Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Copyright 200 I by
The American Academy of Periodontology
Suite 800
737 North Michigan Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60611-2690
ISBN 0-9264699-3-9
The first two editions of this publication were published under the title Glossary of
Periodontic Terms as supplements to the Journal of Periodontology. First edition,
January 1977 (Volume 48); second edition, November 1986 (Volume 57). The third
edition was published under the title Glossary vf Periodontal Terms in 1992.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The fourth edition of the Glossary of Periodontal Terms represents four years of
intensive work by many members of the Academy who generously contributed
their time and knowledge to its development. This edition incorporates revised
definitions of periodontal terms that were introduced at the 1996 World Workshop
in Periodontics, as well as at the 1999 International Workshop for a Classification
of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions. A review of the classification system from
the 1999 Workshop has been included as an Appendix to the Glossary.
Under the direction of Dr. Robert E. Cohen, the Committee on Research, Science
and Therapy (Drs. David L. Cochran, Chair; Timothy Blieden; Otis J. Bouwsma;
Robert E. Cohen; Petros Damoulis; Connie Drisko; James B. Fine; Gary
Greenstein; James E. Hinrichs; Martha J. Somerman; Vincent J. Iacono, Board
Liaison; and Robert J. Genco, Consultant), as well as Drs. Sigmund Socransky
and Henry Greenwell, served as peer reviewers for this edition of the Glossary.
ABUTMENT: Tooth, root, or implant used to support
--------i[A]I- and/or anchor a fixed or removable prosthesis.
INTERMEDIATE A.: Abutment located between
ABERRANT: Varying or deviating from the usual or
other abutments.
normal course, form, or location.
ACANTHOLYSIS: Dissolution of the intercellular
ABFRACTION: Hypothetical tooth surface abrasion
attachments within the prickle cell layer (stratum
in conjunction with occlusal forces; data supporting
spinosum) of stratified squamous epithelium.
this term as a discrete clinical entity are not yet
Classically seen in pemphigus vulgaris during vesicle
available (See Abrasion; Erosion.)
and bulla formation.
ABRASION: Wearing away of a substance or structure ACANTHOSIS: Hyperplasia of the prickle cell layer
through an abnormal mechanical process. Examples (stratum spinosum) of stratified squamous epithelium,
include gingival and dental abrasions due to incorrect
resulting in thickened rete ridges or widening of this
brushing. layer.
GINGIVAL A.: A localized purulent infection that syndrome (See AIDS), acquired immunity and
ABSORPTION: I. Passage of a substance into the in tissues. Commensals that usually coexist peace
interior of another substance. 2. Passage of fluids or fully with their hosts, but under some conditions
sub tances through tissues. 3. Attenuation of radiation emerge as opportunistic pathogens involved in
energy by the substance through which it passes. infections of both soft tissues and teeth.
2
ACTINOMYCES NAESLUNDII: Gram-positive, root planing and surgical therapy, such as chemo
non-motile, anaerobic bacteria that preferentially therapy, occlusal therapy, and restorative care.
humans and other animals and are associated with atmospheric levels of oxygen. Used in reference to
gingivitis, periodontitis, and root caries. microorganisms that grow optimally under these
conditions. See: Facultative.
ACTINOMYCOSIS: Clinical infection caused by a
species of the genus Actinomyces. Abscess formation AGRANULOCYTOSIS (Granulocytopenia): A
is common and, in the cervicofacial form of the pathologic decrease in the number of circulating
ADENOPATHY: Pathologic enlargement of glands, ALLELE: One of two or more different genes that may
especially lymphatic glands. occupy the same locus on a specific chromosome.
ADHESION: The property of remaining in close ALVEOLAR CREST: The most coronal portion of
proximity; the molecular attraction existing between the alveolar process.
the surfaces of contacting bodies.
ALVEOLAR CREST FIBER: See: Fiber, Principal.
ADJUSTMENT, OCCLUSAL: See: Occlusal
ALVEOLAR MUCOSA: See: Mucosa, Alveolar.
Adjustment.
acceptable ridge contour in preparation for ANGINA PECTO RIS: Paroxysmal thoracic pain with
construction of a denture or placement of an implant. feeling of suffocation and impending death; usually
due to anoxia of the myocardium and precipitated by
ALVEOLU S: The socket in the bone into which a tooth
effort or excitement.
is attached by means of the periodontal ligament.
ANGULA R CHEILITIS: See: Cheilitis, Angular.
AMINO GLYCO SIDES: A group of antibiotics
(streptomycin, gentamycin, tobramycin) commonly ANK YLOGLOSSIA (Tongue-Tie): Partial or
combined synergistically with penicillins. complete fusion of the tongue with the floor of the
mouth or the lingual gingiva due to an abnormally
AMPU TATION, ROOT: Removal of a root from a
short, mid-line lingual frenulum, resulting in
tooth retained in situ.
restricted tongue movement.
ANA EROBIC: Used in reference to microorganisms ANO DONTIA : Congenital absence of the teeth. See:
that can survive and grow in the absence of molecular Oligodontia.
oxygen.
ANOMALY: A deviation from the usual form,
ANALGESIA : Absence of sensibility; the relief of location, or arrangement of a structure.
pain without loss of consciousness.
ANTAGONIST, DENTAL: A tooth in one jaw that
ANAPH YLACTIC SHO CK: A severe, sometimes articulates with a tooth in the opposing jaw.
fatal, immediate allergic reaction, usually occurring
ANTERIO R GU IDANCE: The influence on
seconds to minutes after exposure to an antigen and
mandibular movement resulting from contact of
mediated via histamine.
opposing anterior teeth.
ANA PH YLAXIS: Immediate hypersensitivity
ANTIBIOTIC: Molecules or agents produced by
response to antigenic challenge, mediated by IgE and
microorganisms that have the capacity to kill or
mast cells; typically life-threatening.
inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.
ANATOMIC CROWN: See: Crown, Anatomic.
ANTIBO DY: Serum proteins that are induced
ANATOMIC LANDMA RK: A readily recognizable following interaction with an antigen. They bind
anatomical structure used as a point of reference. specifically to the antigen that induced their forma
tion thereby causing or facilitating the antigen's
ANESTHESIA : Loss of feeling or sensation caused
neutralization. See: Immunoglobulin.
by an anesthetic agent to permit diagnostic and
treatment procedures. ANTICO AGULANT: Any substance or agent that
BLOCK A.: Local anesthesia of a nerve trunk. inhibits or prevents the coagulation of blood.
MAXILLARY A CA. of Highmore).: The air cavity in PHYSIOLOGIC A.: A concept of soft tissue or bony
the body of the maxilla, lined with respiratory form that includes positive architecture in a vertical
epithelium, that normally lies superior to the roots of dimension, buccal-lingual contours devoid of ledges
the premolars and molars and generally extends and exostoses, and interradicular grooves.
from the canine or premolar region posterior to the POSITIVE A.: When the crest of the interdental
molar or tuberosity region. It communicates with gingiva or bone is located coronal to its midfacial
the middle meatus of the nose. midlingual margins.
REVERSE A.: When the crest of the interdental
APERTURE: An opening or orifice.
gingiva or bone is located apical to its midfacial and
APEX, TO OTH: The anatomic end of a tooth root. mid-lingual margins.
MAJOR A.: Large, scarring, recurrent aphthae, which mandibular teeth with maxillary teeth in excursive
may last for weeks or months. Previously termed movements of the mandible. 2. A junction or union
APICOECTOMY: The surgical removal of the apex apparent conditions that are unnatural and misleading,
APLASTIC: Without development; not forming. ASACCHAROLY TIC: The inability of an organism
to catabolize carbohydrates. Generally relates to sugar
APOPTOSIS: Cell death via fragmentation into
metabolism.
membrane-enclosed particles that can be
ASEPTIC: Free from infection or septic material;
phagocytosed by other cells.
sterile.
APPROXIMATION: The state of being near or close
ASTRINGENT: An agent that causes contraction of
together, as in root approximation.
the tissues, arrests secretion, or controls bleeding.
ARACHIDONIC ACID: A 20-carbon essential fatty
ATRAUMATIC: Not inflicting or causing damage or
acid that contains four double bonds (5, 8, II, 14-
Injury.
eicosatetraenoic acid); the precursor of prostaglandins,
prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. ATROPHY: Diminution in size of a cell, organ, tissue,
or part.
A.RACHNIA. PROPIONICA.: See: Propionibacterium
DISUSE A.: Results from inactivity.
Propionus.
PHYSIOLOGIC A.: Affects certain organs in all
ARCH, DENTAL: The curved composite structure of individuals as part of the normal aging process.
the natural dentition and the alveolar ridge, or the POST-MENOPAUSAL A.: A thinning of various
residual bone after the loss of some or all of the tissues, such as the oral mucosa, following
natural teeth. menopause.
SENILE A.: The atrophy of tissues due to advanced
ARCHITECTURE: A term with an appropriate
age.
modifier, commonly used in periodontics to describe
gingival and/or bony form. ATTACHED GINGIVA: See: Gingiva, Attached.
------ 5
BACTERIOSTAT: An agent that inhibits or retards BENNETT ANGLE: The angle made by the saggital
the growth and multiplication of bacteria. plane and the condyle on the balancing side during
lateral mandibular movements.
B ACTERIOSTATIC: Inhibiting or retarding the
growth of bacteria. BETA-GLUCURONIDASE: A lysosomal enzyme
present in macrophages and polymorphonuclear
BACTEROIDES FORSYTHUS: Gram-negative, non
leukocytes; important in the degradation of phagocy
motile, obligately anaerobic, non-spore forming, non
tosed material.
pigmented, rod-shaped bacteria found in subgingival
plaque and associated with periodontitis. BETA-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS: Antibiotics
containing a beta-Iactam ring; the penicillins, cepha
BACTEROIDES GINGIVALIS: See: Porphyromonas
losporins, monobactams (aztreonam), and
Gingivalis.
carbapenums (imipenem-cilastatin).
BACTEROIDES INTERMEDIUS: See: Prevotella
Intermedia. BETA-LACTAM ASE: A bacterial enzyme that
accounts for the major resistance mechanism to beta
BACTEROIDES MELANINOGENICUS: See:
lactam antibiotics by opening the beta-Iactam ring of
Prevotella Melaninogenica.
penicillins and cephalosporins.
