Nwamjartiaing (Lwam Lay) PDF

http://www.cherrythitsar.
org
vGrf;avunif; 293
EGrf*smodkfif;
vGrf;avunif;
http://www.cherrythitsar.org
xk w f a 0ol
OD ; Ed k i f r sd K ;xG e f ; (tif y g,mpmay)
wdkuf 21? tcef; 11?
pD ; yG m ;ul ; oef ; 0ef x rf ; td r f , m?
OD ; 0d p m&vrf ; ? ajrmuf ' *H k /
yH k E S d y f o l
OD ; armif a rmif v G i f (u0d & wematmh z f p uf )
204? vrf; 30? &efukef/
tif y g,m
wdkuf 21? tcef; 11
pmay pD;yGm;ul;oef;0efxrf;tdrf,m
OD;0dpm&vrf;? ajrmuf'*Hk/
zHk;-581733-444
EMPIRE
PUBLISHING CENTER wdkuf 9? wwd,xyf (0J)
,kZevrf;? ppfawmif;&dyfrGef
,kZeO,smOfNrdKUawmf/
zkef;-593265
E-mail: EPC@mail2world.com
P.O. Box-234
pmrl c G i f h j yKcsuf t rS w f
325^2004 (3)
rsuf E S m zH k ; cG i f h j yKcsuf t rS w f
440^2004 (5)
xk w f a 0jcif ;
yxrtBudrf
2004 ckESpf? ZGefv/
tk y f a &
500
wef z d k ;
600 usyf
'dkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;
jynfaxmifpk rNydKuJGa&; 'kdYta&;
wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDGwfrI rNydKuJGa&; 'dkYta&;
tcsKyt f jcmtmPm wnfwchH ikd Nf raJ &; 'dt
Yk a&;
EdkifiHawmfzJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya' ay:aygufa&;onf
jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vHk;\ y"meusaomwm0ef jzpfonf/
jynfolYoabmxm;
jynfytm;udk; ykqdefdk; tqdk;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
EdkifiHawmfwnfjidrfat;csrf;a&;ESifh EdkifiHawmfwdk;wufa&;udk aESmifh,SufzsufqD;olrsm;tm;
qefYusifMu/
Edik if aH wmf\ jynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufaESmif, h u
S af om jynfyEdik if rH sm;tm; qefu Y siMf u/
jynfwGif;jynfy tzsuform;rsm;tm; bHk&efoltjzpf owfrSwfacsrIef;Mu/
EdkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
EdkifiHawmf wnfNidrfa&;? &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;ESifh w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&;/
trsKd ;om;jyefvnfpnf;vH;k nDw G af &;/
cdkifrmonfh zJGUpnf;yHktajccHOya'opf jzpfay:vma&;/
jzpfay:vmonfh zJUG pnf;yHt k ajccHOya'opfEiS t hf nD acwfrzD UGH NzKd ;wd;k wufaom Edik if aH wmfopfwpf&yf
wnfaqmufa&;/
pD;yGm;a&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
pd k u f y sd K ;a&;ud k t ajccH tjcm;pD ; yG m ;a&;u@rsm;ud k v nf ; buf p H k z H G U Nzd K ;wd k ; wuf a tmif
wnfaqmufa&;/
aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pHepf yDjyifpGm jzpfay:vma&;/
jynfwGif;jynfyrS twwfynmESifht&if;tESD;rsm;zdwfac: pD;yGm;a&;zHGUNzdK;wdk;wufatmif
wnfaqmufa&;/
Edik if aH wmfp;D yGm;a&;wpf&yfv;kH udk zefw;D Edik rf pI rG ;f tm;onf Edik if aH wmfEiS hf wdik ;f &if;om;jynfowl \ Ykd
vuf0,fwGif &Sda&;/
vlrIa&;OD;wnfcsuf (4) &yf
wpfrsdK;om;vHk;\ pdwf"mwfESifh tusifhpm&dw jrifhrm;a&;/
trsdK;*kPf Zmwd*kPf jrifhrm;a&;ESifh ,Ofaus;rItarGtESpfrsm;? trsdK;om;a&;vuPmrsm;
raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;apmifha&Smufa&;/
rsdK;cspfpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;/
wpfrsKd ;om;vH;k use;f rmBuchH ikd af &;ESihf ynm&nf jrifrh m;a&;/
EGr*f smodik ;f
vGr;f avunif;
tifyg,mpmay
wdu
k f (21)? tcef;(11)? pD;yGm;ul;oef;0efxrf;tdr&f m?
OD;0dpm&vrf;? ajrmuf'*H/k
wdu
k f (9)? wwd,xyf(0J)? ,kZevrf;?
ppfawmif;&dyrf eG ?f ,kZeO,smOfNrKd aY wmf/
zke;f - 593265
E-Mail : EPC @mail2world.com
P.O.Box - 234
ywjrm;0wfreI f
pdecf syf kH xH&k nfoif;?
a&T;kd &Gun f m
eDvmwnfhf zef&nfa&;
aus;r,fEiS hf rif;?
cGmajyajyrIeaf 0ESi;f
cspw f if;a&GnpD v kH Ykd
&*HNk rKd if,cH if;rSm
vGr;f avunif;
(jr0wDrif;BuD;a&; ...cGmjymoif;ywfysKd ;rS)
arQmv f ifjh cif;qdwk m aqmif;aESmif;rSm a0wwfwhJ ESi;f awG
vdyk gyJ &ifNird ;f /
ta&SU taemuf xufatmuf b,fnm b,ft&mudrk S
jywfom;pGm rjrif&ayr,fh &ifxrJ mS awmh Nird ;f at;vSw,f/
azG;azG;jzLaewJh ESi;f jrLawGxrJ mS tjypfvaYkd jymp&mjzpfwhJ
teufa&mifav; wpfrIefwpfrQifawmif rjrif&bl;aemf? &ifxJu
oefY&Sif;wJh arQmfvifhcsufwpfckvdkyJ jzLpifvSyaevdkufwm/
ywf0ef;usif reufcif;wpfckvHk; ESif;awGa0aew,f/
udk,fh&ifxJrSmvnf; arQmfvifhjcif;awG a0aeygw,f
&ifNird ;f /
&ifNird ;f eJY awGU&OD;r,f? tcGit
hf cgoif&h if ukevf eG cf NhJ y;D wJh
umvrsm;pGmuwnf;u &ifxJrSmwrf;wcJh&wJh b0av;wpfckudk
8 EGrf *sm odik ;f
wnfaqmufciG &hf r,f/
a[mif;oGm;ayr,fh ajymif;roGm;wJh oHa,mZOftxk
txnfudk tMumif;jyKNyD; ork',tdyfrufEGrf;uav;awG[m
aqmif;OD;reufcif;yef;uav;awGvkd jyefvnfvef;qef;cGihf &r,f/
vGrf;cJh&wJh umvav;awG ukefygapawmh &ifNidrf;&,f/

vGrf;avunif; 9
tydkif; (1)
(1)
pJGNrJu olYudk,fydkifpD;awmf,mOfav;jzpfaom xqifxl;

eHygwf ESpfaxmifausmf? 1977 ckESpf armf',f? oH&SJvf? epfqef
qefeDtrsdK;tpm; ypfuyftrdk;wyfav;udk acsmhacsmharmharmhESifh
pwifpufE;dI vdu k o
f nf/
em;&Guzf sm;rsm; xHu k siaf tmif at;pufaeaom aqmif;
reufcif;rSm qefeDum;av;u awmfawmfESifh tdyf&mrS rx/
twif;ykwfEId;aeonfhMum;u tif;tJESifh nnf;nLNyD; b,fvSnfh
nmapmif;vkyu f m tdy&f mx uwfaeonfh uav;i,fvkd tif*sif
pufvnfoH ay;vdkuf? jyef&yfvdkufESifh nnf;nLaMu;xljyae
onf/
pJGNrJu vDAmwHudk ESpfcsufoHk;csuf qifhykwfvdkufNyD;
NyHK;onf/
]xprf;yguGm? awmfMumus&if ajy;&if;vTm;&if;eJY rif;
tcsrf;ajyoGm;rSmyg? 'DaeYwpfaeYvHk; rif;oGm;&r,fh c&D;u enf;
enf;aemaem r[kwfbl;uG? rauG;a&mufwJhtxd tm;vHk;aygif;
12 EGrf *sm odik ;f
rdik o
f ;kH &mausmf oGm;&rSm? ulnyD gOD; azhom;Bu;D &m? rif; ighvufxJ
a&mufuwnf;u ckxw d pfcgrS rif;udk 'Davmuf 'kur ay;zl;ao;
ygbl;? 'Dwpfcgawmh rif;q&mudk oem;aomtm;jzifh vdIufvdIuf
vJSvJS ulnDprf;ygOD;uGm}
pdwfxJuae wwGwfwGwfajym&if; toufatmifh
aomhwHudk vSnfhvdkufonf/
csKyfyg qJGxm;aomaMumifh um;av;u 0l;ceJ toH
us,fus,fjrnfNyD; Edk;oGm;onf/
um;pufylvmonftxd apmifh&if; pJGNrJu olYtpDtpOf
udk oljyefwGufonf/
onf u ae xG u f o nf E S i f h a&T * H k w d k i f b uf u d k y wf N yD ;
oli,fcsif;0if;aX;udk ac:rnf/ NyD;vQif tcsdefrqdkif;awmhbJ
wpfcgwnf; qufoGm;rnf/ a&TanmifyifrSm wpfacguf 0if
uefawmh? axmufBuHU*dwfrSm tppfaq;cH? Mum;rSm vHk;0 rem;
awmhbJ wdkufBuD;avmuftxd awmufavQmufarmif;rnf/
wdkufBuD;usrS vufzuf&nfaomuf? tif;rrSm xrif;
pm;? vrf;rSm odyfrem;vQif rauG;udk nae ig;em&D? ajcmufem&D
avmufrSm 0ifrnf/
a&mufwmESifh wpfcgwnf; &ifNidrf;qD oGm;awGU/
awGUvQif &ifNird ;f u bmrS prajymcif tNyKH ;ESihf 0rf;om
tm;& BudK/
&ifNird ;f \ odyv
f aS om tNyKH ;av;udk pdwu f ;l jzifh BuKd cpH m;
Munfhonf/
vGrf;avunif; 13
]0rf;omvdkufwm pJGNrJ&,f ...? &ifNidrf;av pJGNrJudk
t&rf;arQmfaewm odvm;}
[k &ifNidrf;ajymvmrnfh toHav;udk BudKrSef;qonf/
rawGU&wm MumNyjD zpfaom &ifNird ;f \ kyyf akH v;udv k nf;
jrifa,mifMunfhonf/
vGefcJhaom q,fESpf q,fhig;ESpfESifh xdkxufruaom
umvrsm;u &ifNidrf;\ rsufESmav;? udk,fvHk;udk,foG,fav;?
cspfpzG,f vIyf&Sm;rI trlt&mav;rsm;udk owd&onf/
tif; ...tckqdk &ifNidrf;vnf; igeJYtwlwl ESpfq,fh
&SpfESpf jynfhNyD;avmufNyDyJ/ enf;enf;awmh ajymif;vJaeawmhrSm
aygh/ aemufqHk;awGUcJhwJh tcsdefwkef;u ola&miga&m touf
q,fhckepf? q,fh&SpfESpf/
pdwfxJuajym&if; um;aemufMunfhrSefudk vSnfh,l
pJGNrJu olYkyfol rSefxJrSmMunfhonf/
toufom r[kwf? tvkyfuyg zdpD;xm;ojzifh em;xif
pyfwiG f wpfyifp ESpyf ifp jzLpjyKaeaom qHyifrsm;udk awGUonf/
]qHyifawGjzLNy;D ig tbd;k Bu;D jzpfomG ;&if b,fvv kd yk rf vJ
&ifNird ;f }
tHr,f ...pJGNrJ&,f ...eif tbdk;BuD;jzpfrSawmh
igvnf; tbGm;Bu;D jzpfNyaD ygh[?hJ tbd;k Bu;D eJt Y bGm;Bu;D bmxl;rSm
vJ? eifeJYigu &G,fwlu&G,fwlyJaygh}
&,f&if;ajymcJhMuaom i,fi,fu pum;rsm;udk owd&
rdjyefonf/
14 EGrf *sm odik ;f
twdwf\&eHYrsm; oif;xHkvmonf/
]eifeJYig 'Db0rSm qHk&awmhr,f rxifygbl; pJGNrJ&,f}
]&ifNidrf;&,f ...bDvl;abmausmfawmifrS wpfb0
jcm;Ny;D olb
Y &k m;ol wnfEikd cf ahJ o;wmyJ? eif bk&m;NyKd u bk&m;wif
rMunfheJYav? rauG;jrovGefbk&m;BuD;vnf; jyefMunfhOD;rSaygh?
wpfb0qdkwm tcsdefawG trsm;BuD;yg[m? uHaumif;vdkY aemuf
b0 quf&&if tcsdefawG ydkrsm;vmEdkifao;w,f? b,ftcsdef
jzpfjzpf ig eifuh kd cspaf erSmyJ&ifNird ;f ? Ny;D awmh eifq
h uD kd ig ra&muf
a&mufatmif vmcJhrSmyJ}
ESif;rIefxJwGif um;udk t&SdefavQmhvdkuf&if; pJGNrJu
NyHK;onf/
]udk,f tck vmaeNyD&ifNidrf;? pdwful;xJ arQmfvifhcsuf
uav;twdik ;f jzpfyg&apuG,?f BuKd wifarQmv f ifw
h uG q f rxm;wJh
jyemawGeJY BuHKNyD; &ifarmrjyef&ygapeJUvdkYvnf; qkawmif;
rdygw,f tcspf&,f? 'Db0rSm aemufwpfcg xyfrvGrf;csifawmh
ygbl;}
0dZ,rD;yGdKifhvGef abmif'&Dvrf;rSae vifhvrf;buf
tcsdK;wGif rD;qvdkufrsm; xdk;xm;qJjzpfaom a&Twd*HkapwDawmf
BuD;udk vSrf;zl;ajrmfvdkuf&onf/
pJGNrJpdwfxJrSm {&m0wDjrpfauGYurf;ezl;rS rauG;NrdKUpGef
jrovGefapwDawmfudk vSrf;owd&onf/
jrovGefbk&m;? qkawmif;jynfhapwD? yef;&pfawmif?
a&TvifarQmf? odMum;ewfuGef;? bk&m;oHk;ql? bk&m;NydK? qm;pnf
vGrf;avunif; 15
ausmif;? uif;&Gm? abmausmf? abmaom? ykP0wD? okabm*
olaX;? odMum;rif;? Mupkzefcg;yif? txu (1)? txu (2)?
OD;Zif;ndKwdkufysufBuD;? Opmapmifhrsm;? aiGa&mifa>rBuD;ESifh oJ
aomifjyifBuD; ...ponfh ponfh twdwf\ edrdwfyHkoauFw
rsm;vnf; pdwfxJ xifa,mif jrifa,mifvmonf/
twdwfqdkwm bmvJ
b0qdkwm bmvJ
tcspfqdkwm bmvJ
aqmuf v k y f a &; tif * sif e D , m? taqmuf t tH k
uefxdkuf OD;pJGNrJcdkifrm[k ,ckb0wGif trnf&aeaom pJGNrJ\
acgif;xJwGif ar;cGef;rsm;ay:vm\/
aqmif;avnif;u jywif;rSae wdk;0ifonf/
vGrf;avnif;u olY&ifxJ ESvHk;om;jywif;udk jzwfoef;
wdk;wdk;nif;nif; wdkufcwfvsuf&Sd\/

16 EGrf *sm odik ;f
(2)
twdwfqdkonfrSm ukefvGefcJhNyD;aom tcsdefrsm;u

jzpfysucf ahJ om taMumif;t&mrsm;[k omreftm;jzifh t"dym ,fziG hf
Muonf/
odkYaomf twdwfqdkaom trsdK;tpm;wGif rsdK;rwlaom
twdwfaygif;rsm;pGm&SdaMumif;udk txl;jyK zGifhqdkavhr&SdMu/
tenf;qH;k awmh twdwq f akd omt&mwGif arhr&aomtwdwEf iS hf
arhvG,faysmufvG,faom twdwf[k ESpfrsdK;awmh&Sd&ayrnf/
tcsdKUtwdwfrsm;onf ukefvGefNyD;avaom tcsdefrsm;
ESifhtwl arS;rSdefaysmufqHk;oGm;Mu\/
tcsKd Uusawmh ukev f eG cf NhJ y;D aomtcsed rf sm;udk vGeaf jrmuf
EdkifHkomru vuf&Sd jzwfoef;ae&aom ypKyefumvrsm;udk
vnf;aumif;? aemifaomtcgrS BuKH qv kH m&rnfh tem*gwfumv
rsm;udkvnf;aumif; BudKwifyif vTrf;NcHKvTrf;rdk;aeao;onf/
pJ G N rJ \ b0twG u f arh r &aomtwd w f u av;rsm;
taMumif; jyefajymif;atmufarhrnfqdkvQif ypKyefumv ol
vGrf;avunif; 17
OD;wnfoGm;aeaom rauG;NrdKUuav;uyif p&rnfjzpfonf/
rauG;NrdKUonf olYtwGuf arhr&aom twdwfuav;
rsm; pwifaygufzGm;cJh&aom a'oyif/
a0;vSNyjD zpfaomaMumifh a&S;usaom '@m&DyjkH yifwpfck
udk jyefajymovdk [dak &S;a&S;wke;f u pwif&rnf jzpfaeaomfvnf;
pifppf pJGNrJ&ifxJrSm bmwpfckrS a[mif;EGrf;oGm;jcif; r&Sdao;/
vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu rauG;NrdKUuav;onf olY&ifxJrSm
yDyDjyifjyif &Sdaeao;onf/
NyD;awmh ...&ifNidrf;/
olYtrnfuav;udk owd&vdkufonfESifhyif &ifxJrSm
Nidrf;at;oGm;onf/ &if ...Nidrf;apwwfaom rdef;uav;rdkY
&ifNird ;f [k rSnchf ahJ vovm; ..pJNG rJ wdwud susawmh rajymwwf/
odkYaomf &ifxJu tylrsm;tm;vHk;udk Nidrf;apEdkifaom rdef;uav;
jzpfonfuawmh trSefyifjzpfonf/
onfrdef;uav;uvnf; rauG;uyif jzpfonf/
rauG;udk owd&vdu k o
f nfEiS hf &ifNird ;f \kyyf v
kH mT u jrif
vTmxJodkY t&ifOD;qHk; xdk;azmuf 0ifa&mufvmonf/
xdktcgwdkif;rSmvnf; Mum;zl;aeaom uAsmtydkif; tp
av;wpfckudk &ifxJu owd&\/
]uav;&G,f i,fuwnf;u
pJw
G thJ cspf
18 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]jrefjrefvyk yf g taz&m? uReaf wmf ausmif;oGm;csiv f NS y}D

yef;pdkufcif;xJu jyefvmaom tazhwpfudk,fvHk;rSm
acR;oHwjYkd zifh &T&J pJT akd eonf/ toufBu;D NyD jzpfaomfvnf; rdaYk rmuf
wif;rmaeqJjzpfonfh &iftkyfwpfckvHk;rSmvnf; acR;rsm;toD;
vdkuf pdkYae\/
tazu a&avmif;oHyHk;ESpfckudk tdrfa&SUzdeyfcRwfwGif
wif&if; ...
]b,fvdkjzpf&wmvJ pJGNrJ&m? rif;tarhvifausmif;u
q,fem&DrS wufrSmyg? csD;wJhrSmyJ? apmapmpD;pD; udk,fhtvkyf
uav;awmif udk,f ajzmifhatmif rvkyf&bl;}
tazu ol Y p d k u f t wd k i f ; tqJ t qd k a v; [d k e m;
onfem; jznfhpGufNyD; vdk&if;pum;udk zG,fzG,f&m&m ajymwwf
onf/ pJGNrJtzdkYawmh dk;aeNyDjzpf olY[mol qJcsifqJ? qdkcsifqdk
od y f r rI b J 'D a eY r S topf x k w f 0 wf x m;&onf h tjzLtpd r f ;
ausmif;0wfpHkav;udk oabmuspGm iHkYMunfh&if;/
][m ...tazuvnf; ausmif;wufwmu q,fem&D
qdak yr,fh 'DaeYu ausmif;topf pwuf&wJah eYAs? tazuvnf;
ausmif;tyfay;&OD;r,f? uRefawmfuvnf; b,ftcef;rSm wuf
&OD;r,fqdkwm vdkuf&Sm&OD;rSm bmtvkyf vkyfvkyf udk,fhbufu
vHkYvO[av;awmh pdkuf&OD;rSmaygh? r[kwfbl;vm;}
]ig ..w,f ..qJvdkuf&&ifraumif; jzpfawmhr,f}
vGrf;avunif; 19
pJGNrJu olYudk qHk;raeuspum;udk toHk;jyKNyD; jyeftGefY
wufvdkufojzifh taz SL;SL;&SJ&SJjzpfum tdrfay:aqmifhatmifh
wufomG ;onf/
][Jh ...'Dom;tzawGuvnf; b,fvjkd zpfNy;D apmapm
pD;pD; wusufusuf jzpfae&wmvJ? udktkef;uvnf;uG,f ...
om;u 'DaeYrS ausmif;ajymif;Ny;D twef;opfwuf&rSmrdYk pdwaf pm
aewhJ[m? vdkufydkYp&m&Sdwm vdkufydkYvdkufyg? &Sifhtvkyfvnf; NyD;NyD
OpmyJ}
aemufaz;cef;rS olYtvkyfESifhol wukyfukyfIyfaeaom
taru vSrf;ajymvdkufrS tazNidrfoGm;onf/
tazESifhtar uGmjcm;csufuvnf; tJ'gyJ jzpf\/
tazu tajymtqdk Murf;Murf;? pdwfMurf;udk,fMurf;
Edkifoavmuf taru El;nHhaysmhaysmif; csKdomonf/ odkYaomf
b,ftcgjzpfjzpf taru onfvkdav;wpfcsuf ajymvdkufonf
ESifh tazhtMurf;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;NyD;om; jzpfoGm;onf/
ckvnf; aemufrdepftenf;i,f Mumaomtcg topf
awG r[kwfaomfvnf; tawmfvwfvwfESifh oefY&Sif;onfh
t0wftpm;rsm;0wfNyD; tazqif;vmonf/
]vm ...a[haumif? oGm;r,f}
pJGNrJu ajymif;vJoGm;aom tazhyHkpHudkMunfhNyD; cpfceJ
wpfcsuf &,fvdkuf\/
20 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]aeygOD;uG? tck rif;wuf&r,fah usmif;u bmudp qm;

pnfausmif;vdkY vlawGu ac:aeMuwmvJ}
pJGNrJwdkYaeaom NrdKUpGef&yfuGufuav;ESifh pJGNrJ tckwuf
&rnf h a usmif ; u twef i ,f v S r f ; onf / ES p f a ,muf o m;
avQmufvmMu&if; bmpdwful;ayguf ar;vdkufrSef;rodonfh
tazhpum;aMumihf pJGNrJu rsufarSmifMuKwf&if; ...
]b,ford vJ taz&? tazawmif rodwm uReaf wmfu
b,fvv kd yk of rd vJ}
][ ...rif;rsm; odrvm;vdkY ar;MunfhwmayghuG}
]rodygbl; taz&m? udk,feJYrqdkifwmawG tvum;ae
&if; vdkufrpyfpkcsifygbl;? olY[mol qm;pnfausmif;jzpfaeawmh
vnf; qm;pnfausmif;vdkY ac:vdkuf&if NyD;wJhudp? bmjzpfvdkY
tydkvkyfawG vkyfaeawmhrSmvJ}
][m ...'Drat ...wpfreufvHk; ighudk bkcsnfhawm
aeygvm;}
pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]r[kwfygbl; ...azazuvnf; tJ'gawGu tazyJ
uRefawmfhudk qHk;rxm;wJhpum;awGyJ? tazrsm; arhukefNyDvm;vdkY
jyefajymjywmyg}
]rif; vlyg;0rvmeJY pJNG r?J rif;udik g tpuwnf;u ajymcJh
NyD;om;? rvJTomvdkYom ig 'DNrdKUudk ajymif;vm&wm? 'DNrdKUrSm ig
odyaf ecsiw f m r[kwb f ;l ? rauG;qdwk m vlawGtptqH;k aewJNh rKd U
vGrf;avunif; 21
r[kwfbl;? t&ifwkef;u bDvl;awGaewJhNrdKU? rif;vnf; bDvl;NrdKU
a&mufwmeJY bDvl;pdwf 0ifrvmeJY? Munfhr&&if aqmifhuefxnfh
vdkufvdkY oGm;acs;,dk;',m;u xGufoGm;r,f odvm;}
taz a'guefaeyHu k Mkd unfh pJNG rJ bmrSrajymbJ &,fae
vdkufonf/
tazESifh onfNrdKUuvnf; tJ'Dudpu wpf&efjzpfae\/
tpu pJGNrJwdkYu onfur[kwf? NyD;cJhonfhESpf pJGNrJ
pmar;yJGajzNyD; purS ajymif;vmjcif; jzpfonf/
]tJ'gqdk rif;udk ig aocsmrSmxm;r,faemf? ausmif;rSm
vnf; taygif;toif; Munfhaygif;? a,mufsm;av;yJjzpfjzpf?
rdef;uav;yJjzpfjzpf? tukefvHk; 'DNrdKUu vlrSeforQ bDvl;awGvdkYyJ
oabmxm;? odyt f a&mr0ife?YJ olwvYkd yk w
f ikd ;f vku
d rf vkyef JY ...
Mum;vm;}
][kwu f }hJ
]aemufNyD;awmh tJ'Dausmif;u pnf;urf;BuD;w,fvdkY
ajymw,f? tJ'gawmh igoabmusw,f? tJ'Du q&mawGxJrSm
tdkuftMurf;qHk;q&mudk aocsmar;NyD; b,folvJqdkwm ighudk
ajymjy}
][kwfuJh? tJ'g bmvkyfzdkYvJ taz}
]bmvkyf&rSmvJ? rif; toHk;rus&if oleJYqdkifqdkif rqdkif
qdkif awGUwJhae&mrSm uJRdkufEGm;dkuf dkufzdkY aocsmrSwfxm;rvdkY
ayghu}G
]jrwfpmG bk&m;}
22 EGrf *sm odik ;f
onfwpfcgawmh yg;pyfuyif [kwu f rhJ vdu
k Ef ikd af wmhbJ
pdwfxJuae bk&m;wvdkufonf/ bk&m; ...bk&m; ...olyJ
bDvl;NrdKUvdkYvnf; ajymao;onf/ bDvl;NrdKUu q&mudk uRJdkuf
EGm;dkuf dkufcdkif;OD;rnfqdkawmh ...
apmapmu ausmif;wufcsifpdwf jyif;jyaeaom pJGNrJ?
ausmif;wuf&rSmyif cyfvefYvefYjzpfoGm;\/

vGrf;avunif; 23
(3)
]'umBuD; OD;tkef;}
]bk&m;}
]a&mh ...tJ'g 'umBuD;ajymwJh 'Dausmif;rSm tdkuf
tqdk;qHk; q&mndKwkwfqdkwmyJ? 'umBuD;om;udk oleJYxnfhvdkuf}
]wifyg? aocsma&mdkuf&JUvm; bk&m;}
tazhtar;tavQmufpum;tqHk;rSm OD;yif;u NyHK;
onf/
]du
k wf mawmh bmrSryleYJ 'umBu;D ? r[kww f m vkyv f u
Ykd
awmh ndKww k uf ausmra&G;wwfb;l ? 'DNrKd UrSm pmqdak wmif&wdS ,f?
qm;pnfrSm AdkvfvkyfwJh ndKwkwfqdkwm olyJ? 'umBuD; pdwfcsrf;
om vufcsrf;omom jyef}
]wifyghbk&m;? q&mndKwkwfvufudk wynfhawmfom;udk
vnf; aocsmtyfxm;vdkufyghr,f bk&m;}
]at; ...at; ...aumif;NyD}
rauG;rSm qm;pnfausmif; pwufonfah eYuawmh rSwf
24 EGrf *sm odik ;f
wrf;wifavmufonfhaeYjzpfonf/
wpf c grS onf v d k a usmif ; rsd K ; rawG Y z l ; ojzif h pJ G N rJ
wpfa,muf rsupf o d il ,fem;oli,fEiS hf tawmfxw d v f eft
Y MhH o
vnf; aeonf/
ausmif;\trnftrSefu tvu (1) rauG;? t&Snf
ajym&vQif tpdk;&tv,fwef;ausmif; trSwf (1) rauG;NrdKU jzpf
onf/ odkYaomf rnfolrQ onfvdkrac:Mu/ tm;vHk;u qm;pnf
ausmif;[kyJ ac:onf/
xdkpOfu rodao;aomfvnf; aemifaomtcgusrS
rauG;NrdKU\ qm;pnf&yfwGif&SdaomaMumifh qm;pnfausmif;[k
ac:jcif;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/
ausmif;u tpdk;&tv,fwef;ausmif;jzpfaomfvnf;
wu,fusawmh bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif;yHkpHrsdK;vnf; 0ifaeonf/
a&S;wkef;u bkef;awmfBuD;tkyfcsKyfaom bkef;awmfBuD;
ausmif;b0uae tpdk;&rlvwef;ausmif;? tv,fwef;ausmif;
ponfjzifh wd;k csUJ vmcJoh nfrYkd ausmif;rSm bke;f Bu;D ausmif;wpfyikd ;f
tpdk;&ausmif;wpfydkif; jzpfaeonf/
q&mawmfuvnf; ausmif;0if;xJrSmyif ausmif;xdkif
vlrI0efxrf; y&[dwa*[mwpfckvnf; yl;wJGzGifhxm;ao;onf/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;0if;vnf; jzpfaeonfrdkY ausmif;0if;twGif;0if
vQif rnfolrQ zdeyfrpD;&/
ausmif;0if;BuD;uvnf; {&mrtus,fBuD;/
wpfxyfaqmif? ESpfxyfaqmif ...aygif; ckepfaqmif
vGrf;avunif; 25
avmuf ausmif;aqmifawG trsm;Bu;D &So d nfth jyif refusn;f yif?
xef;yif? wrmyif? zefcg;yif? Am'Hyif ponfjzifh tyifBuD;awGu
vnf; wpfausmif;vHk;rSm ae&mtESHY tkyfrdk;aeonf/
Ny;D awmh bk&m;td?k bk&m;ysuaf wGa&m? ausmif;tdak usmif;
ysuaf wGa&m ausmif;0if;xJEiS hf ausmif;0if;ESihf uyfvsuaf e&mrsm;
wGif ae&mtESHY &Sdao;onf/
onfavmufyal om ajrvwfa'orsKd ;rSmyif ausmif;0if;
xJ 0ifvu kd yf gu pdrchf eJat;oGm;onf/ t&dyaf umif;aom opfyif
BuD;rsm;aMumifh at;wmu wpfrsdK;? xdkYtjyif ausmif;xJrSm&Sdae
aom ywf0ef;usif\ xl;jcm;qef;Mu,frIaMumifh ausmpdrfhwmu
wpfrsdK;? ESpfrsdK;avmuf pdrfhp&mpHk&onfhtxJ ckwpfcg Oy"dkyf
aumif;aumif;? vkyfp&m&SdvQif wu,fvkyfrnfh q&mawmfESifh
qm;pnfrSm Adkvfvkyfonfh ndKwkwfqkdaom q&m 00rnf;rnf;
ykykcefYcefYBuD;ESifhyg &ifqdkifvdkuf&aomtcg pJGNrJ\ wpfreufvHk;
&Sad ecJah om ausmif;oGm;csipf w d af v;onf MuufaysmufiuS f aysmuf
aysmufomG ;awmh\/
]rif;emrnf b,folvJ}
]pJGNrJcdkifrmyg q&m}
]at; ...emrnfuawmh aumif;w,f? yxrwef;pm;
yJ? rif; emrnftwdkif;a&m wu,fpJGpJGNrJNrJ&Sd&JUvm;? &J&ifh&JUvm;?
atmifjrifatmifa&m BudK;pm;rSmvm;}
]vkyfyghr,f q&m}
]BudKufNyD? rif;ajymovdk vkyf&ifvkyf? rvkyfvdkYuawmh
26 EGrf *sm odik ;f
a[m'DrSm BudrfvHk;awGYw,fr[kwfvm;? 'Dausmif;rSm r[kwfwm

vkyzf ;l wJh aumifreS o f rQ 'Dww
k ef YJ wpfcgrS rvGwaf o;bl;? OD;yi;f
ndKu rif;tazudk ajymvdkufwma&m rSwfrdao;vm;}
]rSwfrdygw,f q&m}
]bmwJhvJ jyefajymprf;}
]qm;pnfrSm AdkvfvkyfwJh ndKwkwfqdkwm q&myJvdkY ajym
ygw,f q&m}
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh q&mndKwkwfu olYuGrf;pm;xm;aom
yg;pyfeDeDBuD;udkNzJ&if; oabmuspGm w[m;[m; &,fonf/
]at; ...rif; rqd;k bl;? rSw f Pfaumif;w,f? 'gayr,fh
ndKww k q f w kd hJ igu raumif;wJh tvkyv f yk w f o
hJ rl S qH;k rwmyguGm?
aumif;wmvkyf&if rif; ighudk odyfcspfoGm;rSmyg}
xkdpOfuawmh q&mhpum;udk pJGNrJ odyfr,Hkrd? onfq&m
udk cspfzdkYaeaeomom awGYwmESifhyif aMumufacs; rygrdatmif
renf;xde;f xm;ae&onft h csed /f
tazuvnf; bmudpESifh rdbarwmudk rQtwHk;
vduk f twpfvdkufjyoGm;onfrod/ q&mhvufudk tyfNyD;uwnf;
u wpfcsdK;wnf; vSnfhjyefoGm;vdkufonfrSm pkyfpjrKyfprS rawGY&
awmh/
][dka&SUu jrifae&wJh e0a';aqmifqdkwm rif;wuf&
r,fh taqmifyu J G ...Mum;vm; pJNG rcJ ikd rf m? tJ'rD mS &So d rQ tcef;
awGtm;vHk; ig;wef;csnfhyJ? wef;cJGawmh rif;[mrif; &Sm,lawmh
Mum;vm;}
vGrf;avunif; 27
][kwf [kwfuJhq&m}
]uJ oGm;awmh}
q&mhciG jhf yKcsupf um;tqH;k rSm pJNG rJ ...aemufrS jzpfcsif
&mjzpf? avmavmq,f onfem;u ajy;&vQifNyD;a&m[k oabm
ydkufum a&SUrS jrifae&onfh e0a';aqmiftrnf&aom ausmif;
awmfBuD;qD ajy;xGufvmcJhonf/
jzpfEdkifvQif aemufaeYup onfausmif;rwufawmh
[kvnf; pdwfxJrSm cdkifcdkifrmrm qHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkuf\/
][Jh eifbmMunfhaewmvJ}
olwuf&rnfh tcef;udak wmh pJNG rJ &SmrawGpY &m r&S?d onf
avmufawmh pJNG rJ rt/ twef;xJrmS q&mrwpfa,mufuvnf;
tqifoifh &Sdae? ae&mvnf; csay;vdkufojzifh vG,ftdwfudk
udk,fhae&mudk,fxm;cJhNyD; ausmif;rwufcif pyfMum;tcsdefav;
twef;jyifxGuf [dkonf penf;emavhvmMunfhonf/
taqmifu ESpx f yfaqmif? t,fvyf pkH H taqmufttHk
Bu;D ? taqmifaemufbufrmS tdro f mrsm;&S d aemufwpfjcrf;ab;
bufrSm a&pifBuD;wpfckESifh a&puftaqmufttHkav;&Sdonf/
a&puf[dkbufrSmawmh taqmifBuD;wpfaqmif &Sdao;onf/
[dkonfMunfh&if;uae wHcg;ydwfxm;aom tcef;udk
jrifojzifh bmrSef;od&atmif jywif;rSefMum;rSae acsmif;Munfh
28 EGrf *sm odik ;f
aeqJ? ausmbufu ycHk;udkwdkYNyD; avoHjzifh wdk;wdk;av;ar;vdkuf
aom toHaMumifh pJGNrJudk,fav; cgceJjzpfatmif wkefvIyfoGm;
onf/
vSnfhMunfhvdkufawmh aumifrav;wpfa,muf/
yxrawmh oufouf olYvmvSefYonfxifNyD; pJGNrJ
a[mufypfvdkuf&ef pdwful;vdkufao;onf/ odkYaomf ...
aumifrav;rsufESmu xl;xl;jcm;jcm; tav;teufyHkpHav;
wpfck0ifaeojzifh tHhMooGm;NyD; ...
]eif ighudk bmvmvkyfwmvJ}
]bmvmvkyf&rvJ? ar;Munfhwmaygh[}
]bmar;Munfw h mvJ}
]eif awGY&vdkYvm;qdkwm odcsifvdkY ar;wmaygh}
]awGY&vdkY [kwfvm;}
]tif;}
]igu bmawG&rSmvJ}
]'gjzifh eifcek u bmMunfah ewmvJ? r,fov D &Sif acgif;
jywfMunfhwm r[kwfbl;vm;}
]bm r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywf [kwfvm;? bmudp igu
r,fov D &Siaf cgif;jywfMunf&h rSmvJ}
]rodbl;av[m? eifu 'Dtcef;xJudk wpfa,mufwnf;
wdwfwdwfacsmif;Munfhaeawmh r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywfudk awGYNyD;
acsmif;aewmyJxifvdkY ighvnf; ar;Munfhwmaygh}
a&mf ...tawmfxl;jcm; tawmfqef;jym;aom
vGrf;avunif; 29
jyemESifh awGYqHkae&NyDyJ[k pJGNrJu awG;vdkuf&if; ...
]aeygOD; aeygOD;? eifajymwJh tJ'Dr,foDv&Sifacgif;jywf
qdkwJhtaMumif; ighudk aocsmajymjyprf;ygOD;? igu rauG;udk ckrS
ajymif;vmwm[? 'Dausmif;udkvnf; 'DaeYrS pa&mufzl;wm?
eifajymwJhudp ig bmrSrodbl;}
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh aumifrav; pdwfysufoGm;yHkjzifh
oufjyif;BuD; wpfcsufcsonf/ NyD;rS ...
]tif; ...'kuygyJ? iguawmh olYyHkpHMunfhNyD; txif
wBuD;eJY vmar;&w,f? ckawmh tukefvHk;awmif igu jyef&Sif;jy
&OD;rSmwJ?h pdwu f ek v
f u
kd w
f m? eifeh mrnf b,fov
l ?J eifu bmudp
eJY ckrS rauG;udk ajymif;vmNyD; 'Dausmif; a&mufvm&wmvJ? 'D
ausmif;rSma&m eifu b,fESpfwef;rSm wufrSmvJ? t&ifwkef;u
usawmh eifu b,fausmif;rSm wufcJhvdkYvJ}
olYar;cgrS olu w&pyfquf jyefar;vdkufaom ar;
cGef;rsm;aMumifh pJGNrJ rsufvHk;jyL;oGm;onf/
][Jh ...ajzav? bmtlaMumifaMumifeJY ighudk rsufvHk;
jyL;jywmvJ}
a&m*g ...tawmfpGmwJh csmwdwfrygvm;[k pJGNrJu
awG;&if; ...
]eif ar;wmu trsm;BuD;[? igu b,fvdkvkyfNyD;
csufcsif;ajzvdkY&rSmvJ? pOf;pm;&ao;wmaygh aocsmem;axmif?
ighemrnfu pJGNrJcdkifrm ...wJh? oli,fcsif;awGuawmh pJGNrJvdkYyJ
ac:w,f}
30 EGrf *sm odik ;f
][if ...emrnfuvnf; pJGNrJwJhvm;? vlemrnfvnf;
r[kwfbl;}
][ ...vlemrnfr[kwfbJ vludk rSnfhrvm;[? igu
vly}J
aumifrav;u rsufESmrJh acgif;cgonf/
]wdkYNrdKUrSm pJGNrJvdkY ZGJwdkYqdkwm[m vlemrnf r&Sdbl;? jrif;
vSnf;emrnf&,f qdkufum;emrnf&,f'gyJ&Sdw,f? uJygav
xm;ygawmh? eifu 'DNrdKUurS r[kwfbJ? qufajzygOD;}
]igu &efukefu ajymif;vmwm? &efukefrSmaeawmh
&efuek u f ausmif;rSmyJ wufwmaygh[? ck 'Dajymif;vmrS 'Dausmif;
wuf&wm? igwuf&rSmu ig;wef;? igausmif;tyfwmu aemuf
usvYkd 'Djyiftwef;rSm ae&mr&Sad wmhb;l ? &Sw d ihJ g;wef;tD;wpfwef;
rSmyJ wuf&awmhr,fwJh}
]aMomf ...ig;wef;u tD;cef;rSmvm;? 'gqdk igeJY rwl
bl;[k? igu ig;wef;atu? ighemrnfu &ifNidrf;rGefwJh? 'gayrJh
eifhvdkyJ igholi,fcsif;awGuawmh ighudk &ifNidrf;rGefvdkY rac:bl;?
&ifNidrf;vdkYyJ ac:w,f}
]'gqdk igvnf; &ifNird ;f yJ ac:rSmaygh[m? eifuvnf; ighukd
pJGNrJvdkYyJac:aygh? tJ'Dawmh cPaeygOD; &ifNidrf;? ckepum;ajym
qufygOD;? eifajymcJhwJh r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywfqdkwm bmvJ}
cpfceJ &ifNidrf;u &,fonf/ NyD;rS ...
]eifua&m 'Dtcef;xJukd bmvdYk acsmif;Munfah e&wmvJ}
]igu 'DwpfaqmifvHk;rS 'Dtcef; bmjzpfvdkY ydwfxm;&
vGrf;avunif; 31
wmvJ odcsifvdkY Munfhwm}
]b,ford vJ? igu eifMunfah eyHak xmuf&if wpfcck ak wmh
awGYaevdkYjzpfrSmyJqdkNyD; ar;Munfhwmaygh? eifu ckrSa&mufvmwJh
olqdkawmh odrSmr[kwfbl; pJGNrJ? igajymjyr,f 'Dausmif;rSm
aMumufp&maumif;wmawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f odvm;}
]bm ...aMumufp&maumif;wm [kwfvm; &ifNidrf;}
]tif; ...}
]b,fvdk aMumufp&maumif;wmvJ}
]aMomf ...aMumufp&m aumif;ygw,fqdkrS b,fvdk
aMumufp&maumif;wmvJ ar;&ao;vm;? aMumufp&maumif;
wm[m aMumufp&maumif;wmyJaygh}
]at;yg [kwfygNyD? igar;wmu aMumufp&maumif;
w,fqdkwm b,fvdk[mrsdK;awGvJvdkY ar;wm}
]b,fvdk[mrsdK;&rSmvJ? o&JwdkY wapwdkYaygh}
][if ...o&Jwap[kwfvm;}
]tif; ...trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f? NyD;awmh OpmapmifhawG
vnf; &Sdw,f}
jrwfpGmbk&m; ...[k pJGNrJpdwfxJu wrdjyefonf/ pdwf
vnf; 0ifpm;oGm;ojzifh ...
]b,fvdk&SdwmvJ[m? ighajymjyprf;ygOD;}
xdkpOf ausmif;wufonfh acgif;avmif;xdk;oHu ay:
xGufvmonf/ &ifNidrf; ysmysmovJ jzpfoGm;&if; ...
]at; ...at; ...aemufawmh igajymjyr,f? ckawmh
32 EGrf *sm odik ;f
ausmif;wufNyD[m? twef;xJ oGm;Mu&atmif? awmfMum q&m
OD;ndKwkwfeJYawGUvdkY olYBudrfwkwfpmrdaeOD;r,f}
ajym&if;ESifh vSpfceJajy;oGm;onf/
apmapmu o&J wap Opmapmifhwkef;u onfavmuf
raMumufaomfvnf; OD;ndKwkwfqdkaomudpudkawmh emrnf
Mum;kHESifhyif pJGNrJ aMumufonf/
odkYtwGuf &ifNidrf;ajymovdkyif aemufuaevdkuf
ajy;NyD; pmoifcef;xJ 0ifcJhonf/
xdkpOfu &ifNidrf; q,fhESpfESpf? ol q,fhoHk;ESpf/
uAsmxJuvdkyif uav;t&G,f i,fuwnf;u pcJhMu
aom Zmwfvrf;jzpf\/ xdkenf;wl apmapmu qHk;jzwfcsufudk
y,fzsuf onfausmif;rSm twef;&SdorQ tptqHk; ausmif;
wufjzpfoGm;aom taMumif;vnf;jzpf\/

vGrf;avunif; 33
(4)
]at; ...t"du q&majymcsifwmuawmh rif;wdkYvdk

vli,fawG[m tusiahf umif;? pdwaf umif; ESv;kH aumif;av;awG
xm;MuNyD; wpfzufzufrSm xl;cRefajymifajrmufwJh vli,fav;
awG jzpfvmatmif BudK;pm;MuzdkYyJ? xl;cRefwJhvlwpfa,muf[m
olY*kPfolvnf; aqmifEdkifw,f? olYrdb? olY&yf&Gm? olYNrdKU? olY
EdkifiH*kPfudkvnf; aqmifEdkifw,f? Oyrm pmodyfawmfwJh uav;
wpfa,mufqdkygawmh? tJ'Dolav;u pmawmfvkdufwm? olY
emrnfu b,fov l w J hJ ...vdYk tar;cH&&if ol*Y P k o
f l paqmif
EdkifNyD? NyD;&if qufar;OD;rSmyJ? tJ'g b,folYom;orD;vJ? olYq&m
u b,folvJqdk&if olYrdb*kPf? olYq&m*kPfudkvnf; quf
aqmifEikd Nf yyD }J
q&mhtoHu refusnf;yifatmuf at;jraomav
nif;xJrSm wnfwnfNidrfNidrf atmifatmifjrifjrifESifh ay:xGuf
aeonf/
]ol Y x l ; cRef r I us,f j yef Y v mwmES i f h t rQ 'D u av;u
34 EGrf *sm odik ;f
rauG;NrdKUuaemf? rauG;ol rauG;om;awG w,fxl;cRefygvm;qdk
&if NrdKU&Gm*kPfvnf; wufvmwmyJ? urmeJYcsDNyD; xl;cRefvmwJh
tcgusawmh ...[ ..'Daumifu jrefrmjynfuuG? jrefrmjynf
om;awG w,f[w k yf gvm; qdjk yef&if uk,
d jhf ynftrsKd ;*kPu f kd ud,
k f
jrifhay;Edkifjyefa&m? tJ'gaMumifh udk,fhudk,fudk,f xl;cRefatmif
pvkyfvdkY q&majymwmyJ}
qm;pnfausmif;\ t"du xl;jcm;csufrsm;wGif wpf
csufvnf; yg0ifonf/
reufq,fem&DrS naeav;em&Dtxd wuf&aom
ausmif;wGif ausmif;qif;cgeD;aemufqHk;tcsdefudk pm&dwtcsdef?
zGHYNzdK;a&;tcsdeftjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf/
xdktcsdefusvQif ig;wef;udk ig;wef;? ajcmufwef;qdk
ajcmufwef; twef;vdkuf wef;cJGtm;vHk;udkaygif;NyD; tcef;tjyif
xGuf t&dyfaumif;aom opfyif&dyfwpf&dyfrSm pkMu&onf/
xdkYaemuf q&mu bmoma&;? vlrIa&;? pm&dwzHGYNzdK;
a&;wdkYESifhqdkifaom qHk;rpum;rsm; oifMum;ydkYcscsufrsm; ajymqdk
oifMum; qHk;ronf/
odkYtwGuf qm;pnfausmif;rS ausmif;om;ausmif;ol
wdkif;vdkvdk bmoma&;? vlrIa&;usifh0wfrsm;? jynfolYeDwdrsm;?
&yfordkif; &Gmordkif; NrdKUordkif;? EdkifiHordkif;rsm;udk em;&nf0aeMu
onf/
pJNG rt
J zdaYk wmh tcsed rf sm;twGuf ESprf sKd ;ESpyf ukH kd auseyf
&onf/ wpfrsdK;wpfzHku olMum;csifaom olodyfodcsifaom
vGrf;avunif; 35
ordik ;f aMumif;rsm;Mum;& jzpfNy;D aemufwpfrsKd ;wpfzu kH atcef;
ESifh tD;cef; uJGuGmaeaom &ifNidrf;udk xdktcsdefusrS wpfwef;
wnf;twlwljyefjzpfNyD; vSrf;jrifaecGifh&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
]0Spf ...}
q&mhpum;udk tmkHpdkufaeqJrSmyif vQmESifh tay:tm
acgifuu kd yfNy;D toHjyKvu kd af om avoHwpfcak Mumifh pJNG rJ csmceJ
vSnfhMunfhonf/
xifonfhtwdkif;yif &ifNidrf;/
pJNG ru
J bmvJ[al om t"dym ,fjzifh acgif;qwfar;vdu k f
onf/
&ifNird ;f u bmrSrajymbJ vufxu J ae bmrSe;f rodaom
t&mav;wpfckjzifh vSrf;ypfaygufvdkufonf/
xdkt&muav; pJGNrJem; usvm\/
aocsmMunfhvdkufaom pm&Gufao;ao;wpfckudk tvHk;
av;jzpfatmif vHk;xm;onfh pm&GufvHk;av;/
&ifNird ;f u pm&Guv f ;kH av; &SEd ikd rf nfah e&mudk vufnKd ;xd;k
&if; vuf0g;ESpfzufjzifh jzefYjzefY jyonf/
pJGNrJu oabmaygufvdkufNyD; acgif;ndwf pm&GufvHk;
uav;udk aumuf,lonf/
xkdYaemuf jzefYzwfrnfjyKqJ em;xJ0ifvmaom q&mh
toHaMumifh jyefacgif;axmifMunfhvdkuf\/
36 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]tJ'aD wmh rif;wdtYk m;vH;k [m NrKd U*kP?f &Gm*kP?f Ekid if *H P k f

aqmif&rSm jzpfovd?k ud, k Nhf rKd Uud,
k &hf mG ? ud,
k Ehf idk if o
H rdik ;f taMumif;
awG jzpfpOfawGvnf; oabmaygufxm;&r,f? 'DaeY rif;wdkYudk
q&m ...a[m'DrauG;NrdKUqdkwm b,fvdkjzpfvmovJqdkwmudk
ajymjyrvd}Yk
a&m*gyJ ...[k pJGNrJpdwfxJu atmufarhvdkufonf/
onftaMumif;awGu oloyd o f cd siaf eaom taMumif;t&mrsm;
jzpfonf/ onftcsdefusrS qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf ab;udk a&muf
vmaom &ifNidrf;\ pm&GufvHk;av;xJu pmudkvnf; zwfcsifae
onf/
]a[haumif ...[dkaumifrav;u rif;udk bmvSrf;
ajymwmvJ}
ta&;xJ olt Y em;rSmxdik af eaom aZ,suvnf; pyfpyf
pkpk 0ifar;onf/
]rodbl;uG? 'DxJrSm wpfckcka&;xm;r,f xifw,f? zGifh
zwfMunfhwJh? 'DxJrSm bma&;xm;wmvJ rodbl;}
]zwfMunfah vuGm}
]aeygOD;? 'DrSm q&majymr,fh rauG;NrdKUordkif;taMumif;
qdkwmav; em;axmifcsifvdkY}
]tJ'gudk ighudkay;? igu tJ'gawG odyfpdwf0ifpm;wm
r[kwfbl;? olYpmudk igzwfNyD; rif;udk tusdK;taMumif; ajymjy
r,f}
vGrf;avunif; 37
tJ'gvnf;rqdk;[k oabm&ojzifh pJGNrJu pm&GufvHk;
av;udk aZ,stm; vSrf;ay;vkdufonf/
q&mhpum;qD tmkHjyefa&mufoGm;\/
]bmjzpfvdkY rif;wdkYudk 'Dvkd ordkif;taMumif;awG ajymjy
&ovJqakd wmh vlqw kd m ud, k thf aMumif;ud, k f aocsmodrS ud,k hf
udk,fudk,f *kPf,lwwfwmuG? udk,fh&yf udk,fh&Gm udk,fhvlrsdK;?
ud, k Ehf ikd if tH aMumif;vnf; 'Dvydk ?J ud, k o
hf rdik ;f udk ud,
k *f P
k ,
f w
l wf
rSvnf; ywf0ef;usifu av;pm;wm? Oyrmqdkygawmh ...wdkY
tckaewJh rauG;NrdKU? rauG;NrdKU[m rif;wdkYpdwfxJrSm jrefrmjynfu
wjcm;NrdKUawGvdkyJ dk;dk;NrdKUwpfNrdKUvdk atmufarhaevdrfhr,f?
wu,fu r[kwfbl;? xdkNrdKU[m jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifudk,fawmfwdkif
Asm'dwfay;cJhvdkY jzpfvm&wJhNrdKU}
]a[haumif pJGNrJ}
][if}
ta&;xJ pmzwfNyD; aZ,su vufukwfaeao;ojzifh
pJGNrJu vSnfhrMunfhbJ xl;vdkufonf/
odkYaomf aZ,suawmh olYyHkpHtwdkif; jyL;jyL;ysmysmjzpf
ae\/
]a[haumif ...rif;wdkY[mu bmvJ}
]bmvJuG? b,f[mu bmjzpfaevdkYvJ}
]'DrSm pmxJrSm a&;xm;w,f? naeus&if [dk[mrvkyf
awmhbl;? reufjzefusrSyJ vkyfawmhr,fwJh? tJ'g bmajymwmvJ}
aZ,spum;aMumifh pJGNrJ&,fonf/
38 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]&ifNidrf;u tJ'Dtwdkif; a&;xm;vm;}
]&ifNidrf;qdkwm tJ'Daumifrav; emrnfvm;}
]at;}
]rif;eJY oleJY odvdkYvm;}
]at;}
]b,fwkef;u odwmvJ}
][dw
k avmurS}
][m tJ'gudk b,fvkdjzpfNyD; 'Dvdka&;&wmvJ}
]b,fodrvJuG? tJ'geJY aeygOD;? rif;ua&m bmjzpfae
wmvJ}
][m rif;wdkY[mBuD;u b,fvdkvJuGm? naeus&if tp
u rif;wdkYu bmvkyfMur,f BuHxm;vdkY [dk[mrvkyfawmhbl;vdkY
olua&;xm;&wmvJ}
]aMomf ...'gvm;}
pJGNrJu &,fonf/ &,f&if;ESifh wpfpHkwpfck &Sif;jyrnf
jyifvdkufaomfvnf; q&mxHrS qufMum;&aom pum;rsm;
aMumifh q&mhpum;rsm;xH tmkHpdkufvdkufonf/
]wdkYjrwfpGmbk&m; 0gawmfESpfq,fausmf&wJh tcsdef?
om0wdjynf aZw0efausmif;awmfrSm oDwif;oHk;aeowJh? tJ'D
umvu tck wdkYrauG;wdkif;taemufbufjcrf;BuD;wpfckvHk;udk
bmac:ovJqdkawmh okemy&Ea,meuwdkif;vdkY ac:w,f}
odYk pwif&if;jzifh q&mu rauG;NrKd Ujzpfay:vmyHt
k xd
a&mufatmif ordkif;aMumif;udk ajymjyonf/
vGrf;avunif; 39
aemif a omtcg ol Y b 0ud k vT r f ; rd k ; vmawmh r nf /
abmaom abmausmfESifhp&if;ESD;cJh&jcif;rSmvnf; pJGNrJtwGuf
xdktcsdefuyif pcJhjcif;jzpf\/

