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(: )9-4

11 5 6 9 8 3 :

11 9 8 6 53 :

) n+1( 2 = )6+1( 2 = 3.5

6+8
= m 2 = 7 :

109
 .2 :

n
( ) fi :
i =1
)1 =
2
)2

.

)3 :

fi
F
M=L + ) 2
fm
(X C
:

: L


20 19.5 ....

: F .

: fm .

: C

110


( )L
( )C (
) F
( ) fm
( . )2-4 :
C



4-L

fi
2 F

fm

()2-4
fi
X 2 F
=
C fm
:
fi
Xfm )= (F C
2

)
fi
( F C
2
= X
fm
111
 L :
fi
F
m=L + ) 2
fm
( XC
(: )10-4

210 .

10 50 54

30 54 58

90 58 62

60 62 66

20 66 70

:
fi
2
= = 210 2 =105

105
(. )4-4

112
 ()4-4

() ()

10 10 50 54

40 30 54 58

. 130 90 58 62

190 60 62 66

210 20 66 70

40
130
41 130 105

.

L = 58 , F = 40 , fm = 90 , c = 4

fm F
2
M=L + X C
fm
105 - 40
M = 58 +
90
X 4

113
 = 58 + 2.89 = 60.89

%50
60.89 % 50 60.89 .
(: )4-11
50

89-80 79-70 69-60 59-50 49-40 39-30

9 11 12 8 6 4

:
:

:
n
fi 2 = 50 2 = 25
i=1
25
(. )5-4

114
 4477 ()5-4

() ()
4 4 39 30
10 6 49 40
18 8 59 50
30 12 69 60
41 11 79 70
50 9 89 - 80

69 60 :

L=59.5

C = 10 . fm = 12 . F = 18

fi ( )M :
F
M=L + ) 2
fm
(X C

18 - 25
M = 59.5 +
12
X 10

m = 59.5 + 5.83 = 65.33

115
 (: )12-4
:

8 150 175
15 175 200
20 200 225
12 225 250
5 250

.
:

()6-4

() ()
8 8 150 175
23 15 175 200
43 20 200 225
55 12 225 250
60 5 250

116
 fi 2=602=30

( )6-4 ( 200 )225

L = 200 , F = 23 , fm = 20 , C = 25 :
i
F
2
M=L + X C
fm
30 - 23
M = 200 +
20
X 25

=200+8.75= 208.75

:

:

fi 2
.

( )3-4 (. )4-4

117

.
(: )13-4

210
(. )10-4
:

( )4-7
105


( )3-4 (. )4-4
()4-7

210 50 0 50
200 54 10 54
170 58 40 58
80 62 130 62
20 66 190 66
0 70 210 70

118

225 -

210 -

196 -
180 -
165 -

150 -

136 -

120 -

105 -

90 -

75 -

60 -

45 -

30 -

15 -

0-
44 48 52 56 60 61 64 68 72 76 80

()2-4

119

210-
195-

180-

165-

150-

136-

120-

105-

90-

75-

60-

45-

30-
15-
0-
40 44 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80

()3-4
( )2-4 ( )3-4 61

:
.1 .

.2 ( )n
( )n .

120
 .3 .

9 1 10 4 6 7 2 :

10 9 7 6 4 2 1 :

)7 + 1( 2 = 4 :

= 6
10 84
6
.

.4 ()
.

9
:

)9 + 1( 2 = 5 :

: .

.5

121
 (. )12-4

.6 .

.7

% 50

.

( )4-4 : mode

.

:
.1 :


:

(: )14-4
9 13 11 9 10 9 12 11 :
:
9 .

122


.
(: )15-4

:
24 20 19 15 14 18 :
14 15 10 16 12 10 12 :
13 15 13 15 12 12 :
15 15 14 16 13 19 15 12 :
12 10 5 11 5 12 15 9 10 :

:
( ) .
( 12 10 ) .
.
( 15 ) .
3 ( 10 12 5 ) .

(: )16-4

6
:

.
123
 .2 :

:

.
:

1
mode=L+ c
1 + 2
:

: L (
) .

= 1 .

= 2 .
= C .
:
.

124
 X
1
. 2 1 2


1 2 (. )4-4

CX X

2 1 L

X 1
=
CX 2
X 2= 1C- 1 X
1C= 2 X + 1 X
(1C=X (1+ 2

1
=X ) (C
1 + 2
mode = L + X : :
:
1
Mode = L+ c
1 + 2
(: )17-4
210
:
125

10 50 54
30 54 58
90 58 62
60 62 66
20 66 70
210
:
( 58 )62
C=4 L = 58 :

2 = 90 - 60 = 30 1 = 90 - 30 = 60
1 :
mode = L + + c
1 2
60
mode = 58 + 4
60 + 30
= 58 + 24 = 60.76
9
(: )18-4

50 .
89-80 79-70 69-60 59-50 49-40 39-30
9 11 12 8 6 4

126
 :
( )69 60 :
( L = 59.5 ) .
C=10 2=12-11=1 1=12-8=4
1
mode=L+ ) 1 + 2 ( c :