BASELINE DATA:\. Measurements taken at the modification in which signals are relayed to the
beginning of treatment with which subsequent patient regarding the status of certain physiologic
measurements are compared. 2. In research, a known functions such as the heart rate and blood pressure.
INCISI ONAL B.: The removal of a selected portion of BONE GR AFT, AUTOGENOUS: See: Graft,
a lesion and, if possible, adjacent normal-appearing Autogenous Bone.
tissue for microscopic examination and diagnosis.
BONE MARROW: See: Marrow.
BITE: The act of incising and crushing between the
BONY DEFECTS: See: Periodontal Bony Defects.
teeth.
ACCESSORY (LATERAL) ROOT c.: A lateral employed to maintain circulation of the blood and
branch of the main root canal most often found in the restore respiration.
apical half of the roots and in furcation areas.
CARIES: A localized and progressive disintegration of
CANCELLO US BONE: See: Bone, Cancellous. a tooth usually beginning with the dissolution of the
enamel and followed by bacterial invasion of the
CANDIDA SSP.: A yeast-like fungus often found in
dentinal tubuli.
association with oral diseases such as "thrush" (oral
candidiasis). Usually stains Gram-positive, is aerobic, CAST, STUDY OR DIAGNOSTIC: A positive
and is significantly larger than bacteria. Most replica of the teeth and adjacent tissues usually formed
frequently encountered species is C. albicans. by pouring plaster into a matrix or impression.
CANDIDA ALBICANS: The most pathogenic species CATALASE: An enzyme capable of degrading
of Candida. Usually a harmless inhabitant of mucous hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Several
membranes, but under certain conditions may cause bacterial species, as well as host cells, produce
infections. catalase, which can be used as an aid to bacterial
of the genus Candida, usually C. albicans, that is CAUTERY: The application of a caustic substance, a
associated with several predisposing factors including hot instrument, an electric current, or other agent to
the use of broad spectrum antibiotics, pregnancy, destroy tissue.
xerostomia, diabetes mellitus, and suppression of the
CAVERNOUS RESORPTION: See: Resorption,
immune system. Clinical features include soft, white,
Cavernous.
curd-like plaques that can be wiped away leaving an
erythematous area. CAVITY, PULP: The internal space within a tooth,
which normally houses the dental pulp.
CANINE PROTECTION: A form of articulation in
which the overlap of the canine teeth disengages the CD ANTIGENS: Cell surface molecules that are
posterior teeth in excursive movements. See: distinguishable with specific monoclonal antibodies
Guidance, Canine. and may be used to differentiate cell populations. For
CANKER SORES: See: Aphtha, Minor. example, clusters of differentiation (CD) antigens
include CD4, CD8, CD40.
CAPNOCYTOPHAGA SSP: Gram-negative,
capnophilic (carbon-dioxide loving), fusiform bacilli eDNA : A fragment of DNA complementary to a
found as normal oral flora in humans. May be specific RNA sequence, synthesized from it in vitro
associated with systemic disease, usually in leukemic by reverse transcription. cDNA probes can be used
atmospheric levels) partial pressure of carbon dioxide. reaction mediated by T lymphocytes (activated
tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues giving rise periodontal ligament, attached to the cementum or
contributing to the periodontal ligament. site containing the highest concentration of the
chemical.
CEMENTOMA: See: Dysplasia, Periapical Cemental.
CHEMOKINESIS: Increased activity of an organism
CEMENTUM: The thin, calcified tissue of ecto due to the presence of a chemical substance.
mesenchymal origin covering the roots of teeth in
CHEMOTAXIS: The migration of cells along a
which embedded collagen fibers attach the teeth to
concentration gradient of an attractant.
the alveolus.
ACELLULAR c.: That portion of the cementum that CHEMOTHERAPY: The prevention or treatment of a
does not incorporate cells. disease by chemical agents.
CELLULAR c.: That portion of the cementum that
CHLAMYDIA SSP: Obligate intracellular parasites,
contains cementocytes. It is found primarily in the
which are related to Gram-negative bacteria, and
apical third of the root.
multiply by binary fission in the cytoplasm of the host
CENTRIC RANGE: The distance between centric CHROMOSOME: One of the nuclear bodies that
relation and centric occlusion in a horizontal plane carries hereditary factors in cells. There are 46 in
CEPHALOSPORINS: Broad spectrum beta-Iactam intrinsic collagen fibers in new attachment therapy.
CERV IX: A neck or constricted portion; specifically, CLEFT, GINGIVAL: A vertical fissure in the
the narrowed region at the junction of the crown with gingiva.
the root of a tooth.
CLEIDOCRANIAL DYSPLASIA: A condition,
CHAMBER, PULP: That portion of the pulp cavity often inherited, characterized by open fontanels and
within the anatomic crown of the tooth. sutures in the skull; complete or partial absence of the
10
CONSCIOUS SEDAT ION: See: Sedation, Conscious CREVICULAR EPITHELIUM: The nonkeratinized
epithelium of the gingival crevice.
CONSULTAT ION: The joint deliberation, usually for
explanatory or diagnostic purposes, between a patient CREVICULAR FLUID: See: Gingival Fluid.
and practictioner, or two or more practitioners.
CRIBRIFORM: Perforated like a sieve.
CONTACT SURFACE: The area on the proximal
CRIBRIF ORM PLAT E, DENTAL: The alveolar
surface of a tooth that touches an adjacent tooth.
bone proper.
CONT RACT ION (Muscle): The development of gastrointestinal tract, but commonly involving the
tension in a muscle in response to a nervous stimulus. terminal ileum. Oral lesions may be granulomatous in
ISOME TRIC c.: An increase in muscular tension at nature, having a cobblestone mucosal surface, miliary
the same muscle length, as in clenching teeth. ulceration, and linear fissures with a patchy
ISOTONIC c.: Steady muscle tension generated by a distribution. Aphthae and glossitis may be seen.
CONT RACT URE: A permanent shortening of a positioned than their maxillary counterparts.
muscle resulting from fibrosis. ANTERIOR c.: One or more maxillary incisors
COUMA RIN: An anticoagulant that inhibits the ANATOM IC c.: The portion of a natural tooth that
hepatic synthesis of the vitamin K-dependent extends from its cemento-enamel junction to the
alveolar arm of the tooth as determined CYST: A pathologic cavity lined by epithelium and
radiographically. usually containing fluid or semisolid material.
APICAL PERIODONTAL c.: The most common
CRYOSURGERY: Destruction of tissue by extreme
odontogenic cyst; involving the apex of a root and
cold. Usually achieved with liquid nitrogen or carbon
resulting from the inflammatory reaction to a nonvital
dioxide.
pulp.
CRYPT: A follicle or small glandular sac.
D ENT I GERO US c.: Forms around the crown of an
living tissue cells in special media conducive to their D EV ELOPMENTAL c.: Results from a formative
growth. aberration.
GINGIVAL c.: Found within the gingiva, most
CUR ATIVE: Tending to overcome disease and
commonly in the mandibular canine-premolar region.
promote recovery.
Believed to be derived from epithelial rests of the
CURET, PERIODONTAL: An instrument used for dental lamina.
debridement (curettement) of tooth roots, periodontal INCISIV E CANAL C. (Nasop alatin e Duct C. And
pockets, and bone. Median Ant erior Maxillary C.): A developmental,
CURETTAGE: Scraping or cleaning the walls of a non-odontogenic cyst originating from embryonic
cavity or surface by means of a curet. See: Root remnants within the incisive canal.
APICAL (Periapic al) c.: Surgical removal of tissue and Ker atinizing Odontogenic C:, Gorlin's C.):
or foreign material surrounding the apex of a An odontogenic cyst found most often in the
CLOSED c.: Performed via the gingival crevice microscopic features including basal epithelial cells
GINGIVAL c.: The process of debriding the soft keratinized eosinophilic cells (ghost cells), and the
OPEN c.: Facilitated by reflection of a soft tissue flap. "dentinoid;" may be totally cystic or predominantly
CURVE OF SPEE: The anatomic curvature of the ODONTO GENIC C.: A class of cysts derived from
occlusal alignment of teeth beginning at the tip of the odontogenic epithelium, such as Primordial,
lower canine, following the buccal cusps of the dentigerous, and lateral periodontal cysts.
natural premolars and molars, and continuing to the PERIODONTAL C.: See: Cyst, Lateral Periodontal C.
anterior borders of the ramus. PRI MORD I AL C.: An odontogenic cyst resulting
RESIDUAL C.: A cyst in the maxilla or mandible that DEFLECTIVE OCCLUSAL CONTACT: A
remains after the associated tooth has been removed. condition of tooth contact that diverts the mandible
RETENTION c.: Caused by retention of glandular from a normal path of closure. See: Occlusal
secretion. Disharmony.
MU COCELE: A cyst or cyst-like structure that
DEMINERALIZATION: Decalcification; loss of
contains mucous glycoproteins.
mineral salts.
RANULA: Forms in the floor of the mouth as a result
of trauma or blockage of a salivary gland duct. It may DENAT U R A NT: A chemical that denatures or
TRAUMATIC (Hemorrhagic Bone) c.: A causing them to lose their tertiary structure.
CY TOKI NES: A large group of proteins made by DENTAL DYSFU NCTION: Abnormal functioning
cells that are capable of regulating a wide variety of
of dental structures.
cellular functions.
DENTAL DYSPLASIA: See: Dysplasia, Dentinal.
CY TOMEG ALOVIRUS: See CMY.
DENTAL HISTORY: A complete record of all
CY TOTOXIC: Having the ability to kill cells. relevant aspects of an individual's oral and general
--------i[IDI-
who uses preventive, educational, and nonsurgical
therapeutic methods to control oral disease.
DAR K-FIELD MICROSCOPY: A technique DENTAL PROPHYLA XIS: See: Prophylaxis, Oral.
DEBRIS: An accumulation of foreign material on the DENTIN: The chief substance or tissue forming the
teeth and adjacent structures. body of the teeth. It surrounds the pulp and is covered
DECALCIFICATION: The removal of calcium salts by coronal enamel and radicular cementum.
DENTITION: The natural teeth as considered DIAGNOSIS: 1. The art and science of detecting and
collectively in the dental arches; may be primary, distinguishing deviations from health and the cause
permanent, or mixed. and nature thereof. 2. The determination of the nature,
location, and causes of a disease or disorder.