40 EGrf *sm odik ;f
(5)
&mZ0if x J w G i f ...abmaom-abmausmf bD v l ;
nDaemifwdkY\ Zpfjrpfudk odyftao;pdwfESifh jynfhjynfhpHkpHkawmh
azmfjyrxm;/
olwrYkd mS nDtpfuakd rmifErS ajcmufa,muf&adS Mumif;ESihf
olwdkYaexdkifaom t&yfrSm ,ck rauG;NrdKUwnf&m ywf0ef;usif
a'ojzpfaom {&m0wDjrpf ta&SUbufurf; bDvl;wdkYae&m
awmtkyf[kom tMurf;zsif;azmfjyonf/
aemufwpfcsufu abmaom-abmausmfwkdY bDvl;
nDtpfudkarmifESrrsm;aeaom t&yfwGif Mupkzefcg;[kac:aom
zefcg;oD;rsdK;rsm; tvGefaygrsm;aMumif;od&onf/
jrwfpGmbk&m; okemy&Ea,meuwdkif;udk <uvmNyD;
aemuf a&TpufawmfwiG f pufawmf&mrsm; csjcif;? ausmif;awmf&m
wGif pEul;ausmif;awmfudk tvSLcHjcif;udkjyKonfh ordkif;aMumif;
ESifh waygif;wnf;rSmyif rif;bl;&Sd pudef;awmifodkYvnf; <uvm
awmfrlonf/
vGrf;avunif; 41
auvmoawmifac: pudef;wJawmif odMum;jA[m
wdkY\ tylaZmfcHaepOf? jrpfta&SUrS abmausmf? abmaom? abm
ol&? abm&o? ,uom*D? ,u'gvD bDvl;nDtpfudkarmifESr
ajcmufa,mufteufrS abmausm?f abmaom? abmol&? abm&
o nDtpfudk av;a,mufonf bk&m;&Sif&Sd&m vma&mufzl;ajrmf
NyD; Mupkzefcg;oD;rsm; qufuyfvSL'gef;onf/
jrwfpmG bk&mu bDv;l nDaemifwt Ykd m; w&m;jy odMum;
rif; qufxm;aom jrom;ovGeu f kd ud;k uG,&f mtjzpf ay;tyfNy;D
igbk&m;\ ovGeaf wmfwnf&m aemiftcg0,f? omoemyGiv hf if;
a[mawmfrl&if; Xmermu&a'o em*&NrdKUBuD; jzpfvwHY[k
Asm'dwfpum; rdefYMum;awmfrl\/
jrwfpGmbk&m;\ Asm'dwfpum;ESifhtnD ...aemifaom
tcg yk*Hacwf apmvlrif;vufxufrSp rauG;NrdKUBuD; jzpfvm
onf/
bDvl;nDaemifwdkYvnf; jrwfpGmbk&m; ay;tyfawmfrl
onfh jrovGefudkyifh rdrdwdkYae&if;Xme awmtkyfwGif; apwD
wnf XmyemNyD; udk;uG,fMuonf/
xdktcg jrovGefudk bk&m;tm;vSLcJhol odMum;rif;u
onfae&m onfXmewGif onfvkdyHkpH zGifhwnf&ef r[kwfaom
aMumifh oludk,fwdkifapwDudk NzdKzsufNyD; jrovGefudkjyefyifh jrpf
qdyfurf;rS ESpfOwcefYa0;aom awmifukef;ay:wGif oDwif;
oHk; aexdkifMuonfh 'dApuK? 'dAaomw? 'dACme trnf&Sdaom
&aohoHk;OD;xH tyfESHxm;cJhonf[k qdkonf/
42 EGrf *sm odik ;f
abmausmfESifh abmaomwdkYvnf; bDvl;b0 bk&m;
'g,dumrsm; rjzpf&SmbJ aemifvlYb0 0ifpm;NyD; ukefonfrsm;
jzpfvmaomtcgrS bk&m;udk wnfcGifh&avonf/
tao;pdwfajym&vQifawmh Zmwfvrf;u t&SnfBuD;
yif/
i,fpOfuawmh pJGNrJ rQom rSwfrdao;\/
]a[haumif pJGNrJ ...ajymavuGm}

aZ,sjzpfaeyHkMunfh pJGNrJ &,fcsifpdwfaygufvmonf/
trSefu oljyef&rnfhvrf;ESifh pJGNrJjyef&rnfhvrf; bmrS
rqdkif/ odkYaomf ausmif;rqif;cifwkef;uvnf; pJGNrJu q&majym
aeonfh rauG;ordik ;f ? jrovGeo f rdik ;f pdw0f ifpm;aeojzifh olod
csifaom taMumif;t&mudk rod&/
ck ...ausmif;qif;awmhvnf; pJNG ru J tifwifwifvyk f
aeojzifh ud, k t
hf rd u
f kd jyef&rnfv
h rf;udyk if rjyefEikd b
f J pJNG raJ emuf
aumufaumufygatmif vdkufvmonf/
pJGNrJu &,f&if; ...
]b,fvrdk sm; jzpfae&wmvJ aZ,s&m? ud, k ef q
YJ ikd wf u
hJ pd
vnf; r[kwfbJeJY? bmjzpfvdkY 'Davmuf pyfpkae&wmvJ}
]pyfpkwm r[kwfygbl;uGm? odcsifvdkYyg? 'DaeY rif;wdkY
bmvkyfrvdkY csdef;xm;MuwmvJ}
vGrf;avunif; 43
]o&JMunfhrvdkY}
]bm ...bmajymw,f pJGNrJ}
]aMomf ...rif;uvnf; 'gav;awmif rMum;bl;vm;
[? o&JMunfhrvdkYygqdk}
]b,fu o&JvJ}
]ausmif;tdrfomu o&J}
][m ...rif;uvnf; r[kwfwm}
ajymom ajymae&onf ...aZ,s\trlt&mu jyuf
wufwufjzpfae\/ aZ,su o&JaMumufwwfrSef; pJGNrJ vHk;0
rod/
]at; ...igvnf; tJ'v D ykd J ajymwmyJ aZ,s? 'gayr,fh
&ifNird ;f u r[kwb f ;l wJ?h tJ'aD usmif;tdro f mxJrmS o&J &Su d &kd w
dS ,f
wJ}h
]b,ftrd o f mvJ}
]ta&SUbufvSnfhaewJh tv,fu oHk;vHk;wJGtdrfomxJ
rSmuGm? o&Juvnf; txl;tqef;}
]b,fvakd jcmufvw Ykd v
hJ }J
]tJ't
D rd o
f may:uMunf&h if tdro f matmufrmS bke;f Bu;D
ao;ao;av;awG wef;pDNyD; oGm;aewwfowJh}
]wu,f}
]olajymwmyJavuGm ...ppfjzpfwkef;u tJ'Dausmif;
0ef;xJ AH;k usNy;D bke;f Bu;D awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; ysv H eG af wmfro l mG ;
owJh? tJ'g wcsdKUbkef;BuD;awGu ruRwfbJ wapjzpfaewmwJh}
44 EGrf *sm odik ;f
][muGm ...igawmif aMumufvmNyD? aemufudk tJ'D
tdrfom rwufawmhbl;}
]'kuygyJ? rif;uvnf; wpfrsdK;? &ifNidrf;ajymw,fqdkwm
eJYyJ rif;u aMumufa&mvm;? tJ'Dvdkomqdk rif;ausmif;0if;xJ
b,frS avQmufroGm;eJYawmh? &ifNidrf;ajymorQ wpfausmif;vHk;
aMumufp&mBu;D yJ}
]a[ ...b,fvdkawG jzpfaevdkYvJ}
aZ,swu,f jyL;jyL;ysmysmjzpfae\/ pJGNrJuawmh ajym
vufpESifhrxl;awmhNyDrkdY &ifNidrf;ajymorQ pum;awG tukefjyef
ajymjyonf/
]tpHkyJ aZ,s ...wdkY tckpmoifwJh taqmifxJrSm
vnf; r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywfBuD;wpfck pm;yJGay: a&muf a&muf
aew,fwJh? aemufNyD; ...ausmif;aemufbufu wdkufysufBuD;
awGxJrSmvnf; yef;awG yefyefxm;wJh aumifrav;vSvSav;
awG cP cP awGY&w,fwJh ...tJ'g OpmapmifhawGwJh? olwdkY
u uav;awGudk vdyfjymEIwfwwfw,f? OD;yif;ndKu awGYvdkY
BudrfvHk;ESifhvdkufdkufrS xGufajy;oGm;Muw,fwJh? aemufNyD; tJ'D
wdkufysufBuD;awGxJrSm ta&mifawG awmufaewJh a>rBuD;vnf;
&Sdw,fwJh? wpfcgwav ckepfaumifavmuf vdyfacGNyD; yl;uyfae
w,fwJh? tJ'gvnf; OD;yif;ndKu cJeJYaygufrS aysmufoGm;wwf
w,fw}hJ
][muGm ...tJ'gqdk 'kuy ?J 'Dvrkd eS ;f od&if ig 'Dausmif;
udk ajymif;rvmygbl;? ckawmh 'kuyJ ...tdrfomawmif roGm;&J
vGrf;avunif; 45
awmhbl;}
aZ,suvnf; pJNG rv J ykd if ...tckEpS rf S qm;pnfausmif;
ajymif;vmol jzpfonf/
pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]aeprf;ygOD;uGm? &ifNidrf;aygufu& avQmufajymwm
aerSmyg? olajymwmeJyY J t[kwrf w S rf aeeJOY ;D ? iguawmh 'Dausmif;
rSm q&mOD;ndKwkwfuvJG&if bmrSraMumufbl;}
]rif; wu,f o&JwdkY OpmapmifhwdkYudk raMumufbl;vm;}
]raMumufygbl;? ig raMumufbl;? ,Hkvnf;r,Hkbl;ajym
vdkY &ifNidrf;u ighudk vdkufjyr,fqdkNyD; csdef;xm;wmuG? 'Dnae
oGm;MunfMh urvd?Yk tJ'g bmudp& v dS vYkd J rodb;l ? naeu pma&;Ny;D
'DaeY tJ'Dudp rvkyfjzpfbl;vdkYajymwm ...&Sif;NyDvm;}
]'gjzifh&if reufjzefus&ifawmh oGm;MunfhMurSmaygh}
]at;av ...olYpmxJrSm 'Dtwdkif; a&;xm;wmyJ? bm
vkyrf vdvYk }J
]igvnf; vdkufMunfhcsifw,fuGm? vdkufvdkYr&bl;vm;}
pJGNrJu tHhMopGmjzifh aZ,sudk Munfhonf/
]a&mf ...rif;wdkY[mawGu b,fvdkvJ? aMumufvnf;
aMumufw,f ajymao;w,f? Ny;D awmh Munfv h nf; Munfch siwf ,f
ajymw,f? Munfh&rSmawmh raMumufbl;vm;}
aZ,su rsufvHk;jyL;vsuf ...
]aMumufawmh aMumufwmayghumG ? 'gayr,fh Munfv h nf;
Munfhcsifao;wmaygh? rif;u raMumufbl;qdkawmh rif;eJYuG,fNyD;
46 EGrf *sm odik ;f
MunfhvdkY&wmaygh}
]vmjyefNyD &ifNidrf;wpfa,muf? &ifNidrf;uvnf; 'Dwdkif;yJ
ajymwmyJ}
]vkyfyguGm? ighvnf; ac:oGm;prf;yg}
]at;av? tJvdkqdkvnf; vdkufcJhaygh? reufjzefnaeus
ausmif;qif;&if igeJYvdkufcJh}
olMum;csifwmeJY olvkyfcsifonfhqE jynfhoGm;vm;
rod/ onfpum;awGajymawmhrS aZ,s EIwfqufNyD; jyefoGm;
onf/
uav;b0uav; pdwful;rsm;ESifh xif&majym xif&m
vkyfcJhMuonfrdkY jyefawG;vQif &,fp&mawmhaumif;onf/
trSeaf wmh xdtk jzpftysurf sm;onf pJNG rEJ iS &hf ifNird ;f wk\
dY
Zmwfvrf;wGif odyfta&;ygvSaom tjzpftysufrsm;awmh
r[kwf/
odkYaomf xdktjzpftysufuav;rsm;u olESifh&ifNidrf;wdkY
\ pwifawGYqHkjcif;ESifh qufpyfaeovdk? olwdkYESpfa,muf cifrif
&if;ESD;rIrsm; pwif&mvnf; jzpfonf/
aZ,sESifh vrf;cJGxGufvmNyD; wpfa,mufwnf; jyefvm
pOf pJGNrJawG;vmaom tawG;rsm;rSm xdkaeYrwdkifrD&ufrsm;u
&ifNidrf;ESifhol ajymcJhqdkcJhaom pum;rsm;jzpfysufcJhaom tjzpf
vGrf;avunif; 47
tysufrsm; jzpfonf/
&ifNird ;f ESihf olt
Y Mum; b,forl S rodvu
kd pf mG jzifh vQKd U0Suf
pGm jzpfyGm;cJhaom ta&;tcif;av;rsm;[k qdkEdkif\/

48 EGrf *sm odik ;f
(6)
]&Spf ...}
onfjrnfoHav;\ toHxGuftppftrSefudk wdwdus
us azmfjyzdaYk wmhcufonf/ EIwcf rf;udk [onfqkd aHk v; [xm;
vQmxdyfudk oGm;aemufu tmacgifav;rSmuyfNyD; aemufuae
avudk cyfjyif;jyif;rIwfxkwfonfhtoH/ &Spf[kvnf; tyDto
BuD; rxGuf? cspfqdkaom toHvnf;r[kwf/ Mum;oHwpfrsdK;/
odkYaomf wpfckaocsmonfu xdktoHav;udk &ifNidrf;
tNrJvkyfwwfonf/ yxrqHk;tBudrf Mum;puawmh olYudk ac:
aomtoH[k pJNG rrJ odao;/ em;xJu0kd ifvmaom xdt k oHav;u
xl;qef;aeojzifh trSwfwrJhvSnfhMunfhvdkufjcif;om jzpfonf/
][if ...&ifNidrf;}
olYtmar!dwfoHtqHk;rSm &ifNidrf;u NyHK;onf/
]igac:aewm rMum;bl;vm; pJGNrJ}
][ifhtif; rMum;rdbl;? eif ighudkac:aewm MumNyDvm;}
]at;aygh? ig aemufuae w&Spf&SpfeJY vSrf;ac:aewm
vGrf;avunif; 49
MumNyD? eifvSnfhrMunfhawmh ighudk eif rrSwfrdawmhbl;awmif
atmufarhaewm}
pJGNrJ NyHK;vdkuf&if; ...
]&Spf ...&Spf ...qdw k hJ toHawmh Mum;om;yJ? 'gayr,fh
tJ'g ighac:rSef; rodvdkYyg[m? eifhudk ig bmjzpfvdkY rrSwfrd&rSm
vJ &ifNidrf;&? eifhemrnf &ifNidrf; ig;wef;atu ...uJ ...
awGYvm; ig tukefrSwfrdw,f}
&ifNird ;f ESihf aemufEpS &f ufavmuftMumrSm jyefqjkH cif;jzpf
onf/ onfwpfcgawmh reufausmif;rwufcif tcsdefr[kwf/
aeYv,frkefYpm;qif;csdefBuD; jzpfonf/
&ifNidrf;yHkpHu [dkwpfaeYuESifh bmrSrajymif;vJ/ [dkwpf
aeYuvdyk if ausmif;0wfpEkH iS hf jzpfonf/ qHyifuv kd nf; [dak eYuvdk
yif ESpfzufcJG pnf;xm;onf/ vufxJrSm udkifxm;aom vuf
udik yf 0gav;wpfco k m t0ga&mifrS yef;a&mifoYkd ajymif;oGm;onf/
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh &ifNidrf;u auseyfpGm NyHK;onf/
]at;yg? ppcsif; ighemrnfudk ac:vdkufuwnf;u
eifrSwfrdw,fqdkwm odoGm;ygNyD pJGNrJ&,f? tJ'geJY eif tck 'DrSm
bmvkyaf ewmvJ}
]bmrSrvkyfygbl;? &yfaewm}
]tdk &yfaewmawmh odwmaygh? &yfNyD; bmvkyfaewmvJ
odcsiw f m}
pJGNrJ&,fonf/
]&yfNyD; bmrSrvkyfygbl;[m? [dkMunfh'DMunfh avQmuf
50 EGrf *sm odik ;f
MunfhaewmygyJ}
]avQmufMunfhaeawmh bmawGYvJ}
]bmrS rawGYygbl;? bmvJ eifu r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywf
awGYvm; ar;OD;rvdkY r[kwfvm;}
&ifNidrf;u &,fonf/
]r[kwfygbl;? tJ'gu 'DvdktjyifrSmrS r&Sdwwfwm?
r,foDv&Sifacgif;jywfu pmoifcef;xJu pm;yJGay:rSmyJ &Sdwm
wJh? 'Djyif[mawGrsm; awGYovm;vdkY}
]vkyfjyefNyD[m? 'geJY aeygOD;? raeYu pum;jywfoGm;vdkY?
tJ'gawG &Sdw,fqdkwm eifhb,folajymvdkYvJ}
]tJ'gawGqdkwm b,f[mawGvJ}
]eifajymwJh o&JwdkY wapwdkYqdkwmawGaygh}
]tHr,f tpu igomrodwm? ightpfrawGu tukefod
w,f[? t&ifwkef;u ighudk bmrSajymrjybl;? ckausmif;ydwf&uf
urS ajymjywm? ausmif;xJrSm o&JawGa&m? OpmapmifhawGa&m
trsm;BuD;wJh}
&ifNidrf;u b,fwkef;uwnf;u wpfa,mufa,mufudk
jyefajymjycsifaeonf rod/ olYtpfrrsm; ajymjyxm;cJhonfqdk
aom tdrfomatmufu bkef;BuD;ao;ao;av;rsm;taMumif;?
yef;a&mifpHkrsm; yefxm;onfhOpmapmifhrrsm;taMumif;? ta&mif
awmufaom a>rBuD;taMumif; w&pyfajymjyawmhonf/
olYpum;qHk;rS pJGNrJu ...
]igawmh [kwfr,frxifygbl;[m}
vGrf;avunif; 51
&ifNidrf;trlt&mav;u a'gojzpfonfhtoGifodkY ul;
ajymif;oGm;onf/
]tHr,f? bmvdkY r[kwf&rSmvJ? igajymwJhpum;udk eifu
r,Hkbl;aygh? bmvJ ignmajymw,f atmufarhvdkYvm;}
pJGNrJu &,f&if; ...
]tJvakd jymwm r[kwyf gbl;[m? 'gayr,fh igpOf;pm;Munfh
wmu eifvnf; 'Dausmif;rSm aevmcJhwm MumNyDyJ? wu,fom
tJ'gawG&Sd&if olwdkYrajymcsifuwnf;u eif awGYzl;ae&rSmaygh?
ck tJ'gawG wu,fr&SdvdkY olwdkYajymwmawmif eifvdkuf&SmvdkY
rawGY&bl; jzpfaew,fr[kwfvm;}
]r[kwb f ;l pJNG r&J ? t&ifwek ;f uawmh 'Dv'kd v
D &kd w
dS mudk igu
odrSrodwm? tJ'Dawmh awGUjrifae&ifawmif owdxm;rdrSm
r[kwfbl;aygh? NyD;awmh tJ'Dwkef;u igu uav;yJ? o&JeJYawGY&if
awmif o&JrSef; igb,fodrvJ}
onfwpfcgawmh pJGNrJ [uf[ufyufyuf &,fypfvdkuf
onf/ odkYaomf odyf&,fvdkufvQifvnf; olY avSmifonfxifNyD;
&ifNidrf; pdwfqdk;oGm;rSm owd& uref;uwef; t&,fudkjyef&yf
&if;/
]at;aygh[m? tJvdkvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfrSmaygh? 'gjzifh 'Dvkd
vkyMf ur,fav ...eifvnf; ausmif;xJrmS owdxm;Munfx h m;?
igvnf; Munfhxm;ay;r,f? wpfckckawGY&if wpfa,mufudk
wpfa,muf jyefajymMuaygh? raumif;bl;vm;}
]at; aumif;w,f? eifowdxm;Munfhay;aemf pJGNrJ?
52 EGrf *sm odik ;f
raygheJY o&JwpfcgawGYwdkif; eifhudk ig rkefYwpfckauR;r,f? awGY&if
vnf; ighudk csufcsif;vmac:jy? igwdkYatcef;udk eifodw,f
r[kwv f m;}
pJGNrJuawmh &,fNyD;&if; &,fcsifaeawmhonf/
]o&Judk Munfhcsif&atmif eifraMumufbl;vm; &ifNidrf;}
&ifNidrf;u Zufuav;udk ykvdkuf&if; ...
]aMumufawmh aMumufwmaygh[? ig tck tdrfom
awmif wpfa,mufwnf; roGm;&Jawmhb;l ? 'gayr,fh Munfw h mu
vnf; Munfch siw f myJ? ig wpfa,mufwnf;vnf; b,fMunfrh vJ?
eifeJYtwlwl oGm;MunfhrSmaygh? eifu a,mufsm;av;yJ[m? o&J
jzpfjzpf raMumufeJYaygh}
]igu raMumufygbl;}
]at;yg ...igodygw,f? tJ'gaMumifh eifhudkvnf; ig
tm;udk;wmaygh pJGNrJ&}
[kwo f nf r[kwo f nf tyxm;? rauG;u zefcg;oD;pm;
NyD; a&aomuf&ovdk csdKwdkwdkav;jzpfaeonfhtjyif cRJwJwJav;
yg xyfjznhfpGuf tm;udk;pum;ajymvmaom &ifNidrf;pum;
aMumifh uav;BuD; jzpfaeaom pJGNrJpdwfxJrSm ay;tyfaom
wm0efESifh0w&m;udk ausyGefatmif pGefYpm;xrf;aqmifvdkonfh
pdwfuav;rsm; jzpfvm\/
i,fi,fuwnf;u uwfoD;uwfowf cdkif;wwfaom
&ifNird ;f /

vGrf;avunif; 53
(7)
]awGYvm;}
&ifNidrf; ZJGaumif;wwfjcif;udpudkawmh pJGNrJ ...
ausmufwdkifwpfckckwGif armfuGef;xdk;xm;csifpdwfyif ay:vm
onf/
pwif wm0ef a y;tyf o nf h a eY r S p &if N id r f ; ES i f h o l
aeYv,f rkepYf m;qif;wdik ;f awGo
Y nf/ awGw Y ikd ;f vnf; ...&ifNird ;f
xHrS yxrqHk; xGufay;vmaom pum;oHu xdktar;csnf;
jzpfonf/
wpfywfajrmufaom umvwGifyif pJGNrJu ckepfBudrf
ajrmuf acgif;cg&if; ...
]rawGYygbl; &ifNidrf;&m? eifajymwmrsdK; bmwpfckrS ig
rawGYygbl;}
]r[kwaf o;ygbl; pJNG r&J m? eif aocsmrMunfv h Ykd jzpfygvdrhf
r,f}
pJGNrJ rsufvHk;yifhvdkufonf/
54 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]aMomf ...igu aocsmMunfhygw,f &ifNidrf;&,f? eifh
OpmawGu &Su d rkd &Sw
d myg? aocsmpOf;pm;Munfyh gOD; ...'Dausmif;
rSm igwdEYk pS af ,mufwnf; &Sw d mr[kwbf ;l [? eifa&m iga&m rawGY
awmif 'gawG&Sd&if wpfa,mufr[kwf wpfa,mufuawmh awGY
rSmaygh? awGY&ifvnf; wpfausmif;vHk; tkwfatmfaomif;wif;
jzpfomG ;rSmaygh}
]r[kwfbl;av? awGYwJholu olrsm;udk jy&rSmpdk;wmeJY
olY[mol Nidrf&ifNidrfaerSmaygh}
onfwpfcgawmh pJGNrJ &,fonf/
]uwfoD;uwfowf &ifNidrf;&,f? o&JawGYwm a&Ttdk;
awGYwmrS r[kwfbJ? Nidrfaervm; vefYNyD;xGufajy;rSmaygh}
]'gjzifh bmjzpfvdkY rawGYwmvJ}
&ifNidrf;u rsufarSmifav; MuKwfNyD; pOf;pm;ovdkvdk
avoHjzifh ajymonf/ NyD;awmhvnf; ar;axmifhav;udk vufndK;
xdyfjzifh axmuf tdkufwifav;jzifh awG;aevdkufao;\/
]r&Sv d yYkd g[m}
pJGNrJu acgif;cg&if; nnf;ajym ajymaomfvnf; &ifNidrf;
u *kyifrpdkuf/ bmwpfcGef;rS rMum;onfhyHkpHjzifh olY[molom
qufawG;aeonf/
cPMumrS Pftvif; yGifhoGm;[efjzifh ...
]tJh ...odNyD? igodNyD pJGNrJ}
]bmodwmvJ}
]tomaeprf;yg? igajymjyrSmaygh? 'Dvdkjzpfvdrfhr,f[}
vGrf;avunif; 55
]tif; ...ajymygOD;}
]eifa&m iga&m wpfckvGJaew,f? trSefu ckvdk aecif;
aeYv,f ausmif;om;ausmif;olawGa&m? q&mq&mrawGa&m
&Sad ewJth csed f vlawGtrsm;Bu;D xJ b,fo&Ju vmrvJ ...aemh
...r[kwb f ;l vm;}
vkyfjyefNyD? ighudk nBuD;rif;BuD;rsm; o&Jvm&Smcdkif;OD;rvdkY
vm; rodbl;[k pJGNrJ awG;&if; vefYoGm;onf/
]trSefu o&Jqdkwm nrSajcmufwm}
pJGNrJu tvefYwMum;jzifh acgif;cg ...
][m ...nbufBuD;awmh b,fvdk vm&SmvdkY jzpfrvJ
[}
&ifNidrf;rsufapmif; 'dkif;ceJ a&mufvmonf/
]odygw,f? olYvnf; b,folurS nbuf vmMunfhzdkY
rcdkif;ygbl;? jzpfaevdkufwm? eifhudk nbufvmMunfhzdkY ajymrvdkY
r[kwb f ;l }
]'gjzifh b,fvkdvkyfrvdkYvJ}
]ausmif;qif;Ny;D vl&iS ;f wJt
h csed f apmifMh unfrh vdYk ausmif;
qif;vdkY vlawGtm;vHk; jyefoGm;&if vlvnf;&Sif;NyD; arSmifvnf;
enf;enf;arSmifawmhr,f? tukefvHk;rjrif&awmif wpfa,muf
wavawmh cyfapmapmxGufNyD; ajcmufcsifajcmufrSm}
]tJ'aD wmh eifu nae ausmif;qif;csed f apmifMh unfrh ,f
aygh}
]at; ...naepm&dwt csed Nf y;D &if eifrjyefeOYJ ;D ? vl&iS ;f
56 EGrf *sm odik ;f
atmifapmifhNyD; ighudkvmac:? igygvdkufcJhr,f}
]eifu b,fu apmifhrSmvJ}
]&SmMunfah ygh[? eifjrifEikd w
f ahJ e&mrSmyJ ig apmifah erSmaygh?
'Dausmif;xJuae b,foGm;rSmvJ}
at;yg ...at;yg ...tJ'gqdkvnf; NyD;a&m? ig
jrifEdkifavmufwJh ae&muawmh aeaemf}
enf;jzifh pm&dwtcsdefrSm &ifNidrf; ...pm&GufvHk;
av;ESihf ayguf aemufwpfaeYoYkd xyfcsed ;f onftxd jzpfvmjcif;
yif/
ckusawmh tazmfwpfa,mufyif xyfw;kd vmao;onf/
tif; ...oHk;a,mufaygif; avmif;ausmf? ausmif;ay:
rSmawmh bmawGjzpfukefMuOD;rnf rod[k awG;vdkufrd\/
ausmif;ay:rSmawmh bmrS rjzpf/

ausmif;atmufrSmom pJGNrJwpfa,muf ausmaumh
atmif cHae&awmhonf/
]rSwyf vm;uG}
]&Tr;f }
]tm; ...rSwfygNyD bk&m;}
]at; ...aemufwpfcg xyfrSwfvdkufOD;uG}
]&Trf;}
vGrf;avunif; 57
]tm;}
]a[haumif ...ajymavuGm? aemufwpfcg xyfrSwfNyD
vm;}
]&Tr;f }
]tm; ...aemufwpfcg xifrSwfygNyD bk&m;}
]at; ...wwd,rd oHk;Budrfajrmuf rSwfvdkufOD;uG}
]&Tr;f }
]tm; ...rSwfygNyD bk&m;}
]igajymwm 'Dvdkr[kwfbl;uG}
]&Tr;f }
]tm; ...wwd,rd oHk;Budrfajrmuf rSwfygNyD bk&m;}
qm;pnfausmif;\vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;udk azmfxkwf&efBudK;
pm;Muaom &JoHk;azmf\ tajctaeu vHk;0raumif;awmh/
usef&Jabmfrsm;\ tm;udk;&mjzpfaom acgif;aqmifBuD;
pJGNrJu OD;yif;ndK\vufaxmuf OD;yif;wpfyg;\ vufrSm
ig;z,fawovdk tawcHae&onf/
TefMum;a&;rSL;jzpfaom a':&ifNidrf;rGefu aoG;oH&J&J
jzpfaeaom ajcz0g;udkzd&if; IHUrJhIdufidkaeonf/
aor,fEh pS rf S ppfxv
J u
kd o
f nfh tulwyfacgif;aqmifBu;D
aZ,suawmh a&wpfyHk;NyD;wpfyHk; acgif;rS avmif;csdK;jcif;cHae&
um b,fvdkrS jrifraumif; Iraumif;aom tajctaerSm
a&muf&Sdaeonf/
cPMumaomtcg &ifNird ;f tdrrf S rdbrsm;ESihf aZ,strd rf S
58 EGrf *sm odik ;f
rdbrsm; um;wpfpD;pDESifh a&mufvmMu\/
jzpfyHku onfvdk/
yxraeYu tqifrajycJhaom udpudk? 'kwd,aeYwGif
qufvufaqmif&u G &f eftwGuf reufyikd ;f rS pJNG rEJ iS &hf ifNird ;f cPqHk
onf/
]raeYu bmjzpfvYkd rMunfah wmhb;l vdYk pma&;ajymwmvJ
&ifNird ;f }
]r[kwfbl;[? raeYwkef;u tdrfu apmapmjyefvmzdkY
rSm vdkufw,f? tJ'gudk igarhoGm;vdkY}
]'DaeYa&m}
]'DaeYawmh jzpfw,f? tJ'g ...naeus aocsmayguf
apmifah emf}
uref;uwef;om awGYvdkuf&onfrdkY aZ,s vdkufvm
rnfhtaMumif;udkyif xnfhrajymjzpfvdkuf/
naeausmif;qif;csdef qHkrdawmh aZ,sygvmojzifh
&ifNidrf;u tHhMooGm;um/
][if ...olu bmjzpfvdkY ygvm&wmvJ}
pJGNrJu &,f&if; .../
]olu aZ,swJh[? igwdkYtwef;xJuyJ? raeYu ighqD
ypfay;vdkufwJh pmudk olvnf; ab;uae zwfMunfhNyD; awGYoGm;
vGrf;avunif; 59
w,f? tJ'g tusdK;taMumif;ar;awmh igu ajymjyvdkufw,f?
ajymjyawmh olvnf; Munfhcsifw,f? olvnf; ac:ygqdkwmeJY
ig ac:vmwm}
]eifuvnf;[,f ...bmjzpfvYkd [dv k ol nfvl ac:vm
&wmvJ? o&Ju vlrsm;&if rajcmufygbl;vdkY ajymxm;&JUom;eJY}
]aMomf wpfa,mufwnf;yg[? vlrrsm;ygbl;}
]at;av 'gjzifv h nf; Ny;D a&maygh? eifaMumufvYkd tazmf
ac:vmwmawmh r[kwfygbl;aemf}
]tHrSm ighu bmaMumuf&rSmvJ? oluvnf; eifhvdkyJ?
igygrS Munfh&Jr,fqdkNyD; ightm;udk;eJY vdkufvmwm}
][,f tJvdkqdk&if 'kuyJ}
]bmjzpfvv Ykd }J
]eifu ighem;rSm tNrJaerS jzpfrSmaygh? awmfMum ol
aMumufvdkuf? olYqDoGm;vdkuf? ig aMumufvdkuf ighqDvmvdkuf
vkyfaevdkY rjzpfbl;}
pJGNrJu &,fvdkufjyef&if; .../
]tJ'v D akd wmh rvkyyf gbl;[m? eifu rde;f uav;yJ? eifeh m;
rSmyJ ig tNrJaerSmaygh}
]wu,faemf}
]at;yg? wu,fyg}
]uJ 'gjzifh oGm;r,f? ausmif;xJrSm vl&Sif;oGm;NyD}
ajymajymqdq k Ekd iS hf oH;k a,mufom; ausmif;aqmifaemuf
buf ausmif;ysufrsm; tdrfomrsm;&Sd&mbufodkY avQmufcJhMu
60 EGrf *sm odik ;f
onf/
][if}
ajymif;vJoGm;aom ywf0ef;usif taetxm;aMumifh
apmapmu owdaumif;aeaom pJGNrJyif wGefYceJjzpfoGm;\/
&ifNidrf; ajymovdkrsm; jzpfaervm;qdkaom tawG;u
vnf; kwfjcnf; 0ifa&mufpdk;rdk;vmonf/
ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;u vHk;0acsmufcsm;zG,f&m
taetxm;odYk ul;ajymif;aeNyjD zpfonf/ cgwdik ;f qdk onfvt kd csed f
qdk trsm;ESihf a&m ausmif;jyif tdref m;odYk a&mufaeNyrD Ydk onfvkd
tcsdefrSm onfvdk&SdaewwfrSef; rodcJh/
ckawmh ausmif;0if;wpf0if;vH;k wdwq f w
d af eNy;D opf&u G f
rsm;udk avwd;k oHEiS hf taumifyavmiftcsKd U\ atmfoaH v;rsm;rS
ty bmoHrS rMum;&awmh/
naeapmif;Ny;D rdYk t&dyaf umif;vSaom opfyifBu;D rsm;jzifh
tkyfrdk;aeaom ausmif;0if;xJrSm arSmif&Doef;aeonf/ txl;
ojzifh olwdkYoGm;aom ausmif;aebufrSmu tkwfwdkufysufrsm;?
tdrfomrsm;? csHKykwfrsm;? opfyifBuD;rsm;om &Sdonf/ vlolt&dyf
ta,mifvnf; rjrif&/
apmapmu xGufvmcJhaom ajcvSrf;rsm;onf oHk;
a,mufpvHk; aES;ukefMuonf/
]0l; ...zvyf ...zvyf}
]tarh}
][ pJGNrJ& ...vkyfygOD;}
vGrf;avunif; 61
bmiSufrSef;rodaom iSufwpfaumifu tem;u jzwf
ysH&if; awmifyHcwfoHudkvnf; us,fus,favmifavmif jyKoGm;
onf/
tem;u wG e f Y q k w f q k w f a vQmuf v maom &if N id r f ;
wpfa,muf apGYceJ pJGNrJem;a&mufvmNyD; vufarmif;udk tveYf
wMum; qkyfudkifvdkufonf/ Mum;rSm oHk;av;ig;udkuftuGm
avmufxm; avQmufvmaom aZ,syif txdww f vefY atmf
pJGNrJab; a&mufvm\/
pJGNrJ&ifxJrSmvnf; 'def;ceJ jzpfoGm;NyD; ESvHk;ckefoHawG
bmawG csufcsif; jrefwufvmonf/
tajctaeuawmh p vmuwnf;u odyrf aumif;csif
awmh/ ESmacgif;rsm;xJodkYvnf; ykyftuftufteHYwpfrsdK; 0ifvm
onf/
]a[haumif pJGNrJ ...tykyfeHYBuD; r&bl;vm;}
]at; [kwfw,f pJGNrJ? igvnf; aMumufvmNyD}
pJGNrJvnf; aMumufawmhaMumufonf/ odkYaomf onfxJ
rSmu olwpfa,mufom owdaumif;zkdY usefawmhojzifh pdwfudk
vnf; wnfNidrfatmifjyK&if; ywf0ef;usifudk avhvmvdkufonf/
awGYvnf; awGYonf/
acG;aoaumifykyfBuD; aoaewm b,favmufMumae
rSef;rod/ wpfaumifvHk; jynhfwif;azmif;um;NyD; ,ifdkif;awG
vnf; rnf;tHkaeonf/
][dkacG;aoaumifykyfuyguGm? rif;wdkYuvnf;}
62 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]aMomf ...[kwfom;yJ}
]tif; awmfygao;&JU}
aemufxyf cPMumonftxdawmh bmrSx;l xl;jcm;jcm;
rjzpfawmh? wpfcyk J tcuftcJ&adS eonfu tkww f u
kd yf suBf u;D rsm;
xJodkY 0ifa&; r0ifa&;udpyif jzpfonf/
0ifcsifolu &ifNidrf;/
]aeygOD; &ifNird ;f &m? tJ'x
D aJ wmh t&rf;roGm;ygeJY a>ryg;
uif;yg; awmfMum wpfckckjzpfrSjzifh}
pJNG ruJ tajrmftjrif Bu;D pGmjzifh wm;ao;onf/ odaYk omf
&ifNidrf;uawmh r&/
][m bmrSrjzpfygbl;[? igvnf; 'DtxJukd 0ifMunfch sif
aewm MumNyD? roGm;&JvdkY? tck eifvnf;ygwmyJ oGm;r,f[m}
]cufaeygNyD? eifuvnf;[m? igygawmhvnf; igu bm
vkyfwwfrSmvJ? eifhudk ajymaewmu o&JawG wapawGudp
r[kwfbl;? atmufuvnf; csHKawGql;awGeJY? 'Dhjyif tE&m,f
wpfckck jzpfrSmpdk;vdkY ajymaewm}
]Munfo h mG ;rSmaygh}
&ifNidrf;u ZGwf/
pJGNrJu aZ,sbuf vSnfhMunfhonf/ aZ,suawmh ol
vdu
k v f mrdco hJ nfrmS rSm;Ny[
D k tBu;D tus,f aemifw&aeonfyh pkH H
jzifh ...
]roGm;ygeJYuGm? ig rvdkuf&Jbl;}
]at; eifrvdkufcsif&if 'DrSmyJ aecJhav? igeJY pJGNrJeJY oGm;
vGrf;avunif; 63
r,f}
aZ,spum;udk pJNG ru J wpfcck jk yefajym&ef jyifwek ;f &Sad o;?
&ifNidrf;u Zdk;Zwfqdk 0ifajymonf/
]'Dae&mrSmawmh eifae&JrmS aygh? a,mufsm;av;yJ tJ'eD m;
rSm &yf&if;eJY tdrfombuf Munfhaeaygh[m? ta&;BuD;wmu
tv,fu oHk;vHk;wJGtdrfomudk *kpdkufMunfh? o&J&Sdwm tJ'DxJ
rSm? uJ ...vm pJGNrJ ...oGm;r,f}
&ifNird ;f u ajymajymqdq
k Ekd iS hf pJNG rv
J ufukd qJ&G if; twif;
ac:onf/ pJGNrJu usef&pfcJhonfh aZ,s'kuudk em;vnfojzifh
vSrf;awmh Munfhvdkufao;onf/ odkYaomf bmrSvkyfcsdefr&awmh
&ifNidrf;qJGonfhaemufom aumufaumufygatmif vdkufoGm;&
awmh\/
rqifrjcifESifh olrsm;udp 0ifygrdwm rSm;NyD[k aZ,s

tBuD;tus,f aemifw&onf/
ckrS wpfa,mufwnf;vnf; bmvkyf&rSef; rodawmh/
tcsdefu tykyfcsdef/ apmapmu tykyfeHYBuD;uvnf; ESmacgif;xJ
pJaG eao;onf/ onfMum;xJrmS opf&u G af jcmufrsm;udk avwd;k oH
u w&Sy&f yS Ef iS hf ajcoHawGvv
kd /kd [dEk pS af ,mufuvnf; wdu k yf suf
BuD;rsm;xJ 0ifa&mufaysmufuG,foGm;NyD/
aZ,sAdkufxJu &pfoD&pfoDESifh emovdk jzpfvm\/ qD;
64 EGrf *sm odik ;f
uvnf; oGm;csifvmonf/
'kuyJ ...[k acR;jyefvm\/
ckcsed u
f srS wpfa,mufwnf; tdro f moGm;zdu
Yk vnf; vefY
p&maumif;onf/ jyemrS jyem/
]tm;}
wpfa,mufwnf; toHxGufatmif atmfvdkufrdonf/
Adkufu ydkemvmonf/ tajctaeu [dkem;onfem; rdk;wdk;rwf
wwfyif rjzpfEdkifawmh? tdrfomudk oGm;rS jzpfawmhrnf/
cufonfu aoaocsmcsm oyfoyf&yf&yf cdik cf ikd cf efcY efY
&Sdaom tdrfomrsm;qDvnf; roGm;&J/ xdktdrfomrsm;u &ifNidrf;
txl;jyKajymoGm;aom oHk;cef;wJGem;rSmcsnfh/
onfbufem;rSmawmh caemfceJeY YJ tdro f mwpfv;kH &Sad o;
onf/ ypfxm;onfh tdrfomta[mif;vdk jzpfaeonfh wpfvHk;/
onftdrfomuawmh apmapmu tdrfomrsm;ESifh tvSrf;a0;
onf/
rxl;awmh/
tJ'yD J ajy;rnf[k qH;k jzwf xdtk rd of m csnchf snehf eYJ aYJ v;
qD ajy;onf/
][ ...[}
caemfcaemfeJYrS wu,fhudk caemfeDcaemfeJY? twGif;jyK
onfh avSum;uvnf; tv,fqifhr&Sdawmh? wHcg;vnf; ywm
ESpfckavmuf jyKwfaeNyD? Murf;cif;awGuvnf; vlwpfudk,fpm
a&Sma&SmSLSL 0ifomxGuo f matmif usKd ;yJah eNy;D qifwh ef;ESpcf o k m
vGrf;avunif; 65
wpfckESifhwpfck wpfawmifavmuf jcm; cyfwnfwnfusefae
onf/
xdkqifhwef; ESpfwef;rSm tawmfyHkysufyef;ysuf cGxdkif
aZmacR;jyef&if; aqmif&Gufp&m&Sdonfudk uref;uwef; aqmif
&Guo f nf/
]uRd ...0kef; ...0kef; ...0kef;}
kwfw&uf acsmufcsm;zG,faumif;aom toHBuD;wpfck
ay:xGuv f monf/ aZ,s uref;uwef;ESihf tvefw Y Mum; x&yf
NyD; tdrfomatmuf ajy;qif;&ef jyifonf/
]tm ...tm ...tm ...tHr,fav;}
qifhwef;ay:u ajcaxmuftvGwf aemufajcwpfzuf
u ,dkifoGm;onf/ udk,f[efuvnf; ysufoGm;NyD/ qifhwef;ESpfck
Mum;odkY jyKwfusoGm;awmh\/
][if}
tjyifbufrS qlqlnHnHtoHrsm;ESifh aZ,s\atmfoH
aMumifh pJGNrJa&m &ifNidrf;yg xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;onf/
][m ...tjyifrSm aZ,srsm; o&JeJY awGYaeNyDvm; rod
bl;? vm ...pJGNrJ xGufMunfhMu&atmif}
pJGNrJ bmrSrwm;vdkuf rqD;vdkufEdkifrD &ifNidrf;u vSpfceJ
xGufajy;onf/
66 EGrf *sm odik ;f
NyD;awmh ESpfvSrf; oHk;vSrf;xufyif rydkvdkuf ...
]tm;}
ajy;aeaom &ifNidrf;wpfa,muf acGceJ jzpfoGm;onf/
][if ...bmjzpfwmvJ &ifNidrf;}
pJGNrJu pdk;&drfwBuD; ajy;oGm;NyD; Munfhonf/
]tm;}
jrif&aom jrifuGif;u xdwfvefYp&m aumif;vS\/
&ifNidrf;ajcz0g;tpyf zdeyfvGwfaeaom ae&mrSm ykvif;zifjywf
BuD;wpfcku wef;vef;BuD; pdkufaeonf/
pJGNrJ uref;uwef; xdkifcsNyD; ykvif;uJGcRefBuD;udk qJGEIwf
vdkufonf/
]tm; ...tHr,fav; ...emw,f}
&ifNidrf;\ i,foHygatmif atmfoHESifhtwl pJGNrJvufxJ
ykvif;jywfBuD; ygvmonf/ &ifNidrf;ajcaxmufrS wpfvufr
ausmfausmf [ufwufBuD;jzpfaeaom ae&muvnf; azG;ceJ
wpfcsuf tom;wpfrsm; ay:vm csufcsif;yif aoG;rsm; aiguf
ceJ yef;xGufvmonf/
][m ...aoG;awGtrsm;BuD;ygvm;? 'kuyJ? vmMuygOD;
uG? vkyfMuygOD;}
pJGNrJ bmvkyf&rSef;rodjzpfNyD; xlylaeaom pdwfESifhtwl
vlBuD;wpfa,mufwav a&mufvmvdk a&mufvmjim; xatmf
onf/
cPMumaomtcg ausmif ; rS uy d , BuD ; ES i f h t wl
vGrf;avunif; 67
OD;yif;wpfyg;yg a&mufvmawmh\/
pm&if;csKyfvdkufawmh &ifNidrf;u ajcz0g;rS ykvif;uJG&S

aom 'Pf&mtwGuf pkpkaygif;ig;csufavmuf csKyfvdkuf&onf/
'gawmif aq;kHa&mufawmh aoG;txGufvGefNyD; ajrmhajrmhom
&Sad wmh\/
tdrfomwGif;odkY jyKwfusaom aZ,srSmvnf; wpfudk,f
vHk; a&csdK;vdkYrEdkif aersdK;wdkYqdkif jzpfaeawmh\/
pJNG ru
J awmh OD;yi;f Burd 'f Pfjzifh ESp&f ufavmuftyd &f mrS
rxEdkif/ 'gawmif qwfqwfaqmhaqmhvkyfaom xkdoHk;a,muf
udk q&mawmfu ausmif;xkwfypfrnf wuJuJvkyfaeojzifh rdb
rsm;u OD;csNyD;&if; OD;csum renf;awmif;yefEdkifaomaMumifh
ausmif;jyefwuf&jcif; jzpfonf/
tdru f sawmh zsm;aeaom &ifNird ;f rSty aZ,sa&m pJNG ryJ g
tazrsm;\ ynmay;wHjrufpnf;jzifh aovkajrmyg; tdu k cf v
H ukd f
Mu&ao;\/

