobjectthatproducesatwoelementarraylikeobjectwhoseirstelementisavaluethatwill
beusedasaWeakMapkeyandwhosesecondelementisthevaluetoassociatewiththatkey.
23.3.2 PropertiesoftheWeakMapConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheWeakMapconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheWeakMapconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
23.3.2.1 WeakMap.prototype
TheinitialvalueofWeakMap.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%WeakMapPrototype%.
23.3.3 PropertiesoftheWeakMapPrototypeObject
TheWeakMapprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%WeakMapPrototype%.Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotof
theWeakMapprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.TheWeakMapprototypeobjectisanordinary
object.Itdoesnothavea[[WeakMapData]]internalslot.
23.3.3.1 WeakMap.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofWeakMap.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%WeakMap%.
23.3.3.2 WeakMap.prototype.delete(key)
3.IfMdoesnothavea[[WeakMapData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.LetentriesbetheListthatisthevalueofM's[[WeakMapData]]internalslot.
5.IfType(key)isnotObject,returnfalse.
a.Ifp.[[Key]]isnotemptyandSameValue(p.[[Key]],key)istrue,then
i.Setp.[[Key]]toempty.
ii.Setp.[[Value]]toempty.
iii.Returntrue.
7.Returnfalse.
23.3.3.3 WeakMap.prototype.get(key)
5.IfType(key)isnotObject,returnundeined.
a.Ifp.[[Key]]isnotemptyandSameValue(p.[[Key]],key)istrue,returnp.[[Value]].
7.Returnundeined.
23.3.3.4 WeakMap.prototype.has(key)
5.IfType(key)isnotObject,returnfalse.
a.Ifp.[[Key]]isnotemptyandSameValue(p.[[Key]],key)istrue,returntrue.
7.Returnfalse.
23.3.3.5 WeakMap.prototype.set(key,value)
5.IfType(key)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
a.Ifp.[[Key]]isnotemptyandSameValue(p.[[Key]],key)istrue,then
i.Setp.[[Value]]tovalue.
ii.ReturnM.
7.LetpbetheRecord{[[Key]]:key,[[Value]]:value}.
8.Appendpasthelastelementofentries.
9.ReturnM.
23.3.3.6 WeakMap.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"WeakMap".
23.3.4 PropertiesofWeakMapInstances
WeakMapinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheWeakMapprototype.WeakMapinstancesalsohave
a[[WeakMapData]]internalslot.
23.4 WeakSetObjects
WeakSetobjectsarecollectionsofobjects.AdistinctobjectmayonlyoccuronceasanelementofaWeakSet'scollection.A
WeakSetmaybequeriedtoseeifitcontainsaspeciicobject,butnomechanismisprovidedforenumeratingtheobjectsit
holds.IfanobjectthatiscontainedbyaWeakSetisonlyreachablebyfollowingachainofreferencesthatstartwithinthat
WeakSet,thenthatobjectisinaccessibleandisautomaticallyremovedfromtheWeakSet.WeakSetimplementationsmust
detectandremovesuchobjectsandanyassociatedresources.
AnimplementationmayimposeanarbitrarilydeterminedlatencybetweenthetimeanobjectcontainedinaWeakSet
becomesinaccessibleandthetimewhentheobjectisremovedfromtheWeakSet.Ifthislatencywasobservableto
ECMAScriptprogram,itwouldbeasourceofindeterminacythatcouldimpactprogramexecution.Forthatreason,an
ECMAScriptimplementationmustnotprovideanymeanstodetermineifaWeakSetcontainsaparticularobjectthatdoes
notrequiretheobservertopresenttheobservedobject.
WeakSetobjectsmustbeimplementedusingeitherhashtablesorothermechanismsthat,onaverage,provideaccesstimes
thataresublinearonthenumberofelementsinthecollection.ThedatastructureusedinthisWeakSetobjectsspeciication
isonlyintendedtodescribetherequiredobservablesemanticsofWeakSetobjects.Itisnotintendedtobeaviable
implementationmodel.
NOTE SeetheNOTEin23.3.
23.4.1 TheWeakSetConstructor
TheWeakSetconstructoristhe%WeakSet%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheWeakSetpropertyoftheglobal
object.WhencalledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewWeakSetobject.WeakSetisnotintendedtobecalledasa
functionandwillthrowanexceptionwhencalledinthatmanner.
TheWeakSetconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueinanextendsclauseofaclass
deinition.SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedWeakSetbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltothe
WeakSetconstructortocreateandinitializethesubclassinstancewiththeinternalstatenecessarytosupportthe
WeakSet.prototypebuiltinmethods.
23.4.1.1 WeakSet([iterable])
WhentheWeakSetfunctioniscalledwithoptionalargumentiterable,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Letsetbe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%WeakSetPrototype%",[[WeakSetData]]).
3.Setset's[[WeakSetData]]internalslottoanewemptyList.
6.Else,
a.Letadderbe?Get(set,"add").
7.Ifiterisundeined,returnset.
8.Repeat
b.Ifnextisfalse,returnset.
d.LetstatusbeCall(adder,set,nextValue).
e.Ifstatusisanabruptcompletion,return?IteratorClose(iter,status).
23.4.2 PropertiesoftheWeakSetConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheWeakSetconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheWeakSetconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
23.4.2.1 WeakSet.prototype
TheinitialvalueofWeakSet.prototypeistheintrinsic%WeakSetPrototype%object.
23.4.3 PropertiesoftheWeakSetPrototypeObject
TheWeakSetprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%WeakSetPrototype%.Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofthe
WeakSetprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.TheWeakSetprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.It
doesnothavea[[WeakSetData]]internalslot.
23.4.3.1 WeakSet.prototype.add(value)
3.IfSdoesnothavea[[WeakSetData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.IfType(value)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.LetentriesbetheListthatisthevalueofS's[[WeakSetData]]internalslot.
a.IfeisnotemptyandSameValue(e,value)istrue,then
i.ReturnS.
7.Appendvalueasthelastelementofentries.
8.ReturnS.
23.4.3.2 WeakSet.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofWeakSet.prototype.constructoristhe%WeakSet%intrinsicobject.
23.4.3.3 WeakSet.prototype.delete(value)
4.IfType(value)isnotObject,returnfalse.
a.IfeisnotemptyandSameValue(e,value)istrue,then
i.Replacetheelementofentrieswhosevalueisewithanelementwhosevalueisempty.
ii.Returntrue.
7.Returnfalse.
23.4.3.4 WeakSet.prototype.has(value)
5.IfType(value)isnotObject,returnfalse.
a.IfeisnotemptyandSameValue(e,value)istrue,returntrue.
7.Returnfalse.
23.4.3.5 WeakSet.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"WeakSet".
23.4.4 PropertiesofWeakSetInstances
WeakSetinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheWeakSetprototype.WeakSetinstancesalsohavea
[[WeakSetData]]internalslot.
24 StructuredData
24.1 ArrayBufferObjects
24.1.1 AbstractOperationsForArrayBufferObjects
24.1.1.1 AllocateArrayBuffer(constructor,byteLength)
TheabstractoperationAllocateArrayBufferwithargumentsconstructorandbyteLengthisusedtocreateanArrayBuffer
object.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letobjbe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(constructor,"%ArrayBufferPrototype%",[[ArrayBufferData]],
[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]).
2.Assert:byteLengthisanintegervalue0.
3.Letblockbe?CreateByteDataBlock(byteLength).
4.Setobj's[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslottoblock.
5.Setobj's[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslottobyteLength.
6.Returnobj.
24.1.1.2 IsDetachedBuffer(arrayBuffer)
TheabstractoperationIsDetachedBufferwithargumentarrayBufferperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(arrayBuffer)isObjectandithasan[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
2.IfarrayBuffer's[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslotisnull,returntrue.
3.Returnfalse.
24.1.1.3 DetachArrayBuffer(arrayBuffer)
TheabstractoperationDetachArrayBufferwithargumentarrayBufferperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(arrayBuffer)isObjectandithas[[ArrayBufferData]]and[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslots.
2.SetarrayBuffer's[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslottonull.
3.SetarrayBuffer's[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslotto0.
4.ReturnNormalCompletion(null).
NOTE DetachinganArrayBufferinstancedisassociatestheDataBlockusedasitsbackingstorefromtheinstanceand
setsthebytelengthofthebufferto0.NooperationsdeinedbythisspeciicationusetheDetachArrayBuffer
abstractoperation.However,anECMAScriptimplementationorhostenvironmentmaydeinesuchoperations.
24.1.1.4 CloneArrayBuffer(srcBuffer,srcByteOffset[,cloneConstructor])
TheabstractoperationCloneArrayBuffertakesthreeparameters,anArrayBuffersrcBuffer,anintegersrcByteOffsetand
optionallyaconstructorfunctioncloneConstructor.ItcreatesanewArrayBufferwhosedataisacopyofsrcBuffer'sdata
startingatsrcByteOffset.Thisoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Type(srcBuffer)isObjectandithasan[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
2.IfcloneConstructorisnotpresent,then
a.LetcloneConstructorbe?SpeciesConstructor(srcBuffer,%ArrayBuffer%).
b.IfIsDetachedBuffer(srcBuffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.Else,Assert:IsConstructor(cloneConstructor)istrue.
4.LetsrcLengthbethevalueofsrcBuffer's[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslot.
5.Assert:srcByteOffsetsrcLength.
6.LetcloneLengthbesrcLengthsrcByteOffset.
7.LetsrcBlockbethevalueofsrcBuffer's[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
8.LettargetBufferbe?AllocateArrayBuffer(cloneConstructor,cloneLength).
9.IfIsDetachedBuffer(srcBuffer)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
10.LettargetBlockbethevalueoftargetBuffer's[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
11.PerformCopyDataBlockBytes(targetBlock,0,srcBlock,srcByteOffset,cloneLength).
12.ReturntargetBuffer.
24.1.1.5 GetValueFromBuffer(arrayBuffer,byteIndex,type[,isLittleEndian])
TheabstractoperationGetValueFromBuffertakesfourparameters,anArrayBufferarrayBuffer,anintegerbyteIndex,aString
type,andoptionallyaBooleanisLittleEndian.Thisoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:IsDetachedBuffer(arrayBuffer)isfalse.
2.Assert:TherearesuficientbytesinarrayBufferstartingatbyteIndextorepresentavalueoftype.
3.Assert:byteIndexisanintegervalue0.
4.LetblockbearrayBuffer's[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
5.LetelementSizebetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizevaluespeciiedinTable50forElementTypetype.
6.LetrawValuebeaListofelementSizecontaining,inorder,theelementSizesequenceofbytesstartingwith
block[byteIndex].
7.IfisLittleEndianisnotpresent,setisLittleEndiantoeithertrueorfalse.Thechoiceisimplementationdependentand
shouldbethealternativethatismosteficientfortheimplementation.Animplementationmustusethesamevalue
eachtimethisstepisexecutedandthesamevaluemustbeusedforthecorrespondingstepintheSetValueInBuffer
abstractoperation.
8.IfisLittleEndianisfalse,reversetheorderoftheelementsofrawValue.
9.Iftypeis"Float32",then
a.LetvaluebethebyteelementsofrawValueconcatenatedandinterpretedasalittleendianbitstringencodingof
anIEEE7542008binary32value.
b.IfvalueisanIEEE7542008binary32NaNvalue,returntheNaNNumbervalue.
c.ReturntheNumbervaluethatcorrespondstovalue.
a.LetvaluebethebyteelementsofrawValueconcatenatedandinterpretedasalittleendianbitstringencodingof
anIEEE7542008binary64value.
b.IfvalueisanIEEE7542008binary64NaNvalue,returntheNaNNumbervalue.
c.ReturntheNumbervaluethatcorrespondstovalue.
11.Iftheirstcodeunitoftypeis"U",then
a.LetintValuebethebyteelementsofrawValueconcatenatedandinterpretedasabitstringencodingofanunsigned
littleendianbinarynumber.
12.Else,
a.LetintValuebethebyteelementsofrawValueconcatenatedandinterpretedasabitstringencodingofabinary
littleendian2'scomplementnumberofbitlengthelementSize8.
13.ReturntheNumbervaluethatcorrespondstointValue.
24.1.1.6 SetValueInBuffer(arrayBuffer,byteIndex,type,value[,isLittleEndian])
TheabstractoperationSetValueInBuffertakesiveparameters,anArrayBufferarrayBuffer,anintegerbyteIndex,aString
type,aNumbervalue,andoptionallyaBooleanisLittleEndian.Thisoperationperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:IsDetachedBuffer(arrayBuffer)isfalse.
2.Assert:TherearesuficientbytesinarrayBufferstartingatbyteIndextorepresentavalueoftype.
3.Assert:byteIndexisanintegervalue0.
4.Assert:Type(value)isNumber.
5.LetblockbearrayBuffer's[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
6.Assert:blockisnotundeined.
7.IfisLittleEndianisnotpresent,setisLittleEndiantoeithertrueorfalse.Thechoiceisimplementationdependentand
shouldbethealternativethatismosteficientfortheimplementation.Animplementationmustusethesamevalue
eachtimethisstepisexecutedandthesamevaluemustbeusedforthecorrespondingstepintheGetValueFromBuffer
abstractoperation.
a.SetrawBytestoaListcontainingthe4bytesthataretheresultofconvertingvaluetoIEEE7542008binary32
formatusingRoundtonearest,tiestoevenroundingmode.IfisLittleEndianisfalse,thebytesarearrangedinbig
endianorder.Otherwise,thebytesarearrangedinlittleendianorder.IfvalueisNaN,rawValuemaybesettoany
implementationchosenIEEE7542008binary64formatNotaNumberencoding.Animplementationmustalways
choosethesameencodingforeachimplementationdistinguishableNaNvalue.
9.Else,iftypeis"Float64",then
a.SetrawBytestoaListcontainingthe8bytesthataretheIEEE7542008binary64formatencodingofvalue.If
isLittleEndianisfalse,thebytesarearrangedinbigendianorder.Otherwise,thebytesarearrangedinlittleendian
order.IfvalueisNaN,rawValuemaybesettoanyimplementationchosenIEEE7542008binary32formatNota
Numberencoding.Animplementationmustalwayschoosethesameencodingforeachimplementation
distinguishableNaNvalue.
10.Else,
a.LetnbetheNumbervalueoftheElementSizespeciiedinTable50forElementTypetype.
b.LetconvOpbetheabstractoperationnamedintheConversionOperationcolumninTable50forElementType
type.
c.LetintValuebeconvOp(value).
d.IfintValue0,then
i.LetrawBytesbeaListcontainingthenbytebinaryencodingofintValue.IfisLittleEndianisfalse,thebytes
areorderedinbigendianorder.Otherwise,thebytesareorderedinlittleendianorder.
e.Else,
i.LetrawBytesbeaListcontainingthenbytebinary2'scomplementencodingofintValue.IfisLittleEndianis
false,thebytesareorderedinbigendianorder.Otherwise,thebytesareorderedinlittleendianorder.
11.StoretheindividualbytesofrawBytesintoblock,inorder,startingatblock[byteIndex].
24.1.2 TheArrayBufferConstructor
TheArrayBufferconstructoristhe%ArrayBuffer%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheArrayBufferpropertyofthe
globalobject.WhencalledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewArrayBufferobject.ArrayBufferisnotintended
tobecalledasafunctionandwillthrowanexceptionwhencalledinthatmanner.
TheArrayBufferconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclass
deinition.SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedArrayBufferbehaviourmustincludeasupercallto
theArrayBufferconstructortocreateandinitializesubclassinstanceswiththeinternalstatenecessarytosupportthe
ArrayBuffer.prototypebuiltinmethods.
24.1.2.1 ArrayBuffer(length)
ArrayBuffercalledwithargumentlengthperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.LetnumberLengthbe?ToNumber(length).
3.LetbyteLengthbeToLength(numberLength).
4.IfSameValueZero(numberLength,byteLength)isfalse,throwaRangeErrorexception.
5.Return?AllocateArrayBuffer(NewTarget,byteLength).
24.1.3 PropertiesoftheArrayBufferConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheArrayBufferconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheArrayBufferconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
24.1.3.1 ArrayBuffer.isView(arg)
TheisViewfunctiontakesoneargumentarg,andperforms,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfType(arg)isnotObject,returnfalse.
2.Ifarghasa[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot,returntrue.
3.Returnfalse.
24.1.3.2 ArrayBuffer.prototype
TheinitialvalueofArrayBuffer.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%ArrayBufferPrototype%.
24.1.3.3 getArrayBuffer[@@species]
ArrayBuffer[@@species]isanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunction
NOTE ArrayBufferprototypemethodsnormallyusetheirthisobject'sconstructortocreateaderivedobject.
However,asubclassconstructormayoverridethatdefaultbehaviourbyredeiningits@@speciesproperty.
24.1.4 PropertiesoftheArrayBufferPrototypeObject
TheArrayBufferprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ArrayBufferPrototype%.Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslot
oftheArrayBufferprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.TheArrayBufferprototypeobjectisan
ordinaryobject.Itdoesnothavean[[ArrayBufferData]]or[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslot.
24.1.4.1 getArrayBuffer.prototype.byteLength
ArrayBuffer.prototype.byteLengthisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessor
3.IfOdoesnothavean[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.IfIsDetachedBuffer(O)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.LetlengthbethevalueofO's[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslot.
6.Returnlength.
24.1.4.2 ArrayBuffer.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofArrayBuffer.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%ArrayBuffer%.
24.1.4.3 ArrayBuffer.prototype.slice(start,end)
3.IfOdoesnothavean[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.LetlenbethevalueofO's[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslot.
7.IfrelativeStart<0,letirstbemax((len+relativeStart),0);elseletirstbemin(relativeStart,len).
10.LetnewLenbemax(inalirst,0).
11.Letctorbe?SpeciesConstructor(O,%ArrayBuffer%).
12.Letnewbe?Construct(ctor,newLen).
13.Ifnewdoesnothavean[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
14.IfIsDetachedBuffer(new)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
15.IfSameValue(new,O)istrue,throwaTypeErrorexception.
16.Ifthevalueofnew's[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslot<newLen,throwaTypeErrorexception.
17.NOTE:SideeffectsoftheabovestepsmayhavedetachedO.
19.LetfromBufbethevalueofO's[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
20.LettoBufbethevalueofnew's[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot.
21.PerformCopyDataBlockBytes(toBuf,0,fromBuf,irst,newLen).
22.Returnnew.
24.1.4.4 ArrayBuffer.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"ArrayBuffer".
24.1.5 PropertiesoftheArrayBufferInstances
ArrayBufferinstancesinheritpropertiesfromtheArrayBufferprototypeobject.ArrayBufferinstanceseachhavean
[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslotandan[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslot.
ArrayBufferinstanceswhose[[ArrayBufferData]]isnullareconsideredtobedetachedandalloperatorstoaccessormodify
datacontainedintheArrayBufferinstancewillfail.
24.2 DataViewObjects
24.2.1 AbstractOperationsForDataViewObjects
24.2.1.1 GetViewValue(view,requestIndex,isLittleEndian,type)
TheabstractoperationGetViewValuewithargumentsview,requestIndex,isLittleEndian,andtypeisusedbyfunctionson
DataViewinstancesistoretrievevaluesfromtheview'sbuffer.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(view)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.Ifviewdoesnothavea[[DataView]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.LetnumberIndexbe?ToNumber(requestIndex).
4.LetgetIndexbeToInteger(numberIndex).
5.IfnumberIndexgetIndexorgetIndex<0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
6.LetisLittleEndianbeToBoolean(isLittleEndian).
7.Letbufferbethevalueofview's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
9.LetviewOffsetbethevalueofview's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
10.LetviewSizebethevalueofview's[[ByteLength]]internalslot.
12.IfgetIndex+elementSize>viewSize,throwaRangeErrorexception.
13.LetbufferIndexbegetIndex+viewOffset.
14.ReturnGetValueFromBuffer(buffer,bufferIndex,type,isLittleEndian).
24.2.1.2 SetViewValue(view,requestIndex,isLittleEndian,type,value)
TheabstractoperationSetViewValuewithargumentsview,requestIndex,isLittleEndian,type,andvalueisusedbyfunctions
onDataViewinstancestostorevaluesintotheview'sbuffer.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(view)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.Ifviewdoesnothavea[[DataView]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.LetnumberIndexbe?ToNumber(requestIndex).
4.LetgetIndexbeToInteger(numberIndex).
5.IfnumberIndexgetIndexorgetIndex<0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
6.LetnumberValuebe?ToNumber(value).
7.LetisLittleEndianbeToBoolean(isLittleEndian).
8.Letbufferbethevalueofview's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslot.
10.LetviewOffsetbethevalueofview's[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
11.LetviewSizebethevalueofview's[[ByteLength]]internalslot.
13.IfgetIndex+elementSize>viewSize,throwaRangeErrorexception.
14.LetbufferIndexbegetIndex+viewOffset.
15.ReturnSetValueInBuffer(buffer,bufferIndex,type,numberValue,isLittleEndian).
24.2.2 TheDataViewConstructor
TheDataViewconstructoristhe%DataView%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheDataViewpropertyoftheglobal
object.WhencalledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewDataViewobject.DataViewisnotintendedtobecalledas
afunctionandwillthrowanexceptionwhencalledinthatmanner.
TheDataViewconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclass
deinition.SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedDataViewbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltothe
DataViewconstructortocreateandinitializesubclassinstanceswiththeinternalstatenecessarytosupportthe
DataView.prototypebuiltinmethods.
24.2.2.1 DataView(buffer,byteOffset,byteLength)
DataViewcalledwithargumentsbuffer,byteOffset,andbyteLengthperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.IfType(buffer)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.Ifbufferdoesnothavean[[ArrayBufferData]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.LetnumberOffsetbe?ToNumber(byteOffset).
5.LetoffsetbeToInteger(numberOffset).
6.IfnumberOffsetoffsetoroffset<0,throwaRangeErrorexception.
8.LetbufferByteLengthbethevalueofbuffer's[[ArrayBufferByteLength]]internalslot.
9.Ifoffset>bufferByteLength,throwaRangeErrorexception.
10.IfbyteLengthisundeined,then
a.LetviewByteLengthbebufferByteLengthoffset.
11.Else,
a.LetviewByteLengthbe?ToLength(byteLength).
b.Ifoffset+viewByteLength>bufferByteLength,throwaRangeErrorexception.
12.LetObe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%DataViewPrototype%",[[DataView]],
[[ViewedArrayBuffer]],[[ByteLength]],[[ByteOffset]]).
13.SetO's[[DataView]]internalslottotrue.
14.SetO's[[ViewedArrayBuffer]]internalslottobuffer.
15.SetO's[[ByteLength]]internalslottoviewByteLength.
16.SetO's[[ByteOffset]]internalslottooffset.
17.ReturnO.
24.2.3 PropertiesoftheDataViewConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheDataViewconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheDataViewconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
24.2.3.1 DataView.prototype
TheinitialvalueofDataView.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%DataViewPrototype%.
24.2.4 PropertiesoftheDataViewPrototypeObject
TheDataViewprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%DataViewPrototype%.Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotof
theDataViewprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.TheDataViewprototypeobjectisanordinary
object.Itdoesnothavea[[DataView]],[[ViewedArrayBuffer]],[[ByteLength]],or[[ByteOffset]]internalslot.
24.2.4.1 getDataView.prototype.buffer
DataView.prototype.bufferisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunction
5.Returnbuffer.
24.2.4.2 getDataView.prototype.byteLength
DataView.prototype.byteLengthisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessor
6.LetsizebethevalueofO's[[ByteLength]]internalslot.
7.Returnsize.
24.2.4.3 getDataView.prototype.byteOffset
DataView.prototype.byteOffsetisanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessor
7.Returnoffset.
24.2.4.4 DataView.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofDataView.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%DataView%.
24.2.4.5 DataView.prototype.getFloat32(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
WhenthegetFloat32methodiscalledwithargumentbyteOffsetandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
1.Letvbethethisvalue.
2.IflittleEndianisnotpresent,letlittleEndianbefalse.
3.Return?GetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Float32").
24.2.4.6 DataView.prototype.getFloat64(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
WhenthegetFloat64methodiscalledwithargumentbyteOffsetandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
3.Return?GetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Float64").
24.2.4.7 DataView.prototype.getInt8(byteOffset)
WhenthegetInt8methodiscalledwithargumentbyteOffset,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?GetViewValue(v,byteOffset,true,"Int8").
24.2.4.8 DataView.prototype.getInt16(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
WhenthegetInt16methodiscalledwithargumentbyteOffsetandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
3.Return?GetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Int16").
24.2.4.9 DataView.prototype.getInt32(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
WhenthegetInt32methodiscalledwithargumentbyteOffsetandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
2.IflittleEndianisnotpresent,letlittleEndianbeundeined.
3.Return?GetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Int32").
24.2.4.10 DataView.prototype.getUint8(byteOffset)
WhenthegetUint8methodiscalledwithargumentbyteOffset,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?GetViewValue(v,byteOffset,true,"Uint8").
24.2.4.11 DataView.prototype.getUint16(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
WhenthegetUint16methodiscalledwithargumentbyteOffsetandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
3.Return?GetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Uint16").
24.2.4.12 DataView.prototype.getUint32(byteOffset[,littleEndian])
WhenthegetUint32methodiscalledwithargumentbyteOffsetandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
3.Return?GetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Uint32").
24.2.4.13 DataView.prototype.setFloat32(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
WhenthesetFloat32methodiscalledwithargumentsbyteOffsetandvalueandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,the
3.Return?SetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Float32",value).
24.2.4.14 DataView.prototype.setFloat64(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
WhenthesetFloat64methodiscalledwithargumentsbyteOffsetandvalueandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,the
3.Return?SetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Float64",value).
24.2.4.15 DataView.prototype.setInt8(byteOffset,value)
WhenthesetInt8methodiscalledwithargumentsbyteOffsetandvalue,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?SetViewValue(v,byteOffset,true,"Int8",value).
24.2.4.16 DataView.prototype.setInt16(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
WhenthesetInt16methodiscalledwithargumentsbyteOffsetandvalueandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
3.Return?SetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Int16",value).
24.2.4.17 DataView.prototype.setInt32(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
WhenthesetInt32methodiscalledwithargumentsbyteOffsetandvalueandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
3.Return?SetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Int32",value).
24.2.4.18 DataView.prototype.setUint8(byteOffset,value)
WhenthesetUint8methodiscalledwithargumentsbyteOffsetandvalue,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?SetViewValue(v,byteOffset,true,"Uint8",value).
24.2.4.19 DataView.prototype.setUint16(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
WhenthesetUint16methodiscalledwithargumentsbyteOffsetandvalueandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
3.Return?SetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Uint16",value).
24.2.4.20 DataView.prototype.setUint32(byteOffset,value[,littleEndian])
WhenthesetUint32methodiscalledwithargumentsbyteOffsetandvalueandoptionalargumentlittleEndian,thefollowing
stepsaretaken:
3.Return?SetViewValue(v,byteOffset,littleEndian,"Uint32",value).
24.2.4.21 DataView.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"DataView".
24.2.5 PropertiesofDataViewInstances
DataViewinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromtheDataViewprototypeobject.DataViewinstances
eachhave[[DataView]],[[ViewedArrayBuffer]],[[ByteLength]],and[[ByteOffset]]internalslots.
NOTE Thevalueofthe[[DataView]]internalslotisnotusedwithinthisspeciication.Thesimplepresenceofthat
internalslotisusedwithinthespeciicationtoidentifyobjectscreatedusingtheDataViewconstructor.
24.3 TheJSONObject
TheJSONobjectisthe%JSON%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheJSONpropertyoftheglobalobject.TheJSON
objectisasingleordinaryobjectthatcontainstwofunctions,parseandstringify,thatareusedtoparseandconstruct
JSONtexts.TheJSONDataInterchangeFormatisdeinedinECMA404.TheJSONinterchangeformatusedinthis
speciicationisexactlythatdescribedbyECMA404.
ConformingimplementationsofJSON.parseandJSON.stringifymustsupporttheexactinterchangeformatdescribedin
theECMA404speciicationwithoutanydeletionsorextensionstotheformat.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheJSONobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.Thevalueofthe
[[Extensible]]internalslotoftheJSONobjectissettotrue.
TheJSONobjectdoesnothavea[[Construct]]internalmethod;itisnotpossibletousetheJSONobjectasaconstructorwith
thenewoperator.
TheJSONobjectdoesnothavea[[Call]]internalmethod;itisnotpossibletoinvoketheJSONobjectasafunction.
24.3.1 JSON.parse(text[,reviver])
TheparsefunctionparsesaJSONtext(aJSONformattedString)andproducesanECMAScriptvalue.TheJSONformatisa
subsetofthesyntaxforECMAScriptliterals,ArrayInitializersandObjectInitializers.Afterparsing,JSONobjectsarerealized
asECMAScriptobjects.JSONarraysarerealizedasECMAScriptArrayinstances.JSONstrings,numbers,booleans,andnull
arerealizedasECMAScriptStrings,Numbers,Booleans,andnull.
Theoptionalreviverparameterisafunctionthattakestwoparameters,keyandvalue.Itcanilterandtransformtheresults.
Itiscalledwitheachofthekey/valuepairsproducedbytheparse,anditsreturnvalueisusedinsteadoftheoriginalvalue.If
itreturnswhatitreceived,thestructureisnotmodiied.Ifitreturnsundeinedthenthepropertyisdeletedfromtheresult.
1.LetJTextbe?ToString(text).
2.ParseJTextinterpretedasUTF16encodedUnicodepoints(6.1.4)asaJSONtextasspeciiedinECMA404.Throwa
SyntaxErrorexceptionifJTextisnotavalidJSONtextasdeinedinthatspeciication.
3.LetscriptTextbetheresultofconcatenating"(",JText,and");".
4.LetcompletionbetheresultofparsingandevaluatingscriptTextasifitwasthesourcetextofanECMAScriptScript,but
usingthealternativedeinitionofDoubleStringCharacterprovidedbelow.TheextendedPropertyDeinitionEvaluation
semanticsdeinedinB.3.1mustnotbeusedduringtheevaluation.
5.Letunilteredbecompletion.[[Value]].
6.Assert:unilteredwillbeeitheraprimitivevalueoranobjectthatisdeinedbyeitheranArrayLiteraloranObjectLiteral.
7.IfIsCallable(reviver)istrue,then
a.LetrootbeObjectCreate(%ObjectPrototype%).
b.LetrootNamebetheemptyString.
c.LetstatusbeCreateDataProperty(root,rootName,uniltered).
d.Assert:statusistrue.
e.Return?InternalizeJSONProperty(root,rootName).
8.Else,
a.Returnuniltered.
Thelengthpropertyoftheparsefunctionis2.
JSONallowsUnicodecodeunits0x2028(LINESEPARATOR)and0x2029(PARAGRAPHSEPARATOR)todirectlyappearin
Stringliteralswithoutusinganescapesequence.Thisisenabledbyusingthefollowingalternativedeinitionof
DoubleStringCharacterwhenparsingscriptTextinstep4:
SourceCharacter butnotoneof" or\ orU+0000throughU+001F
\ EscapeSequence
TheSVofDoubleStringCharacter :: SourceCharacter butnotoneof" or\ orU+0000throughU+001Fisthe