DENTULOUS: A condition in which natural teeth are
CLINICAL D.: Determination of a condition based on
present in the mouth.
history and physical examination without use of
DENTURE: An artificial substitute for natural teeth. A laboratory or microscopic tests.
complete denture replaces all of the teeth in an arch. LABORATORY D.: Diagnosis based on the
See: Prosthesis. examination of fluids or tissues in the laboratory.
FIXED PARTIAL D.: A replacement of one or more P ER I OD ONTAL D.: Recognizing a departure from
missing teeth that cannot be readily removed by the health in the periodontium and distinguishing one
patient or dentist; it is fixed or bonded to natural disease, disease categorization, or etiology from
teeth, roots, or implants which furnish the primary another. Based on information obtained from the
support to the prosthesis. medical and dental histories, clinical and
OV ERDENTURE: Complete or partial removable radiographic examination of the patient, and
denture supported by soft tissue and retained roots or laboratory findings.
implants to provide stability and reduce ridge
resorption.
DIAGNOSTIC CAST: See: Cast.
findings peculiar to it and setting the condition apart DRUG POTENCY: The power of a chemical to
as an abnormal entity differing from normal or other produce an effect that is contingent upon the
pathologic conditions. concentration of the chemical.
LOCAL CONTRIBUTING FACTOR: A local
DRY SOCKET: See: Socket, Dry.
feature that may influence the presentation of the
disease, such as an overhanging restoration. DYSFUNCTION: Disturbance, impairment, or
abnormality of the function of cells or an organ.
DISINFECTANT: An agent that destroys or inhibits
the activity of disease-producing or other harmful DYSKINESIA: Difficulty in performing voluntary
microorganisms, but usually does not destroy movements.
bacterial spores; commonly refers to chemical agents
DYSOSTOSIS: Imperfect ossification.
applied to inanimate objects.
relationship of the mandibular to the maxillary teeth ECTODERMAL D.: An inherited condition character
as in an Angle Class II occlusion. ized by fine, scanty, blond hair; depressed bridge of
the nose; and a partial or complete absence of sweat
DISUSE ATROPHY: See: Atrophy, Disuse.
glands and teeth.
PERIAPICAL CEMENTAL D. (Cementoma): A
DIVERGENCE: Separation or spreading apart from a
process of unknown origin. in which the periapical
common center, base, or root.
bone of vital teeth is replaced first by a fibrous
DNA: See: Deoxyribonucleic Acid. type of connective tissue, and then by an
osseocementoid tissue. During its early stages
DOCUMENTATION, PERIODONTAL:
this abnormality appears radiolucent and with
Diagnostic, therapeutic, and consultative records
time the center becomes opaque. It is classified
of a patient.
as an odontogenic tumor.
DRUG EFFIC ACY: The ability of a chemical to ECOLOGY: The study of the relationships of organ
produce a biological effect. isms with other organisms and their environment.
16
ENAMEL PROJEC TION: An apical extension of EPI TIHELIAL AT TACHMEN T: See: Epithelium,
EPULIS: A non-specific term for any tumor of the balance; regulates the growth and maintenance of
Characteristic erythematous "target" or "bull 's eye" disease or of any of its signs or symptoms.
oral bullae that rupture; bloody, crusting lips; as epithelial cell from the surface of the body. 2. In
conjunctivitis; photophobia; and urethritis, balanitis, dentistry, the physiological loss of the primary
EXOGENOUS: Due to external cause; not arising FACULTATIVE: I. Voluntary; possessing the power
within the organism. to do or not to do a thing. 2. Capable of existing under
different conditions, as a microorganism that can exist
EXOPHYTIC: Growing outward; proliferation on the
in either aerobic or anaerobic conditions.
exterior or surface of an organ.
EXTRAVA SATE: To seep or escape from a cavity, FESTOONS, GINGIVAL: The contours of the
vessel, or enclosed area into the surrounding tissues gingiva and oral mucosa over the roots of the teeth
(i.e., blood or ly mph). that tend to follow the cervical lines. These are
prominent in the presence of a thin alveolar process.
EXTRINSIC: Derived from or situated without;
external. FETOR ORIS: Foul, offensive odor from the oral
cavity. See: Halitosis.
EXTRUSION: In dentistry, the overeruption or
migration of a tooth from its normal occlusal position, FIBER: A filament or thread. In periodontics the term
as when the contacting tooth in the opposing arch is usually refers to collagenous or elastic connective
relationship of the maxillary arch to the temporoman PRINCIPAL F.: The major fiber groups of the
dibular joints and to orient dental casts in this same functioning periodontium:
relationship to the opening axis of an articulator. ALV EOLAR CREST F.: Attaches to the cementum
H ORIZONTAL F.: Located just apical to the seal the root canal following surgical removal of a
alveolar crest group, these fibers run perpendicular periapical lesion and/or the end of the root.
to the long axis of the root from cementum to bone.
FISSURE: A general term for a cleft or groove.
IN TERRADICULAR F.: Found between the roots
of multirooted teeth, these fibers run from the FISTULA: An abnormal canal joining the cavities of
cementum into the crestal bone of the two hollow organs or the cavity of an organ and the
OBLIQUE F.: The most numerous fiber group of OROANTRAL F.: An abnormal opening between the
the periodontal ligament; run from the cementum maxillary sinus and the mouth.
outwardly and coronally to insert into the bone. OROFACIAL F.: An abnormal opening between the
TRAN SSEPTAL F.: Collagenous fibers that run cutaneous surface of the face and mouth.
interdentally from the cementum just apical to the ORONASAL F.: An abnormal opening between the
base of the junctional epithelium of one tooth over nasal cavity and the mouth.
the alveolar crest to insert into a comparable region
FLAP: A loosened section of tissue separated from the
of an adjacent tooth.
surrounding tissues except at its base.
FIBEROTOMY: See: Gingival Fiberotomy. D OUBLE PAPIL L A PEDICLE F.: The use of the
FIBRONECTIN: High molecular weight (450 kDa) PAPILLARY PEDICLE F.: A laterally-rotated flap
polypeptides; functional domains of the molecule PARTIAL, THICKNESS (Split Thickness) F.: A
have affinity for cells and the extracellular matrix surgical flap of mucosa and connective tissue that
components; found on cell surfaces, in connective does not include the periosteum.
tissues, in the blood, and in other body fluids. PEDICLE F.: A surgical flap with lateral releasing
chronic inflammation. Fibrotic gingiva may appear REP OSITIONED F.: See: Replaced Flap.
outwardly healthy, masking underlying disease. SLIDING F.: A pedicle flap moved to a new position.
FILLING, RE TROGRADE: An amalgam or other FLORA, ORAL: The microorganisms residing within
restoration placed in the apical portion of a tooth to the oral cavity.
20
FLOW CY TOMETRY: Measures the physical and ABNORMAL F.: Aberrant insertions of labial, buccal,
chemical characteristics of individual cells as they or lingual frenula capable of retracting gingival
move past optical or electronic sensors; can be used to margins, creating diastemas, and limiting lip and
population; used to determine the effects of drugs, LABIAL F.: The fold of mucous membrane connecting
hormones, chemicals, etc., on cell proliferation, the lip and the alveolar process in the midline of both
growth, and function. the maxilla and mandible.
LINGUAL F.: The fold of mucous membrane
FOOD IMPACTION: The forceful wedging of food
connecting the tongue with the floor of the mouth and
into the interproximal space by chewing pressure
the mandibular alveolar process.
(vertical impaction) or the forcing of food
interproximally by tongue or cheek pressure FRENUM: See: Frenulum.
(horizontal impaction).
FRONTAL P LANE: Any plane passing
FORAMEN: A natural opening or passage, longitudinally through the body from side to side at
particularly into or through a bone. right angles to the median plane. It divides the body
into front and back parts.
FORDY CE'S GRANULES: A developmental
anomaly characterized by ectopic sebaceous glands
FUNCTIONAL SIDE: The side of the body towards
appearing as minute, yellowish papules on the oral
which the mandible moves in lateral excursion.
mucosa.
FUNGI: A eucaryotic (nucleated) group of microbes. A
FOREIGN BODY: A non-native substance in the
phylum of plants whose members are devoid of any
tissues or body cavities.
pigment capable of photosynthesis; they are unable to
FOREIGN-BODY REACTION: A granulomatous
synthesize protein or other organic material from
reaction around a foreign material within a tissue or
simple compounds, and are therefore parasitic or
organ; often characterized by giant cells. This may
saprophtic. The three major pathologic mycoses or
present as acute or chronic gingival inflammation and
fungal infections involving subcutaneous orofacial
may produce tattoos; or red, red/white; or suppurative
sites are Sporotrichosis, Entomophthoromycosis, and
lesions.
Rhinosporidiosis. In immunocompromised
FORNIX: Any arch-shaped structure or vault-like space individuals, Candida species are responsible for oral
created by that structure, such as the vestibular fornix. mycoses and may cause oral infections (thrush) in
AIDS patients or other debilitated humans.
FOSSA: A shallow depression, concavity, or hollow
Designated "opportunistic" pathogens since they are
area.
often found as members of the normal oral flora.
FREE GINGIVAL GROOV E: See: Gingival Groove. Most frequently implicated representative is C.
albicans. Candidiasis attributable to C tropicalis, C.
FREEWAY SPACE: The space between the maxillary
parapsilosis, C. pseudotropicalis, and stellatoidea
and mandibular teeth when the mandible is suspended
have also been cultivated from the oral cavity.
in the postural position.
a frenulum.
FUSIFORM: A descriptive term of bacterial cell
FRENULUM: A small band or fold of integument or morphology, referring to a spindle or cigar-shaped
mucous membrane that checks, curbs, or limits the cell, such as is observed frequently for members of
movements of an organ or part. the genera Fusobacterium and Capnocytophaga.
21
associated with periodontal disease. G. CORIUM: The connective tissue of the gingiva.
GERMICIDE: An agent that kills microorganisms. G. EXUDAT E: An exudate that escapes into the oral
GINGIVAL: Pertaining to the gingiva. indentation that is closely associated with the apical
22
extent of free gingiva and runs parallel to the margin MARGINA L G.: Inflammation limited to the gingiva
of the gingiva. The frequency of its occurrence adjacent to the tooth surface.
sloughing of the surface epithelium. Can be found in and hormones usually occurring during the second
several mucosal diseases. and third trimesters of pregnancy.