4
59.5 + )1+4
( 10

= 59.5 + 8 = 67.5
:



.
(: )19-4
(. )18-4

:

67.5 ()5-4

127
 ()8-4

()Y , X () ()
()4 34.5 34.5 4 39 30
()6 44.5 44.5 6 49 40
()8 54.5 54.5 8 59 - 50
()12 64.5 64.5 12 69 60
()11 74.5 74.5 11 79 70
()9 84.5 84.5 9 89 80

14 -
13-
12-
11-
10-
9-
8-
7-
6-
5-
4-
3-
2-
1-
0-
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90

()5-4

128
 :
.1 .
.2 .
.3
.

.4 (. )16-4

.5


.

.6 .

.7 .

.8

.

129
 ( )5-4 :



() ( )Q1 () ( )Q2
() ( )Q3 ()6-4
.
:
(( :Q1 .
( : )Q2 1/2 1/2 .
( : )Q3 3/4 1/4 .
1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4
Q3 Q2 Q1
()6-4

d1, d2, d3, .... , d9 :
(. )7-4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9
()7-4

130
 ( )d1 ( )1/10 ()9/10

d3 ( )3/10
( )7/10 d5
( )5/10 ( )5/10 d5 .

100 99
p1, p2, p3, ..., p99 :

p1 ( )1/100 ()99/100
.

p23
( )23/100 ( )77/100
.

.

(: )19-4
2000
:
)2000
1 500 (
4

131
 3
. )2000 1500 (
4
6
)2000 d6 1200 (
10 4
. )2000 800 (
10
12
)2000 p12 240 (
100
1760 ( . )2000 88
100
.

:

.1 :
:
)1 .
)2 :
. ) n + 1( 4 () :
) n + 1( 2 () :

3 ) n + 1( 4 () :
:
dr = ]r)n+1([ 10

:
d1 = )n+1( 10 :
d2 = ]2)n+1([ 10 :
d9 = [9)n+1([ 10 :
132
 :
p :
[ r = [r)n+1( 100

:

p1 = )n+1( 100 :

[ p2 = [2 )n+1( 100 :

[ p99 = [99 )n+1( 100 :

)3
.
: .

(: )20-4
14 :
24 15 20 24 16 9 11
25 16 14 6 10 20 18

Q1 d4 p64
:

. 25 24 24 20 20 18 16 16 15 14 11 10 9 6

p64 d4 Q1
3
Q1 =)n+1(4=)14+1(4 = 3 :
4

. 11

133
 Q1 = 11 :

d4=]4)n+1([10=]4 )14+1(10[=6 :
d4 .

d4 = 15 :
:

p64=] 64)n+1([100=]64)14+1([100=9.6
P64 .

p64 = 20 :

.2 :





:
fi 4 :
3 fi 4 :

r fi 10 :

r fi 100

(: )21-4
210
134
 Q1 Q3 d1 d7
p30 p95
:

10 50 54
30 54 58
90 58 62
60 62 66
20 66 70
:
(. )9-4
()9-4

10 10 50 54
40 30 54 58
130 90 58 62
190 60 62 66
210 20 66 70
fi 4 = 210 4 = 52.5 :

( 58 )62
:

135
 fi
- F
Q1 = L + 4 C
fQ1

() 52-40
Q1 = 58 + 4 = 58.56
90
1
( 58.56)
4
3 ( 58.56)
4
3 fi 4 = )3210( 4 = 157.5 :

( 62 )66
:
3 fi
- F
Q3 = L + 4 C
fQ3
() 157.5-130
Q3 = 62 + 4 = 62 + 1.83 = 63.83
60

3 63.83 1
4 4
63.83 .

) 1 fi( 10=210 10=21 :

d1 ( 54 )58
d1 ( 54 )58
d1 :

136
 1 fi
- F
10
d1 = L + C
fd1
() 21-10
d1 = 54 + 4 = 55.47
30

1/10 55.47 10/9

. 55.47

7 fi 10=)7210(10=147 :
( 62 . )66
d7 :

147-F
d7 = L + C
fd7
147-130 = 63.13
= 62 + 4
60
7/10 63.13 3/10
63.13 .

( 30 fi( 100=)30210(100=63 :

( 58 )62 p30
. p30
30 fi
-F :
p30 = L + ) 100
fp
30
(C
137
 = 58 + () 63-40 4 = 59.02
90
%30 59.02 %70
59.02 .

95 fi 100 :

)95120(100=199.5

( 66 )70
p99 :
95 fi
-F
p95 = L + ) 100
fp
(C :
95

()199.5-190
p95 = 66+ = 67.9
20

%95 67.9 %5
67.9 .

138
 ()4
.1
.

.2 :
82 70 30 60 64 42 30 56 43
. .
. .
. .
. Q1 Q3 d4 P60

.3 10 :
12 15 17 14 15 17 14 17 18 14
. .
. .
. .
. . Q3 d2 P70

.4 62 9
5
27 21 180 33 20 25 35 .5 :

139
 .6 10
= 65 3
:

56 65
75 57
29 28

.7 :
.
.