68 EGrf *sm odik ;f
(8)
i,fb0av;awG jyefawG;rdwdkif; ...pJGNrJ&ifxJodkY xdk

tjzpftysufuav;rsm;u t&ifqHk; wdk;0ifa&muf&Sdvmwwf
onf/
xdktjzpftysufuav;rsm;onf &ifNidrf;ESifh pwif qHk
qnf;jcif;twGuf wpfoufvHk; trSwfw&jzpfp&mav; jzpfcJh
ovdk aemifaomtcg BuHKBudKuf&rnfholESifh &ifNidrf;wdkY\ b0
Zmwfvrf;wpfcktwGuf a&SUajy;edrdwfwpfckvnf; jzpfonf[k
atmufarhonf/
b,fvykd jJ zpfjzpf xdt
k jzpftysurf sm;aMumifh olweYkd mrnf
onf qm;pnfausmif;wpfckvHk; rodol rusefatmif xifay:
ausmfMum;oGm;cJhonfawmh trSef/
pJGNrJrSwfrdoavmuf qm;pnfausmif;wGif wpfavQmuf
vHk; olwdkYaecJhMuNyD; qm;pnfausmif;\ aemufqHk;ESpftwef;
jzpfaom &Spw f ef;pmar;yJG ajzcgeD;umvrSmyif xdtk jzpftysuu f kd
jyefajymol &Sdaeao;onf/
vGrf;avunif; 69
ajymolu q&mOD;ndKwkwf/
xdkaeYu q&mOD;ndKwkwfu pJGNrJudk wul;wuyif vSrf;
ac:&if; ...
]a[haumif pJGNrJ ...b,fvdkaeyvJ? pmar;yJGtwGuf
tawmfav; [efusaeyvm;} ...u tpcsDum *kwpdkuf
ar;onf/
pJGNrJu acgif;ndwfvsuf ...
][kwfuJh q&m ...tawmfav;awmh tajctae
aumif;ygNy}D
}*kPfxl; oHk; av;ckavmuf &Edkifrvm;}
i,fi,fwkef;u aMumufcJh&oavmuf aemufydkif;rSm
t&G,f&av q&mhudk av;pm;NyD; cspfcif&avjzpf&onfrSm xdk
taMumif;rsm;aMumifhyif jzpfonf/
pifppf ...pJGNrJ &Spfwef;rSm atmif ratmif? *kPfxl;
& r& qdkonfhudpu q&mESifh bmrSrqdkifawmh/ ti,fwef;rSm
om pmoifaomq&m\ wynfhb0u pJGNrJ vGwfcJhonfrSmvnf;
MumNyD/
odkYaomf q&mhoHa,mZOfu wynfhrsm;tay: b,f
awmhrS vGwfxGufroGm;/
txl;ojzifh pJGNrJwdkYvdk xl;cRefaomwynfhrsm;tay: ydk
oHa,mZOfBu;D onf/
q&mhtar;aMumifh pJGNrJu acgif;ndwfjyNyD; ...
]&r,fxifygw,f q&m}
70 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]b,fbmomawG &r,fxifovJ}
]ocsFm? odyHeJY jrefrmpmawmh uRefawmf aocsmayguf
arQmv f ifw h ,fq&m? t*Fvyd pf muawmh rajym&Jb;l ? yx0DeYJ ordik ;f
ESpfckrSmawmh wpfck0ifatmif vkyf&rSmyJ}
udk,fhtaetxm;udk,f ,Hk,Hk&J&J ajymaeaom pJGNrJudk
Munfh q&mu auseyfpGmNyHK;onf/
]at;ayghuGm ...udk,fhtajctaeudk,f trSeftwdkif;
oHk;oyfEdkifNyD; wdwdusus BudK;pm;Edkif&if arQmfvifhorQtm;vHk;
jzpfvm&rSmaygh? rqd;k ygbl; ...rif;ajzyHu k kd ig oabmusygw,f}
ajym&if;ESifh q&mu &,fonf/
]at;av ...qm;pnfausmif;u o&JawGudk rawGU
awGYatmif vdkuf&SmcJhzl;wJhvlyJ? 'Davmufawmh &Sd&rSmaygh ...
r[kwb f ;l vm;}
pJGNrJuvnf;&,f&if; ...
]q&m ...tukef rSwfrdaewmyJ}
]rrSwfrdbJ aervm;uGm ...qm;pnfausmif;rSm Adkvf
vkyfaewJh ndKwkwfyJ? 'Dausmif;rSm ig rrSwfrdwm wpfckrSr&Sdbl;?
tJ'Dwkef;u rif;&JUuGefref'dkwyfzJGUxJrSmygwJh aZ,seJY &ifNidrf;rGef
wduYk vkd nf; ighqD vTwv f u kd yf gOD;? olwu
Ykd vkd nf; tusKd ;taMumif;
ar;Munfch siaf o;w,f}
][kwfuJhq&m ajymvdkufyghr,f}
]rif;wdkYoHk;a,mufudk tJ'Dwkef;uwnf;u igodwm
wpfc&k cdS w hJ ,fu?G tJ'g bmvJqakd wmh ...ud, k phf w
d x
f rJ mS vkycf sif
vGrf;avunif; 71
aewmwpfckudk jzpfatmif vkyfypfvdkufMuwJhpdwfyJ? 'DpdwfrsdK;u
vlYb0rSm wefzdk;awmfawmf&Sdw,faemf? wpfckyJ&Sdw,f ...udk,f
vkycf whJ t
hJ vky[ f m aumif;zdYk rSezf u
Ykd v kd nf; owdxm;? ae&mwdik ;f
rSm pdwftvdk rvdkufeJY? tJ'Dwkef;uwnf;u rif;wdkYudk ig tJ'D
pum;ajymcsiw f m? 'gayr,fh rif;wdu Yk i,fao;vdYk igrajymcJb h ;l ?
ckawmh aemufESpfqdk&if rif;wdkYu txufwef;ausmif; ajymif;
awmhrmS ? 'gaMumifrh Ykd rif;wdu
Yk v
kd nf; tJ'gav;awmh ajymjzpfatmif
ajymvdkufOD;r,fqdkNyD; wrifac:awGYwmyJ? igajymwm em;vnf
vm;}
]em;vnfygw,f q&m}
]b,fvdkem;vnfvJ? jyefajymprf;}
]pdwfxJrSm vkyfcsifaewm wpfckudkjzpfatmif vkyfwwf
wJph w
d u f aumif;w,f? 'gayrJh vkycf siw f t
hJ vky[
f m aumif;zkrYd eG f
zdkYawmh owdxm;? ae&mwdkif;rSm pdwftvdkrvdkufeJY}
]at; ...[kwfw,f? aumif;wJhtvkyfudk a&G;NyD;vkyf
w,fq&kd ifvnf; ratmifjrifwmeJY pdwrf ysuef ?YJ ud, k chf sKd U,Gi;f csuf
udk,fjyef&Sm? NyD;awmh jzpfatmifjyefvkyf? tJ'gvnf; rarheJY}
][kwu f qhJ &m}
]at; ...at; ...oGm;awmh? oGm;awmh}
ig;wef;wkef;u jzpfcJhaomtjzpftysufudk q&mrarh
ovdk xdkaeYu q&mhpum;rsm;udkvnf; ckwdkif pJGNrJrarh/
rarhonfhjyif q&mhtrSmpum;rsm;twdkif; vdkufem
aqmif&Gufjcif;vnf; jzpfonf/
72 EGrf *sm odik ;f
rauG;a&muf &ifNidrf;ESifhawGYNyD; tm;vHk;tqifajy
oGm;ygu ESpfa,mufom; q&mudk t&ifqHk; oGm;uefawmh&rnf
[kvnf; awG;vdkufrd\/
]aeygOD; pJGNrJ ...rif;u bmpdwful;aygufvdkY 'Davmuf

c&D;ta0;BuD;udk qdkif;rqifh AHkrqifh xxGufvm&wmvJ? enf;
enf;yg;yg; tusdK;oifh taMumif;oifhav;a&m ig rod&bl;vm;}
0if;aX;pum;aMumifh pJGNrJ NyHK;onf/
&efukefu xGufvmuwnf;u udk,fhtawG;ESifhudk,f
twdwfc&D;ESifaerdojzifh 0if;aX;ESifhyif pum;aumif;pGm rajym
jzpf/ 0if;aX;uvnf; tvdkufodpGmyif Nidrfvdkufvmonf/
wdkufBuD;a&muf vufzuf&nf 0ifaomufawmhrS
qdkifxJrSm 0ifxdkif&if; 0ifaX;u ar;onf/
pJGNrJu NyHK;&if; ...
]rif;ua&m bmudpx ifvYkd rar;rprf;bJ xvdu
k v
f mcJ&h
wmvJ 0if;aX;}
0if;aX;u acgif;cgonf/
]rvdkygbl;uGm? rif;vdk tvkyfMurf;ydk;u ta&;rBuD;bJ
'Davmufc&D;a0; xoGm;p&mudk taMumif;r&Syd gbl;? oGm;oifo h mG ;
xdkufvdkYoGm;w,fqdkwm ig oabmaygufygw,f? ckvnf;
ajymcsifrS ajymyg? ig ZGwfrar;ygbl;}
vGrf;avunif; 73
onfwpfcgawmh pJGNrJ&,fonf/
&,fNyD;rS ...
]at;yguGm? igvnf; ightawG;eJYig jzpfoGm;vdkY bmrS
rajymjzpfwmyg? wrifoufouf vQdKU0Sufwmawmh r[kwfygbl;?
tcktajctaerSmayghav? a&SUydkif;wkef;uawmh rif;tygt0if
b,folYudkrS igrajymcJhzl;bl;0if;aX;? uJyguGm ...vufzuf&nf
aomufvdkufygOD;? oGm;&r,fhc&D;u ta0;BuD; usefygao;w,f?
vrf;usrS um;armif;&if; ajymjyr,f}
0if;aX;udkawmh odyfi,fi,fwkef;u taMumif;awG
ajymrjyawmh[k qHk;jzwfrdonf/
udk,fh[mudk,fom rarhEdkif trSwf&aerdaomfvnf;
olESifh &ifNidrf;wdkYb0rSm ...ig;wef;? ajcmufwef;? ckepfwef;?
&Spfwef;avmuftxd tjzpftysufawGu bmrSxl;jcm;vSonf
r[kw/f
i,fi,fwkef;u oli,fcsif;jzpfcJh&aom tjcm;olrsm;
tjzpftysufrsm;ESifh r,dk;rpJGavmufom &Sdrnf/ xnfhajym&rnf
qdkvQifvnf; ...
]ighb0rSm &ifNidrf;qdkwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,muf &SdcJhzl;
w,f 0if;aX;? [dkwkef;u ig rauG;rSmaecJhwkef;uayghuGm? oleJY
igu ig;wef;avmufuwnf;upNyD; cifcJhMuw,f? &Spfwef;
avmuftxdqdkygawmhuGm? tJ'Dtxdawmh igwdkYESpfa,muf[m
oli,fcsif;awG b0eJYyJ&SdcJhygw,f? tJ'DZmwfvrf;u b,fusrS
povJqdkawmh ...}
74 EGrf *sm odik ;f
[k tpcsu
D m cyfusO;f usO;f NcKH ajymvdu
k v
f Qif vHak vmuf
Edkifyg\/
wu,fvnf; &Spfwef;pmar;yJGrsm; ajzNyD;onftxd
avmufuawmh bmrS Zmwfvrf;&,fvdkY rpjzpfcJh/
Zmwfvrf;pwifcJhaom tcsdefonfum;/

vGrf;avunif; 75
(9)
]awmuf ...emw,fuGm? 'DESpf wdkYausmif;udk ajymif;

vmwJhtxJrSm tom;em;qHk;u 'Dwpfa,mufyJ ygvdkY 0rf;om&
rvm; atmufarhw,f? tJJ'Dwpfa,mufuvnf; &nf;pm;
vufudkifBuD;eJY? oGm;NyD ...a&a&vnfvnfaqG;wmyJ}
olwdkYudk wdkufdkufajymaompum;awmhr[kwf? ausmif;
ayguf0wGif pka0;xdik af eaom q,fwef;u ausmif;om;Bu;D rsm;?
olwdkYtcsif;csif; ajymovdkvdkESifh ajymvdkufaompum;om jzpf
onf/
odaYk omf jzwfavQmufvmaom pJNG rEJ iS &hf ifNird ;f wdeYk m;xJoYkd
yDyDooBuD;ESifh wef;wef;rwfrwfBuD; 0ifvmonf/
yxrtBudrf Mum;zl;onfqdkvQifawmh &ifNidrf;ESifholYudk
&nf&G,fajymonf[k pJGNrJ ...xifrdrnfr[kwf/ ckawmhvnf;
'Dpum;rsdK;u Mum;&aygif;rsm;NyD/
tem;rSm b,folrSr&Sdjcif;uvnf; 'hDjyifvludkajymwm
r[kwfaMumif; taxmuftuljyKaeonf/
76 EGrf *sm odik ;f
ESpfa,mufom; acgif;iHkY xdkae&mwpf0dkufrS cyfoGuf
oGufavQmufxGufvmcJh\/
awmfawmfa0;a0;a&mufrS &ifNird ;f u acgif;iH&Yk if; cyfw;kd
wdk;avoHjzifh ...
]wdkYudk ajymwmr[kwfvm; pJGNrJ}
pJGNrJ yifhoufwpfcsufIdufonf/
]xifwmyJ &ifNidrf;? eifeJYig twlwloGm;wdkif; 'Dpum;rsdK;
awG Mum;Mum;ae&w,f? eifvnf; Mum;wmyJ r[kwfvm;}
&ifNidrf;u acgif;ndwfonf/
pJGNrJu oufjyif;cs ...
]'kuyJ[maemf? igwdkYawG qm;pnfausmif;rSm 'DvkdyJ
wpfavQmufvHk; aevmcJhwm bmrSajymoH rMum;&bl;? 'Dtxu
(1) a&mufrS 'grsdK;csnf; tajymcHae&w,f? bmawGrSef;vnf;
rodygbl;[m}
]bmawGrSef; rodwm r[kwfbl; pJGNrJ? eifeJYiguvnf;
t&ifvdk uav;awG r[kwfawmhbl;? 'Dt&G,fa&mufrS 'Dvdk
qufqHaeawmh vlajymp&mjzpfaewmaygh}
][if}
pJGNrJu txdwfwvefYjzifh vSrf;Munfhonf/
&ifNird ;f uawmh at;at;aq;aq; wnfwnfNird Nf ird yf if
&Sad e\/
vGrf;avunif; 77
][kwfom;yJ pJGNrJ? &ifNidrf;ajymwmvnf; trSefyJ[m?

rif;wkdY igwdkY olwdkYu uav;awGrS r[kwfMuawmhbJ}
aZ,su &,f&if;ajymonf/ apmapmuwnf;u raus
reyf jzpfaeaom pJGNrJ&ifxJodkY a'gotenf;i,f yg0ifvm&if;
...
]bmqdkifvdkYvJuGm? uav;r[kwfayr,fh vlBuD;awG
vnf; jzpfao;wmrS r[kwfbJ? wpfoufvHk; 'DvdkyJ aevmcJhNyD;rS}
aZ,su &,fNrJ&,fonf/
]wpfoufv;kH aevmcJah yr,fh ck aevdjYk zpfcsirf jS zpfrmS aygh
uG iwHk;&? 'gaMumifh vltxifvJG rcH&atmif &ifNidrf;u rif;udk
,Of,Ofav;eJY cGmvdkufwmaerSmaygh}
]b,fvdk ...&ifNidrf;u ,Of,Ofav;eJY cGmvdkufwm
[kwv f m;}
]at;av ...'DvkdyJ jzpfrSmaygh}
]rif;ajymwmudk igem;rvnfb;l aZ,s? bmtaMumif;eJY
olu ighudk tJ'Dvdkvkyf&rSmvJ}
aZ,su olYudkMunfh &,fjyefonf/
]rif;uvnf; pJGNrJ&m ...awmfcsifwJhae&musawmh
vTwfawmfNyD; nHhcsifwJhae&musawmh vTwfnHhaejyefygNyD? rif;u
om i,fao;w,fxifwm? rif;wdkYigwkdY toufawGu q,fh
ajcmufESpf q,fhckepfESpfxJ 0ifaeNyDuG? 'Dt&G,fu i,fcsif&if
vnf; uav;yJ? BuD;csif&ifvnf; vlBuD;yJ? oabmaygufvm;}
78 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]raygufbl;}
]at; ...rif;uawmh b,faygufrvJ? 'gayr,fh aygufwhJ
olawGu aygufukefMuNyDav? &ifNidrf;u 'DESpfausmif;jyefzGifhrS
wtm;vSaewm? ydkvnf; jyifqifwwfaewm rif; rodbl;vm;}
]ighrsufpdxJrSmawmh 'DvkdygyJuGm}
]'Djh yifvrl supf xd u J sawmh 'Dvrkd [kwaf wmhb;l pJNG r?J txl;
ojzifh ckrS &ifNird ;f udk jrifz;l awGUzl;wJah umifawG rsupf x d rJ mS awmh
&ifNidrf;u tysdKyJ? &ifNidrf;vnf; olYudk,fol 'DvdkyJ wGufawmhrSm
aygh}
]tJ'geJY igeJY bmqdkifvdkYvJ}
]qdkifwmayghuG? tysdKqdkawmh vlysdKvdkY olwdkYudk,folwdkY
xifwJhvlawGu irf;MuNyDaygh? tJ'Dvdkirf;MuwJh yk*dKvfawGxJrSm
&ifNidrf;uvnf; wpfa,mufa,mufudk oabmrusbl; b,f
ajymEdik rf vJ? tJ'v D t dk csed rf mS rif;u bmr[kwn f mr[kwef YJ tem;
rSm tNrJ&Sd&Sdaeawmh tvum;ae&if; ol vmbfydwfw,fxifNyD;
rif;udk cGmcdkif;wmjzpfrSmaygh}
aZ,spum;aMumifh pJGNrJidkifoGm;onf/
rjzpfEikd b f ;l [k jiif;csiaf omfvnf; naeu ausmif;qif;
tjyefrmS &ifNird ;f ajymoGm;aom pum;u onfv, kd q
l p&mjzpfae
onfhtwGuf jiif;&efjyifaomEIwfu tvdkvdk ydwfoGm;onf/
cPMumrS aZ,sbufvSnfh&if; ...
]rif; tJ'DvdkyJxifvm; aZ,s}
]awG;Munfh&wmyJavuGm}
vGrf;avunif; 79
]at; ...tJ'Dtwdkif; jzpfzdkYrsm;wmawmh trSefyJ? igu
dk;dk;om;om;yJaewJhaumifqkdawmh kwfw&uf tJvdk b,fawG;
rdrvJ? 'gayr,fh rif; tckajymwJyh pkH eH YJ awG;Munfah wmh [kwo f vdv k kd
jzpfaew,f}
rsupf xd rJ mS vnf; ckEpS f ausmif;zGiahf wmhryS J zJjym;a&mifpkH
av;awG pnf;pnf;NyD; wpfrsdK;jyKjyifvmaom &ifNidrf;\ qHyifyHkpH
udk jrifvmonf/ NyD;awmh cgwdkif;vdk oeyfcg;csnf;oufouf
rvdrf;awmhbJ rsufESmav;azG;azG;rIefrIefjzpfatmif b,fvdkvkyf
vmrSe;f rodonfh &ifNird ;f \rsuEf mS av;udv k nf; jrifa,mifonf/
Ny;D awmh ab;uae rMum;wMum;pvQif acgif;iHiYk o YkH mG ;
NidrfNidrfoGm;wwfaom trlt&m/
NyD;awmh ajymwmqdkwmutp enf;enf;Nidrf0yf
vlBuD;qefvmaom &ifNidrf;\ taetxdkif/
pJGNrJu oufjyif;csvdkuf&if; ...
]'gjzifh ausmif;rSm &ifNidrf;udk BudKufaewJhaumifawG &Sd
aeNyDaygh [kwfvm;}
aZ,su [m;wdkuf&,fonf/
]wpfodef;avmuf&Sdw,f yk*dKvf? rif;u xlvGef;vdkYom
rodwm? ausmif;rSm &ifNidrf;udkBudKufNyD; rif;udk dkufcsifaewJh
aumifawG wpfyHkBuD; jzpfaew,f? rif; wu,frodbl;vm;}
]rodb;l awmh r[kwb f ;l ayghumG ? 'gayr,fh 'Dt&G,rf mS 'Dvkd
rsdK; rawG;oifhao;bl;yJ atmufarhwmaygh? olwkdY pwm aemuf
wmvdkYyJ atmufarhaerdw,f}
80 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]at; ...tckodNyD r[kwfvm;? 'gaMumifh igawmif
'Dausmif;a&mufawmh olu odyrf a&mbJ cyfwef;wef; vkyaf ewm
aygh}
pJGNrJpdwfxJ raumif;ovdk jzpfoGm;onf/ qm;pnf
ausmif;rSmwke;f u 'Djh yifoil ,fcsi;f rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sad omfvnf;
olwdkYoHk;a,mufu cifvnf; ydkcif? pmvnf; ydkawmfMuolrsm;rdkY
ydkwJGjzpfonf/
tajctaeawGu onfrQajymif;ukefMuNyDvm;/
b0rSm wpfcgrS rjrifzl;aom tjrifrsm; 0ifvmovdk
r&zl;cJhaom cHpm;rIrsm;vnf; yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf pwif&vm
onf/
tem;u wrmyifBu;D ay:&Sd pdr;f Ek&u G o
f pfuav;rsm;udk
tvefYwMum;ESifh vSrf;Munfhvdkufrd\/

vGrf;avunif; 81
tydkif; (2)
(1)
aer& xkdifr& qdkaom pum;\t"dym,fudk pJGNrJ tckrS

wjznf;jznf; oabmaygufvmonf/
xd&k ufowywfwpfywfv;kH rSm pJNG rJ b,fvrkd S ud, k u hf ,
kd f
udk,f tom;usatmif aexdkif r&/
bmtaMumif;awG;awG; tmkHu onfyJ jyefa&muf
onf/ b,foGm;oGm; bmvkyfvkyfvnf; pdwfu onfudpxJrSm
om &Sdaeonf/
pm&if;csKyv f u
kd w
f ikd ;f &ifNird ;f ESio
hf l a0;aeygvm;qdak om
todjzifh 0rf;enf;pdwfraumif; jzpfoGm;onf/ udk,fcEmtpdwf
tydik ;f wpfcck k yJu
h saeovd?k rdrEd iS hf rcJrG cGm&Sad e&rnfh t&mwpfcck k
aysmufqHk;aeovdk vyf[maeonf/
cufonfu tvdktavsmuf taMumif;udpwpfckckjzifh
cJGcGmae&jcif;rsdK; r[kwfbJ wrifruJGatmif vkyfxm;&ovdk jzpf
aerSef; odaejcif;u qdk;onf/
onf&ufydkif;twGif;rSm &ifNidrf;ESifhtwl pum;wpfcGef;
84 EGrf *sm odik ;f
yif rajymbJ a&SmifaecJhonf/ cgwdkif; ausmif;qif;csdef twlwl
jyefaeusudpudkvnf; &yfqdkif;xm;vdkufonf/
yxrydkif;rSmawmh &ifNidrf;u bmrSrodbJ cgwdkif;vkdyif
ac:ajymqufq&H ef vkyaf o;onf/ aemufyikd ;f rSm pJNG rw J rifa&Smif
aerSef; odoGm;vm; rajymwwf? oluvnf; bmodbmomESifh
rodusdK;uRHawG jyefvkyfvmonf/
pJNG rw
J pfa,muf tvl;tvJcaH e&\/ pdwx f rJ mS tvdvk kd
tm;i,fndK;EGrf;rIuvnf; wpfcgrS rBuHKpzl;atmif cHpm;ae&
onf/
]pJGNrJ ...eifeJY&ifNidrf; bmjzpfaewmvJ? &efjzpfxm;
vdkYvm;? 'grSr[kwf &ifNidrf;u pdwfaumufaevdkYvm;}
ta&;xJ &ifNird ;f ESiv
hf nf; cif? olEiS v
hf nf;cifaom rd;k rd;k
u vmpyfpkaeao;onf/ pJGNrJ rIefukyfukyfESifh acgif;cg&if; ...
]rodbl;[m bmjzpfwmvJ? eifh&ifNidrf; eifyJar;Munfh?
ighvmrar;eJ}Y
bkawmovdak wmh jzpfomG ;onf/ odaYk omf rwwfEikd ?f 'gyJ
ajymwwfawmhonf/ udk,fhudk,fudk,fvnf; bmjzpf bm
jzpfaerSef;yif rod/
wevFmaeYu aomMumaeYtxd ausmif;zGifh&ufwpf
ywfvHk;vHk; onftwdkif; ukefvGefoGm;cJhonf/ pae? we*FaEG
ausmif;ydwf&ufusawmh wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf awGYyif
rawGY&awmh/
aemufqHk;awmh avmuBuD;rSm &ifNidrf;om r&SdvQif
vGrf;avunif; 85
bmrS t"dym ,f r&Sad wmhovdyk if jzpfaeygvm;[k r0Hrh &J awG;vm
&awmh\/
]pJNG r}J
][if}
trSwfwrJhrdkY pJGNrJwpfudk,fvHk; wkefoGm;onf txdyif
vefYoGm;onf/ onfvdkBuHK&vdrfhrnf[kvnf; vHk;0rawG;xif
rxm;rd/
&ufowywf ukefqHk; ausmif;jyefzGifhonfh wevFm
aeY? aeYv,f rkefYpm;qif;csdefBuD; jzpfonf/ pdwf"mwfu tawmf
usqif;aeNyrD Ykd tcef;tjyifyif rxGuaf wmhbJ ud, k chf akH e&mrSmyif
ayawxdkifae&if; acgif;iHkYvsuf udk,fhtawG;ESifhudk,f aqG;aerd
onf/
tem;uyf ac:vdkufaom toHaMumifh vefYoGm;NyD;
uysmu,m armhMunfhonf/
&ifNird ;f /
b,ftcsdefu tem;a&mufNyD; a&SUwnfhwnfhvm&yfae
onfrod/ ac:oHu rmqwfovdk rsufESmwpfckvHk;uvnf;
oHrPdom;vdk wif;rmaeonf/
pJGNrJ pdwfudk tawmfNidrfatmif xdef;vdkufNyD;rS ...
]bmvJ &ifNidrf;}
86 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]vm ...igeJY tckvdkufcJh}
]bmvkyfrvdkYvJ}
]vQmr&Snfprf;eJY[m? vdkufqdk&if vdkufcJhprf;? tydkawG
avQmufar;aewm igodyfrkef;w,f}
a&mf ...tom;vGwfuawmh tom;vGwfBuD;yif jzpf
onf/ odkYaomf b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf
pMum0Vmwpfcpk D a0;ae&ovdk jzpfaeonfch u kd f ckvkd awhawhqikd f
qdkifav; jyefqHkpnf;&ojzifh 0rf;omovdkawmh jzpfoGm;onf/
&ifNidrf;uawmh pJGNrJ uwkefu,ifjzpfaejcif;udkyif pdwf
&Snf[efrwl/ pm;yJGudkvufjzifh wpfcsufykwf&if; ...
]igajymwm Mum;w,fr[kwfvm; pJGNrJ? igac:aewm
vdkufrvm; rvdkufbl;vm; 'gyJajym}
]igu b,fvdkuf&rSmvJ}
]b,fjzpfjzpf vdkufqdkvdkufcJh}
ajymajymqdkqdkESifh csmceJ vSnfhxGufonf/
pJNG rJ tMumBu;D Nird af e r&awmh/ ckcsed Mf urSawmh bmyJ
jzpf&jzpf& olac:wm vdkufoGm;wm taumif;qHk;[k oabm
aygufojzifh ajcvSrf; oHk;av;vSrf;pm a0;aeNyDjzpfaom &ifNidrf;
aemufodkY aumufaumufygatmif xvdkufcJhonf/
][D ...[D}
avSmifovdkvdkESifh rcdk;rcefY&,fvdkufaom toHaMumifh
vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/
rdk;rdk;/
vGrf;avunif; 87
rdk;rdk;u olYudk NyHK;pdpd? pyfNzJNzJ? avSmifawmifawmif
rsufESmay;jzifh Munfhaeonfudk awGUvdkuf&\/
]tJ'gu bmtcsdK; csdK;aewmvJ pJGNrJ? eifu bmoabm

vJ}
jyefawG;&if;ESihf &,fp&maumif;wmwpfcu k kd oGm;owd&
onf/ olESifh &ifNidrf; udprsm;wGif tdrfomonf tb,faMumifh
rMumcPqdo k vdk ta&;yg t&ma&mufaomae&mwpfck jzpfvm
&onfqo kd nfukd pOf;pm;r&/ pqHck w hJ ek ;f uvnf; tdro f mudpE iS hf
yif ywfoufcJhonf/
ckvnf; &ifNird ;f rma&ausma&ajymqdNk y;D aemuf ac:p&m
&Sm;onft h vm; tdro f mbuf ac:xkwv f monf/ vl cyf&iS ;f &Si;f ?
tdrfomESifh reD;ra0;a&mufrS bmrSpum;csD;yif cHraeawmhbJ
wdkufdkuf[pf xcsJawmhonf/
pJGNrJu rxHkwwfaw;vkyfvsuf ...
]igu bmtcsKd ;csKd ;aevdv
Yk &J ifNird ;f ? igu bmjzpfaevdv Yk }J
]tHr,f ...tckrS rodcsifa,mifaqmifraeeJY pJGNrJ?
NyD;cJhwJh wpfywfvHk;vHk; eif bmudp ighudk a&SmifaewmvJ? bmvJ
eifu igeJY taygif;toif;rvkycf siaf wmhvv Ykd m; ..&Si;f &Si;f ajym}
]bmqdkifvdkYvJ? 'Dudpu ighaMumifh jzpfvmwmrS r[kwf
wm? ighvmar;vdkY igu bmajymwwfrSmvJ}
88 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]'gjzifh b,folYaMumifh jzpfvmwJh udpvJ}
]eifhaMumifh}
]bm ...ighaMumifh [kwfvm;}
][kwfw,fav? eifajymcJhwJh pum;twdkif; igu ae
wmyJ}
]ig b,fwkef;u bmajymvdkYvJ}
&ifNidrf; Za0Z0g jzpfoGm;onf/ olY[molvnf; uref;
uwef; jyefpOf;pm;yHk&\/
pJGNrJu oufjyif;wpfcsufcs&if; ...
]eifyJ [dwk pfywfaomMumaeYu ajymcJw h ,f r[kwvf m;
&ifNird ;f ? eifeiYJ gu t&ifvkd uav;awG r[kwaf wmhb;l ? 'Dt&G,f
a&mufrS 'DvdkqufqHaeawmh vlajymp&mawG jzpfaewmayghqdk?
q,fwef;uaumifawG 0dkif;aemufawmh ajymwmav}
]tJ'g bmjzpfvJ}
]aMomf ...tJvq kd akd wmh igu eifet
YJ &ifvkd qufqaH e
awmh aumif;awmhrvm;? ighaMumifhyJ eifu vlajymcHae&ovdk
jzpfaeawmh eifhem;rSm igr&Sd&if eif tajymrcH&awmhbl;qdkNyD; ig
a&Smifae&wmaygh}
][m ...bmqdkifvdkYvJ[m? igajymwm 'Dt"dym,frS
r[kwb f }J
]'gjzifh bmt"dym,fvJ? eifhudk vdkufaewJhaumifawGu
txifvJGrSmaMumufvdkYqdkwJh t"dym,fvm;}
&ifNidrf;rsufESm wif;ceJ jzpfoGm;onf/
vGrf;avunif; 89
]eif bmpum;ajymwmvJ pJNG r?J igu bmudp tJ'aD umif
awG txifvrJG mS aMumuf&rSmvJ? tJ'aD umifawGukd igu wpfpuf
rS *kpu
kd w
f m r[kwb f ;l ? olw[ Ykd molwYkd txifvGJ rHk uvdYk ay;pm;
yJaeae? igu ta&;pdkuf&rSmvm;}
]'gjzifh bmjzpfvdkY tvdkajymvJ}
]aMomf ...'guawmh tJ'DvdkyJjzpfaevdkY tJ'DvdkyJajym
wmaygh[? olwu Ykd eifeiYJ geJY d;k d;k cifaewmudk &nf;pm;vdYk atmuf
arhaewmud;k }
]at;av? tJ'gaMumifh tJvrkd xifatmif ig 'Dvkd aeay;
wmaygh}
]bmqdik v f v
Ykd ?J olw[ Ykd molwYkd xifcsi&f mxif? xif b&if
aygh[? olwx Ykd ifwmeJyY J eifeiYJ gu rcif&awmhb;l vm;? tvum;
yg? eifom ab;vl txifvrGJ mS aMumufNy;D igeJrY cif&b J ;l jzpfomG ;
wmyg? [kwfw,f r[kwfvm;}
]bmrS rqdkifbl; &ifNidrf;? ighrSm 'grsdK; r&Sdbl;}
]at; ...'DvdkyJ ighrSmvnf; 'grsdK;r&Sdbl; pJGNrJ}
csufcsif;jyefyufvdkufaom &ifNidrf;pum;aMumifh pJGNrJu
&,fonf/ NyD;rS rsufESmydk;owf ...
]at;av tJ'gqdkvnf; NyD;a&maygh? igawG;wm rSm;oGm;
wJhtwGuf igawmif;yefygw,f? tJ'DaeYu eif tJvdkajymvdkuf
awmh ig t&rf;pdwrf aumif;jzpfomG ;w,f &ifNird ;f ? eif ighukd rcif
apcsifawmhbl;vm; rodbl;qdkNyD; ig t&rf;0rf;enf;oGm;w,f?
tJ'gaMumifh ig tJhvdkaevdkufwm}
90 EGrf *sm odik ;f
&ifNidrf;u rsufapmif;xdk;onf/
]eif tydkawG odyfvkyfw,f pJGNrJ? eif tJ'Dwkef;u raus
eyf&if csucf si;f ighukd ajymp&m&Swd m ajymygvm;? bmvJ a,musmf ;
r[kwfovdkyJ? tHkYykef;vkyfNyD; pdwfaumufovdkvdk bmvdkvdk vkyf
aew,f}
]tJvakd wmh r[kwyf gbl;[m? ig wu,fpw d rf aumif;vdYk
yg}
]tJvdkvkyfawmha&m? igu pdwfraumif; rjzpfbl;vm;?
eif 0rf;enf;ovdk igvnf; 0rf;enf;wmyJ}
ajym&if;ESifh &ifNidrf; rsuf&nf0dkif;vmonf/
pJGNrJu oufjyif;wpfcsufcs ...
]at;yg[m ig eifhoabmudk em;vnfygNyD? aemufudk
tJvdkrjzpfap&ygbl;? eifhudk ig wu,fcifygw,f? igvnf; tJvdk
om eifu h kd a&Smifae&wmyg? wpf&ufrS aevdx Yk ikd v
f Ykd rwwfygbl;}
]aemufukd tJ'grsKd ;vky&f if eif taoyJ pJNG r?J ckvnf; eifu
h kd
igowfypfcsifavmufatmif a'gojzpfaewm od&JUvm;}
pJGNrJ NyHK;onf/
&ifxrJ mS vnf; b,fvo kd ufom&m&oGm;rSe;f rodatmif
oufomoGm;\/

vGrf;avunif; 91
(2)
]eif wu,fajymwmaemf &ifNidrf;}

]bmvJ? bmudkajymwmvJ}
xdak eY nae ausmif;tjyefrmS cgwdik ;f vdyk if jyefjzpfonf/
cgwdik ;f vdq
k okd nfu ausmif;rSae ESpaf ,muftwl jyefNy;D
&ifNidrf;wdkY tdrfa&SUtxd pJGNrJu vdkufydkY? xdkrSpJGNrJu oltdrfoljyef
jcif; jzpfonf/
reufqdkvQifvnf; pJGNrJu &ifNidrf;wdkYtdrf t&if0if
&ifNidrf;udk ac:NyD;rS ausmif;vmMujcif; jzpfonf/ onfxHk;pHu
ajcmufwef;avmufuwnf;u &SdaecJhaom xHk;pHyif/ &ifNidrf;wdkY
tdru f vnf; pJNG ru J kd ,HMk unfy&kH onf/ onfx;kH pHtwGuf wpfcgrS
jyemrjzpfc/hJ
&ifNidrf;wdkYrdbrsm;u pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;orm;rsm;/
&ifNird ;f tazu c&D;a0;oGm; avmfvu D m;Bu;D rsm;ESihf tvkyf yI af e
olrdkY tdrfrSm tNrJr&Sdwwfovdk? &SdaevQifvnf; olYtvkyfESifhol
Iyfaewwfonf/ &ifNidrf;taruvnf; aps;xJrSm txnfqdkif
92 EGrf *sm odik ;f
zGio hf nf/ reufr;kd vif;onfEiS hf aps;oGm; naeaps;odr;f csed u f srS
tdrfjyefonf/
tdrfrSm tNrJwrf;&Sdaeonfu &ifNidrf;wdkY nDtpfrrsm;
om/ &ifNird ;f wdrYk mS nDtpfrcsnhf oH;k a,muf&o dS nfth euf &ifNird ;f
u tvwf? &ifNidrf;txufu wifwifodef;qdkaom wpfa,muf
u q,fwef;oH;k cgavmufusNy;D tjyifu ajz&onf/ &ifNird ;f xuf
ti,f pdk;pdk;usawmh ckrS ajcmufwef;? qm;pnfausmif;rSmyJ
wufae&onf/
odkYtwGuf ausmif;qif;ausmif;wuf tazmfr&Sdaom
&ifNird ;f udk pJNG ru
J yJ tBuKd tydv
Yk yk af y;&\/ tNrw J rf; vrf;avQmuf
NyD; oufoufawmhr[kwf? wpfcgwpf&H pufbD;ESifh ausmif;wuf
ovdk? wpfcgwavvnf; wpfa,mufa,muf pufbD;tqif
rajyvQif vrf;avQmuf toGm;tjyefvkyfonf/
xdak eYuawmh &ifNird ;f rSm pufb;D rygojzifh vrf;avQmuf
jyefjzpfcJhMujcif; jzpfonf/
pJGNrJu olYpufbD;udk wGef;vmcJhonf/ pufbD;udk xdef;
wGef;wGef;&if; pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]reufu igajymwJh udpav;[m? 'Dhjyifvlwpfa,muf
a,mufu igeJYtxifvJGrSmudk pdk;w,fqdkwJhudp}
][m igajymNy;D NyyD [J m? tJ'gudk igu bmvdpYk ;kd &draf e&rSm
vJ}
]rodbl;av[m? eifrsm; &nf;pm;xm;csifpdwfawG ay:
aeNyDvm;vdkY}
vGrf;avunif; 93
&ifNidrf;trlt&m ysmysmovJ jzpfoGm;onf/
]bm ...bmajymw,f pJNG r?J bmudp igu &nf;pm;xm;
csifpdwf ay:&rSmvJ? eifaemf ...pum;udk Munfhajym}
pJGNrJu &,fNrJ&,f&if; ...
]r[kwfygbl;? igu aocsmatmif ar;Munfhwmyg? [dk
wavmu aZ,su ighudkajymvdkY}
]bmajymvJ}
]eif tckwavm tvSjyifaew,fwJh? NyD;awmh ausmif;
rSm eifhudk vdkufaewJholawGvnf; trsm;BuD;yJwJh? tJ'DxJu
wpfa,mufa,mufudkrsm; eifu oabmusaevm; rodbl;wJh}
]tHr,f ...tJ'Daumifpkwfu tJvdkyJajymvm; ...
awGrY ,f? ighukd r[kwrf [yfajymwJah umif? reufjzefus&if oGm;udk
&efawGYOD;r,f}
][m ...tJvakd wmh rvkyef [ YJ ? awmfMumus olu ighukd
wpfrsKd ;xifaerSmaygh}
]xifxifaygh ...ighbmomig tvSjyifwm bmjzpfvJ?
rde;f uav;yJ enf;enf;yg;yg;awmh vSatmifyatmif jyif&rSmaygh?
tJ'geJYyJ tJvdkajym&vm;? eifua&m olajymwmeJYyJ ighudk tJvdk
xif&vm;}
pJGNrJu &,fvufpjzifhyif quf ...
]rodbl;av[m? tJ'Dvdk oluajym? eifuvnf; ighudk
wpfrsKd ;ajymqdak wmh igvnf; [kwrf sm;[kwaf ervm; rodb;l qdNk y;D
pdwf"mwfusoGm;wmaygh}
94 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]tHr,f ...ajymyHkudku ...tJ'DvdkjzpfwmeJY eifu
bmudp pdwf"mwfus&wmvJ}
]rajymwwfb;l [m? pdw"f mwfuawmh usomG ;wm trSef
yJ? eifem;vnfatmifvnf; ig&Sif;rjywwfbl;}
pJGNrJpum;tqHk;rSm &ifNidrf;u oabmuspGm &,fonf/
bmaMumifh&,frSef; pJGNrJrodojzifh uref;uwef;vSnfhNyD; ...
]eifu bm&,fwmvJ &ifNidrf;}
]r[kwyf gbl; eifajymwmudk oabmusvyYkd g? uJyg ...
ig em;vnfatmif &Sif;rjywwfvnf; &Sif;jywwfawmhrS &Sif;jy
awmhaygh? ckawmh tJ'gawG xm;vdu k yf g[m? eif tck pdw"f mwfrus
awmhbl; r[kwfvm;}
]tif; ...tckawmh odyfrqdk;awmhygbl;? [dk&ufu
xufpm&if trsm;BuD;awmfoGm;ygNyD}
]tHr,fav; ...ajymyHkudku}
ajym&if;ESifh &ifNidrf;u &,fonf/ NyD;rS wpfpHkwpfck
owd&[efjzifh ...
]aMomf ...aeOD; pJGNrJ? eif paeaeYus&if tm;vm;}
]tm;ygw,f? bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]paeaeYus&if bk&m;oGm;&atmif[m? ighuv kd u
kd yf pYkd rf;yg}
][if ...bmvkyfrvdkYvJ}
]tdk ...bmvkyv f yk af ygh? eif odyv
f Qm&Snw
f ,f pJNG r?J ighukd
vkdufydkYrvm; rvdkufydkYbl;vm;? 'gyJajym ...}
]vdkufydkYwmuawmh &ygw,f}
vGrf;avunif; 95
]at; ...&&ifNyD;a&m? pum;rrsm;eJYawmh}
pJGNrJ NidrfoGm;onf/
jzpfvmcJhaom tajctae tm;vHk;tay: rlwnf
&ifxJrSmvnf; wpfrsdK;BuD; jzpfae\/
b,fvdkwpfrsdK;rSef;awmh rod/
]igpOf;pm;vdkY&wm wpfckawmh &Sdw,f pJGNrJ? jzpfEdkif rjzpf

Edkifawmh rif;[mrif; oHk;oyfMunfh}
&ifNird ;f ESiyhf wfoufaom taMumif;t&mrsm;udk pOf;pm;
wdkif; oli,fcsif;jzpfol aZ,sudk b,fvdkrS xnfhrpOf;pm;r&/
olEiS &hf ifNird ;f u onfZmwfvrf;rSm t"duZmwfaumifrsm;qdv k Qif
aZ,su t"duZmwfydkY? ta&;tBuD;qHk; ZmwfydkY[k owfrSwf&
rnfjzpfonf/
aZ,s\ tydik ;f u@rsm;udk arS;rSed x f m;vdu
k yf gu onf
Zmwfvrf;u ckvdkyif jzpfysufvmcJhrnfr[kwf/
pJGNrJrSwfrdoavmuf olESifh&ifNidrf; wpfckck qHk;jzwfa0cJG
p&m&Sdwdkif; aZ,s &Sdaewwfonf/
ckupd r mS vnf; pJNG ru J jzpfvmcJo
h nfh taMumif;rsm;tm;
aZ,sukd ajymjyvdu k o f nfEiS hf aZ,su xdt
k jzpftysuu f kd csucf si;f
cJGjcrf;pdwfjzmawmhonf/
]rif;u b,fvdkpOf;pm;&vdkYvJ}
96 EGrf *sm odik ;f
]igxifwm vHk;vHk;awmhvJGwmr[kwfbl; pJGNrJ? enf;enf;
wdrf;apmif;oGm;wmyJ jzpfr,f? 'DvdkuGm? rif; [dkOpm Mum;zl;vm;}
]b,fOpmvJ? rif;[mu t&if;r&Sd tzsm;r&Sd}
]at;yguGm? rif;uvnf; aeprf;ygOD;? yg;pyfzsm;av;wGif
arhaevdkY? [dkOpm ...tJ ...ra[mfo"mZmwf}
]Mum;zl;om;yJ? ra[mfo"mZmwfu bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]tJ'D ra[mfo"mZmwfxJrSm tr&mu ra[mfo"mudk
pawGUawGUcsif; vufoD;qkyfjyw,f}
aZ,spum;aMumifh pJGNrJkwfw&uf aMumifoGm;\/ NyD;rS
rsufarSmifMuKwfxm;vsufuae vufcg&if; ...
][m ...b,fu tr&mu ra[mfo"mudk vufoD;
qkyfjyrSmvJuGm? ra[mfo"mu tr&mudk vufoD;qkyfjywmyg}
]aMomf ...at;? aqm&D; rSm;oGm;vdkY? ra[mfo"mu
tr&mudk vufoD;qkyfjyw,f? 'Dawmh tr&mu ra[mfo"mudk
vuf0g;jzefYjyw,f? tJvdkr[kwfvm;}
]tif; ...[kwfw,f? tJ'Dawmh}
]tJ'Dawmh r[kwfbl;? a[haumif? tJ'gyJ? tJ'gudk rif;
pOf;pm;Munfh ra[mfo"meJY tr&m wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf
tJ'Dvdk vkyfjywmudk ab;uae em;rvnf yg;rvnfeJY Munfhae
&if wpfrsKd ;jzpfroGm;bl;vm;? Oyrm ...qdyk gawmh? ra[mfo"m
u tr&mudk? eifh ...ighvufoD;eJYxdk;r,fqdkawmh tr&mu
]vky&f &J if vkyMf unfyh gvm;? yg;usKd ;oGm;rSmaygh} bmnm jyefajymwJh
oabmrsdK;}
vGrf;avunif; 97
pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]tif; ...xm;ygawmh? jzpfEkdifwmawmh}
]at; ...tJ'gyJ? 'grsdK;u ynmr&Sd&if odyfem;rvnf
Edkifbl;? ynm&SdwJhvlusawmh odw,f? 'g ...qpf*e,fyJ?
wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf ESvHk;om;u odEdkifwJh vQdKU0Suftcsuf
jy qufoG,fa&;pepfeJY qpf*e,fydkY tcsufjyaeNyDqdkwm}
]tJ'geJY igeJY bmqdkifvdkYvJ}
][ ...qdik w f mayghu?G rif;om ynmr&Sv
d Ykd evyde;f wH;k
Bu;D cHaewm? ynm&Sw d hJ igusawmh oabmaygufNy;D Ny?D rif;wdcYk si;f
rSm ESvHk;om;qpf*e,fawG dkufaeNyD? em;vnfvm;}
][m ...rif;uvnf;}
]at; ...at; ...rif;yJ &Su?f rif;yJ &Su?f 'Dv&kd w dS ,f
pJGNrJ rif;aocsmpOf;pm;Munfh? rif;ajymwJhpum;rSm olu 'Djyif
a,musfm;av;wpfa,mufudk oabmusaeNyDvm;vdkY xifwmeJY
rif; pdwf"mwfusw,fvdkY ygw,fr[kwfvm;}
]tif; ...}
]tJh'g vufoD;qkyfjywmyJayghuG? EdkYrdkYqdk olY[mol
b,folYBudKufBudKuf? rif;eJY bmqdkifvdkYvJ? rif;u bmjzpfvdkY
pdwf"mwfus&rSmvJ? rif;u olYudkBudKufaerS rif;BudKufwJholu
'Dhjyifa,mufsm;av;udk pdwf0ifpm;wJhtcg rif;pdwf"mwfus&rSm
aygh? tusdK;taMumif;qufpyf pOf;pm;Munfhaemf? [kwf[kwf
r[kwf[kwf? rif;ajymwJhpum;u tJ'Dt"dym,f&aeNyD}
]a[}
98 EGrf *sm odik ;f
pJGNrJ tvefYwMum;ESifh ]a[} vdkufrdonf/ aZ,spum;
u [kwfovdkvdkyif/
aZ,su quf ...
]uJ xm;awmh? 'g rif;tydkif;? rif; tJvdkajymawmh olu
a&m b,fvdkwHkYjyefovJ}
]olu &,fw,fuG? NyD;awmh igu bmjzpfvdkY &,fwmvJ
ar;wJhtcg r[kwfygbl;? eifajymwmudk oabmusvdkYygwJh}
]tJ tJ'g vuf0g;jzefYjywmyJ? qpf*eufavuGm? rif;
pOf;pm;Munfh? rif;u apmapmu t"dym,frsdK; aygufwJhpum;eJY
ajymwJh[mudk olu bmjzpfvdkY oabmus&wmvJ? tJ'Dpum;
xJrSm oabmusp&mpum;vHk; wpfvHk;rS rygbl;? pdwf"mwfusyg
w,fqw kd uhJ pd u
kd roumajym&if at;[,f eif pdw"f mwfuswm
igvnf; pdwrf aumif;ygbl;vdyYk J ajym&rSm? rif; tJvjkd zpfwOhJ pm[m
olYtwGuf 0rf;omp&mjzpfaevdkYaygh}
]tJ'aD wmh}
]tJ'aD wmh rif;wdEYk pS af ,muf wpfa,mufuw kd pfa,muf
BudKufaeMuNyDayghuGm? &Sif;aewmyJ}
]a[}
'kwd,rd ESpfBudrfajrmuf pJGNrJ ]a[} vkdufrd\/

vGrf;avunif; 99
(3)
]a&mh pJGNrJ&m ...ighudk &GufvSyef;csnf; q,fckepfcuf?