NOTE ThesyntaxofavalidJSONtextisasubsetoftheECMAScriptPrimaryExpressionsyntax.HenceavalidJSONtext
isalsoavalidPrimaryExpression.Step2aboveveriiesthatJTextconformstothatsubset.WhenscriptTextis
parsedandevaluatedasaScripttheresultwillbeeitheraString,Number,Boolean,orNullprimitivevalueor
anObjectdeinedasifbyanArrayLiteralorObjectLiteral.
24.3.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:InternalizeJSONProperty(holder,name)
TheabstractoperationInternalizeJSONPropertyisarecursiveabstractoperationthattakestwoparameters:aholderobject
andtheStringnameofapropertyinthatobject.InternalizeJSONPropertyusesthevalueofreviverthatwasoriginallypassed
totheaboveparsefunction.
1.Letvalbe?Get(holder,name).
2.IfType(val)isObject,then
a.LetisArraybe?IsArray(val).
b.IfisArrayistrue,then
i.SetIto0.
ii.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(val,"length")).
iii.RepeatwhileI<len,
1.LetnewElementbe?InternalizeJSONProperty(val,!ToString(I)).
2.IfnewElementisundeined,then
a.Perform?val.[[Delete]](!ToString(I)).
3.Else,
a.Perform?CreateDataProperty(val,!ToString(I),newElement).
b.NOTEThisalgorithmintentionallydoesnotthrowanexceptionifCreateDataPropertyreturns
false.
4.Add1toI.
c.Else,
i.Letkeysbe?EnumerableOwnNames(val).
ii.ForeachStringPinkeysdo,
1.LetnewElementbe?InternalizeJSONProperty(val,P).
2.IfnewElementisundeined,then
a.Perform?val.[[Delete]](P).
3.Else,
a.Perform?CreateDataProperty(val,P,newElement).
b.NOTEThisalgorithmintentionallydoesnotthrowanexceptionifCreateDataPropertyreturns
false.
3.Return?Call(reviver,holder,name,val).
ItisnotpermittedforaconformingimplementationofJSON.parsetoextendtheJSONgrammars.Ifanimplementation
wishestosupportamodiiedorextendedJSONinterchangeformatitmustdosobydeiningadifferentparsefunction.
NOTE InthecasewherethereareduplicatenameStringswithinanobject,lexicallyprecedingvaluesforthesamekey
shallbeoverwritten.
24.3.2 JSON.stringify(value[,replacer[,space]])
ThestringifyfunctionreturnsaStringinUTF16encodedJSONformatrepresentinganECMAScriptvalue.Itcantake
threeparameters.ThevalueparameterisanECMAScriptvalue,whichisusuallyanobjectorarray,althoughitcanalsobea
String,Boolean,Numberornull.Theoptionalreplacerparameteriseitherafunctionthataltersthewayobjectsandarrays
arestringiied,oranarrayofStringsandNumbersthatactsasawhitelistforselectingtheobjectpropertiesthatwillbe
stringiied.TheoptionalspaceparameterisaStringorNumberthatallowstheresulttohavewhitespaceinjectedintoitto
improvehumanreadability.
Thesearethestepsinstringifyinganobject:
1.LetstackbeanewemptyList.
2.LetindentbetheemptyString.
3.LetPropertyListandReplacerFunctionbeundeined.
4.IfType(replacer)isObject,then
a.IfIsCallable(replacer)istrue,then
i.LetReplacerFunctionbereplacer.
b.Else,
i.LetisArraybe?IsArray(replacer).
ii.IfisArrayistrue,then
1.LetPropertyListbeanewemptyList.
2.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(replacer,"length")).
3.Letkbe0.
4.Repeatwhilek<len,
a.Letvbe?Get(replacer,!ToString(k)).
b.Letitembeundeined.
c.IfType(v)isString,letitembev.
d.ElseifType(v)isNumber,letitembe!ToString(v).
e.ElseifType(v)isObject,then
i.Ifvhasa[[StringData]]or[[NumberData]]internalslot,letitembe?ToString(v).
f.IfitemisnotundeinedanditemisnotcurrentlyanelementofPropertyList,then
i.AppenditemtotheendofPropertyList.
g.Letkbek+1.
5.IfType(space)isObject,then
a.Ifspacehasa[[NumberData]]internalslot,then
i.Letspacebe?ToNumber(space).
b.Elseifspacehasa[[StringData]]internalslot,then
i.Letspacebe?ToString(space).
6.IfType(space)isNumber,then
a.Letspacebemin(10,ToInteger(space)).
b.SetgaptoaStringcontainingspaceoccurrencesofcodeunit0x0020(SPACE).ThiswillbetheemptyStringif
spaceislessthan1.
7.ElseifType(space)isString,then
a.Ifthenumberofelementsinspaceis10orless,setgaptospace;otherwisesetgaptoaStringconsistingoftheirst
10elementsofspace.
8.Else,
a.SetgaptotheemptyString.
9.LetwrapperbeObjectCreate(%ObjectPrototype%).
10.LetstatusbeCreateDataProperty(wrapper,theemptyString,value).
11.Assert:statusistrue.
12.Return?SerializeJSONProperty(theemptyString,wrapper).
Thelengthpropertyofthestringifyfunctionis3.
NOTE1 JSONstructuresareallowedtobenestedtoanydepth,buttheymustbeacyclic.Ifvalueisorcontainsacyclic
structure,thenthestringifyfunctionmustthrowaTypeErrorexception.Thisisanexampleofavaluethat
cannotbestringiied:
a=[];
a[0]=a;
my_text=JSON.stringify(a);//ThismustthrowaTypeError.
NOTE2 Symbolicprimitivevaluesarerenderedasfollows:
ThenullvalueisrenderedinJSONtextastheStringnull.
Theundeinedvalueisnotrendered.
ThetruevalueisrenderedinJSONtextastheStringtrue.
ThefalsevalueisrenderedinJSONtextastheStringfalse.
NOTE3 StringvaluesarewrappedinQUOTATIONMARK(")codeunits.Thecodeunits"and\areescapedwith\
preixes.Controlcharacterscodeunitsarereplacedwithescapesequences\uHHHH,orwiththeshorter
forms,\b(BACKSPACE),\f(FORMFEED),\n(LINEFEED),\r(CARRIAGERETURN),\t(CHARACTER
TABULATION).
NOTE4 FinitenumbersarestringiiedasifbycallingToString(number).NaNandIninityregardlessofsignare
representedastheStringnull.
NOTE5 ValuesthatdonothaveaJSONrepresentation(suchasundeinedandfunctions)donotproduceaString.
Insteadtheyproducetheundeinedvalue.InarraysthesevaluesarerepresentedastheStringnull.Inobjects
anunrepresentablevaluecausesthepropertytobeexcludedfromstringiication.
NOTE6 AnobjectisrenderedasU+007B(LEFTCURLYBRACKET)followedbyzeroormoreproperties,separatedwith
aU+002C(COMMA),closedwithaU+007D(RIGHTCURLYBRACKET).ApropertyisaquotedString
representingthekeyorpropertyname,aU+003A(COLON),andthenthestringiiedpropertyvalue.Anarrayis
renderedasanopeningU+005B(LEFTSQUAREBRACKETfollowedbyzeroormorevalues,separatedwitha
U+002C(COMMA),closedwithaU+005D(RIGHTSQUAREBRACKET).
24.3.2.1 RuntimeSemantics:SerializeJSONProperty(key,holder)
TheabstractoperationSerializeJSONPropertywithargumentskey,andholderhasaccesstoReplacerFunctionfromthe
invocationofthestringifymethod.Itsalgorithmisasfollows:
1.Letvaluebe?Get(holder,key).
2.IfType(value)isObject,then
a.LettoJSONbe?Get(value,"toJSON").
b.IfIsCallable(toJSON)istrue,then
i.Letvaluebe?Call(toJSON,value,key).
3.IfReplacerFunctionisnotundeined,then
a.Letvaluebe?Call(ReplacerFunction,holder,key,value).
4.IfType(value)isObject,then
a.Ifvaluehasa[[NumberData]]internalslot,then
i.Letvaluebe?ToNumber(value).
b.Elseifvaluehasa[[StringData]]internalslot,then
i.Letvaluebe?ToString(value).
c.Elseifvaluehasa[[BooleanData]]internalslot,then
i.Letvaluebethevalueofthe[[BooleanData]]internalslotofvalue.
5.Ifvalueisnull,return"null".
6.Ifvalueistrue,return"true".
7.Ifvalueisfalse,return"false".
8.IfType(value)isString,returnQuoteJSONString(value).
9.IfType(value)isNumber,then
a.Ifvalueisinite,return!ToString(value).
b.Else,return"null".
10.IfType(value)isObjectandIsCallable(value)isfalse,then
a.LetisArraybe?IsArray(value).
b.IfisArrayistrue,return?SerializeJSONArray(value).
c.Else,return?SerializeJSONObject(value).
11.Returnundeined.
24.3.2.2 RuntimeSemantics:QuoteJSONString(value)
TheabstractoperationQuoteJSONStringwithargumentvaluewrapsaStringvalueinQUOTATIONMARKcodeunitsand
escapescertainothercodeunitswithinit.
1.Letproductbecodeunit0x0022(QUOTATIONMARK).
2.ForeachcodeunitCinvalue
a.IfCis0x0022(QUOTATIONMARK)or0x005C(REVERSESOLIDUS),then
i.Letproductbetheconcatenationofproductandcodeunit0x005C(REVERSESOLIDUS).
ii.LetproductbetheconcatenationofproductandC.
b.ElseifCis0x0008(BACKSPACE),0x000C(FORMFEED),0x000A(LINEFEED),0x000D(CARRIAGERETURN),or
0x0009(CHARACTERTABULATION),then
ii.LetabbrevbetheStringvaluecorrespondingtothevalueofCasfollows:
BACKSPACE "b"
FORMFEED(FF) "f"
LINEFEED(LF) "n"
CARRIAGERETURN(CR) "r"
CHARACTERTABULATION "t"
iii.Letproductbetheconcatenationofproductandabbrev.
c.ElseifChasacodeunitvaluelessthan0x0020(SPACE),then
ii.Letproductbetheconcatenationofproductand"u".
iii.LethexbethestringresultofconvertingthenumericcodeunitvalueofCtoaStringoffourhexadecimal
digits.AlphabetichexadecimaldigitsarepresentedaslowercaseLatinletters.
iv.Letproductbetheconcatenationofproductandhex.
d.Else,
i.LetproductbetheconcatenationofproductandC.
3.Letproductbetheconcatenationofproductandcodeunit0x0022(QUOTATIONMARK).
4.Returnproduct.
24.3.2.3 RuntimeSemantics:SerializeJSONObject(value)
TheabstractoperationSerializeJSONObjectwithargumentvalueserializesanobject.Ithasaccesstothestack,indent,gap,
andPropertyListvaluesofthecurrentinvocationofthestringifymethod.
1.Ifstackcontainsvalue,throwaTypeErrorexceptionbecausethestructureiscyclical.
2.Appendvaluetostack.
3.Letstepbackbeindent.
4.Letindentbetheconcatenationofindentandgap.
5.IfPropertyListisnotundeined,then
a.LetKbePropertyList.
6.Else,
a.LetKbe?EnumerableOwnNames(value).
7.LetpartialbeanewemptyList.
8.ForeachelementPofK,
a.LetstrPbe?SerializeJSONProperty(P,value).
b.IfstrPisnotundeined,then
i.LetmemberbeQuoteJSONString(P).
ii.Letmemberbetheconcatenationofmemberandthestring":".
iii.IfgapisnottheemptyString,then
1.Letmemberbetheconcatenationofmemberandcodeunit0x0020(SPACE).
iv.LetmemberbetheconcatenationofmemberandstrP.
v.Appendmembertopartial.
9.Ifpartialisempty,then
a.Letinalbe"{}".
10.Else,
a.IfgapistheemptyString,then
i.LetpropertiesbeaStringformedbyconcatenatingalltheelementStringsofpartialwitheachadjacentpairof
Stringsseparatedwithcodeunit0x002C(COMMA).AcommaisnotinsertedeitherbeforetheirstStringor
afterthelastString.
ii.Letinalbetheresultofconcatenating"{",properties,and"}".
b.ElsegapisnottheemptyString
i.Letseparatorbetheresultofconcatenatingcodeunit0x002C(COMMA),codeunit0x000A(LINEFEED),and
indent.
ii.LetpropertiesbeaStringformedbyconcatenatingalltheelementStringsofpartialwitheachadjacentpairof
Stringsseparatedwithseparator.TheseparatorStringisnotinsertedeitherbeforetheirstStringorafterthe
lastString.
iii.Letinalbetheresultofconcatenating"{",codeunit0x000A(LINEFEED),indent,properties,codeunit
0x000A(LINEFEED),stepback,and"}".
11.Removethelastelementofstack.
12.Letindentbestepback.
13.Returninal.
24.3.2.4 RuntimeSemantics:SerializeJSONArray(value)
TheabstractoperationSerializeJSONArraywithargumentvalueserializesanarray.Ithasaccesstothestack,indent,andgap
valuesofthecurrentinvocationofthestringifymethod.
1.Ifstackcontainsvalue,throwaTypeErrorexceptionbecausethestructureiscyclical.
2.Appendvaluetostack.
3.Letstepbackbeindent.
4.Letindentbetheconcatenationofindentandgap.
5.LetpartialbeanewemptyList.
6.Letlenbe?ToLength(?Get(value,"length")).
7.Letindexbe0.
8.Repeatwhileindex<len
a.LetstrPbe?SerializeJSONProperty(!ToString(index),value).
b.IfstrPisundeined,then
i.Append"null"topartial.
c.Else,
i.AppendstrPtopartial.
d.Incrementindexby1.
9.Ifpartialisempty,then
a.Letinalbe"[]".
10.Else,
a.IfgapistheemptyString,then
i.LetpropertiesbeaStringformedbyconcatenatingalltheelementStringsofpartialwitheachadjacentpairof
Stringsseparatedwithcodeunit0x002C(COMMA).AcommaisnotinsertedeitherbeforetheirstStringor
afterthelastString.
ii.Letinalbetheresultofconcatenating"[",properties,and"]".
b.Else,
i.Letseparatorbetheresultofconcatenatingcodeunit0x002C(COMMA),codeunit0x000A(LINEFEED),and
indent.
ii.LetpropertiesbeaStringformedbyconcatenatingalltheelementStringsofpartialwitheachadjacentpairof
Stringsseparatedwithseparator.TheseparatorStringisnotinsertedeitherbeforetheirstStringorafterthe
lastString.
iii.Letinalbetheresultofconcatenating"[",codeunit0x000A(LINEFEED),indent,properties,codeunit
0x000A(LINEFEED),stepback,and"]".
11.Removethelastelementofstack.
12.Letindentbestepback.
13.Returninal.
NOTE Therepresentationofarraysincludesonlytheelementsbetweenzeroandarray.length1inclusive.
Propertieswhosekeysarenotarrayindexesareexcludedfromthestringiication.Anarrayisstringiiedasan
openingLEFTSQUAREBRACKET,elementsseparatedbyCOMMA,andaclosingRIGHTSQUAREBRACKET.
24.3.3 JSON[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"JSON".
25 ControlAbstractionObjects
25.1 Iteration
25.1.1 CommonIterationInterfaces
Aninterfaceisasetofpropertykeyswhoseassociatedvaluesmatchaspeciicspeciication.Anyobjectthatprovidesallthe
propertiesasdescribedbyaninterface'sspeciicationconformstothatinterface.Aninterfaceisnotrepresentedbyadistinct
object.Theremaybemanyseparatelyimplementedobjectsthatconformtoanyinterface.Anindividualobjectmayconform
tomultipleinterfaces.
25.1.1.1 TheIterableInterface
TheIterableinterfaceincludesthepropertydescribedinTable53:
Table53:IterableInterfaceRequiredProperties
Property Value Requirements
@@iterator AfunctionthatreturnsanIteratorobject. ThereturnedobjectmustconformtotheIteratorinterface.
25.1.1.2 TheIteratorInterface
AnobjectthatimplementstheIteratorinterfacemustincludethepropertyinTable54.Suchobjectsmayalsoimplementthe
propertiesinTable55.
Table54:IteratorInterfaceRequiredProperties
next Afunction ThereturnedobjectmustconformtotheIteratorResultinterface.Ifapreviouscalltothenext

thatreturns methodofanIteratorhasreturnedanIteratorResultobjectwhosedonepropertyistrue,then
an allsubsequentcallstothenextmethodofthatobjectshouldalsoreturnanIteratorResult
IteratorResult objectwhosedonepropertyistrue.However,thisrequirementisnotenforced.
object.
NOTE1 Argumentsmaybepassedtothenextfunctionbuttheirinterpretationandvalidityisdependentuponthe
targetIterator.TheforofstatementandothercommonusersofIteratorsdonotpassanyarguments,so
Iteratorobjectsthatexpecttobeusedinsuchamannermustbepreparedtodealwithbeingcalledwithno
arguments.
Table55:IteratorInterfaceOptionalProperties
return Afunction ThereturnedobjectmustconformtotheIteratorResultinterface.Invokingthismethodnotiies

thatreturns theIteratorobjectthatthecallerdoesnotintendtomakeanymorenextmethodcallstothe
an Iterator.ThereturnedIteratorResultobjectwilltypicallyhaveadonepropertywhosevalueis
IteratorResult true,andavaluepropertywiththevaluepassedastheargumentofthereturnmethod.
object. However,thisrequirementisnotenforced.
throw Afunction ThereturnedobjectmustconformtotheIteratorResultinterface.Invokingthismethodnotiies

thatreturns theIteratorobjectthatthecallerhasdetectedanerrorcondition.Theargumentmaybeusedto
an identifytheerrorconditionandtypicallywillbeanexceptionobject.Atypicalresponseisto
IteratorResult throwthevaluepassedastheargument.Ifthemethoddoesnotthrow,thereturned
object. IteratorResultobjectwilltypicallyhaveadonepropertywhosevalueistrue.
NOTE2 Typicallycallersofthesemethodsshouldcheckfortheirexistencebeforeinvokingthem.CertainECMAScript
languagefeaturesincludingforof,yield*,andarraydestructuringcallthesemethodsafterperformingan
existencecheck.MostECMAScriptlibraryfunctionsthatacceptIterableobjectsasargumentsalsoconditionally
callthem.
25.1.1.3 TheIteratorResultInterface
TheIteratorResultinterfaceincludesthepropertieslistedinTable56:
Table56:IteratorResultInterfaceProperties
done Eithertrue Thisistheresultstatusofaniteratornextmethodcall.Iftheendoftheiteratorwasreached

orfalse. doneistrue.Iftheendwasnotreacheddoneisfalseandavalueisavailable.Ifadoneproperty
(eitherownorinherited)doesnotexist,itisconsidertohavethevaluefalse.
value Any Ifdoneisfalse,thisisthecurrentiterationelementvalue.Ifdoneistrue,thisisthereturnvalue