.8 :
.


.
.

.9 35
63 40
61

140
 .10 :
20 12 40 33 30
= 28

.11
:
14-12 11-9 8-6 5-3 2-0 ()
30 40 60 45 25 ()
. .
. .
. .
. . P45 , d6 , Q1

.12 500 :

()
100 20 25
180 25 30
120 30 35
50 35 40
30 40 45
12 45 50
8 50 55

141
 . .
. .
. .
. P90 , d8 , Q3 , Q1

.13 234
= 46 f3 f5
( ) .

12 10 20
30 20 30
F3 30 40
65 40 50
F5 50 60
25 60 70
18 70 80

.14





142
 .15 120 :

()
8 40 50
14 50 60
38 60 70
30 70 80
20 80 90
10 90 100
. 6/10 .
. %85 .
. 24 .

143
144

)Measures of Dispersion )variation

()





.
(: )1-5

:
6 6 6 6 6 :
8 7 6 5 4 :
13 10 6 1 0 :

6
.

. 6

145

.

.
.

146
 ( )1-5 Range :

. R
:
=


:
=


.
.
(: )2-5
(. )1-5
:
= 0 = 6 6
= 4 = 4 = 8
= 13 = 0 13

.

147

.

(: )3-5

:
80 45 70 30 62 50 :
35 77 82 65 55 70 0 20 :
75 65 63 60 50 85 49 54 :

:
= 50 = 30 80 .
= 82 = 0 82 .
= 36 = 49 85 .

.

(: )4-5

100 :

( )
5 60 63
15 63 66
40 66 69
28 69 72
12 72 75

148
 :
= = 75 .
= = 60 .
R = 75 - 60 = 15 . :
:
.1 .
.2 .

.3


. :
55 14 11 9 8 12 10
R = 55 8 =47 :


55 14 - 8 = 6
. ( )1-5 .

8 14 55

47
()1-5
149
 .4

.



.

( )2-5 )Quartile Deviation )Q . D :

:
Q3-Q1
= Q .D
2
(: )5-5
7:
34 20 39 25 41 30 22
: :
41 39 34 30 25 22 20
Q3 Q1
) n + 1 ( 4 = ) 7 + 1( 4 = 2 :
:

150
 . Q1 = 22 :
3 ) n +1 ( 4 = 3 ) 7 + 1 ( 4 = 6 :
:

Q3 = 39 :
Q3-Q1
= Q .D
2

Q .D = 39-22
2 = 8.5 :
(: )6-5

210 :

10 50 54
30 54 58
90 58 62
60 62 66
20 66 70
:
Q3 Q1
(: )1-5

151
 ()1-5

() ()

10 10 50 54
40 30 54 58
130 90 58 62
190 60 62 66
210 20 66 70

fi 4=210 4=52.5 :
( 58 )62
:
fi
Q1 = L +f oC
- F
4
fQ1

()52.5-40
= 58 + 4 = 58.56
90
3fi 4 = ) 3 210 ( 4 = 157.5 :
( 62 )66
:
3 i - F
Q3 = L +f 4 oC
fQ3

=62+ ) )157.5-130( ( 4=63.83

60

152
 :

Q3 - Q1
=Q .D = 63.83-58.56 =2.635
2 2

:
.1
.
.2
.

.
:

. -

- .

- .

.
.

153
 ( )3-5 Mean Absolute Deviation :

( )M . D :
. :

:
.1 .
.2 :
=

.3

| | :
......... | - 8| = 8 | 8 | = 8 |0| = 0

.4

:

:
X1 X2 X3 ...... Xn

154

||X1 - X|+|X2 - X |+ . +|Xn - X
=M.D
n
:
n
| |Xi- X
M.D= i
=1
n
(: )7-5

8 :
6 5 5 8 9 10 6 7
X = Xi n = 56 8 = 7 : :

||Xi X ( )Xi()Xi X
0 0 7
1 -1 6
3 3 10
2 2 9
1 1 8
2 -2 5
2 -2 5
1 -1 6
12

||Xi X 0

155
 :
| |Xi X
=M.D
n
= 12 =1.5
8

. :

:

fi | Xi X| :
=M.D
fi

:

: X : fi : X
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
.5 .
.6 .
.7

156
 .
(: )8-5

200

()
20 0 10
80 10 20
50 20 30
40 30 40
10 40 50
200
:

(. )2-5

()2-5

|Xi- X|f |Xi- X| Xi- X (Xf )X f

340 17 -17 100 5 20 0 10

560 7 -7 1200 15 80 10 20

150 3 3 1250 25 50 20 30

520 13 13 1400 35 40 30 40

230 23 23 450 45 10 40 50

1800 4400 200

157

= X Xi fi fi :
4400 200 = 22

|fi | Xi X
=M.D
fi

= 1800 = 9
200
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3
.