za,mif;wdik f wpfq,fch ek pfwikd ?f a&Tjym;u q,fch ek pfjym; 0,fay;
prf;yg}
&ifjyifay:a&mufonfESifh &ifNidrf;u olYaeYeH? Ak'[l;
axmifhrSm ae&m,l&if; pJGNrJudk TefMum;csufrsm;jzifh pwifcdkif;ap
awmhonf/
pJGNrJu a,mifawmifaygifawmifESifh &ifNidrf;urf;ay;
aom ydkufqHudkvSrf;,l&if; ...
]rsm;vScsnfvm; &ifNidrf;? tJ'gawG bmvkyfrvdkYvJ}
]udp&SdvdkY[m? NyD;awmh eifhudk igajymjyyghr,f? tJ'gom
t&ifoGm;0,fay;aemf? pJGNrJ eifu vdrmygw,f}
ajymaeyHEk iS hf vkyaf eyHk trlt&mudk Munf
h pJNG rt
J onf;
,m;vmonf/ &G,fwlcsif;udk olu tpfrBuD;yHkpHESifh uav;udk
acsmhcdkif;ovdk cdkif;aeaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
odkYaomf ...cufonfu ckcsdefrSm &ifNidrf;pdwfwpfckck
100 EGrf *sm odik ;f
pEdk;paemifhjzpfrSmudk pJGNrJ tvdkvdkpdk;&GHUaeonf/ olYpdwful;av;
ESifhol xif&mvkyf? ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif cdkif;aejcif;uyif udk,fhtwGuf
pdwfcsrf;omp&mav;wpfckvdk jzpfaeonf/
cgwdkif;xufpmvQif onfaeYrSm &ifNidrf;\tajymtqdk
trlt&mav;uvnf; wpfrsdK;jzpfaeonf[k owdxm;rd\/
ausmif;ydw&f ufrYkd ausmif;0wfpkH r[kwb f J tjyift0wf
tpm; vSvSyyav; 0wfxm;onfu tjrifwpfrsdK; vSaeovdk
cgwdkif;vdk vQmr&SnfeJY? bmnmNcdrf;ajcmufNyD; cdkif;wmrsdK; r[kwf/
trl t &mav;uvnf ; enf ; enf ; vl B uD ; qef v suf
tNyHK;av;wpfzufESifhtwl avoHav;uvnf; acsmhacsmhcRJcRJ
jzpfaeonf/
&ifxJrSm wpfrsdK;BuD;jzpfvmojzifh pJGNrJu yifhoufIduf
&if; ...
]at;yg? oGm;0,fay;yghr,f? 'gayr,fh cke[mawG jyefajym
ygOD;? &GufvSu q,fhckepfcuf ...[kwfvm;}
]at; ...za,mif;wdkifu q,fhckepfwdkif? a&Tjym;u
q,fch ek pf&u G }f
]tm;vH;k q,fch ek pfcsn;f aygh}
]tif;}
pJGNrJu bmrSrajymawmhbJ apmif;wef;twdkif; qif;vm
cJo
h nf/
rauG;udk ajymif;vmNy;D uwnf;u av;ig;ESpt f wGi;f rSm
jrovGeb f &k m;udk ESpaf cgufxuf ydk ra&mufz;l aomfvnf; apmif;
vGrf;avunif; 101
wef;atmufbufrSm yef;qdkif? bmqdkifrsm; &Sdonfudkawmh
odonf/
a&Tqikd u
f akd wmh olwEYkd pS af ,muf pufb;D rsm; xm;cJah om
a*gyukH;bufrSm &Sdrvm;? yef;qkdifrSmyJ 0,f&rvm; rajymwwf
ao;? [dkusrS ar;Munfhrnf[k awG;onf/
olwaYkd &mufaecsed uf reuf&pS ef m&Davmuf ...cyfapm
apmrdkY bk&m;ay:rSma&m apmif;wef;wpfavQmufrSma&m vl&Sif;
aeonf/
pJGNrJu apmif;wef;rS qif;vm&if; apmif;wef;xdyfem;&Sd
bDvl;kyfBuD;ESpfkyftvGefwGif udk,fhudk,fudk,f wpfcsuf iHkYMunfh
&if; NyHK;vdkufonf/
olvnf; 'DaeYusrS cgwdkif;ESifhrwlbJ t0wftpm;opf
av;rsm;ESifh jzpfaeonfudk owdxm;vdkufrdaomaMumifhyif/
em;xJrSmvnf; NyD;cJhonfhwpf&uf ESpf&ufu aZ,sajym
cJhaompum;rsm; jyefMum;onf/
]'gvnf; qpf*e,fwpfckygyJuGm? bk&m;oGm;wmyJ bm
udpjzpfjzpf olYtdrfeJY oGm;vdkY&wmaygh? yHkrSeftwdkif;uawmh olY
tdrfeJYyJ oGm;&rSmyJ? 'grSr[kwf oli,fcsif;awGeJY pkoGm;&ifvnf;
t"dym,fwpfrsdK;? ck[mu rif;eJYESpfa,mufwnf; aocsmcsdef;NyD;
oGm;w,fqdkawmh ...tif;}
aZ,su pum;udk tqHk;rowfbJ rsufvHk;BuD;jyL;
yg;pyfBuD;&GJU onftwdkif; wdk;vdk;wef;vef;xm;cJhonf/
aZ,spum; [kwfr[kwf rajymwwfaomfvnf; onf
pum;rsm;aMumifh pJNG rJ &ifcek af eonfawmh trSe/f onfc&D;twGuf
vnf; nuwnf;u aumif;aumif;tdyfr&/
bk&m;oGm;NyD; bmvkyfrSmvJ? tJ'DvdkoGm;&if bmawGjzpf
vmrvJ? BudKwifrSef;q r&aom tjzpftysufrsm;twGuf &if
uawmh BudKwifckefvSonf/ txufupum;rsm;ajymNyD; awmf
awmfMumrS rSwfcsufcscJhaom aZ,s\pum;wpfcGef;udkvnf;
em;xJurxGu/f
]bmyJajymajym rif;[m igwdkYxJrSm tawmfukodkvfuH
xl;wJh yk*Kd vv
f Ykd ajym&rSmyJ pJNG r?J odyv
f w
S o
hJ il ,fcsi;f vkv
d kd bmvdv
k kd
aumifrav;wpfa,mufeJY twlwJGNyD; ESpfa,mufwnf; bk&m;
oGm;zl;cGifh&w,fqdkwm enf;wJhukodkvf tcGifhta&;r[kwfbl;?
wcsdKUrsm; aooGm;a&m? wpfcgrS 'grsdK; vkyfzl;vdkufrSm r[kwfbl;?
a*:rpHGvlysdKBuD;awGudk ajymwmyg}
'Dtouft&G,fESifh 'DavmufuJ&ovm; ...tjypf
ajymvQif cH&kHom &Sdonf/ pJGNrJ&ifxJrSm MunfEl;aewmawmh
aocsm\/
yef;qdkifrSmvnf; vdktyfaom ypnf;rsm;udk tukef&
onf/
vdktyfaomypnf;rsm;udk wpfckpDrSmNyD; atmifjrifpGm
0,f,lvmEdkifjcif;udkyif BuD;jrwfaom *kPfwpfckozG,f atmuf
arhaerd\/
vGrf;avunif; 103
]uJa&mh ...eifvdkcsifwm tukefvHk; &cJhw,f &ifNidrf;?

aemufxyf bmvdak o;vJ? Ny;D awmh eif ighukd ajymjyr,fqw kd ma&m
bmvJ}
pJGNrJar;&if; urf;ay;aom ypnf;rsm;udk &ifNidrf;u vSy
aom tNyHK;uav;rsm;jzifh auseyfpGm vSrf;,lonf/
xkdYaemuf rsufESmav;0ifh wpfcsufMunfhNyD; ...
]at;yg[m ajymrSmaygh? eifuvnf; eifhudk ajymjyzdkYyJ
ig wrifapmifah ewmyJ? uJ ...vm ...'DrmS xdik ?f ig ajymjyr,f}
&ifNird ;f jyaom ae&mudMk unf h &ifxrJ mS 'de;f ceJ jzpfomG ;
\/ &ifNidrf;jyaom ae&mu olYab;rSm uyfvsuf/
b,faomtcgurS bmaMumifhrS raMumufzl;? rvefYzl;?
rxdwfzl;cJhaom pJGNrJwpfa,muf uwkefu,ifBuD;ESifh aMumuf
ovdkvdk? vefYovdkvdk jzpfvmonf/
]vmav ...xdkifygvdkYqdkumrS bmvkyfaewmvJ}
pJGNrJ &ifwzdkzdkESifh 0ifxdkifonf/
reufapmapm bk&m;ay:rSm wdkufaeaom avjynfu
onfavmufrat;aomfjim;vnf; pJGNrJausmxJrS pdrfhceJ jzpfoGm;
onf/
]'DaeY igharG;aeYodvm; pJGNrJ? aeYawmh rwlbl;aygh[m?
'gayrJh &ufu 'DaeYtwdtusy?J 'DaeY ig q,fch ek pfEpS jf ynfw h ahJ eY?
tJ'g igharG;aeYrSm eifeJYtwlwl bk&m;zl;csifvdkY ac:vmwm od&JU
vm;? eifeJYig bk&m;twlwl uefawmhr,f? NyD;&if 'Dyef;awGudk
eif uyfay;? za,mif;wdkifrD;vnf; eifyJ ylaZmfay;? NyD;awmh
a&Tvnf; ightwGufcsay;aemf}
]tif; ...}
]Ny;D &if 'DutjyefrmS aps;xJ0ifNy;D eifu h kd ig rkeaYf uR;r,f?
eifu ighukd eifBuKd uw f yhJ pn;f wpfcck k arG;aeYvufaqmif0,fay;?
odyyf u kd q
f uH ek rf ,f[ h mrsKd ; r[kwb f ;l aemf? bmyJjzpfjzpf trSww f &
jzpf&ifNy;D a&m? eifv h ufaqmifav;udk trSww f & igodr;f xm;rvd}Yk
[du k &f mS ;Am; ...[k pJNG rJ tm;&yg;& xatmfcsipf w d rf sm;
yif aygufvmrd\/
BuHKae&wmawGtm;vHk; wu,frS[kwf&JUvm;? tdyfruf
rsm;vm;[kyif ,Hrk mS ;csipf w d f ay:vmonf/ 'grsKd ;awG wu,fb h 0
rSm olBuHKae&ygvm;[kvnf; wtHhwMojzpfaerdonf/ 'grsKd;u
kkyf&SifawG 0wKawGxJrSmom awGY&wwfwmrsdK;/ oli,fcsif;rsm;
xJrSmvnf; 'grsdK; ckxd BuHKzl;ol wpfa,mufrSr&Sdao;/
tHhMojcif;BuD;pGmjzifh ai;ai;BuD;yifjzpfoGm;onf/
][Jh ...Mum;&JUvm; pJGNrJ? bmidkifwdkifwdkifBuD; vkyfae&
wmvJ}
]aMomf ...at; ...Mum;ygw,f[? at;yg ...
at;yg ...eifajymwJhtwdkif; tukefjzpfap&r,f? 'Dvdkvkyf[m
aps;xJusvdkY&Sd&if eifvdkcsifwmav; wpfckck ighudkjy? tJ'g eifh
ig0,fay;r,f? ighrSm ydkufqHygygw,f? tJ ...oHk;q,favmuf
ygw,f}
&ifNidrf;u &,fonf/ NyD;rS acgif;ndwf&if; ...
vGrf;avunif; 105
]at;yg ...&ygw,f? tJavmuf trsm;BuD;awmif
rvdyk gbl;? trSww f &jzpf&ifNy;D a&m? aemufwpfcg eifah rG;aeYus&if
vnf; ajymav? wkdY 'DvdkyJ bk&m;vmzl;NyD; eifhudkvnf; ig trSwf
w&vufaqmifwpfck 0,fay;rSmaygh? eifharG;aeYu b,faeYvJ}
pJGNrJu rsufarSmifMuKwfoGm;onf/
][m ...NyD;oGm;NyD[? igharG;aeYu igu eifhxuf wpf
ESpfavmufBuD;w,f? at;av ...xm;ygawmh? aemufESpfaygh}
]tif; ...aemufudk ESpfwdkif;ESpfwdkif; tJvdkyJ tNrJvkyf
r,f? wpfoufvHk; rysufaMu;? eif oabmwlvm;}
]at; ...wlw,f}
&ifNidrf;u rsufESmav; IHU&,fonf/
]eifuvnf;Asm ...ajymyHku aqmifhBuD;atmifhBuD;eJY?
uAsmrqefvdkufwm? at; ...wlw,fwJh? at; ...igvnf;
oabmwlw,f? ESpw f ikd ;f eifvnf; rarh&bl;aemf? bmnmeJY ajym
rSaygh ...[Jh}
pJGNrJ vdkuf&,fonf/
]at;yg ...eifajymwJhtwdkif;ygyJ}
xdak eYutjyef aps;0if&if; pJNG ruJ tonf;yHk &ifx;kd av;
wpfckudk trSwfw&jzpfp&myif q,fhckepfusyfESifh0,fay;onf/
&ifNidrf;uvnf; tJ'gav;udk t&rf;oabmuswmyJ[k
0rf;omtm;&ajym\/

(4)
]tJ'geJY rif;wdkYESpfa,mufvnf; &nf;pm;awGjzpfoGm;Mu

w,fqdkygawmh [kwfvm; pJGNrJ}
pJGNrJ armif;vmaomum;av; BudKUyifaumuf t0if
avmufrSm xdkae&mtxd ajymNyD;onf/ pJGNrJ pum;udk jzwf
0if;aX;u 0ifar;\/
pJGNrJu &,fvdkuf&if; ...
]oabmuawmh 'gyJayghumG ? 'gayr,fh tJ'&D ufyikd ;f rSm csuf
csif;BuD; jzpfoGm;wmawmh r[kwfygbl;? udk;wef;ESpf0ufausmf
ausmaf vmuftxduawmh igwdEYk pS af ,mufpvH;k 'DypkH eH YJ aevmMu
wmygyJ}
]'DyHkpHqdkwmu b,fvdkyHkpHudk ajymwmvJ}
]pdwful;,Ofp&maumif;? wpfoufvHk; rarhp&maumif;
wJhyHkpHrsdK;av;ayghuGm? rif;rodbl; 0if;aX;? &ifNidrf;u 0wKawGyJ
zwfvv Ykd m;? 'grSr[kwf yifuu kd yJ pdwu f ;l ,OfwwfvvYkd m;rodb;l
tJ'v D kd uAsmqefqefav;awG odyv f yk wf wfw,f? 'gayr,fh wpfck
vGrf;avunif; 107
awmh &Sdygw,fuGm}
]bmvJ}
]tif; bmvJqakd wmh tJ't D csed rf mS wdEYk pS af ,mufpvH;k u
odyfi,fao;w,fuG? q,fhckepfepf? q,fh&SpfESpfqkdwm tck 'D
touft&G,fuae jyefMunfh&if tawmfi,fao;wJht&G,f?
trSefu uav;omomt&G,fyJ}
]'gayr,fh wcsKd Uvnf; tJ't D &G,ef YJ tdraf xmifawG bm
awGawmif jyKMuwmyJuGm}
]'gu ...kyfydkif;qdkif&mudpyJuG? kyfydkif;qdkif&mcsnf;
oufoufajymr,fq&kd ifawmh 'DxufapmNy;D awmif tdraf xmifu
awmh jyKvYkd &wmyJaygh? 'gayr,fh b0eJ, Y OS pf Of;pm;&if tJ't D &G,[f m
bmrS rjynfhpHkao;wJht&G,fyJ? aemufwpfcku ...tmkHydkif;?
txl;ojzifh b0eJYqdkifwJh tmkHpl;pdkufp&mawG vpf[if;ukefwJh
udp}
]bmvJuG? rif;u tckrS aemifw&aewmvm;}
]aemifwqdw k hJ pum;udak wmh 'Dae&mrSm igroH;k csiaf o;
ygbl;uGm? 'Dtydkif;utxduawmh aemifwqdkwmrsdK;&avmuf
atmif tjzpfqdk;ao;wmrS r[kwfbJ? 'gayr,fh tpayghav?
cspw f muawmh ckvnf; cspaf ewmyJ 0if;aX;&m? cspw f mudk trSm;
wpfcktaeeJY ig r,lqcsifygbl;}
]'gjzifh rif;u bmajymcsifwmvJ}
]igwkYdESpfa,mufcspfwm odyfapmoGm;w,f 0ifaX;?
NyD;awmh awmfkHyJ cspfcJhMu&ifvnf; jyemr[kwfbl;? igwdkYESpf
a,mufu odyfuAsmqefvGef;tm;BuD;oGm;w,f}
0ifaX;u pJGNrJpum;udk oabmuspGmjzifh &,fonf/
]vkypf rf;ygOD;uGm? rif;pum;u tqef;yJ? uAsmqeftm;
BuD;oGm;w,f ...[kwfvm;}
][kwfw,f 0ifaX;? tcspfqdkwm tifrwefrS odrfarGUEl;
nHhNyD; tifrwefrS tEkynmqefwJhudp? tJ'DudprSm uAsmqef
w,f qdkwmuawmh bmrSajymp&mr&Sdbl;? tifrwefvSNyD;
tifrwef pJrG ufp&maumif;aerSmyJ? tEkynmqefwmeJY uAsmqef
wmu rdwfzufusNyD; [yfaewmudk;uG}
]'gjzifh bmeJY rdwfzufrusvdkYvJ}
]b0eJYavuGm? b0qdkwmusawmh tEkynmrqefbJ?
b0qdkwmu tifrwefrS vufawGYusNyD; tifrwefrS odyHenf;
usaeawmh b0xJrmS uAsmqefjcif;qdw k mu ppfajrjyifu usnf
qefawGMum;xJrmS r,f'vifw;D Ny;D oDcsi;f oGm;qdak eovdk jzpfae
awmhwmaygh}
]usnfqefawG wajzmif;ajzmif; 0ifvmawmhwmyJvm;}
]at; ...tJ'v D ykd J ajym&awmhrmS yJ 0if;aX;? 'Dvu
kd G ...
rif;udk yxrqHk; em;vnfatmif wpfckajym&&if &Spfwef;
atmifwJhtxd qm;pnfausmif;wpfavQmufvHk;rSm ig&,f aZ,s
&,f &ifNidrf;&,fqdkwm pmar;yJGatmifpm&if;rSm tNrJxdyfqHk;u
a&mufaewJh vlawG? &Spfwef;atmifawmh igu av;bmom
*kPfxl;ygw,f? &ifNidrf;eJYaZ,su oHk;bmom ...'DvdkvlawG
aemf? tJ'Dvdk taetxm;uaeNyD; bmawGjzpfukefovJ odvm;}
vGrf;avunif; 109
]tif; ajymygOD;}
]ajymrS m yguG m 'D t aMumif ; awG ajymcsif v G e f ; vd k Y y J
'Davmuf odik ;f 0dik ;f pum;pcJwh myJ? 'gayr,fh cPav;awmhaeOD;?
NrdKUxJ um;jzwfaewkef;rSmawmh cHpm;rIawG odyf0ifaewm
raumif;bl;? ppfajrjyifomG ; r,f'vifw;D wmeJY vlyI u f m;Iyw f hJ
vrf;rSm um;armif;&if; pdwful;,Of vGrf;aqG;aewmeJYvnf;
twlwyl }J
ajym&if;ESifh pJGNrJu jrif;vSnf;wpfpD;udk owdjzifh ywf
a&Smif&if; ausmfwufonf/
xdpk Ofvrf; b,fbufab;rSae EGm;wpfaumifu acgif;
,rf;NyD; 0ifvmonf/ pJGNrJ uref;uwef;ESifh owdxm;NyD; renf;
a&Smifvu kd &f \/
]tJ'g bmvkyfOD;rvdkYvJ pJGNrJ}

aZ,star;aMumifh pJGNrJu acgif;cgonf/
]rif;oGm;ESiahf wmhumG aZ,s? ig &ifNird ;f udk apmifv
h u
kd Of ;D
r,f}
ausmif;a&mufcgeD;usrS wpfrsdK;jzpfvmaom pJGNrJtjyK
trlaMumifh aZ,su rausreyfjzifh Munfh&if; ...
]bmvJ a[haumif ...'DaeYvnf; ausmif;rwufbJ
rif;wdkYESpfa,muf avQmufvpfMuOD;rvkdYvm;? rvkyfygeJYuGm
pmawGu wjznf;jznf; ta&;BuD;vmvdkY q&mq&mrawGu
awmif ausmif;ydwf&ufrSm rem;bJ oifay;aewJhOpm awmf,HkyJ
aumif;w,f? pJGNrJ ...rif;wdkY[mu enf;enf;vGefaeMuNyD}
yxrawmh oli,fcsif;tcsif;csif; q&mvkyfcHvdkuf&
ovdk jzpfoGm;ojzifh pJGNrJpdwfxJ axmif;ceJ a'gojzpfoGm;ao;
onf/ odkYaomf aZ,s apwemESifh ajymonfqdkonfudkvnf;
em;vnf? aemufwpfcu k olb Y ufuMunfv h Qif onfvykd J jrifp&m
uvnf; jzpfaeonfrdkY pdwfudkavQmh acgif;cgvdkufNyD; ...
]r[kwfbl; aZ,s&m? igwdkYrSm aoa&;&Sifa&;avmuf
ta&;BuD;wJhudpav; enf;enf;&SdaevdkYyg? tcsdefrD&if igwdkYESpf
a,mufpvHk; ausmif;vmwufyghr,f? rif;oGm;&if;eJY &ifNidrf;udk
awGY&ifvnf; ajymvdkufyg? ig aq;kHaxmifhu apmifhaew,fvdkY}
onfavmufajymNyD;rS ajymr&vQif aemufxyf b,f
avmufajymajymvnf; &p&mrjrifawmh[k oabmaygufNyD;jzpf
onfh aZ,su bmrSqufrajymawmhbJ oufjyif;ESit hf wl acgif;
tomt,mndwfNyD; qufavQmufoGm;onf/
pJGNrJwpfa,mufom jynfawmfomvrf;ESifh aq;kHvrf;
axmifrh S refusn;f yifBu;D &dyw
f iG f 0ifc&kd if; &ifNird ;f tvmudk apmifh
onf/
tcsdefu Zefe0g&Dv aqmif;v,f umvBuD;jzpfaomf
vnf; tnmxHk;pHtwdkif; aejrifhvmonfESifh tawmfyltdkufae
NyD/ pmar;yJGuvnf; bmrSrvdkawmh/
odkYaomf cufonfu wjznf;jznf;ESifh pdwfnpfp&m
vGrf;avunif; 111
aumif;vmaom jyemrsm;uvnf; wpfzuf? ckyifvQif &ifNird ;f
ESifhol wlwl ausmif;oGm;ausmif;jyefvkyf&aomtajctaersdK;
r&awmh/
&ifNird ;f ESihf olt
Y aetxm;udk &dyrf o
d mG ;aom &ifNird ;f tdrf
rS enf;enf;Muyfrwfaom tpDtrHrsm;udk vkyfaqmifvmonf/
a&SUavQmufvnf; bmawGYBuHK&OD;rnf rod/
raeYunae ausmif;qif;cgeD;rSm rcifpef; tvpf
acsmif; &ifNidrf;ay;oGm;aom pmav;udk owd&onf/
pmuvnf; rcifpef;tvpfrSm cdk;a&;vdkuf&yHk&onf/
vufa&;uvnf; raoroyf/ NyD;awmh wdkwdkav;/
pJNG rJ .
jyemawGuawmh wufaejyefNyD[m .
ig eifhudk ajymp&mawG&wdS ,f reufjzef paeaeY tcsdeyf okd ifwef;udk
eifrwufeJY? igvnf; ausmif;uae jyefvpfxGufcJhr,f/ cgwdkif;
apmifhaeusae&muyJ apmifh .Mum;vm;/
&ifNidr;f
'gyJjzpfrnf/
avmuqdkonfrSm tHhMop&mvnf; aumif;onf[k pJGNrJ
awG;vdkuf\/
tajctaeu wjznf;jznf;ESihf wpfcNk y;D wpfck ajymif;vJ
oGm;vdkufonfrSm rlvtaetxm;udkyif rSwfrdEdkifp&mr&Sdawmh/
[dkwkef;u tcsdefra&G; awGYEdkif ac:Edkif pum;ajymEdkifonfh vl
wpfa,mufudk tck cPwpfjzKwfawGYNyD; pum;ajymzkdYyif tao
tvJESifh pGefYpGefYpm;pm; BudK;pm;ae&onf/
wpfckawmfao;onfrSm &ifNidrf;udk,fwdkifu udk,fhbuf
u &Sdaeyif EdkYrdkYomqdk tajctaeu awG;0Hhp&myif r&Sd/
aeusJusJylaeaom vrf;rwpfavQmuf vSrf;arQmfMunfh
vdkufonf/ &ifNidrf;\ t&dyfta,mifudk rjrif&ao;/
&ifNidrf;u rSmomxm;onf/
xGufaum xGufvmEdkifyghrvm; rod/
ausmif;zGi&hf ufwikd ;f rSm &ifNird ;f tajctaeudk apmifMh uyf
MunfhI&ef olYtdrfrStyfxm;aom q,fwef;u rcifpef;wdkYESifh
uawmh tcsdefydkoifwef;csdefcsif; rwl/ odkYaomf ajymvdkYawmhr&/
pdwfylylESifh &ifNidrf;tdrfu wpfa,mufa,mufvdkufvmNyD; apmifh
rae[k rajymEdkif/
onfvdkomjzpfvQif Mum;xJu ol twef;vnf; rwuf
jzpf? &ifNidrf;ESifhvnf; rawGY&bJ zGwfr& "m;rqHk; jzpfrSmaocsm
onf/
&ifNidrf;t&dyfta,mif rjrif&av pJGNrJ&ifxJ ylav
jzpfvmonf/
tcspq f okd nfrmS aysmpf &m &ifat;p&mcsn;f oufouf
r[kwfaMumif; b,folrS oifMum;p&m rvdkbJESifh pJGNrJ oabm
aygufvmonf/ pdwfxJrSmvnf; vGefcJhaom wpfvausmfumv
vGrf;avunif; 113
txd bmtylrS 0ifa&mufrxdk;azmufvmrD aysmfp&mumvav;
rsm;udk trSwf&onf/
xdk&ufrsm;u olwdkYESpfa,mufMum;rSm &ifckefjcif;ESifh
aysmf&Tifjcif;uvJG wjcm;bmrSr&Sd/
t&mtm;vH;k onf vSycsr;f ajrNh y;D MunfE;l p&mrsm;jzifh om
jynf0h cJah v\/

(5)
tjcm;udprsm;udk tomxm;ygOD; ...trsm;olig

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif pdwfwylyl &ifwxdwfxdwfESifh jzwfoef;
cJ&h aom cspo f tl jzpf ul;ajymif;a&;umvudyk if olwEYkd pS af ,muf
tawmfpdwfat;vufat; jzwfoef;cJh&onf/
trSefawmh &ifNidrf;arG;aeYwGif tonf;yHk &ifxdk;av;
vufaqmifay;NyD;onfhtcsdefrSpyif Zmwfvrf;u NyD;cJhonf[k
qdEk ikd o
f nf/ xdt
k ajctaeuae cspo f rl sm; jzpfMuonftxd bmrS
wyif w yef ; Bud K ;pm;&jcif ; rsd K ; r&S d a wmh / t&mtm;vH k ; u
tvdkufoifhpGmyif at;at;Nidrf;Nidrf; ajyvnfoGm;cJhonf/
cspfolb0odkY ul;ajymif;yHkuvnf; tvGefnifomacsm
arGYonf/
rSwfrSwfrdrd &ifNidrf;ESifh ol bk&m;oGm;zl;onfh &ifNidrf;
arG;aeYaemufydkif; wpf&ufausmf wevFmaeYup olESifh&ifNidrf;
tMum;wGif tpOftvmopfav;wpfck wdk;cJhonf/
xdktpOftvmu wjcm;r[kwf/ tzHk;vSvSav; zHk;xm;
vGrf;avunif; 115
aom Avmpmtkyf xlxlwpftkyf naewdkif; tjyeftvSef vuf
ajymif;&if; wpfa,muf cHpm;csufuav;rsm;udk wpfa,mufwpf
vSnhfpD today;Muonfh tpDtpOfav; jzpfonf/
xdktpDtpOfav;udk pwifolrSmvnf; &ifNidrf;yif jzpf
onf/
xdkwevFmaeYnae ausmif;utjyef tdrf0ta&muf
wGif &ifNidrf;u olYvG,ftdwfxJuae xdkuwfxl;zHk; Avmpmtkyf
xlxlav;udk xkwfay;onf/
]tJ'g bmpmtkyfvJ &ifNidrf;}
pJGNrJtMunfhudk &ifNidrf;u&,f wHkYjyef&if; ...
]ar;raeeJY ,loGm;? tdrfa&mufawmh zwfMunfh? txJrSm
eifhtwGuf igpma&;ay;xm;w,f}
vSpfceJ pJGNrJ &ifxJckefonf/
tdrfa&mufrS zwfqdkaomfvnf; pJGNrJ b,fvdkrS ratmifh
Edkifawmh/ &ifNidrf;wdkYtdrfESifh vGwfvGwfuif;uif; jzpfonfhae&m
a&mufonfEiS hf vrf;ab;t&dy&f adS om opfyifwpfyifatmufwiG f
pufbD;udkxkd;&yfNyD; pmtkyfudk uysmu,m zGifhMunfhonf/
pmtkyfav;u pmrsufESm 200 yg Avmpmtkyfuwfxl
zHk;av;/ xdkuwfxlzHk;pmtkyfudk *syefracsmacsmav;yHkygonfh
EdkifiHjcm;jyu'def pm&Gufacsmav;jzifh xyfzHk;xm;ao;onf/
pmtkyf\ yxrqHk;pmrsufESmwGif atmufygpmom;rsm;
udk &ifNidrf;vufa&;av;jzifh awGY&\/
]]pmtkywf iG ;f &Sd pmrsufEmS rsm;onf
oifESifhuREkfyfESifhom oufqdkifaom pmrsufESmrsm; jzpfonf/
uREkyf \
f cHpm;csufrsm;udk oifzwfEI ikd yf gonf/
oifhcHpm;csufrsm;udvk nf; uREkyf zf wfyI grnf/
tjcm;olrsm;tm; rnfolrQ rzwfIygapESifh}}
pmoHayoHrsm;jzifh a&;xm;aom tzGifhtrSmpum;udk

zwf&if; NyHK;rdonf/ trsm;ESifh roufqdkifaom ESpfa,mufwnf;
oD;oefYudpav;rsm; &Sdvmjcif;twGufvnf; 0rf;omovdkvdk? &if
ckefovdkvdk MunfEl;ovdkvkd jzpfvm&if; pJGNrJu aemufpmrsufESm
wpf&Gufudk vSefvdkufonf/
pJNG rJ .
ig eifhudk odyfowd&aewmeJY onfpmtkyfuav;uvnf;
tqifoifh&SdaewmeJY tawmfyJqdkNyD; onfudpav;udk vkyfvdkufwm/
csufcsif;BuD;awmh bmawG pa&;&r,freS ;f rodao;bl;[,f? 'gayr,fh
udpawmhr&Sdygbl;? aemufus&if wjznf;jznf; trsm;BuD;
a&;wwfvmrSmaygh/
bmvJ eifu ig l;aMumifaMumifEdkifw,fqdkNyD; &,faevm;?
at; .tJonfvdkqdk&ifawmh eifeJYigeJY tawGUyJaemf? onfvdkvkyfvdkY
ighudk avSmif&ifawmh eifeJYigeJY wpfoufvHk; aocef;jywfyJ/
vGrf;avunif; 117
tJonfvdk r[kwfbl; .onfudpav;udk eifvnf; oabmus
w,fqdk&ifawmh aocsmzwf/ ighpdwful;udk ajymjyr,f ./
ighpdwuf ;l u onfvkd o. nfpmtkyaf v;udk tck igu p a&;vduk Nf yD?
tJ'gudkzwfNyD;&if eifvnf; eifajymcsifwJhpum;awG onfxJrSmyJ
jyefa&;? NyD;&if reufjzefus ighudkjyefay;? aemufwpfaeYusawmh
igu jyefa&;NyD; eifhudk jyefay;r,f/
tJ'gqdk&if eifeJYigeJYESpfa,muf 'DhjyifvlawG b,folrS rodap
csifwJh pum;awGudk onfenf;eJY tNrJajymoGm;vkdY&w,f/
wcsdKUpum;awGu yg;pyfeJY vludk,fwdkif ajym&wmcufw,f[m
&SufovdkvdkyJ? onfvdkrsdK;pmeJYa&;awmh a&;&Jw,f? Oyrmaygh[m?
eif [kdaeYu igarG;aeYtwGuf vufaqmifay;wJhudp/
eifay;wJhvufaqmifav;udk ig t&rf;oabmuswmyJ pJGNrJ?
eifhpdwful;av;u t7rf;aumif;wmyJ? tJonfvufaqmifav;udk ig
wpfoufv;kH odr;f xm;r,faemf? eifuaum ighudyk J vufaqmifrsdK;av;
ay;zl;wmudk wpfoufvHk; owd&aerSmvm;? iguawmh b,fawmhrS
rarhbl;odvm;/
tJ . tJvdkrsdK;aygh[m? onfpum;rsdK; yg;pyfuajym&rSm
wpfrsdK;BuD;yJ? tJvrkd sdK; pum;awG onfxrJ mS usawmh vGwvf wG vf yfvyf
ajym&wmaygh/
aemufwpfcuk vmr,fhpaeaeYus&if aemufwpfcg bk&m;oGm;csif
ao;w,f[m? tJ'g b,fvvdk yk &f rvJ eif pOf;pm;xm;prf;yg/
&ifNidrf;
vufrSwfxkd;NyD;aemuf vufrSwfatmufwGif aeYpJGav;

yg &ifNidrf;u a&;xnfhxm;onf/
pJGNrJ auseyfpGm NyHK;vdkuf\/
rvdt k yfbJ tpd;k &drBf u;D aom &ifNird ;f udv
k nf; ckcsucf si;f
ajy;yif ajymjyvdkufcsifonf/ onfudpudk igu bmjzpfvdkY
avSmif&rSmvJ &ifNidrf;&,f/ 'g avSmifp&m r[kwfbJ eifhpdwful;
av;u aumif;vGe;f vdYk cs;D usL;&ifom t&rf;cs;D usL;&rSm ...[k/
bm&,fawmh r[kwf/
odaYk omf xdpk mtkyaf v; vG,t f w
d x f jJ yefxnhNf y;D pufb;D
jyefeif;&onfrSm cgwdkif;xuf rsm;pGmayghyg;oGufvufaeonf/
cgwdkif;vdk ajreDvrf;Murf;ay:rSm eif;&onfht&omrsdK;
vnf; r&S/d bmESiw hf o
l vJqakd wmh aumif;uifu wdrpf ikd w f rd v
f yd f
rsm;xJwGif pufbD;eif;&if; tdyfrufrufae&ovdk jzpfae\/
&ifNidr;f .
eifhpmtkyfav;&,f eifa&;xm;wJh pmav;&,fudk MunfhNyD; ig
t&rf;MunfEl;wmyJ[m? eif t&rf;awmfwmyJ? onfvdkpdwful;av;
&wJhtwGuf eifhudk t&rf;csD;usL;rdw,f? wu,fajymwm &ifNidrf;?
ig aemufaewm avSmifaewm r[kwfbl;/
eifhpdwuf ;l eJY tpDtpOfav;udk ig wu,foabmusvdYk ajymwmyg/
vGrf;avunif; 119
igvnf; eifhvdyk aJ ygh[m? wcsdKUpum;awGusawmh vlu,kd wf ikd Bf uD;
ajym&wm cufovdkvdk? &Sufovdkvdkjzpf&wmyJaygh? ckvdkusawmh
vG,foGm;NyD/
qdkygawmh[m .tJonfaeYu eifhudk igvufaqmifay;awmh
tJ'vD ufaqmifav;udk wpfoufv;kH odr;f xm;aemf &ifNidr;f ? wefz;kd rBuD;ay
r,fh trSwwf &jzpfp&mxJrmS trSwwf &jzpfp&m taumif;qH;k vufaqmif
vdYk igawmh owfrwS rf yd gw,f? NyD;awmh onftjzpftysufav;udvk nf;
ig wpfoufv;kH b,fawmhrS arhawmhrSm r[kwbf ;l ? bmnmeJYaygh[m?
ajymcsifwmaygh/
ckawmh ig wu,fajymjzpfomG ;ygNyD/
aemufwpfckuvnf; onfwpfcg bk&m;oGm;&if cPav;eJY
rjyefcsifb;l [m? bk&m;ay:rSm tMumBuD;aeMur,f? NyD;awmh . .
tcsde&f &if &ifjyifawmfay:uae atmufbufqif;NyD; {&m0wDjrpfBuD;&JU
oJaomifjyifay:rSm wkdYESpfa,muf avQmufoGm;7atmif? jzpfEdkfif&if
wdYk EpS af ,muf tJonfvykd J cPcP oGm;csifw,f/
eifeJY tJonfvdkoGm;ae&wJhtcg bmjzpfvdkYvJ rodygbl;aemf?
ig t&rf;aysmfwmyJ? eifa&m[if &. ifNidr;f ? wdYk EpS af ,muf wpfoufv;kH
tJonfvdkavQmufoGm;ae&&if odyfaumif;rSmyJ/

(6)
]bmvkyfaewmvJ pJGNrJ&,f? eifuvnf; Mumvdkufwm}

]aeygOD;[? 'Dapmif;wef;wpfavQmufrSm a&;xm;wJh
yef;csuD m;awGu jrovGeo f rdik ;f udk okyaf zmfxm;wm[? pdw0f if
pm;zdkYaumif;w,f? cPav;zwfcsifvdkY}
]tHr,fav; jrovGefbk&m;ordkif;rsm; ighar;vnf; ig
ajymjywwfygw,f[,f? 'grsm; txl;tqef;usaewmyJ? jrwfpmG
bk&m; rauG;[dkbufurf;u rif;bl;puwdef;bk&m;udk <uvm
awmh 'Dbufurf;u abmausmEf iS hf abmaom Mupkozef;oD;awG
oGm;uyfw,f? tJ'Dawmh ...jrwfpGmbk&m;u olwdkYbDvl;awG
ud;k uG,zf Ykd qdNk y;D awmh odMum;rif; vSLxm;wJh jrovGeu f kd pGev
Yf ukd f
w,f? tJ'DrSm bDvl;awGu olwdkYae&mrSm bk&m;jyefwnfw,f?
tJ'aD wmh odMum;rif;u tJ'aD e&mrS tJ'v D kd wnf&rSm r[kwb f ;l
qdkNyD; bk&m;udk NzdKypfw,f? ovGefudkvnf; jyefodrf;xm;vdkuf
w,f? 'Daemufb0rSm bDvl;nDaemif vljyefjzpfrS tJ'DovGefudk
XmyemNyD; tck 'Dae&mrSm wnfw,f ...'gyJ NyD;NyD}
vGrf;avunif; 121
&ifNidrf;tajymESifh trlt&maMumifh pJGNrJ&,fonf/ NyD;rS
apmif;wef;tay:&Sd bk&m;ordik ;f yef;csu D m;qD vufeT &f if; ...
]eifajymwmu tMurf;zsif;BuD; &ifNidrf;&JU? tJ'Davmuf
awmh igvnf; odwmaygh? ck[mu tao;pdwfav;awGygvdkY}
]bm tao;pdwfvJ}
][dkrSm rawGYbl;vm; abmausmfeJY abmaomwkdY bDvl;
b0rSm wnfwb hJ &k m;udk odMum;rif;u NzKd vukd af wmh bk&m;NyKd omG ;
w,f? tJ'Dae&mudk bk&m;NydK&GmvdkY ac:w,fwJh}
]tHr,fav; tJ'gvnf; bmrSrqef;bl;? eifoGm;csif&if
igvdkufydkYvdkYawmif &w,f? zNydKrSm igholi,fcsif;awG &Sdom;yJ}
]b,fvdk &ifNidrf; ...zNydK [kwfvm;}
&ifNidrf;u &,fonf/
]bk&m;NydKudk ajymwmyg[? 'gayr,fh wdkYqDrSm b,folrS
bk&m;NydKvdkY pmoHayoHeJY rac:bl;? zNydKyJ ...zNydKqdk vlwdkif;
odw,f}
]aemufNy;D awmh &Sad o;w,f &ifNird ;f &JU? tJ'b
D &k m;udk NzKd Ny;D
awmh odMum;rif;u ovGefudkjyef,lvmNyD; bk&m;oHk;qlt&yfu
&aohBuD;oHk;yg;qDrSm tyfxm;owJh tJ'D bk&m;oHk;qlqdkwmu
...}
]'Dem;av;wif...NrKd Ua[mif;ta&SUbufu od* g*D&x d J
wif wdkYAdkvfcsKyfvrf;rBuD;twdkif; wnfhwnfh0ifvm&if taemuf
bufu NrdKUa[mif; ta&SUbufu od* g*D&d odw,fr[kwfvm;?
tJ'Dtwdkif; wef;wef;oGm;NyD;awmh r*Fvmaps;wdkY bmwdkYvGefNyD;
ta&SUcsdK;vdkuf&if tJ'gbk&m;oHk;qlyJ? u,m;wpfeJY uyfaewm
bk&m;oH;k ql? [kb d ufqufomG ;vdu k &f if ppfwyfyJ pnf;d;k csi;f uyf
aewm}
]tJ'DrSm tck bmawG&SdvJ}
]bk&m;awG&Sdwmaygh[? bk&m;oHk;qlygqdkrS bk&m;BuD;oHk;
ql&w dS ,f}
]bk&m;NyKd rmS aum}
]bk&m;NydKrSmvnf; bk&m;&SdwmyJ}
]at;[m ...ig tJ'aD e&mawG oGm;Munfch siv f ukd wf m}
]tHr,fav; 'grsm; cufcufEdk;Edk;vdkufvdkY ckoGm;awmif
ck&w,f? 'gayr,fh xm;vkdufyg aemufawmh at;at;aq;aq;
oGm;wmaygh}
]aemufNyD;awmh [dkay:rSm a&;xm;wJhxJrSm &Sdao;w,f
[ ...qkawmif;jynfw h Ydk yef;&pfawmifwYkd a&TvifarQmwf Ydk odMum;
ewfueG ;f wdYk odraf wmfBu;D wdYk rauG;NrKd UwdYk ...bmawGvJ rodb;l }
]aMomf tJ'gawGu eifapmapmu ajymwJh bk&m;NydK&,f
bk&m;oHk;ql&,f ckajymwJh[mawG aygif;vdkuf &Spfck&Sdw,f? tJ'D
&Spfckudk apmvl;rif;u bk&m;ordkif;eJY qufaewJh &SpfXmeqdkNyD;
wnfwmwJ?h 'gaMumifh rauG;NrKd Uu apmvl;rif;wnfwNhJ rKd U? jrwfpmG
bk&m;&JU Asm'dwft&wnfwm wdkYNrdKUu ES,fES,f&& r[kwfbl;}
]ightazajymawmh 'Dae&mu tpu bDvl;awGaewJh
t&yfwJh ...tJ'gaum [kwfvm;}
]bk&m;vufxufuawmh [kwfwmaygh[? apmvl;rif;
vGrf;avunif; 123
vufxuf yk*Hacwfusawmh b,fu bDvl;awG&SdawmhrSmvJ?
abmaomeJYabmausmfawmif vljyefjzpfvdkY bk&m;'umjzpfNyD;
abmausmfu olaX;orD; ykP0wDeJYawmif nm;NyD;NyD}
pJGNrJ jyL;jyL;ysmysmjzpf ...
]tJ ...eif ckeajymwJh ykP0wDqkdwmvnf; awGYw,f?
oluawmh b,fvkdvkyfNyD; 'Dordkif;xJ ygvmwmvJ}
&ifNidrf;u rsufcHk;yifhNyD; oufjyif;csonf/
]'kuygyJ ...tckrS igvnf; ordkif;aMumif; tukefjyef
vSefNyD; ZmwfpHkcif;ae&awmhw,f? ykP0wDqdkwmu olaX;orD;?
abmausmf&JU rdef;rjzpfr,fhol? ykP0wDtazu okabm*olaX;
BuD;wJh? tJ'DolaX;BuD;u jrovGefbk&m;udk wnfcsifw,f ...
'gayr,fh bk&m;oH;k qlu &aohBu;D awGu 'DovGe[ f m abmausmf
wd&Yk UJ ovGe?f 'gaMumifh abmausm0f ifpm;wJv h l wnfrS 'Db&k m;u
&rSm? bk&m;'umjzpfcsi&f if bDv;l nDaemif 0ifpm;wJh vla,mufsm;
nDaemifudk &Sm? olwdkYeJY aygif;wnfrS &r,fqdkvdkY vdkuf&Smw,f
...rawGYbl; ...b,fvdk&Sm&rSef;vnf; rodbl;}
&ifNidrf;u pdwfr&Snf[efESifh ordkif;aMumif;udk usOf;Edkif
oavmufusOf;NyD; wdkjywfjywf ajymonf/ pJGNrJu &ifNidrf; 'gawG
odaeyHkudk tHhMoaerdonf/
]tJ'DrSm ykP0wDuvnf; bk&m;'umjzpfwJh abmausmf
eJY aygif;zufcsiaf wmh &SmvdrYk &wJh tqH;k rSm yef;uH;k wpfck t"dXmef
NyD; tck eiftckajymwJh yef;&pfawmifay:rSm csxm;w,f? pm
wpfapmifvnf; a&;xm;w,f? 'DpmeJY 'Dyef;uHk;wdkY abmausmf
0ifpm;wJhvlrS awGYjrifygapvdkY? NyD;awmh abmausmf0ifpm;wJholudk
olu vifvnf; awmfcsifw,f? tJ'geJY olYvifjzpfvmr,fh
abmausmf b,frSm&Sdygvdrfh? b,fawmh vmrSmygvdrfhqdkNyD; cP
cP arQmw f ,f? tJ'aD rQmw f ahJ e&mrSm a&TvifarQmq
f w
kd b
hJ &k m; wnf
xm;wmyJ}
]aemufawGYoGm;aumvm;}
]awGYwmaygh? tJ'Dyef;&pfawmifay:u pmacGeJY yef;uHk;
udk awGYNyD; abmausmfwkdYu olaX;BuD;eJY ykP0wDqDoGm;w,f?
ykP0 wDeYJ abmausmef v YJ nf; aygif;&w,f? bk&m;vnf; wnfjzpf
w,f ...'gyJ? awmfNyD[m ...eifh[meif odcsifvnf; quf
zwfawmh ...armNyD}
pJGNrJu &,f\/
]tHr,fav; eifajymwmeJYwif tawmfvHkavmufygNyD
&ifNird ;f &,f? aeOD; ...aeOD; ...wpfcyk J usew f ,f? abmausmef YJ
ykP0wD &awmh abmaomuaum}
]abmaomud k a wmh ol a X;BuD ; u a&T v S n f ; wpf p D ;
aiGvSnf;wpfpD;ay;NyD; jyefvTwfvdkufw,fwJh? tJ'Duae b,fjyef
oGm;vJawmh igvnf;rodawmhbl;? olwdkYu vljyefjzpfwJhtcg
ukefonfawGjzpfNyD; a&TawGaiGawGvnf; &oGm;awmh &efukefjyef
oGm;wm jzpfcsifjzpfrSmaygh[m? tJ'g eifvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfrSmaygh}
][m ...bmqdkifvdkYvJ}
]b,fodrvJ eifu abmaomtaMumif; odyfodcsifae
wmudk;}
vGrf;avunif; 125
]r[kwyf gbl;[m? igu odcsiv f Ykd ar;ko
H ufouf ar;wm
yg? igu abmaomawmh rjzpfcsifygbl;}
]'gjzifh bmjzpfcsifvJ}
]abmausmfyJ jzpfcsifwmaygh[? a&TawG aiGawGu
bmvkyfzdkYvJ? ykP0wDeJY aygif;csifwmaygh}
]aMomf ...eifu olaX;orD;eJrY S &csiw f maygh [kwv f m;?
tJ'Dvdkqdk oGm;oGm; ...igeJY raygif;eJY eifh[meif olaX;orD;yJ
vduk &f mS awmh}
pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]olaX;orD;rdkY ykP0wDeJY &csifwm r[kwfygbl;[m?
taMumif;&Sv d yYdk g}
]bmvJ ...bmtaMumif;vJ}
pJGNrJu &,fNrJ&,f ...
]ig yg;pyfeJY rajymcsifbl;[ ...ajym&wm cufw,f?
eifqh rD mS &Sad ewJph mtkyf ighuakd y;vdu k ?f 'DaeY iga&;tvSn?hf tJ'x D J
rSm a&;jyr,faemf ...ykP0wD&,f? tJav ...&ifNidrf;&,f}
pJNG rJ wrifrmS ;vdu k af omtrSm;aMumifh &ifNird ;f rsuEf mS av;
&JceJ &SufaoG;jzef;onf/
&Suf&SufESifh pJGNrJvufarmif;udk vSrf;xk&if; ...
]tHr,f ...bmykP0wD&,fvJ? [if;aemf ...pJGNrJ
...eifu abmausmfqdkNyD; wrif ighudk ykP0wDvdkYac:wm
igrodb;l rSwv f v Ykd m;? aor,f ...bmrSwv f J ...uJ ...uJ}
vufoD;qkyfaygif;rsm;pGmu pJGNrJausmay:odkY xyfrHus
vmonf/
pJGNrJu oabmuspGm&,f\/
&ifNidr;f .
pdwfrqdk;ygeJY[m/
jAKe;f pm;BuD;ajymvduk vf Ykd tvG,wf uleYJ ayghayghajymw,fvYkdvnf;
rxifygeJY? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm oli,fcsif;b0eJY aevmcJhMuolawGrdkY
ighpdw"f mwf b,fvqkd wkd m eifoyd gw,f/
eifhtay:rSmxm;wJh ighoHa,mZOfuvkd nf; eifuvJ&G if b,forl S
rodEikd yf gbl;? tJ'aD wmh ig eifhtay: ajymif;vJhaewJhtcspfuvkd nf;
igh quf[efaqmifrsdKodyfrxm;csifawmhbl;/
'gaMumifhvnf; aeYv,fu eif jrovGef bk&m;ordik ;f taMumif;
ajym&if;uae tHhMop&maumif;avmufatmif b0a&pufqHkNyD;
aygif;&wJh yk0wDeJYabmausmftaMumif; Mum;&wJhtcg ig
abmausmfjzpfcsifoGm;wmaygh/
pdwfxJrSm eifhudk yk0wDvdkYyJ oabmxm;vdkufw,f? eifvnf;
olaX;orD;ygyJ &ifNidrf;&,f? 'gayr,fh tJ'gudk ig &nf7G,fajymwm
r[kwfygbl;? udk,fhcspfoludk udk,f .jzLovm; rnf;ovm;awmif
rodao;bJeYJ wG,wf marQmfvifhaewJh oabmav;&,f? pdwuf ;l aumif;
aumif;eJY cspfoleJYqHkpnf;zdkY tpDtrHvkyfwwfwmav;awG&,f? ig
odyfoabmusoGm;w,f &ifNidrf;/
vGrf;avunif; 127
eifu ighudk BudKwifNyD; arQmifvifhaew,fvdkY qdkvdkwm
r[kwfbl;aemf? eifom ighudk wpfoufvHk; wG,fwmoGm;7if odyf
aumif;rSmyJqNkd yD; ighbmom pdwuf ;l ,OfMunfhwm? pdwuf ;l aumif;wm
av;uawmh eifhudk ig [dkwkef;uwnf;u csD;usL;NyD;om;rdkY
txl;xyfrajymawmhygbl;/
olwYkEd pS af ,mufb0a&pufBuD;yH?k wduk wf ukd qf ikd qf ikd f zl;pmqHyk akH v;awG
[m MunfEl;p&modyfaumif;w,f? NyD;awmh olwdkYESpfa,mufvHk;
tifrwefrS jrifhjrwfwJh bk&m;'um bk&m;'umrawGvnf; jzpfMu
&w,f? tm;uszdkY raumif;bl;vm;/
tJ'gav;awG awG;NyD; MunfEl;rdwmeJY eifhudk yk0wDae&mrSm
xm;NyD; abmausmf jzpfcsifomG ;wmyg/
eifhudk ig odycf spfw,f &ifNidr;f /
wkYd EpS af ,mufrmS vnf; tifrwefBuD;rm;wJh zl;pma&puftaMumif;
&Sdw,fvdkY ig xifrdw,f? pOf;pm;Munfhav .ighrSm eifeJYqHkpnf;zdkY
rauG;udk wrifajymif;vm&ovdkyJ? NyD;awmh ighb0rSm ckvdk
cspfobl 0udk awmifhwzdYk rajymeJY odycf ifwhJ oli,fcsif;tjzpfeYJ awmif
b,frdef;uav;rS r&SdcJhzl;bl;/
b0rSm eifhwpfa,mufuykd J wG,wf mcifrifrod vdk wpfoufv;kH twGuf
vnf; eifhudkyJ ig arQmfvifhrdw,f/
eifeJYig cspfolawGjzpfMuNyD; wpfaeY twlwlaygif;&&ifawmh
abmausmfeJY yk0wDvdk jrifhjrwfwJh bk&m;'um 'umrb0udk
r&wJhwdkif tifrwefrS aysmfp&m MunfEl;tm;usp&m b0av;wpfck
twlwl wnfaqmufEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY ,HkMunfrdw,f &ifNidrf;/
tJ'gygyJ[m/
ightcspfukd eifem;vnfyg &ifNidr;f &,f/ NyD;awmh ckcsdeuf aepNyD;
wpfoufv;kH cspfobl 0eJY aeoGm;yg&ap? wdYk EpS af ,muf pdwwf ul ,kd wf l
tcspfwel YJ vSywJh arwmurmav;wpfck wnfaqmufomG ;Mu&atmifaemf/
&ifNidr;f &JU
pJGNrJ/
('grSr[kwf)
[dka&S;wkef;u yk0wD&JU
abmausmf/