DIABETES -ASSOCIATED G.: Inflammatory PUBERTY-ASSOCIATED G.: Pronounced
response of the gingiva to plaque aggravated by inflammatory response of gingiva to dental plaque
poorly controlled plasma glucose levels. and hormones during the circumpubert<l;l period.
DRUG-INFLUENCED G.: Pronounced
GINGIVOPLASTY: A surgical reshaping of the
inflammatory response of the gingiva to plaque
gingiva.
and drug(s).
ERUPTIVE G.: Inflammation accompanying eruption GINGIVOSIS: Archaic term for desquamative
of the teeth. gingivitis.
HORMONA L G.: A generic term describing the
GINGIVOSTOMATITIS: Inflammation affecting
changes in color, size, shape, or function of gingiva
both the gingiva and the oral mucosa.
resulting from the influence of hormones.
HERPETIC G.: An infection of the oral soft tissues
HYPERPLASTIC G.: Characterized by markedly
caused by the herpes simplex virus and characterized
enlarged and proliferative margins and interdental
by redness, formation of multiple vesicles, painful
papillae.
ulcers, fever, and lymphadenopathy.
LEUKEMIA-ASSOCIATED G.: Pronounced
inflammatory response of the gingiva to plaque GLOSSALGIA: Pain associated with the tongue.
resulting in increased bleeding and enlargement
GLOSSITIS, MIGRATORY: See: Geographic
subsequent to leukemia. Enlargement may be
Tongue.
partially due to leukemic cell infiltration of the
GLUCOCORTI COID: A group of C21 steroid GRAM-POSITIVE: Pertaining to bacteria that stain
hormones (cortisol, etc.) that affect carbohydrate, fat, deep purple with Gram stain. These bacteria have a
and protein metabolism; secreted from the adrenal thick peptidoglycan layer but no lipopolysaccharide
cortex; used in treatment of desquamative gingival in their cell walls.
lesions in the oral cavity; a corticosteroid.
GRAM STA IN: A method for classifying bacteria into
GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST (GTT): A two groups on the basis of their cell wall composition,
laboratory test that indicates the patient's capacity to which causes them to stain either purple (positive) or
regulate blood sugar level following the ingestion of pale red (negative).
GROOVE, PAL ATAL : A developmental, anomalous HAL F-LIFE (Drug): The amount of time for plasma
groove usually found on the palatal aspect of concentration of a drug to be reduced by 50%.
maxillary central and lateral incisors.
HALITOSIS: Breath that is offensive to others, caused
GROU P FUNCTION: Multiple contacts between the by a variety of reasons including but not limited to
maxillary and mandibular teeth in lateral movements periodontal disease. bacterial coating of tongue,
on the working side, whereby simultaneous contacts systemic disorders, and different types of food. Also
of several teeth act as a group to distribute occlusal called fetor ex ore, fetor oris, and stomatodysodia.
GUIDED B ONE REGENERATION: See: HEAL T H: The condition of a patient when there is
Regeneration, Guided Tissue. function without evidence of disease or abnormality.
GUIDED TISSU E AU GMEN TATION: See: HEMANGIOMA: A benign blood vessel neoplasm;
Regeneration, Guided Tissue. may occur as capillary or cavernous; soft, painless,
red to purple; blanches on pressure.
GUIDED TISSU E REGENERATION: See:
Regeneration, Guided Tissue. HEMATOMA: A localized collection of extravasated
blood, usually clotted, that forms a mass in a tissue,
organ, or space.
HABIT: An act that has become a repeated forming the site of attachment between the basal
performance, almost automatic, such as bruxism or surface of the cell and the basement membrane.
HAEMOPHILU S: Genus of Gram-negative, non HEMISEP T UM: See: Periodontal Bony Defects.
motile, microaerophilic, pleomorphic bacilli and
HEMOS TASIS: Arrest of hemorrhage.
coccobacilli.
HEMOSTAT: Any agent, apparatus, or instrument that
HAIRY L EU K OPL AKIA: See: Leukoplakia. may be employed to arrest hemorrhage.
25
HEPA R A N SULFATE: A glycosaminoglycan found easily rupture to form painful ulcers. It may be
on the surface of most mammalian cells and in the accompanied by fever, malaise, and regional
various disease states, drug reactions, and viruses. occur on the attached keratinized mucosa. Commonly
Common systemic signs include fever, jaundice, and called cold sores or fever blisters.
an enlarged liver.
HERPES SIMPLEX V IRUSES TYPE I, TYPE II:
H. A: An infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis A
Herpes viruses are the most ubiquitous,
virus. Commonly spread by fecal contamination. It
communicable, infectious viruses in humans. They
usually occurs in children and young adults and
are double stranded DNA viruses with icosahedral
follows a mild course. Immunization is available.
nucleocapsids. Herpes simplex viruses cause acute
H. B: An infection of the liver caused by the hepatitis B
infection or latent and recurrent infection of human
virus. It can be transmitted in the health care
tissues. Herpes simplex virus type I usually causes
environment. Has an insidious onset. Features include
oral lesions, while type II usually causes genital
anorexia, malaise, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain,
infections. Herpes simplex virus II is also associated
and jaundice. Ultimate outcomes include the carrier
with carcinoma of the cervix.
state, cirrhosis, acute hepatitis, death and primary
liver cancer. Immunization is available. HERTWIG'S EPITHELI A L ROOT SHE ATH: An
H. C (Non-A, Non-B): A common form of hepatitis in extension of the enamel organ (cervical loop)
adults that is caused by at least two different viral Determines the shape of the roots and initiates dentin
agents. This form of hepatitis is principally formation during tooth development. Its remnants
transmitted by the parenteral route. Persons at persist as epithelial rests of Malassez in the
health care workers with exposure to blood HINGE A XIS: Imaginary line around which the
hemodialysis patients, and recipients of blood or mandible may rotate through the sagittal plane.
blood-blood products. Serological tests will detect
HISTA MINE: A low molecular weight, bioactive
anti-hepatitis C by enzyme immunoassay.
amine that causes smooth muscle contraction of
H. D (DELTA H.): An infection of the liver dependent
bronchioles, increased capillary permeability, and
on the presence of the hepatitis B virus for clinical
increased secretions by the nasal and bronchial
expression. It may occur as a co-infection with acute
mucous glands. Released primarily from mast cells
hepatitis B or as a superinfection in a hepatitis B
and basophils.
carrier. It occurs primarily through intimate contact
and transmucosal exchange of body fluids and is seen HISTIOCYTE: A large phagocyte (macrophage)
most frequently in intravenous drug users and present in connective tissue that has important antigen
D infection.
HISTOLOGY: That part of anatomic study that deals
HEREDITARY GINGIVAL FIBROMATOSIS: with the minute structure, composition, and function
HORIZONTA L OVERLAP: Overjet. The projection persistence of nuclei or nuclear remnants. The stratum
of the maxillary anterior or posterior teeth beyond granulosum is seldom seen in hyperparakeratosis.
augmentation and intrabony defects, and for coating IDIOPATHIC: Of unknown causation.
dental implants.
IMMOBILIZATION, TOOTH: Any procedure that
HYPERCEMENTOSIS: An excessive deposition of
renders a tooth fixed or non-mobile. In periodontics,
cementum.
it refers to splinting of teeth.
HYPERPARA KERATOSIS: An abnormal increase in major classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD), each
the thickness of the keratin layer of the epithelium with with specialized functions.
27
partially erupted tooth so positioned that complete surface of the maxillary or mandibular bone for
IMPLANT FIXTURE: A synonym for an implant, INCISION: A cut or surgical wound made by a knife,
especially an endosseous implant. electrosurgical scalpel, laser, or other such instrument.
EXTERNAL BEVEL I.: Reduces the thickness of the
IMPLANT, ORAL: I. An alloplastic material or
mucogingival complex from the outside surface, as in
device that is surgically placed into the oral tissue
a gingivectomy.
beneath the mucosal or periosteal layer or within the
INTERN A L (Inverse, Reverse, or Inverted) BEVEL
bone for functional, therapeutic, or esthetic purposes.
I.: Reduces the thickness of the mucogingival
2. To insert a graft or alloplastic device into the oral
complex from the sulcular side.
hard or soft tissues for replacement of missing or
RELEASING I.: Made to enhance the mobility of a
damaged anatomical parts, or for stabilization of a
periodontal flap.
periodontally compromised tooth or group of teeth.
BLADE I.: A flat, blade-shaped end osseous implant INCISION AND DRAINAGE: The surgical
which derives its support from a horizontal length of procedure of incising a lesion to permit the release or
into a root canal and extends beyond the apex into the INDEX: 1. An ordinal and arbitrary system of
ENDOSSEOUS I.: An implant placed into the alveolar condition. Such indices are appropriate for use in an
process and/or basal bone that supports a prosthesis individual patient or for epidemiological studies. 2. A
An implant with a fibrous connective tissue layer INDUCTION: The act or process of causing to occur
between it and the surrounding bone. as induction of bone formation.
OSSEOINTEGRATED I.: A direct structural and
INDURATED: Hardened; made hard.
functional connection between ordered, living bone
and the surface of an immobile, load-bearing implant INFECTION: Invasion of the body tissues by
as detected on a light microscopic level. pathogenic microorganisms.
RAMUS FRAME I.: A full arch implant of tripodial ENDOGENOUS I.: Due to activation of organisms
design consisting of a horizontal supragingival previously present in a dormant focus.
connecting bar with endosseous units placed into the EXOGENOUS I.: Caused by organisms acquired from
two rami and symphyseal area. sources other than the host's own flora.
ROOT-FORM I.: An endosseous implant that derives
INFECTIOUS: Caused by or capable of being
its support from a vertical length of bone. Most
communicated by infections; infective.
commonly made of metal, it can be cylindrical,
tapered, threaded, coated, smooth, textured, INFLAMMATION: A localized protective response
perforated, solid, and/or hollow. elicited by proximate microbes and/or tissue injury,
28
which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the INTERDENTAL: Situated between the proximal
injurious agent and the injured tissue. A cellular and surfaces of teeth in the same dental arch.
vascular reaction of tissues to injury. I. BRUSH: An instrument with bristles used to clean
INSULIN: A protein secreted from the beta cells of the between adjacent teeth.
pancreas responsible for the uptake of glucose into I. SPACE: The space between adjacent teeth in the
interdental area.