( )4-5 Variance :

. S2


.

158
 . :

2 )Xi X( 2
= S
n -1
(: )8-5

8 (. )6-5
:

= X Xi n = 56 8 = 7 :

) Xi - X (2 Xi - X ()Xi
0 0 7
1 -1 6
9 3 10
4 2 9
1 1 8
4 -2 5
4 -2 5
1 -1 6

24 ) Xi - X (2

2
2 ()Xi X 24
= S = 24 = 7 = 3.43
n -1 8-1

159
 . :
:
2
( fi)Xi X
S2 = :
fi - 1
(: )9-5
(. )8-5
:
( )3-5 :

) Xi- 7 (2 Xi X Xi fi
2
)Xi - 7 ( fi
()Xi fi

5780 289 - 17 100 5 20 0 10

3920 49 -7 1200 15 80 10 20

450 9 3 1250 25 50 20 30

6760 169 13 1400 35 40 30 40

5290 529 23 450 45 10 40 50

22200 4400 200

2
( fi )Xi X
S2 = :
fi - 1
= S2 22200 = 22200 (2) =111.56
200-1 199

= 111.56

160
 .
.

( )5-5 :

:

. :
2
()Xi X
= S
n -1
. :
2
( fi)Xi X
= S
fi - 1
S
( )8-5 = 3.43
( )9-5 = 111.56

.
:

161
 . :
( Xi (2
S 2
=
1
n -1
] - 2
Xi
n [
. :
( Xi fi (2
S2 = 1 ] Xi2 fi - [
fi -1 fi

: Xi : : fi .
2
(Xi fi (2 Xi fi
(: )10-5

( )8-5
( ) .
:
( Xi ( 2
)
1 2
S 2
=
n -1
Xi
- n ( :

Xi 6 5 5 8 9 10 6 7
2
Xi 36 25 25 64 81 100 36 49

162
 :
2
] [
1 ()56
= S2 416 - :
8-1 8

= 1 ]416 - 392 [ = 24 = 3.43

7 7
:
3.43 = 1.85
( )8-5 .
(: )11-5

( )9-5
( ) :
:
( Xi fi (2
= S2 1
fi -1 ] Xi2 fi - fi
[
(. )4-5
()4-5

2
Xi fi fi Xi2 Xi fi Xi ()
500 25 100 5 20 0 10
18000 225 1200 15 80 10 20
31250 625 1250 25 50 20 30
49000 1225 1400 35 40 30 40
20250 2025 450 45 10 40 50
119000 4400 200
163
 2
S = 1
2
200-1 ] 119000 - ()4400
200 [ :

= 1 )119000-96800( = 111.56
199
:
= 111.56 = 10.56 = S
( )9-5 .

164
 :
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .

( )6-5 :

.


:

= 100

(: )12-5

100 .

165
 ()
6 60 63 12 110 120
16 63 66 15 120 130
40 66 69 25 130 140
28 69 72 30 140 150
10 72 75 10 150 160
8 160 170
:


:

: :

:
()5-5

)Xi- X(2 Xi- X Xi fi fi Xi ()
6627 -23.5 1380 115 12 110 120
2733.75 -13.5 1875 125 15 120 130
306.25 -3.5 3375 135 25 130 140
1267.5 6.5 4350 145 30 140 150
2722.5 16.5 1550 155 10 150 160
5618 26.5 1320 165 8 160 170
19275 13850 100
166

X= Xi fi fi = 138.50 :
:
= S2 [ fi
1
) Xi - X (2 [
fi -1

= 1 )19275( = 194.7
100-1
S = 194.7 = 13.93 :

100 =

13.93
%10.02 = 100 =
138.5
: :

:
()6-5

)Xi- X(2fi fi Xi- X Xi fi Xi ()

261.36 -6.6 369 61.5 6 60 63

207.36 -3.6 1032 64.5 16 63 66

14.4 -0.6 2700 67.5 40 66 69

161.28 2.4 1974 70.5 28 69 72

291.6 5.4 735 73.5 10 72 75

936 6810 100

167
 X= Xi fi fi = 68.1 :
=S2 1
fi -1
fi ) Xi - X (2 :

= 936 = 9.45
99
S = 9.45 = 3.07 :

100 =

= %4.49 = 100 3.06

68.1

.
( )7-5 ( ) Standard Score :
1






( )Xi X


( ) z

168

z Xi X
=
S


z Xi X
=

:
: Xi .

:X .
: S .
(: )13-5

60 71
55 4
68 5

:

.
z = 60-55 = 1.25
4
= 71-68 = 0.60
5

.

169
 ()5
.1 .

.2 :
25 12 14 16 23 15 21 :
56 82 70 28 60 64 42 30 :

. :

. .

.3 100 :
99-80 79-60 59-40 39-20 19-0
5 40 35 15 5

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

170
 .4 40
.

10 20
15 53
8 86
5 11 9
2 14 12
:
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .

.5 50 :

()
8 55 65
10 65 75
20 75 85
8 85 95
4 95 105
:
171
 . .
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
.6 40
.

3 24 40
5 40 56
10 56 72
12 72 88
5 88 104
5 104 120

.
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .

172
 .7 :
X1 , 22 , 25 , 30 , Xs
= 18 = 27 . Xs , X1

.8 :
.
.
.
.

.
.

.9 = %25 ( )S2 = 25
:
15 . X 25 18 10
. X

.10 = %20
X = 40 ( ) = 3
.

173
 .11 ( )
.
( 9 3 8 6 4 :) X

.12
. .

()
15 20 10 100 150
25 53 20 150 200
35 86 30 200 250
20 11 9 25 250 300
5 14 12 15 300 350

.13 72 69
75
60 3 68
4 70 2
.

.14
.
- .
- .

174
 - .
- .

175
176


Correlation and Regression
1.6 : Correlation

()
.

() ()
.
1.1.6 :Simple Regression

()

.
""
.

() ()
( )

()

.

177

( ) .

.


. :
Y Y

x
x

Y Y

r = -1 r =1


x
x

Y
Y

0<r<1












x


x

Y Y

-1 < r < 0

x x

178
 ( )
()
()
() ()
)0 > 1 ()
r (
)-1 > > 0
r (
() ( )r = 1
()

( )r = -1

2.1.6 : Simple Linear Correlation

" "



( )r
.

179
 . ( ) :

:
.1 = . 0
.2
. = 1 = -1
. -1 .3 , +1
.4 .
()
.

.1 ( )
()Y , X
r :
( (X- x ()Y -
r= 1
n ( )x
X x Y
X . Y

180
 nXY XY
=r
[] nX2 (X(2 [ ]nY2 (Y(2

:
: )1-6( :

Y , X
:

52 53 50 49 48 X
31 39 33 29 28 Y
:
:

Y2 X2 YX Y X .
784 2304 1344 28 48 1
841 2401 1421 29 49 2
1089 2500 1650 33 33 3
841 2601 1475 29 29 4
961 2704 1612 31 31 5
4516 12510 7506 150 150

181
 nXY XY
=r
[] nX2 (X(2 [ ]nY2 (Y(2

(5)7506(- )150()250
=r
[] 5)12510(- )250(2 [ ]5 )4516(- )150(2

30 30
=r =
63.2453
= 0.47
()50()80

(: )2-6

Y , X
:
5 4 3 2 1 X
2 3 1 1 3 Y

:
nXY XY
=r
[] nX2 (X(2 [ ]nY2 (Y(2

182
 Y2 X2 YX Y X .
9 1 3 3 1 1
1 4 2 1 2 2
1 9 3 1 3 3
9 16 12 3 4 4
4 25 10 2 5 5
24 55 30 10 15

(5)30(- )15()10
=r
[ ] 5)55(- )15(2 [ ] 5)24(- )10(2

150-150 0 0
=r =
()50()25
= =0
()275-225()120-100 1000

183
 .

.



) . : r (
6d2
r=1-
(n) n2 - 1
( ) d ,
d2
:
: :
:

.1 ( )
( ) .

.2 d
( )d2 (. ) d2
6d2
r =1 - .3
n) n2 (- 1

184
 (: )3-6
5
.
5 4 3 2 1
:
:
:

:

d

12=1 1 2 3 1
12=1 1 4 5 2
12=1 1 3 4 3
-32=1 -3 5 2 4
02=0 0 1 1 5
12 0 15 15
6d2
r =1 - :
n) n2 (- 1
(6)12 (6)12
(r = 1- 5)25-1 =1- =1- 3
5 = 2 =0.4
5
(5)24
"

185
 )4-6( :
8
:
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
34 19 25 42 28 35 17 30
42 33 32 50 46 40 31 35

:

d

1=12 1 4 5 35 30 1
0=02 0 1 1 31 17 2
4=22 2 5 7 40 35 3
(9=2)-3 -3 7 4 46 28 4
0=02 0 8 8 50 42 5
1=12 1 2 3 32 25 6
(1=2)-1 -1 3 2 33 19 7
0=02 0 6 6 42 34 8
16 0 36 36

6d2
r= 1 -
(n) n2 - 1
(6)16 6)16( =1- 0.19 = 0.81
(r =1- 8)64-1 = 1-
(8)63
.