vGrf;avunif; 129
(7)
]uJ ...a&mufygNy&D iS ?f a[m'Db&k m;[m &Sio

f yd af &muf
csifwJh a&TvifarQmfygyJ udkpJGNrJ&JU? wcsdKUuvnf; vif&SmarQmfvdkY
ac:ygao;owJh? olaX;orD; ykP0wDu olYa,mufsm; jzpfvm
r,fh abmausmfudk warQmfarQmf vmapmifhaewJh ae&mygwJh
udkabmausmf&JU ...auseyfawmfrlNyDvm;}
awmifpGef;av;&Sd bk&m;&ifjyifawmfay:a&mufonfESifh
&ifNidrf;u rsufapmif;xdk;&if;ajymonf/ pJGNrJuvnf; rsm;pGm
auseyfawmfrloGm;yHk&onf/ &ifjyifrSae ywf0ef;usifudk vSnfh
Munfh&if; ...
]Icif;av;u t&rf;vSwmyJaemf &ifNidrf;? ae&mav;udk
oabmusvdkufwm[m? [kdbuf wpfzufurf;udk twkdif;om;
jrifae&wmyJaemf}
a&TvifarQmfbk&m;u jrovGefrSae {&m0wDjrpftxuf
buf tawmfvSrf;vSrf;av;rSm wnf&Sdonf/ atmufajcrSm
vifw0acsmif;[kac:aom acsmif;uav;&Sdonfh urf;yg;pGef;
awmifxdyfav;ay:wGif xHk;jzLjzLav;ESifh oym,fvGrf;armzG,f
aumif;onf/
urf;yg;pGe;f ...awmifxyd u f {&m0wDjrpfbufoYkd rod
rompGef;xGufae wdwd&d&djywfovdkjzpfaeaom urf;yg;pGef;rS
atmufudkiHkYMunfhvQif {&m0wD\aomifjyifudk jrifae&onf/
apwD u tawmif E S p f q ,f c ef Y & S d o nf h apwD a v;/
wHwdkif;cwfxm;aom t*Fawcif; &ifjyifESifh oyfoyf&yf&yf&Sd
onf/ jrpfbufu wHwdkif;uawmh a&pm;oGm;ESifh wlonf/
atmufajc jrpfaomifjyifay:odkY NydKusvsuf&Sdonf/
tay:rSiHkYMunfhvQif Munfvifaeaom a&xJ azG;azG;
&dy&f yd f ay:aeaom tkwcf u kH sKd ;rsm;yif jrifae&onf/ urf;yg;pGe;f
rSmawmh &Sm;yifrsm;ESifh xaemif;yifBuD;wpfyif&Sdonf/
{&m0wDjrpf wpfzufurf;odkY vSrf;MunfhvQif rif;bl;
bufrS bk&m;eD? ref;a&eHajrESihf atmufausmif;bk&m;wdu Yk kd jrifae
&onf/
pJGNrJu Icif;rsm;udk vSrf;Munfhae&if;u olYvufarmif;
udk wJGcdkxm;aom &ifNidrf;bufvSnfh ...
]aeOD; &ifNidrf;& ...[dkwavmu 'D0g;awmacsmif;&Gm
u todwpfa,mufeJYawGYvdkY bk&m;taMumif; ar;Munfhawmh
olwdkYqDrSm 'Dbk&m;ordkif;udk wpfrsdK;ajymMuao;w,fwJh}
]b,fvdkajymvdkYvJ}
]olwdkY ajymwmu 'Dae&muae vifarQmfwmu ykP
0wD&,fvYkd r[kwb f ;l ayghumG ? olw&Ykd mG u rif;orD;av;wpfyg;aygh?
vGrf;avunif; 131
tJ'g olYa,mufsm;u avSxdk;om;wJh? avSeJY ukeful;oGm;wJh olY
vifukd 'Dae&muae vmvmarQm&f if; 'Dae&mrSm wpfaeYukd tkwf
wpfcsyf tkwfwpfcsyfpDNyD; bk&m;wnfw,fwJh? bk&m;vJNyD;a&m
olYa,mufsm;uvnf; jyefrvmawmh &ifuJGemusNyD; aooGm;
w,fwJh? 'gaMumifh 'Datmufu acsmif;udkawmif rif;orD;av;
vifukd wvdYk 0Ny;D rSaovdYk vifw0acsmif;vdYk ac:w,fajymwmyJ?
'D&Gmu rdef;uav;awGqkd 'Dbk&m;rzl;Mubl;wJh? tJ'Dvdk arQmf&rSm
pd;k vdw
Yk }hJ
][if ...[kwfvdkYvm;}
]olajymwmyJav? [kwfcsifrSvnf; [kwfrSmaygh? yg;pyf
&mZ0ifqdkwm trsdK;rsdK;&SdwwfwmyJ}
]'kuygyJ ...tJvdkqdk&if &ifNidrf;vnf; 'Dbk&m;awmif
OD;rcs&Jawmhbl; pJGNrJ&,f? igvnf; tJvdkjzpfae&if b,fhES,fhvkyf
rvJ}
pJGNrJu &,fonf/
][m ...r[kwfwm &ifNidrf;uvnf;? tJavmufawmh
vnf; raMumufprf;ygeJY? iguvnf; avSxdk;om; b,fawmhrS
vkyfrpm;ygbl;? roum bk&m;av; bmav; wnf&atmif
tif*sifeD,mvkyfrSmyg? eifuvnf; ighudk bmudp arQmf&rSmvJ}
]b,fajymvdkY&rvJ? tJovdkarQmf&vdkY eifjyefrvm&if
igvnf; &ifuJGemusrSm}
]Munfh ...ajymjyefNyD? 'DrSm &ifNidrf; ...wdkY vmzl;wJh
bk&m;u tJ'Dtrnfrod 0g;awmacsmif;u rif;orD;wnfwJh
bk&m; r[kwfbl;? ykP0wD ...abmausmfudkarQmfNyD; aemuf
aysmfaysmf&Tif&Tif aygif;? jrovGefbk&m; wnf&wJh ordkif;bk&m;?
udk,fhordkif; udk,fh,HkMunfcsufeJYudk,f &Sdcdk;? 'Dordkif;u bk&m;
ordkif;tqlqlrSm w&m;0if twdtvif;a&;xm;wJhordkif;? t&yf
ajymordik ;f u usr;f 0ifordik ;f udk ausmrf oGm;apeJY ...&Si;f &JUvm;}
onfawmhrS &ifNidrf; pdwfoufomoGm;yHk&onf/
]at;av ...tJvdkYqdk&ifawmh awmfao;wmaygh? EdkYrdkY
'Du cspfvGef;vdkY ausmif;awmif rwufbJ ausmif;ajy;NyD; vmcJh&
wm? ckvdkomqdk&if aovdkufzdkYyJ aumif;awmhw,f}
ESpfa,mufom; bk&m;twl &Sdcdk;onf/
xdktcsdefu olwdkYESpfa,muf tajctaeonf jrovGef
bk&m;ay:rSm bk&m;ordkif;ajympOfuESifh taetxm;rwlawmh/
jrovGef bk&m;ay:rSmwkef;u oli,fcsif;rsm;/
ckawmh &nf;pm;rsm;vnf; jzpfaeMuNyD/
ausmif;ajy;vnf; avQmufoGm;wwfaeNyDjzpf\/
]t"duawmh tJ'gygyJ 0if;aX;? igwdEYk pS af ,muf&UJ tBu;D

qH;k jyemu wpfa,mufew YJ pfa,muf rcJcG mG &ufatmif tcspf
BuD;aerdwmyJ? wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf wpf&ufavmufawmif
b,fvdkrS uif;uGmaevdkY r&wJhudpu ukr&wJh {&mra&m*gBuD;
wpfckvdk igwkdYESpfa,mufudk pJGuyfaewmyJ}
vGrf;avunif; 133
pJGNrJ pum;tqHk;rSm 0if;aX;u &,fonf/
]ausmif ; ajy;Mu avQmuf v nf M ueJ Y rif ; wd k Y u awmh
t&rf;aysmfaerSmaygh}
pJGNrJu rcsdaomtNyHK;jzifh NyHK;onf/
]aysmfwmuawmh b,fvdkaysmfovJ rar;eJYvdkYawmif
ajym&r,fxifw,fumG ? igwdEYk pS af ,muf &nf;pm;jzpfjcif;&JU t"du
vuPm[m bmvJar;&if tJ'DvdkaeMuwmvdkYyJ ajym&vdrfhr,f?
rif; pOf;pm;Munfhav ...igwkdYESpfa,mufrSm 'Djyif[m bmrS
rajymif;bl;? tac:ta0:qdk&ifvnf; &ifNidrf;eJY pJGNrJ? eifeJY igeJY?
&nf;pm;jzpfomG ;vdYk udu k w kd Ykd armifarmifw?Ykd armifwYkd udw
k Ydk ajymif;
oGm;wm r[kwfbl;? tJh ...pma&;wJhtcg&,f? pdwfvdkvuf&
&SdwJhtcg&,f wpfcgwavawmh &ifNidrf;u ighudk armifvdkYac:
w,f? olu Y , kd of v
l nf; &ifNird ;f vdaYk jymw,f? 'gayr,fh 'guvnf;
q,fauGYwpfauGYawmif r&Sdygbl;uGm? tmvnf; odyfrawGUyg
bl;? aemufqHk;usawmh eifeJYigeJY &ifNidrf;eJYyJ jyefjzpfwmyJ}
]'guawmh odyfta&;rBuD;ygbl;}
]at; ...wjcm;ta&;rBuD;wJh[mawGvnf; bmrS
rajymif;vJb;l }
0if;aX;u &,f ...
]zufwm? erf;wmwdkYawmh ajymif;rSmayghuGm? r[kwfbl;
vm;}
]tif; ...oGm;oGm;vmvmrsm;awmhvnf; tJ'gav;
awGuawmh &Sw d mayghumG ? 'gayr,fh tvGet f uRu H awmh b,fawmh
rS r&Sdygbl;? pnf;av;urf;av;awmh &Sdygw,f? jyemu
wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf awGYcsifjrifcsifaewmuG? wpfa,muf
tem;rSm wpfa,muf&Sdcsifaewm? enf;enf;av; rsufpdatmuf
u aysmuf&if pdwfrcsEdkifawmhbl;? o0efuvnf; wdkwwfaeMu
w,f}
]tJ'geJY jyemwufukefa&m qdkygawmh}
]at;aygh ...aemufqHk; olYtdrfu odoGm;wmayghuGm?
ausmif;ajy;wJhudpuvnf; rdoGm;w,f}
]tJ'aD wmh}
]tJ'Dawmh wdkYESpfa,mufvnf; tawmftwd'kua&muf
ukewf mayghumG }
ajym&if;eJY pJGNrJu ywf0ef;usifudk wpfcsufvSrf;Munfh
onf/
um;av;u NrdKUjyifa&muf v,fuGif;rsm;udk eHab;rSm
xm;Ny;D armif;ESi&f onfrYkd Icif;jrifuiG ;f u tjrifwpfq;kH us,jf yefY
aeonf/
cyfvrS ;f vSr;f aeylxw J iG f avayGwpfck 0Juawmh xd;k ae
onfudk jrifawGYvdkuf&\/

vGrf;avunif; 135
(8)
]&ifNidrf;r&Sdbl; pJGNrJ? ausmif;oGm;NyD? vmOD; ...eifhudk

ig ar;p&m&SdvkdY}
b0rSm yxrqHk; pavayG0Juawmh xdk;aomaeY/
xdkaeYu tjzpftysufudk pJGNrJaumif;pGm rSwfrdaeao;onf/
xdkaeYreufu yHkrSeftwdkif; ausmif;oGm;&ef &ifNidrf;udk
0ifac:jcif;jzpfonf/ cgwdkif;vdkyJ &ifNidrf;u olYudkapmifhaevdrfh
rnf/ olvmrS ausmif;twloGm;rnf[kyJ atmufarhonf/
odkYaomf &ifNidrf;wdkYtdrf a&mufonfhtcg tdrftae
txm;ESifh rdom;pkrsm; &SdaeyHk yHkpHu bmrSrajymif;vJaomfvnf;
ola&mufoGm;onfhtcsdefwGif &ifNidrf;tpfr wifwifodef; xGuf
vmNyD; ajymaompum;aMumifh pJGNrJ xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;onf/
wifwifodef;trlt&mu wpfrsdK;jzpfae\/
rsufESmysufwufwufjzpfaeovdk olESifhpum;ajymzdkY
qif;vmonfhtcsdefrSmyif ywf0ef;usif ab;bDb,fnmudk vSrf;
tuJcwfaeao;onf/
&ifNird ;f olu
Y kd rapmifb
h J ausmif;oGm;ESiNhf yqD ukd wnf;u
yH k r S e f t ajctae r[k w f a wmh q d k o nf u d k pJ G N rJ o d v d k u f o nf /
odkYaomf tusdK;taMumif; odcsifao;ojzifh bmrSjyefrajymbJ
puf b D ; ud k a'guf a xmuf & yf x m;vd k u f N yD ; wif w if o d e f ; qD
avQmufomG ;vdu k of nf/
]aemufudk reufreuf &ifNidrf;udk vmrac:eJYawmh pJGNrJ?
naevnf; jyefvdkufrydkYeJYawmh? igajymwm Mum;vm;}
ac:wke;f uawmh ar;p&m&Sv d aYdk jymNy;D ac:jcif;jzpfonf/
odkYaomf ck olajymonfhpum;u ar;p&mr[kwf ajymp&mom
jzpfae\/
olYpum; aemufqHk;ydk'fav;uawmh ar;cGef;av;vdk jzpf
aeojzifh pJGNrJu acgif;ndwfvdkuf&if; ...
]tif; ...Mum;ygw,f rrwifoed ;f ? tJ'g bmjzpfvv Ykd }J
]bmjzpf&rvJ? eifeJY&ifNidrf; jzpfaeMuwmudk tdrfu
odomG ;vdaYk ygh}
][if}
][ifraeeJY? eifwdkYESpfa,muf tqufjzpfaeMuwma&m?
ausmif;ajy;NyD; avQmufvnfaeMuwma&m taz odoGm;w,f?
raeYuvnf; eifwaYkd usmif;ajy;Ny;D bk&m;oH;k qlbuf oGm;Muao;
w,f r[kwfvm;? tazu tukefvHk; odaew,f? tJ'g nu
vnf; [dkaumifr tdkufcH&wm aumhaewmyJ? eifwdkYESpfa,muf
ausmif;twlwloGm;? twlwljyef vkyfaewmvnf; rvkyf&awmh
bl;wJh? tck &ifNidrf;udk eifwdkYausmif; q,fwef;u rcifpef;eJY
vGrf;avunif; 137
tyfxm;w,f? ausmif;oGm; ausmif;jyef rcifpef;eJYyJ oGm;&jyef&
r,fwJh}
pJNG rJ bmvky&f rSe;f yifrod jzpfomG ;onf/ onftwdik ;f qdk
&ifNird ;f eJY awG&Y zdyYk if vG,yf gawmhrvm;? olNird Nf y;D ylyefaeqJrmS yif
wifwifodef;u quf ...
]tJ'g eifeJYvnf; tqufjzwfzdkY &ifNidrf;udk ajymxm;
w,f? jzwf&ifjzwf rjzwf&if &ifNidrf;udk ausmif;xkwfypfr,fwJh?
'g aemufqHk; owday;wmyJwJh}
][mAsm ...'kuygyJ? tJ'gqdk b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ}
wifwifodef;uawmh tpuwnf;u olwdkYESpfa,muf
tajctaeudk &dyfrdonf[k &ifNidrf;u ajymzl;onf/ NyD;awmh
wif w if o d e f ; u &if N id r f ; buf u bmrqd k t NrJ & S d w wf o nf /
xdkYaMumifh usqif;oGm;aom pdwf"mwfESifhtwl wifwifodef;udk
tm;udk;wBuD; ar;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf/
wifwifodef;trlt&mu tm;&p&mawmh wkHYjyefrvm/
]b,fvdkvkyfrvJ? avmavmq,fawmh 'DvdkyJ cP
tqufjzwfxm;vdkufMuOD;aygh[? 'grSjzpfrSmaygh? eifwdkYuvnf;
cufw,fpJGNrJ? eifwdkYudpu igodwm MumvSNyD? 'grsdK; jzpfvmrSmpdk;
vdkY odkodkodyfodyfae? odyfxraeMueJYvdkY [dkaumifrudk wwGwf
wGwf ajymaewJhMum;u eifwdkYu ajymr&qdkr& uJaeMuwmudk;?
aumif;w,f}
]'kuygyJ rrwifodef;&,f? 'Dtwdkif;qdk ausmif;rSm
&ifNidrf;eJY pum;ajymzdkYawmif cufoGm;NyD? rrwkdYtazajymovdk
tqufjzwfzdkYqdkwmuvnf; rvG,fbl;}
]aMomf ...cufaeygNyD? ckavmavmq,fawmh bm
tquftoG,frS rvkyfbJ tqufjzwfovkd aevdkufMuaygh[?
aemufrv S Bl u;D awG rodatmif wdww f w
d q f ufaygh? ckomG ;qufvYkd
uawmh rvG,fbl;aemf? tazu wu,fvkyfrSm? awmfMum
&ifNidrf;udk ausmif;wu,fxkwfypfrS [kwfayhjzpfaer,f}
]OD;av;u uReaf wmfwEYkd pS af ,mufukd oabmrwlvYkd vm;}
]b,fodrvJ[? ck[muawmh tazuvnf; eifhudkyg
a'guefaew,f? eifhudk dk;om;w,fqdkNyD; ,HkMunfvdkY 'Davmuf
cGifhjyKxm;wmudk eifu tcGifhta&;,lw,f? bmnmeJY? eifhvnf;
ol rauseyfbl;}
]r[kwfygbl; rr&,f? uRefawmfvnf; r[kwfwkwf
vkyfwmrS r[kwfbJ? uRefawmfwdkYESpfa,muf wpfa,mufeJY
wpfa,muf wu,fcspfMuwmyg}
]aMomf ...eifwt Ykd &G,?f eifwtYdk wef;eJY 'Dvjkd zpfaewm
udk b,frb d u cGijhf yKrvJw?hJ ckawmif tazu ud, k ohf rD;yJ ud,
k f
qlv?Ykd ausmif;om oGm;wdik &f if eifa&m &ifNird ;f yg ausmif;xkwcf &H
rSm od&JUvm;}
pJGNrJ&ifarmpGm oufjyif;csonf/
ckcsdefrS wpfpHkwpf&m qufajymaevQifvnf; taMumif;
xl;p&m rjrif? odt Yk wGuf ajy&majyaMumif; acgif;om tomndwf
&awmhonf/
]tif; ...tJ'gqdkvnf; uRefawmf ausmif;oGm;awmh
vGrf;avunif; 139
r,f rrwifoed ;f ? rreJuY Reaf wmf awGo
Y mG ;w,fqw
kd mom &ifNird ;f
udk ajymjyvdkufyg}
wifwifodef;u acgif;ndwfonf/
pJGNrJ pufbD;ay:jyefwuf eif;xGufvmcJhonf/
ausmif;a&mufawmhvnf; &ifNird ;f udk rsuEf mS raumif;pGm

awGY&onf/
tajctaeu bmrSef;rodojzifh pJGNrJvnf; tem;ruyf
&J/ &ifNird ;f uvnf; acgif;Bu;D wiHiYk v
YkH yk
f bmpum;rS vmrajym/
b,folESifhrSvnf; pum;odyfajymonfudk rawGY&/
nae ausmif;qif;onfhtcgusrS &ifNidrf;oli,fcsif;
rdk;rdk;wpfa,muf ra,mifrvnfESifh pJGNrJem;a&mufvmonf/
cgwdkif;uJhodkY pmtkyfjzifhr[kwfbJ pmav;wpfapmif,lvm ay;
onf/
xHk;pHtwdkif; xdkpmudk tdrftxd,lNyD; rzwfEdkif? vrf;rSm
wif zGifhzwfonf/ pmu ta&;ay: a&;vdkuf&vm; rod/
twGefYtwuf tGefYtcufawG bmrSrygbJ vdk&if;udkom wHk;
wdwda&;xm;onf/
pJGNrJ .
reufu eif tdrfa&mufcJhao;w,fr[kwfvm;? tdrfrSm rr
wifoed ;f eJY awGUcJhr,fxifw,f? oleYJ awGU&ifawmh eif tusdK;taMumif;
odcJh&rSmyg/
tajctae raumif;bl;[m? igvnf; raeYnu tdkufawmif
cH7w,f? udpuawmh eifeJYighudpudk tdrfu odoGm;vdkYaygh/
wpfaeYaeY tajctaevnf;ay;? uHvnf;BuHKvm&ifawmh
jyefqMkH uwmaygh[m? avmavmq,fawmh ighudk cParhxm;vduk yf gOD;?
ig eifhudk cspfygw,f? 'gayrJh .
pmu wHk;wdwdESifh &yfoGm;onf/ pmatmufrSm cgwdkif;

xdk;aeus vufrSwfudkyif xdk;ray;vdkufawmh/
pmzwfNyD; pJGNrJidkifusoGm;onf/
wpfaeYaeY ...wpfaeYaeY qdkaomudpu bmrSra&&m
aom pum;yif/ xdw k pfaeYaeYqakd om ra&&monfu
h mvra&muf
cif Mum;c&D;rSm ol b,fvdkae&xdkif&rnfenf;/
&ifxJrSm ylavmifvpf[maeonf/
tdrfjyefcsifpdwfvnf; vHk;0r&Sdawmh/
aqmufwnf&m r&aompdwfjzifh aZ,swdkY tdrfbufodkY
xGufvmcJh\/
vGrf;avunif; 141
]r[kwfbl; aZ,s? igqdkvdkwJhoabmu ckvdktajctae
u awmif;qdkvmwJh taetxm;rSm b,fvkdyJjzpfjzpf aeoifh
aexdkufwJhyHkpHeJYae&rSmygyJ qdkwmudk igvufcHygw,f? 'gayr,fh
tJ'g[m ESpaf ,mufwnf;odwt hJ aetxm;wpfrsKd ;eJY nd, o
l mG ;vdYk
jzpfEikd w
f myJ}
]tJav tckvnf; tJ'DyHkpHyJ r[kwfvm;}
pJGNrJu acgif;cg &ifNidrf;yHkpHudk xkwfjy&if; ...
]tJ'yD pkH q
H kd igbmajymp&mvdrk vJ aZ,s? rif;pmzwfwwf
wmyJ? olpY mudk aocsmzwfMunfph rf;ygOD;? ck[mu olo Y abmeJo Y l
aemufrS aemufa&muf&m;? ckavmavmq,fawmh ighudk cParh
xm;vdu k yf gOD;wJ}h
]'Dvv kd nf;&Syd gw,f pJNG r&J m? olvnf; 'Dupd e YJ ywfoufNy;D
tdkuftESufcH? tqltBudrf;cHxm;&awmh pdwfnpfnpfeJY a&;rd
a&;&m a&;csvdkufwm jzpfEdkifygw,f}
]'gayr,fh pmu ighvufxJudk a&mufaeNyDuG}
]at;av ...tJ'gqdk&ifvnf; avmavmq,fawmh
olajymovdyk J aevdu k f &Hk w
dS maygh? EdrYk Ykd bmoGm;vkyrf vJ? vkypf &mrS
r&Sad wmhwm}
]ig oleJY ZGwfawGYNyD; tJ'Dudp &Sif;vdkufcsifw,fuGm? ol
ighudk wu,fcspf&if 'Dpum;rsdK; b,fajymoifhrvJ? avmavm
q,f 'Dvt kd ajctae &Sw d ,f? 'gaMumifh 'Dvakd eMur,f? 'gayr,fh
wdkYESpfa,mufMum;rSm bmrSrajymif;vJbl;? vlcsif;rawGY&ayr,fh
pdwfcsif; tNrJqHkaeMur,f? bmnmvkyfxm;vdkY r&bl;vm;}
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh aZ,su acgif;ukwf&if; NyHK;onf/
]at;av rif;ajymovdkvnf; &wmawmh &wmaygh?
'gayr,fh olu tJvdkrSr[kwfbJ? tJ'gudk rif;u oGm;&Sif;vnf;
olu 'Dtwdkif;yJ ajymvTwfrSmaygh}
]tJvdkqdk&ifawmh igeJYrjzpfbl; aZ,s ...tcspfrSm
tJavmufrS owdr&Sd&if b,fvdkvkyfNyD; a&SUavQmufBuHK&r,fh
tcuftcJawGudk &ifqdkifrvJ? ck[mu jyemjzifh pkH&Sdao;
w,f olu aMumufNyD; xGufajy;wm wpfrdkifESpfrdkifa&mufaeNyD}
aZ,su bmawG;rdonfrod &,fvdkufNyD; ...
]tJ'gqdkvnf; &Sif;&Sif;av;yJuG? rif;rS olYyHkpHudk rBudKuf
wm? rif;eJY rjzpfbl; xifrSawmh oluvnf; jzwfvufpeJY rif;u
vnf; wpfcgwnf;yJ jzwfypfvdkufaygh NyD;wmyJ r[kwfvm;}
]at;yg? iguvnf; tJ'Dtwdkif; vkyfrSmygyJ? ckvnf;
Zmwfvrf;u NyD;aeygNyD? aeayghuGm olawmifrS arhEdkifao;wm?
arhcikd ;f ao;wm? igu a,mufsm;yJ? olx Y ufEpS cf gjyefawmif arhEikd f
&rSmaygh}
]aumif;w,f pJGNrJ? arhypfvdkuf}
pJGNrJu aZ,srsufESmudk aphaphMunfh&if; qGJqufxkd;ypf
vdkufcsifpdwfawG ay:aeonf/ wrifoufouf &daeonf[k
vnf; pdwfxJxifrd\/
olvnf; &ifNidrf;vdk tcsdK;tpm;twdkif;yif pum;udk
vufvw G pf y,f ajymaeonf/ arhypfvu kd q
f akd om pum;u olwYkd
yg;pyfxJrSm xrif;pm;a&aomufEdkifvSonf/
vGrf;avunif; 143
ppfppfreS rf eS f cspxf m;aomb0rSm vG,vf ,
G af v; arhypf
vdkY &Edkifr&Edkif? wu,fyJ vHk;0rodawmhbl;vm;/
pdwaf jzp&mr&So d jzifh oufomvdo
k ufomjim; vmrdcgrS
aqmufwnf&mr&aom pdwftjyif a'gorsm;yg ydkxGufvm&
onf/
]awmuf}
aZ,sESifh pum;qufajymcsifpdwfvnf; r&Sdawmh/
pJNG rJ a'guefuefEiS hf awmufwpfcsuaf cguf&if; jyefvmcJh
onf/
jzpfEdkifvQif avmuBuD; wpfckvHk;udk pdpdnufnuf
acsypfvu kd cf si\ f /

(9)
awG;&if;awG;&if;ESifh &ifNidrf;\0rf;enf;pdwfu a'go

tjzpf ul;ajymif;oGm;onf/
pdwo f ufom&m&rvm; tcef;xJwiG f acgufwaHYk cgufjyef
vrf;avQmufMunfhonf ...r&/ avQmuf r&ojzifh ckwif
ay: oGm;ikwfwkwfxdkifMunfhonf ...a'gou rajy/ ckwif
ay:rS qif; ckwifem;rSm rwfwwf&yfonf/ 'gvnf; pdwx f rJ mS
roufom/
rsufpdxJrSm rxHkwufaw;trlt&mESifh avSmifovdkvdk
oa&mfovdkvdk NyHK;aeaom pJGNrJ\rsufESmudk jrifonf/ b,f
avmuf tonf;,m;zdkY aumif;ygoenf;/ onfrSm udk,fu olY
twGuf onfavmufcHpm;ae&onfhtcsdef olu wpfrsufESm
uav;rS rsufESmrndK;? trlt&m rysuf/
a'gojzpfjzpfESifh ckwifay:u acgif;tHk;udk qJG,lNyD; eH&H
qD ypfaygufvdkufonf/
'gvnf; rxl;jcm;/
vGrf;avunif; 145
em;xJrSm aeYv,fu rdk;rdk;ajymvdkufaom pum;rsm;u
w&pf0J0J jyefMum;aeonf/
]eifhaumifu b,fvkdvJ &ifNidrf;? eifuom n n
rsuf&nfus&wmeJY wpfa&;Edk; xidk&wmeJY? olYtwGuf cHpm;ae&
wm olusawmh cyfwnfwnfyJ? rawGYbl;vm;? eifu arhqdkawmh
vnf; arhypfvdkufwmyJ? ckxufxd eifa&;vdkufwJh pmeJYywfouf
vdkY bmwpfck avmajymazmf&vJ? pJGNrJ tJ'DavmufaeEdkifwm ig
odyt f MhH owmyJ}
onfwkef;uawmh [efudk,fhzdkYqdkaom pum;ESifhtnD
rmrmwif;wif;yif rdk;rdk;udk wkHYjyefEdkifcJhonf/
]aMomf ...'guawmh igu olYudk jzwfxm;wmudk;[Jh?
olu ighudk bmvmajymvdkY&rvJ? olvnf; 'DvdkyJaeay;&rSmaygh?
tJvrkd [kwv f Ykd olu u*su D a*smif vmvky&f if igyJpw
d n f pf&rSmyJ?
aumif;w,f? olY[meJYol 'DvdkyJaeyap}
]at;av ...eifwdkYudpeJYeifwdkY auseyfae&ifvnf;
NyD;wmygyJ? 'gayr,fh iguawmh pJGNrJMunfh&wm tHhMow,f? eifeJY
ywfoufvdkY wpfpufrS cHpm;&yHkray:bl;? wJGwkef;uawmhvnf;
eifwdkYyJ tonf;toef? ckusawmhvnf; 'DbufuajymwJh vl
uvnf; cyfvG,fvG,fyJ? avmavmq,f ighudk arhypfvdkufwJh?
[du k vnf; cyfwnfwnfyJ arhypfvu kd q
f w
kd meJY owdawmif &wJyh kH
ray:awmhbl;}
trSeu f rd;k rd;k ajymwmudk rcHcsi f om ZGwcf ck aH e&aomf
vnf; &ifNidrf;pdwfxJrSm pJGNrJudk tawmfrausreyf jzpfaerdonf/
rdk;rdk;ajymwmxufyif pJGNrJvkyfaeyHku ydkqdk;\/
jyefwGufMunfhaomtcg wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf
pum;vHk;0rajym/ pmwpfvHk;rS a&;om; rqufoG,fjzpfonfrSm
wpfywfausmfcJhNyD/
onfavmufqv kd Qif awmfcHk spMf uolrsm;yif tvl;tvJ
cHpm;ae&NyD/ onfhjyifvl rajymESifh tazu qldkufvdkufojzifh
pdwfnpfnpfeJY jzwfpmaumufa&;vdkufaom oludk,fwdkifyifvQif
vGr;f aiGUa0pjyKNy/D
igrSm;oGm;w,f ...trSefu olYudk ,wdjywfBuD; tJvdk
a&;vdkufzdkY raumif;bl;? bmjzpfvJ ...tazqlwkef; dkufwkef;
cPuae arh a rh a ysmuf a ysmuf jzpf a vmuf w J h t csd e f t xd
ESpfa,mufom; em;vnfrI,lNyD; jzwfcsifa,mifaqmifaeMu/
'DMum;xJrmS raeEdik v f Qif rd;k rd;k wdYk aZ,swv Ykd kd ud,k u hf kd em;vnfwhJ
oli,fcsif;awGuaewpfqifh wdwfwdwfcdk; pmqufoG,f ...
Ny;D aewJuh pd ? ckawmh igu arhypfvu kd f bmnmoGm;a&;vdu k af wmh
bmnmawmifawmif tDtaD wG; aemifww&m;av;awG 0ifae
rdNy/D
'DavmufcspfMucifMuNyD;rS uefpGef;dk;udk vufESifhqdwf
jzwfovdk axmufceJ jywfoGm;&onfh 'kuu rao;? nnqdk
vQif &ifNird ;f tdy f yifr&? rtdycf if olu Y kd owd&Ny;D rsu&f nfus&
ovdk wpfcgwav tdyfrufxJolESifh [dkoGm;'DoGm;? [dkwkef;uvdk
aysmaf erdNy;D tdy&f muvefEY ;kd awmh aMuuJpG w d jf zifh rsu&f nfNzKd iNf zKd if
us&onfvnf; tBudrfBudrf/
vGrf;avunif; 147
wu,fawmh olpY mudzk wfNy;D pJNG ruJ eif'v D akd wmh rajym
ygeJY &ifNidrf;&,f? eifhudk igarhypfvdkufvdkYqdkwJhudp[m jzpfEdkifwJh
udprSr[kwfbJ? eifhudk ig rarhyg&apeJY? ig avmavmq,f igeJY
rqufoG,fcsifaeyg? 'gayr,fh iguawmh eifhqD wpfywfwpfcg
avmufawmh pma&;yg&ap? 'grSr[kwfvnf; cPav;jzpfjzpf
vlvpfwkef; pum;ajymyg&ap? bmnm tyluyfvmvQifvnf;
vdkufavsmrdzdkY tqifoifhyif/
ckawmh aocsif;qkd; pJGNrJ? bmwpfckrStaMumif;rMum;
ovdk? bmwpfckrSvnf; tylruyf? *sDrwdkuf/ &ifNidrf;a&;vdkuf
onfh pmwpfaMumif;udk bk&m;a[m Asm'dwfrsm; rSwfaeovm;
rod? arhqdkwmeJY wHk;wdwdBuD; arhypfvdkufonf/
pum;rajymESifhqdkwmESifh wpfvHk;qdkwpfvHk;rS r[awmh
pmvnf; uBuD;a&u wpfvHk;yif ra&;/
]aoemuspJGNrJ? eif ighudk wu,frcspfbl; r[kwfvm;?
ighukd oufoufrhJ taysmv f mwJw
G m r[kwv f m;? iguawmh eifu h kd
cspfvdkuf&wm? eifuawmh ighudk cspf[efaqmifNyD; vSnfhpm;w,f?
aocsifqdk; rdk;BudK;ypf? a>rayG;udkuf}
yg;pyfuvnf; ajym? rsuf&nfuvnf; us? vufxJrS
acgif;tHk;udkvnf; pJGNrJ trSwfjzifh pdwf&Sdvuf&Sd xkdkufypfonf/
du
k &f if;ESihf armvmawmhrS xdak cgif;tH;k udk rsuEf mS tyfNy;D
tm;&yg;&idkcsvdkufonf/
]reufjzefus&if awGYr,f? romBuD;? eifhudkig rkef;w,f
odvm; pJGNrJ? eifhudk igt&rf;rkef;w,f}
ajym&if;ESifh &TJpdkpD;qif;vmaom ESm&nfrsm;udk vufjzifh
np, f o
l nf/ xkaYd emuf arG&Y may: jzefcY if;xm;onfh tdy&f mcif;udk
pJGNrJ\ acgif;trSwfjzifh tm;&yg;&okwfypfvdkufawmh\/
]awmuf ...tJ'D&ifNidrf;udk igvnf; rauseyfbl;uGm?

rif;pOf;pm;Munfh aZ,s? tckqdk oleJYigeJY vHk;0tquftoG,f
jywfaewm b,fESpf&uf&SdyvJ? wpfywfausmfoGm;NyD? t&ifwkef;
ursm; wpf&ufavmufawGY&&ifudk igu aeEdkifoav;bmav;eJY
rsu&f nfus&? pdwaf umuf&vkycf w hJ hJ rde;f r? ckusawmh odyaf eEdik f
aewmaygh [kwfvm;? igu tpu ol tJavmuftonf;rmrSef;
rodbl;? rauseyfbl;uGm? vHk;0rauseyfbl;}
ausmif;rSm? twef;xJrmS &ifNird ;f a&SUrSm wjcm;oli,fcsi;f
rsm; a&SUrSmwke;f uawmh bmrS rjzpfovdk xDrxiftrlt&mrsKd ;ESihf
a`Eorwdodum? orm"dBuD;ESifhaevmcJhNyD;? naeausmif;qif;
csed f oltrd af &muf olEiS Ehf pS af ,mufwnf;&Srd S rsuEf mS zH;k uGmusNy;D
cHpm;csuaf wG aygufuaGJ eonfh pJNG ru J Mkd unf h aZ,su NyKH ;onf/
]a[haumif ...rif;u bmNyHK;wmvJ}
pJGNrJa'gojrm;OD;u kwfw&uf olYbufvSnfhvmonf/
aZ,su tl;wpfydkif;vdk jzpfaeaom pJGNrJudk NyHK;NrJNyHK;vsuf
Munfh&if; ...
]rif; jzpfaeyHk rif;jyefpOf;pm;MunfOh ;D rSaygh pJNG r?J rif;[mu
vGrf;avunif; 149
tl;wpfa,mufvkd jzpfraebl;vm;? rif;udk igajymom;yJ? b,fvkd
rS raeEdkifawmhbl;qkd&ifvnf; &ifNidrf;udk pmeJYjzpfjzpf a&;NyD;
tusKd;taMumif;ajymjy? 'DvdkBuD;awmh ypfypfcgcg vkyfrxm;ygeJY?
vla&SUola&SUrSm tquftoG,jf zwfxm;&ifawmif vlrod olrod
wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf t&ifvdkyJ jyefcspfaeyg&ap? bmnm
vkyyf gvm;qdak wmhvnf; rif;yJ rmeBu;D wpfco GJ m;vkv d kd bmvdvk kd
eJY ...aeyap olawmifarhEdkifao;wm bmnmeJY zifacgif;u
urmavmuf us,faeNyD;}
aZ,su pJNG rt J Iu
d wf nfw h nfu
h kd vmxdonf/ 'Djyifupd
bmrS vkyfr&wdkif; xGufNyD;&if;xGufaeonfh a'gou aZ,sqD
twHk;vdkuf twpfvdkuf a&mufoGm;ojzifh ...
]igzifacgif; us,fwm r[kwfbl; aZ,s? olYtaMumif;
udk igodw,f? ol ighudk b,fvdkrS rarhEdkifbl;? igvnf; olYudk
rarhEdkifbl;? olvnf; ighudk rarhEdkifbl;qdkwm ola&m iga&m od
w,f? tJ'D odvsufom;eJY tckxufxd olu [efwpfcJGom;eJY
rmefvkyfaevdkY iga'gojzpfwm}
]tJvdkqdkvnf; udk,fu a,mufsm;av;yJuGm? udk,fu
pNyD;ajy&m ajyaMumif; wpfckckajymvdkufaygh? ckavmufqdk ...
olvnf; rif;qDu wpfcck k apm'ujyefwufzu Ydk pd u
kd arQm&f ifarQmf
aerSmaygh}
]arQmf&if arQmfaerSm r[kwfbl;? arQmfudk arQmfaew,f?
igodw,f? 'gayr,fh 'Davmuf wpfa,mufuw kd pfa,muf cspw f ohJ l
tcsi;f csi;f vG,vf ,G uf ul l arhEikd w
f mudk rauseyfvYkd wpfa,muf
eJw
Y pfa,muf arh&if a0;&if b,fvckd pH m;&r,fqw kd m ol aocsm
odoGm;atmif wrifynmay;aewm}
pJGNrJpum;tqHk;rSm aZ,su 0g;vHk;uJG x&,fonf/
&,f 0oavmuf&SdrS pJGNrJudk oabmuspGm NyHK;Munfh
&if; ...
]tif; ...rif;yHpk u H b,fvjkd zpfaeovJqakd wmh teif;
cHaew,fvnf; ajymao;? toHu wJacgifrdk;u xGufvmw,f
qdw k hJ vl<um;yHpk rH sKd ; jzpfaeNyD pJNG r?J rif;u olu Y kd ynmay;aewmqdk
&if olcpH m;ae&wJt h csed rf mS rif;u cyfwnfwnfav;eJY 'l;ESeaYf ekH
yJ&w dS mayghu?G ckusawmh [du k cHpm;&ovm; rcHpm;&ovm; rao
csmao;cifrSm rif;u l;awmhr,f}
]l;l;uGm ...olvkyfyHku tvkyfrSr[kwfbJ}
]rif;vkyfwmvnf; twlwlyJaygh pJGNrJ&m? udk,fh[mudk,f
vnf; cHEikd &f nfr&Sb d eJ YJ bmjzpfvYkd rmeBu;D oGm;cHae&vJ? uJ ...
d;k d;k eJ&Y iS ;f &Si;f av;yJ igajymr,f pJNG rJ ...rif; l;aMumifr;l aMumif
eJY bmrSxif&mavQmufajymraeeJY? reufjzefus&if paeaeY?
ausmif;rSm tcsed yf o kd ifwef;&Sw d ,f? tJ'rD mS q,fwef;u rcifpef;
wdkYeJYvnf; tcsdefcsif;rwlbl;? &ifNidrf;udk ausmif;vdkufydkYr,fh
rwifwifodef;uvnf; ausmif;rSmxm;cJhNyD; jyefoGm;rSmyJ? tJ'Dus
&if rif; ausmif;xJr0ifbJ tjyifwpfae&m&mu apmifhae?
rwifwifodef; jyefoGm;wmeJY &ifNidrf;udk tusdK;taMumif;ajymjy
NyD; igvTwfvdkufr,f? reufjzefwpf&ufuawmh tcsdefydkyJ? tJ'D
wpfcsed f ausmif;vpfNy;D rif;wdcYk si;f tvGr;f jyefo,fMu? cP cP
vGrf;avunif; 151
awmh 'grsdK;rvkyfeJY? 'Dwpfcg xyfjyemwuf&if ydkqdk;ukef
vdrfhr,f ...em;vnf&JUvm;}
aZ,spum;tqHk;rSm pJGNrJNidrfoGm;onf/
aZ,sajymaom tpDtpOfav;uawmh jzpfvmcJhvQif
tawmfaumif;rnf/
vlMum;aumif;atmif bmnmatmf[pfBudrf0g;ae&
aomfvnf; udk,fh&ifxJu a0'emudk udk,fyJodonf/ aemufxyf
wpfywfavmufom 'DvdkqufaeoGm;&if a,mufsm;BuD;wefr,fh
vGr;f zsmvGr;f emus ao&onfqykd gu vlMum;yif aumif;rnf
r[kw/f
]b,fvv kd J pJNG rJ ...igajymovdk vkyrf vm;? 'grSr[kwf
aemufxyfwpfywfausmfausmfavmuf &ifNidrf;udk ynmxyfay;
xm;OD;rvm;}
aZ,su NyHK;NzJNzJESifh rmqwfqwfoH wrifvkyf ar;
onf/
pJGNrJ tusyfdkufoGm;\/
apmapmu udk,fh[mudk,f wifxm;cJhaom t&Sdefudk
t&Sufr&Sd jyefavQmhcs&zdkYuvnf; cufaeonf/
odkYaomf ...jynfxJa&;? 0rf;a&;ESifh t&SufuJGa&;wkdY
xuf vGrf;a&;u cufaeojzifh vlrBuD;ao;aomfvnf; vlBuD;
rsm; &SufvQif vkyfaeusyHkpHtwdkif; [D;ceJwpfcsuf &,fvdkufNyD;
...
]rif;ajymovdk vkyaf wmhr,fumG ? reufjzefus&if &ifNird ;f
udk rif; qufqufajymay; [kwfvm;}
aZ,su wpfwpfcGcGBuD; arwmydkY aumif;csD;r*Fvm

jyK\/
reufjzefusvQifawmh yJGBuD;yJGaumif;yif/

vGrf;avunif; 153
tydkif; (3)
(1)
]uJyguGm? oabmuawmh rif;wdEYk pS af ,muf tJvjkd zpfNy;D

jyefMunfoGm;Muw,faygh ...tJvdkr[kwfvm;}
t&Sed af v;ESihf ajymaeqJ? pdwaf umif;pGm r&Sncf siaf wmh
aom avoHjzifh jzwfar;vdkufaom 0if;aX;pum;aMumifh pJGNrJ
pum;rsm; wkYHceJ jzwfawmufoGm;onf/
NyD;rS wpfcsuf&,f ...
]b,fvdkjzpfwmvJuG? olYtydkif;eJYol wpfqifhNyD;wpfqifh
ajymjyrSmaygh? b,fvdkaMumifh 'Davmuf avmae&wmvJ}
][m ...igodcsifwmu aemufqHk;usawmh rif;wdkY
ESpfa,muf bmjzpfoGm;MuovJqdkwmyJuG? rif;u [dk&pf'D&pfeJY
odyt f ao;pdwaf wG zGUJ EGUJ ajymaeawmh em;axmif&wm pdwrf &Snf
csiaf wmhb;l }
0if;aX;pum;aMumifh pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]cufygvm; 0if;aX;&m ...rif;Opmu bmeJYwlae
ovJqdkawmh ckacwf 0wKzwfwJh aumifrav;awGtwdkif;yJ?
0wKjzifh p rzwf&ao;bl;? Zmwfvrf;rSm bmjzpfvJ t&ifodcsif
aeNy?D pmtkyu f kd t&iftwdik ;f wpfrsuEf mS Ny;D wpfrsuEf mS zwfomG ;
yguG? bmudp Zmwfodrf;pmrsufESmudk t&ifvSefvSefMunfhcsif
&wmvJ}
]pdwfr&Snfbl;uG? rif;Opmu igodcsifwJh ae&ma&mufzdkY
ta0;Bu;D vdOk ;D r,f}
]rif;u bmodcsifvdkYvJ}
]tck ..rif; rauG;udk bmudpeJY oGm;aew,fqdkwmyJ}
pJGNrJu rcsdNyHK; NyHK;onf/
]igvnf; tJ'gyJ ajymjyaewmyJ 0if;aX;&m? rif;odyo f cd sif
&ifvnf; igBudKajymjyvdkY &ygw,f? t"du ig rauG;udk oGm;wJh
udpu &ifNidrf;eJY awGY&rvm;vdkY oGm;wmyJ? uJ ...&Sif;yvm;?
auseyf&if awmfNyD? ig qufrajymawmhbl;}
]r[kwfbl;avuGm? 'Dvdkawmh vkyfvdkY b,fjzpfrvJ?
tusdK;eJYtaMumif;eJYawmh ajym&rSmaygh? bmudp &ifNidrf;eJY oGm;
awGY&rSmvJ? &ifNidrf;eJY rif;&JUtajctaeu tcka&m b,fvdkvJ?
rif;tckajymaewJhudpawGu MumNyD r[kwfvm;}
pJGNrJu vufq,facsmif;axmif ...
]q,fEpS &f NdS yD oli,fcsi;f ? rif;udik g tckajymaewJu
h pd a wG
u usefcJhwJhq,fESpf? ig udk;wef;wkef;u jzpfcJhwmawG ajymjyae
wm}
]at;av ...tJ'gaMumifh igar;wmaygh? tcka&m
rif;eJY &ifNidrf; tajctaeu b,fvkdvJvdkY}
vGrf;avunif; 157
]b,fvdkrSrvJeJY 0if;aX; tJ'Dudp igrodbl;}
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh &ifNidrf;eJYig rawGYwmyJ tJ'D
q,fESpfeD;yg;yJ &SdaevdkYyJ}
]rawGYwm [kwfvm;}
][k w f w ,f ? tJ ' D v G e f c J h w J h q,f E S p f a vmuf w k e f ; u
&ifNidrf;eJYig jzpfcJhwJh Zmwfvrf;wpfydkif;NyD;wJhaemuf tckxufxd
oleJYigeJY jyefrawGY&ao;bl;? tckoGm;aewmawmif ighpdwful;eJY
ig awGY&r,fxifNyD; oGm;aewmaemf? awGY&r,f rawGY&bl;
b,fvdkrS ajymvdkYr&ao;bl;}
]'gjzifh aeygOD;? tJ'DvGefcJhwJh q,fESpfavmufu rif;wdkY
ESpfa,mufu b,fvdkvkyf uJGoGm;MuwmvJ}
0if;aX;tar;aMumifh pJGNrJ &,frdonf/
]tckajymaewmvnf; tJ'gyJaygh 0if;aX;? rif;u pdwf
r&Snfbl;qdkawmh igu b,fvkdvkyf&rvJ}
][if ...'Dvdkqdk&ifawmh ighOpm 'Hk&if;'Hk&if;yJ jyef
a&muf&OD;awmhrSmaygh? 'gjzifh 'DvdkvkyfuGm}
]tif; ...ajym? b,fvdkvkyfrvJ}
]wcsdKUudpav;awGudk odyftus,fcsJU ajymraeeJY? cyf
wdkwdkeJY vdk&if;udkNcHKajym? tJ'gajymNyD;rS rif;qufajymcsifao;&if
ajymcsifwJhtydkif;udk wpfcg tao;pdwfjyefajym? tck[mu bm
jzpfrvJ? bmjzpfrvJodcsifcgrS rif;u awmfawmfeJY a&SUra&muf
Edkifawmhbl; jzpfaew,f}
]tck ...rif;udk igajymaewmudku tawmfusOf;csKyf
NyD; ajymaewmyJ 0if;aX;? tao;pdwfom tukefvHk;ajym&&if
aemufxyf ESpf&ufeJYawmif rNyD;bl;? rif; jyefpOf;pm;Munfh ...
ig;wef;uae udk;wef;txd igwdkYESpfa,muf &nf;pm;rjzpfcif
uav;b0? oli,fcsif;b0u tydkif;udk ig b,fESpfuGufyJ ajym
jyvJ ...tJ'u D mvwif ig;wef;? ajcmufwef;? ckepfwef;? &Spw f ef;?
ud k ; wef ; ? ig;ES p f w d w d & S d w ,f ? tJ ' gawG o m tao;pd w f
igajymvdkuf&if rif; ...wpfcgwnf; um;ay:u qif;ajy;oGm;
vdrrhf ,f}
]at;yg ...[kwyf gNy?D rif;uawmh rif;tjzpftysuu f kd
rif; tao;pdwf odaewm r[kwv f m;? b,f[m ta&;Bu;D w,f?
b,f[m ta&;rBuD;bl; ydkodwmaygh? 'gayr,fh igu 'gawG
b,fodrvJ? cke rif;ajymoGm;wJh ae&mqdk&if ighpdwfxJrSm bmrS
ta&;rBuD;bl; atmufarhwmyJ}
]b,f[mudv k }J
]aMomf ...&ifNird ;f tazu rif;wdt Yk aMumif; odomG ;vdYk
&ifNidrf;udk qlwmdkufwmuae rif;wdkYwpfywfavmuf a0;ae
wkef;rSm tjyeftvSefpdwfwkda'gojzpf? idkMu? vGrf;MujzpfaewJh
taMumif;awGaygh}
pJGNrJu oufjyif;csonf/
]ighZmwfvrf;rSm t"dutydkif;u tJ'Dae&myJ 0if;aX;?
tJ'Dtjzpftysufav;[m omreftm;jzifh bmrS ta&;rBuD;bl;
vdkY xif&ayr,fh aemufjzpfvmr,fh tusdK;quf tjzpftysuf
vGrf;avunif; 159
awG&JU taMumif;&if;[m ...tJ'gyJ? tu,f tJ'Dtjzpf
tysufav;om tJvdkrjzpfcJh&if &ifNidrf;eJYig[m ckvdkq,fESpf
avmuf olUtaMumif; udk,f rod? udk,fhtaMumif; ol rodb0eJY
a0;csirf aS 0;r,f}
]w,fqdkwJh pmygvm;[? tJavmufawmifyJvm;}
]tJavmufyJ 0if;aX;? rif;pOf;pm;Munfh &ifNird ;f eJiY ghb0rSm
a&SUydik ;f u wpfavQmufv;kH bmjyem? bmtcuftcJ &Scd v hJ v
Ykd ?J
a0;vnf;wpfcgrS ra0;cJhzl;bl;? tJavmufeD;eD;uyfuyf aevmcJh
&awmh yxrydkif;rSm rif;udkigajymcJhovdkyJ &ifNidrf;udk ig ...
cspfvdkY cspfaerSef;awmif rodcJhrdbl;}
]tif; ...igrSwfrdygw,f? rif;wdkYESpfa,muf twlwl
wJGoGm;wmudk q,fwef;uaumifawGaemufvdkY wpfywfavmuf
cyfwef;wef;aeNy;D rS jyefaygufuNGJ y;D &nf;pm;awGjzpfuek Mf uwmudk
ajymwm r[kwfvm;}
]at; ...tJ'Dwkef;u wpfywfa0;ovdk jzpfoGm;w,f?
oleJYig wpfcgwnf; &nf;pm;jzpfoGm;wmyJ? oabmuawmh oleJY
ig[m enf;enf;av;rS a0;vd&Yk wJh taetxm;r&Sb d ;l ? enf;enf;
av; a0;vdkufwmeJY tJ'Da0;wmudk taMumif;jyKNyD; aemufwpf
qifh aemufwpfqifh ckefckefwufoGm;MuwmyJ}
]tif; ...vkyfygOD;? qufajymygOD;}
]ckajymaewJu
h pd r mS vnf; 'Dtwdik ;f ygyJ? oleiYJ geJY &nf;pm;
jzpfoGm;Muw,f? yHkrSeftwdkif;om aeoGm;Mu&if bmrSxl;xl;jcm;
jcm; tjzpftysufawG jzpfoGm;MurSm r[kwfbl;? olvdkigvdk Zmwf
vrf;rsdK;eJYwif NyD;oGm;rSmyJ}
]tif; ...}
]ckusawmh vlBuD;awG&JU twm;tqD; jyemudk
taMumif;jyKNy;D oleiYJ geJY wpfNyKd iwf nf; aemufqw k Mf unfMh uw,f?
olwif arhypfzYkd BuKd ;pm;Munfw h m r[kwb f ;l aemf? igvnf; a'guef
uefeJY arhypfzdkY BudK;pm;MunfhwmyJ? 'gayr,fh cufwmu olvnf;
ighukd arhvrYkd &ovdk igvnf; olu Y kd arhvrYkd &bl;? arhvrYkd &wJt h jyif
ydq k ;kd oGm;wmu oleiYJ geJY cJaG e&vdYk a0;aevdYk rjzpfb;l ? ESpaf ,muf
a0;&if aovkatmif cHpm;&awmhr,fqdkwm wdkYESpfa,mufpvHk;
wpfNydKifwnf; udk,fpD udk,fpD odoGm;MuwmyJ}
onfwpfcgawmh 0if;aX;u bmrS0ifrajymawmhbJ
acgif;ndwfkH acgif;ndwfonf/
pJGNrJu pum;udk cPem;onf/
NyD;rS ...
]b,fvdkvJ 0if;aX;? ig qufajym&awmhrvm;}
0if;aX;u &,f acgif;ndwfonf/
]at;uGm ...ajymawmh? rif;[mrif; qufajymcsifwJh
yHpk eH oYJ majym ig 0ifrIyaf wmhb;l ? rif;wdZYk mwfvrf;u wdrrf a,mif
eJY eufNyD; &Sif;ovdkvdkeJY IyfvmNyD}
0if;aX;rSwfcsufpum;udk oabmuspGmjzifh pJGNrJu &,f
onf/
tmkH jyefpkpnf;vdkufaom cP twdwfu yHk&dyfrsm;
tm;vHk; pJGNrJ&ifxJ0,f wzsyfzsyf xif[yfvmonf/
vGrf;avunif; 161
&ifarmpGmjzifh yifhoufwpfcsuf Idufvkduf\/
wu,fvnf; wdkYZmwfvrf;u wdrfra,mifeJYeuf? &Sif;r
a,mifeJY IyfcJhygw,f &ifNidrf;/
'Dxuf qufajym&&if rSerf a,mifev YJ nf; rSm;cJMh uw,f
uG,/f