ECMAScript oftheiterator,ifitsuppliedone.Iftheiteratordoesnothaveareturnvalue,valueisundeined.
language Inthatcase,thevaluepropertymaybeabsentfromtheconformingobjectifitdoesnotinherit
value. anexplicitvalueproperty.
25.1.2 The%IteratorPrototype%Object
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofthe%IteratorPrototype%objectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.The
%IteratorPrototype%objectisanordinaryobject.Theinitialvalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotofthe
%IteratorPrototype%objectistrue.
NOTE AllobjectsdeinedinthisspeciicationthatimplementtheIteratorinterfacealsoinheritfrom
%IteratorPrototype%.ECMAScriptcodemayalsodeineobjectsthatinheritfrom%IteratorPrototype%.The
%IteratorPrototype%objectprovidesaplacewhereadditionalmethodsthatareapplicabletoalliterator
objectsmaybeadded.
ThefollowingexpressionisonewaythatECMAScriptcodecanaccessthe%IteratorPrototype%object:
Object.getPrototypeOf(Object.getPrototypeOf([][Symbol.iterator]()))
25.1.2.1 %IteratorPrototype%[@@iterator]()
25.2 GeneratorFunctionObjects
GeneratorFunctionobjectsarefunctionsthatareusuallycreatedbyevaluatingGeneratorDeclaration,GeneratorExpression,
andGeneratorMethodsyntacticproductions.Theymayalsobecreatedbycallingthe%GeneratorFunction%intrinsic.
Figure2(Informative):GeneratorObjectsRelationships
25.2.1 TheGeneratorFunctionConstructor
TheGeneratorFunctionconstructoristhe%GeneratorFunction%intrinsic.WhenGeneratorFunctioniscalledasa
functionratherthanasaconstructor,itcreatesandinitializesanewGeneratorFunctionobject.Thusthefunctioncall
GeneratorFunction()isequivalenttotheobjectcreationexpressionnewGeneratorFunction()withthesame
arguments.
GeneratorFunctionisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueofanextendsclauseofaclassdeinition.
SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedGeneratorFunctionbehaviourmustincludeasupercalltothe
GeneratorFunctionconstructortocreateandinitializesubclassinstanceswiththeinternalslotsnecessaryforbuiltin
GeneratorFunctionbehaviour.AllECMAScriptsyntacticformsfordeininggeneratorfunctionobjectscreatedirectinstances
ofGeneratorFunction.ThereisnosyntacticmeanstocreateinstancesofGeneratorFunctionsubclasses.
25.2.1.1 GeneratorFunction(p1,p2,,pn,body)
Thelastargumentspeciiesthebody(executablecode)ofageneratorfunction;anyprecedingargumentsspecifyformal
parameters.
WhentheGeneratorFunctionfunctioniscalledwithsomeargumentsp1,p2,,pn,body(wherenmightbe0,thatis,there
arenoparguments,andwherebodymightalsonotbeprovided),thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetCbetheactivefunctionobject.
2.LetargsbetheargumentsListthatwaspassedtothisfunctionby[[Call]]or[[Construct]].
3.Return?CreateDynamicFunction(C,NewTarget,"generator",args).
NOTE SeeNOTEfor19.2.1.1.
25.2.2 PropertiesoftheGeneratorFunctionConstructor
TheGeneratorFunctionconstructorisastandardbuiltinfunctionobjectthatinheritsfromtheFunctionconstructor.The
valueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheGeneratorFunctionconstructoristheintrinsicobject%Function%.
Thevalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotoftheGeneratorFunctionconstructoristrue.
ThevalueofthenamepropertyoftheGeneratorFunctionis"GeneratorFunction".
TheGeneratorFunctionconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
25.2.2.1 GeneratorFunction.length
Thisisadatapropertywithavalueof1.Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:false,[[Enumerable]]:false,
25.2.2.2 GeneratorFunction.prototype
TheinitialvalueofGeneratorFunction.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%Generator%.
25.2.3 PropertiesoftheGeneratorFunctionPrototypeObject
TheGeneratorFunctionprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.Itisnotafunctionobjectanddoesnothavean
[[ECMAScriptCode]]internalslotoranyotheroftheinternalslotslistedinTable27orTable57.Inadditiontobeingthe
valueoftheprototypepropertyofthe%GeneratorFunction%intrinsic,itisthe%Generator%intrinsic(seeFigure2).
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheGeneratorFunctionprototypeobjectisthe%FunctionPrototype%intrinsic
object.Theinitialvalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotoftheGeneratorFunctionprototypeobjectistrue.
25.2.3.1 GeneratorFunction.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofGeneratorFunction.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%GeneratorFunction%.
25.2.3.2 GeneratorFunction.prototype.prototype
ThevalueofGeneratorFunction.prototype.prototypeisthe%GeneratorPrototype%intrinsicobject.
25.2.3.3 GeneratorFunction.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"GeneratorFunction".
25.2.4 GeneratorFunctionInstances
EveryGeneratorFunctioninstanceisanECMAScriptfunctionobjectandhastheinternalslotslistedinTable27.Thevalueof
the[[FunctionKind]]internalslotforallsuchinstancesis"generator".
EachGeneratorFunctioninstancehasthefollowingownproperties:
25.2.4.1 length
Thevalueofthelengthpropertyisanintegerthatindicatesthetypicalnumberofargumentsexpectedbythe
GeneratorFunction.However,thelanguagepermitsthefunctiontobeinvokedwithsomeothernumberofarguments.The
behaviourofaGeneratorFunctionwheninvokedonanumberofargumentsotherthanthenumberspeciiedbyitslength
propertydependsonthefunction.
25.2.4.2 name
ThespeciicationforthenamepropertyofFunctioninstancesgivenin19.2.4.2alsoappliestoGeneratorFunctioninstances.
25.2.4.3 prototype
WheneveraGeneratorFunctioninstanceiscreatedanotherordinaryobjectisalsocreatedandistheinitialvalueofthe
generatorfunction'sprototypeproperty.Thevalueoftheprototypepropertyisusedtoinitializethe[[Prototype]]internal
slotofanewlycreatedGeneratorobjectwhenthegeneratorfunctionobjectisinvokedusing[[Call]].
Thispropertyhastheattributes{[[Writable]]:true,[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:false}.
NOTE Unlikefunctioninstances,theobjectthatisthevalueoftheaGeneratorFunction'sprototypepropertydoes
nothaveaconstructorpropertywhosevalueistheGeneratorFunctioninstance.
25.3 GeneratorObjects
AGeneratorobjectisaninstanceofageneratorfunctionandconformstoboththeIteratorandIterableinterfaces.
GeneratorinstancesdirectlyinheritpropertiesfromtheobjectthatisthevalueoftheprototypepropertyoftheGenerator
functionthatcreatedtheinstance.GeneratorinstancesindirectlyinheritpropertiesfromtheGeneratorPrototypeintrinsic,
%GeneratorPrototype%.
25.3.1 PropertiesofGeneratorPrototype
TheGeneratorprototypeobjectisthe%GeneratorPrototype%intrinsic.Itisalsotheinitialvalueoftheprototypeproperty
ofthe%Generator%intrinsic(theGeneratorFunction.prototype).
TheGeneratorprototypeisanordinaryobject.ItisnotaGeneratorinstanceanddoesnothavea[[GeneratorState]]internal
slot.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheGeneratorprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%IteratorPrototype%.
Theinitialvalueofthe[[Extensible]]internalslotoftheGeneratorprototypeobjectistrue.
AllGeneratorinstancesindirectlyinheritpropertiesoftheGeneratorprototypeobject.
25.3.1.1 Generator.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofGenerator.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Generator%.
25.3.1.2 Generator.prototype.next(value)
Thenextmethodperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letgbethethisvalue.
2.Return?GeneratorResume(g,value).
25.3.1.3 Generator.prototype.return(value)
Thereturnmethodperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.LetCbeCompletion{[[Type]]:return,[[Value]]:value,[[Target]]:empty}.
3.Return?GeneratorResumeAbrupt(g,C).
25.3.1.4 Generator.prototype.throw(exception)
Thethrowmethodperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.LetCbeCompletion{[[Type]]:throw,[[Value]]:exception,[[Target]]:empty}.
3.Return?GeneratorResumeAbrupt(g,C).
25.3.1.5 Generator.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"Generator".
25.3.2 PropertiesofGeneratorInstances
GeneratorinstancesareinitiallycreatedwiththeinternalslotsdescribedinTable57.
Table57:InternalSlotsofGeneratorInstances
[[GeneratorState]] Thecurrentexecutionstateofthegenerator.Thepossiblevaluesare:undeined,
"suspendedStart","suspendedYield","executing",and"completed".
[[GeneratorContext]] Theexecutioncontextthatisusedwhenexecutingthecodeofthisgenerator.
25.3.3 GeneratorAbstractOperations
25.3.3.1 GeneratorStart(generator,generatorBody)
TheabstractoperationGeneratorStartwithargumentsgeneratorandgeneratorBodyperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:Thevalueofgenerator's[[GeneratorState]]internalslotisundeined.
2.LetgenContextbetherunningexecutioncontext.
3.SettheGeneratorcomponentofgenContexttogenerator.
4.SetthecodeevaluationstateofgenContextsuchthatwhenevaluationisresumedforthatexecutioncontextthe
followingstepswillbeperformed:
a.LetresultbetheresultofevaluatinggeneratorBody.
b.Assert:Ifwereturnhere,thegeneratoreitherthrewanexceptionorperformedeitheranimplicitorexplicit
return.
c.RemovegenContextfromtheexecutioncontextstackandrestoretheexecutioncontextthatisatthetopofthe
executioncontextstackastherunningexecutioncontext.
d.Setgenerator's[[GeneratorState]]internalslotto"completed".
e.Onceageneratorentersthe"completed"stateitneverleavesitanditsassociatedexecutioncontextisnever
resumed.Anyexecutionstateassociatedwithgeneratorcanbediscardedatthispoint.
f.Ifresultisanormalcompletion,letresultValuebeundeined.
g.Else,
i.Ifresult.[[Type]]isreturn,letresultValueberesult.[[Value]].
ii.Else,returnCompletion(result).
h.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(resultValue,true).
5.Setgenerator's[[GeneratorContext]]internalslottogenContext.
6.Setgenerator's[[GeneratorState]]internalslotto"suspendedStart".
25.3.3.2 GeneratorValidate(generator)
TheabstractoperationGeneratorValidatewithargumentgeneratorperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfType(generator)isnotObject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.Ifgeneratordoesnothavea[[GeneratorState]]internalslot,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.Assert:generatoralsohasa[[GeneratorContext]]internalslot.
4.Letstatebethevalueofgenerator's[[GeneratorState]]internalslot.
5.Ifstateis"executing",throwaTypeErrorexception.
6.Returnstate.
25.3.3.3 GeneratorResume(generator,value)
TheabstractoperationGeneratorResumewithargumentsgeneratorandvalueperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Letstatebe?GeneratorValidate(generator).
2.Ifstateis"completed",returnCreateIterResultObject(undeined,true).
3.Assert:stateiseither"suspendedStart"or"suspendedYield".
4.LetgenContextbethevalueofgenerator's[[GeneratorContext]]internalslot.
5.LetmethodContextbetherunningexecutioncontext.
6.SuspendmethodContext.
7.Setgenerator's[[GeneratorState]]internalslotto"executing".
8.PushgenContextontotheexecutioncontextstack;genContextisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
9.ResumethesuspendedevaluationofgenContextusingNormalCompletion(value)astheresultoftheoperationthat
suspendedit.Letresultbethevaluereturnedbytheresumedcomputation.
10.Assert:Whenwereturnhere,genContexthasalreadybeenremovedfromtheexecutioncontextstackand
methodContextisthecurrentlyrunningexecutioncontext.
25.3.3.4 GeneratorResumeAbrupt(generator,abruptCompletion)
TheabstractoperationGeneratorResumeAbruptwithargumentsgeneratorandabruptCompletionperformsthefollowing
steps:
1.Letstatebe?GeneratorValidate(generator).
2.Ifstateis"suspendedStart",then
a.Setgenerator's[[GeneratorState]]internalslotto"completed".
b.Onceageneratorentersthe"completed"stateitneverleavesitanditsassociatedexecutioncontextisnever
resumed.Anyexecutionstateassociatedwithgeneratorcanbediscardedatthispoint.
c.Letstatebe"completed".
3.Ifstateis"completed",then
a.IfabruptCompletion.[[Type]]isreturn,then
i.ReturnCreateIterResultObject(abruptCompletion.[[Value]],true).
b.ReturnCompletion(abruptCompletion).
4.Assert:stateis"suspendedYield".
5.LetgenContextbethevalueofgenerator's[[GeneratorContext]]internalslot.
6.LetmethodContextbetherunningexecutioncontext.
7.SuspendmethodContext.
8.Setgenerator's[[GeneratorState]]internalslotto"executing".
9.PushgenContextontotheexecutioncontextstack;genContextisnowtherunningexecutioncontext.
10.ResumethesuspendedevaluationofgenContextusingabruptCompletionastheresultoftheoperationthatsuspended
it.Letresultbethecompletionrecordreturnedbytheresumedcomputation.
11.Assert:Whenwereturnhere,genContexthasalreadybeenremovedfromtheexecutioncontextstackand
methodContextisthecurrentlyrunningexecutioncontext.
25.3.3.5 GeneratorYield(iterNextObj)
TheabstractoperationGeneratorYieldwithargumentiterNextObjperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.Assert:iterNextObjisanObjectthatimplementstheIteratorResultinterface.
2.LetgenContextbetherunningexecutioncontext.
3.Assert:genContextistheexecutioncontextofagenerator.
4.LetgeneratorbethevalueoftheGeneratorcomponentofgenContext.
5.Setthevalueofgenerator's[[GeneratorState]]internalslotto"suspendedYield".
6.RemovegenContextfromtheexecutioncontextstackandrestoretheexecutioncontextthatisatthetopoftheexecution
contextstackastherunningexecutioncontext.
7.SetthecodeevaluationstateofgenContextsuchthatwhenevaluationisresumedwithaCompletionresumptionValue
thefollowingstepswillbeperformed:
a.ReturnresumptionValue.
b.NOTE:ThisreturnstotheevaluationoftheYieldExpressionproductionthatoriginallycalledthisabstract
operation.
8.ReturnNormalCompletion(iterNextObj).
9.NOTE:ThisreturnstotheevaluationoftheoperationthathadmostpreviouslyresumedevaluationofgenContext.
25.4 PromiseObjects
APromiseisanobjectthatisusedasaplaceholderfortheeventualresultsofadeferred(andpossiblyasynchronous)
computation.
AnyPromiseobjectisinoneofthreemutuallyexclusivestates:fulilled,rejected,andpending:
Apromisepisfulilledifp.then(f,r)willimmediatelyenqueueaJobtocallthefunctionf.
Apromisepisrejectedifp.then(f,r)willimmediatelyenqueueaJobtocallthefunctionr.
Apromiseispendingifitisneitherfulillednorrejected.
Apromiseissaidtobesettledifitisnotpending,i.e.ifitiseitherfulilledorrejected.
Apromiseisresolvedifitissettledorifithasbeenlockedintomatchthestateofanotherpromise.Attemptingtoresolveor
rejectaresolvedpromisehasnoeffect.Apromiseisunresolvedifitisnotresolved.Anunresolvedpromiseisalwaysinthe
pendingstate.Aresolvedpromisemaybepending,fulilledorrejected.
25.4.1 PromiseAbstractOperations
25.4.1.1 PromiseCapabilityRecords
APromiseCapabilityisaRecordvalueusedtoencapsulateapromiseobjectalongwiththefunctionsthatarecapableof
resolvingorrejectingthatpromiseobject.PromiseCapabilityrecordsareproducedbytheNewPromiseCapabilityabstract
operation.
PromiseCapabilityRecordshavetheieldslistedinTable58.
Table58:PromiseCapabilityRecordFields
[[Promise]] Anobject Anobjectthatisusableasapromise.
[[Resolve]] Afunctionobject Thefunctionthatisusedtoresolvethegivenpromiseobject.
[[Reject]] Afunctionobject Thefunctionthatisusedtorejectthegivenpromiseobject.
25.4.1.1.1 IfAbruptRejectPromise(value,capability)
IfAbruptRejectPromiseisashorthandforasequenceofalgorithmstepsthatuseaPromiseCapabilityrecord.Analgorithm
stepoftheform:
1.IfAbruptRejectPromise(value,capability).
meansthesamethingas:
1.Ifvalueisanabruptcompletion,then
a.Perform?Call(capability.[[Reject]],undeined,value.[[Value]]).
b.Returncapability.[[Promise]].
2.ElseifvalueisaCompletionRecord,letvaluebevalue.[[Value]].
25.4.1.2 PromiseReactionRecords
ThePromiseReactionisaRecordvalueusedtostoreinformationabouthowapromiseshouldreactwhenitbecomes
resolvedorrejectedwithagivenvalue.PromiseReactionrecordsarecreatedbythePerformPromiseThenabstractoperation,
andareusedbyaPromiseReactionJob.
PromiseReactionrecordshavetheieldslistedinTable59.
Table59:PromiseReactionRecordFields
[[Capabilities]] A Thecapabilitiesofthepromiseforwhichthisrecordprovidesareactionhandler.
PromiseCapability
record
[[Handler]] Afunctionobject Thefunctionthatshouldbeappliedtotheincomingvalue,andwhosereturnvalue