186
 : 2 :


( )

() .
.
:
()5-6

:
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
5 3 7 4 3 7 2 3 4

:
( )

( )
.1 4 . 5.5= 6+5
2
=. 3 4+3+2 .2 3
3

187
 .3 ( ) . 1
.4 7 . 8.5 = 9+8
2
.5 5 . 7

( : )
.1 4+3
=. 7.5
2
.2 ( ) . 9
.3 . 6.5= 8+7+6+5
4
1.5= 2+1 .4 2


d


22 = 4 2 3.5 5.5 3 5 ** **4
-62 = 35 -6 9 3 9 2 *3

-5.52 = 30.25 -5.5 6.5 1 5 1 * * * 2

25 5 3.5 8.5 4 8 ***** 7

-3.52 = 12.25 -3.5 6.5 3 6 3 * * * *3

-12 = 1 -1 6.5 5.5 7 6 ** * * * 4

-72 = 49 7 1.5 8.5 1 9 * ***7

-3.52 = 12.25 -3.5 6.5 3 8 4 * * * *3

30.25 5.5 1.5 7 2 7 * 5

200 0 45 45 45 45

188
 6d2
r =1 -
(n) n2 - 1
(6)200 (6)200
r = 1- (9)81-1
=1-
(9)80
= 1-1.67 = - 0.67

2-6 : Regression

() .

.
.
.
()
() .

.

.

(
).. .
.

189

(
)...
( )1
()
Y , X
6.5 -
Y 6.0 -

5.5 - ()1
5.0 -
1 2 3 4
X

( )2 .
5-
4-
Y 3- ()2
2-
1-
5 6 7 8 9
X

0.4 -
0.3 - -
-
Y 0.2 - ()3
0.1 - - -
0.0 -
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 0.3 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 X
( )3 ( )
80 -
70 -
70 -
50 -
40 - ()4
30 -
20 -
10 -
0-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
( )4 .
190


.
1.2.6 : Simple Linear regression

( )X ( )Y
Y= aX+b b , a
.
( ) .
.

.

:


.

. :

= Y X .
X + b

191
 Y b b

=
nXY XY
nX2 (X(2

b = Y X :

X Y
=X =Y
n n
(: )6-6

. :

.1 .

.2 ( )Y ( )X
.

.3 () 100 .

.4 .

132 148 69 135 108 87 170 128 50 73 ()X

60 70 30 60 50 40 80 60 20 (30 )Y

:
Y , X
:

192
 175

150


X
100

75


50
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Y

=
X + b .1
. X Y
.2 b , :
Y2 X2 YX Y X .
900 5329 2190 30 73 1
400 2500 1000 20 50 2
3600 16384 7680 60 128 3
6400 28900 13600 80 170 4
1600 7569 3480 40 87 5
2500 11664 5400 50 108 6
3600 18225 8100 60 135 7
900 4761 2070 30 69 8
4900 21904 10360 70 148 9
3600 17424 7920 60 132 10
28400 134660 61800 500 1100

193
 nXY XY
=
nX2 X2
(10)61800(- )500()1100
=
10)134600(- )1100(2

= 618000-550000 = 68000 = 0.4978

1346600-1210000 13600

. ( X)
( Y) 0.4978 .


b = Y X

= X 1100 Y 500

= X = 10 110 Y = = =50
n n 10

b = 50 - 0.4978 )110( = 50 - 54.758 = -4.758

b ( Y)
= -4.758 ( = )X .
Y :

= 0.4978X - 4.758

194
 .3 ( 110 = )X

= 0.4978)100( - 4.758 = 50
.4
nXY XY
r =
[] nX2 (X(2 [ ]nY2 (Y(2
()10()61800(- )500()1100
=r
[ ] 10)134660(- )1100(2 []10)28400(- )500(2
618000-550000
=r
()1346600-1210000( )284000-250000

= 68000 68000
= = 0.9979
()136600( )34000 68149.834

( )X (. )Y
2.2.6 :

X , Y . b ,

.

2
YX
2 :
= YX
n 2
195
 2

YX =
n 2
)Yi -Yi(2
2
: = YX
n 2
n n n
Yi a Xi Yi b Yi
2
2
YX = i=1 i=1 i=1
n 2
:

n n n
Yi a Xi Yi b Yi
2
2
YX i=1 i=1 i=1
= = YX
n 2
() .
.

(: )7-6

X= 500 , XY= 61800 , Y2 = 28400

:
a = 0.4978 , b = 4.758 :
2
YX (= )28400-)0.4978()61800(-)-4.758()500
10-2

196
 2
YX = 158 = 1.875

YX = YX = 1.875 = 1.369

197
 ()6
.1 ( )X,Y = 1
= . 1

.2 . Y . X

10 8 6 5 4 2 X
5 7 8 10 12 18 Y

:
. .
. .
Y
.3 =0.6X+0.3 Y X
7
0.0 . 0.9 4.5 . 2.8 .

.4
0.95- . 0.9 . 0.8- . 0.3 .

.5
:

.6 :

198
 - .
. = . 0.3
. .

.7 10
. :

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7 10 8 9 1 4 6 3 5 2
3 8 6 10 1 9 7 4 5 2

.8
:

.9 .

.10 = 1
= 1 .

199
 .11 Y , X :

Y2= 84 , X2= 52933 , XY= 1858

n=8 , Y= 22 , X= 649
Y . X

.12 ( )X ( )Y .

60 68 42 40 56 48 46 72 42 56 ()X
155 152 140 146 152 128 149 161 125 149
()Y
:
)2 )1
.13 :
)1 .
)2 .
)3 .
)4 .
)5 .
)6 .
)7 .
)8 .