INTEGRATION: The act of making into a whole by
bringing all parts together.
INTERDIGITATION: The interlocking or fitting of
opposing parts, as the cusps of the maxillary and
BIOINTEGRATION: A bonding of living bone to the
mandibular posterior teeth.
surface of an implant which is independent of any
mechanical interlocking mechanism. INTERFERENCE: A tooth contact that interferes
FIBRO-OSSEOUS (Fibro-Osteal) I.: The with harmonious mandibular movement.
interposition of healthy dense collagenous tissue
INTERFURCATION: The area between and at the
between implant and bone.
base of the roots of a multi-rooted tooth.
OSSEOINTEGRATION: A direct contact, on the light
microscopic level, between living bone tissue and an INTERLEUKINS: A family of potent proteins that
implant. serves as a link between inducer and effector cells
during immune and inflammatory responses; involved
INTEGRINS: Heterodimeric membrane proteins
in the recruitment of immune and inflammatory
consisting of an a and a p subunit. These proteins
precursor cells. Some interleukins have been
function as cell surface receptors for cellular
implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal
adhesion. Sixteen integrins have been identified.
diseases.
INTERALVEOLAR: Located between the alveoli.
INTERMA XILLARY: Between the jaws.
I. SEPTUM: Alveolar and trabecular bone between
contiguous teeth. INTEROCCLUSAL: Between the occlusal surfaces
I. CREST: The coronal edge of the interdental bony of opposing teeth.
septum.
INTEROCCLUSAL CLEARA NCE (Freeway
INTERARCH DISTA NCE : The vertical distance Space): The space between the maxillary and
between maxillary and mandibular teeth at any given mandibular opposing teeth when the mandible is
boundaries.
INTERRA DICULAR: Between the roots of teeth.
INTERCUSPAL POSITION: That position in which INTRABONY: Within a bone; also termed
the maxillary and mandibular teeth make maximum "infrabony." See: Periodontal Bony Defects.
intercuspation.
INTRACORONAL: Within the crown of a tooth.
INTERCUSPATION: I. The cusp-to-fossa relation
INTRAOSSEOUS: Within a bone.
ship of the maxillary and mandibular posterior teeth
to each other. 2. The interdigitation of cusps of IN VITRO: Within a glass; observable in a test tube; in
opposing teeth. an artificial environment; i.e., laboratory.
29
IN VIVO: Within a living body. DENTINOENAMEL J.: The area of union of the
dentin and enamel.
ION T OPHORESIS: The act or process of
MUCOGINGIVAL J.: The area of union of the
introducing therapeutic agents into tissues using an
gingiva and alveolar mucosa.
electrical current or electrochemical gradient.
JUNC TIONAL EPI T HELIUM: See: Epithelium,
IRRIGATION: The act of flushing an area with water
Junctional.
or medicinal solution.
JUVENILE PERIODON T I TIS: See: Periodontitis,
IRRI TANT: An agent capable of inducing functional
Aggressive
derangements or organic lesions in tissues.
JUXTAPOSI T ION: In apposition; contiguous; placed
ISCHEMIA: Deficiency of blood in a part due to
side by side.
functional constriction or actual obstruction of a
blood vessel.
centric relation.
------I[jJI---
MEDIAN J. R.: Any jaw relation when the mandible is
in the median sagittal plane.
PROTRUSIVE J. R.: A jaw relation resulting from an
LABIOVERSION: Any deviation from the normal
anterior positioning of the mandible.
arrangement of the dental arch toward the lip.
REST J. R.: The habitual postural jaw relation when
the head is in an upright position and the condyles are LACERATE: To mangle; to tear; to cut so that the
RETRUSIVE J. R.: A jaw position resulting from a LACTOBACILLUS SSP.: Gram-positive, motile,
posterior positioning of the mandible. anaerobic, rod-shaped bacteria implicated as a major
contributor to caries progression.
JOINT: The junction between two or more skeletal
bones that usually allows for the movement of one or LACUNA: A depression; a hollow space.
more bones.
LAMELLA: A thin layer, plate, or scale, as of bone.
JOINT, TEMPOROMANDIBULAR : See:
CEMENTAL L.: One of the layers of cementum.
Temporomandibular Joint.
LAMINA PROPRIA: In mucous membrane, the LEUKOPLAKIA: A non-specific white patch in the
connective tissue coat just beneath the epithelium and oral cavity which will not rub off.
the basement membrane. In skin this layer is known HAIRY L.: A corrugated, white plaque of the oral
LEUKOPENIA: Reduction in the number of LIGATION, TEETH: The binding together of teeth
leukocytes in the blood below 5000 per cubic mm. with ligatures for stabilization and immobilization.
See: Neutropenia; Agranulocytosis. See: Splint.
31
LIGATURE: I. Any substance, such as gut, nylon, in phagocytic cells such as polymorphonuclear
silk, or wire, used to tie an object or strangulate a leukocytes and macrophages.
nucleus and scant cytoplasm. It is the principal cell properties of anaplasia, invasion, and metastasis.
LYMPHOKINE: Soluble factors released from CLASS I (NEU TROCCLUSION): The normal
lymphocytes that transmit signals for growth and mesiodistal relation of the maxillary and
differentiation of various cell types. mandibular teeth with the mesiobuccal cusp of the
maxillary first permanent molar occluding in the
LYMPHOTOXIN: A Iymphokine that results in direct
buccal groove of the mandibular first permanent
cytolysis following its release from stimulated
molar. For there to be a malocclusion, an internal
lymphocytes; also termed tumor necrosis factor beta.
derangement (e.g., crowding) must occur in one of
from a solution by freezing the solution and CLASS II (DistoccIusion): The dental relationship
sublimating the ice under a vacuum. wherein the mandibular dental arch is posterior to
the maxillary arch; the mandibular first molar is
LYSIS: The process of cell dissolution; the action of a
located distal to that seen in neutrocclusion.
lysin.
DIVISION 1: Labioversion of the maxillary
LYSOSOMES: Intracellular cytoplasmic vesicles incisor teeth.
filled with hydrolytic enzymes; especially prominent SUBDIVISION: Unilateral condition.
32
DIVISION 2.:> Linguoversion of the maxillary MELANIN: The dark, amorphous pigment of the skin,
central incisors. hair, various tumors, the choroid coat of the eye, and
SUBDIVISION: Unilateral condition. substantia nigra of the brain.
CLASS III (Mesiocclusion): The dental
MELANOMA: A neoplasm made up of melanin
relationship wherein the mandibular dental arch
pigmented cells. When used alone, the term refers to
is anterior to the maxillary arch; the mandibular
malignant melanoma.
first molar is located mesial to that seen in
neutrocclusion. MELANOPLAKIA: Pigmented patches on the oral
SUBDIVISION: Unilateral condition. mucosa.
MANDIBULAR AXIS: See: Axis. MEMBRANE: A thin, sheet-like layer of tissue that
lines a cavity, envelops a vessel or part, or separates a
MANDIBULAR GLIDE: The side-to-side,
space or organ. See: Mucosa.
protrusive, and intermediate movements of the
PERIODONTAL M: A thin sheet-like usually non
mandible occurring when the teeth or other occluding
autologous material used in various periodontal
surfaces are in contact.
regenerative procedures. See: Periodontal Ligament.
MAR GINAL: Pertaining to or connected with a
margin or border.
MENISCAL DISPLACEMENT: See: Temporo
mandibular Disorders; Internal Derangement.
M. GINGIVA: See: Gingiva.
M. RIDGE: A ridge of tooth structure forming the MENISCUS: The fibrocartilaginous articular disk of
occlusoproximal margin of a premolar or molar. the temporomandibular joint.
MARROW: The soft material rich in fat, connective MESIOVERSION: The location of a tooth nearer
tissue fibers, and cells that fills the cavities of bones.
than normal to the median line of the face along the
pressional, rubbing, and stroking forces to the Classically, the transfer of cells, as in malignant
MAST CELL: A tissue cell, often found around blood METRONIDIZOLE: An antibiotic with a spectrum
vessels, which produces histamine, heparin, confined to obligate anaerobes, some microaerophilic
leukotrienes, and platelet activation factor. Important organisms, and some anaerobic protozoa that acts to
MASTICATORY SYSTEM: The organs and concentration is lower than atmospheric levels.
MATERIA ALBA: Loosely adherent, white curds of (beta-Iactamases), altered receptor sites (penicillin
matter composed of dead cells, food debris, and other binding proteins), efflux of the antibiotic from the
components of the dental plaque found on the tooth. organism, or altered metabolic pathways.
33
MICROBIOTA : The microscopic living organisms of M. DEFORMITY: A departure from the normal
MITOGEN: A substance that causes DNA synthesis, ORAL M.: The tissue lining the oral cavity.
MORBIDITY: The condition of being diseased. MURA MIDA SE: See: Lysozyme.
MUCOBUCCAL FOLD: The cul-de-sac formed MYCOTIC: Referring to an infection or lesion caused
(keratinized tissue) and the adjacent alveolar mucosa. (TMJ) and/or muscles of mastication and other
34 ------
------f[RJt---
injury repair, and may have impaired function in
some forms of early onset periodontitis.
NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE GINGIVITIS: normal, superficial layer of skin or oral mucosa may
be rubbed off with slight trauma. Originally
See: Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative.
associated with pemphigus vulgaris, but can be
NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE PERIODONTI
seen in several bullous conditions.
TIS: See: Periodontitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative.
NODULE: A small, solid, collection of tissue.
NEGATIVE PREDICTIVE VALUE: The
proportion of negative responses to a diagnostic test NOMA: Rapid spreading gangrene of oral tissues;
for a disease that are accurate indicators of the true associated with debilitated or nutritionally deficient
absence of the malady in a population. Expressed patients. Fusospirochetal organisms have been impli
----i[Q]t----
NEOPLASM: A new, abnormal, uncontrolled growth
arising from a given tissue.
NEURALGIA: Paroxysmal pain that extends along OBLIGATE: Essential; not facultative; limited to a
the course of one or more nerves. single life condition; able to survive only in a
35
particular environment or to assume only a particular O. S URFACE: Pertaining to the masticatory surfaces
OCCLUSAL: Pertaining to the contacting surfaces of supporting structures. Changes may be temporary or
SELECTIVE GRINDING): Reshaping the units or surfaces due to attrition or abrasion. See:
O. EMBRASU RE: The interdental space that is mandible is protruded from centric maximum
adjacent, contacting teeth in the same arch. RETRUSIVE 0.: A biting relationship in which the
O. GUARD (BI TE GUARD; MOU TH GUARD; mandible is more distally placed than in maximum
usually constructed of plastic that covers a dental TRAUMATIC 0.: See: Occlusal Trauma.