oraString willgovernwhathappenstothederivedpromise.If[[Handler]]is"Identity"itis
equivalenttoafunctionthatsimplyreturnsitsirstargument.If[[Handler]]is
"Thrower"itisequivalenttoafunctionthatthrowsitsirstargumentasan
exception.
25.4.1.3 CreateResolvingFunctions(promise)
WhenCreateResolvingFunctionsisperformedwithargumentpromise,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetalreadyResolvedbeanewRecord{[[Value]]:false}.
2.LetresolvebeanewbuiltinfunctionobjectasdeinedinPromiseResolveFunctions(25.4.1.3.2).
3.Setthe[[Promise]]internalslotofresolvetopromise.
4.Setthe[[AlreadyResolved]]internalslotofresolvetoalreadyResolved.
5.LetrejectbeanewbuiltinfunctionobjectasdeinedinPromiseRejectFunctions(25.4.1.3.1).
6.Setthe[[Promise]]internalslotofrejecttopromise.
7.Setthe[[AlreadyResolved]]internalslotofrejecttoalreadyResolved.
8.ReturnanewRecord{[[Resolve]]:resolve,[[Reject]]:reject}.
25.4.1.3.1 PromiseRejectFunctions
Apromiserejectfunctionisananonymousbuiltinfunctionthathas[[Promise]]and[[AlreadyResolved]]internalslots.
WhenapromiserejectfunctionFiscalledwithargumentreason,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:Fhasa[[Promise]]internalslotwhosevalueisanObject.
2.LetpromisebethevalueofF's[[Promise]]internalslot.
3.LetalreadyResolvedbethevalueofF's[[AlreadyResolved]]internalslot.
4.IfalreadyResolved.[[Value]]istrue,returnundeined.
5.SetalreadyResolved.[[Value]]totrue.
6.ReturnRejectPromise(promise,reason).
Thelengthpropertyofapromiserejectfunctionis1.
25.4.1.3.2 PromiseResolveFunctions
Apromiseresolvefunctionisananonymousbuiltinfunctionthathas[[Promise]]and[[AlreadyResolved]]internalslots.
WhenapromiseresolvefunctionFiscalledwithargumentresolution,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:Fhasa[[Promise]]internalslotwhosevalueisanObject.
2.LetpromisebethevalueofF's[[Promise]]internalslot.
3.LetalreadyResolvedbethevalueofF's[[AlreadyResolved]]internalslot.
4.IfalreadyResolved.[[Value]]istrue,returnundeined.
5.SetalreadyResolved.[[Value]]totrue.
6.IfSameValue(resolution,promise)istrue,then
a.LetselfResolutionErrorbeanewlycreatedTypeErrorobject.
b.ReturnRejectPromise(promise,selfResolutionError).
7.IfType(resolution)isnotObject,then
a.ReturnFulillPromise(promise,resolution).
8.LetthenbeGet(resolution,"then").
9.Ifthenisanabruptcompletion,then
a.ReturnRejectPromise(promise,then.[[Value]]).
10.LetthenActionbethen.[[Value]].
11.IfIsCallable(thenAction)isfalse,then
a.ReturnFulillPromise(promise,resolution).
12.PerformEnqueueJob("PromiseJobs",PromiseResolveThenableJob,promise,resolution,thenAction).
13.Returnundeined.
Thelengthpropertyofapromiseresolvefunctionis1.
25.4.1.4 FulillPromise(promise,value)
WhentheFulillPromiseabstractoperationiscalledwithargumentspromiseandvalue,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:thevalueofpromise's[[PromiseState]]internalslotis"pending".
2.Letreactionsbethevalueofpromise's[[PromiseFulillReactions]]internalslot.
3.Setthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseResult]]internalslottovalue.
4.Setthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseFulillReactions]]internalslottoundeined.
5.Setthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseRejectReactions]]internalslottoundeined.
6.Setthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseState]]internalslotto"fulfilled".
7.ReturnTriggerPromiseReactions(reactions,value).
25.4.1.5 NewPromiseCapability(C)
TheabstractoperationNewPromiseCapabilitytakesaconstructorfunction,andattemptstousethatconstructorfunctionin
thefashionofthebuiltinPromiseconstructortocreateaPromiseobjectandextractitsresolveandrejectfunctions.The
promiseplustheresolveandrejectfunctionsareusedtoinitializeanewPromiseCapabilityrecordwhichisreturnedasthe
valueofthisabstractoperation.
2.NOTECisassumedtobeaconstructorfunctionthatsupportstheparameterconventionsofthePromiseconstructor
(see25.4.3.1).
3.LetpromiseCapabilitybeanewPromiseCapability{[[Promise]]:undeined,[[Resolve]]:undeined,[[Reject]]:
undeined}.
4.LetexecutorbeanewbuiltinfunctionobjectasdeinedinGetCapabilitiesExecutorFunctions(25.4.1.5.1).
5.Setthe[[Capability]]internalslotofexecutortopromiseCapability.
6.Letpromisebe?Construct(C,executor).
7.IfIsCallable(promiseCapability.[[Resolve]])isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
8.IfIsCallable(promiseCapability.[[Reject]])isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
9.SetpromiseCapability.[[Promise]]topromise.
10.ReturnpromiseCapability.
NOTE ThisabstractoperationsupportsPromisesubclassing,asitisgenericonanyconstructorthatcallsapassed
executorfunctionargumentinthesamewayasthePromiseconstructor.Itisusedtogeneralizestaticmethods
ofthePromiseconstructortoanysubclass.
25.4.1.5.1 GetCapabilitiesExecutorFunctions
AGetCapabilitiesExecutorfunctionisananonymousbuiltinfunctionthathasa[[Capability]]internalslot.
WhenaGetCapabilitiesExecutorfunctionFiscalledwithargumentsresolveandreject,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:Fhasa[[Capability]]internalslotwhosevalueisaPromiseCapabilityRecord.
2.LetpromiseCapabilitybethevalueofF's[[Capability]]internalslot.
3.IfpromiseCapability.[[Resolve]]isnotundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.IfpromiseCapability.[[Reject]]isnotundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
5.SetpromiseCapability.[[Resolve]]toresolve.
6.SetpromiseCapability.[[Reject]]toreject.
7.Returnundeined.
ThelengthpropertyofaGetCapabilitiesExecutorfunctionis2.
25.4.1.6 IsPromise(x)
TheabstractoperationIsPromisechecksforthepromisebrandonanobject.
1.IfType(x)isnotObject,returnfalse.
2.Ifxdoesnothavea[[PromiseState]]internalslot,returnfalse.
3.Returntrue.
25.4.1.7 RejectPromise(promise,reason)
WhentheRejectPromiseabstractoperationiscalledwithargumentspromiseandreason,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Assert:thevalueofpromise's[[PromiseState]]internalslotis"pending".
2.Letreactionsbethevalueofpromise's[[PromiseRejectReactions]]internalslot.
3.Setthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseResult]]internalslottoreason.
4.Setthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseFulillReactions]]internalslottoundeined.
5.Setthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseRejectReactions]]internalslottoundeined.
6.Setthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseState]]internalslotto"rejected".
7.Ifthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseIsHandled]]internalslotisfalse,performHostPromiseRejectionTracker(promise,
"reject").
8.ReturnTriggerPromiseReactions(reactions,reason).
25.4.1.8 TriggerPromiseReactions(reactions,argument)
TheabstractoperationTriggerPromiseReactionstakesacollectionofPromiseReactionRecordsandenqueuesanewJobfor
eachrecord.EachsuchJobprocessesthe[[Handler]]ofthePromiseReactionRecord,andifthe[[Handler]]isafunctioncalls
itpassingthegivenargument.
1.Repeatforeachreactioninreactions,inoriginalinsertionorder
a.PerformEnqueueJob("PromiseJobs",PromiseReactionJob,reaction,argument).
2.Returnundeined.
25.4.1.9 HostPromiseRejectionTracker(promise,operation)
HostPromiseRejectionTrackerisanimplementationdeinedabstractoperationthatallowshostenvironmentstotrack
promiserejections.
AnimplementationofHostPromiseRejectionTrackermustcompletenormallyinallcases.Thedefaultimplementationof
HostPromiseRejectionTrackeristodonothing.
NOTE1 HostPromiseRejectionTrackeriscalledintwoscenarios:
Whenapromiseisrejectedwithoutanyhandlers,itiscalledwithitsoperationargumentsetto
"reject".
Whenahandlerisaddedtoarejectedpromisefortheirsttime,itiscalledwithitsoperationargument
setto"handle".
AtypicalimplementationofHostPromiseRejectionTrackermighttrytonotifydevelopersofunhandled
rejections,whilealsobeingcarefultonotifythemifsuchpreviousnotiicationsarelaterinvalidatedbynew
handlersbeingattached.
NOTE2 Ifoperationis"handle",animplementationshouldnotholdareferencetopromiseinawaythatwould
interferewithgarbagecollection.Animplementationmayholdareferencetopromiseifoperationis
"reject",sinceitisexpectedthatrejectionswillberareandnotonhotcodepaths.
25.4.2 PromiseJobs
25.4.2.1 PromiseReactionJob(reaction,argument)
ThejobPromiseReactionJobwithparametersreactionandargumentappliestheappropriatehandlertotheincomingvalue,
andusesthehandler'sreturnvaluetoresolveorrejectthederivedpromiseassociatedwiththathandler.
1.Assert:reactionisaPromiseReactionRecord.
2.LetpromiseCapabilitybereaction.[[Capabilities]].
3.Lethandlerbereaction.[[Handler]].
4.Ifhandleris"Identity",lethandlerResultbeNormalCompletion(argument).
5.Elseifhandleris"Thrower",lethandlerResultbeCompletion{[[Type]]:throw,[[Value]]:argument,[[Target]]:empty}.
6.Else,lethandlerResultbeCall(handler,undeined,argument).
7.IfhandlerResultisanabruptcompletion,then
a.LetstatusbeCall(promiseCapability.[[Reject]],undeined,handlerResult.[[Value]]).
b.NextJobCompletion(status).
8.LetstatusbeCall(promiseCapability.[[Resolve]],undeined,handlerResult.[[Value]]).
25.4.2.2 PromiseResolveThenableJob(promiseToResolve,thenable,then)
ThejobPromiseResolveThenableJobwithparameterspromiseToResolve,thenable,andthenperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.LetresolvingFunctionsbeCreateResolvingFunctions(promiseToResolve).
2.LetthenCallResultbeCall(then,thenable,resolvingFunctions.[[Resolve]],resolvingFunctions.[[Reject]]).
3.IfthenCallResultisanabruptcompletion,then
a.LetstatusbeCall(resolvingFunctions.[[Reject]],undeined,thenCallResult.[[Value]]).
b.NextJobCompletion(status).
4.NextJobCompletion(thenCallResult).
NOTE ThisJobusesthesuppliedthenableanditsthenmethodtoresolvethegivenpromise.Thisprocessmusttake
placeasaJobtoensurethattheevaluationofthethenmethodoccursafterevaluationofanysurrounding
codehascompleted.
25.4.3 ThePromiseConstructor
ThePromiseconstructoristhe%Promise%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueofthePromisepropertyoftheglobalobject.
WhencalledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewPromiseobject.Promiseisnotintendedtobecalledasa
functionandwillthrowanexceptionwhencalledinthatmanner.
ThePromiseconstructorisdesignedtobesubclassable.Itmaybeusedasthevalueinanextendsclauseofaclass
deinition.SubclassconstructorsthatintendtoinheritthespeciiedPromisebehaviourmustincludeasupercalltothe
PromiseconstructortocreateandinitializethesubclassinstancewiththeinternalstatenecessarytosupportthePromise
andPromise.prototypebuiltinmethods.
25.4.3.1 Promise(executor)
WhenthePromisefunctioniscalledwithargumentexecutor,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfIsCallable(executor)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.Letpromisebe?OrdinaryCreateFromConstructor(NewTarget,"%PromisePrototype%",[[PromiseState]],
[[PromiseResult]],[[PromiseFulillReactions]],[[PromiseRejectReactions]],[[PromiseIsHandled]]).
4.Setpromise's[[PromiseState]]internalslotto"pending".
5.Setpromise's[[PromiseFulillReactions]]internalslottoanewemptyList.
6.Setpromise's[[PromiseRejectReactions]]internalslottoanewemptyList.
7.Setpromise's[[PromiseIsHandled]]internalslottofalse.
8.LetresolvingFunctionsbeCreateResolvingFunctions(promise).
9.LetcompletionbeCall(executor,undeined,resolvingFunctions.[[Resolve]],resolvingFunctions.[[Reject]]).
10.Ifcompletionisanabruptcompletion,then
a.Perform?Call(resolvingFunctions.[[Reject]],undeined,completion.[[Value]]).
11.Returnpromise.
NOTE Theexecutorargumentmustbeafunctionobject.Itiscalledforinitiatingandreportingcompletionofthe
possiblydeferredactionrepresentedbythisPromiseobject.Theexecutoriscalledwithtwoarguments:resolve
andreject.Thesearefunctionsthatmaybeusedbytheexecutorfunctiontoreporteventualcompletionor
failureofthedeferredcomputation.Returningfromtheexecutorfunctiondoesnotmeanthatthedeferred
actionhasbeencompletedbutonlythattherequesttoeventuallyperformthedeferredactionhasbeen
accepted.
Theresolvefunctionthatispassedtoanexecutorfunctionacceptsasingleargument.Theexecutorcodemay
eventuallycalltheresolvefunctiontoindicatethatitwishestoresolvetheassociatedPromiseobject.The
argumentpassedtotheresolvefunctionrepresentstheeventualvalueofthedeferredactionandcanbeeither
theactualfulillmentvalueoranotherPromiseobjectwhichwillprovidethevalueifitisfulilled.
Therejectfunctionthatispassedtoanexecutorfunctionacceptsasingleargument.Theexecutorcodemay
eventuallycalltherejectfunctiontoindicatethattheassociatedPromiseisrejectedandwillneverbefulilled.
Theargumentpassedtotherejectfunctionisusedastherejectionvalueofthepromise.Typicallyitwillbean
Errorobject.
TheresolveandrejectfunctionspassedtoanexecutorfunctionbythePromiseconstructorhavethecapability
toactuallyresolveandrejecttheassociatedpromise.Subclassesmayhavedifferentconstructorbehaviourthat
passesincustomizedvaluesforresolveandreject.
25.4.4 PropertiesofthePromiseConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofthePromiseconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
ThePromiseconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
25.4.4.1 Promise.all(iterable)
Theallfunctionreturnsanewpromisewhichisfulilledwithanarrayoffulillmentvaluesforthepassedpromises,or
rejectswiththereasonoftheirstpassedpromisethatrejects.Itresolvesallelementsofthepassediterabletopromisesasit
runsthisalgorithm.
3.LetpromiseCapabilitybe?NewPromiseCapability(C).
4.LetiteratorbeGetIterator(iterable).
5.IfAbruptRejectPromise(iterator,promiseCapability).
7.LetresultbePerformPromiseAll(iteratorRecord,C,promiseCapability).
8.Ifresultisanabruptcompletion,then
a.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,letresultbeIteratorClose(iterator,result).
b.IfAbruptRejectPromise(result,promiseCapability).
NOTE Theallfunctionrequiresitsthisvaluetobeaconstructorfunctionthatsupportstheparameterconventions
ofthePromiseconstructor.
25.4.4.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:PerformPromiseAll(iteratorRecord,constructor,resultCapability)
WhenthePerformPromiseAllabstractoperationiscalledwithargumentsiteratorRecord,constructor,andresultCapability,
1.Assert:constructorisaconstructorfunction.
2.Assert:resultCapabilityisaPromiseCapabilityrecord.
3.LetvaluesbeanewemptyList.
4.LetremainingElementsCountbeanewRecord{[[Value]]:1}.
5.Letindexbe0.
6.Repeat
d.Ifnextisfalse,then
i.SetiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
ii.SetremainingElementsCount.[[Value]]toremainingElementsCount.[[Value]]1.
iii.IfremainingElementsCount.[[Value]]is0,then
1.LetvaluesArraybeCreateArrayFromList(values).
2.Perform?Call(resultCapability.[[Resolve]],undeined,valuesArray).
iv.ReturnresultCapability.[[Promise]].
e.LetnextValuebeIteratorValue(next).
f.IfnextValueisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
g.ReturnIfAbrupt(nextValue).
h.Appendundeinedtovalues.
i.LetnextPromisebe?Invoke(constructor,"resolve",nextValue).
j.LetresolveElementbeanewbuiltinfunctionobjectasdeinedinPromise.allResolveElementFunctions.
k.Setthe[[AlreadyCalled]]internalslotofresolveElementtoanewRecord{[[Value]]:false}.
l.Setthe[[Index]]internalslotofresolveElementtoindex.
m.Setthe[[Values]]internalslotofresolveElementtovalues.
n.Setthe[[Capabilities]]internalslotofresolveElementtoresultCapability.
o.Setthe[[RemainingElements]]internalslotofresolveElementtoremainingElementsCount.
p.SetremainingElementsCount.[[Value]]toremainingElementsCount.[[Value]]+1.
q.Perform?Invoke(nextPromise,"then",resolveElement,resultCapability.[[Reject]]).
r.Setindextoindex+1.
25.4.4.1.2 Promise.allResolveElementFunctions
APromise.allresolveelementfunctionisananonymousbuiltinfunctionthatisusedtoresolveaspeciicPromise.all
element.EachPromise.allresolveelementfunctionhas[[Index]],[[Values]],[[Capabilities]],[[RemainingElements]],and
[[AlreadyCalled]]internalslots.
WhenaPromise.allresolveelementfunctionFiscalledwithargumentx,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetalreadyCalledbethevalueofF's[[AlreadyCalled]]internalslot.
2.IfalreadyCalled.[[Value]]istrue,returnundeined.
3.SetalreadyCalled.[[Value]]totrue.
4.LetindexbethevalueofF's[[Index]]internalslot.
5.LetvaluesbethevalueofF's[[Values]]internalslot.
6.LetpromiseCapabilitybethevalueofF's[[Capabilities]]internalslot.
7.LetremainingElementsCountbethevalueofF's[[RemainingElements]]internalslot.
8.Setvalues[index]tox.
9.SetremainingElementsCount.[[Value]]toremainingElementsCount.[[Value]]1.
10.IfremainingElementsCount.[[Value]]is0,then
a.LetvaluesArraybeCreateArrayFromList(values).
b.Return?Call(promiseCapability.[[Resolve]],undeined,valuesArray).
11.Returnundeined.
ThelengthpropertyofaPromise.allresolveelementfunctionis1.
25.4.4.2 Promise.prototype
TheinitialvalueofPromise.prototypeistheintrinsicobject%PromisePrototype%.
25.4.4.3 Promise.race(iterable)
Theracefunctionreturnsanewpromisewhichissettledinthesamewayastheirstpassedpromisetosettle.Itresolvesall
elementsofthepassediterabletopromisesasitrunsthisalgorithm.
4.LetiteratorbeGetIterator(iterable).
5.IfAbruptRejectPromise(iterator,promiseCapability).
7.LetresultbePerformPromiseRace(iteratorRecord,promiseCapability,C).
8.Ifresultisanabruptcompletion,then
a.IfiteratorRecord.[[Done]]isfalse,letresultbeIteratorClose(iterator,result).
b.IfAbruptRejectPromise(result,promiseCapability).
NOTE1 Iftheiterableargumentisemptyorifnoneofthepromisesiniterableeversettlethenthependingpromise
returnedbythismethodwillneverbesettled.
NOTE2 Theracefunctionexpectsitsthisvaluetobeaconstructorfunctionthatsupportstheparameterconventions
ofthePromiseconstructor.Italsoexpectsthatitsthisvalueprovidesaresolvemethod.
25.4.4.3.1 RuntimeSemantics:PerformPromiseRace(iteratorRecord,promiseCapability,C)
WhenthePerformPromiseRaceabstractoperationiscalledwithargumentsiteratorRecord,promiseCapability,andC,the
1.Repeat
d.Ifnextisfalse,then
i.SetiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
ii.ReturnpromiseCapability.[[Promise]].
e.LetnextValuebeIteratorValue(next).
f.IfnextValueisanabruptcompletion,setiteratorRecord.[[Done]]totrue.
g.ReturnIfAbrupt(nextValue).
h.LetnextPromisebe?Invoke(C,"resolve",nextValue).
i.Perform?Invoke(nextPromise,"then",promiseCapability.[[Resolve]],promiseCapability.[[Reject]]).
25.4.4.4 Promise.reject(r)
Therejectfunctionreturnsanewpromiserejectedwiththepassedargument.
4.Perform?Call(promiseCapability.[[Reject]],undeined,r).
5.ReturnpromiseCapability.[[Promise]].
NOTE Therejectfunctionexpectsitsthisvaluetobeaconstructorfunctionthatsupportstheparameter
conventionsofthePromiseconstructor.
25.4.4.5 Promise.resolve(x)
Theresolvefunctionreturnseitheranewpromiseresolvedwiththepassedargument,ortheargumentitselfifthe
argumentisapromiseproducedbythisconstructor.
3.IfIsPromise(x)istrue,then
a.LetxConstructorbe?Get(x,"constructor").
b.IfSameValue(xConstructor,C)istrue,returnx.
5.Perform?Call(promiseCapability.[[Resolve]],undeined,x).
6.ReturnpromiseCapability.[[Promise]].
NOTE Theresolvefunctionexpectsitsthisvaluetobeaconstructorfunctionthatsupportstheparameter
conventionsofthePromiseconstructor.
25.4.4.6 getPromise[@@species]
Promise[@@species]isanaccessorpropertywhosesetaccessorfunctionisundeined.Itsgetaccessorfunctionperforms
thefollowingsteps:
NOTE Promiseprototypemethodsnormallyusetheirthisobject'sconstructortocreateaderivedobject.However,a
25.4.5 PropertiesofthePromisePrototypeObject
ThePromiseprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%PromisePrototype%.Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotofthe
Promiseprototypeobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.ThePromiseprototypeobjectisanordinaryobject.It
doesnothavea[[PromiseState]]internalslotoranyoftheotherinternalslotsofPromiseinstances.
25.4.5.1 Promise.prototype.catch(onRejected)
WhenthecatchmethodiscalledwithargumentonRejected,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letpromisebethethisvalue.
2.Return?Invoke(promise,"then",undeined,onRejected).
25.4.5.2 Promise.prototype.constructor
TheinitialvalueofPromise.prototype.constructoristheintrinsicobject%Promise%.
25.4.5.3 Promise.prototype.then(onFulilled,onRejected)
WhenthethenmethodiscalledwithargumentsonFulilledandonRejected,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letpromisebethethisvalue.
2.IfIsPromise(promise)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.LetCbe?SpeciesConstructor(promise,%Promise%).
4.LetresultCapabilitybe?NewPromiseCapability(C).
5.ReturnPerformPromiseThen(promise,onFulilled,onRejected,resultCapability).
25.4.5.3.1 PerformPromiseThen(promise,onFulilled,onRejected,resultCapability)
TheabstractoperationPerformPromiseThenperformsthethenoperationonpromiseusingonFulilledandonRejectedas
itssettlementactions.TheresultisresultCapability'spromise.
1.Assert:IsPromise(promise)istrue.
2.Assert:resultCapabilityisaPromiseCapabilityrecord.
3.IfIsCallable(onFulilled)isfalse,then
a.LetonFulilledbe"Identity".
4.IfIsCallable(onRejected)isfalse,then
a.LetonRejectedbe"Thrower".
5.LetfulillReactionbethePromiseReaction{[[Capabilities]]:resultCapability,[[Handler]]:onFulilled}.
6.LetrejectReactionbethePromiseReaction{[[Capabilities]]:resultCapability,[[Handler]]:onRejected}.
7.Ifthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseState]]internalslotis"pending",then
a.AppendfulillReactionasthelastelementoftheListthatisthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseFulillReactions]]
internalslot.
b.AppendrejectReactionasthelastelementoftheListthatisthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseRejectReactions]]
internalslot.
8.Elseifthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseState]]internalslotis"fulfilled",then
a.Letvaluebethevalueofpromise's[[PromiseResult]]internalslot.
b.PerformEnqueueJob("PromiseJobs",PromiseReactionJob,fulillReaction,value).
9.Else,
a.Assert:Thevalueofpromise's[[PromiseState]]internalslotis"rejected".
b.Letreasonbethevalueofpromise's[[PromiseResult]]internalslot.
c.Ifthevalueofpromise's[[PromiseIsHandled]]internalslotisfalse,perform
HostPromiseRejectionTracker(promise,"handle").
d.PerformEnqueueJob("PromiseJobs",PromiseReactionJob,rejectReaction,reason).
10.Setpromise's[[PromiseIsHandled]]internalslottotrue.
11.ReturnresultCapability.[[Promise]].
25.4.5.4 Promise.prototype[@@toStringTag]
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"Promise".
25.4.6 PropertiesofPromiseInstances
PromiseinstancesareordinaryobjectsthatinheritpropertiesfromthePromiseprototypeobject(theintrinsic,
%PromisePrototype%).PromiseinstancesareinitiallycreatedwiththeinternalslotsdescribedinTable60.
Table60:InternalSlotsofPromiseInstances
[[PromiseState]] AStringvaluethatgovernshowapromisewillreacttoincomingcallstoitsthenmethod.
Thepossiblevaluesare:"pending","fulfilled",and"rejected".
[[PromiseResult]] Thevaluewithwhichthepromisehasbeenfulilledorrejected,ifany.Onlymeaningfulif
[[PromiseState]]isnot"pending".
[[PromiseFulillReactions]] AListofPromiseReactionrecordstobeprocessedwhen/ifthepromisetransitionsfromthe
"pending"statetothe"fulfilled"state.
[[PromiseRejectReactions]] AListofPromiseReactionrecordstobeprocessedwhen/ifthepromisetransitionsfromthe
"pending"statetothe"rejected"state.
[[PromiseIsHandled]] Abooleanindicatingwhetherthepromisehaseverhadafulillmentorrejectionhandler;
usedinunhandledrejectiontracking.
26 Relection
26.1 TheRelectObject
TheRelectobjectisthe%Relect%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheReflectpropertyoftheglobalobject.The
Relectobjectisanordinaryobject.
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheRelectobjectistheintrinsicobject%ObjectPrototype%.
TheRelectobjectisnotafunctionobject.Itdoesnothavea[[Construct]]internalmethod;itisnotpossibletousethe
Relectobjectasaconstructorwiththenewoperator.TheRelectobjectalsodoesnothavea[[Call]]internalmethod;itisnot
possibletoinvoketheRelectobjectasafunction.
26.1.1 Relect.apply(target,thisArgument,argumentsList)
Whentheapplyfunctioniscalledwithargumentstarget,thisArgument,andargumentsList,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfIsCallable(target)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.Letargsbe?CreateListFromArrayLike(argumentsList).
4.Return?Call(target,thisArgument,args).
26.1.2 Relect.construct(target,argumentsList[,newTarget])
Whentheconstructfunctioniscalledwithargumentstarget,argumentsList,andnewTarget,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.IfIsConstructor(target)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
2.IfnewTargetisnotpresent,letnewTargetbetarget.
3.Else,ifIsConstructor(newTarget)isfalse,throwaTypeErrorexception.
4.Letargsbe?CreateListFromArrayLike(argumentsList).
5.Return?Construct(target,args,newTarget).
26.1.3 Relect.deineProperty(target,propertyKey,attributes)
WhenthedefinePropertyfunctioniscalledwithargumentstarget,propertyKey,andattributes,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
2.Letkeybe?ToPropertyKey(propertyKey).
3.Letdescbe?ToPropertyDescriptor(attributes).
4.Return?target.[[DeineOwnProperty]](key,desc).
26.1.4 Relect.deleteProperty(target,propertyKey)
WhenthedeletePropertyfunctioniscalledwithargumentstargetandpropertyKey,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Return?target.[[Delete]](key).
26.1.5 Relect.get(target,propertyKey[,receiver])
Whenthegetfunctioniscalledwithargumentstarget,propertyKey,andreceiver,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Ifreceiverisnotpresent,then
a.Letreceiverbetarget.
4.Return?target.[[Get]](key,receiver).
26.1.6 Relect.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(target,propertyKey)
WhenthegetOwnPropertyDescriptorfunctioniscalledwithargumentstargetandpropertyKey,thefollowingstepsare
taken:
3.Letdescbe?target.[[GetOwnProperty]](key).
4.ReturnFromPropertyDescriptor(desc).
26.1.7 Relect.getPrototypeOf(target)
WhenthegetPrototypeOffunctioniscalledwithargumenttarget,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?target.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
26.1.8 Relect.has(target,propertyKey)
WhenthehasfunctioniscalledwithargumentstargetandpropertyKey,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Return?target.[[HasProperty]](key).
26.1.9 Relect.isExtensible(target)
WhentheisExtensiblefunctioniscalledwithargumenttarget,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?target.[[IsExtensible]]().
26.1.10 Relect.ownKeys(target)
WhentheownKeysfunctioniscalledwithargumenttarget,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Letkeysbe?target.[[OwnPropertyKeys]]().
3.ReturnCreateArrayFromList(keys).
26.1.11 Relect.preventExtensions(target)
WhenthepreventExtensionsfunctioniscalledwithargumenttarget,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?target.[[PreventExtensions]]().
26.1.12 Relect.set(target,propertyKey,V[,receiver])
Whenthesetfunctioniscalledwithargumentstarget,V,propertyKey,andreceiver,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.Ifreceiverisnotpresent,then
a.Letreceiverbetarget.
4.Return?target.[[Set]](key,V,receiver).
26.1.13 Relect.setPrototypeOf(target,proto)
WhenthesetPrototypeOffunctioniscalledwithargumentstargetandproto,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfType(proto)isnotObjectandprotoisnotnull,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.Return?target.[[SetPrototypeOf]](proto).
26.2 ProxyObjects
26.2.1 TheProxyConstructor
TheProxyconstructoristhe%Proxy%intrinsicobjectandtheinitialvalueoftheProxypropertyoftheglobalobject.When
calledasaconstructoritcreatesandinitializesanewproxyexoticobject.Proxyisnotintendedtobecalledasafunctionand
willthrowanexceptionwhencalledinthatmanner.
26.2.1.1 Proxy(target,handler)
WhenProxyiscalledwithargumentstargetandhandlerperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Return?ProxyCreate(target,handler).
26.2.2 PropertiesoftheProxyConstructor
Thevalueofthe[[Prototype]]internalslotoftheProxyconstructoristheintrinsicobject%FunctionPrototype%.
TheProxyconstructordoesnothaveaprototypepropertybecauseproxyexoticobjectsdonothavea[[Prototype]]
internalslotthatrequiresinitialization.
TheProxyconstructorhasthefollowingproperties:
26.2.2.1 Proxy.revocable(target,handler)
TheProxy.revocablefunctionisusedtocreatearevocableProxyobject.WhenProxy.revocableiscalledwith
argumentstargetandhandler,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letpbe?ProxyCreate(target,handler).
2.Letrevokerbeanewbuiltinfunctionobjectasdeinedin26.2.2.1.1.
3.Setthe[[RevocableProxy]]internalslotofrevokertop.
4.LetresultbeObjectCreate(%ObjectPrototype%).
5.PerformCreateDataProperty(result,"proxy",p).
6.PerformCreateDataProperty(result,"revoke",revoker).
7.Returnresult.
26.2.2.1.1 ProxyRevocationFunctions
AProxyrevocationfunctionisananonymousfunctionthathastheabilitytoinvalidateaspeciicProxyobject.
EachProxyrevocationfunctionhasa[[RevocableProxy]]internalslot.
WhenaProxyrevocationfunction,F,iscalled,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetpbethevalueofF's[[RevocableProxy]]internalslot.
2.Ifpisnull,returnundeined.
3.SetthevalueofF's[[RevocableProxy]]internalslottonull.
4.Assert:pisaProxyobject.
5.Setthe[[ProxyTarget]]internalslotofptonull.
6.Setthe[[ProxyHandler]]internalslotofptonull.
7.Returnundeined.
ThelengthpropertyofaProxyrevocationfunctionis0.
26.3 ModuleNamespaceObjects
AModuleNamespaceObjectisamodulenamespaceexoticobjectthatprovidesruntimepropertybasedaccesstoamodule's
exportedbindings.ThereisnoconstructorfunctionforModuleNamespaceObjects.Instead,suchanobjectiscreatedfor
eachmodulethatisimportedbyanImportDeclarationthatincludesaNameSpaceImport.
Inadditiontothepropertiesspeciiedin9.4.6eachModuleNamespaceObjecthasthefollowingownproperties:
26.3.1 @@toStringTag
Theinitialvalueofthe@@toStringTagpropertyistheStringvalue"Module".
26.3.2 [@@iterator]()
Whenthe@@iteratormethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.LetNbethethisvalue.
2.IfNisnotamodulenamespaceexoticobject,throwaTypeErrorexception.
3.LetexportsbethevalueofN's[[Exports]]internalslot.
4.Return!CreateListIterator(exports).
AnnexA
GrammarSummary
(informative)
A.1 LexicalGrammar
SourceCharacter ::
anyUnicodecodepoint
InputElementDiv ::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
Comment
CommonToken
DivPunctuator
InputElementRegExp ::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
Comment
CommonToken
InputElementRegExpOrTemplateTail ::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
Comment
CommonToken
InputElementTemplateTail ::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
Comment
CommonToken
DivPunctuator
WhiteSpace ::
<TAB>
<VT>
<FF>
<SP>
<NBSP>
<ZWNBSP>
<USP>
LineTerminator ::
<LF>
<CR>
<LS>
<PS>
LineTerminatorSequence ::
<LF>
<CR>[lookahead<LF>]
<LS>
<PS>
<CR><LF>
Comment ::
MultiLineComment
SingleLineComment
MultiLineComment ::
/* MultiLineCommentCharsopt */
MultiLineCommentChars ::
MultiLineNotAsteriskChar MultiLineCommentCharsopt
PostAsteriskCommentChars ::
MultiLineNotForwardSlashOrAsteriskChar MultiLineCommentCharsopt
MultiLineNotAsteriskChar ::
SourceCharacter butnot*
MultiLineNotForwardSlashOrAsteriskChar ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneof/ or*
SingleLineComment ::
// SingleLineCommentCharsopt
SingleLineCommentChars ::
SingleLineCommentChar SingleLineCommentCharsopt
SingleLineCommentChar ::
CommonToken ::
IdentiierName
Punctuator
NumericLiteral
StringLiteral
Template
IdentiierName ::
IdentiierStart
IdentiierStart ::
UnicodeIDStart
$
_
IdentiierPart ::
UnicodeIDContinue
$
_
<ZWNJ>
<ZWJ>
UnicodeIDStart ::
anyUnicodecodepointwiththeUnicodepropertyID_Start
UnicodeIDContinue ::
anyUnicodecodepointwiththeUnicodepropertyID_Continue
ReservedWord ::
Keyword
FutureReservedWord
NullLiteral
BooleanLiteral
Keyword :: oneof
break do in typeof case else instanceof var catch export new void class extends return while
const finally super with continue for switch yield debugger function this default if
throw delete import try
FutureReservedWord ::
enum
await
awaitisonlytreatedasaFutureReservedWordwhenModuleisthegoalsymbolofthesyntacticgrammar.
ThefollowingtokensarealsoconsideredtobeFutureReservedWordswhenparsingstrictmodecode:
implementspackageprotected
interfaceprivatepublic
Punctuator :: oneof
{ ( ) [ ] . ... ; , < > <= >= == != === !== + * % ++ << >> >>> & | ^ ! ~ && || ? : = +=
= *= %= <<= >>= >>>= &= |= ^= => ** **=
DivPunctuator ::
/
/=
RightBracePunctuator ::
}
NullLiteral ::
null
BooleanLiteral ::
true
false
NumericLiteral ::
DecimalLiteral
OctalIntegerLiteral
HexIntegerLiteral
DecimalLiteral ::
DecimalIntegerLiteral . DecimalDigitsopt ExponentPartopt
DecimalIntegerLiteral ExponentPartopt
0
DecimalDigits ::
DecimalDigit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ExponentPart ::
e E
SignedInteger ::
DecimalDigits
+ DecimalDigits
DecimalDigits
BinaryIntegerLiteral ::
0b BinaryDigits
0B BinaryDigits
BinaryDigits ::
BinaryDigit
BinaryDigits BinaryDigit
BinaryDigit :: oneof
0 1
OctalIntegerLiteral ::
0o OctalDigits
0O OctalDigits
OctalDigits ::
OctalDigit
OctalDigits OctalDigit
OctalDigit :: oneof
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0x HexDigits
0X HexDigits
HexDigits ::
HexDigit
HexDigits HexDigit
HexDigit :: oneof
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f A B C D E F
StringLiteral ::
DoubleStringCharacters ::
DoubleStringCharacter DoubleStringCharactersopt
SingleStringCharacters ::
SingleStringCharacter SingleStringCharactersopt
SourceCharacter butnotoneof" or\ orLineTerminator
\ EscapeSequence
LineContinuation
SingleStringCharacter ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneof' or\ orLineTerminator
\ EscapeSequence
LineContinuation
LineContinuation ::
\ LineTerminatorSequence
EscapeSequence ::
0 [lookaheadDecimalDigit]
HexEscapeSequence
CharacterEscapeSequence ::
NonEscapeCharacter
SingleEscapeCharacter :: oneof
' " \ b f n r t v
NonEscapeCharacter ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneofEscapeCharacter orLineTerminator
EscapeCharacter ::
DecimalDigit
x
u
HexEscapeSequence ::
x HexDigit HexDigit
UnicodeEscapeSequence ::
u Hex4Digits
u{ HexDigits }
Hex4Digits ::
HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit HexDigit
RegularExpressionLiteral ::
/ RegularExpressionBody / RegularExpressionFlags
RegularExpressionBody ::
RegularExpressionFirstChar RegularExpressionChars
RegularExpressionChars ::
[empty]
RegularExpressionChars RegularExpressionChar
RegularExpressionFirstChar ::
RegularExpressionNonTerminator butnotoneof* or\ or/ or[
RegularExpressionChar ::
RegularExpressionNonTerminator butnotoneof\ or/ or[
RegularExpressionBackslashSequence ::
\ RegularExpressionNonTerminator
RegularExpressionNonTerminator ::
RegularExpressionClass ::
[ RegularExpressionClassChars ]
RegularExpressionClassChars ::
[empty]
RegularExpressionClassChars RegularExpressionClassChar
RegularExpressionClassChar ::
RegularExpressionNonTerminator butnotoneof] or\
RegularExpressionFlags ::
[empty]
RegularExpressionFlags IdentiierPart
Template ::
TemplateHead
NoSubstitutionTemplate ::
` TemplateCharactersopt `
TemplateHead ::
` TemplateCharactersopt ${
TemplateSubstitutionTail ::
TemplateMiddle
TemplateTail
TemplateMiddle ::
} TemplateCharactersopt ${
TemplateTail ::
} TemplateCharactersopt `
TemplateCharacters ::
TemplateCharacter TemplateCharactersopt
TemplateCharacter ::
$ [lookahead{]
\ EscapeSequence
LineContinuation
LineTerminatorSequence
SourceCharacter butnotoneof` or\ or$ orLineTerminator
A.2 Expressions
IdentiierReference[Yield] :
Identiier
[~Yield] yield
BindingIdentiier[Yield] :
Identiier
[~Yield] yield
Identiier :
LabelIdentiier[Yield] :
Identiier
[~Yield] yield
PrimaryExpression[Yield] :
this
Literal
ArrayLiteral[?Yield]
ObjectLiteral[?Yield]
FunctionExpression
ClassExpression[?Yield]
GeneratorExpression
TemplateLiteral[?Yield]
( )
( ... BindingIdentiier[?Yield] )
( ... BindingPattern[?Yield] )
( Expression[In,?Yield] , ... BindingIdentiier[?Yield] )
( Expression[In,?Yield] , ... BindingPattern[?Yield] )
WhenprocessingtheproductionPrimaryExpression : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList the

interpretationofCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterListisreinedusingthefollowinggrammar:
ParenthesizedExpression[Yield] :
Literal :
NullLiteral
BooleanLiteral
NumericLiteral
StringLiteral
ArrayLiteral[Yield] :
[ Elisionopt ]
[ ElementList[?Yield] ]
[ ElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt ]
ElementList[Yield] :
Elisionopt AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
Elisionopt SpreadElement[?Yield]
ElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
ElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt SpreadElement[?Yield]
Elision :
,
Elision ,
SpreadElement[Yield] :
ObjectLiteral[Yield] :
{ }
{ PropertyDeinitionList[?Yield] }
{ PropertyDeinitionList[?Yield] , }
PropertyDeinitionList[Yield] :
PropertyDeinition[?Yield]
PropertyDeinitionList[?Yield] , PropertyDeinition[?Yield]
PropertyDeinition[Yield] :
CoverInitializedName[?Yield]
PropertyName[?Yield] : AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
PropertyName[Yield] :
LiteralPropertyName
ComputedPropertyName[?Yield]
LiteralPropertyName :
IdentiierName
StringLiteral
NumericLiteral
ComputedPropertyName[Yield] :
[ AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] ]
CoverInitializedName[Yield] :
IdentiierReference[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield]
Initializer[In,Yield] :
= AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
TemplateLiteral[Yield] :
TemplateHead Expression[In,?Yield] TemplateSpans[?Yield]
TemplateSpans[Yield] :
TemplateTail
TemplateMiddleList[?Yield] TemplateTail
TemplateMiddleList[Yield] :
TemplateMiddle Expression[In,?Yield]
TemplateMiddleList[?Yield] TemplateMiddle Expression[In,?Yield]
MemberExpression[Yield] :
PrimaryExpression[?Yield]
MemberExpression[?Yield] [ Expression[In,?Yield] ]
MemberExpression[?Yield] . IdentiierName
MemberExpression[?Yield] TemplateLiteral[?Yield]
SuperProperty[?Yield]
MetaProperty
new MemberExpression[?Yield] Arguments[?Yield]
SuperProperty[Yield] :
super [ Expression[In,?Yield] ]
super . IdentiierName
MetaProperty :
NewTarget
NewTarget :
new . target
NewExpression[Yield] :
MemberExpression[?Yield]
new NewExpression[?Yield]
CallExpression[Yield] :
MemberExpression[?Yield] Arguments[?Yield]
SuperCall[?Yield]
CallExpression[?Yield] Arguments[?Yield]
CallExpression[?Yield] [ Expression[In,?Yield] ]
CallExpression[?Yield] . IdentiierName
CallExpression[?Yield] TemplateLiteral[?Yield]
SuperCall[Yield] :
super Arguments[?Yield]
Arguments[Yield] :
( )
( ArgumentList[?Yield] )
ArgumentList[Yield] :
AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
ArgumentList[?Yield] , AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
ArgumentList[?Yield] , ... AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield]
LeftHandSideExpression[Yield] :
NewExpression[?Yield]
CallExpression[?Yield]
++ UnaryExpression[?Yield]
UnaryExpression[Yield] :
UpdateExpression[?Yield]
delete UnaryExpression[?Yield]
void UnaryExpression[?Yield]
typeof UnaryExpression[?Yield]
+ UnaryExpression[?Yield]
~ UnaryExpression[?Yield]
! UnaryExpression[?Yield]
ExponentiationExpression[Yield] :
UpdateExpression[?Yield] ** ExponentiationExpression[?Yield]
MultiplicativeExpression[Yield] :
ExponentiationExpression[?Yield]
MultiplicativeExpression[?Yield] MultiplicativeOperator ExponentiationExpression[?Yield]
MultiplicativeOperator : oneof
* / %
AdditiveExpression[Yield] :
MultiplicativeExpression[?Yield]
AdditiveExpression[?Yield] + MultiplicativeExpression[?Yield]
AdditiveExpression[?Yield] MultiplicativeExpression[?Yield]
ShiftExpression[Yield] :
AdditiveExpression[?Yield]
ShiftExpression[?Yield] << AdditiveExpression[?Yield]
ShiftExpression[?Yield] >> AdditiveExpression[?Yield]
ShiftExpression[?Yield] >>> AdditiveExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[In,Yield] :
ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] < ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] > ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] <= ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] >= ShiftExpression[?Yield]
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield] instanceof ShiftExpression[?Yield]
[+In] RelationalExpression[In,?Yield] in ShiftExpression[?Yield]
EqualityExpression[In,Yield] :
RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield] == RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield] != RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield] === RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield] !== RelationalExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseANDExpression[In,Yield] :
EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseANDExpression[?In,?Yield] & EqualityExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseXORExpression[In,Yield] :
BitwiseANDExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseXORExpression[?In,?Yield] ^ BitwiseANDExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseORExpression[In,Yield] :
BitwiseXORExpression[?In,?Yield]
BitwiseORExpression[?In,?Yield] | BitwiseXORExpression[?In,?Yield]
LogicalANDExpression[In,Yield] :
BitwiseORExpression[?In,?Yield]
LogicalANDExpression[?In,?Yield] && BitwiseORExpression[?In,?Yield]
LogicalORExpression[In,Yield] :
LogicalANDExpression[?In,?Yield]
LogicalORExpression[?In,?Yield] || LogicalANDExpression[?In,?Yield]
ConditionalExpression[In,Yield] :
LogicalORExpression[?In,?Yield]
LogicalORExpression[?In,?Yield] ? AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] : AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
AssignmentExpression[In,Yield] :
ConditionalExpression[?In,?Yield]
[+Yield] YieldExpression[?In]
ArrowFunction[?In,?Yield]
LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] = AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] AssignmentOperator AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
IncertaincircumstanceswhenprocessingtheproductionAssignmentExpression : LeftHandSideExpression =
AssignmentExpression thefollowinggrammarisusedtoreinetheinterpretationofLeftHandSideExpression:
AssignmentPattern[Yield] :
ObjectAssignmentPattern[?Yield]
ArrayAssignmentPattern[?Yield]
ObjectAssignmentPattern[Yield] :
{ }
{ AssignmentPropertyList[?Yield] }
{ AssignmentPropertyList[?Yield] , }
ArrayAssignmentPattern[Yield] :
[ Elisionopt AssignmentRestElement[?Yield] opt ]
[ AssignmentElementList[?Yield] ]
[ AssignmentElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt AssignmentRestElement[?Yield] opt ]
AssignmentPropertyList[Yield] :
AssignmentProperty[?Yield]
AssignmentPropertyList[?Yield] , AssignmentProperty[?Yield]
AssignmentElementList[Yield] :
AssignmentElisionElement[?Yield]
AssignmentElementList[?Yield] , AssignmentElisionElement[?Yield]
AssignmentElisionElement[Yield] :
Elisionopt AssignmentElement[?Yield]
AssignmentProperty[Yield] :
IdentiierReference[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield] opt
PropertyName[?Yield] : AssignmentElement[?Yield]
AssignmentElement[Yield] :
DestructuringAssignmentTarget[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield] opt
AssignmentRestElement[Yield] :
... DestructuringAssignmentTarget[?Yield]
DestructuringAssignmentTarget[Yield] :
AssignmentOperator : oneof
*= /= %= += = <<= >>= >>>= &= ^= |= **=
Expression[In,Yield] :
AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
Expression[?In,?Yield] , AssignmentExpression[?In,?Yield]
A.3 Statements
Statement[Yield,Return] :
BlockStatement[?Yield,?Return]
VariableStatement[?Yield]
EmptyStatement
ExpressionStatement[?Yield]
IfStatement[?Yield,?Return]
BreakableStatement[?Yield,?Return]
ContinueStatement[?Yield]
BreakStatement[?Yield]
[+Return] ReturnStatement[?Yield]
WithStatement[?Yield,?Return]
LabelledStatement[?Yield,?Return]
ThrowStatement[?Yield]
TryStatement[?Yield,?Return]
DebuggerStatement
Declaration[Yield] :
HoistableDeclaration[?Yield]
ClassDeclaration[?Yield]
LexicalDeclaration[In,?Yield]
HoistableDeclaration[Yield,Default] :
FunctionDeclaration[?Yield,?Default]
GeneratorDeclaration[?Yield,?Default]
BreakableStatement[Yield,Return] :
IterationStatement[?Yield,?Return]
SwitchStatement[?Yield,?Return]
BlockStatement[Yield,Return] :
Block[?Yield,?Return]
Block :
{ StatementList }
StatementList[Yield,Return] :
StatementListItem[?Yield,?Return]
StatementList[?Yield,?Return] StatementListItem[?Yield,?Return]
StatementListItem[Yield,Return] :
Declaration[?Yield]
LexicalDeclaration[In,Yield] :
LetOrConst BindingList[?In,?Yield] ;
LetOrConst :
let
const
BindingList[In,Yield] :
LexicalBinding[?In,?Yield]
BindingList[?In,?Yield] , LexicalBinding[?In,?Yield]
LexicalBinding[In,Yield] :
VariableStatement[Yield] :
var VariableDeclarationList[In,?Yield] ;
VariableDeclarationList[In,Yield] :
VariableDeclaration[?In,?Yield]
VariableDeclarationList[?In,?Yield] , VariableDeclaration[?In,?Yield]
VariableDeclaration[In,Yield] :
BindingPattern[Yield] :
ObjectBindingPattern[?Yield]
ArrayBindingPattern[?Yield]
ObjectBindingPattern[Yield] :
{ }
{ BindingPropertyList[?Yield] }
{ BindingPropertyList[?Yield] , }
ArrayBindingPattern[Yield] :
[ Elisionopt BindingRestElement[?Yield] opt ]
[ BindingElementList[?Yield] ]
[ BindingElementList[?Yield] , Elisionopt BindingRestElement[?Yield] opt ]
BindingPropertyList[Yield] :
BindingProperty[?Yield]
BindingPropertyList[?Yield] , BindingProperty[?Yield]
BindingElementList[Yield] :
BindingElisionElement[?Yield]
BindingElementList[?Yield] , BindingElisionElement[?Yield]
BindingElisionElement[Yield] :
Elisionopt BindingElement[?Yield]
BindingProperty[Yield] :
PropertyName[?Yield] : BindingElement[?Yield]
BindingElement[Yield] :
BindingPattern[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield] opt
SingleNameBinding[Yield] :
BindingIdentiier[?Yield] Initializer[In,?Yield] opt
BindingRestElement[Yield] :
... BindingIdentiier[?Yield]
... BindingPattern[?Yield]
EmptyStatement :
;
ExpressionStatement[Yield] :
[lookahead{{ ,function ,class ,let[}] Expression[In,?Yield] ;
if ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return] else Statement[?Yield,?Return]
if ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
IterationStatement[Yield,Return] :
do Statement[?Yield,?Return] while ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) ;
while ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( [lookahead{let[}] Expression[?Yield] opt ; Expression[In,?Yield] opt ;
Expression[In,?Yield] opt ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( var VariableDeclarationList[?Yield] ; Expression[In,?Yield] opt ; Expression[In,?Yield] opt )
for ( LexicalDeclaration[?Yield] Expression[In,?Yield] opt ; Expression[In,?Yield] opt )
for ( [lookahead{let[}] LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] in Expression[In,?Yield] )
for ( var ForBinding[?Yield] in Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( ForDeclaration[?Yield] in Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( [lookaheadlet] LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield] of AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] )
for ( var ForBinding[?Yield] of AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
for ( ForDeclaration[?Yield] of AssignmentExpression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
ForDeclaration[Yield] :
LetOrConst ForBinding[?Yield]
ForBinding[Yield] :
continue ;
break ;
return ;
WithStatement[Yield,Return] :
with ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return]
SwitchStatement[Yield,Return] :
switch ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) CaseBlock[?Yield,?Return]
CaseBlock[Yield,Return] :
{ CaseClauses[?Yield,?Return] opt }
{ CaseClauses[?Yield,?Return] opt DefaultClause[?Yield,?Return] CaseClauses[?Yield,?Return] opt }
CaseClauses[Yield,Return] :
CaseClause[?Yield,?Return]
CaseClauses[?Yield,?Return] CaseClause[?Yield,?Return]
CaseClause[Yield,Return] :
case Expression[In,?Yield] : StatementList[?Yield,?Return] opt
DefaultClause[Yield,Return] :
default : StatementList[?Yield,?Return] opt
LabelledStatement[Yield,Return] :
LabelIdentiier[?Yield] : LabelledItem[?Yield,?Return]
LabelledItem[Yield,Return] :
FunctionDeclaration[?Yield]
TryStatement[Yield,Return] :
try Block[?Yield,?Return] Catch[?Yield,?Return]
try Block[?Yield,?Return] Finally[?Yield,?Return]
try Block[?Yield,?Return] Catch[?Yield,?Return] Finally[?Yield,?Return]
Catch[Yield,Return] :
catch ( CatchParameter[?Yield] ) Block[?Yield,?Return]
Finally[Yield,Return] :
finally Block[?Yield,?Return]
CatchParameter[Yield] :
DebuggerStatement :
debugger ;
A.4 FunctionsandClasses
FunctionDeclaration[Yield,Default] :
function BindingIdentiier[?Yield] ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
[+Default] function ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
FunctionExpression :
function BindingIdentiieropt ( FormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
StrictFormalParameters[Yield] :
FormalParameters[?Yield]
FormalParameters[Yield] :
[empty]
FormalParameterList[?Yield]
FormalParameterList[Yield] :
FunctionRestParameter[?Yield]
FormalsList[?Yield]
FormalsList[?Yield] , FunctionRestParameter[?Yield]
FormalsList[Yield] :
FormalParameter[?Yield]
FormalsList[?Yield] , FormalParameter[?Yield]
FunctionRestParameter[Yield] :
BindingRestElement[?Yield]
FormalParameter[Yield] :
BindingElement[?Yield]
FunctionBody[Yield] :
FunctionStatementList[?Yield]
FunctionStatementList[Yield] :
StatementList[?Yield,Return] opt
ArrowParameters[Yield] :
ConciseBody[In] :
[lookahead{] AssignmentExpression[?In]
{ FunctionBody }
WhentheproductionArrowParameters : CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList isrecognizedthefollowing

grammarisusedtoreinetheinterpretationofCoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList:
ArrowFormalParameters[Yield] :
( StrictFormalParameters[?Yield] )
MethodDeinition[Yield] :
PropertyName[?Yield] ( StrictFormalParameters ) { FunctionBody }
GeneratorMethod[?Yield]
get PropertyName[?Yield] ( ) { FunctionBody }
set PropertyName[?Yield] ( PropertySetParameterList ) { FunctionBody }
PropertySetParameterList :
FormalParameter
GeneratorMethod[Yield] :
* PropertyName[?Yield] ( StrictFormalParameters[Yield] ) { GeneratorBody }
GeneratorDeclaration[Yield,Default] :
function * BindingIdentiier[?Yield] ( FormalParameters[Yield] ) { GeneratorBody }
[+Default] function * ( FormalParameters[Yield] ) { GeneratorBody }
GeneratorExpression :
function * BindingIdentiier[Yield] opt ( FormalParameters[Yield] ) { GeneratorBody }
GeneratorBody :
FunctionBody[Yield]
yield
ClassDeclaration[Yield,Default] :
class BindingIdentiier[?Yield] ClassTail[?Yield]
[+Default] class ClassTail[?Yield]
ClassExpression[Yield] :
class BindingIdentiier[?Yield] opt ClassTail[?Yield]
ClassTail[Yield] :
ClassHeritage[?Yield] opt { ClassBody[?Yield] opt }
ClassHeritage[Yield] :
extends LeftHandSideExpression[?Yield]
ClassBody[Yield] :
ClassElementList[?Yield]
ClassElementList[Yield] :
ClassElement[?Yield]
ClassElementList[?Yield] ClassElement[?Yield]
ClassElement[Yield] :
static MethodDeinition[?Yield]
;
A.5 ScriptsandModules
Script :
ScriptBodyopt
ScriptBody :
StatementList
Module :
ModuleBodyopt
ModuleBody :
ModuleItemList
ModuleItemList :
ModuleItem
ModuleItemList ModuleItem
ModuleItem :
ImportDeclaration
ExportDeclaration
StatementListItem
ImportDeclaration :
import ImportClause FromClause ;
import ModuleSpeciier ;
ImportClause :
ImportedDefaultBinding
NameSpaceImport
NamedImports
ImportedDefaultBinding , NameSpaceImport
ImportedDefaultBinding , NamedImports
ImportedDefaultBinding :
ImportedBinding
NameSpaceImport :
* as ImportedBinding
NamedImports :
{ }
{ ImportsList }
{ ImportsList , }
FromClause :
from ModuleSpeciier
ImportsList :
ImportSpeciier
ImportsList , ImportSpeciier
ImportSpeciier :
ImportedBinding
IdentiierName as ImportedBinding
ModuleSpeciier :
StringLiteral
ImportedBinding :
BindingIdentiier
ExportDeclaration :
export Declaration
export default HoistableDeclaration[Default]
export default ClassDeclaration[Default]
export default [lookahead{function ,class}] AssignmentExpression[In] ;
ExportClause :
{ }
{ ExportsList }
{ ExportsList , }
ExportsList :
ExportSpeciier
ExportsList , ExportSpeciier
ExportSpeciier :
IdentiierName
IdentiierName as IdentiierName
A.6 NumberConversions
StringNumericLiteral :::
StrWhiteSpaceopt
StrWhiteSpaceopt StrNumericLiteral StrWhiteSpaceopt
StrWhiteSpace :::
StrWhiteSpaceChar StrWhiteSpaceopt
StrWhiteSpaceChar :::
WhiteSpace
LineTerminator
StrNumericLiteral :::
StrDecimalLiteral
OctalIntegerLiteral
HexIntegerLiteral
StrDecimalLiteral :::
+ StrUnsignedDecimalLiteral
StrUnsignedDecimalLiteral :::
Infinity
DecimalDigits . DecimalDigitsopt ExponentPartopt
DecimalDigits ExponentPartopt
DecimalDigits ::
DecimalDigit
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ExponentPart ::
e E
SignedInteger ::
DecimalDigits
+ DecimalDigits
DecimalDigits
0x HexDigits
0X HexDigits
HexDigit :: oneof
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f A B C D E F
AllgrammarsymbolsnotexplicitlydeinedbytheStringNumericLiteralgrammarhavethedeinitionsusedintheLexical
Grammarfornumericliterals.
A.7 UniversalResourceIdentiierCharacterClasses
uri :::
uriCharactersopt
uriCharacters :::
uriCharacter uriCharactersopt
uriCharacter :::
uriReserved
uriUnescaped
uriEscaped
uriReserved ::: oneof

; / ? : @ & = + $ ,
uriUnescaped :::
uriAlpha
DecimalDigit
uriMark
uriEscaped :::
% HexDigit HexDigit
uriAlpha ::: oneof

W X Y Z
uriMark ::: oneof

_ . ! ~ * ' ( )
A.8 RegularExpressions
Pattern[U] ::
Disjunction[?U]
Disjunction[U] ::
Alternative[?U]
Alternative[?U] | Disjunction[?U]
Alternative[U] ::
[empty]
Alternative[?U] Term[?U]
Term[U] ::
Assertion[?U]
Atom[?U]
Atom[?U] Quantiier
Assertion[U] ::
^
$
\ b
\ B
( ? = Disjunction[?U] )
( ? ! Disjunction[?U] )
Quantiier ::
QuantiierPreix
QuantiierPreix ?
QuantiierPreix ::
*
+
?
{ DecimalDigits }
{ DecimalDigits , }
Atom[U] ::
PatternCharacter
.
\ AtomEscape[?U]
CharacterClass[?U]
( Disjunction[?U] )
( ? : Disjunction[?U] )
SyntaxCharacter :: oneof
^ $ \ . * + ? ( ) [ ] { } |
PatternCharacter ::
SourceCharacter butnotSyntaxCharacter
AtomEscape[U] ::
DecimalEscape
CharacterEscape[?U]
ControlEscape
c ControlLetter
HexEscapeSequence
IdentityEscape[?U]
ControlEscape :: oneof
f n r t v
ControlLetter :: oneof
W X Y Z
RegExpUnicodeEscapeSequence[U] ::
[+U] u LeadSurrogate \u TrailSurrogate
[+U] u LeadSurrogate
[+U] u TrailSurrogate
[+U] u NonSurrogate
[~U] u Hex4Digits
[+U] u{ HexDigits }
Each\uTrailSurrogateforwhichthechoiceofassociateduLeadSurrogateisambiguousshallbeassociatedwiththenearest
possibleuLeadSurrogatethatwouldotherwisehavenocorresponding\uTrailSurrogate.
LeadSurrogate ::
Hex4Digits butonlyiftheSVofHex4Digits isintheinclusiverange0xD800to0xDBFF
TrailSurrogate ::
Hex4Digits butonlyiftheSVofHex4Digits isintheinclusiverange0xDC00to0xDFFF
NonSurrogate ::
Hex4Digits butonlyiftheSVofHex4Digits isnotintheinclusiverange0xD800to0xDFFF
[+U] /
[~U] SourceCharacter butnotUnicodeIDContinue
DecimalEscape ::
DecimalIntegerLiteral [lookaheadDecimalDigit]
CharacterClassEscape :: oneof
d D s S w W
CharacterClass[U] ::
[ [lookahead{^}] ClassRanges[?U] ]
[ ^ ClassRanges[?U] ]
ClassRanges[U] ::
[empty]
NonemptyClassRanges[?U]
ClassAtom[?U]
ClassAtom[?U] ClassAtom[?U] ClassRanges[?U]
ClassAtom[?U]
ClassAtomNoDash[?U] ClassAtom[?U] ClassRanges[?U]
ClassAtom[U] ::

ClassAtomNoDash[?U]
SourceCharacter butnotoneof\ or] or
\ ClassEscape[?U]
ClassEscape[U] ::
DecimalEscape
b
[+U]
CharacterEscape[?U]
AnnexB
AdditionalECMAScriptFeaturesforWebBrowsers
(normative)
TheECMAScriptlanguagesyntaxandsemanticsdeinedinthisannexarerequiredwhentheECMAScripthostisaweb
browser.ThecontentofthisannexisnormativebutoptionaliftheECMAScripthostisnotawebbrowser.
NOTE ThisannexdescribesvariouslegacyfeaturesandothercharacteristicsofwebbrowserbasedECMAScript
implementations.Allofthelanguagefeaturesandbehavioursspeciiedinthisannexhaveoneormore
undesirablecharacteristicsandintheabsenceoflegacyusagewouldberemovedfromthisspeciication.
However,theusageofthesefeaturesbylargenumbersofexistingwebpagesmeansthatwebbrowsersmust
continuetosupportthem.Thespeciicationsinthisannexdeinetherequirementsforinteroperable
implementationsoftheselegacyfeatures.
ThesefeaturesarenotconsideredpartofthecoreECMAScriptlanguage.Programmersshouldnotuseor
assumetheexistenceofthesefeaturesandbehaviourswhenwritingnewECMAScriptcode.ECMAScript
implementationsarediscouragedfromimplementingthesefeaturesunlesstheimplementationispartofa
webbrowserorisrequiredtorunthesamelegacyECMAScriptcodethatwebbrowsersencounter.
B.1 AdditionalSyntax
B.1.1 NumericLiterals
Thesyntaxandsemanticsof11.8.3isextendedasfollowsexceptthatthisextensionisnotallowedforstrictmodecode:
Syntax
NumericLiteral ::
DecimalLiteral
OctalIntegerLiteral
HexIntegerLiteral
LegacyOctalIntegerLiteral
LegacyOctalIntegerLiteral ::
0 OctalDigit
LegacyOctalIntegerLiteral OctalDigit
0
NonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral
NonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral ::
0 NonOctalDigit
LegacyOctalLikeDecimalIntegerLiteral NonOctalDigit
NonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral DecimalDigit
LegacyOctalLikeDecimalIntegerLiteral ::
0 OctalDigit
LegacyOctalLikeDecimalIntegerLiteral OctalDigit
NonOctalDigit :: oneof
8 9
B.1.1.1 StaticSemantics
TheMVofLegacyOctalIntegerLiteral :: 0 OctalDigit istheMVofOctalDigit.

TheMVofLegacyOctalIntegerLiteral :: LegacyOctalIntegerLiteral OctalDigit is(theMVofLegacyOctalIntegerLiteral
times8)plustheMVofOctalDigit.
TheMVofDecimalIntegerLiteral :: NonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral istheMVofNonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral.
TheMVofNonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral :: 0 NonOctalDigit istheMVofNonOctalDigit.
TheMVofNonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral :: LegacyOctalLikeDecimalIntegerLiteral NonOctalDigit is(theMVof
LegacyOctalLikeDecimalIntegerLiteraltimes10)plustheMVofNonOctalDigit.
TheMVofNonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral :: NonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral DecimalDigit is(theMVof
NonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteraltimes10)plustheMVofDecimalDigit.
TheMVofLegacyOctalLikeDecimalIntegerLiteral :: 0 OctalDigit istheMVofOctalDigit.
TheMVofLegacyOctalLikeDecimalIntegerLiteral :: LegacyOctalLikeDecimalIntegerLiteral OctalDigit is(theMVof
LegacyOctalLikeDecimalIntegerLiteraltimes10)plustheMVofOctalDigit.
TheMVofNonOctalDigit :: 8 is8.
TheMVofNonOctalDigit :: 9 is9.
B.1.2 StringLiterals
Thesyntaxandsemanticsof11.8.4isextendedasfollowsexceptthatthisextensionisnotallowedforstrictmodecode:
Syntax
EscapeSequence ::
LegacyOctalEscapeSequence
HexEscapeSequence
LegacyOctalEscapeSequence ::
OctalDigit [lookaheadOctalDigit]
ZeroToThree OctalDigit [lookaheadOctalDigit]
FourToSeven OctalDigit
ZeroToThree OctalDigit OctalDigit
ZeroToThree :: oneof
0 1 2 3
FourToSeven :: oneof
4 5 6 7
ThisdeinitionofEscapeSequenceisnotusedinstrictmodeorwhenparsingTemplateCharacter.
B.1.2.1 StaticSemantics
TheSVofEscapeSequence :: LegacyOctalEscapeSequence istheSVoftheLegacyOctalEscapeSequence.

TheSVofLegacyOctalEscapeSequence :: OctalDigit isthecodeunitwhosevalueistheMVoftheOctalDigit.
TheSVofLegacyOctalEscapeSequence :: ZeroToThree OctalDigit isthecodeunitwhosevalueis(8timestheMVofthe
ZeroToThree)plustheMVoftheOctalDigit.
TheSVofLegacyOctalEscapeSequence :: FourToSeven OctalDigit isthecodeunitwhosevalueis(8timestheMVofthe
FourToSeven)plustheMVoftheOctalDigit.
TheSVofLegacyOctalEscapeSequence :: ZeroToThree OctalDigit OctalDigit isthecodeunitwhosevalueis(64(that
is,82)timestheMVoftheZeroToThree)plus(8timestheMVoftheirstOctalDigit)plustheMVofthesecondOctalDigit
.
TheMVofZeroToThree :: 0 is0.
TheMVofFourToSeven :: 4 is4.
B.1.3 HTMLlikeComments
Thesyntaxandsemanticsof11.4isextendedasfollowsexceptthatthisextensionisnotallowedwhenparsingsourcecode
usingthegoalsymbolModule:
Syntax
Comment ::
MultiLineComment
SingleLineComment
SingleLineHTMLOpenComment
SingleLineHTMLCloseComment
SingleLineDelimitedComment
MultiLineComment ::
/* FirstCommentLineopt LineTerminator MultiLineCommentCharsopt */ HTMLCloseCommentopt
FirstCommentLine ::
SingleLineDelimitedCommentChars
SingleLineHTMLOpenComment ::
<! SingleLineCommentCharsopt
SingleLineHTMLCloseComment ::
LineTerminatorSequence HTMLCloseComment
SingleLineDelimitedComment ::
/* SingleLineDelimitedCommentCharsopt */
HTMLCloseComment ::
WhiteSpaceSequenceopt SingleLineDelimitedCommentSequenceopt > SingleLineCommentCharsopt
SingleLineDelimitedCommentChars ::
SingleLineNotAsteriskChar SingleLineDelimitedCommentCharsopt
* SingleLinePostAsteriskCommentCharsopt
SingleLineNotAsteriskChar ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneof* orLineTerminator
SingleLinePostAsteriskCommentChars ::
SingleLineNotForwardSlashOrAsteriskChar SingleLineDelimitedCommentCharsopt
* SingleLinePostAsteriskCommentCharsopt
SingleLineNotForwardSlashOrAsteriskChar ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneof/ or* orLineTerminator
WhiteSpaceSequence ::
WhiteSpace WhiteSpaceSequenceopt
SingleLineDelimitedCommentSequence ::
SingleLineDelimitedComment WhiteSpaceSequenceopt SingleLineDelimitedCommentSequenceopt
SimilartoaMultiLineCommentthatcontainsalineterminatorcodepoint,aSingleLineHTMLCloseCommentisconsideredto
beaLineTerminatorforpurposesofparsingbythesyntacticgrammar.
B.1.4 RegularExpressionsPatterns
Thesyntaxof21.2.1ismodiiedandextendedasfollows.Thesechangesintroduceambiguitiesthatarebrokenbythe
orderingofgrammarproductionsandbycontextualinformation.Whenparsingusingthefollowinggrammar,each
alternativeisconsideredonlyifpreviousproductionalternativesdonotmatch.
ThisalternativepatterngrammarandsemanticsonlychangesthesyntaxandsemanticsofBMPpatterns.Thefollowing
grammarextensionsincludeproductionsparameterizedwiththe[U]parameter.However,noneoftheseextensionschange
thesyntaxofUnicodepatternsrecognizedwhenparsingwiththe[U]parameterpresentonthegoalsymbol.
Syntax
Term[U] ::
[+U] Assertion[U]
[+U] Atom[U]
[+U] Atom[U] Quantiier
[~U] QuantiiableAssertion Quantiier
[~U] Assertion
[~U] ExtendedAtom Quantiier
[~U] ExtendedAtom
Assertion[U] ::
^
$
\ b
\ B
[+U] ( ? = Disjunction[U] )
[+U] ( ? ! Disjunction[U] )
[~U] QuantiiableAssertion
QuantiiableAssertion ::
( ? = Disjunction )
( ? ! Disjunction )
ExtendedAtom ::
.
\ AtomEscape
CharacterClass
( Disjunction )
( ? : Disjunction )
InvalidBracedQuantiier
ExtendedPatternCharacter
InvalidBracedQuantiier ::
{ DecimalDigits }
{ DecimalDigits , }
ExtendedPatternCharacter ::
SourceCharacter butnotoneof^ $ . * + ? ( ) [ |
AtomEscape[U] ::
[+U] DecimalEscape
[+U] CharacterEscape[U]
[+U] CharacterClassEscape
[~U] DecimalEscape butonlyiftheintegervalueofDecimalEscape is<=_NcapturingParens_
[~U] CharacterClassEscape
[~U] CharacterEscape
ControlEscape
c ControlLetter
HexEscapeSequence
[~U]LegacyOctalEscapeSequence
IdentityEscape[?U]
[+U] /
[~U] SourceCharacter butnotc
ClassAtom[?U]
[+U] ClassAtom[U] ClassAtom[U] ClassRanges[U]
[~U] ClassAtomInRange ClassAtomInRange ClassRanges
ClassAtom[?U]
[+U] ClassAtomNoDash[U] ClassAtom[U] ClassRanges[U]
[~U] ClassAtomNoDashInRange ClassAtomInRange ClassRanges
ClassAtom[U] ::

ClassAtomNoDash[?U]
\ ClassEscape[?U]
SourceCharacter butnotoneof] or
ClassAtomInRange ::

ClassAtomNoDashInRange
ClassAtomNoDashInRange ::
\ ClassEscape
SourceCharacter butnotoneof] or
ClassEscape[U] ::
b
[+U] DecimalEscape
[+U] CharacterEscape[U]
[+U] CharacterClassEscape
[+U]
[~U] DecimalEscape butonlyiftheintegervalueofDecimalEscape is0
[~U] CharacterClassEscape
[~U] c ClassControlLetter
[~U] CharacterEscape
ClassControlLetter ::
DecimalDigit
_
NOTE Whenthesamelefthandsidesoccurswithboth[+U]and[~U]guardsitistocontrolthedisambiguation
priority.
B.1.4.1 PatternSemantics
Thesemanticsof21.2.2isextendedasfollows:
Within21.2.2.5referencetoAtom :: ( Disjunction ) aretobeinterpretedasmeaningAtom :: ( Disjunction ) or

ExtendedAtom :: ( Disjunction ) .
Term(21.2.2.5)includesthefollowingadditionalevaluationrules:
TheproductionTerm :: QuantiiableAssertion Quantiier evaluatesthesameastheproductionTerm :: Atom Quantiier

butwithQuantiiableAssertionsubstitutedforAtom.
TheproductionTerm :: ExtendedAtom Quantiier evaluatesthesameastheproductionTerm :: Atom Quantiier butwith

ExtendedAtomsubstitutedforAtom.
TheproductionTerm :: ExtendedAtom evaluatesthesameastheproductionTerm :: Atom butwithExtendedAtom

substitutedforAtom.
Assertion(21.2.2.6)includesthefollowingadditionalevaluationrule:
TheproductionAssertion :: QuantiiableAssertion evaluatesbyevaluatingQuantiiableAssertiontoobtainaMatcherand

returningthatMatcher.
Assertion(21.2.2.6)evaluationrulesfortheAssertion :: ( ? = Disjunction ) andAssertion :: ( ? ! Disjunction )

productionsarealsousedfortheQuantiiableAssertionproductions,butwithQuantiiableAssertionsubstitutedforAssertion.
Atom(21.2.2.8)evaluationrulesfortheAtomproductionsexceptforAtom :: PatternCharacter arealsousedforthe

ExtendedAtomproductions,butwithExtendedAtomsubstitutedforAtom.Thefollowingevaluationrulesarealsoadded:
TheproductionExtendedAtom :: InvalidBracedQuantiier evaluatesasfollows:
1.ThrowaSyntaxErrorexception.
TheproductionExtendedAtom :: ExtendedPatternCharacter evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetchbethecharacterrepresentedbyExtendedPatternCharacter.
CharacterEscape(21.2.2.10)includesthefollowingadditionalevaluationrule:
TheproductionCharacterEscape :: LegacyOctalEscapeSequence evaluatesbyevaluatingtheSVofthe

LegacyOctalEscapeSequence(seeB.1.2)andreturningitscharacterresult.
NonemptyClassRanges(21.2.2.15)includesthefollowingadditionalevaluationrule:
TheproductionNonemptyClassRanges :: ClassAtomInRange ClassAtomInRange ClassRanges evaluatesasfollows:

1.EvaluatetheirstClassAtomInRangetoobtainaCharSetA.
2.EvaluatethesecondClassAtomInRangetoobtainaCharSetB.
4.CallCharacterRangeOrUnion(A,B)andletDbetheresultingCharSet.
NonemptyClassRangesNoDash(21.2.2.16)includesthefollowingadditionalevaluationrule:
TheproductionNonemptyClassRangesNoDash :: ClassAtomNoDashInRange ClassAtomInRange ClassRanges evaluatesas

follows:
1.EvaluateClassAtomNoDashInRangetoobtainaCharSetA.
2.EvaluateClassAtomInRangetoobtainaCharSetB.
4.CallCharacterRangeOrUnion(A,B)andletDbetheresultingCharSet.
ClassAtom(21.2.2.17)includesthefollowingadditionalevaluationrules:
TheproductionClassAtomInRange :: evaluatesbyreturningtheCharSetcontainingtheonecharacter.
TheproductionClassAtomInRange :: ClassAtomNoDashInRange evaluatesbyevaluatingClassAtomNoDashInRangetoobtain

aCharSetandreturningthatCharSet.
ClassAtomNoDash(21.2.2.18)includesthefollowingadditionalevaluationrules:
TheproductionClassAtomNoDash :: SourceCharacter butnotoneof] or evaluatesbyreturningaoneelementCharSet

containingthecharacterrepresentedbySourceCharacter.
TheproductionClassAtomNoDashInRange :: \ ClassEscape evaluatesbyevaluatingClassEscapetoobtainaCharSetand

returningthatCharSet.
TheproductionClassAtomNoDashInRange :: SourceCharacter butnotoneof] or evaluatesbyreturningaoneelement