200
 )9 .
)10 .

.14 : Y , X

4 2 5 1 3 X
5 4 6 2 3 Y
:

- .

- .

- Y . X

- .

.15 :

75 70 60 55 50 ()X
165 160 165 160 150 ()Y

- .

- .

- Y . X

- 68 .

201
202


1.1.7 Moments :
:
.

)1 .

)2 .
1.1.7 :

r :
n r . :
Xi
= r i=1
n
Xn ,,X3,X2,X1

n n
Xi
= 1 i=1
n

=

n n
Xi 3
X2i
...... = 3 i=1
n
, : = 2 i=1
n
:

203
 (: )1-7
1 , 2 , 3 , 4
10 5 3 2

:
:

= X X2 X3 X4
2 22=4 23=8 24=32
3 32=9 33=27 34=81
5 52=25 53=125 54=625
10 102=100 103=1000 104=10000
X=20 X2=138 X3=1160 X4=10738
n
Xi
= 1 i=1
n
= 20 = 5
4

n
X2i
= 2 i=1
n = 138
4 = 34.5

n
X3i
= 3 i=1
n
= 1160 = 290
4

204
 n
X4i
= 4 i=1
n
=10738
4
= 2684.5

:
n
Xir
i=1 2r+3r+5r+10r
=r = r1,2,3,4, =
n 4

. :
-:

X1 X2 X3 .......... Xn
fi f1 f2 f3 ......... fn
n
fi :
i= 1

:
n
Xi fi
= r i=1
n
fi
i=1

205
 n
Xi fi
= 1 i=1
n =
fi
i=1
n
Xi fi
........
i=1
= 2 n =
fi
i=1
(: )2-7

Xi 5 4 3 2
fi 2 3 4 1

-:

2 2 3 3 4 4
Xi fi Xi Xi fi Xi Xi fi Xi Xi fi
Xi fi
2 1 2 4 4 8 8 16 16
3 4 12 9 36 27 108 81 324
4 3 12 16 48 64 192 256 768
5 2 10 25 50 125 250 625 1250
fi =10 Xi fi Xi fi
2
Xi fi
3
Xi4 fi
=36 =138 =558 =1358

206
2 = 138 = 13.8 , 1 = 36 = 3.6
10 10

4 = 1358 = 135.8 , 3 = 558 = 55.8

10 10

2.1.7 :

r :
n n
Xi )Xi X( r

i=1 r = i = 1 n = X =
n
n
()Xi X
= 1 Z=1
:
n
n
)Xi X(2
....... 2= i = 1 :
n
(: )3-7

10 5 3 2
:

n : = X
Xi
i=1 = 2+3+5+10 = 20 = 5
n 4 4

207
 Xi
( )Xi-X (= )Xi-5 )Xi-X (2 )Xi-X (3 )Xi-X(4

2 2 5 = -3 )-3(2=9 )-3(3= -27 )-3(4=81

3 3 5 = -2 )-2(2=4 )-2(3= -8 )-2(4=16

5 55=0 )0(2=0 )0(3=0 )0(4=0

10 10 5 = 5 )5(2=25 )5(3=125 )-3(4=625

)Xi-X (2 )Xi-X (3 )Xi-X (4
X=20 )Xi-X (=0
= 38 = 90 = 722

1= 0 = 0
4

2= 38 =9.5
4

3= 90 =22.5
4

4= 722 =180.5
4
. :
r :
n
)Xi X( r fi
r= i = 1
n
fi
i=1

208
 Xi = fi . :

n

Xi fi
=X i=1
n
fi
i =1

(: )4-7

10-30 30-50 50-70 70-90 90-110

5 15 35 40 5 100

n :
r
)Xi X( fi
=r i=1 n :
fi
i=1
n

Xi fi
=X i=1
n
=
fi
i=1

209

Xi ) Xi -X( fi )Xi-X (2fi ) Xi- X (3fi ) Xi- X (4fi
Xi fi
f
i )Xi- 65( fi ) Xi- 65(2fi ) Xi- 65(3fi )Xi- 65(4fi
,
10-30 5 20 100 -45 10125 455625 - 20503125
,
30-50 15 40 600 -25 9375 -234375 5859375
,
50-70 35 60 2100 -5 875 -4375 21875
,
70-90 40 80 3200 15 9000 135000 2025000
,
90-110 5 100 500 35 6125 214375 7503125

fi Xi fi )Xi- 65( fi ) Xi- X(2fi ) Xi- X(3 fi ) Xi-X(4fi
=100 =6500 =35500 =345000 =35912500

n
Xi fi
=X i=1
n = 6500 = 65
fi 100
i=1

1= 0

( Xi-X)2fi 35500 =355
= 2 =
fi 100

( Xi-X)3fi 345000
= 3 = =-3450
fi 100

= ( Xi-X) fi = 35912500 =359125

4

4 fi 100

210
 2-7

.
.

1-2-7 :




.

:
= =

.
( )3-7 Skewness :


.