(2)
]eif odyf&ufpufwmyJ &ifNidrf;? ighudk wu,fyJ arhxm;

Edik w
f ,faemf ...igodygw,f &ifNird ;f &,f? aemufaemif wu,fh
jyem wu,fhtcuftcJ tMuyftwnf;eJY BuHKvm&ifvnf;
eif ighudk 'DvdkyJ &ufpufoGm;OD;rSmyJ r[kwfvm;}
]tHr,f ...tJhvdkrajymygeJY pJGNrJ&,f? wu,fwrf; &uf
pufEdkifwmu eifyg? olrsm;u pdwfnpfvdkY pum;av;wpfcGef;
rSm;ajymrdwmudkyJ tjypfMuD;,lvdkY rqHk;awmhbl;}
]aMomf ...eifyJ ighudk arhypfvdkufqdk}
][kwfw,f? olrsm;uarhypfvdkufqdkwmeJYyJ wu,f arh
ypf&vm;? odygw,f? tJvdkarhypfvnf; eifu bmjzpfr,fhvlrS
r[kwfbJ? arhEdkifrSmaygh? eifu ighudk wu,fcspfwmrS r[kwfbJ}
]rqdkifwm rajymeJY &ifNidrf;? eifhudk b,folu arhypfEdkif
w,fajymvJ? tJ'&D ufawGrmS ig b,favmuf cHpm;&w,fatmuf
arhvJ}
]oGm;yg? cHpm;&w,fqdkNyD;awmhom ajymaewm wu,f
vGrf;avunif; 163
wrf;usawmh olu trlt&mawmif ysuw f mr[kwb f ;l ? olrsm;u
om olYtwGuf idkvdkuf&wm? uRefrrSm &SifhtwGuf nwdkif;
rsuf&nfus&w,f od&JUvm; udkpJGNrJ&JU}
]eifu rsuf&nfuskHwifuswm &ifNidrf;? igu aoawmh
r,f? aemufxyfom tJvdkrsdK; wpfywfESpfywf qufaeoGm;&&if
igaooGm;Edik w f ,f}
]at;[,f? igvnf; eifhudk &efawGYcsifvGef;vdkYom awGY
aewmyg? igrsu&f nfuswikd ;f eifvnf; tJvykd ?J ighukd owd&aerSm
yJvdkY awG;rdygw,f? 'kuyJ pJGNrJ&,f? 'Dvdkomqdk wdkYb,fvdkvkyfMu
rSmvJ ajymav}
&ifNidrf;pum;aMumifh pJGNrJ&ifxJ eifhceJ jzpfoGm;&onf/
b,fvdkvkyfMurSmvJ? ajymavwJh/
xdt k ar;udk pJNG rJ ajz&cufvo S nf/ ckupd u jyemrsm;
udk ajz&Sif;NyD; tcuftcJrJhpGm jyefvnfqHkpnf;&jcif;rsdK;r[kwf/
cJGNyD;raeEdkifawmhom ZGwfwdk; awGYqHkMujcif;jzpfonf/
jyemrsm;u jyemtwdkif; tvHk;txnfrysuf
&Sad eqJom&Sad o;\/
ckvdk cdk;aMumifcdk;0Suf awGYqHkjcif;onfyif &ifNidrf;tdrfrS
odomG ; &dyrf od mG ;ygu jyem ydrk Bkd u;D xGm;vmEdik of nf/ jyem
uvnf; b,futp&Sm b,fvdkajz&Sif;&rnfrSef; rodonfh
jyemrsdK;/
]aeOD; &ifNidrf;&m ...ighudk wpfckajymprf;yg? eifhtaz
u bmjzpfvdkY igeJY oabmrwl&wmwJhvJ}
]eifhudk rrwifodef;u ajymjyvdkufw,fqdk}
]ajymawmhajymw,f &ifNidrf;? 'gayr,fh olajymwmu
vnf; vHk;vHk;axG;axG;yJ? oabmwlwm rwlwmudk r[kwfbl;?
eifeJY igeJYu touft&G,fi,fwma&m? twef;i,fwma&m?
'Dt&G,frSm b,frdbu oabmwlcGifhjyKrSmvJwJh}
][kwfw,f pJGNrJ? tazu ajymwmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ
igwdEYk pS af ,mufukd oabmwlwm rwlwmajymaewm r[kwb f ;l ?
'Dtouft&G,f ynmrpH?k bmrpHak o;bJeYJ 'Dvrkd jzpf&bl;aygh[m?
tazwifr[kwfygbl;? taruvnf; 'Dtwdkif; ajymwmygyJ}
]'gjzifh ausmif;xkwfypfwmwdkY bmwdkY qdkwmuaum}
]aMom ...'Dtouf 'Dt&G,feJY ynmudkyJ pdwfr0ifpm;
bJ 'grsKd ; pdwu f ;l ae&ifawmh bmudp ausmif;qufxm;awmhrmS vJ?
ausmif;xkwfvdkufNyD; vifay;pm;vdkufkH &SdawmhwmayghwJh}
]vifay;pm;r,f [kwfvm;? b,foleJY ay;pm;rSmvJ}
]olBudKufwJholeJY ay;pm;rSmaygh? tJ'g b,folvJqdkwm
awmh b,ford vJ? olwaYkd jymwmu eifu a,mufsm;wpfa,muf
taeeJY wlwlwefwef bmvkyfEdkifrSmvJwJh? t&G,frjzpfpavmuf
ynmrjzpfpavmufeYJ tarEdeYk aYH wmif rpifao;wJh ravmufav;
ravmufpm;t&G,fwJh? tJ'Davmuf vifvdkcsif&ifvnf; ajymwJh?
vlvlolol a,mufsm;rsdK;eJY olwdkYay;pm;vdkufawmhr,fwJh}
]tJ'g t[kwfajymwmvm;}
]b,fodrvJ[ wu,fajymwmvm;? pdwfqkd;ajymwm
vGrf;avunif; 165
vm;qdkwm b,fvdkvkyf cJGEdkifrvJ? ighudk wHjrufpnf;eJYdkuf? tar
uvnf; aygifwGif;aMumvdrfqJGeJY vkyfcsifwdkif;vkyfaewJhOpmudk}
onfjyemudk b,fvdkajyvnfatmif &Sif;rnfenf;/
touft&G,jf ynfph zkH aYkd um? ynmjynfph zkH aYdk umqdw k mu
ckcsufcsif; xvkyf &onfhtvkyfr[kwf/ olY[mol wpfem&DNyD;
wpfem&D? wpf&ufNy;D wpf&uf? wpfwef;Ny;D wpfwef; ukev f eG af usmf
vTm;oGm;&rnfh umvrsm;udk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmu apmifhqdkif;ae&
rnfu h pd /
wuov kd rf mS tedrq
hf ;kH bGw
YJ pfc&k ynmpHzk yYkd if tenf;
qHk; ig;ESpfausmfausmf apmifh&OD;rnf/
onftawmtwGi;f rSm ckwikd ;f a0;vHprd ;f um;pGmaeae&
zdu
Yk vnf;rvG,/f a0;&jcif;a0'em wpfywftwGi;f avmufrmS yif
xdwv f efaY csmufcsm;zG,af umif;avmufatmif &ifqikd cf &hJ Ny;D MuNy/D
pJGNrJ &ifarmarmESifh oufjyif;BuD;udkom av;vHpGmcsrd
onf/
ckrS qifhacgif; acG; rcsDEdkifqdkaom pum;yHkvdk jyem
{&mrBuD;ESifh awGYqHkae&NyD/
&ifcGifxJrSm axG;ydkufxm;rdaom &ifNidrf;udk iHkYMunfhrd
onf/
&ifNidrf; rsufESmav;uvnf; oem;pzG,f ao;i,f
acsmufcsm;vsuf&Sd\/

(3)
]iguvnf; olwdkYajymovdk ynmpHk t&G,fa&mufwJh

txd BudK;pm;apmifhrSm &ifNidrf;&m? ckvdk vlwpfvHk; olwpfvHk;
rjzpfao;bJeJYawmh eifhudk csdKUcsdKUiJhiJhae&atmif igrvkyfygbl;?
'gayr,fh cufwmu ...}
cPMumaomtcgrS pJGNrJu awG;awG;qq trlt&m
jzifh ajymonf/ &ifNidrf;u pJGNrJpum;udk pdwf0ifpm;pGmjzifh ...
]'gayr,fh cufwmu bmjzpfvJ pJGNrJ}
]'gayr,fh cufwmu 'DMum;xJrmS bmtquftoG,rf S
rvkyfbJ wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf a0;NyD;awmh raeEdkifbl;[m?
ckavmufav;jzpfjzpf qufoG,fae&&if rqdk;bl;}
]ckavmufav;qdkwm b,fvdk[mudk ajymwmvJ}
]ckvdkav;aygh[m? vlBuD;awGtjrifrSm tquftoG,f
jywfaeNyD xif&atmif wwfEdkifoavmuf cyfa0;a0;av;aejy?
wpfywfwpfcg ESpfywfwpfcgavmuf cdk;awGY? 'DMum;xJrSm ta&;
Bu;D wJh ajymp&mpum;&S&d ifvnf; ta&;Bu;D Bu;D ovdk pmeJjY zpfjzpf?
vGrf;avunif; 167
vludk,fwdkifjzpfjzpf ajymvdkYaygh}
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh &ifNidrf; pOf;pm;oGm;onf/ cPMum
atmif idkifpOf;pm;NyD;rS ...
]tJavmufawmh ae&rSmaygh[m? vHk;vHk;BuD; tquf
toG,jf zwf&r,fqw kd muawmh t"dym ,fr&Syd gbl;? igvnf; rae
Edkifbl;? rodbl;[m pdwfnpfw,f? tpuwnf;u wpfa,mufeJY
wpfa,muf oHa,mZOfr&SMd u&ifawmh wpfrsKd ;aygh? oHa,mZOfawG
trsKd ;rsKd ;xm;Ny;D rS [ift h if;qdNk y;D oHa,mZOfjzwfzq Ykd w
kd m vG,w
f m
rS r[kwfbJ}
]igajymcsiwf mvnf; tJ'gyJ &ifNird ;f ? olwaYkd jymovdak ezdYk
u vufawGYrSm b,fvdkrSrjzpfEdkifbl;? ckavmavmq,f wpfywf
avmuf aeMunfhwmeJYyJ wpfoufpm vHkavmufatmif cHpm;
vdkuf&NyD? aemufxyf 'grsdK;BuHK&rSm t&rf;aMumufwmyJ &ifNidrf;?
tJ'g ig yvDNyD;ajymwJhpum; r[kwfbl;? wu,fajymwm}
]igem;vnfygw,f pJGNrJ&,f? eifcHpm;&ovdk igvnf;
cHpm;&ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Dvdkvkyf[m ...bmyJjzpfjzpf rxl;
awmhb;l ? igwdEYk pS af ,muf 'Dvykd J aeMur,f? igwdb Yk ufu wwfEikd f
oavmuf rdbpum;udk em;axmifMuwmyJ? tJ'grS wpfenf;enf;
eJY olwu Ykd odNy;D rauseyfMu&ifvnf; vkycf si&f mvkyMf uyapawmh}
]eif wu,fajymwmvm; &ifNidrf;}
]at; ...wu,fajymwm}
]tJvdkqdk&ifawmh bmajymp&mvdkrvJ &ifNidrf;? wdkY
ESpfa,mufMum;rSm tJ'Dem;vnfrIeJY tJ'DowdrsdK; &SdzdkYyJvdkw,f?
usew f t hJ ydik ;f rSm b,fvakd e&ae& rrIygbl;? igwdt Yk ydik ;f u rSm;ae
wm&Sd&ifvnf; jyifoGm;MurSmaygh}
]t&ifvkd cPcP [do k mG ;'DomG ; avQmufomG ;aeMuwm
rsdK;udk ajymwmvm;}
]tif;}
]tJ'gvnf; aeEdkifrS aer,f[m? &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if tJvdk
ae&wmudk ig odyfaysmfw,f? igwdkY[migwdkY oefYoefY&Sif;&Sif;eJY
jzLjzLpifpif aysmw f myJ? b,forYl S xdcukd af tmifvyk w f m r[kwb f ;l ?
olwdkYpdk;&drfovdk ynma&;bufrSmvnf; rxdcdkufap&bl;? cgwdkif;
xufawmif tqifhydkwufatmif vkyfjyvdkufOD;r,f? tJ'DMum;xJ
urS [dk[dk'D'Djyem&Sm&ifawmh iguvnf; vkyfcsif&m aumuf
vkyyf pfawmhrmS yJ}
&ifNidrf;pum;aMumifh pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]w,f[kwfygvm; &ifNidrf;? eif t&rf;udk owdaumif;
vmygvm;? eifph um; Mum;&wmeJw Y if tm;&Sv d u
kd w f m? eifb h ufu
om tJvdkjywfom;vdkYuawmh igu eifhxuf q,fjyefavmuf
pGefYpm;&Jwmaygh &ifNidrf;&,f? tck igeJYawGYaewkef;rdkY 'Dpum;
ajymwm r[kwfygbl;aemf? tNrJwrf;a&m tJ'Dvdkjywfom;rSm
r[kwv f m;}
]jywfom;r,f ...jywfom;r,f ? wu,fcHpm;&awmh
igyJ cHpm;&wm? igpdwfqif;&Jaeawmh b,folurS 0ifulcHpm;
ay;wm r[kwfbl;}
vGrf;avunif; 169
pJGNrJ oabmuspGm NyHK;onf/
eifhudk ig t&rf;cspfoGm;NyD &ifNidrf;? ighudkvnf; ,Hk ...
b0rSm bmawGyBJ uKH BuKH 'DwpfoufrmS eifuvJv G Ykd ig b,fou Yl rkd S
rcspfbl;? b,folYudkrSvnf; r,lbl;? eifhudk ig uwday;w,f}
]at; ...NyD;a&m ...igvnf; uwday;w,f}
tnmaeonf ylawmhyl\/
odaYk omf cdek m;&mt&dyaf tmufrmS awmh wokeo f ek f wduk f
aeaom avjynfnif;\ az;rrIaMumifh at;jrjr at;jrae&
onfyaJ v/
]tm; ...awmfygao;&JU ...olvmvdkY}

vrf;auGUrS csdK;0ifvmaom &ifNidrf;udk vSrf;jrifvdkufrS
pJGNrJ &ifat;oGm;onf/
twdwfudk jzwfoef; ajymif;vJcJh&aom tajctae
rsm;udk pOf;pm;aeom tcsdefukefrSef;rod ukefoGm;onf/ ol
warQmfarQmfESifh apmifhae&onfrSm em&D0ufavmufyif &SdoGm;NyD
jzpf\/
onfbufydkif;rSm tJvdk &ifarmp&mav;rsm;uawmh
cPcP jzpf\/ ow&d o dS nfqokd nfw
h ikd f rvdt
k yfbJ jyemawG
BuD;xGm;vmrSmudkawmh pdk;&drf&ao;ojzifh vQdKU0Sufodkodyfwef
onfwdkYudk vQdKU0Sufodkodyf&ao;onf/
ckvnf; &ifNidrf; ausmif;uxGufvmwm aemufusae
aomfvnf; aemufusae&aumif;vm;[k tjypfrwif&uf/
&ifNidrf; ausmfvTm;&onfh tcuftcJu rsm;pGm&Sdonf/ oluom
aZ,sudk rSmvdkufNyD; onfem;uae tvG,fwul apmifhaeEdkif
aomfvnf; &ifNidrf;usawmh tdrfuvdkufydkYonfh tpfr auseyf
atmifvnf; ausmif;xJ t0ifjy&ao;onf/ NyD;awmh tcsdefydk
oifonfh q&mr rjrifatmif a&SmifwdrfNyD; pmoifcef;xJ wjcm;
ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; 0ifoGm;csdefusrS cdk;NyD; vpfxGufcJh
&onfh b0/
olYcrsm udk,fhudk cspfom pGefYpm;ae&onf/ wpfckck
tqifrajyjzpfonfESifh &ifqdkif&rnfh jyemu rvG,f[k
tawG;jzifh oem;&if; &ifxJrSm jrwfEdk;rIrsm; wdk;vmonf/
aeylxJrS avQmufvmaom cspfoludk ae&dyfuae tcefY
om; apmifrh ae&ufawmhojzifh &ifNird ;f vmaeonfb h ufoYkd pJNG ru
J
xGufBudKvdkufonf/
]apmifhaewm MumNyDvm; pJGNrJ}
pJGNrJu cyfoGufoGuf acgif;cgonf/
]&ygw,f &ifNidrf;&m? igapmifh&wmu ta&;rBuD;bl;?
eifhtwGufom igpdwfylaewmyg? eifxGufvm&wm vG,f&JUvm;}
&ifNidrf;u rJhNyHK;av; NyHK;onf/
]vG,frSxGuf&r,fqdk&if eifeJYigeJY wpfoufvHk;awmif
awGY&rSm r[kwfbl; pJGNrJ? ckvnf; ig eifhudk ta&;wBuD; ajymp&m
&Sv
d o
Ykd m xGuv f m&wm ..a':at;at;jrifh ighukd awGoY mG ;w,f}
vGrf;avunif; 171
,ck tcsdefydkoifwef;wGif oif&rnfh q&mru awGY
oGm;onfjh yemu rao;/ vlujkd rifNy;D rS twef;rwufonfukd
owdxm;rdvQif q&mr a'guefawmhrnf/ a'guef olY[mol
qlHkdkufHkESifhqdk 'Davmufr[kwf? tdrfudkom vSrf;wdkifvdkufvQif
rvG,/f
]ta&;BuD;vdkY[kwfvm; &ifNidrf;}
][kwfw,f? tJ'g ajymNyD;&if ig twef;jyefwufrSjzpf
r,f? 'DaeYawmh b,frrS oGm;awmhb;l pJNG r&J m? eifvnf; igeJY twef;
vdkufwuf&ifwuf? rwuf&ifvnf; jyefESifhawmh}
]at;yg ...tJ'gu ta&;rBuD;ygbl;? ta&;BuD;w,f
qdwk m ajymprf;yg? bmjzpfvv Ykd J eift
h rd u
f jyemwufjyefNyv
D m;
&ifNird ;f }
&ifNidrf; acgif;ndwfonf/
]tif; ...jyemrS tBuD;tus,fyJ? tazeJYtaru
ighudk rauG;rSmawmif rxm;awmhbl;wJh}
][if}
]ighudkawmh bmrSrajymao;ygbl;? wpfaeYnu tazeJY
tar wdkifyifaewmudk ti,fr pdk;pdk;u Mum;NyD; ighudk jyefajym
wm? 'DrSm 'Dtwdkif;qufxm;&if eifeJYig jywfrSmr[kwfbl;? ighudk
ynma&;utp pdwrf csb;l ? tJ'g ighukd eifeaYJ 0;atmif wpfae&m
&m ydkYxm;vdkuf&if aumif;r,f ...wJh}
]olwdkYu b,fydkYrSmvJ}
]tJ'guawmh rodao;bl;? jzpfEikd w f muawmh &efuek u
f
ighta':tdryf ?J &efuek rf mS tarhnrD awG&w dS ,f? olwu
Ykd om;orD;
r&Sdbl;? olwdkYqDydkYNyD; tJ'DrSmyJ ausmif;wufcdkif;rvm; rajymwwf
bl;? rajymwwfbl;uGm ...rEav;rSmvnf; azazhtpfr
BuD;BuD;wdkY &Sdw,f? tJ'DrSmvnf; igeJY&G,fwl 0rf;uJGnDtpfrawG
&Sdw,f? jzpfEdkifwmuawmh trsm;BuD;yJ}
]tckudk olwdkYu ydkYawmhrSmvm;}
][m ...tckawmh r[kwaf o;bl;aygh? pmar;yJaG jzNy;D rS
olwdkYu ydkYrSm}
pmar;yJGu wpfvausmfausmf vdkawmhonf/ bmrSrvdk
awmhygvm;[k awG;rd\/
pJGNrJ pdwfnpf&onfhtxJu acgif;yg ylvmonf/
b,fvdkjzpfNyD; 'Davmuf jyemawG qHkvm&wmvJ[k
vnf;awG;&if; pdwfxJrSm IyfaxG;vmonf/
]tJ'gqdk b,fvdkvkyfrvJ &ifNidrf;? ckwdkif;u tcefYroifh
&if awmufavQmufa0;rSm? rauG;uae &efukefwdkY rEav;wdkYudk
wpfacgufwpfacguf oGm;zdkYqdkwmuvnf; odwJhtwdkif;yJ}
]at;yg? tJ'gudk igvnf; odygw,f ...'gaMumifh eifu h kd
ta&;wBu;D ac:ajymwmaygh? 'gayr,fh wpfcak wmh &Syd gw,f? ck[m
u olwdkYvnf; igwdkYudk cJGzdkY tcsdef,lNyD; pDpOfwmyJ? igwkdYu BudKNyD;
odrxm;&ifawmh wpfrsdK;aygh? tckawmh olwdkYtpDtpOfudk BudKod
aewmyJ? 'DMum;xJrSm wdkY bmvkyf&ifaumi;frvJ BudKpOf;pm;xm;
Muwmaygh[m? tcsdefuawmh &ygao;w,f? uJ ...igoGm;r,f
pJGNrJ? eifaum vdkufcJhrvm;}
vGrf;avunif; 173
pJGNrJu av;uefpGm acgif;cgonf/
]rvdkufawmhbl;[m? 'DaeYoifwJh[mawG naeusrSyJ
aZ,sqD u jyef u l ; vd k u f a wmh r ,f ? oG m ;awmh ? eif u vnf ;
xD;av; bmav;awmif ,lrvmbl; &ifNidrf;&m? aeuvnf; yl
vdkufwm}
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh &ifNidrf;u &,fonf/
]bmrSrylygeJY pJGNrJ&m? eifeJYawGYzdkY aeylxJvnf; xD;rygbJ
igavQmuf&Jygw,f? pdwfcs? igoGm;r,faemf}
pJGNrJ acgif;ndwfjyonf/
&ifNidrf; ajymoGm;aom pum;xJrSm wdkufdkufteuf
tjyif tjcm; oG,f0dkufaom 0uF0kwdteufawG ygao;aMumif;
pJGNrJ owdjyKrdvdkuf\/
]tJ'Dudpu aocsmoGm;yvm; pJGNrJ}

aZ,star;aMumifh pJGNrJu acgif;ndwf&if; ...
]aocsmoavmuf&SdaeNyD aZ,s? &ifNidrf;tazeJYtaru
&ifNidrf;udk wnfhwnfhrajymao;ayr,fh &efukefu ta':awGu
ausmif;ydwfwmeJY olwkdYvmcJhr,fhtaMumif; pma&;vdkufw,f
...wJ?h tJ'u D s&if olww
Ykd pfro
d m;pkv;kH &efuek u
f kd vdu
k v
f nfMu
r,f? bmnmeJY pum;awmh paeMuNyDwJh}
]tJ'Dawmh rif;u b,fvdkvkyfr,f pOf;pm;vJ}
Nidrfaevdkuf&ifvnf; &ifNidrf;eJY tuefYtowfr&Sd a0;
oGm;rSmyJ? ra0;csif&ifvnf; vkyfp&mu wpfenf;yJ &Sdw,f?
igvnf; &efukefvdkufajymif;? [dkrSmjzpfwJhenf;eJY kef;uefNyD;
ausmif;wuf}
]tJvdkaum jzpfEdkifvdkYvm;}
]pOf;pm;MunfhwmyJavuGm? 'gayr,fh cufwmu wdkYrSm
tqifajyzdkY? rajyzdkY cPxm;OD;? ightdrfu tJvdk vkyfcGifhjyKatmif
awmif ig b,fvkdvkyfajymrvJ}
aZ,su &,fonf/
]trSeftwdkif;yJ ajymjyayghuGm? uRefawmfh&nf;pm; [dk
ajymif;oGm;vdkY [dkrSmvdkufNyD; csdef;awGYrvdkY ...vdkY}
]at; ...tJ'grS tbdk;BuD;u ighudkowfrSm}
]rif; tazvnf; aumif;aumif; aeraumif;bl;qdk}
]at; ...tJ'gvnf; jyemyJ? tazu toufBu;D rS
use;f rma&; csKd UwJv h mw,fumG ? Ncx H aJ wmif aumif;aumif;rqif;
Edik v
f Ykd igyJ 0ifvyk af e&wm rif;tody?J pum;dik ;f dik ;f ? Oyrmdik ;f dik ;f
eJY ajym&ifawmh igvnf; zifrEdik b f J yJBu;D [if;pm;aerdNyD xifwmyJ}
][kwfw,f pJGNrJ? igvnf; tJ'gajymrvdkYyJ? Munfhawmh
vkyfuGm? wdkYoHk;a,mufaygif; vkyfvdkufwJhtvkyf[m i,fi,fu
wnf;u edrdwfraumif;bl;? oHk;a,mufpvHk; 'kua&mufwwf
w,f? tJ'Dwkef;uvnf; &ifNidrf;eJYrif;eJYyJjzpfwJhudp? ig Mum;u
ckvykd J uefv Y efu
Y efv Y efY 0ifygcJw
h myJ? tJ'w D ek ;f uawmh &ifNird ;f u
xdcdkuftemw&jzpf? igu csD;ay? rif;u bkef;BuD;twG,fcH&cJh
vGrf;avunif; 175
w,f? tJ'gudkawmh rarheJY}
wdkufwdkufqdkifqdkifyif aZ,su i,fi,fwkef;u qm;
pnfausmif;rSm o&JoGm;acsmif;onfhudpESifh xyfwljyK ajym
vdkufonf/
pJGNrJu atmifhoD;atmifhouf NyHK;vdkufNyD; ...
]ckvnf; 'Dudef;awmh qdkufaewmyJ aZ,s? tJ'gaMumifh
vnf; tJ'Dvdk rqifrjcifoGm; rdkufuef;pGefYpm;&r,fhudprsdK;udk
ckxufxd acgif;xJ xnfhrpOf;pm;ao;wmaygh}
]bmvJ ...b,fawmhrS rcJ&G atmif wpfcgwnf; okwf
ajy;r,fu h pd v m;}
]at;}
][m ...tJavmufawmh rvkyfoifhao;bl;xifw,f
pJGNrJ? rif;wdkYESpfa,mufpvHk; 'kua&mufoGm;vdrfhr,f? 'Dwpfcg
bkef;BuD;udkufrSm r[kwfbl;? b0'kuawGu rif;udkwG,frSm?
bkef;BuD;Budrf'Pfu aq;vdrf;vdkY aysmufw,f? b0dkufwJh Budrf
'Pf&mrSm ukp&maq;u odyfr&Sdbl;}
]tJ'gxuf &ifNidrf;rSmvnf; ajcaxmuf ykvif;uJG&SwJh
'Pf&mxuf b0wpfckvHk; oHk;r&atmif ,dk,Gif;oGm;wJh 'Pf&m
r&apcsifygbl;uGm? aemufwpfcku igwdkYESpfa,muf yl;aygif;
wnfaqmufcsifwJhb0av;[m abmaom-abmausmf&JU bk&m;
NydKu yxrbk&m;vdk tjzpfrcHEdkifbl;}
][ ...w,faumif;wJh Oyrmygvm;? &Sif;ygOD;uGm}
]igeJY&ifNidrf; wnfaqmufcsifwJh b0av;[m a&&Snf
wnfwHh vSycefYnm;apcsifw,f aZ,s? tck vuf&Sdighb0u
abmausmf-abmaom bDvl;b0vdkyJ rwifhw,fbl;? &ifNidrf;u
odMum;rif;wdYk bHAk rd mefvkd [d;k tjrifrh mS aewJh rdbvlwef;pm;tqifh
twef;u aygufzGm;&wJh rdef;uav;? odMum;qufwJh jrovGef
[m oleJYxdkufwefwJh ae&mrSmyJ XmyemjyK udk;uG,fcHzdkYoifhovdk
tifrwefrS tqifajyvSywJh b0uvmwJh rdef;uav;[mvnf;
cdkifckdifrmrmwnfaqmufxm;wJh b0xJrSmyJ &Sdaeoifhw,f? tJ'g
aMumifh ighrlv&nf&G,fcsufudku igtif*sifeD,mjzpfatmif
BuKd ;pm;r,f? ighb0tqift h wef;udv k nf; olev YJ u
kd af tmif jri , hf l
r,f? tJ't D csed t
f cg tJ'tD ajctaea&mufrS &ifNird ;f udk ighb0xJ
ac:,lNyD; vSvSyyav; xm;r,fvdkY pdwful;xm;wmyg}
]at;uGm ...ckvnf; jzpfvmwJhtajctaeudk atmifh
tD;onf;cHNyD; tJ'Dtcsdeftcga&mufwJhtxd wpfzufu BudK;pm;?
wpfzufu xdef;odrf;NyD; apmifhyg pJGNrJ&m? tcdkuftwefY a0;rSm
aMumufNyD; wpfoufvHk; 'kua&muf&r,fh tvkyfrsdK;udkawmh jzpf
Edkif&if rvkyfygeJY}
]ig oabmaygufygw,f aZ,s&m? b,fupd r qdk tajc
taeeJY tcsdeftcgay;rS udk,fh&nfrSef;csuftwdkif; aygufa&muf
wmyg? tajctaeeJY tcsed t f cgr[kw&f if bmvkyv f yk f ud,
k 'hf u
k
udk,f&SmovdkyJ jzpfaerSmyJ? tckawmif &ifNidrf;taz odMum;rif;
BuD;u igwnfxm;wJh bk&m;av;udk 0&ZdefvufeufeJY NzdKcGif;NyD;
jrovGeu f kd bk&m;oH;k qlu &aohawGqD oGm;tyfovdk &ifNird ;f udk
&efukefu ta':awGqD oGm;tyfzdkY jyifaeNyDyJ}
vGrf;avunif; 177
]'gayr,fh aemufq;kH rSmawmh bk&m;'g,um[m bk&m;'g,
umygyJuGm? &ifNidrf;&JUESvHk;om;udk rif;ydkifcGifh&aeNyDyJ? bDvl;b0
uae a,musmf ;ukeo f nfjzpfatmifom rif;b0udrk if; ajymif;,l
aygh? tJ'Dtcgus&if odMum;rif;uyg ulNyD; abmausmfwnfwJh
bk&m;udk wnfay;rSmyg}
pJGNrJu &ifarmBuD;pGmjzifh oufjyif;csonf/
]at;uGm ...ordkif;xJu abmausmfvdk tptqHk;
vdkufjzpf&ifawmh taMumif;r[kwfbl;aygh? rif;ajymovdk tifr
wef om,maysmf&Tifp&maumif;wJhb0rsdK;eJY Zmwfaygif;&rSmyJ?
igpdk;&drfwmu Mum;xJrSm ukodkvfuHqdk;NyD; abmausmfrjzpfbJ
abmaom jzpfoGm;rSmudkyJ}
]abmaomu bmjzpfoGm;vdkYvJ}
]bk & m;wnf w J h tcef ; usawmh abmaomu t&H
avmufyJ jzpfoGm;w,f? abmfausmfu ykP0wDeJY& olaX;BuD;
okabm*eJYaygif;NyD; bk&m;wnfaecsdefrSm olu a&TvSnf;wpfpD;?
aiGvSnf;wpfpD;yJ&NyD; olY&yfolY&Gm oljyefoGm;&wm}
aZ,su &,fonf/
]at;av ...'gayr,fh tJ'gu ykP0wDeJYr&awmifrS
a&TvSnf;wpfpD; aiGvSnf;wpfpD;awmh &ao;w,f? ck ...rif;
&ifNidrf;udk,l&if acG;jzpfoGm;rSmaygh pJGNrJ&}
pJGNrJu oufjyif;csvsuf ...
]ykP0wDeJY r&bJawmh a&TvSnf;q,fpD; aiGvSnf;q,f
pD; &vnf; pdwcf sr;f omp&m rjzpfygbl;uGm? igwnfaqmufcsiw f hJ
b0u &ifNidrf;ygrS vSr,fhb0yg? tajctaeeJY tcsdeftcgudp
uawmh wpfrsdK;aygh}
pmar;yJaG jz&rnfh aEG&ufrsm;eD;vmNyrD Ykd aqmif;aESmif;&Guf
0grsm;u avl;ESifhtwl vGifh0Jusaeonf/
ausmif;\ta&SUbuf awmtkyfrsm;qDrS OMoiSufoHudk
vnf; Mum;ae&\/

vGrf;avunif; 179
(4)
jrovGeb f &k m;\ apmif;wef;txd qif;vmvQif apmif;

wef;tv,favmufnmbufwGif wifysOfacG kyfyGm;awmfBuD;
wpfq&l odS nf/
xdkudk,fawmfBuD; oDwif;oHk;&m tmkHcHwefaqmif;\
ab;rS vrf;uav;twdkif;ywf {&m0wDjrpfbufavQmufoGm;
vQif urf;yg;pGef; ra&mufcif odMum;ewfuGef;taqmufttHk
av;odkY a&mufonf/
xdkrSenf;enf; qufavQmufvdkufvQif jrovGefapwD
awmfBuD; wnf&Sd&m e*kwrawmifawmfrS {&m0wDjrpfbufodkY
pGef;xGufaeaom urf;yg;pGef;av;odkY a&muf\/
xdkodMum;ewfuGef; urf;yg;pGef;av;\ ajrjyifwGif
ausmufwHk; ausmufqdkifrsm;jzifh xdkifp&maep&m aumif;ovdk?
refusnf;yif? xaemif;yif? tausmfyifpaom tyifrsm; tkyfrdk;
aeojzifh t&dyfvnf;aumif;onf/
jrpfa&jyifudk jzwfoef;vmaom awmifay:avnif;
at;at;aMumifhvnf; Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf; &Sdonf/
xdkae&mav;odkY pJGNrJESifh&ifNidrf; a&mufaeMuonf/
tawmfav; MumNyDjzpfonf/
pmar;yJaG jzzdYk wpfywfavmufom vdak wmhovdk pmar;yJG
ajzNy;D vQiv f nf; &ifNird ;f &efuek af jymif;&rnfh ta&;u &Sad eojzifh
xd&k ufyikd ;f rsm;rSm odyv f QKd UvQKd U0Su0f u
S f uGmuGma0;a0;Bu;D b,fvkd
rS raeEdkifMuawmh/
odkYtwGuf xdk&ufydkif;rSm olwdkYtawGYvnf; rsm;cJhMu
onf/ awGYvQifvnf; wjcm;a0;a0;vHvHESifh ylylavmifavmif
oGm;&rnfhae&mrsm;xuf at;Nidrf;aom xdkae&mav;odkYyif &uf
qufeD;yg; vmcJhMuonf/
awGYwdkif;vnf; &ifNidrf;wpfa,muf rsuf&nfusjzpfae
onf/ ckvnf; &ifNird ;f u pJNG r&J ifciG u f rkd NDS y;D rsu&f nfusvsu&f \ dS /
&ifNird ;f \rsu&f nfaEG;aEG;rsm;u tusr w S pfqifh jzwfoef;Ny;D pJNG rJ
&ifudk pdkpGwfaeonf/
pJGNrJu yifhoufwpfcsuf dIufvdkufNyD; ...
]ridyk geJY &ifNird ;f &,f? eifrsu&f nfuswm jrifwikd ;f ighEv S ;kH
om;awG yJyh u hJ somG ;ovdyk ?J igajymwm vufrcHEikd b f ;l vm;? avm
avmq,f vmr,fq h ,fwef;wpfEpS ef YJ wuov kd rf wuf&cifav;
yg? ajcmufvavmufudk atmifhtD;NyD; aevdkufMu&atmif? eif
vnf; q,fwef;rSm trSwfaumif;aumif;eJY aq;jzpfjzpf? ynm
a&;jzpfjzpf 0ifatmifBuKd ;pm;? igvnf; pufrw I uov kd uf kd aocsm
ayguf 0if&atmifBuKd ;pm;r,f? tJ'gqdk ESpaf ,mufpvH;k &efuek rf mS
vGrf;avunif; 181
yJ ausmif;wufNyD; jyefqHk&rSmaygh? 'grSr[kwf eifvnf; pufrI
wuov kd u f "mwktif*sief , D mvd[ k mrsKd ;? txnftvdyf tif*sif
eD,mvd[ k mrsKd ; wuf[m? tJ'gqdk wpfausmif;wnf;vnf; ajcmuf
ESpfavmuf twlwlae&r,f? ausmif;NyD;&ifvnf; tvkyfav;&
atmifapmifhNyD; ,lvdkufMukHyJ raumif;bl;vm;}
&ifNidrf;u IdufoHESifhtwl rsufarSmifMuKwf&if; acgif;cg
onf/
]raumif;bl;? raumif;bl;? tJ'gawGu aemufrjS zpfr,fh
udp? aqmufjzpfrS ausmif;'um? bmrSa&&mwm r[kwb f ;l ? tJ'D
ra&mufcif wpfEpS cf aGJ vmuf tMumBu;D cGaJ e&OD;rSmu a&Smifr&wJh
udpBuD;? tJ'D wpfESpfcJGtwGif;rSm bmawGjzpfOD;r,fqdkwmvnf;
b,folrSodwm r[kwfbl;? bmrSrjzpfvnf; tJavmuftMum
BuD; wpfe,fwaus;rSm cJGNyD; ig raeEdkifbl;}
&ifNidrf;trlt&mu qm;pnfausmif;rSm ig;wef;wkef;u
tdro f mbufwiG f &So d nfqakd om wapEiS hf Opmapmifrh sm;udk oGm;
MunfhzdkY ZGwfajymaewkef;u trlt&mrsdK; jzpfvmonf/
pJGNrJu oufjyif;cs&if; ...
]aeEdkifwmawmh igvnf; b,faeEdkifrvJ &ifNidrf;&,f?
jzpfEdkif&if em&Drvyf puefYrvyf wpfoufvHk; 'Dwdkif;yJ eifhudk
&ifcGifxJxnfhNyD; aeoGm;csifwmaygh}
]awmfygawmh pJGNrJ&,f? eifeJYig 'Db0rSm qHk&awmhr,f
vnf; rxifawmhygbl;}
]tJvkd r[kwyf gbl; &ifNird ;f &,f? bDv;l abmausmaf wmif
rS wpfb0jcm;NyD; olYbk&m; olwnfEdkifcJhao;wmyJ? eif bk&m;NydK
u bk&m;wif rMunfeh aYJ v? rauG;u jrovGeb f &k m;Bu;D udv
k nf;
jyefMunfhOD;rSaygh? wpfb0qdkwm tcsdefawG trsm;BuD;yg[m? uH
aumif;vdYk aemufb0quf&&if tcsed af wG ydrk sm;vmEdik af o;w,f?
b,ftcsed jf zpfjzpf? b,fb0jzpfjzpf? ig eifu h kd cspaf erSmyJ &ifNird ;f ?
NyD;awmh eifhqDudk ig ra&mufa&mufatmif vmcJhrSmyJ}
]oGm;prf;yg? eifhudk ig r,Hkawmhbl; pJGNrJ? tckawmif cJG&
rSm aMumufNy;D iguom idNk y;D &if; idak e&wm? eifusawmh enf;enf;
rSawmif aMumufyrkH &bl;? cJaG ezdpYk um;csn;f ajymNy;D ighukd acR;odyf
aew,f? at;ayghav ...eifu a,mufsm;av;qdkawmh wpfcsHK
uG,f wpfr,farhNyD; 'DjyifaumifrawGeJY aysmfjrL;aeEdkifwmudk;}
]r[kwfwm &ifNidrf;&m? ay;csifwJhopmudk ay;yg? tck
vnf; odMum;ewfuGef;em;rSm odMum;rif;udk oufaoxm;NyD;
igusdef&Jygw,f? odMum;rif;udk,fwdkif ighudk rdk;BudK;eJYypfygap? ig
eifuh kd a0;Edik cf EGJ ikd v
f Ykd 'Dpum;awG ajymaewm r[kwyf gbl;? tajc
taeeJY tcsdeftcgray;ao;wJh b0rSm 'DvdkrS rvkyf&if eifa&m
iga&m b0ysufNyD; 'kua&mufukefrSm pdk;vdkYyg}
]bm ...iga&m eifa&mvJ? eif tif*sifeD,mt&m&Sd
BuD; rjzpfbJ qif;&JaerSmpdk;vdkY ighudk &efukefyJ twif;oGm;cdkif;ae
wm r[kwfvm;? igu eifeJYcJGae&rS b0ysufNyD; 'kua&mufrSm?
eifhvdk*kPfawG aiGawG igu rufwmr[kwfbl;}
apwemudk a0'emjzpfatmif &ifNird ;f ZGwt f wif;vkyyf pf
aeNyD[k pJGNrJ odonf/ vSorQ PfxufNyD; tcspfBuD;wwfaomf
vGrf;avunif; 183
vnf; ol vkycf si&f m&SNd yq
D v
kd Qif ZGwu
f kd vkyv
f u
kd &f rS auseyfaom
cspfoltwGuf pJGNrJ ajcrudkifrd vufrudkifrd jzpfvm\/
olY[mol wdusjywfom;aeaom pdwfyif a&vIdufpm;
onfh urf;yg;pGef;vdk NydKvkvk ,dkifeJYeJY jzpfvmonf/
cspfoleJY a0;aom'Pf? a0;Hka0;aom'Pfudk tHBudwf
cg;pnf;vsuf cHEdkifaomfvnf; &ifNidrf;\ txifvJGrSm;pGm em
Munf;vsuf a0;&aomtjzpfrsdK;udkawmh wpfrdepfyif &ifrqdkif
csif/
aea&mifaMumifh jrpfjyifonf vdIif;MuufcGyfav;rsm;jzifh
wvufvuf xaeonf/ ajcmufaoGY taiGYaxmif;axmif;x
aeonfh oJaomifjyifMu;D udk tay:pD;rSae vSr;f Munfv h u
kd o
f nf/
t&dyfxuf tylu ydkus,fjyefYBuD;rm;&Snfvsm;aeaom
tjzpfudk owdjyKrdonf/
]tJ'Dawmh eifu b,fvdkjzpfapcsifvdkYvJ? &ifNidrf;? ig

ajymovdv k yk v
f Ykd eif pdwrf csr;f ombl;qd&k ifawmh &Sn&f n
S af 0;a0;
pOf;pm;raeeJYawmh? eif pdwfcsrf;omr,fhudpyJ igvkyfawmhr,f?
ajym ...eif bmvkyfcsifvJ}
pJGNrJu rdkufrdkufuef;uef;yif qHk;jzwfcsufcsvdkufNyD;
&ifNidrf;udk ar;onf/ &ifNidrf;u yg;ay:rS pdkpGwfaeaom rsuf&nf
prsm;udk vufudkify0gjzifh okwf&if; pJGNrJESifh rsufESmcsif;qdkifvdkuf
onf/
]bmvkyf&r,fqdkwm igajymae&OD;rSmvm; pJGNrJ? eif
a,mufsm;yJ bmvky&f r,fqw kd m eif rodb;l vm;? rqH;k jzwfwwf
bl;vm;? owdr &Sb d ;l vm;? rde;f uav;wpfa,muftaeeJY prajym
oifw h hJ pum;awG ighukd ajymcdik ;f Ny;D rS bmvky&f r,fqw kd m eiford mS
vm;}
&ifNird ;f pum;rsm;u pJNG r&J ifxo J Ykd xaemif;ql;cufwpfck
vdk pl;epf0ifa&mufvmonf/
]tJ'gqdk ckwnf;u ra0;&atmif eifu h ikd g cd;k ajy;&awmh
rSmaygh &ifNird ;f ? aumif;NyaD v ...tJ't D wdik ;f yJ igvkyrf ,f? 'gayr,fh
ckcsdefrSm eifhtdrfuvnf; igwdkYudk jyefvufcHrSm r[kwfbl;? ightdrf
uawmh vufcHvnf; tpuwnf;u NcHxJrSm yef;yifpdkufpm;ae
wJh qif;&Jom;tdrf? 'grSr[kwf eifeJYig ESpfa,mufwnf;yJ wpf
ae&mrSm qif;qif;&J&JoGm;vkyfudkif pm;aomuf&vdrfhr,f? tJ'g
udak wmh cHEikd &f nf&adS tmif eifBuKd wu G xf m;? pmar;yJaG emufq;kH aeY
us&if eifhudk igcdk;ajy;r,f &ifNidrf; ...auseyfyvm;}
]eif ighukd tJ'aD voHeYJ rajymeJY pJNG r?J eifu h ikd g tpuwnf;
u csrf;omr,fxifNyD; BudKufwm r[kwfbl;? qif;&J&rSmvnf; ig
raMumufbl;? 'gayr,fh ighaMumifhrkdY eifu rckd;csifcdk;csifeJY cdk;,l&
wmrsdK; qdk&ifawmh eifhaemufudk ig vHk;0rvdkufbl;? tJ'Dawmh
&Sif;&Sif;ajym? eif igeJYtwlaecsifpdwf &Sdvm; r&Sdbl;vm; 'gyJajz}
toufq,fh&SpfESpfxJa&mufum jzLjzLoG,foG,fjrifhjrifh
vGrf;avunif; 185
av;ESifh vlBuD;vdkjzpfum cEmudk,fa&m todPfyg zGHUNzdK;aeNyD
jzpfaomfvnf; &ifNidrf;pdwfxJu ig;wef;wkef;u *g0efzm;zm;?
*syefqaH wmufEiS hf ao;ao;wmwmt&G,u f wnf;u pdwrf sKd ;yif
&Sdaeao;onf/
uwfoD;uwfowfxyfvkyfaeaom &ifNidrf;udk Munfh
pJGNrJu NyHK;&if; ...
]ig eifeJY rcJGEdkifbl;? twlwl tNrJaeoGm;csifw,fqdkwJh
pum;udk ajymcJw h t hJ Burd af ygif; oef;eJaY wmifcsaD vmufNyD &ifNird ;f ?
tJ'Dawmh tydkawGar;? tydkawGajym vkyfraeeJYawmh? vkyfovdk
rjzpf&if jzpfovdk vkyfzdkYvnf; ighbufu bmrSowdaMumifp&m
r&Sdbl;? iga,mufsm;wpfa,muf? BuHK&r,fh'kuu eifha&SUuae
igtNrJ&ifqdkifoGm;zkdY qHk;jzwfNyD;om;}
&ifNidrf;uvnf; rJhwJhwJhvkyf &,fonf/
]NyD;a&m tJ'gqdk ighudk &efukefvdkufoGm;zkdYudp bmrSxyf
rajymeJYawmh? eifhvdkyJ igvnf; owd&Sdw,f? wpfa,mufudk wpf
a,mufcspv f Ykd pGepfY m;&wm bmrSaMumufp&m rvdb k ;l ? ud,
k cf spw
f hJ
oleJYudk,f twlpGefYpm;&if; aooGm;wmurS jrwfao;w,f? 'D
twdkif;BuD;awmh &iftuJGrcHEdkifbl;}
pJGNrJ oufjyif;csonf/
&ifNird ;f \ xufoefaeaom pdwu f kd xyftaESmift h ,Suf
ray;csifawmhojzifh bmrSxyfrajymawmhaomfvnf; &ifxJrSm
awmh &ifNidrf;Mum;apcsifaompum;rsm;udk ajymaerdonf/
]abmausmef aYJ bmaomtaMumif; eifu ighxufawmif
ydo
k yd gao;w,f &ifNird ;f &,f? olwv Ykd nf; bk&m;ud,
k wf ikd f pGecYf w
hJ hJ
ovGefudk olwdkYrSm&SdwJh tajctaetcsdeftcgt& &SdwJhtiftm;
av;eJY bk&m;wnfcw hJ myg? tJ'u
D pd [ m raumif;wJu
h pd rjrwfwhJ
tvkyf vHk;0r[kwfygbl;}
'gawmif tajctae&,f? tcsdeftcg&,f ray;wmudk
taMumif;jyKNyD; wnfcJhwJhbk&m;u rwifhw,favawmh odMum;
rif;u olwdkYwnfwJh royfr&yfapwDudk NzdKypfcJhwmaygh? bk&m;&JU
jrovGefawmfqdkwm awmfkHwefkHapwDawmfavmufrSm udef;0yf
vdkY&wmrS r[kwfbJ .../
eifeJYig wnfaqmufr,fh b0uvnf; tajctaeeJY
tcsed tf cgu cGirhf jyKao;bJ wnfaqmuf&r,fb h 0wdEYk pS af ,muf
Mum;rSm jrifjh rwfoefpY ifwhJ tcspu
f av;xm0& ude;f 0yfEikd f rude;f
0yfEdkif raocsmbl;uG,f/
]wjcm;[m rpdk;&drfygbl;? &SdNyD;om; oefYpifrGefjrwfwJh
tcspfuav;yg? bk&m;NydKubk&m; NydKuJGovdk NydKuJGNyD; npfEGrf;
vGifhjy,foGm;rSmudkom igaMumufwmyg}
awmifurf;yg;pGef;av;wGif nif;avat;u jzL;jzL;
aoG;vsufawmh &Sd\/
atmufoJajrrS waiGYaiGYwufaeaom tyl&Sdefrsm;
avnif;xJ wdk;0ifa&mvmrSmudkom pdk;&drfrdygonf &ifNidrf;/