CharSetcontainingthecharacterrepresentedbySourceCharacter.
ClassEscape(21.2.2.19)includesthefollowingadditionalevaluationrules:
TheproductionClassEscape :: DecimalEscape butonlyifevaluatesasfollows:
2.Assert:Eisacharacter.
3.LetchbeE'scharacter.
4.ReturntheoneelementCharSetcontainingthecharacterch.
TheproductionClassEscape :: c ClassControlLetter evaluatesasfollows:
1.LetchbethecharactermatchedbyClassControlLetter.
2.Letibech'scharactervalue.
3.Letjbetheremainderofdividingiby32.
4.Returnthecharacterwhosecharactervalueisj.
B.1.4.1.1 RuntimeSemantics:CharacterRangeOrUnionAbstractOperation
TheabstractoperationCharacterRangeOrUniontakestwoCharSetparametersAandBandperformsthefollowingsteps:
1.IfAdoesnotcontainexactlyonecharacterorBdoesnotcontainexactlyonecharacter,then
a.LetCbetheCharSetcontainingthesinglecharacterU+002D(HYPHENMINUS).
b.ReturntheunionofCharSetsA,BandC.
2.ReturnCharacterRange(A,B).
B.2 AdditionalBuiltinProperties
WhentheECMAScripthostisawebbrowserthefollowingadditionalpropertiesofthestandardbuiltinobjectsaredeined.
B.2.1 AdditionalPropertiesoftheGlobalObject
TheentriesinTable61areaddedtoTable7.
Table61:AdditionalWellknownIntrinsicObjects
IntrinsicName GlobalName ECMAScriptLanguageAssociation
%escape% escape Theescapefunction(B.2.1.1)
%unescape% unescape Theunescapefunction(B.2.1.2)
B.2.1.1 escape(string)
Theescapefunctionisapropertyoftheglobalobject.ItcomputesanewversionofaStringvalueinwhichcertaincode
unitshavebeenreplacedbyahexadecimalescapesequence.
Forthosecodeunitsbeingreplacedwhosevalueis0x00FForless,atwodigitescapesequenceoftheform%xxisused.For
thosecharactersbeingreplacedwhosecodeunitvalueisgreaterthan0x00FF,afourdigitescapesequenceoftheform
%uxxxxisused.
Theescapefunctionisthe%escape%intrinsicobject.Whentheescapefunctioniscalledwithoneargumentstring,the
1.Letstringbe?ToString(string).
2.Letlengthbethenumberofcodeunitsinstring.
3.LetRbetheemptystring.
4.Letkbe0.
5.Repeat,whilek<length,
a.Letcharbethecodeunit(representedasa16bitunsignedinteger)atindexkwithinstring.
b.Ifcharisoneofthecodeunitsin
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789@*_+./",then
i.LetSbeaStringcontainingthesinglecodeunitchar.
c.Elseifchar256,then
i.LetSbeaStringcontainingsixcodeunits"%uwxyz"wherewxyzarethecodeunitsofthefourhexadecimal
digitsencodingthevalueofchar.
d.Else,char<256
i.LetSbeaStringcontainingthreecodeunits"%xy"wherexyarethecodeunitsoftwohexadecimaldigits
encodingthevalueofchar.
e.LetRbeanewStringvaluecomputedbyconcatenatingthepreviousvalueofRandS.
f.Increasekby1.
6.ReturnR.
NOTE TheencodingispartlybasedontheencodingdescribedinRFC1738,buttheentireencodingspeciiedinthis
standardisdescribedabovewithoutregardtothecontentsofRFC1738.Thisencodingdoesnotrelect
changestoRFC1738madebyRFC3986.
B.2.1.2 unescape(string)
Theunescapefunctionisapropertyoftheglobalobject.ItcomputesanewversionofaStringvalueinwhicheachescape
sequenceofthesortthatmightbeintroducedbytheescapefunctionisreplacedwiththecodeunitthatitrepresents.
Theunescapefunctionisthe%unescape%intrinsicobject.Whentheunescapefunctioniscalledwithoneargumentstring,
1.Letstringbe?ToString(string).
2.Letlengthbethenumberofcodeunitsinstring.
4.Letkbe0.
5.Repeat,whileklength
a.Letcbethecodeunitatindexkwithinstring.
b.Ifcis%,then
i.Ifklength6andthecodeunitatindexk+1withinstringisuandthefourcodeunitsatindicesk+2,k+3,
k+4,andk+5withinstringareallhexadecimaldigits,then
1.Letcbethecodeunitwhosevalueistheintegerrepresentedbythefourhexadecimaldigitsatindices
k+2,k+3,k+4,andk+5withinstring.
2.Increasekby5.
ii.Elseifklength3andthetwocodeunitsatindicesk+1andk+2withinstringarebothhexadecimaldigits,
then
1.Letcbethecodeunitwhosevalueistheintegerrepresentedbytwozeroesplusthetwohexadecimal
digitsatindicesk+1andk+2withinstring.
2.Increasekby2.
c.LetRbeanewStringvaluecomputedbyconcatenatingthepreviousvalueofRandc.
d.Increasekby1.
6.ReturnR.
B.2.2 AdditionalPropertiesoftheObject.prototypeObject
B.2.2.1 Object.prototype.__proto__
Object.prototype.__proto__isanaccessorpropertywithattributes{[[Enumerable]]:false,[[Conigurable]]:true}.The
[[Get]]and[[Set]]attributesaredeinedasfollows:
B.2.2.1.1 getObject.prototype.__proto__
Thevalueofthe[[Get]]attributeisabuiltinfunctionthatrequiresnoarguments.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.Return?O.[[GetPrototypeOf]]().
B.2.2.1.2 setObject.prototype.__proto__
Thevalueofthe[[Set]]attributeisabuiltinfunctionthattakesanargumentproto.Itperformsthefollowingsteps:
2.IfType(proto)isneitherObjectnorNull,returnundeined.
3.IfType(O)isnotObject,returnundeined.
4.Letstatusbe?O.[[SetPrototypeOf]](proto).
6.Returnundeined.
B.2.3 AdditionalPropertiesoftheString.prototypeObject
B.2.3.1 String.prototype.substr(start,length)
Thesubstrmethodtakestwoarguments,startandlength,andreturnsasubstringoftheresultofconvertingthethisobject
toaString,startingfromindexstartandrunningforlengthcodeunits(orthroughtheendoftheStringiflengthis
undeined).Ifstartisnegative,itistreatedassourceLength+startwheresourceLengthisthelengthoftheString.Theresult
isaStringvalue,notaStringobject.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
4.Iflengthisundeined,letendbe+;otherwiseletendbe?ToInteger(length).
5.LetsizebethenumberofcodeunitsinS.
6.IfintStart<0,letintStartbemax(size+intStart,0).
7.LetresultLengthbemin(max(end,0),sizeintStart).
8.IfresultLength0,returntheemptyString"".
9.ReturnaStringcontainingresultLengthconsecutivecodeunitsfromSbeginningwiththecodeunitatindexintStart.
NOTE Thesubstrfunctionisintentionallygeneric;itdoesnotrequirethatitsthisvaluebeaStringobject.Therefore
B.2.3.2 String.prototype.anchor(name)
Whentheanchormethodiscalledwithargumentname,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"a","name",name).
B.2.3.2.1 RuntimeSemantics:CreateHTML(string,tag,attribute,value)
TheabstractoperationCreateHTMLiscalledwithargumentsstring,tag,attribute,andvalue.Theargumentstagand
attributemustbeStringvalues.Thefollowingstepsaretaken:
1.Letstrbe?RequireObjectCoercible(string).
2.LetSbe?ToString(str).
3.Letp1betheStringvaluethatistheconcatenationof"<"andtag.
4.IfattributeisnottheemptyString,then
a.LetVbe?ToString(value).
b.LetescapedVbetheStringvaluethatisthesameasVexceptthateachoccurrenceofthecodeunit0x0022
(QUOTATIONMARK)inVhasbeenreplacedwiththesixcodeunitsequence""".
c.Letp1betheStringvaluethatistheconcatenationofthefollowingStringvalues:
TheStringvalueofp1
Codeunit0x0020(SPACE)
TheStringvalueofattribute
Codeunit0x003D(EQUALSSIGN)
Codeunit0x0022(QUOTATIONMARK)
TheStringvalueofescapedV
Codeunit0x0022(QUOTATIONMARK)
5.Letp2betheStringvaluethatistheconcatenationofp1and">".
6.Letp3betheStringvaluethatistheconcatenationofp2andS.
7.Letp4betheStringvaluethatistheconcatenationofp3,"</",tag,and">".
8.Returnp4.
B.2.3.3 String.prototype.big()
Whenthebigmethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"big","","").
B.2.3.4 String.prototype.blink()
Whentheblinkmethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"blink","","").
B.2.3.5 String.prototype.bold()
Whentheboldmethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"b","","").
B.2.3.6 String.prototype.ixed()
Whenthefixedmethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"tt","","").
B.2.3.7 String.prototype.fontcolor(color)
Whenthefontcolormethodiscalledwithargumentcolor,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"font","color",color).
B.2.3.8 String.prototype.fontsize(size)
Whenthefontsizemethodiscalledwithargumentsize,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"font","size",size).
B.2.3.9 String.prototype.italics()
Whentheitalicsmethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"i","","").
B.2.3.10 String.prototype.link(url)
Whenthelinkmethodiscalledwithargumenturl,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"a","href",url).
B.2.3.11 String.prototype.small()
Whenthesmallmethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"small","","").
B.2.3.12 String.prototype.strike()
Whenthestrikemethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"strike","","").
B.2.3.13 String.prototype.sub()
Whenthesubmethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"sub","","").
B.2.3.14 String.prototype.sup()
Whenthesupmethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.Return?CreateHTML(S,"sup","","").
B.2.4 AdditionalPropertiesoftheDate.prototypeObject
B.2.4.1 Date.prototype.getYear()
NOTE ThegetFullYearmethodispreferredfornearlyallpurposes,becauseitavoidstheyear2000problem.
WhenthegetYearmethodiscalledwithnoarguments,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
3.ReturnYearFromTime(LocalTime(t))1900.
B.2.4.2 Date.prototype.setYear(year)
NOTE ThesetFullYearmethodispreferredfornearlyallpurposes,becauseitavoidstheyear2000problem.
WhenthesetYearmethodiscalledwithoneargumentyear,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IftisNaN,lettbe+0;otherwise,lettbeLocalTime(t).
4.IfyisNaN,setthe[[DateValue]]internalslotofthisDateobjecttoNaNandreturnNaN.
5.IfyisnotNaNand0ToInteger(y)99,letyyyybeToInteger(y)+1900.
6.Else,letyyyybey.
7.LetdbeMakeDay(yyyy,MonthFromTime(t),DateFromTime(t)).
8.LetdatebeUTC(MakeDate(d,TimeWithinDay(t))).
9.Setthe[[DateValue]]internalslotofthisDateobjecttoTimeClip(date).
10.Returnthevalueofthe[[DateValue]]internalslotofthisDateobject.
B.2.4.3 Date.prototype.toGMTString()
NOTE ThepropertytoUTCStringispreferred.ThetoGMTStringpropertyisprovidedprincipallyforcompatibility
witholdcode.ItisrecommendedthatthetoUTCStringpropertybeusedinnewECMAScriptcode.
ThefunctionobjectthatistheinitialvalueofDate.prototype.toGMTStringisthesamefunctionobjectthatistheinitial
valueofDate.prototype.toUTCString.
B.2.5 AdditionalPropertiesoftheRegExp.prototypeObject
B.2.5.1 RegExp.prototype.compile(pattern,lags)
Whenthecompilemethodiscalledwithargumentspatternandlags,thefollowingstepsaretaken:
2.IfType(O)isnotObjectorType(O)isObjectandOdoesnothavea[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot,then
a.ThrowaTypeErrorexception.
3.IfType(pattern)isObjectandpatternhasa[[RegExpMatcher]]internalslot,then
a.Iflagsisnotundeined,throwaTypeErrorexception.
b.LetPbethevalueofpattern's[[OriginalSource]]internalslot.
c.LetFbethevalueofpattern's[[OriginalFlags]]internalslot.
4.Else,
a.LetPbepattern.
b.LetFbelags.
5.Return?RegExpInitialize(O,P,F).
NOTE ThecompilemethodcompletelyreinitializesthethisobjectRegExpwithanewpatternandlags.An
implementationmayinterpretuseofthismethodasanassertionthattheresultingRegExpobjectwillbeused
multipletimesandhenceisacandidateforextraoptimization.
B.3 OtherAdditionalFeatures
B.3.1 __proto__PropertyNamesinObjectInitializers
ThefollowingEarlyErrorruleisaddedtothosein12.2.6.1.WhenObjectLiteralappearsinacontextwhere
ObjectAssignmentPatternisrequiredtheEarlyErrorruleisnotapplied.Inaddition,itisnotappliedwheninitiallyparsinga
CoverParenthesizedExpressionAndArrowParameterList.
ObjectLiteral : { PropertyDeinitionList }
ObjectLiteral : { PropertyDeinitionList , }
ItisaSyntaxErrorifPropertyNameListofPropertyDeinitionListcontainsanyduplicateentriesfor"__proto__"andat
leasttwoofthoseentrieswereobtainedfromproductionsoftheformPropertyDeinition : PropertyName :
AssignmentExpression .
NOTE TheListreturnedbyPropertyNameListdoesnotincludestringliteralpropertynamesdeinedasusinga
ComputedPropertyName.
In12.2.6.9thePropertyDeinitionEvaluationalgorithmfortheproduction
isreplacedwiththefollowingdeinition:
3.LetexprValueRefbetheresultofevaluatingAssignmentExpression.
4.LetpropValuebe?GetValue(exprValueRef).
5.IfpropKeyistheStringvalue"__proto__"andifIsComputedPropertyKey(propKey)isfalse,then
a.IfType(propValue)iseitherObjectorNull,then
i.Returnobject.[[SetPrototypeOf]](propValue).
b.ReturnNormalCompletion(empty).
a.LethasNamePropertybe?HasOwnProperty(propValue,"name").
b.IfhasNamePropertyisfalse,performSetFunctionName(propValue,propKey).
8.ReturnCreateDataPropertyOrThrow(object,propKey,propValue).
B.3.2 LabelledFunctionDeclarations
PriortoECMAScript2015,thespeciicationofLabelledStatementdidnotallowfortheassociationofastatementlabelwitha
FunctionDeclaration.However,alabelledFunctionDeclarationwasanallowableextensionfornonstrictcodeandmost
browserhostedECMAScriptimplementationssupportedthatextension.InECMAScript2015,thegrammarproductionsfor
LabelledStatementpermitsuseofFunctionDeclarationasaLabelledItembut13.13.1includesanEarlyErrorrulethat
producesaSyntaxErrorifthatoccurs.Forwebbrowsercompatibility,thatruleismodiiedwiththeadditionofthe
highlightedtext:
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanystrictmodesourcecodematchesthisrule.
B.3.3 BlockLevelFunctionDeclarationsWebLegacyCompatibilitySemantics
PriortoECMAScript2015,theECMAScriptspeciicationdidnotdeinetheoccurrenceofaFunctionDeclarationasanelement
ofaBlockstatement'sStatementList.However,supportforthatformofFunctionDeclarationwasanallowableextensionand
mostbrowserhostedECMAScriptimplementationspermittedthem.Unfortunately,thesemanticsofsuchdeclarationsdiffer
amongthoseimplementations.Becauseofthesesemanticdifferences,existingwebECMAScriptcodethatusesBlocklevel
functiondeclarationsisonlyportableamongbrowserimplementationiftheusageonlydependsuponthesemantic
intersectionofallofthebrowserimplementationsforsuchdeclarations.Thefollowingaretheusecasesthatfallwithinthat
intersectionsemantics:
1.Afunctionisdeclaredandonlyreferencedwithinasingleblock
AFunctionDeclarationwhoseBindingIdentiieristhenamefoccursexactlyoncewithinthefunctioncodeofan
enclosingfunctiongandthatdeclarationisnestedwithinaBlock.
Nootherdeclarationoffthatisnotavardeclarationoccurswithinthefunctioncodeofg
AlloccurrencesoffasanIdentiierReferencearewithintheStatementListoftheBlockcontainingthedeclarationof
f.
2.AfunctionisdeclaredandpossiblyusedwithinasingleBlockbutalsoreferencedbyaninnerfunctiondeinitionthatis
notcontainedwithinthatsameBlock.
TheremaybeoccurrencesoffasanIdentiierReferencewithintheStatementListoftheBlockcontainingthe
declarationoff.
ThereisatleastoneoccurrenceoffasanIdentiierReferencewithinanotherfunctionhthatisnestedwithingand
nootherdeclarationoffshadowsthereferencestoffromwithinh.
Allinvocationsofhoccurafterthedeclarationoffhasbeenevaluated.
3.Afunctionisdeclaredandpossiblyusedwithinasingleblockbutalsoreferencedwithinsubsequentblocks.
TheremaybeoccurrencesoffasanIdentiierReferencewithintheStatementListoftheBlockcontainingthe
declarationoff.
ThereisatleastoneoccurrenceoffasanIdentiierReferencewithinthefunctioncodeofgthatlexicallyfollowsthe
Blockcontainingthedeclarationoff.
TheirstusecaseisinteroperablewiththesemanticsofBlocklevelfunctiondeclarationsprovidedbyECMAScript2015.Any
preexistingECMAScriptcodethatemploysthatusecasewilloperateusingtheBlocklevelfunctiondeclarationssemantics
deinedbyclauses9,13,and14ofthisspeciication.
ECMAScript2015interoperabilityforthesecondandthirdusecasesrequiresthefollowingextensionstotheclause9,clause
14,clause18.2.1andclause15.1.11semantics.
IfanECMAScriptimplementationhasamechanismforreportingdiagnosticwarningmessages,awarningshouldbe
producedwhencodecontainsaFunctionDeclarationforwhichthesecompatibilitysemanticsareappliedandintroduce
observabledifferencesfromnoncompatibilitysemantics.Forexample,ifavarbindingisnotintroducedbecauseits
introductionwouldcreateanearlyerror,awarningmessageshouldnotbeproduced.
B.3.3.1 ChangestoFunctionDeclarationInstantiation
DuringFunctionDeclarationInstantiationthefollowingstepsareperformedinplaceofstep29:
a.ForeachFunctionDeclarationfthatisdirectlycontainedintheStatementListofaBlock,CaseClause,or
DefaultClause,
i.LetFbeStringValueoftheBindingIdentiierofFunctionDeclarationf.
ii.IfreplacingtheFunctionDeclarationfwithaVariableStatementthathasFasaBindingIdentiierwouldnot
produceanyEarlyErrorsforfuncandFisnotanelementofBoundNamesofargumentsList,then
1.NOTEAvarbindingforFisonlyinstantiatedhereifitisneitheraVarDeclaredName,thenameofa
formalparameter,oranotherFunctionDeclaration.
2.IfinstantiatedVarNamesdoesnotcontainF,then
a.Perform!varEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(F,false).
b.PerformvarEnvRec.InitializeBinding(F,undeined).
c.AppendFtoinstantiatedVarNames.
3.WhentheFunctionDeclarationfisevaluated,performthefollowingstepsinplaceofthe
FunctionDeclarationEvaluationalgorithmprovidedin14.1.21:
a.Letfenvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sVariableEnvironment.
b.LetfenvRecbefenv'sEnvironmentRecord.
c.Letbenvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
d.LetbenvRecbebenv'sEnvironmentRecord.
e.Letfobjbe!benvRec.GetBindingValue(F,false).
f.Perform!fenvRec.SetMutableBinding(F,fobj,false).
g.ReturnNormalCompletion(empty).
B.3.3.2 ChangestoGlobalDeclarationInstantiation
DuringGlobalDeclarationInstantiationthefollowingstepsareperformedinplaceofstep14:
1.LetstrictbeIsStrictofscript
a.LetdeclaredFunctionOrVarNamesbeanewemptyList.
b.AppendtodeclaredFunctionOrVarNamestheelementsofdeclaredFunctionNames.
c.AppendtodeclaredFunctionOrVarNamestheelementsofdeclaredVarNames.
d.ForeachFunctionDeclarationfthatisdirectlycontainedintheStatementListofaBlock,CaseClause,or
DefaultClauseContainedwithinscript,
produceanyEarlyErrorsforscript,then
1.IfenvRec.HasLexicalDeclaration(F)isfalse,then
a.LetfnDeinablebe?envRec.CanDeclareGlobalFunction(F).
b.IffnDeinableistrue,then
i.NOTEAvarbindingforFisonlyinstantiatedhereifitisneitheraVarDeclaredNamenorthe
nameofanotherFunctionDeclaration.
ii.IfdeclaredFunctionOrVarNamesdoesnotcontainF,then
i.Perform?envRec.CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(F,undeined,false).
ii.AppendFtodeclaredFunctionOrVarNames.
iii.WhentheFunctionDeclarationfisevaluated,performthefollowingstepsinplaceofthe
i.Letgenvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sVariableEnvironment.
ii.LetgenvRecbegenv'sEnvironmentRecord.
iii.Letbenvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
iv.LetbenvRecbebenv'sEnvironmentRecord.
v.Letfobjbe!benvRec.GetBindingValue(F,false).
vi.Perform?genvRec.SetMutableBinding(F,fobj,false).
vii.ReturnNormalCompletion(empty).
B.3.3.3 ChangestoEvalDeclarationInstantiation
DuringEvalDeclarationInstantiationthefollowingstepsareperformedinplaceofstep9:
a.LetdeclaredFunctionOrVarNamesbeanewemptyList.
b.AppendtodeclaredFunctionOrVarNamestheelementsofdeclaredFunctionNames.
c.AppendtodeclaredFunctionOrVarNamestheelementsofdeclaredVarNames.
d.ForeachFunctionDeclarationfthatisdirectlycontainedintheStatementListofaBlock,CaseClause,or
DefaultClauseContainedwithinbody,
produceanyEarlyErrorsforbody,then
1.LetbindingExistsbefalse.
2.LetthisLexbelexEnv.
3.Assert:thefollowingloopwillterminate.
4.RepeatwhilethisLexisnotthesameasvarEnv,
a.LetthisEnvRecbethisLex'sEnvironmentRecord.
b.IfthisEnvRecisnotanobjectEnvironmentRecord,then
i.IfthisEnvRec.HasBinding(F)istrue,then
i.LetbindingExistsbetrue.
c.LetthisLexbethisLex'souterenvironmentreference.
5.IfbindingExistsisfalseandvarEnvRecisaglobalEnvironmentRecord,then
a.IfvarEnvRec.HasLexicalDeclaration(F)isfalse,then
i.LetfnDeinablebe?varEnvRec.CanDeclareGlobalFunction(F).
b.Else,
i.LetfnDeinablebefalse.
6.Else,
a.LetfnDeinablebetrue.
7.IfbindingExistsisfalseandfnDeinableistrue,then
a.IfdeclaredFunctionOrVarNamesdoesnotcontainF,then
i.IfvarEnvRecisaglobalEnvironmentRecord,then
i.Perform?varEnvRec.CreateGlobalFunctionBinding(F,undeined,true).
ii.Else,
i.LetbindingExistsbevarEnvRec.HasBinding(F).
i.Perform!varEnvRec.CreateMutableBinding(F,true).
ii.Perform!varEnvRec.InitializeBinding(F,undeined).
iii.AppendFtodeclaredFunctionOrVarNames.
b.WhentheFunctionDeclarationfisevaluated,performthefollowingstepsinplaceofthe
i.Letgenvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sVariableEnvironment.
ii.LetgenvRecbegenv'sEnvironmentRecord.
iii.Letbenvbetherunningexecutioncontext'sLexicalEnvironment.
iv.LetbenvRecbebenv'sEnvironmentRecord.
v.Letfobjbe!benvRec.GetBindingValue(F,false).
vi.Perform?genvRec.SetMutableBinding(F,fobj,false).
vii.ReturnNormalCompletion(empty).
B.3.4 FunctionDeclarationsinIfStatementStatementClauses
ThefollowingrulesforIfStatementaugmentthosein13.6:
if ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) FunctionDeclaration[?Yield] else Statement[?Yield,?Return]
if ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) Statement[?Yield,?Return] else FunctionDeclaration[?Yield]
if ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) FunctionDeclaration[?Yield] else FunctionDeclaration[?Yield]
if ( Expression[In,?Yield] ) FunctionDeclaration[?Yield]
Theaboverulesareonlyappliedwhenparsingcodethatisnotstrictmodecode.Ifanysuchcodeismatchbyoneofthese
rulessubsequentprocessingofthatcodetakesplacesasifeachmatchingoccurrenceofFunctionDeclaration[?Yield] was
thesoleStatementListItemofaBlockStatementoccupyingthatpositioninthesourcecode.Thesemanticsofsuchasynthetic
BlockStatementincludestheweblegacycompatibilitysemanticsspeciiedinB.3.3.
B.3.5 VariableStatementsinCatchBlocks
Thecontentofsubclause13.15.1isreplacedwiththefollowing:
ItisaSyntaxErrorifBoundNamesofCatchParametercontainsanyduplicateelements.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofCatchParameteralsooccursintheLexicallyDeclaredNamesof
Block.
ItisaSyntaxErrorifanyelementoftheBoundNamesofCatchParameteralsooccursintheVarDeclaredNamesofBlock
unlessCatchParameterisCatchParameter : BindingIdentiier andthatelementisonlyboundbyaVariableStatement,
theVariableDeclarationListofaforstatement,ortheForBindingofaforinstatement.
NOTE TheBlockofaCatchclausemaycontainvardeclarationsthatbindanamethatisalsoboundbythe
CatchParameter.Atruntime,suchbindingsareinstantiatedintheVariableDeclarationEnvironment.Theydo
notshadowthesamenamedbindingsintroducedbytheCatchParameterandhencetheInitializerforsuchvar
declarationswillassigntothecorrespondingcatchparameterratherthanthevarbinding.Therelaxationof
thenormalstaticsemanticruledoesnotapplytonamesonlyboundbyforofstatements.
Thismodiiedbehaviouralsoappliestovarandfunctiondeclarationsintroducedbydirectevalcallscontainedwithinthe
BlockofaCatchclause.Thischangeisaccomplishedbymodifythealgorithmof18.2.1.2asfollows:
Step5.d.ii.2.a.iisreplacedby:
1.IfthisEnvRecisnottheEnvironmentRecordforaCatchclause,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
2.IfnameisboundbyanysyntacticformotherthanaFunctionDeclaration,aVariableStatement,the
VariableDeclarationListofaforstatement,ortheForBindingofaforinstatement,throwaSyntaxErrorexception.
Step9.d.ii.4.b.i.iisreplacedby:
1.IfthisEnvRecisnottheEnvironmentRecordforaCatchclause,letbindingExistsbetrue.
AnnexC
TheStrictModeofECMAScript
(informative)
Thestrictmoderestrictionandexceptions
implements,interface,let,package,private,protected,public,static,andyieldarereservedwordswithin
strictmodecode.(11.6.2).
Aconformingimplementation,whenprocessingstrictmodecode,mustnotextend,asdescribedinB.1.1,thesyntaxof
NumericLiteraltoincludeLegacyOctalIntegerLiteral,norextendthesyntaxofDecimalIntegerLiteraltoinclude
NonOctalDecimalIntegerLiteral.
Aconformingimplementation,whenprocessingstrictmodecode,maynotextendthesyntaxofEscapeSequenceto
includeLegacyOctalEscapeSequenceasdescribedinB.1.2.
Assignmenttoanundeclaredidentiierorotherwiseunresolvablereferencedoesnotcreateapropertyintheglobal
object.Whenasimpleassignmentoccurswithinstrictmodecode,itsLeftHandSideExpressionmustnotevaluatetoan
unresolvableReference.IfitdoesaReferenceErrorexceptionisthrown(6.2.3.2).TheLeftHandSideExpressionalsomay
notbeareferencetoadatapropertywiththeattributevalue{[[Writable]]:false},toanaccessorpropertywiththe
attributevalue{[[Set]]:undeined},nortoanonexistentpropertyofanobjectwhose[[Extensible]]internalslothas
thevaluefalse.InthesecasesaTypeErrorexceptionisthrown(12.15).
TheidentiierevalorargumentsmaynotappearastheLeftHandSideExpressionofanAssignmentoperator(12.15)or
ofaUpdateExpression(12.4)orastheUnaryExpressionoperateduponbyaPreixIncrement(12.4.6)oraPreix
Decrement(12.4.7)operator.
Argumentsobjectsforstrictmodefunctionsdeinenonconigurableaccessorpropertiesnamed"caller"and
"callee"whichthrowaTypeErrorexceptiononaccess(9.2.7).
Argumentsobjectsforstrictmodefunctionsdonotdynamicallysharetheirarrayindexedpropertyvalueswiththe
correspondingformalparameterbindingsoftheirfunctions.(9.4.4).
Forstrictmodefunctions,ifanargumentsobjectiscreatedthebindingofthelocalidentiierargumentstothe
argumentsobjectisimmutableandhencemaynotbethetargetofanassignmentexpression.(9.2.12).
ItisaSyntaxErroriftheIdentiierNameevalortheIdentiierNameargumentsoccursasaBindingIdentiierwithin
strictmodecode(12.1.1).
Strictmodeevalcodecannotinstantiatevariablesorfunctionsinthevariableenvironmentofthecallertoeval.Instead,
anewvariableenvironmentiscreatedandthatenvironmentisusedfordeclarationbindinginstantiationfortheeval
code(18.2.1).
Ifthisisevaluatedwithinstrictmodecode,thenthethisvalueisnotcoercedtoanobject.Athisvalueofnullor
undeinedisnotconvertedtotheglobalobjectandprimitivevaluesarenotconvertedtowrapperobjects.Thethis
valuepassedviaafunctioncall(includingcallsmadeusingFunction.prototype.applyand
Function.prototype.call)donotcoercethepassedthisvaluetoanobject(9.2.1.2,19.2.3.1,19.2.3.3).
Whenadeleteoperatoroccurswithinstrictmodecode,aSyntaxErroristhrownifitsUnaryExpressionisadirect
referencetoavariable,functionargument,orfunctionname(12.5.3.1).
Whenadeleteoperatoroccurswithinstrictmodecode,aTypeErroristhrownifthepropertytobedeletedhasthe
attribute{[[Conigurable]]:false}(12.5.3.2).
StrictmodecodemaynotincludeaWithStatement.TheoccurrenceofaWithStatementinsuchacontextisa
SyntaxError(13.11.1).
ItisaSyntaxErrorifaTryStatementwithaCatchoccurswithinstrictmodecodeandtheIdentiieroftheCatch
productionisevalorarguments(13.15.1).
ItisaSyntaxErrorifthesameBindingIdentiierappearsmorethanonceintheFormalParametersofastrictmode
function.AnattempttocreatesuchafunctionusingaFunctionorGeneratorconstructorisaSyntaxError(14.1.2,
19.2.1.1.1).
Animplementationmaynotextend,beyondthatdeinedinthisspeciication,themeaningswithinstrictmodefunctions
ofpropertiesnamedcallerorargumentsoffunctioninstances.ECMAScriptcodemaynotcreateormodifyproperties
withthesenamesonfunctionobjectsthatcorrespondtostrictmodefunctions(16.2).
AnnexD
CorrectionsandClariicationsinECMAScript2015with
PossibleCompatibilityImpact
(informative)
8.1.1.4.158.1.1.4.18Edition5and5.1usedapropertyexistencetesttodeterminewhetheraglobalobjectproperty
correspondingtoanewglobaldeclarationalreadyexisted.ECMAScript2015usesanownpropertyexistencetest.This
correspondstowhathasbeenmostcommonlyimplementedbywebbrowsers.
9.4.2.1:The5thEditionmovedthecaptureofthecurrentarraylengthpriortotheintegerconversionofthearrayindexor
newlengthvalue.However,thecapturedlengthvaluecouldbecomeinvalidiftheconversionprocesshasthesideeffectof
changingthearraylength.ECMAScript2015speciiesthatthecurrentarraylengthmustbecapturedafterthepossible
occurrenceofsuchsideeffects.
20.3.1.15:PreviouseditionspermittedtheTimeClipabstractoperationtoreturneither+0or0astherepresentationofa0
timevalue.ECMAScript2015speciiesthat+0alwaysreturned.ThismeansthatforECMAScript2015thetimevalueofa
Dateobjectisneverobservably0andmethodsthatreturntimevaluesneverreturn0.
20.3.1.16:Ifatimezoneoffsetisnotpresent,thelocaltimezoneisused.Edition5.1incorrectlystatedthatamissingtime
zoneshouldbeinterpretedas"z".
20.3.4.36:IftheyearcannotberepresentedusingtheDateTimeStringFormatspeciiedin20.3.1.16aRangeErrorexception
isthrown.Previouseditionsdidnotspecifythebehaviourforthatcase.
20.3.4.41:PreviouseditionsdidnotspecifythevaluereturnedbyDate.prototype.toStringwhenthistimevalueisNaN.
ECMAScript2015speciiestheresulttobetheStringvalueis"InvalidDate".
21.2.3.1,21.2.3.2.4:AnyLineTerminatorcodepointsinthevalueofthesourcepropertyofanRegExpinstancemustbe
expressedusinganescapesequence.Edition5.1onlyrequiredtheescapingof"/".
21.2.5.6,21.2.5.8:Inpreviouseditions,thespeciicationsforString.prototype.matchandString.prototype.replace
wasincorrectforcaseswherethepatternargumentwasaRegExpvaluewhoseglobalislagset.Theprevious
speciicationsstatedthatforeachattempttomatchthepattern,iflastIndexdidnotchangeitshouldbeincrementedby1.
ThecorrectbehaviouristhatlastIndexshouldbeincrementedbyoneonlyifthepatternmatchedtheemptystring.
22.1.3.25,22.1.3.25.1:PreviouseditionsdidnotspecifyhowaNaNvaluereturnedbyacomparefnwasinterpretedby
Array.prototype.sort.ECMAScript2015speciiesthatsuchasvalueistreatedasif+0wasreturnedfromthecomparefn.
ECMAScript2015alsospeciiesthatToNumberisappliedtotheresultreturnedbyacomparefn.Inpreviouseditions,the
effectofacomparefnresultthatisnotaNumbervaluewasimplementationdependent.Inpractice,implementationscall
ToNumber.
AnnexE
AdditionsandChangesThatIntroduceIncompatibilities
withPriorEditions
(informative)
7.1.3.1:InECMAScript2015,ToNumberappliedtoaStringvaluenowrecognizesandconvertsBinaryIntegerLiteraland
OctalIntegerLiteralnumericstrings.InpreviouseditionssuchstringswereconvertedtoNaN.
6.2.3:InECMAScript2015,FunctioncallsarenotallowedtoreturnaReferencevalue.
11.6:InECMAScript2015,thevalidcodepointsforanIdentiierNamearespeciiedintermsoftheUnicodeproperties
ID_StartandID_Continue.Inpreviouseditions,thevalidIdentiierNameorIdentiiercodepointswerespeciiedby
enumeratingvariousUnicodecodepointcategories.
11.9.1:InECMAScript2015,AutomaticSemicolonInsertionaddsasemicolonattheendofadowhilestatementifthe
semicolonismissing.Thischangealignsthespeciicationwiththeactualbehaviourofmostexistingimplementations.
12.2.6.1:InECMAScript2015,itisnolongeranearlyerrortohaveduplicatepropertynamesinObjectInitializers.
12.15.1:InECMAScript2015,strictmodecodecontaininganassignmenttoanimmutablebindingsuchasthefunctionname
ofaFunctionExpressiondoesnotproduceanearlyerror.Insteaditproducesaruntimeerror.
13.2:InECMAScript2015,aStatementListbeginningwiththetokenletfollowedbytheinputelementsLineTerminatorthen
IdentiieristhestartofaLexicalDeclaration.Inpreviouseditions,automaticsemicoloninsertionwouldalwaysinserta
semicolonbeforetheIdentiierinputelement.
13.5:InECMAScript2015,aStatementListItembeginningwiththetokenletfollowedbythetoken[isthestartofa
LexicalDeclaration.InpreviouseditionssuchasequencewouldbethestartofanExpressionStatement.
13.6.7:InECMAScript2015,thenormalcompletionvalueofanIfStatementisneverthevalueempty.IfnoStatementpartis
evaluatedoriftheevaluatedStatementpartproducesanormalcompletionwhosevalueisempty,thecompletionvalueofthe
IfStatementisundeined.
13.7:InECMAScript2015,ifthe(tokenofaforstatementisimmediatelyfollowedbythetokensequencelet[thenthe
letistreatedasthestartofaLexicalDeclaration.Inpreviouseditionssuchatokensequencewouldbethestartofan
Expression.
13.7:InECMAScript2015,ifthe(tokenofaforinstatementisimmediatelyfollowedbythetokensequencelet[thenthe
letistreatedasthestartofaForDeclaration.Inpreviouseditionssuchatokensequencewouldbethestartofan
LeftHandSideExpression.
13.7:PriortoECMAScript2015,aninitializationexpressioncouldappearaspartoftheVariableDeclarationthatprecedesthe
inkeyword.Thevalueofthatexpressionwasalwaysdiscarded.InECMAScript2015,theForBindinginthatsameposition
doesnotallowtheoccurrenceofsuchaninitializer.
13.7:InECMAScript2015,thecompletionvalueofanIterationStatementisneverthevalueempty.IftheStatementpartofan
IterationStatementisnotevaluatedoriftheinalevaluationoftheStatementpartproducesacompletionwhosevalueis
empty,thecompletionvalueoftheIterationStatementisundeined.
13.11.7:InECMAScript2015,thenormalcompletionvalueofaWithStatementisneverthevalueempty.Ifevaluationofthe
StatementpartofaWithStatementproducesanormalcompletionwhosevalueisempty,thecompletionvalueofthe
WithStatementisundeined.
13.12.11:InECMAScript2015,thecompletionvalueofaSwitchStatementisneverthevalueempty.IftheCaseBlockpartofa
SwitchStatementproducesacompletionwhosevalueisempty,thecompletionvalueoftheSwitchStatementisundeined.
13.15:InECMAScript2015,itisanearlyerrorforaCatchclausetocontainavardeclarationforthesameIdentiierthat
appearsastheCatchclauseparameter.Inpreviouseditions,suchavariabledeclarationwouldbeinstantiatedinthe
enclosingvariableenvironmentbutthedeclaration'sInitializervaluewouldbeassignedtotheCatchparameter.
13.15,18.2.1.2:InECMAScript2015,aruntimeSyntaxErroristhrownifaCatchclauseevaluatesanonstrictdirecteval
whoseevalcodeincludesavarorFunctionDeclarationdeclarationthatbindsthesameIdentiierthatappearsasthe
Catchclauseparameter.
13.15.8:InECMAScript2015,thecompletionvalueofaTryStatementisneverthevalueempty.IftheBlockpartofa
TryStatementevaluatestoanormalcompletionwhosevalueisempty,thecompletionvalueoftheTryStatementis
undeined.IftheBlockpartofaTryStatementevaluatestoathrowcompletionandithasaCatchpartthatevaluatestoa
normalcompletionwhosevalueisempty,thecompletionvalueoftheTryStatementisundeinedifthereisnoFinallyclause
orifitsFinallyclauseevalulatestoanemptynormalcompletion.
14.3.9InECMAScript2015,thefunctionobjectsthatarecreatedasthevaluesofthe[[Get]]or[[Set]]attributeofaccessor
propertiesinanObjectLiteralarenotconstructorfunctionsandtheydonothaveaprototypeownproperty.Intheprevious
edition,theywereconstructorsandhadaprototypeproperty.
19.1.2.5:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.freezeisnotanobjectitistreatedasifitwasanonextensible
ordinaryobjectwithnoownproperties.Inthepreviousedition,anonobjectargumentalwayscausesaTypeErrortobe
thrown.
19.1.2.6:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.getOwnPropertyDescriptorisnotanobjectanattemptismade
tocoercetheargumentusingToObject.Ifthecoercionissuccessfultheresultisusedinplaceoftheoriginalargumentvalue.
Inthepreviousedition,anonobjectargumentalwayscausesaTypeErrortobethrown.
19.1.2.7:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.getOwnPropertyNamesisnotanobjectanattemptismadeto
coercetheargumentusingToObject.Ifthecoercionissuccessfultheresultisusedinplaceoftheoriginalargumentvalue.In
thepreviousedition,anonobjectargumentalwayscausesaTypeErrortobethrown.
19.1.2.9:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.getPrototypeOfisnotanobjectanattemptismadetocoercethe
argumentusingToObject.Ifthecoercionissuccessfultheresultisusedinplaceoftheoriginalargumentvalue.Inthe
previousedition,anonobjectargumentalwayscausesaTypeErrortobethrown.
19.1.2.11:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.isExtensibleisnotanobjectitistreatedasifitwasanon
extensibleordinaryobjectwithnoownproperties.Inthepreviousedition,anonobjectargumentalwayscausesa
TypeErrortobethrown.
19.1.2.12:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.isFrozenisnotanobjectitistreatedasifitwasanon
19.1.2.13:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.isSealedisnotanobjectitistreatedasifitwasanon
19.1.2.14:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.keysisnotanobjectanattemptismadetocoercetheargument
usingToObject.Ifthecoercionissuccessfultheresultisusedinplaceoftheoriginalargumentvalue.Inthepreviousedition,
anonobjectargumentalwayscausesaTypeErrortobethrown.
19.1.2.15:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.preventExtensionsisnotanobjectitistreatedasifitwasa
nonextensibleordinaryobjectwithnoownproperties.Inthepreviousedition,anonobjectargumentalwayscausesa
19.1.2.17:InECMAScript2015,iftheargumenttoObject.sealisnotanobjectitistreatedasifitwasanonextensible
ordinaryobjectwithnoownproperties.Inthepreviousedition,anonobjectargumentalwayscausesaTypeErrortobe
thrown.
19.2.3.2:InECMAScript2015,the[[Prototype]]internalslotofaboundfunctionissettothe[[GetPrototypeOf]]valueofits
targetfunction.Inthepreviousedition,[[Prototype]]wasalwayssetto%FunctionPrototype%.
19.2.4.1:InECMAScript2015,thelengthpropertyoffunctioninstancesisconigurable.Inpreviouseditionsitwasnon
conigurable.
19.5.6.2:InECMAScript2015,the[[Prototype]]internalslotofaNativeErrorconstructoristheErrorconstructor.Inprevious
editionsitwastheFunctionprototypeobject.
20.3.4InECMAScript2015,theDateprototypeobjectisnotaDateinstance.InpreviouseditionsitwasaDateinstance
whoseTimeValuewasNaN.
21.1.3.10InECMAScript2015,theString.prototype.localeComparefunctionmusttreatStringsthatarecanonically
equivalentaccordingtotheUnicodestandardasbeingidentical.Inpreviouseditionsimplementationswerepermittedto
ignorecanonicalequivalenceandcouldinsteaduseabitwisecomparison.
21.1.3.22and21.1.3.24InECMAScript2015,lowercase/upperconversionprocessingoperatesoncodepoints.Inprevious
editionssuchtheconversionprocessingwasonlyappliedtoindividualcodeunits.Theonlyaffectedcodepointsarethosein
theDeseretblockofUnicode
21.1.3.25InECMAScript2015,theString.prototype.trimmethodisdeinedtorecognizewhitespacecodepointsthat
mayexistsoutsideoftheUnicodeBMP.However,asofUnicode7nosuchcodepointsaredeined.Inpreviouseditionssuch
codepointswouldnothavebeenrecognizedaswhitespace.
21.2.3.1InECMAScript2015,IfthepatternargumentisaRegExpinstanceandthelagsargumentisnotundeined,anew
RegExpinstanceiscreatedjustlikepatternexceptthatpattern'slagsarereplacedbytheargumentlags.Inprevious
editionsaTypeErrorexceptionwasthrownwhenpatternwasaRegExpinstanceandlagswasnotundeined.
21.2.5InECMAScript2015,theRegExpprototypeobjectisnotaRegExpinstance.InpreviouseditionsitwasaRegExp
instancewhosepatternistheemptystring.
21.2.5InECMAScript2015,source,global,ignoreCase,andmultilineareaccessorpropertiesdeinedontheRegExp
prototypeobject.InpreviouseditionstheyweredatapropertiesdeinedonRegExpinstances
AnnexF
Bibliography
(informative)
1.IEEEStd7542008:IEEEStandardforFloatingPointArithmetic.InstituteofElectricalandElectronicEngineers,New
York(2008)
2.TheUnicodeStandard,Version8.0.0orsuccessor.
<http://www.unicode.org/versions/latest>
3.UnicodeStandardAnnex#15,UnicodeNormalizationForms,versionUnicode8.0.0,orsuccessor.
<http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr15/>
4.UnicodeStandardAnnex#31,UnicodeIdentiiersandPatternSyntax,versionUnicode8.0.0,orsuccessor.
5.UnicodeTechnicalNote#5:CanonicalEquivalenceinApplications,availableat<http://www.unicode.org/notes/tn5/>
6.UnicodeTechnicalStandard#10:UnicodeCollationAlgorithmversion8.0.0,orsuccessor,availableat
7.IANATimeZoneDatabaseat<http://www.iana.org/timezones>
8.ISO8601:2004(E)DataelementsandinterchangeformatsInformationinterchangeRepresentationofdatesand
times
9.RFC1738UniformResourceLocators(URL),availableat<http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1738>
10.RFC2396UniformResourceIdentiiers(URI):GenericSyntax,availableat<http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2396>
11.RFC3629UTF8,atransformationformatofISO10646,availableat<http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3629>
AnnexG
Copyright&SoftwareLicense
(informative)
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Fax:+41228496001
Web:http://www.ecmainternational.org
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@@hasInstance "Symbol.hasInstance" Amethodthatdeterminesifaconstructorobjectrecognizes