211
 .1 :
( )
.
( )2-6 :

> >

()2-6

.

.

212
 .2 :
( )
.
( )3-6 :

< <

.

.

= ( 3 ) .

213
 1-3-7 :


.
.

:
-
=



:
=( 3 -)

:

= = .

> > .

214
 :

< < .

( )

.
.

( )

.

.
(: )7-5

:
() ()
10 15 25
25 25 35
30 35 45
40 45 55
15 55 65
120

215
 :

( )6-1
.
()1-6

2 2
Xi fi Xi Xi fi fi Xi ()

4000 400 200 20 10 15 25

22500 900 750 30 25 25 35
48000 1600 1200 40 30 35 45
100000 2500 2000 50 40 45 55
54000 3600 900 60 15 55 65
228500 5050 120

X= 5054 =42.08 :
120


.
)5050(2 =134.28 :
] 120-1 [ 120
=S2 1 228500-

S = 134.28 = 11.59 :

216
 1
mode=L+ 1 + 2 c

mode = 45 + 10 10 = 47.86
10+25

-
=

47.86-42.08 = 0.499
11.59

( ) 10 + 25 + 30 = 65
( ) 120 2 = 60
:
fi
2 F
m=L + XC
fm
m = 35+ 60-35 10 = 35 + 8.33 = 43.33
30

( 3 -)
=

217
 = )43.33-42.02(3
11.59
= - 0.34

=
( )3

.


.

218
 (: )6-7
()
:
() ()
5 10 30
15 30 50
35 50 70
40 70 90
5 90 110
100

:
( )2-6 :

()2-6

) Xi X(3fi ) Xi X(2 fi Xi X Xi fi ()
Xi fi
- 455625 10125 - 45 100 20 5 10 30
- 234375 9375 - 25 600 40 15 30 50
- 4375 875 -5 2100 60 35 50 70
135000 9000 15 3200 80 40 70 90
214375 6125 35 500 100 5 90 110
- 345000 35500 6500 100

219

X = Xi fi fi = 6500 100 = 65

3 = fi) Xi - X(3 fi
= )-345000( 100 = -3450

(2
1 fi ) Xi -X 35500= 358.59 = 18.94
=S =
fi-1 99

( )3 =

-3450
= 3
= - 0.51
()18.94

220
 ( )4-7 Kurtosis :

( )5-6
( )6-6

(. )4-6

()4-6

()5-6

()6-6
221
 1-4-7 :


:

( )4 =

3 3
3

.
(: )7-7

(. )3-6
:

( )4-6 .
()4-6

)Xi- X (3 fi )Xi-X (2 fi Xi - X Xi fi Xi fi ()

-455625 10125 - 45 100 20 5 10 30

-234375 9375 - 25 600 40 15 30 50
-4375 875 -5 2100 60 35 50 70
135000 9000 15 3200 80 40 70 90
214375 6125 35 500 100 5 90 110
-345000 35500 6500 100

222

X = 6500 100 = 65

4= fi)Xi -X (4 fi :
= 35912500 100 = 3591.25

= 18.84

( )4
=

:
359125 = 2.85
)18.84(3
3 .

223
 ()7
.1 50 40 30 20 10 :

. ( )1 ( )2

. .

.2 .

. .

. .
70-60 60-50 40-30 30-20 20-10
2 5 8 5 2

.3
100-80 80-60 60-40 40-20 20-20
5 10 10 5

.4 = 225
.

.5 :

)1 = 10

)2 = 116

)3 = 32

)4 = 768

224
 :

)1 .

)2 .

)3 .

.6 120
.

5 9.5 11.5
10 11.5 13.5
20 13.5 15.5
35 15.5 17.5
30 17.5 19.5
20 19.5 21.5

. .

. .

. .

. .

225
 .7 :

. .

. .

. = = .

.8

= 68 = . 9

. 6571

. .
.9 50 .

5 90
10 19 10
20 29 20
10 39 30
5 49 40

. .

. . .

. . .

226
 .10 :

= . 144

= . 606

= . 40117

227


1. Da vid F . Groebn er & Pa trick W . Sha n n on , Bu si-

n ess Sta tistics (A Decision Ma kin g Approa ch) ,
Fou rth Edition , Ma cm illa n Pu blishin g Com pa n y ,
New York , 1993 .
2. Neil A . Weiss , Elem en ta ry Sta tistics 2u d Edition
, Addison Wesley Pu blishin g Com pa n y , In c .. , New
York , 1994 .

3. Prem S . Ma n n , Sta tistics For Bu sin ess An d Eco-

n om ics , John Wiley & Son s In c ., New York , 1995 .

4. Ta ro Ya m a n e , Sta tistics , An In trodu ctory An a ly-

sis , 3rd Edition , Ha rper & Row , Pu blishers , New
York , 1964 .

5. Wa rren Cha se & Fred Bown , Gen era l Sta tistics ,

Third Edition , John Wiley & Son s . In c , New York ,
1997 .

228