O. INTERF ERENCE: Any contact that inhibits the ODONTOBLAST: A connective tissue cell found
remaining occluding surfaces from achieving stable in the odontoblastic layer of the dental pulp that i,
and harmonious contacts. responsible for deposition of dentin.
O. PLANE (Plane of Occlusion): An imaginary plane,
which theoretically touches the incisal edges of the tissues that give origin to the teeth.
OLIGODONTIA: The congenital absence of a large OSSEOUS COAGULUM: A mixture of small bone
number of teeth. particles and blood used as a bone graft.
ONCOGENE: A gene controlling cellular prolifera OSSEOUS SURGERY: See: Surgery, Osseous
tion, altered through mutation or included in a viral
OSSIFICATION: To change into bone.
genome, that can promote neoplastic transformation
or normal cells. OSTECTOMY (Osteotomy): The excision of a bone
or portion of a bone. In periodontics, ostectomy is
OPEN BITE: A condition in which certain teeth
done to correct or reduce deformities caused by
cannot be brought into the occlusal contact with their
periodontitis in the marginal and interalveolar bone
antagonists.
and includes the removal of bone that is attached to
OS TE ORADIONE CROSIS: Necrosis of bone GINGIVAL P., INTERDENTAL P.: See: Gingival
OVERHANG: Excess of dental restorative material PAPULE: A small, circumscribed, solid elevation of
extending beyond cavity margins. the skin.
OVE RJE T: The horizontal projection of the maxillary PARAFUNCTION: Abnormal function, as in
incisors beyond the mandibular incisors when the bruxism.
jaws are in centric (habitual) occlusion.
PARAKERATOSIS: See: Hyperparakeratosis.
PANORAMIC RADIOGRAP H: See: Ortho the trigeminal nerve (especially the second and third
the dorsum of the tongue. metal that does not break down under physiological
membrane and dermal tissue subject to functional Frequently found as part of the subgingival flora
PELLICLE, S ALIVARY: Tooth- or mucosal PERCUSSION: The act of striking a part with short,
adherent salivary proteins. sharp blows as an aid in diagnosing conditions of
the underlying parts (hypermobile tooth, ankylosed
PEMPHIGOID (Cicatricial Pemphigoid, Benign
tooth, or status of an implant) by the sound
Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid): A chronic
obtained. Useful in locating a tooth with an
vesiculobullous autoimmune disorder that primarily
inflamed periodontal ligament through the pain
affects the mucosa in older females; characterized by
response.
a sub-basalar separation of epithelium from
connective tissue; almost all cases have an oral
PERIADENITIS MUCOSA NECROTICA
involvement with the gingiva being the most favored
RECURRENS: See: Apthae, Major.
site.
PERIAPICAL: Relating to tissues surrounding the
PEMPHIGUS: Refers to a group of autoimmune bul
apex of a tooth, including the periodontal ligament
lous diseases (pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus
and alveolar bone.
vegetans, and pemphigus erythematosus) that affects
skin and mucous membranes primarily between the PERICORONITIS: Acute inflammation of the
fourth and sixth decades of life; characterized by gingiva and/or mucosa surrounding a partially
acantholysis and intraepithelial blistering; untreated, erupted tooth.
the mortality rate for these diseases ranges from 70%
PERI-IMPLANTITIS: Inflammation around a dental
to 100%.
implant and/or its abutment.
PENICILLIN: A generic name for a related group of
antibiotics differing in antibacterial spectrum, oral PERIODONTAL: Situated or occurring around a
dicloxacillin), extended spectrum penicillins features of the bone. Osseous defects may be
and clavulanate, ampicillin and sulbactam). includes more than one surface of a tooth, e.g., a
vertical defect that includes the mesial and lingual
PENICILLIN-BINDING PROTEINS (PBPs):
surfaces of a tooth.
Receptor sites (commonly transpeptidase enzymes)
CRATER: A cup- or bowl-shaped defect in the
for penicillin in its inhibition of bacterial cell wall
interalveolar bone with bone loss nearly equal on
synthesis; alterations in or formation of new PBPs are
the contiguous roots. The facial and lingual!
major mechanisms of resistance to penicillins. Also
palatal walls may be of unequal height. A type of
known as penicillin-sensitive enzymes (PSEs).
intrabony defect, a crater also may be classified by
PEPTIDOGLY C AN: Major structural component of the number of bony walls (i.e., a one-, two-, or
bacterial cell walls. Thicker in Gram-positive than in three-walled); combination defects also exist.
39
FUNNEL-SHAPED D: An intrabony resorptive of the junctional epithelium along the root as the
lesion involving one or more surfaces of periodontal ligament is detached by a disease process.
supporting bone; may appear moat-like. IN TRABONY POCKET: A periodontal pocket that
FURCATION INVASION: Pathologic resorption of extends into an intrabony periodontal defect. See:
bone within a furcation. Periodontal Bony Defects.
CLASSIFICATION OF FURCATION PSEUDOPOCKET: A deepening of the gingival
of adjacent roots; thus half of a septum remains on the characteristic clinical signs and symptoms of
one tooth. periodontal diseases such as inflammation,
IN TRABONY D . (Infrabony D): A periodontal attachment loss, tooth mobility, etc.
defect surrounded by two or three bony walls or a P. T RAUMATISM: See: Occlusal Traumatism.
combination of these.
P. DISEASE: Those pathologic processes affecting the PERIODONTALGIA: Pain arising in the periodontal
See: Periodontitis.
PERIODONTICS: That specialty of dentistry which
P. DRESSING (Pack): A protective material applied
encompasses the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment
over the wound created by periodontal surgical
of diseases of the supporting and surrounding tissues
procedures.
of the teeth or their substitutes; the maintenance of
P. LIGAMEN T: The connective tissue that surrounds
the health, function and esthetics of these structures
and attaches roots of teeth to the alveolar bone.
and tissues; and the replacement of lost teeth and
P. MAINT ENANCE (formerly referred to as
supporting structures by grafting or implantation of
Supportive Periodontal T herapy [SPT), Preventive
natural and synthetic devices and materials.
Maintenance, Recall Maintenance): Procedures
of the patient's plaque control efficacy. Periodontal formerly classified as having "adult periodontitis"
maintenance procedures following active therapy is are now included under the chronic periodontitis
not synonymous with a prophylaxis. category.
P. MEMBRANE (Archaic): The periodontal ligament. AGGRESSIV E P.: A specific type of periodontitis with
P. POCKET: A pathologic fissure between a tooth and clearly identifiable clinical and laboratory findings,
the crevicular epithelium, and limited at its apex by that make it sufficiently different from chronic
the junctional epithelium. It is an abnormal apical periodontitis, to warrant a separate classification.
extension of the gingival crevice caused by migration Aggressive periodontitis occurs in a patient who
40
otherwise is clinical healthy (except for periodontal systemic conditions including, but not limited to, HIV
disease). Common features include rapid attachment infection, malnutrition, and immunosuppression. See
loss and bone destruction, and familial aggregation. also: Gingivitis, Necrotizing Ulcerative.
In addition, patients with aggressive periodontitis PREPUBERTAL P.: A formerly used term to designate
generally, but not universally, exhibit amounts of the prepubescent occurrence of periodontitis.
microbial deposits inconsistent with the severity Patients previously classified as having prepubertal
of periodontal tissue destruction, phagocyte periodontitis are now included under either the chronic
abnormalities, and elevated proportions of periodontitis category or the periodontitis associated
A. actinomycetemcomitans and, in some populations, with systemic diseases category.
P gingiva/is. P. ASSOCIATED WITH SYSTEMIC DISEASE:
AGGRESSIVE P.: GENERALIZED FORM Periodontitis, often with onset at a young age,
(Formerly Generalized Juvenile Periodontitis): associated with one of several systemic diseases.
In addition to the common features described RAPIDLY PROGRESSIVE P.: A formerly used term.
above, A. P. usually affects persons under 30 years Patients formerly classified as having rapidly
of age, but may be older. Typically, there is progressive periodontitis are now included under
generalized interproximal attachment loss either the chronic periodontitis category or aggressive
affecting at least three teeth other than first molars periodontitis category.
and incisors, and there is a pronounced episodic RECURRENT P.: A condition where periodontitis has
nature of the destruction of attachment and been successfully treated but then recurs. A
alveolar bone. There also may be a poor serum secondary descriptor used with various categories of
(Formerly L ocalized Juvenile Periodontitis): In REFRACTORY P.: A condition where one or more
addition to the common features described above, forms of periodontitis are unresponsive to treatment
typically there is circumpubertal onset, localized despite excellent patient compliance and delivery of
first molarlincisor presentation with interproximal periodontal therapy that ordinarily is successful in
attachment loss associated with at least two arresting the progression of periodontitis. A
permanent teeth (one of which is afirst molar) and secondary descriptor used with various categories of
involving no more than two teeth other than first periodontitis (e.g., refractory chronic periodontitis,
molars and incisors. There usually is a robust refractory agrressive periodontitis, etc.).
EARLY-ONSET P.: A formerly used term. See: PERIOSTEITIS: Inflammation of the periosteum.
Aggressive Periodontitis.
PERIOSTEUM: A specialized connective tissue
JUVENILE P.: A formerly used term. See: Aggressive covering bones and possessing bone-resorptive and
Periodontitis. bone-forming potential.
NECROTIZING ULCERATIVE P.: An infection
PERIRADICULAR: Around or surrounding a tooth root.
characterized by necrosis of gingival tissues,
periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. These lesions PERLECHE: Cracking of the labial commissures.
are most commonly observed in individuals with Angular cheilitis.
41
PETECHIAE: Hemorrhagic spots of pinpoint to oral surfaces and is found in the gingival crevice and
pinhead size in the skin or mucous membrane. periodontal pockets. Other components include an
organic, polysaccharide-protein matrix consisting of
PHAGOCYTE: Inflammatory cells of the
bacterial by-products such as enzymes, food debris,
mononuclear phagocyte lineage.
desquamated cells, and inorganic components such as
PHAGOCYTOSIS: The process of cellular ingestion calcium and phosphate.
and digestion of solid or semi-solid substances, such
PLASMA CELL: An antibody producing
as other cells, bacteria, bits of necrosed tissue, and
B-lymphocyte that has reached the end of its
foreign particles.
differentiation pathway.