vGrf;avunif; 187
(5)
]tJ'gqdk rif;u aemufrS bmjzpfjzpfqdkNyD; ZGwfrdkufawmh

r,fhoabmyJaygh pJGNrJ [kwfvm;}
pJGNrJ acgif;ndwfonf/
][kwfw,f aZ,s? ighbufu wGefYqkwfwGefYqkwfjzpfae
wmu olYtwGufeJY olYtay:cspfvGef; apwemxm;vGef;vdkY jzpf
aewJu h pd y ?J tJv
h v kd yk v
f Ykd olpw
d q
f if;&Jr,fq&kd ifawmh olpw d cf sr;f
omzdkYudkyJ igOD;pm;ay;&awmhrSmaygh}
aZ,suvnf; vufcHem;vnfyHkjzifh acgif;ndwfonf/
]at;av ...tJ'gqdkawmhvnf; wpfrsdK;pOf;pm;ay;&
awmhrSmaygh? tJ'Dawmh tJ'DaeYus&if rif;b,fvdkvkyfrSmvJ?
igua&m b,fvdkulnDay;&rSmvJ}
]t"duuawmh igb,fomG ;&ifaumif;rvJqw kd myJ aZ,s?
aemufydkif;us&ifawmh ightdrfudk igrjzpfjzpfatmif jyefwuf
&rSmayghumG ? ausmif;jyefrzGichf ifpyfMum; tdrrf mS yJae&if; ydu k qf &H
r,fh tvkyw f pfcck &k atmif &Smvky&f rSmaygh? Ny;D awmh q,fwef;udk
tjyifuajzEdkifatmif BudK;pm;&r,f? q,fwef;atmifNyD;&if
tedrfhqHk; pmay;pm,ljzpfjzpf qufwufNyD; bJGYwpfckck&atmif
vnf; vkyf&r,f? ynma&;eJY ywfoufvdkY wpfckckqHk;cef;wdkif
atmifawmh BudK;pm;&rSmyJ}
]'gqdk odyfa0;a0;oGm;vdkYawmh rjzpfbl;aygh}
]odyaf 0;a0;oGm;p&m ydu k q
f vH nf; r&Syd gbl;uGm? awmfMum
wpf & yf w pf a us;rS m pm;p&mawmif r &S d b J j zpf a eygOD ; r,f ?
aumif;wmuawmh odyftm;rem&r,fh oli,fcsif;rdwfaqGwpf
a,muf&SdwJhae&mudkyJ cPwpfjzKwf a&Smifwdrf;wJhoabm oGm;
aevdkufcsifw,f? eD;wma0;wmu taMumif;r[kwfbl;? vlBuD;
awG rsufpdvnfNyD; kwfw&ufoGm;vdrfhr,f rxifwJhae&mudk
a&G;Edik zf yYdk }J
]tJ'g rif;eJYa&m &ifNidrf;eJYa&m rywfoufwJh vlrsdK;qdk
ydkaumif;rSmaygh? 'gqdk olwdkY b,fvdkrS tp&Sm&rSm r[kwfbl;}
]at; ...tJ'Dawmh}
]tJ'aD wmh rif; bk&m;NyKd oGm;rvm;? tJ'rD mS igeJnY tD pfukd
0rf;uJaG wmfwhJ Munfp;kd qkw d ahJ umif wpfaumif&w dS ,f? rif; olt
Y rd f
rSmawmh tm;emp&mr&Sdbl;? &GmrSm olYrdbawGuvnf; tawmf
awmifw h if;w,f? wpftrd v f ;kH oabmvnf; aumif;w,f? tdrrf mS
vnf; olwdkYtaz? tareJY nDtpfudkESpfa,mufyJ &Sdw,f? tdrfu
tus,fBuD;}
]bk&m;NydK ...[kwfvm;}
][kwf ...'Dvdkav ...bk&m;NydKqdkwmu rif;eJY
vGrf;avunif; 189
qufqufpyfpyf&SdwJh t&yfrSr[kwfbJ? kwfw&uf pOf;pm;&if
tJ'DoGm;r,fqdkwm b,fvdkrSpOf;pm;rdrSm r[kwfwJht&yf}
]&ifNidrf;oli,fcsif;awGawmh&Sdw,f ajymw,fuG}
]&Sdyapaygh bmjzpfvJ? a&mufp wpf&ufESpf&ufrSmawmh
tdrfxJu tdrfjyifrxGufbJ udk,fa,mifazsmufaevdkufOD;aygh?
aemufrS olwdkYudkac:NyD; tusdK;taMumif;ajymjy? oli,fcsif;qdk
wm 'grsdK;rSm opm&Sd&SdeJY tm;udk;&ygw,fuGm? olwdkYuawmif
0dik ;f ulay;MuOD;r,f}
]iguawmh odyfroGm;csifbl;? wjcm; vGwfvGwfuif;
uif; wpfae&mr&Sdbl;vm;}
]bmvJ vGwfvGwfuif;uif;qdkwm &ifNidrf;oli,fcsif;
awGbmawG r&SdwJht&yfudk ajymwmvm;}
]r[kwyf gbl;? tJ'gu odyjf yem r[kwyf gbl;? t"du
u jrovGefordkif;eJYqufpyfNyD; abmausmf-abmaom bk&m;
tNzdKcH&wJhae&mBuD; jzpfaevdkY? trSeftwdkif;ajym&&if tJ'gawGeJY
ig odyfrqufpyf&Jbl;}
aZ,su &,fonf/
]rif;uvnf; aMumifjyefNyD pJGNrJ&m? bmrSrqdkifygbl;?
bk&m;ordkif;u bk&m;ordkif;yJ? rif;a&mufzl;csifaewJh bk&m;
awmif zl;&wmaygh? 'grSr[kwfvnf; onfhjyifae&m pOf;pm;r,f
av? rif;bl;buf ul;rvm;? tJ'DrSm rsdK;wifhwdkY&SdwmyJ}
pJGNrJu acgif;cgonf/
]rjzpfbl;uG? rsdK;wifhtazuvnf; um;axmifpm;wJhvl?
&ifNidrf;tazeJY rodbJ aerSmr[kwfbl;}
]'gjzifh yGifhjzLbufoGm;uGm? tJ'DrSmvnf; ightrsdK;awG&Sd
w,f}
pJGNrJu acgif;cgNrJ acgif;cg&if; ...
]'Dbufurf;u NrdKUawG pOf;pm;prf;yguGm? [dkbufurf;
ul;oGm;&wmu tE&m,frsm;ygw,f? Zufapmifh&wmeJY [dkbuf
rSm um;iSm;zdkY vkyf&wmeJY aemufu vdkufvmwJholawGeJY wdk;NyD;
'kur sm;ukeyf ghr,f}
]'gqdk&ifawmh igajymwJh bk&m;NydKom oGm;awmh pJGNrJ? ig
apmapmBuKd Ny;D Munfp;kd udk taMumif;Mum;xm;r,f? Munfp;kd qdw k m
cke igajymwJh igeJYnDtpfudk 0rf;uJGawmfwJhvl? olYudk uefjym;u
apmifch ikd ;f Ny;D uefjym;txd ighum;eJY rif;wdEYk pS af ,mufukd ydaYk y;r,f?
uefjym;uae zNydKudk Munfpdk;u vSnf;eJYac:oGm;vdrfhr,f}
]bk&m;NydKtxd um;eYJoGm;vdkY r&bl;vm;}
]&awmh &w,fu?G 'gayr,fh vSn;f vrf;twdik ;f armif;&
wmqdak wmh awmfu Hk m;eJo
Y mG ;vdrYk aumif;bl;? *spu
f m;wdYk um;Bu;D
wdkYeJYrS udkufwm? ig,lvmr,fhum;u y&ufpwdk? odyfi,fw,f
Ekw,f? raumif;bl;}
]rif;ua&m b,fuum;eJY vdkufydkYrSmrdkYvdkYvJ}
]igha,mufzum; igarmif;,lvmcJrh ,f? 'gayr,fh ausmif;
xJtxdawmh ,lrvmbl;ayghuGm? aq;kHaxmifhrSmjzpfjzpf? jynf
awmfombufrSmjzpfjzpf &yfxm;cJhr,f? pmar;yJGajzNyD;wmeJY rif;
wdkYvnf; tJ'DudktjrefqHk; a&mufatmifvmcJh? igvnf; apm
vGrf;avunif; 191
xGufNyD; tJ'Du apmifhaer,f? Munfpdk;udkvnf; ig reufjzef BudK
ajymxm;ESifhvdkufr,f}
]at;av ...tJ'gqdkvnf; rif;aumif;r,f xifovdk
om vkyfvdkufyg}
avmavmq,f wpfylat;ovdk jzpfoGm;ojzifh pdwf
oufom&m &oGm;onf/
aZ,su cPqdkif;aeNyD;rS ...
]rif;rSm ydkufqHb,favmuf&SdvJ pJGNrJ}
]bmvkyrf vdv Yk }J
]r[kwfygbl;? igar;wmom ajzyg}
]ESpf&m oHk;&mawmh &atmif&Smxm;&rSmayghuGm}
]tJ'gqdk vdkvdkr,fr,f ighqDu aiGwpfaxmif,loGm;?
ighaiGpkpmtkyfxJrSm axmifhajcmuf&mavmuf&Sdw,f? igxkwfay;
vduk rf ,f}
][m ...aeygapuGm}
aZ,su &,fonf/
],lomG ;prf;yguGm ...aemufxyf av;ig;ESpt f wGi;f rSm
tJ'DydkufqH ig bmrSoHk;jzpfrSm r[kwfygbl;? rif;vdk uHraumif;
ao;awmh igydk;aewhJ GefYGefYpdefu ighudk NyHK;awmif rjyzl;ao;
bl;}
aZ,spum;aMumifh pJGNrJrsufvHk;jyL; ...
]rif;u GefYGefYpdefudk ydk;aew,f[kwfvm;? [m ...
igawmif rodygvm;}
]rif;rodwm tqdk;r[kwfbl; pJGNrJ? ckxd GefYGefYpdefu
awmif olYudk igydk;aerSef; rodao;bl;? tJavmuf iguvnf;
tydk;awmfwm}
ESpfa,mufom; oabmuspGm &,fjzpfonf/
qHk;jzwfNyD;awmhvnf; onfudpu bmrSr[kwfawmh
ovdkygyJvm;[k pJGNrJawG;vdkuf\/
]'gjzifh rif;wdkYESpfa,mufu ...}

em;axmif&if;ESifh odcsifpdwf kwfw&uf aygufuJGrIudk
onf;rcHawmhbJ 0if;aX;u 0ifar;&efjyifonf/
pJGNrJu vufum wm;vdkuf&if; ...
]jzwfrar;eJv Y Ykd ig ajymxm;wmyJ 0if;aX;&m? vrf;qH;k &if
&GmawGYNyD; rif;odcsifwmawG tukefjynfhpHkoGm;rSmyg? [dkwpfjzwf?
'DwpfjzwfjzwfawmufNyD; taMumif;jyKcsufawG ajz&Sif;csufawG
ay;ae&wmu ydk oHo&m&Snfygw,f}
0if;aX;u &,fonf/
]igu rif;udk vlysdKatmufarhvdkY}
]tif; ...rif;uawmh ajym&if;eJu Y kd xyfuvJ mwmyJ vm;
0if;aX;? uJ ...at;at;aq;aq; em;axmifprf;yguGm}
onfawmhrS 0if;aX;u bmrSrajymawmhbJ Nird af evdu k f
onf/
vGrf;avunif; 193
pJGNrJu um;'uf&Sfbkwfay: wifxm;aom 'l;,m;bl;rS
pD;u&ufwpfvyd u f kd rD;ndz mG du
I &f if; olEiS &hf ifNird ;f wdEYk pS af ,muf\
pmar;yJGaemufqHk;aeYu tjzpftysufav;udk qufajymonf/
cHpm;rIyg ygaeojzifh pJGNrJrsufvHk;xJwGif xdkaeYu tjzpf
tysufrsdK;udk tao;pdwf jyefjrifaerdovdk pum;rsm;uvnf;
tawmfav; tao;pdwfyif jzpfvm\/

(6)
]uJ ...&NyD aZ,s ...armif;awmh}

pmar;yJG ajz&if;uae xGuv f m&onfrYkd t0wfwpfxnf
udk,fwpfckrSty ypnf;yp, tydkom;a&tdwfwpfvHk;yif ryg/
udpr&Sdbl;? tJ'DaeYawmh tJ'Dtwdkif;oGm;vdkuf? [dkrSm
vJp&m z,fp&m vdk&ifvnf; Munfpdk; Munfhvkyfay;vdrfhr,f?
aemufaeYusrS ig wpfenf;enf;pDpOfNyD; vmydkYay;r,f ...qdk
aom aZ,s\pum;aMumifh xkdtwGuf odyfylyefaMumifhMurI
vnf; rjzpfrdawmh/
&ifNird ;f u pJNG rv
J ufarmif;udk cyfwif;wif;av; qkyu f ikd f
vdu
k af om cPrSmyif aZ,sum;udk 0l;ceJaqmifx h uG &f if; armif;
awmhonf/
]rif;bufu rSew f ifxm;vdu k f pJNG r&J m? Ny;D awmh &ifNird ;f u
vnf; acgif;enf;enf;iHx Yk m;? vrf;rSmrSwrf w d hJ todwpfa,mufeYJ
awG&Y if oJveG pf &Ny;D rif;wdt Yk rd af wGu vdu k &f mS wJt h cg vG,o f mG ;
vdrfhr,f}
vGrf;avunif; 195
aZ,spum;aMumifh pJGNrJu um;rSefudk uref;uwef;
aumufwifonf/ &ifNidrf;uvnf; ysmysmovJ acgif;udk iHkYvdkuf
\/
]&ifNidrf; xdkifvdkY&vm;}
rmZ'gy&ufpwdk ypfuyfum;av;u a&SUxdik cf w kH pfquf
wnf;jzifh twefi,fus,faomfvnf; *D,mu abmvf*D,mrdkY
tv,fuxdkifaom &ifNidrf;rSm enf;enf;awmh apmif;awmif;
awmif; jzpfaeonf/
]&w,f ...udpr&Sdbl;}
cdk;aMumifckd;0Suf[k qdkaomfvnf; tvG,fqHk;ESifh tjref
qHk;a&mufEdkifaomvrf;rdkY aZ,su rauG;NrdKUv,f txdu&
vrf;rBuD;jzpfaom AdkvfcsKyfvrf;twdkif;yif armif;xGufonf/
rauG;ewfarmufvrf;ESihf qHak omae&musrS ewfarmuf
wdkY a&eHacsmif;wdkYbufodkY xGufaom vrf;twdkif; csdK;auGYonf/
xdkuae um;jzifhoGm;&ef c&D;qHk;jzpfaom uefjym;txduawmh
bmrS jyemr&Sd/
odyfvnf; ta0;BuD;r[kwf? ckepfrdkif&Spfrdkifavmufyif
oGm;&onf/
uefjym;&Gma&mufaomtcg &Gmxdyfrefusnf;yifBuD;
atmufwGif vSnf;wpfpD;&yfxm;onfudk awGY&\/
vSnf;ay:rSmawmh &G,fwla,musfm;wpfa,muf/
aZ,su vSnf;em;txd armif;oGm;&if; ...
]vSnf;ay:u xdkifaewm Munfpdk;yJ pJGNrJ? bmrSryleJY wdkY
tpDtpOfawGtm;vHk; uGufwd0ifaew,f}
aZ,su um;udk&yfonfESifh ESpfa,mufom; okwfokwf
oGufoGufyif um;ay:u qif;onf/
]vm ...pJNG reJ YJ &ifNird ;f vSn;f ay:wufawmh? 'Dae&mrSm
jzwfomG ;jzwfvm um;awGeYJ odyt f MumBu;D aezdYk raumif;bl;? uJ
...Munfp;kd rif;buftydik ;f udk rif;Munfv h yk af wmh [kwv
f m;? ig
rvdu k af wmhb;l }
][if ...rif;u rvdkufawmhbl;vm; aZ,s}
]at;av}
aZ,su aecJhrnfqdkojzifh pJGNrJaum &ifNidrf;yg tvefY
wMum;ESifh ar;vdkufonf/
aZ,su acgif;cg&if; ...
]ig rvdkufawmhbl;avuGm? ig &Gmtxdvdkuf&if 'Dum;
BuD; 'Dem;rSmtMumBuD; &yfxm;cJh&rSmaygh? igvdkufwmeJY jyefwmeJY
ESpef m&D oH;k em&Davmuf Mumae&if 'Dum;Bu;D u aemufuvdu k &f mS
r,fh vlawGtwGuf vrf;jyrSww f idk Bf u;D vdk jzpfraebl;vm;? Ny;D awmh
igu a`Er ysuf NrKd UxJcsucf si;f jyefNy;D 'Dupd igeJY bmrS rqdik o f vdk
oGm;vkyfae&OD;rSm}
olYpum;u oifhawmfrSefuefaomfvnf; ckxufxd
awmif todtuRrf; rjzpfao;olaemufodkY tm;udk;orIjyKNyD;
vdkuf&rnfqdkojzifh pJGNrJpdwfxJrSm tm;i,foGm;onf/
tcsufudk &dyfrdoGm;aom aZ,su ...
]rif; bmrSrpdk;&drfeJY pJGNrJ? Munfpdk;udk rif; tpptm;udk;
vGrf;avunif; 197
Edik w
f ,f? bmrStm;emp&mvnf; rvdb k ;l ? Munfp;kd ...rif; olwYkd
tm;ri,fatmif MunfhajymNyD; qufvkyfay;uGm? igoGm;r,f
[kwfvm;}
Munfpdk;u acgif;ndwfjyonf/
aZ,su pJGNrJESifh&ifNidrf;udk EIwfqufNyD; xGufoGm;onf
ESifh Munfpdk;u pJGNrJwdkYbuf vSnfh&if; ...
]udpr&Sdygbl; udkpJGNrJ? aZ,sBuD; jyefwmaumif;ygw,f?
bmrSryleJY? uRefawmfhudk aZ,svdkyJ oabmxm; ...tm;vHk;
tqifajyajy jzpfap&r,f}
ajymajymqdq k Edk iS yhf if Munfp;kd u EGm;tqifoifw h yfxm;
aom vSnf;udk armif;xGufonf/ &Gmxdyf0ifvrf;rS auGUcsdK;oGm;
onfESifh a&eHacsmif;um;vrf;rBuD;u jrifuGif;xJrSuG,foGm;
onf/
&GmxJ&dS oJvrf;jzLjzLav;twdik ;f vSn;f udk cyfou G of u
G f
armif;vmcJo h nf/
]ab;udkawmh enf;enf;owdxm;aemf? vrf;u a&SUus
&if enf;enf;usOf;w,f? tpGef;xGufaewJh opfudkif;awGeJY
rsufESmudk dkufrdrSmpdk;vdkY}
Munfpdk;pum;udk pJGNrJu acgif;ndwfwkHYjyefonf/
twGif;ydkif;a&mufonfESifh vSnf;u vrf;Murf;wdkY xHk;pH
twdkif; ckefpjyKonf/
odkYaomf Munfpdk; tajrmftjrifBuD;pGm cif;xm;aom
vSnf;ay:rS aumufdk;rsm;aMumifh tawmfoufaomifhoufom
ESifh remrusif pD;eif;vdkufygEdkifcJh\/
]tawmfa0;ao;vm; udkMunfpdk;}
]tif; ...aemufq;kH av;q,fih g;rdepfeJY wpfem&Dausmf
ausmf MumrSmawmh oGm;&r,f udkpJGNrJ? ,mcif;awG jzwfwJhtcsdef
awmh aeenf;enf;ylr,f? taqmif;av; bmav;&Sd&ifawmh
aqmif;xm;aygh}
]&ygw,fAsm udpr&Sdygbl;}
ckcsed rf mS aeylwmavmufuawmh enf;enf;av;rSyif pJNG rJ
wdkY rrIawmh/
&ifyljcif;uae aeyljcif;udk at;pufpuf &moD[kyif
atmufarhxm;Edik af erdonf/
tvm;wl y if &if c k e f j cif ; uvnf ; vS n f ; ck e f j cif ; ud k
tawmfNidrfoufaewmyJ[kyif xifaerd\/
]&ifNidrf; ...aMumufaevm;}
q,fhig;rdepf? rdepfESpfq,favmuf c&D;aygufNyD;csdefrSm
awmh pJGNrJ enf;enf;wnfNidrf &ifat;pjyKvmonf/
ywf0ef;usiftaetxm;uvnf; at;csrf;wnfNidrf
vGrf;avunif; 199
aom aus;vufIcif;rsm;tjzpfodkY vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; ul;ajymif;
oGm;NyrD Ykd pdwx f rJ mS pd;k &drpf &me,fajrrS vGeaf jrmufomG ;ovdk cHpm;
ae&onf/
pJGNrJu &ifNidrf;ycHk;av;udk odkif;zufxm;&if; ar;onf/
&ifNidrf;u acgif;ndwf&if; ...
]aMumufw,f pJGNrJ&,f? wkdYESpfa,muf bmawGBuHK&OD;
rvJ rodbl;aemf}
pJGNrJu oufjyif;csonf/
]rylygeJY &ifNidrf;&,f? udk,fwpfa,mufvHk; ygwmyJ?
ckwdkif;uyJ tm;vHk;tqifajyoGm;ygNyD? udk,fxifw,f ...
aemufu vdu k &f mS r,fv h al wGu ckcsucf si;f vnf; bmjzpfNyqD wkd m
odrSm r[kwfao;bl;? odvdkY&SmNyDqdk&ifvnf; 'Dae&mrsdK;udk &SmzdkY
vHk;vHk;pdwful;rdrSm r[kwfbl;}
]&ifNird ;f vnf; tJ'gawmh rylygbl; pJNG r&J ,f? wpfcyk J pd;k &drf
wmu [dka&muf&if aea&;xdkifa&; pm;a&;aomufa&; tqifrS
ajyyghrvm;vd}Yk
ajymwmawmh wdk;wdk;yif ajymwmjzpfonf/ odkYaomf
vSnf;armif;&if;ESifh em;yg;aom Munfpdk;u Mum;oGm;NyD; ...
]tJ'gvnf; bmrSryleJY r&ifNidrf;&m? [dkrSm bmwpfckrS
vdkavao; r&Sdap&ygbl;? uRefawmfwdkYtydkif;u vHk;0 0w&m;
aus&yghapr,f? uRefawmfhpum;udk ,Hkyg? [dka&muf&ifvnf;
cifAsm;wdkY aocsmawGY&rSmyg}
&ifNidrf;u tm;emoGm;[efjzifh rsufvHk;av;jyL;NyD; vSrf;
Munfhonf/ NyD;rS Munfpdk;bufvSnfh ...
]udkMunfpdk;wdkYbufu 0w&m;rausrSmpdk;vdkY ajymwm
r[kwfygbl;? ck ...'DrSmaeorQ&ufydkif;uawmh [kwfwmaygh?
&ifNidrf; ajymwmu aemif qufpcef;oGm;&r,fhudptwGuf ajym
wmyg}
]'gvnf; rylygeJY r&ifNidrf;? tqifrajyrcsif; uRefawmf
wdkYqDrSmae? ESpfeJYcsDaevnf; &w,f? cifAsm;wdkYtwGufuawmh
uRefawmfwdkYrSm bmwm0efrS rBuD;ygbl;}
]aus;Zl;wifygw,f udkMunfpdk;&,f}
Munfpdk;pum;tqHk;rSm pJGNrJu aus;Zl;pum;udk tvdkuf
odpGm 0ifajymvdkufonf/
aemufraS emufa&muf&m; ...ck ... avmavmq,f
awmh tm;ay;pum;ESifhyif &ifxJrSm vHkNcHKvmonfrdkY wu,f
vnf; Munfpdk;udk aus;Zl;wifaerd\/
]&Gma&mufzdkY odyfrvdkawmhbl;As? [dku jrifae&wm
bk&m;NydKbk&m;yJ? uRefawmfwdkY&Gmu awmif&Gm ajrmuf&GmqdkNyD;
ESpfydkif;&Sdw,f? uRefawmhftdrfu ajrmuf&GmrSm}
em&D0ufausmaf usmaf vmuftMumrSm Munfp;kd u cyfa0;
a0;rS bk&m;wpfqludk vSrf;jy&if; ajymonf/
&ifNidrf;u acgif;ndwf&if; ...
]olom ra&mufzl;wmyg ...&ifNidrf;u zNydKudk a&muf
zl;ygw,f udkMunfpdk;? zNydKrSm odyfcifwJh oli,fcsif;awG &Sdw,f}
Munfpdk;u tHhMopGmjzifh ...
vGrf;avunif; 201
][kwfvm; ...b,folawGvJ}
&ifNidrf;u olYoli,fcsif; emrnfrsm;udk ajymjyonf/
][m ...olwdkYeJYvnf; uRefawmf t&rf;cifygw,f?
'gqdk tqifajyygw,f? wcsKd U r&ifNird ;f rSmvdw k hJ rde;f uav;toH;k
taqmifypnf;awG olwdkYqDu uRefawmf oGm;qJGay;r,f}
]tif; ...cifAsm;uawmh bmajymajym tqifcsnf;
ajyaewmygvm; udkMunfpdk;? [kwfrSvnf; vkyfygAsm ...awmf
Mum olwu Ydk ...&ifNird ;f 'Da&mufaewmvnf; oda&m rauG;u
&ifNidrf;rdbawGqD vSrf;taMumif;Mum;vdkY 'kuawG a&mufukef
ygOD;r,f}
Munfpdk;u &,f acgif;cg&if; ...
][m ...r[kwfbl;As? tJ'Daumifrav;awGu tJhvdk
vlrsm;udp0ifNyD; uzsuf,zsuf vkyfwwfr,fhtrsdK;awG r[kwfyg
bl;? olwv Ydk nf; olwt Ykd vSnu hf s jyef0#frvnfatmif cifAsm;wduYk kd
0dkif;umuG,f apmifha&Smufay;MurSmyg}
&ifNidrf;uvnf; 0ifaxmufcHonf/
][kwfw,f pJGNrJ? tJ'gawmh rylygeJY? &ifNidrf;oli,fcsif;
awGu pdwfcs&ygw,f}
pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]tJ'gqdk udMk unfp;kd ajymovdyk J bmrSypl &m rvdak wmhb;l
aygh? uJ ...'gjzifh &ifNird ;f vnf; pdwcf svufcsomaeawmh? ud, k f
vnf; pdwfat;oGm;NyD}
rSwfrSwfrdrd onfc&D;rSmyif pJGNrJu olYudk,fol udk,f[k
ajymNyD; tac:ta0: ajymif;oGm;jcif; jzpfonf/
&ifNidrf;uvnf; eif ig odyfrvkyfawmhbJ emrnfav;
awG ajymaompepfukd bmrS ndE idI ;f xm;jcif; r&Sb d J ul;ajymif;vduk f
onf/
odyfrMumaomumvrSmyif Munfpdk;wdkY tdrfodkYa&muf
onf/
Munfpdk;u toifhjyifqifxm;aom tdrfao;ao;
wpfvHk;xJudk ac:oGm;onf/
tdrfay:a&mufrS ...
]bmrSryleJYqdkwm tJ'gudkajymwmyJ pJGNrJ? 'DtdrfwpfvHk;
vH;k udk cifAsm;wkt
Yd wGuf tydik pf m; ay;vduk Nf y?D uReaf wmfrh b
d awGeYJ
uRefawmfwdkYnDtpfudku [dkbufutdrfrSm aewm? cifAsm;wdkY
vGwfvGwfvyfvyfeJY tm;remyg;rem ae&atmif wrif onf
tdrfav;rSm xm;ay;wm? 'Dtdrfav;u tdrfrSm bmrSvdkwm
r[kwfbl;? wrif tydkaqmufxm;wJhtdrf? pm;csdefusrS uRefawmf
u ac:r,f? pm;wmawmh [dt k rd af y:rSmpm;? 'grSr[kwf 'Dtrd rf mS yJ
pm;csif&ifvnf; 'DydkYay;r,f}
wu,f v nf ; tm;emp&maumif ; avmuf a tmif
udkMunfpdk;tpDtpOfawGu jynfhpHkvHkavmufaeonf/
ysOaf xmiftrd f cyfao;ao;av;xJrmS ypn;f yp,av;
awG olY[moleJYol tqifoifh&Sdae\/
bk&m;pifav;vnf; &Sdonf/ {nfhcef;rSmvnf; oifjzL;
zsmav; wpfcsyfeJYtwl uGrf;tpf? aq;vdyfcGuf? axG;cHygrusef
vGrf;avunif; 203
&Sdaeonf/ twGif;cef;av;xJrSmawmh oifjzL;zsmcyfBuD;BuD;
wpfcsyfay:wGif tdyf&mcif;oefYoefYav; bmav;ESifh cif;xm;
aom ESpfa,muftdyfarGY&mav;wpfck/
pJGNrJ &ifxJ vSyfceJ ckefoGm;\/

(7)
]uJ ...cifAsm;wdv Yk nf; pdwyf ifyef; vlyifyef;eJY c&D;yef;

vmMuw,f? em;em;aeae aeMuOD;? uRefawmfvnf; EGm;awG
jzKwfNyD; 'Dhjyifvkyfp&m&Sdwmav;awG vkyfvdkufOD;r,f? vdkwm&Sd&if
vSrf;om ac:vdkuf? uRefawmf b,frSroGm;bl;? tNrJ&Sdaer,f}
tdrfav;ay:rSae Munfpdk;u tdrfrBuD;ay: ac:oGm;
olYrdbrsm;ESifh rdwfqufay;onf/ NyD;rS tdrfav;qDodkY jyefvm
onf/ onfwpfacgufrSmawmh Munfpdk;u tdrfay:yif vdkuf
rwufawmhbJ atmufuom EIwfquf xGufoGm;onf/
tdrfay:rSm pJGNrJESifh&ifNidrf; ESpfa,mufom usefcJh\/
&ifNidrf;u tdrfa&SUcef;wGif ra,mifrvnfESifh &yfaeqJ
pJNG ru
J tdycf ef;av;udk 0ifMunfo h nf/ tjyifcef;ESihf twGi;f cef;udk
vdkufumav;wpfckESifh jcm;xm;ojzifh &ifNidrf;udk rjrif&awmh/
pJGNrJu tcef;xJrSae vSrf; ...
]&ifNird ;f vmav? tjyifrmS wpfa,mufwnf; bmvkyaf e
wmvJ}
vGrf;avunif; 205
]bmrS rvkyfygbl;? 'DrSmyJ aecsifvdkY}
]r[kwfygbl;? 'DrSm jyifxm;qifxm;wmav;awGu
Munfyh gOD;? rqd;k bl; &ifNird ;f & ...om;em;w,f? rauG;u {&mOD;
wdkYvdk taumif;qHk;wnf;cdkcef;awGawmif 'Davmuf oyfoyf
&yf&yfr&Sbd ;l }
]tdk ...rvmcsifygbl;qdkrS}
&ifNidrf;toHu wkefwkef,if,ifvdkvdk? bmvdkvdkESifh
wpfrsdK;jzpfaeonf/
pJGNrJ kwfw&uf aMumifoGm;\/
Ny;D rS wpfpw
kH pf&mudk awG;rdojzifh &,fvu kd Nf y;D tcef;jyif
jyefxGufonf/ &ifNidrf;rsufESm yef;a&mifoef;aeonfudk jrif&
onf/
pJNG ru
J oabmuspmG &,fonf/ &ifNird ;f rsuEf mS yef;EkraS e
ta&mif&ifhoGm;NyD; ...
]bm&,fwmvJ}
]r[kwfygbl;? &ifNidrf;ukd udk,foabmusvdkYyg? owd
aumif;wkef;u owdaumif;NyD; bmtckrS aMumufaewmvJ?
ud,
k uf d;k d;k ac:wmyg &ifNird ;f &m? twGi;f cef;xJukd &ifNird ;f vH;k 0
r0if&Jao;vkYd Munfhcsifrvm;qdkNyD; ac:jywmyg ...[m; ...
[m; ...oabmusw,fuGm}
]tHrm ...bmoabmuswmvJ? olu odyfaysmfae
w,fayghav}
]aysmfwmaygh &ifNidrf;&? tcktcsdefupNyD; udk,fwdkYESpf
a,muf wpfoufvHk; twlwlaecGifh&NyDyJ? twlwlae&if b,fvdk
ae&w,fqdkwma&m odw,fr[kwfvm;}
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh &ifNidrf;rsufESm &JceJjzpfoGm;onf/
&Sufudk;&Sufuef;trlt&mESifh pJGNrJqD ajy;vm xkdkuf&if; ...
]awmfawmhuGm? r[kwfu [kwfuawG avQmufrajymeJY?
rodbl;? &ifNidrf; tJ'gawG bmrSem;rvnfbl;? oleJY twlwlae
r,fqdkwm cgwdkif;vdkyJ dk;dk;ajymwm}
]ckvnf; udk,fu bmajymvdkYvJ &ifNidrf;&? &ifNidrf;ajym
ovdk dk;dk;yJ ukd,fvnf; ajymwmyJOpm}
]oGm;yg? ol r[kwfu[kwfuawG avQmufajymaewm
&ifNidrf; rodbl;rSwfvdkYvm;? tJ'gawG vmrajymeJY &ifNidrf;
&Suw f ,f}
pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]ckrS &Suvf Ykd b,f&awmhrvJ &ifNird ;f &JU? &ifNird ;f eJu
Y ,
kd u
f
tck t&ifvdkrS r[kwfawmhbJ cdk;&mvdkufajy;NyDqdkuwnf;u
tMuifvifr,m;jzpfomG ;NyyD OJ pm}
]jzpfjzpf rjzpfjzpf rodbl;? kwfkwf kwfkwfrvkyfeJYaemf
pJGNrJ? &ifNidrf; &Sufvm&if idkvdkufrSm}
onfawmhrS pJGNrJu t&,f&yf ...
]tJvdkawmh ridkygeJY &ifNidrf;&,f? udk,fu &ifNidrf;&Sufae
rSef;odvdkY wrifpaewmyg? uJ ...vm ...r&SufeJYawmh?
{nfhcef;rSmyJ twlwlxdkifr,f? pum;ajymp&mqdkp&m&Sdwmav;
awGvnf; ajymMur,f? a&SUa&;av;bmav; wdkifyifMu&atmif}
vGrf;avunif; 207
pJGNrJu {nfhcef;&Sd oifjzL;av;ay:rSmxdkifonf/ onf
awmhrS &ifNidrf;uvnf; tem;uyf usHKUusHKUav;xdkif\/
pJGNrJu xdef;NyHK;av; NyHK;vdkuf&if; ...
]tJvdkrSaygh rdef;r&m? ...vifr,m;qdkwm qdk;wdkifyif
aumif;wdkifyif twlwl&Sd&w,fwJh? bmvdkY cJGjcm;cJGjcm; vkyfae&
wmvJ? vifr,m;qdkwm bmvkyfvkyf tNrJwrf;twl&Sdae&wm}
&ifNidrf;vufu pJGNrJausmay:odkY tkef;ceJusonf/
]vkyfjyefyvm;? 'gawG rajymeJYvdkYqdk? ajymvdkYudk r&bl;?
rSwfxm; ...rSwfxm;}
pJGNrJu oabmuspGmjzifh w[m;[m;&,fonf/
pGefYpm;&aom b0av;\tponf aysmfp&mvnf;
aumif;\/ &ifckefp&mvnf; aumif;\/
tem*wfjyemrsm;onfvnf; vwfwavmrSmawmh
tawmfa0;a0;vHvHt&yfodkY a&mufaeMuukef\/

(8)
tarSmifxkBuD;xJrSm pJGNrJvefYEdk;vm\/
Ed;k vmaom cPrSm ol kww f &ufaMumifaeao;onf/
cgwdkif;tdyfaeus udk,fhtdyf&may:rSmyJ tdyfaeonfxifrSwfNyD;rS
xl;jcm;aeaom ywf0ef;usifudk owdjyKrdonf/
ywf0ef;usiw f pfcvk ;kH rnf;arSmifaeonfomru tem;
rSmvnf; vlwpfa,muf&Sdaeao;onf/ bmjzpfwmvJ? tck
b,fa&mufaewmvJ? tem;rSmtdyaf ewm b,fov l ?J tar;rsm;
pGmjzifh uref;uwef; tajz&Sm,l&onf/
onfawmhrS ajymif;vJaeNyDjzpfaom olYtjzpfudkol
owdjyef&\/
&ifNidrf;/
olt Y em;rSm tdyaf ysmaf eolu &ifNird ;f rS &ifNird ;f tppfyif?
aeYv,fu olwdkYESpfa,muf pGeYfpm;xGufajy;cJhNyD;aemuf? ckcgrSm
wu,fyif tMuifvifr,m;tjzpf aygif;oif;aeMu&NyDyJ/
onfawmhrS tdy&f mr0ifcif Munfp;kd vm ay;oGm;aom
vGrf;avunif; 209
za,mif;wdkifESifh rD;jcpfudk acgif;&if;rSmxm; tdyfMuonfudk
trSwf&onf/ pJGNrJu jcifaxmifudk[ vufxkwfNyD; za,mif;
wdkifESifhrD;jcpfudk prf;onf/
vufxJodkY xdkypnf;ESpfrsdK;vHk;a&mufvmrS rD;jcpfudk jcpf
NyD; za,mif;wdkifudk xGef;onf/ vHk;vHk;BuD; vif;xdefoGm;onf[k
rqdkEdkifaomfvnf; tcef;xJudk jrifomxifomatmifawmh
tvif;a&mifa&mufvmonf/
jcifaxmifukd vGwv f w
G u
f if;uif;r za,mif;wdik rf ;D udk
txJoiG ;f vku d o
f nf/
uav;wpfa,mufvdk tyltyifuif;pGm tdyfaysmfae
aom &ifNidrf;rsufESmudk rD;a&mifjzifh Munfhvdkuf\/
qHyifrsm; tenf;i,f yG rsufcHGav;rsm; eDrdkYrdkYjzpfae
aomfvnf; olZY eD;jzpfaeonfh &ifNird ;f onf tdyaf ysmaf eonft h cg
rSmvnf; vSNrJvSaeonf/
Munfhr0Edkifjzpfaeonfh cspfol\rsufESmudk tawmf
Mumatmif ai;aeNyD;rS acgif;tHk;atmufodkY vufvQH vufywf
em&Dav;udk xkwfMunfhonf/
ud;k em&D/
aMomf ...tckrS nudk;em&D &Sdav;onfyJ/
NrdKUay:rSmqdkvQif onftcsdef tdyf&m0ifzdkY pOf;pm;MuOD;
rnfyif r[kwfao;/ vQyfppfrD;r&Sdaom onfvdk&GmrsdK;rSmawmh/
tck olyif wpfa&;Edk;vmcJhNyD/
ckepfem&Davmufu tdyf&m0ifcJhonfudk trSwf&onf/
'gqdk oltdyfaysmfoGm;onfrSm wpfem&Dyif rjynfhao;/
pJNG ru
J rD;a&mifjzifh &ifNird ;f rsuEf mS udk w0wpfcgjyefMunfh
NyD; auseyfoGm;rS za,mif;wdkifrD;udk Nidrf;vdkufonf/
jyefvnfBuD;pdk;oGm;aom tarSmifxkxJwGif rD;jcpfESifh
za,mif;wkdifudk vufxkwf rlvae&mwGif jyefxm;onf/
vufjyefoGif; jcifaxmifudk jyefzdNyD;onfESifh rsufvHk;
ydwfxm;xm;onfvdkyJ jzpfaeaom tarSmifxkwGif;rSm tdyfcsif
pdwf vHk;0aysmufaeonf/ rsufvHk;rsm;udk zGifhxm;vdkufonf/
xdkYaemuf b0wGif tawGYBuHKopftjzpf jzwfoef;cJh&
aom wpfaeYwmrS trSw&f &mav;rsm;udk jyefpOf;pm;&if; rsuv f ;kH
xJ jyefyHkazmfMunfhonf/
tm;vHk;udk xif&Sm;pGm jyefjrifa,mif\/
]udpk NGJ rw
J Ydk r&ifNird ;f wdu
Yk awmh ordik ;f tjynft
h pHu
k kd odNy;D
om; jzpfrSmaygh? rauG;jrovGefbk&m;ordkif;rSmygwJh bk&m;NydKqdk
wm 'Dbk&m;yJ}
Munfp;kd ajymaompum;udk pJNG ru J acgif;ndwf wkjYH yef&if;
...
]ordkif;udkawmh odygw,f Munfpdk;? abmausmfwkYd
abmaomwdkY bDvl;nDtpfudkawG jrwfpGmbk&m;qDuvmwJh
ovGefawmfudk 'Dae&mrSm bk&m;wnfNyD; udk;uG,fawmh jrovGef
vGrf;avunif; 211
awmf&JU rlvydkif&SifjzpfwJh odMum;rif;u ae&mXmefeJY tcsdeftcg?
wnfaqmufyHk r[kwfbl;qdkNyD; NzdKypfcJhwJhae&m r[kwfvm;}
][kww f ,f udpk NGJ r?J tJ'aD bmaom-abmausmw f Ydk wnfchJ
wJh bk&m;uawmh odMum;rif; NzdKvdkY NydKoGm;wm xm;ygawmh? xl;
qef;wmu 'Dae&mrSm txdrf;trSwftjzpfeJY aemufxyfwnfwJh
bk&m;awGvnf; b,fawmhrS Ny;D atmifwnfvrYkd &bl;? wnfco hJ rQ
apwDwikd ;f [m rNy;D cif jyefNyKd NyKd omG ;wmyJ? 'Dbufyikd ;f rSm vufvrS ;f
rDoavmuf urnf;xdk;xm;orQ 1280 jrefrmou&mZfrSm
OD;vl'kwfqdkwJhyk*dKvf wpfcgwnfw,f? ratmifjrifbl;? jyefNydK
w,f? 1322 ckESpfrSm wpfcg &efukefu OD;&SdefeJY OD;batmifqdkwJh
yk*Kd vaf wG wpfcgxyfwnfw,f? ratmifjrifb;l jyefNyKd omG ;wmyJ}
]tck 'Dbk&m;usawmh}
]'Dbk&m;usawmhrS xl;xl;jcm;jcm; atmifjrifNyD; jyefrNydK
wmyJ? 'Dbk&m;udkawmh 1322 ckESpfu 'Dbk&m;NydK&Gm? &Gmv,f
ausmif;q&mawmfBu;D OD;0d&, d OD;aqmifNy;D jyefwnfwm? 'gaMumifh
wcsdKUu q&mawmfBuD;udk abmausmf 0ifpm;wmvdkYawmif ajym
Muw,f}
]cka&m tJ'D q&mawmfBuD; &Sdao;vm;}
]&Sdwmaygh? oufawmf 80 eD;yg; &SdaeNyD}
]aMomf}
&mZ0ifordkif;ESifh ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm &if;ESD;tuRrf;w0if
jzpfvmcJhaomfvnf; ckrS onfae&mudk a&mufzl;? zl;zl;aom
bk&m;NyKd ukd pJNG ru
J &ifNird ;f ESit hf wl uefawmhO;D cs&if; aocsmMunfh
onf/
,ck &Sdaeaom bk&m;uawmh Pfawmf 27 awmif
&Sdaom apwDwpfqlyif/
apwDu ukef;rdkYrdkYuav;ay:wGif &ifjyif wHwdkif; Z&yf
wefaqmif;wdkYjzifh oym,fpGm wnf&Sdonf/ &ifjyifawmfudk vSnfh
ywfMunfhI zl;arQmfNyD; jyeftxGufwGif bk&m;ukef;ay:rSae
taemufbuf vSrf;Munfhonf/
{&m0wDjrpfudk ta0;rS vSrf;jrif&onf/ xdkYjyif jrpf
wpfzufurf; pued ;f wJb&k m;ESihf tjcm;apwDyx k ;kd rsm;udk tawmf
xifxif&Sm;&Sm;av; vSrf;jrifae&\/
]ordkif;xJrSm ygwJhtwdkif;uawmh jrwfpGmbk&m; pudef;
wJrSm cPudef;0yfwkef; 'Dae&muae abmausmfwdkY bDvl; nD
tpfudkawGudk vSrf;jrifNyD; bk&m;udk oGm;zl;MuwmwJh ...[kwf
w,faemf? 'Dae&muae pudef;wJbk&m;udk twdkif;om; jrifae
&wmyJ? jrwfpGmbk&m;udk uyfcJhwJh? Mupkzefcg;qdkwmawGa&m
'DrmS &Sad o;vm;}
pJGNrJtar;udk Munfpdk;u acgif;ndwf wkHYjyef&if; ...
]&Sdw,f pJGNrJ? cke q&mawmfBuD; ausmif;xkdifwJh &Gmv,f
ausmif;xJrSmudkd Mupkzefcg;yifBuD;awG &Sdw,f}
]Mupkzefcg;qdkwmu dk;dk;zefcg;oD;eJY rwlbl;vm;}
]rwlbl;As? yHkpHvnf; rwlbl;? t&omvnf; rwlbl;?
Mupkzefcg;qdkwmu MupkoD; yHkpHrsdK;? acsmacsmvHk;vHk; cRefcRefav;
d;k d;k zefcg;u axmifah wGecYJ yfv;kH vH;k yJ? rcReb
f ;l ? aemufxyf tHMh o
vGrf;avunif; 213
p&m wpfckuvnf; tJ'DMupkzefcg;yif[m q&mawmfBuD;&JU
ausmif;xJrmS yJ &SNd y;D wjcm;tyifu toD;awGxufukd ydx
k ;l jcm;Ny;D
aumif;w,f}
&mZ0ifordkif;qdkonfrSm olYtquftpyfESifholawmh
xm0&&SifoefaewmygyJvm;[k awG;rdonf/
bk&m;NydKapwDudka&mufawmh nae av;em&Davmuf
&SNd yjD zpfonf/
odyfrarSmifcif bk&m;u jyefcJh\/
]0kwf ...0kwf}
]'Dtrd f r[kwv
f m;? aeOD; ...aeOD; ...tvefw Y Mum;
oGm;rac:eJYOD;? xGufajy;vdkY r&atmif aocsm0dkif;xm;}
][if}
naeutjzpfrsm; jyefawG;aerS rqHk;ao; &Gmvrf;
avmufu acG;a[mifoHESifhtwl qlqlnHnH vloHrsm; Mum;&NyD;
xifxif&mS ;&Sm; Mum;vduk &f aom toHwpfoaH Mumifh pJNG rJ rsuv
f ;kH
jyL;oGm;onf/
awG;vufp tawG;rsm;vnf; MuufaysmufiSufaysmuf
aysmufoGm;NyD; txdwfwvefYESifh xxdkifvdkufrdonf/
onftoHudk ol od\/
&ifNidrf;taz\ toH/
]bk&m; ...bk&m;}
pJGNrJ acgif;em;yef;rsm; BuD;oGm;onf/
olwdkYESpfOD; rdkufrdkufrJrJ pGefYpm; wnfaqmufcJhaom
b0urmav;udk zsufqD;awmhrnfh yk*dKvfrsm; a&mufvmygNyD
aum/
pJNG rJ tvefwY Mum;ESihf &ifNird ;f &S&d mt&yfukd vufjzifh prf;
&Smonf/
&ifNidrf;wpfa,muf pdwfcsvufcs tdyfarmusum vSy
pGm rufaeonfh tdyfrufuav;udk rzsufcsifaomfvnf; zsuf&
awmhrnfjzpfaMumif; 0rf;enf;pdwfraumif;pGm awG;vdkufrd\/

vGrf;avunif; 215
(9)
]&ifNird ;f ..&ifNird ;f ..x ..x ..xygOD; &ifNird ;f &,f}

&ifqdkif&awmhrnfh tE&m,fqdk;aMumifh &ifNidrf;vuf
armif;udk vIyf,rf;&if; cyftkyftkyf ac:EdI;aeonfh pJGNrJtoHrSm
tufuaGJ eonf/
&ifNidrf;u awmfawmfESifhrEdk;/
oHk;av;cg cyfMurf;Murf; vIyfvdkufrS &ifNidrf; vefYEdk;vm
NyD; ua,mifacsmufcsm;ESifh xxdkifonf/
]&ifNidrf; ...&ifNidrf;}
][if ...bmvJ pJNG r?J bmjzpfvv Ykd ?J igwkYd b,fa&mufae
wmvJ}
&ifNidrf;vnf; Edk;cgprSm arSmifBuD;rnf;BuD;xJ Za0Z0g
jzpfaeonf/ pJGNrJu &ifNidrf;em;uyf cyfwdk;wdk;avoHjzifh ...
]wdkYESpfa,muf bk&m;NydKudk a&mufaew,fav? wdkYESpf
a,muf cdk;ajy;vmMuw,f? rSwfrdNyDvm;}
]tif; ...tif;? rSwfrdNyD pJGNrJ? tck bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]eifhtaz vdkufvmw,f? tck tdrfa&SUrSm a&mufaeNyD}
][if ...'kuy gyJ? b,fvv kd yk Mf urvJ pJNG r?J ighuakd wGU&if
awmh tazowfrSm}
]at;yg ...igodygw,f? cPav; tomNird af e &ifNird ;f ?
wdkYESpfa,muf olwdkYvufudk jyefygvdkYrjzpfbl;? jzpfwJhenf;eJY
vGwfatmifxGufajy;rS jzpfr,f? vm ...x ...jznf;jznf;x?
toH rMum;apeJ?Y tajctaeudk tuJcwfNy;D igajy;r,f? ighvuf
udk aocsmudkifxm;? NyD;awmh igoGm;wJhaemufom vdkufcJh}
]vkyfygOD; pGJNrJ&,f wdkYESpfa,muf vGwfatmifajy;rSjzpf
r,f}
]at;yg igodygw,f? pum;rajymeJYawmh}
&ifNidrf;udk wdwfckdif;NyD; tjyifu toHrsm;udk em;pGifh
onf/
]Munfp;kd ...Munfp;kd ...atmifNird ;f ? OD;xGe;f vdiI ?f [m
...'DvlawGuvnf; EdI;&cufvdkufwmaemf? xMuprf;ygOD;}
&ifNird ;f taztoH r[kw/f &GmxJu t&yfvBl u;D bmnm
awGyg ac:vmonfxifonf/ cyftyk t f yk f usw
d Ef ;Id aeaomtoH
udk Mum;&\/ olwdkYtdrfab;bufodkY a&mufvmyHkawmh ray:
ao;/
[dkbufu tdrfBuD; t&if 0dkif;rJaeyHkay:onf/ pJGNrJu
&ifNidrf;em;uyf ...
]wdkYajy;&if vGwfEdkifao;w,f &ifNidrf;? vm tdrfaemuf
az;ayguf qif;r,f? t&rf;arSmifw,faemf? owdxm;NyD;awmh
vGrf;avunif; 217
avQmuf? bmoHrSrxGufapeJY? toHxGuf&if wdkdY'DbufrSm&Sdwm
odoGm;vdrfhr,f? Mum;vm;}
]tif; ...tif;}
&ifNidrf;u avoHESifhyif Mum;aMumif; jyefajzonf/ pJGNrJ
u &ifNidrf;vufudk prf;&SmNyD; cyfwif;wif; qkyfvdkufonf/
&ifNidrf;wpfudk,fvHk; at;pufNyD; wqwfqwf wkefaeonfudk
vnf; owdxm;rdvdkuf\/
tarSmifxrJ mS toHrxGuaf tmif owdxm;Ny;D prf;w0g;