@@isConcatSpreadable "Symbol.isConcatSpreadable" ABooleanvaluedpropertythatiftrueindicatesthatan

@@iterator "Symbol.iterator" AmethodthatreturnsthedefaultIteratorforanobject.

@@match "Symbol.match" Aregularexpressionmethodthatmatchestheregular

@@replace "Symbol.replace" Aregularexpressionmethodthatreplacesmatched

@@search "Symbol.search" Aregularexpressionmethodthatreturnstheindexwithina

@@species "Symbol.species" Afunctionvaluedpropertythatistheconstructorfunction

@@split "Symbol.split" Aregularexpressionmethodthatsplitsastringatthe

@@toPrimitive "Symbol.toPrimitive" Amethodthatconvertsanobjecttoacorresponding

@@toStringTag "Symbol.toStringTag" AStringvaluedpropertythatisusedinthecreationofthe

@@unscopables "Symbol.unscopables" Anobjectvaluedpropertywhoseownandinherited

[[Value]] Any Thevalueretrievedbyagetaccessoftheproperty.

[[Writable]] Boolean Iffalse,attemptsbyECMAScriptcodetochangetheproperty's[[Value]]attributeusing

[[Enumerable]] Boolean Iftrue,thepropertywillbeenumeratedbyaforinenumeration(see13.7.5).

[[Conigurable]] Boolean Iffalse,attemptstodeletetheproperty,changethepropertytobeanaccessorproperty,

[[Get]] Object| IfthevalueisanObjectitmustbeafunctionobject.Thefunction's[[Call]]internalmethod

[[Set]] Object| IfthevalueisanObjectitmustbeafunctionobject.Thefunction's[[Call]]internalmethod

[[Enumerable]] Boolean Iftrue,thepropertyistobeenumeratedbyaforinenumeration(see13.7.5).Otherwise,

[[Conigurable]] Boolean Iffalse,attemptstodeletetheproperty,changethepropertytobeadataproperty,or

[[GetPrototypeOf]] ()Object|Null Determinetheobjectthatprovidesinheritedpropertiesforthisobject.A

[[SetPrototypeOf]] (Object|Null) Associatethisobjectwithanotherobjectthatprovidesinheritedproperties.

[[IsExtensible]] ()Boolean Determinewhetheritispermittedtoaddadditionalpropertiestothis

[[PreventExtensions]] ()Boolean Controlwhethernewpropertiesmaybeaddedtothisobject.Returnstrue

[[GetOwnProperty]] (propertyKey) ReturnaPropertyDescriptorfortheownpropertyofthisobjectwhosekey

[[HasProperty]] (propertyKey) ReturnaBooleanvalueindicatingwhetherthisobjectalreadyhaseitheran

[[Get]] (propertyKey, ReturnthevalueofthepropertywhosekeyispropertyKeyfromthisobject.

[[Set]] (propertyKey,value, SetthevalueofthepropertywhosekeyispropertyKeytovalue.Ifany

[[Delete]] (propertyKey) RemovetheownpropertywhosekeyispropertyKeyfromthisobject.

[[DeineOwnProperty]] (propertyKey, Createoraltertheownproperty,whosekeyispropertyKey,tohavethe

[[OwnPropertyKeys]] ()Listof ReturnaListwhoseelementsarealloftheownpropertykeysforthe

[[Call]] (any,a Executescodeassociatedwiththisobject.Invokedviaafunctioncallexpression.The

[[Construct]] (aListof Createsanobject.Invokedviatheneworsuperoperators.Theirstargumenttotheinternal

%Array% Array TheArrayconstructor(22.1.1)

%ArrayBuffer% ArrayBuffer TheArrayBufferconstructor(24.1.2)

%ArrayBufferPrototype% ArrayBuffer.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

%ArrayPrototype% Array.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

%ArrayProto_values% Array.prototype.values Theinitialvalueofthevaluesdatapropertyof

%Boolean% Boolean TheBooleanconstructor(19.3.1)

%BooleanPrototype% Boolean.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

%DataView% DataView TheDataViewconstructor(24.2.2)

%DataViewPrototype% DataView.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

%Date% Date TheDateconstructor(20.3.2)

%DatePrototype% Date.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

%decodeURI% decodeURI ThedecodeURIfunction(18.2.6.2)

%decodeURIComponent% decodeURIComponent ThedecodeURIComponentfunction(18.2.6.3)

%encodeURI% encodeURI TheencodeURIfunction(18.2.6.4)

%encodeURIComponent% encodeURIComponent TheencodeURIComponentfunction(18.2.6.5)

%Error% Error TheErrorconstructor(19.5.1)

%ErrorPrototype% Error.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

%eval% eval Theevalfunction(18.2.1)

%EvalError% EvalError TheEvalErrorconstructor(19.5.5.1)

%EvalErrorPrototype% EvalError.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypepropertyof

%Float32Array% Float32Array TheFloat32Arrayconstructor(22.2)

%Float32ArrayPrototype% Float32Array.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

%Float64Array% Float64Array TheFloat64Arrayconstructor(22.2)

%Float64ArrayPrototype% Float64Array.prototype Theinitialvalueoftheprototypedataproperty

%Function% Function TheFunctionconstructor(19.2.1)