PHARMACODYNAMICS: The biochemical and
PLASMID: An extrachromosomal structure found in
physiologic actions of drugs in the body as well as
bacterial cells that carries genes necessary for cell
the mechanism of action of drugs.
aided replication of itself along with genes that, if
PHARMACOKINETICS: Involved with the absorp expressed, may change the characteristics of host
tion, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. cells; e.g., antibiotic resistance.
POSITIVE PREDICTIVE VA LUE: The proportion RELATIVE ATTACHMENT LEVEL: The distance
of positive responses to a diagnostic test for disease from a fixed reference point on a tooth or stent to the
that are accurate indicators of the true presence of the tip of the periodontal probe during usual periodontal
malady in a population. Expressed arithmetically as a diagnostic probing. The health of the attachment
proportion which is calculated as the number of true apparatus can affect the measurement.
PREVENTIVE: Serving to avert the occurrence of. PROGESTERONE: A generic term for naturally
occurring steroid hormones containing a pregnane
PREVOTELLA: Formerly called Bacteroides SSP. nucleus; secreted from the corpus luteum and
See: Porphyromonas. placenta; a luteohorrnone; implicated in hormonal
and pubertal gingivitis.
PREVOTELLA INTERMEDIA: Formerly called
Bacteroides intermedius. Gram-negative, non-motile,
PROGNATHIC: A forward relationship of the jaws,
anaerobic, non-spore forming bacillus isolated from
usually used with reference to the mandible.
oral and other body sites. A common inhabitant of the
gingival crevice, it has been associated with infections PROGNOSIS: A prediction as to the progress, course,
of the head, neck, and pleura. There are two distinct and outcome of a disease.
PROBING DEPTH: The distance from the soft tissue PROPHYLAXIS, ORAL: The removal of plaque,
(gingiva or alveolar mucosa) margin to the tip of the calculus, and stains from the exposed and unexposed
periodontal probe during usual periodontal diagnostic surfaces of the teeth by scaling and polishing as a
probing. The health of the attachment apparatus can preventive measure for the control of local irritational
affect the measurement. factors. See: Periodontal Maintenance.
CLINIC AL ATTACHMENT LEVEL P.: The distance
from the cemento-enamel junction to the tip of the PROPIONIBACTERIUM PROPIONICUS:
periodontal probe during usual periodontal diagnostic Formerly called Arachnia propionica. Gram-positive,
probing. The health of the attachment apparatus can non-motile, facultative, rod-shaped bacteria found in
PROSTAGLANDINS: A group of fatty acid com PULPITIS: Inflammation of the dental pulp.
pounds derived from arachidonic acid by the cyclo
PULPOTOMY: Surgical amputation of the coronal
oxygenase pathway that are potent regulators of a
portion of the dental pulp.
variety of biological processes; aspirin and ibuprofen
are inhibitors of cyclooxygenase. PULP STONE (Nodule): See: Denticle.
PROSTHESIS: An artificial part designed to replace a PULP VITALITY TESTS: Electrical, thermal, and
part of the human body. invasive (e.g., test cavity) procedures used to
DENTAL P.: An artificial replacement of a lost part of determine the status of the dental pulp.
the natural dentition or oral cavity. PURPURA: Hemorrhage into the tissues with resultant
FIXED PARTIAL DENTURE: See: Denture. changes in color varying from red to purple. fading to
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE: See: Denture. brownish-yellow, and then disappearing.
T EMPORARY P.: A fixed or removable restoration
PURULENT: Accompanied by or containing pus.
designed to be replaced with a more permanent
appliance. PUS: A product of inflammation consisting of
leukocytes, degenerated tissue elements, tissue fluids,
PROSTHETICS: The art and science of supplying
and microorganisms.
missing parts of the human body.
PUSTULE: A small, circumscribed elevation on the
PROTEOGLY CANS: Extracellular and cell surface
skin containing pus.
macromolecules (decorin, syndecan, etc.) composed
PYOGENIC: A pus-producing substance or agent.
of a protein core with sites for the attachment of one
or more glycosaminoglycan chains; functions in cell PYOGENIC GRANULOMA: See: Granuloma,
adhesion, growth, and organization of the Pyogenic.
extracellular matrix.
PYOR RHEA: An archaic term for several periodontal
PROTO-ONCOGENE: A gene in the normal human diseases.
other form of radiant energy; radiopaque areas appear periodontal attachment. Barrier techniques, using
light or white on the exposed negative film. materials such as expanded polytetrafluoroethylene,
polyglactin, polylactic acid, calcium sulfate and
RANULA: See: Cyst, Retention.
collagen, are employed in the hope of excluding
REAT TACHMENT: To attach again. The reunion of epithelium and the gingival corium from the root or
epithelial and connective tissue with a root surface. existing bone surface in the belief that they interfere
Not to be confused with new attachment. with regeneration.
PER IODONTAL R.: Restoration of lost periodontium.
RECALL MAINTENANCE: See: Periodontal
Maintenance. REGISTRATION (Bite): A record of jaw
relationships used in the mounting of casts on an
RECESSION: Location of marginal periodontal
articulator.
tissues apical to the cemento-enamel junction.
GINGIVAL R.: Location of the gingival margin apical REITER'S S Y NDROME: A condition of unknown
to the cemento-enamel junction. cause, usually seen in young men, characterized by
SUR GIC AL R.: Location of the marginal tissues apical urethritis, arthritis, conjunctivitis, and mucocutaneous
to the cemento-enamel junction as a result of lesions.
periodontal surgery.
REJECTION: An immunological response to
RECIPIENT SITE: The site into which a graft or incompatibility in a transplanted organ.
transplant material is placed. ATTACHMENT LEVEL, REL ATIVE: See: Relative
Attachment Level.
RECOMBINA NT DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid that
has been modified by deletion or addition of genetic RELEASING INCISION: See: Incision.
information.
REMISSION: A diminution or abatement of the signs
RECORD: See: Clinical Record. and/or symptoms of a disease; also the period during
which such diminution occurs.
RECURRENCE: Reappearance or return, as of
inflammation, or disease that has been successfully REMOVABLE APPLIA NCE: A dental prosthesis
treated. that attaches to the teeth and can be removed by the
patient.
RE-ENTRY: To reopen a site that has undergone
ORTHODONTIC R. A.: An appliances that affect
periodontal surgery to improve, observe, or enhance
tooth movement.
results obtained from the initial operation.
PROSTHETIC R. A.: A Prosthesis that take the place
REFERRED S Y MPTOMS: Symptoms perceived in or perform the function of the missing tooth or teeth.
tissues distant to and unrelated to the true diseased
REPAIR: Healing of a wound by tissue that does not
site.
fully restore the architecture or the function of the
REFLECTION: The elevation and folding back of all, part.
or part, of the soft tissue to expose the underlying
REPLANTATION, TOOTH: The replacement of a
structures. See: Surgery, Periodontal.
totally luxated (accidentally or intentionally) tooth
REFRACTORY: Persistent; patients or sites that into its socket.
continue to demonstrate disease after appropriate
RESECTION: Excision of some portion of a structure
therapy.
such as bone, gingiva, or a tooth root.
REGENERATION: Reproduction or reconstitution of
RESIDUAL RIDGE: That portion of the dental ridge
a lost or injured part.
and its soft tissue covering that remains following the
GUIDED TISSUE (Bone) R.: Procedures attempting
removal of teeth.
to regenerate lost periodontal structures through
differential tissue responses. Guided bone RESISTANCE: Inherent ability of an individual or an
regeneration typically refers to ridge augmentation or organism to protect against the damaging effects of
REST POSITION, PHYSIOLOGIC: The postural R. CANAL: The space within the root of a tooth
position of the mandible when an individual is containing connective tissue, nerves, and blood
resting comfortably in an upright position and the vessels, and connecting the pulp chamber with the
RETE RIDGES: See: Pegs, Epithelial. R. CURET TAGE: See: Curettage, Root.
Hypersensitivity.
RETROMOLA R PA D: The soft tissue located behind
R. PLANIN G: A treatment procedure designed to
the terminal mandibular molar.
remove cementum or surface dentin that i rough,
RETRUDED POSITION: See: Centric Relation. impregnated with calculus, or contaminated with
toxins or microorganisms. See: Scaling.
REVERSE ARCHITECTURE: See: Architecture.
R. PREPARATION: Use of instruments or chemicals
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA): Polymer composed on roots to eliminate irritants, prevent bacterial
of ribonucleotides; three types of RNA function in accumulation, and encourage wound healing.
translation of information from genes (DNA) to R. PROXIMITY: Closeness of roots of adjacent teeth.
proteins. In some viruses, RNA is also the genetic R. RESE C TION: Surgical removal of all or a portion
MESSENGER RNA (mRNA): A transcript of the R. RES ORPTION: Loss or blunting of some portion
SCAR: Fibrous tissue replacing normal tissues SEPTICEMIA: Systemic disease associated with the
destroyed by injury or disease. presence and persistence of pathogenic
microorganisms or their toxins in the blood.
SCLERODERMA: See: Progressive Systemic
Sclerosis. SEPTUM: A partition of hard or soft tissue.
47
INTERALVEOLAR S.: That portion of the alveolar SOFT TISSUE: Any non-calcified tissue. In
process that lies between the roots of adjoining teeth. periodontics, usually refers to the oral mucous
INTERRADICULAR S.: That portion of the alveolar membranes including the gingiva.
process that lies between the roots of multirooted
SONIC SCALER: See: Scaler, Sonic.
teeth.
SHELF, BUCCAL: Cortical bony surface of the often used to confirm the presence of a malady first
mandible extending from the alveolar ridge to the suggested by a highly sensitive but less specific
external oblique line in the vestibular region. screening test. See also: Sensitivity.
SIALADENITIS: Inflammation of a salivary gland. SPECIMEN: A sample or part taken to determine the
character of the whole for diagnostic purposes.
SIALAGOGUE: Any substance or agent that
promotes the secretion and flow of saliva. SPECTRUM, ANTmACTERIAL: The range of
antimicrobial activity of a drug.
SIALOLITH: A salivary stone (calculus).
SPICULE: A slender, pointed, needle-like body such
SIALORRHEA: Excessive flow of saliva.
as a spicule of bone.
SIGN: An objective indication of disease discoverable
SPIROCHETES: Helical (cork-screw), Gram
by the clinician upon evaluation of the patient. See
negative, highly motile bacteria, characterized by a
also: Symptom.
flexible cell wall. They are markedly increased in
SINUS: A cavity or hollow space in a bone or other number in periodontal pockets. The major genus in
tissue such as the dilated channels for venous blood in pockets in the treponema ssp.
the cranium or liver.
MAXILLARY S.: See: Antrum.
SPLINT: Any apparatus, appliance, or device
employed to prevent motion or displacement of
S. T RACT: A fistula or tract leading to a suppurating
fractured or movable parts.
cavity.
DENTAL S.: An appliance designed to immobilize and
SLOUGH: Necrotic tissue in the proces of separating
stabilize loose teeth.
from viable portions of the body.
SPLINTING, OF ABUTMENTS: The joining of
SMEAR: A thin daub of blood, pus, or extraneous
two or more teeth into a rigid unit.
matter on a glass slide stained and mounted for study
under the microscope. SPLINTING, OF MUSCLES: Prolonged muscle
spasms that inhibit or prevent movement of a joint or
SOCKET: A hollow or depression into which a corre
appendage.
sponding part fits. See: Alveolus.
D RY S.: Localized osteitis of the alveolus following SPORADIC: Single; scattered; not epidemic;
tooth extraction due to infection or loss of the blood occurring at isolated geographical and/or temporal
motile, aerobic bacteria isolated from the gingival mucosa resulting from the ingestion of a systemic
Occur as cocci, clusters, pairs, or chains. S. VENENATA: Lesions caused by exposure to contact
allergens.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIS: Spherical. non
motile, aerobic bacteria with Gram-positive cell STOMATOGNATHIC SY STEM: The combination
walls. They are found in supragingival plaque. The of all the structures of the mouth and jaws used in
majority of S. epidermis are catalase negative and speech, respiration, mastication, and deglutition.
STA SIS: The arrest or cessation of flow of any body with refractory periodontitis.
STATIC: In a state of rest or equilibrium; not dynamic; viridans. Gram-positive, non-motile, aerobic,
pertaining to that which is stationary. spherical bacteria that form chains and are isolated
from the human respiratory tract and from certain
STATISTICS: A collection of numerical facts pertain
clinical conditions. including infective endocarditis.
ing to a subject; the science that deals with collection,
organization, and analysis of such facts. STREPTOCOCCUS MITIS: Gram-positive. non
motile, aerobic cocci that tend to form chains and are
STENOSIS: Narrowing or stricture of a duct, canal, or
found in dental plaque. It is difficult to define S. mitis
vessel.
as it does little physiologically and is antigenically
STENT: I. A device used in conjunction with a heterogeneous. It is often defined by exclusion (i.e.,
surgical procedure to immobilize hard or soft tissue if oral Streptococci are not S. salvarius, S. sanguis, or
states that tend to disturb its normal physiologic SUPPORTING STRUCTURES O F A TOOTH:
equilibrium (homeostasis). 4. Stimuli that, when See: Periodontium.
impinging upon an individual, produce
SUPPORTIV E PERIODONTAL TREATMENT:
disequilibrium. Should these compensating
See Periodontal Maintenance.
reactions be inadequate or inappropriate, they
may lead to disorders. SUPPURATION: The formation of pus.
STROMA : The supporting tissue or extracellular SUPERERUPTION: The eruption of teeth beyond the
the acute and chronic stages. (STB): Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped bacteria
that have a gliding movement and are found in dental
SUB GINGIVAL CALCULUS: See: Calculus, plaque. They include Campylobacter rectus,
Subgingival.
Eikenella corrodens, and Capnocytophaga.
SURGICAL DRESSING: See: Periodontal Dressing. disk is located anterior or antero-medial to the
condylar head when the jaw is closed. When the jaw
SUTURE : I. The fixed, fibrous union of two bones.
is open the disk assumes the normal relationship to
2. Material used in closing a surgical or traumatic
the condylar head and articular eminence.
wound with stitches. 3. The act or process of uniting a
MENISCAL DISPLACEMENT W I THOUT
wound, either surgical or accidental, through suturing.
REDUCTION: The condition wherein the articular
SYMPTOM: Any subjective evidence of a disease or a disk is always located anterior or antero-medial to the
patient's condition as perceived by the patient. See condylar head regardless of whether the jaw is open
SIGN. or closed.
SYNDROME : A group of signs and symptoms of TEMP OROMANDIBULAR J OINT (TMJ): The
disordered function related to one another by means connecting sliding hinge mechanism between the
of some anatomical, physiological or biochemical mandible and the temporal bone.
peculiarity. Does not include a precise cause of illness
but provides a framework for investigation and TERAT OGENESIS : The induction of malformation
TABLE, OCCLUS AL: The occlusal surface of the differing mainly in their absorption and suitability for
corrosion. These alloys also form a titanium oxide TRABECULA: A general term for a supporting or
(Ti02) surface layer that interfaces with the bone. anchoring strand of connective tissue, such as a strand
extending from a capsule into the substance of the
TITANIUM OXIDE: A surface layer, 10 to 100
enclosed organ.
angstroms thick, formed within a millisecond when a
cut surface of pure metallic titanium is exposed to air. TRABECULAE OF BONE: Anastomosing bony
This layer has ceramic properties and is resistant to spicules in cancellous bone forming a meshwork of
corrosion, effectively protecting the implant against intercommunicating spaces filled with connective
TOMOGRAPHY: A general term for a technique that through body tissues for the purpose of examination.
provides a distinct image of any selected plane TRANSLATION: I. Movement of the condyle
through the body, while the images of structures that meniscus complex of the temporomandibular joint
lie above and below that plane are blurred. Also called over the articular eminence. 2. The movement of a
"bodysection radiography." tooth (bodily movement) through alveolar bone
without change in inclination.
TONGUE THRUST: The infantile pattern of the
suckle-swallow movement in which the tongue is TRANSMUCOSAL: That portion of the oral implant
placed between the incisor teeth or alveolar ridges system (e. g., the abutment) that passes through the
resulting sometimes in anterior open bite, mucosa.
deformation of the jaws, and abnormal function.
TRANSPLANT: I. To transfer tissue from one part to
TONUS, MUSCLE: The slight continuous contraction another. 2. The tissue or organ taken from a body for
of muscle that aids in the maintenance of posture and grafting into another portion of the body or into
aspect of the mandible, generally in the premolar resulting from an injury or wound.
TOXIN: A poison of animal, vegetable, or microbial TREATMENT PLAN: The course of therapy and re
ongln. assessments designed for a patient.
52
TRENCH MOUTH: See: Periodontitis, Necrotizing ULTRAS TRUCTURE: Fine structure beyond the
Ulcerative. resolution power of the light microscope; e.g., may be
visible or implied using electron microscopes or other
TREPHINE: A surgical instrument for removing a
technologies.
disk or cylinder of bone or other tissue.
UNDULATE: Having an irregular, wavy border; said
TREPONEMA DENT/COLA: A long, thin,
of a colony of microorganisms.
corkscrew-like, Gram-negative, anaerobic spirochete
that has been implicated as a possible etiologic agent UPRIGHTING: The movement of an inclined tooth to
TRIF URCATION: The area where a tooth divides elevated wheals and attended by severe itching.
-----f[Y]t---
T. INVASION: The extension of periodontitis or
TRIGEMINAL: Relating to the fifth cranial VARICELLA ZOSTER (Shingles, Herpes Zoster):
in the mouth.
VASCULARIZATION: The process of becoming
TROUGH, GINGIVAL: See: Gingival Crevice. vascular; the natural or surgically induced
development of vessels in a tissue.
TUBERCULE: A small nodule or eminence.
VASOCONSTRIC TION: Narrowing or decrease in
TUBEROSI TY: A protuberance or elevation of a the lumen size of a blood vessel, especially an
bone. arteriole.
MAXILLARY T.: The most distal portion of the
VASOCONSTRIC TOR: An agent that promotes
maxillary alveolar ridge.
decrease in blood vessel diameter. Used in dentistry
T. REDUCTION: The surgical excision of fibrous or
to prolong anesthesia, and to reduce bleeding during
bony tissue of the maxillary tuberosity.
surgical procedures.
TUMEFAC TION: A swelling; the state of being
VASODEPRESSOR: I. Having the effect of lowering
swollen or the act of swelling.
the blood pressure through reduction in peripheral
TUNNEL PREPARATION: A surgical procedure resistance. 2. An agent that causes vasodepression.
performed on a multirooted tooth, usually a
VASODILATION: Dilation or increase in the lumen
mandibular molar, resulting in a completely opened
of a blood vessel, especially an arteriole.
furcation to provide access for oral hygiene.
VEILLONELLA SSP.: Gram-negative. non-motile,
TURGID: Congested; swollen.
anaerobic cocci found in supra- and subgingival
plaque.
-----f[!TII---
V ENIPUNC TURE: Puncture of a vein, as in an
intravenous injection.
that are conveniently located. one above and one WIDMAN FLAP PROCEDURE, MODIFIED:
below the mouth, usually in the midline. See: Flap, Modified Widman.
OCCLUSAL V.D.: The vertical dimension of the face
WOLINELLA RECTA: See: Campylobacter Rectus.
when the teeth are in contact in centric occlusion.
REST V.D.: The vertical dimension of the face with the WORKING SIDE CONTACTS: Contacts of teeth
mandible in postural position. on the side of the articulation toward which the
--OOI---
including deepening of the vestibular trough, altering
the position of the frenulum or muscle attachments,
and widening of the zone of attached gingiva.
XERODERMA: Excessive dryness of the skin due to
VINCENT'S ANGINA: Painful membranous a slight increase of the horny layer and diminished
-----1I---
designed to educe excessive soft tissue from an
edentulous area such as the maxillary tuberosity. See:
Distal WeJge.
ZYMOGEN: An inactive precursor that is converted to
WHEAL (Hive, Welt): An acute, circumscribed, active enzyme by the action of another substance.
transitory area of edema of the skin; an urticarial lesion. Proenzyme..