0g; avQmufvmae&ojzifh c&D;u rwGif/ vrf;udk jrif&atmif
vnf; rD;a&mifwpfckck rjyK&J/ tE&m,fudk vufckyfwD;ac:ovdk
jzpfomG ;rnf/
ESpfa,mufom; prf;&if;prf;&if;ESifh aemufaz;xGuf
aygufudk a&mufvmMuonf/
tjyifbufrSmvnf; vrdkufaeojzifh arSmifrnf;vsuf
&So
d nf/
bmawG ajymaeMuonf oJoJuJGuJGMum;&atmif em;
pdkufraxmifEdkifawmhaomfvnf;? b,frvJ ...rif;wdkYqDrSm
&Sdw,fqdk ...[laom toHwpfckudkawmh cyfus,fus,f Mum;
vdkuf&onf/
pJNG ru
J tarSmifxw
J iG f roJruJjG rifae&aom jrifuiG ;f jzifh
avSum;xpfudkajcjzifh prf;um wpfxpfcsif; qif;onf/ &ifNidrf;
uvnf; olYaemufu uyfygvm\/
ESpaf ,mufpvH;k ajrBu;D ay:odYk uHtm;avsmpf mG acsmacsm
armarm a&mufoGm;Muonf/
]qufoGm;av pJGNrJ? bmvdkY&yfaewmvJ}
&ifNidrf; toHwkefwkef,if,ifav; ay:xGufvmonf/
]at;yg}
pJGNrJu tarmwaum jyefajz&if; acgif;aygufvkrwwf
pOf;pm;onf/ jyemu Munfpdk;wdkYNcH0if;aemufab;rSm xGuf
ayguf&rdS &Sd rod/ NcpH nf;d;k udk b,fvukd mxm;rSe;f yif pOf;pm;r&/
b,fbufudkajy;vQif b,fa&mufrnfrSef;vnf; rod/
xdkpOf &ifNidrf;toH xGufvmjyefonf/
]bmvkyfaewmvJ pJGNrJ}
]b,fbufudk b,fvdkoGm;&rSef; rodvkdY &ifNidrf;}
]tdk ...b,fa&mufa&muf[m? ajcOD;wnf&momajy;?
tJ'DtoHawGeJY a0;wJhbufudk oGm;aygh}
&ifNird ;f pum;\aemufq;kH yd'k af v;u t&rf;wefz;kd &Sod mG ;
onf/ onfawmhrS pJGNrJu toHMum;&mbufukd ausmcdkif; cyf
oGufoGuf ajcvSrf;rsm;jzifh avQmufonf/
qdkonfu ajcaxmufrSmvnf; ESpfa,mufpvHk; zdeyf
rygMu/ atmufu ajrBuD;uvnf; &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;r[kwf/
bmawGrSef;rod cdk;vdkckvkawG cPcPeif;rdonf/
&Swwfaom ypnf;rsm;? pl;wwfaom ypnf;rsm;qdkvQif
vGrf;avunif; 219
awmh [ufceJ? pGcd eJ xd&pS ;l 0ifomG ;rSom &Sr?d pl;rdaMumif; od&ay
vdrfhrnf/
odkYaomf 'gvnf; *krpdkufEdkifawmh/ a&SUjrefjrefa&mufzdkY
om ta&;BuD;aeonf/
xdkpOf ausmbufrSvnf; vufESdyf"mwfrD;a&mifrsm;
w0if;0if;ESifh [dkxdk;onfxdk; vkyfMuNyDjzpf\/
txl;ojzifh tawmfvSrf;vmNyDjzpfaom olwdkYtdrfav;
qDrS &ifNidrf;taztoHBuD;udk txdwfwvefY Mum;vdkuf&onf/
]r&Sdawmhbl;? [dkacG;a&m? acG;ra&m? wdkYtoHMum;wmeJY
xGuaf jy;oGm;Ny?D NcaH emufbufrmS &Sv d rd rhf ,f? rD;eJx
Y ;dk MunfNh y;D vdu
k f
Mu? awGY&if nmraeeJY aoatmifom dkufowfypfcJh}
]ajy; ...ajy; ...ajy;awmh pJGNrJ? Mum;w,f r[kwf
vm;? tazhtoH}
]Mum;w,f}
]prf;w0g;0g; vkyrf aeeJaY wmh[m? aocsiaf oyapawmh?
jzpfcsi&f mjzpf? tJ't D wdik ;f a&SUwnfw
h nfo h majy;awmh? rwwfEikd f
bl;}
&ifNidrf;toHrqHk;cif pJGNrJu &ifNidrf;vufudk qJGajy;
onf/ &ifNidrf;uvnf; aemufrStm;ukef ajy;vdkuf\/
]Ake;f }
]tifh}
rjrifruef;ESifh opfikwfwdkBuD;wpfckudk 0ifwdkufrdonf/
pJGNrJa&m &ifNidrf;yg ajcypfvufypf vJusoGm;onf/
]tm;}
&ifNidrf;qDrS ememusifusif atmfvdkufoH ay:xGufvm
\/
pJGNrJ xdwfoGm;NyD/
]bmjzpfwmvJ &ifNidrf;? bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]bmvJrodb;l [m? ighaygifukd vmpdu k af ew,f? emvdu
k f
wm}
][m ...'kuyJ}
&ifNidrf;omr[kwf? pJGNrJajcaxmuf wpfckvHk;vnf; jyKwf
xGuo f mG ;vkrwwf emusiaf eonf/ apmapmu opfiw k u
f kd wduk f
rdaomt&Sed jf zifh ajcaxmufrsm; usKd ;oGm;Nyv D m; atmufarhonf/
]igxvdkY r&awmhbl; pJGNrJ&,f? aygifu t&rf;emw,f}
]aeOD; ...aeOD; &ifNidrf;? t&rf;rxeJY? ighudkwJG ighudkwJG
vdkuf ...tm;}
&ifNidrf;udk xlae&if;yif pJGNrJ ajcaxmufuvnf; pl;
emvmonf/
]tHr,fav;? emvdkufwm pJGNrJ&m}
pJGNrJu tHBudwf &ifNidrf;udk csdKif;rS rwifumxlonf/
xdkYaemuf ESpfa,mufom; axmheJYaxmheJY avQmufEdkifoavmuf
awmh jrefatmifavQmufMuao;onf/
][dwf ...rajy;eJY? ESpfa,mufpvHk; &yfvdkufprf;}
xdkpOf vufESdyf"mwfrD;a&mif wpfcku udk,fay:usvm
onf/ xdkaemuf usm;[def;oHvdk vSrf;rmefrJ wm;qD;vdkufaom
vGrf;avunif; 221
toHBuD;/ ajy;rvGwfEdkifawmhNyD pJGNrJ odvdkufonf/
odkYtwGuf &ifNidrf;udk tomvTwfvdkufNyD; toHbufodkY
rsufESmrlvdkufonf/
]tm;}
vufESdyf"mwfrD;a&mifu rsufESmwnfhwnfhodkY 0ifvm
onf/ rsufvHk;rsm; jymNyD; bmrSrjrif&/
]awmuf}
pJGNrJwpfa,mufu a'goudk b,fvdkrS rxdef;Edkifawmh/
awmufwpfcsufacguf vufudk vIyf,rf;vdkufonfh cPwGif
vufu wpfpHkwpfckudk oGm;wdk;rdonf/
rjrifruef;ESihf xdt
k &m0wKukd qky, f q l vGJ ukd af omtcg
0g;vHk;vm; opfudkif;vm; rodonfh vHk;vHk;&Snf&Snft&mwpfck
vufxJygvmonf/
]a[haumif ...rckceH ?YJ Nird Nf ird tf rdcpH rf;? rif; aooGm;
vdrrhf ,f}
wpfzufrS vSr;f [efo Y nf/ pJNG ruJ tHBuw d f xd0k g;vH;k udk
,rf;cg&if; ...
]aocsifaoyap cifAsm;wkdYvufxJrSmawmh trdrcHbl;?
rauseyf&if owfypfvdkuf}
][m ...'Daumif ...Nird Nf ird t f rdcyH gvdYk ajymaeumrS
uJuGm}
]a[haumif pJGNrJ ...trdcHvdkuf? trdcHvdkuf? bmrS jyef
rvkyfeJY}
rsuv f ;kH u rD;a&mifp;l pl;jzifh jyma0um bmrSrjrif&onfh
Mum;rS toHESpfck a&SUqifhaemufqifh Mum;vdkuf&onf/ aemuf
toHu oltvGef&if;ESD;aeonfhtoH[k odvdkufaomfvnf;
b,folYtoH[k pOf;pm;csdefr&awmh/
b,fu a&mufvmrSef;rodonhf rmausmaomt&m
wpfcku acgif;udk jyif;xefpGmvmxdonf/
]cGy}f
]tm;}
]tHr,fav; vkyfMuygOD;? pJGNrJ aoygNyD}
OD;acgif;wpfckvHk; aygufuJGxGufoGm;ovdk emusifrIBuD;
wpfcku wpfacgif;vHk;udk zHk;vTrf;oGm;onf/ wpfqufwnf;rSm
vnf; &ifNidrf;\ i,foHygatmif atmf[pfoHudk Mum;vdkuf&\/
xdkYaemufrSmawmh pJGNrJ bmrSrodawmh/
jyma0aom tvif;a&mifrsm;yg aysmufuG,foGm;NyD;
tarSmifurmBuD;xJodkY OD;pdkufuRrf;jyef usa&mufoGm;awmh\/

vGrf;avunif; 223
tydkif; (4)
(1)
]tJ'Dwkef;u Mum;vdkuf&wJh &ifNidrf;&JUatmfoH[m ig

aemufqHk; Mum;vdkuf&wJh &ifNidrf;&JUatmfoHyJ 0ifaX;? tJovdkyJ
tJ'Dnu tarSmifxkxJrSm za,mif;wdkifav; xGef;NyD; &ifNidrf;
rsufESmudk Munfhvdkuf&wm[mvnf; &ifNidrf;udk aemufqHk; jrif
vdu
k &f jcif;yJ? tJ'aD emufyikd ;f rSm ckxufxd &ifNird ;f rsuEf mS udv
k nf;
rjrif&awmhbl;? &ifNidrf;toHvnf; rMum;&awmhbl;? &ifNidrf;wpf
a,muf b,fudka&mufvdkY bmjzpfaew,fqdkwmawmif rod
awmhb;l }
pJGNrJu &Snfvsm;vSaom olYajymjycsufrsm; tqHk;wGif
yifyef;EGrf;e,foGm;ovdk oufjyif;BuD;wpfckcsonf/
pJGNrJpum;udk emcHpGmjzifh wpfavQmufvHk; Nidrfem;axmif
aeaom 0if;aX;u ckrS ar;cGef;jyefxkwfonf/
]tJ'DnupNyD; rif;eJY&ifNidrf; uJGoGm;Muw,fqdkygawmh}
pJGNrJu acgif;ndwfonf/
][kwfw,f 0if;aX;? tJ'Dnu igtdkufcH&NyD; owdarh
oGm;vdkufwm? igjyefowd&awmh rauG;aq;kHay:a&mufaeNyD?
tem;rSm pdwfwylylapmifhaewJh ightazeJYtar jyefajymwmu
awmh ig owdaumif;aumif;r&bJjzpfaewm wpfywfavmuf
&SNd yw
D }hJ
]a[ ...tJavmufawmif jzpfoGm;wmvm;}
]jzpfwmuawmh rajymeJYuGm? wpfcgwnf; tJ'Dae&mrSm
wif yJcG si;f Ny;D roGm;wm uHaumif;yJ? ighukd wG,x f nfv
h u
kd w
f mu
olwdkYtdrfu *spfum;armif;wJh 'dkifbmuG? *spfum;udk vSnfhEId;wJh
a*gufoD;oHacsmif;eJY dkufxnhfvdkufwm}
]tm;vm;vm; ...rif;[m rvG,yf gvm; pJNG r&J m? &ifNird ;f
tazu wu,fhudk olajymovdk taovkyfwmaerSm}
]tJvakd wmh [kwrf ,f rxifygbl;uGm? oluawmh pdwq f ;kd
vdYk igwdv Yk nf; aMumufatmifajcmufveS v Yf u
kd wf maerSmyg? 'gayr,fh
vkyfwJhvlawGu cyfMurf;Murf;vkyfwwfwJhvlawGrdkY vufvGefukef
wmvnf; jzpfygvdrhfr,f? tJ'Dvlvnf; roufombl;? tJ'DtrIeJY
axmifawGbmawG usoGm;ao;w,f}
]olu axmifus? rif;ua&m}
]igu owd&wJt h csed u
f pNy;D &ifNird ;f udk rawGU&awmhwm
ckxufxdyJ? oli,fcsif;awG ajymMuwmuawmh &efukef ydkYxm;
vdkufw,f xifw,fwJh? rauG;rSmudk &ifNidrf;r&Sdawmhwm? tJ'DaeY
u &oGm;wJh 'Pf&mvnf; bmjzpfvdkYjzpfrSef;awmif rodvdkufyg
bl;uGm}
]rif;ua&m vdkufr&Smawmhbl;vm;}
vGrf;avunif; 227
]jzpfjzpfcsif; oHk;av;vuawmh ighudk,figawmif renf;
acgif;xlae&wmyJumG ? b,fvv kd yk &f mS Edik rf vJ? aemufyikd ;f wpfEpS f
avmufvnf; usef;rma&; odyfraumif;wmeJY tdrfu ighudk
b,frSrvTwfbl;? aemufwpfcku igvnf; b,fvkdvkyf&SmrvJ?
b,fa&mufaevJqdkwm wdwdususrS rodwm? tJ'Dawmh olYqD
u tquftoG,fwpfckck &rvm;yJ arQmfMunfhae&wmaygh}
]&vm;}
]r&ygbl;uGm? tJ'geJY aemufESpfusawmh q,fwef;ajz?
atmif? pufrw I uov kd f a&mufw,fqykd gawmh? tm&ftikd w f wD uf
aewJh wpfavQmufvHk;rSmawmh b,foGm;oGm;? bmvkyfvkyf tNrJ
vdkvdk owdxm;NyD; &ifNidrf;udk &Smrdw,f? rawGYygbl;uGm? &efukef
rSmyJ r&Sdwmvm;? 'grSr[kwfawmhvnf; uyfvJGav;awGyJ vJGae
Muovm; rajymwwfb;l ? &efuek u f vrf;rawGay:rSm ud, k af wGY
csiw f v
hJ w
l pfa,muf &Sm&w,fqw kd mvnf; b,fvrkd S rjzpfEikd b f ;l
qdkwm rif;todyJ}
]rEav;bufa&m Munfhao;vm;}
]Munfhao;w,f? igwuodkvfrSm 'kwd,ESpfwufae
wkef;wpfcg? pwkwESpfwufaewkef;wpfcg? rEav;a&mufw,f?
rEav;rS r[kwfygbl;? jrefrmjynfxJrSm b,foGm;oGm; a&muf
av&mt&yfrmS oleYJ jyefawG&Y rvm;qdNk y;D tNr&J mS cJw h mygyJ? rauG;
rSmvnf; bmxl;jcm;wJhowif;&rvJqdkNyD; tNrJapmifhem;axmif
ckdif;xm;wmyJ}
]tckuaum &ifNidrf;udk tJvdkyJ &SmzdkYyJvm;}
]r[kwfbl; 0if;aX;? wpfaeYwkef;u aZ,s ...ighqD
zkef;qufw,f? bmajymvJqdkawmh &ifNidrf; olYtdrfrSm jyefa&muf
aeovm; rodbl;wJh? &ifNidrf;vdkYxif&wJh trsdK;orD;wpfa,muf
&ifNidrf;wdkYtdrfrSm awGYrdovdkyJ? tJ'geJY olowdxm;NyD; apmifh
Munfhawmh tJ'DtrsdK;orD;u tdrfxJuae tdrfjyifawmh wpfcgrS
rxGub f ;l ? 'gayr,fh pdwx f rJ mS &ifNird ;f yJ atmufarhw,fw?hJ tJ'geJY
olu ighudk vSrf;owif;ay;wm}
]odyfawmh raocsmao;bl;aygh}
]at; ...'gayr,fh iguawmh bmyJjzpfjzpf oGm;Munh&f rSm
yJ? trSefawmh raeYuwnf;u xGufvmcsifwmuG? um;uvnf;
c&D;a0;oGm;rSmqdkawmh jyif&qif&ao;? tvkyfvufpawGvnf;
jzwf&ao;qdkawmh 'DaeYrS xGufvmEkdifwm}
0if;aX;u &,fonf/
]'gjzifh ighuakd &m bmudpa c:vmwmvJ? rif;wpfa,muf
wnf;jzpfaevdkY tazmfac:vmwmvm;}
]tJ'gvnf; ygwmayghuGm? aemufwpfcku taMumif;
&Sd&if wdkifyifazmf wdkifyifzufvnf; &wmaygh}
pum;rsm;udk rm&oGefajy;ovdk awmufavQmufBuD;
ajymvm&ojzifh armoGm;[efjzifh cPem;vdkufMuonf/
tif;rrSm xrif;pm;aomufNy;D jyefxu G Mf u&if; jynfukd
vGefvmrS pJGNrJu wpfpHkwpfckudk owd&[efjzifh ...
]aMomf ...ckeu ajymwkef;u igarhusefcJhwm wpfck
&Sdw,f 0if;aX;}
vGrf;avunif; 229
]bmvJ}
]igwdYk bk&m;NyKd rmS cdak eMuwke;f &ifNird ;f taz b,fvv kd yk f
odNyD; vdkufvmEdkifwmvJqdkwJhudp}
]at; ...apmapmuawmh igvnf; tJ'g ar;rvdkYyJ?
'gayr,fh 'Djh yiftaMumif;awG ajymae&if;eJY arhomG ;vd?Yk tif; ...
vkyfygOD; ...tJ'gu b,fvdkjzpfvdkYvJ}
]tJ'gav;uvnf; pdwf0ifpm;zdkY aumif;w,fuG}
onfwpfcgawmh 0if;aX;u armif;NyD; pJGNrJu ab;rS
xdik v
f u
kd v
f monfrYkd pum;ajym&if;ESihf um;bufukd tmHpk u kd pf &m
rvdak wmh/ pD;u&ufwpfvyd f rD;nad omuf&if; pJNG ru J aemufquf
wJGZmwfvrf;av;udk qufajymonf/
jynfrt S xGuf um;vrf;rsm;u {&m0wDjrpfEiS f , h OS v f suf
oGm;aeNyD; tauGYtaumufrsm;ESifh wpfrsdK;yHkpH ajymif;oGm;\/
][if ...aZ,s}
pJGNrJ aq;Hkwufaeaom umv wpfvavmufyif &SdOD;
rnf/ aeYv,fcif;BuD; aeuvnf; jyif;? acgif;uvnf; tHkcJae
ojzifh aq;aomufNyD; pJGNrJ tdyfaysmfoGm;cJh\/
tdyfaysmfoGm;onfrSm b,favmufMumoGm;onf rod
...tdyf&mu Edk;vmNyD; rsufvHk;rzGifho;bJ NidrfaeqJ em;xJrSm
xl;jcm;aomtoHwpfckudk Mum;onf/
idkoHvdkvdk dIufoHvdkvdk avoHjzifh wD;wdk;wwGwfwGwf
ajymqdkaeoHvdk Mum;&onfhtjyif xdktoHuvnf; rdrdtem;rS
uyfvnf; jzpfay:aeojzifh pJGNrJ toHMum;&mbuf iJhapmif;NyD;
rsufvHk;zGifhMunfhvdkufonf/
yxr oJ u J G p G m rjrif & ao;aomf v nf ; jrif u G i f ;
Munfvifvmaom cP ...jrif&aom jrifuGif;aMumifh pJGNrJ
t&rf;tHMh ooGm;onf/
aZ,s/
pJGNrJ bmrS tjrifaoGvJGp&m r&Sd/ aZ,srS aZ,stppf/
ydktHhMop&maumif;onfu olYab; xdkifaeaom aZ,sonf
dk;dk;yHkrSefxdkifaewmrsdK; r[kwfbJ olYckwifab;udk vufwif
acgif;tyf wdIufdIufidkaejcif;yif jzpfonf/
aocsm *kpdkufem;axmifvdkufrS wD;wdk;wGwfwGwfajym
aeaom avoH o nf v nf ; aZ,sqD r S y if xG u f a ejcif ; jzpf
aMumif; od&onf/ toHu uJGuJGjym;jym; r[kwfaomfvnf;
...]ighukd cGiv hf w
T yf g pJNG r&J m? ighukd cGiv
hf w
T yf g} qdak ompum;vH;k udk
xyfjyefwvJvJ &GwfaerSef;awmh Mum;&onf/
pJGNrJu aZ,stjyKtrludk em;rvnfojzifh taMumif;pHk
od&&ef aZ,sycHk;udk vufjzifh vSrf;xdonf/
][if ...rif;Edk;aew,f ...[kwfvm; pJGNrJ}
aZ,su tvefYwMum;jzifh acgif;axmifMunfh&if;
ar;onf / aZ,syg;ay:rS rsuf & nf p rsm;ud k pJ G N rJ aocsm
jrifvdkuf&onf/
vGrf;avunif; 231
][kwfw,f aZ,s ...igEdk;aewm MumNyD? rif; idkae
w,f r[kwfvm;? bmjzpfvdkY idk&wmvJuGm? NyD;awmh rif;udk igu
bmjzpfvdkY cGifhvTwf&rSmvJ}
ajymcgrS aZ,su 0rf ; enf ; yuf v uf j zpf o G m ;onf
xifonf/ dIufBuD;wiifidkcsvdkufNyD; ...
]rif; rodbl;pJGNrJ? rif; tckvdkjzpf&wJhudprSm w&m;cHu
ig? &ifNidrf;tazudk rif;wdkYqD vrf;jyac:vmcJhwm ig? ighaMumifh
rif;wdkYESpfa,mufudk &ifNidrf;tazu &SmawGUoGm;wm}
]bm ...bmajymw,f aZ,s ...tm;}
rarQmfvifhbJ Mum;vdkuf&aom pum;aMumifh r,HkEdkif
avmufatmif tHhMojcif;jzpfoGm;rdonf/ kwfw&ufvnf;
acgif;axmifxvdkufojzifh acgif;wpfckvHk; emusifudkufcJoGm;
onf/
aZ,su ysmysmovJ x pJGNrJacgif;udk az;ray;&if;
...
]ckavmavmq,fawmh pdwfvdkufrmefyg rjzpfygeJYOD;
pJGNrJ&m? rif; aeaumif;atmif t&ifBudK;pm;yg? aeaumif;awmhrS
rif;qE&Sdovdk ighudk owfcsifowf? dkufcsifdkuf? BudKufovdk
vkyfyg? tusdK;taMumif;udk rif;em;vnfatmifvnf; ig &Sif;jy
yghr,f}
pJGNrJu acgif;tHk;ay: jyefvJS a0'emoufomatmif
cPNidrfaeonf/ NyD;rS rsufvHk;rzGifhbJ yg;pyfudkom vIyf ...
]igwdEYk pS af ,muf&adS ewJh bk&m;NyKd u udMk unfp;kd wdt
Yk rd u
f kd
&ifNidrf;wdkYtaz a&mufvmatmif ac:vmwm rif; ...
[kwfvm; aZ,s}
][kwfw,f pJGNrJ? tJ'Dudp[m ighaMumifh jzpfoGm;&wmyJ?
rif;pOf;pm;Munfhaygh pJGNrJ&m ...rif;wdkY oGm;wJhae&m[m igom
azmfaumifrvkyf&if wpfv ESpfv vdkuf&Smawmif &SmawGYr,fh
ae&mrsKd ;r[kwb f ;l ? 'gayr,fh wpfcak wmh&ydS gw,f pJNG r&J m ...ig
rif;udk 'kua &mufapcsiv f Ykd 'Dvv
kd yk w
f m r[kwyf gbl;? rif;tay:
apwemxm;vGef;vdkY ckvdkjzpf&wmyg}
pJGNrJ&ifxJrSmawmh a'gorsm; tvdyfvdyf xaeonf/
,HMk unfpmG tm;ud;k rdou l opmazmufcw hJ myJ[vk nf; ,lusKH ;r&
jzpfr\ d /
odkYaomf aZ,spum;aMumifh tvum;awmh aZ,s
'Dvv kd yk rf mS r[kw/f wpfcck t k aMumif;aMumifh vkyw f myJ jzpf&rnf/
xdktaMumif;udk odcsifvmonf/ odkYtwGuf ...
]b,fvakd pwemvJ}
]trSeftwdkif; ajymwmyg pJGNrJ? igajymwJhpum; ,Hkyg?
rif;wdkYESpfa,muf uefjym;rSm ighum;ay:u qif;NyD; Munfpdk;&JU
vSnf;uav;ay: wufoGm;wmudk Munfh&if; ig t&rf; pdwf
raumif; jzpfomG ;w,f? um;ay:uqif;Ny;D vSn;f pD;oGm;&ovdyk J
rif;wdkYESpfa,mufvnf; bmrS rylryif raMumifhrusbJ at;
at;csr;f csr;f ae&wJh b0uae oufoufrhJ ud, k b hf 0av;awGukd
zsufqD;oGm;Muw,fvdkY xifvmw,f ...
tJ'Dtjyefvrf; wpfvrf;vHk;rSm ighudk,figvnf; tjypf
vGrf;avunif; 233
ruif;wJh vlwpfa,mufvdk cHpm;vm&w,f? i,fi,fwkef;u
tjzpftysufuav;udk jyefawG;NyD; rif;wdkY tdkufcH&? temw&
jzpfMur,fholawG? igvnf; tck oli,fcsif;awG&JUb0udk 0dkif;ul
zsuq f ;D ay;vdu k wf o
hJ ?l b0rSm 'kw, d tBurd f acs;ayOD;awmh r,fvYkd
xifvmrdw,f ...
'gaMumifh tdrjf yefa&mufNy;D wpfaeukef aer& xdik rf &eJY
csDwkefcswkefjzpfae&muae n ckepfem&Davmudusawmh ig rae
Edkifawmhbl;? ckcsdefqdk tcsdefrD&if rDOD;r,f? &ifNidrf;tazudk tusdK;
taMumif;ajymjyNy;D rif;wdEYk pS af ,mufukd ZGwcf v GJ u
kd &f if cPawmh
rif;wdkY pdwfnpf&rSmaygh? 'gayr,fh wpfoufvHk;twGufawmh
aumif;oGm;rSmyJqdkNyD; tJ'Dudp vkyfvdkufwmyg ...
'gayr,fh tckawmh ig&nfreS ;f ovdk rjzpfbJ i,fi,fwek ;f
u yHkpHtwdkif;yJ &ifNidrf;u 0g;ikwfpl;NyD; 'Pf&m&? rif;u tdkuf
cH&? igusawmhvnf; oli,fcsif;awGtay: opmazmufrdw,f
qdw k hJ emrnfq;kd Bu;D eJyY J acs;ayjyef&Ny?D ig pdwrf aumif;bl; pJNG r&J m?
'gaMumifh 0rf;enf;vGef;wmeJY idkrdwmyg}
aZ,s[ &Snv f sm;aom &Si;f jycsupf um;\ tqH;k rSm pJNG rJ
pdwfraumif;pGmjzifh oufjyif;csonf/
]uJyguGm idkraeygeJY? trSefwu,fawmh rif;vkyfwm
rSefygw,f? ckavmavmq,frSm rxifrSwfbJ jzpfukefwJh rawmf
wq xdcu kd rf aI wGaMumifh rif;ud,k rf if; cGirhf vTwEf ikd o
f vdk jzpfomG ;
&wmyg? rif;apwemu wu,fawmh trSefqHk;w&m;yg? igvnf;
rodvdkY rdkufwmrS r[kwfbJ? &ifNidrf; pdwfrqif;&JapcsifvdkY ZGwf
rdkufcJhwmyJ? ckawmh tajctaeudku tJ'Dvdk ZGwfrdkufr,fhudpudk
qufvkyfcGifh rjyKawmhbl;av? 0rf;renf;ygeJYuGm rif;rSefygw,f?
'gayrJh ...}
]'gayr,fh ...bmjzpfvJ pJGNrJ}
]rif;wdt
Yk m;vH;k tcsed rf rDvu kd b
f ;l aZ,s? igwdEYk pS af ,muf
tJ'DtcsdefrSm vifr,m;jzpfaeMuNyD}
][if}
]'gvnf; pdwfraumif;awmh rjzpfygeJY? &ifNidrf;udk ig
rawGY awGYatmif jyef&Sm,lyghr,f? 'DMum;xJrSmvnf; wwfEdkif
oavmuf ighb0 awmifw h if;cdik rf matmif BuKd ;pm;oGm;rSmyg? ckvkd
bDvl;b0uae ukefonfnDaemif jyefjzpfwJhtcg rif; ...
abmaomvkyfNyD; ighudk ykP0wD ydkYay;zdkYawmh rarhygeJY}
aZ,s rsufvHk;tpHkrSdwfNyD; acgif;ndwfonf/
xdkaeYn aZ,sESifhtwl pJGNrJyg rsuf&nfus&\/

vGrf;avunif; 235
(3)
]'gjzifh ckudprSmvnf; aZ,s ...olYudpol ausyGef

atmif xrf;aqmifvdkufwmaygh ...[kwfvm; pJGNrJ? &ifNidrf;udk
awGYNyD; xifxifcsif; rif;qD taMumif;Mum;vdkufwmudk ajym
wmav}
pJGNrJ acgif;ndwfonf/
]igvnf; olawGYwJh rdef;uav;[m &ifNidrf;yJ jzpfygap
vdkY qkawmif;rdygw,fuGm? NyD;awmh &ifNidrf;&JU tajctae
uvnf; ig olYudk jyefvufxyfEdkifwJh tajctaejzpfygapvdkY
qkawmif;rdygw,f? ckcsdefrSm igvnf; abmausmf bDvl; r[kwf
awmhygbl;? vla,musfm;ukefonf jzpfaeygNyD? wdkYb0&JU Zmwf
aygif;csdefvnf; wefygNyD? b0rSm wpfcgu usL;vGefcJhzl;wJh trSm;
wpfct k wGuf xdu k x f u
kd w
f efwefvnf; cHpm;aMuuJG vGr;f qGwcf &hJ
NyD;ygNyD}
aEGbufoYkd ul;vkNyrD Ykd vrf;ab;wpf0u kd &f dS opfyiftawmf
rsm;rsm;rSm &Guaf jcmufrsm; a<uusNy;D td;k NyKd i;f NyKd i;f ESihf &Sad eonf/
]opfyifopfuikd ;f qdw k m &Guaf [mif;awGa<uvdYk ukew f m
eJY yk&pfEkav;awGuwpfqifh &Gufopfa0zdkY jyeftpysdK;&w,f
r[kwfvm;? ighb0rSmvnf; &Gufa[mif;&Guf0gawG a<uukefcsdef
wefygNyD? &Gufopfav;awGyJ a0yg&apawmhvdkY qkawmif;rd
ygw,fumG }
pJGNrJ&ifrS vdIufvdIufvJSvJS ay:xGufvmaom pum;
aMumifh 0if;aX;&ifxJrSmyif qdkYoGm;onf/
olESifh pwifcifrifcJhonfrSp ckcsdefxd av; ig;ESpf
avmufumvtwGif; b,frdef;uav;udkrS pdwf0ifpm;aom
trlt&m rjybJ aevmcJhonfh pJGNrJ\ taMumif;udkvnf; ckrS
em;vnfoabmaygufonf/
opmw&m;\ tusdK;udk cHpm;cGifhawmh & &rSmayhg[k
vnf; awG;rd\/
]rif;qkawmif; jynfhrSmyg pJGNrJ}
]a&SUem;rSm ab;uyf&yfvukd f 0if;aX;? NrKd UxJukd ig armif;

0ifvu kd rf ,f}
rauG;t0ifwGif pJGNrJu 0if;aX;udk um;&yfcdkif; ae&m
csi;f vJvu kd o
f nf/
vrf;rSm pum;ajym&if; cyfat;at;armif;vmojzifh
rlvrSe;f xm;ovdk ig;em&Davmuf r0ifbJ ajcmufem&DcaGJ usmaf usmf
twefi,farSmifrS rauG;odkY 0ifonf/
vGrf;avunif; 237
]rif; ...tck b,folYqD t&ifoGm;rSmvJ pJGNrJ}
]aZ,sqDyJ oGm;vdkufyghr,f? 0ifcsifwmuawmh &ifNidrf;
wdkYtdrfudk wdkufdkufyJqdkwm ajymaep&mawmif vdkr,frxifyg
bl;uGm? 'gayr,fh tajctaeeJY tcsdeftcgt& aZ,sqD t&if
r0ifvdkYrS rjzpfbJ}
]aZ,sua&m tck bmvkyfaevJ}
]'Daumifu olaX;uG? ig ...&ifNidrf;eJYywfoufvdkY
aomif;use;f aewJh umvwke;f u yd;k rSe;f odatmifawmif ryd;k &JwhJ
GefYGefYpdefeJYyJ tdrfaxmifusw,f? 'DNrdKUrSm emrnfBuD; usL&Sif
q&m vkyaf ew,f? wjcm;pD;yGm;a&;vkyif ef;awGvnf; trsm;Bu;D }
]abmaomuawmh a&TvSnf;wpfpD;? aiGvSnf;wpfpD;eJU
[efusaeNyDaygh}
0if;aX;u olEiS yhf g &if;ES;D oGm;Ny;D jzpfaom &mZ0ifordik ;f
jzifh yHkcdkif;&if;ajymonf/ oabmuspGmvnf; &,fonf/ pJGNrJu
acgif;ndwf&if; ...
]abmaomuawmh [efusomG ;ygNyu D mG ? abmausmo f m
ckxufxd bk&m;'umvnf; rjzpf? a&Tyef;uH;k eJY pmacGvnf; rjrif
&ao;bJ a,mifcsmcsm tl;wpfyikd ;f jzpfae&wke;f aygh}
aZ,swdkYu NrdKUrydkif;&Sd bk&m;vrf;xJrSm aeonf/
q,fEpS q f akd om umvtwGi;f rSm rauG;NrKd Uonf ajymif;
awmh ajymif;vJoGm;\/odkYaomf b,fvrf;uae b,foGm;&if
b,fa&mufreS ;f rodatmifawmh rjzpfao;/
NrKd Ut0ifyikd ;f &Sd yef;NcEH iS hf tm;upm;uGi;f tMum; &SNd y;D om;
vrf;awmif wpfckydwfNyD; vrf;opfwpfck wdk;csJUxm;onfESifh
yef;NcHu a&S;uxuf rsm;pGmvSyaeonfwdkYom ododomom
jcm;jcm;em;em; ajymif;vJonf/ xdkYaemuf NrdKUxJ&Sd tpdk;&Xme
qdik ;f bkwrf sm;? ydrk kd us,jf yefaY umif;rGeo
f mG ;aom vrf;rBu;D rsm;/
pJGNrJu aZ,swdkYtdrftxd tcuftcJr&Sb d J a&Sa&SLS aSL
armif;0ifomG ;Edik o f nf/
aZ,swt Ykd rd af &SU um;&yfaomtcg nae ckepfem&Dyif
xdk;aeNyD; jzpfonf/
]tJ'gyJ pJNG rJ ...rif;qDukd zke;f qufajymawmh tJ't D rd rf mS

tJ'DtrsdK;orD;udk awGYwm oHk;&ufyJ &Sdao;w,f? bmrSvnf;
aocsm rpHpk rf;Edik af o;bl;? 'gayr,fh vdv k rkd ,fr,f rif;udk taMumif;
Mum;xm;rS jzpfr,fqdkNyD; uref;uwef; aumufqufvdkufwm?
tJ'g raeYuawmh rif;vm&if 'DhxufydkNyD; jynfhjynfhpHkpHk
owif;ay;Edkif&if aumif;r,fqdkNyD; tonf;toef xyfvIyf&Sm;
vdkufw,f? odyfawmh tcuftcJ r&Sdvdkufygbl;? &ifNidrf;atmuf
ti,fr pdk;pdk;udk t&JpGefY oGm;awGYNyD; ajAmifyJ zGifhar;&wmaygh?
pdk;pdk;u ausmif;q&mr? qm;pnfausmif;rSm tv,fwef;jy vkyf
aew,f? wifwifoed ;f &S&d ifawmh wifwifoed ;f ar;rvdyYk ?J bmjzpf
vdkYvJqdkawmh pdk;pdk;eJYuawmh igwdkYu odyfrS r&if;ESD;vdkufbJ ...
'gayr,fh pd;k pd;k u rqd;k ygbl;uG? olu rif;wdZYk mwfvrf;awG
vGrf;avunif; 239
udkvnf; tao;pdwf odaeyHk&ygw,f? ighudkvnf; ol ...
aumif;aumif;odw,f? igodcsifwmawGudkvnf; aocsmyJ
ajymjyygw,f}
aZ,su c&D;a&mufrqdkufyif tajctaetao;pdwf
udk &Sif;jyonf/
&ifNidrf;\nDr pdk;pdk;ESifhol awGYcef;udkvnf; tao;pdwf
ESifh jynfhjynfhpHkpHkyif ajymjy\/
][kwfw,f udkaZ,s ...rr&ifNidrf; tdrfrSm jyefa&muf

aew,f? odyrf Mumao;bl; ...oH;k av;&ufyJ &Sad o;w,f? taz
aeraumif;vdkY jyefvmwm}
][kwfvm; pdk;pdk; ...OD;av;u bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]tpHkygyJ? tazhrSmu tpuwnf;u aoG;wdk;a&m? qD;
csKd a&m? ESv;kH a&m a&m*gawG pHak ewmyJ? [dw
k avmuawmif aq;Hk
wpfvavmuf wufvu kd &f ao;w,f? jyefqif;Ny;D b,favmufrS
rMumbl; ...ckwpfcg jyefazmufaevd?Yk tazhtajctaeu odyf
raumif;bl;? tJ'geJY rr&ifNidrf;udk vSrf;rSmNyD; ac:vdkufwm}
]&ifNidrf;u b,fa&mufaevdkYvJ}
]rr&ifNidrf; EdkifiHjcm;a&mufaewm rodbl;vm;}
][ifhtif; b,fwkef;u oGm;wmvJ}
]MumNyD ...ig;ESpfavmuf &SdNyDxifw,f? b,furvJ
ckepfEpS f &SpEf pS af vmuf &Srd ,f? pd;k pd;k wdOYk ;D av;u Edik if jH cm;a&;H;k rSm
vkyaf wmh oH;kH trIxrf;eJY rdom;pkwpfcv k ;kH oGm;Muwm? rr&ifNird ;f
yg ygoGm;w,f? tif;av ...udkaZ,s rodwmvnf; bmrS
rqef;ygbl;? pdk;pdk;wdkYwpftdrfvHk;u rr&ifNidrf;eJYywfoufwJh
owif;awGudk b,folYudkrS ajymjywmrS r[kwfbJ? ckawmif
udak Z,s ...pd;k pd;k qD rvmpzl; vmwJu h pd r mS &nf&,
G cf suwf pfck
&Sdr,fxifvdkY pdk;pdk; wrifajymjywmyg}
aZ,su oufjyif;csonf/
]pd;k pd;k ...&ifNird ;f eJpY NGJ rZJ mwfvrf;udk odw,fr[kwv f m;}
pdk;pdk; rsufvTmcs&if; acgif;ndwfonf/
]odygw,f udkaZ,s? tJ'Dwkef;u pdk;pdk; i,fao;ayr,fh
tukef rSwfrdaeygw,f}
]at;[m ...olt Y &G,?f olt Y ajctae? tcsed t f cgwke;f
u ig tifrwef pdwrf aumif;pGmeJY olwaYkd emifa&;udk MunfNh y;D
vkyo f ifv h yk x f u kd w
f mawG vkycf yhJ gw,f? 'DtwGuf iga&m pJNG ryJ g
t&rf;cHpm;cJh&w,f? &ifNidrf;vnf; 'DvdkyJ aerSmyg? tcktajc
taeeJY tcsdeftcgu wpfrsdK; jyefjzpfvmNyDav? tJ'Dawmh eif
ighudk ulnDEdkif&if ulnDyg}
]pdk;pdk;u bmulnD&rSmvJ udkaZ,s}
]ck avmavmq,f &ifNidrf;&JUtaetxm;u b,fvdk
&SdaevJ? pJNG reJ yYJ wfoufvaYkd &m &ifNird ;f ...b,fvdkoabmxm;
ao;vJ? tck pJGNrJudk ig zkef;quftaMumiff;Mum;NyD; vSrf;ac:
xm;w,f pdk;pdk;? reufjzefqdk pJGNrJ rauG;udk a&mufvmvdrfhr,f?
vGrf;avunif; 241
tJ'g bmawGjzpfvmEdkifrvJqdkwm ighudkajymjyyg pdk;pdk;? reufjzef
pJGNrJa&mufvm&if &ifNidrf;taetxm;udk BudKajymxm;csifvdkY}
pdk;pdk;u oufjyif;cs&if; acgif;cgonf/
]ckcsdefrSm udkaZ,swdkY arQmfvifhxm;wJh taetxm;
rr&ifNidrf;rSm r&Sdawmhbl; udkaZ,s? pdk;pdk;odoavmuf udkpJGNrJeJY
ywfoufwhJ udpr eS o f rQ rr&ifNird ;f jynfz;kH um;csvu
kd w f m MumNy?D
ckvnf; rr&ifNidrf;jyefvmwm vydkif;avmufyJ cGifh&ovdk 'DrSm
vnf; ol MumMumraecsifbl;? jrefrmEdkifiHom; jrefrmEdkifiHoHHk;
trIxrf;wpfa,muftaeeJY jrefrmjynfudk rcspfvdkY EdkifiHjcm;rSm
ae&wm aysmv f aYkd wmh [kwrf ,frxifb;l ? txl;ojzifh ol rauG;rSm
MumMumaecsifpdwfr&Sdwm jzpfygvdrfhr,f? aMomf ... tck
rr&ifNidrf;vnf; EdkifiHjcm;uae pmay;pm,leJY odyHbJGY&NyD;
OD;av;eJYtwlwl oHHk;rSmyJ jyeftrIxrf;aew,f udkaZ,s}
]aeygOD; pdk;pdk; ...&ifNidrf;u jrefrmjynfrSm 'grSr[kwf
rauG;rSmayghav MumMumaecsifpdwfr&Sdbl;qdkwm bmjzpfvdkYvJ?
tvkyfu cGifhr&vdkYvm;? 'grSr[kwf 'DhjyiftaMumif;a&m &Sdao;
vdv Yk m;}
]ol rauG;eJYywfoufvdkY pdwfemp&mwpfck &Sdaew,f
udkaZ,s? tckawmif 'Dudka&mufuwnf;u b,foleJYrSvnf;
rawGYbl;? b,frSvnf; roGm;bl;? a&mufuwnf;u tdrfxJu
tdrfjyif vHk;0rxGufbl;}
]pJGNrJeJY ywfoufvm; pdk;pdk;}
]pd;k pd;k ...rr&ifNird ;f &JU ud,
k af &;ud,k w
f meJY ywfoufvYkd
trsm;BuD; rajymcsifbl; udkaZ,s? 'DhjyifudpeJYawmh rauG;udk
pdwfemp&m olYrSm bmtaMumif;rS r&Sdbl;vdkY xifwmyJ qdkwm
avmufyJ ajymcsifygw,f}
]aumif;NyaD v ...pd;k pd;k 'DavmufyJ ajymcsiw f ,fq&kd if
vnf; 'DavmufyJ ajymyg? 'gayr,fh wdx Yk ifwmawmh pJNG rJ rauG;udk
a&mufvm&if &ifNidrf;udk rjzpfjzpfwJhenf;eJY awGYzdkYBudK;pm;vdrfh
r,fvdkYawmh xifw,f? tJ'gudkvnf; &ifNidrf;udk BudKajymjyay;
xm;apcsifw,f pdk;pdk;}
]&ygw,f udkaZ,s? pdk;pdk; ajymjyvdkufyghr,f}
pd;k pd;k trlt,mu bmrStuJcwf r&Edik af vmuf atmif
at;aq;Munfvifaeonf/
&ifNidrf; bmjzpfaeonfqdkonfudk tdrfjyefa&mufNyD;csdef
rSae p pJGNrJa&mufrvmrDtxd pOf;pm;Munfhonf/ odkYaomf
b,fvdkrS tajzr&/
pJGNrJa&mufvmvQif onftwdik ;f ajymjyawmhrnf[o k m
qH;k jzwfvukd &f \/

vGrf;avunif; 243
(3)
aZ,spum;qHk;atmif em;axmifNyD;aemuf pJGNrJ ...

rsufarSmifMuKwfoGm;onf/
&efukefrS xGufvmpOfuwnf;u &ifNidrf;eJY jyefawGY&Edk;
arQmfvifhrdaom arQmfvifhcsuftjyif ckxd ol em;rvnfEdkifaom
tcsuftvuftcsdKUvnf; yl;wJGygvmonf/ uJGuGmaeonfh
umvrsm;wGif &ifNidrf; bmjzpfcJhonf odkYr[kwf bmjzpfaeonf
qdkonfudk ol vHk;0rod&/
arQmfvifh BudKawG;rxm;aom taMumif;t&mopfrsm;
ESifh &ifqdkifEdkifonf qdkonfudkvnf; xnfhpOf;pm;zdkY ol rarhcJh/
odtYk wGuf aZ,sqrD w S pfqifh pwifMum;&Ny;D jzpfaom taMumif;
t&mopfrsm;ay: xl;awmh rxl;qef;rd/
od&Yk mwGif &ifNird ;f olu
Y kd pdwef maeonfqakd om pum;\
t"dym,fudkawmh vHk;0 pOf;pm;r&/
]&ifNidrf;u b,fvdkjzpfvdkY rif;udk pdwef m&wmvJ pJNG r}J
pJNG raJ voH wdwaf eojzifh Nird rf aeEdik af om 0if;aX;u
0ifar;onf/ pJNG ru J acgif;wpfcsuq f wf&if; ...
]rif;ajymwJh tcsut f vufawGu Iyo f vdv k ekd YJ &Si;f awmh
aeeygw,f aZ,s? wcsdKUuGif;qufjywfaewJh udpav;awGudk
vnf; jyefcsw d qf uf,v l Ykd &vmygNy?D Oyrmqdyk gawmh ...}
pJGNrJu pum;udk cP&yfonf/ NyD;awmhrS vufxJu
pD;u&uf udk aq;vdyjf ymcGux f J jyma>ccs&if; ...
]apmapmydik ;f u igem;rvnfwu hJ pd a wG &dw S ,f? &ifNird ;f eJY
igeJY uJGcJhwJh taetxm;u dk;dk;taetxm; r[kwfbl;?
onf;xdw&f ifzu kd pd a wGa&m rawmfwqxdcu kd rf aI wGa&m pkpnf;
wduk q f ikd Nf y;D oleiYJ geJ&Y UJ tcsppf w d f tjrifq h ;kH pHcsed f a&mufaewJt h csed f
rSm uJcG w hJ m? wpfa,mufew YJ pfa,muf rjzpfjzpfatmif jyefqzkH Ykd
BuKd ;pm;zdYk b,favmufaumif;vJ? 'gayr,fh &ifNird ;f bufu vH;k 0
aysmufcsuo f m;aumif;oGm;w,f? ol&adS e&mudk ig rodvYkd ighbuf
u vS r f ; rquf o G , f E d k i f ? &S m rawG Y E d k i f jzpf a eayr,f h igu
b,fae&mrSmrS a&GUoGm;wJv h l r[kwb f ;l ? igeJw Y uG ighrw d af qG&UJ
vdypf mawG? tdraf wG tukev f ;kH olow d ,f? tcsed yf ikd ;f wpfct k xd
rqufoG,fEdkif&ifawmifrS wpfcsdefcsdefawmh b,fvdkenf;eJYrqdk
vSr;f qufo, G vf Ykd &wmyJ}
]'gayr,fh ol vH;k 0 rqufo, G cf b hJ ;l ? tJ'g bmjzpfvv Ykd J
...wdwu d sus ig tajzrxkwEf ikd cf b hJ ;l 0if;aX;? vrf;rSmwke;f
uvnf; rif;udk igajymcJNh y?D tck tJ't D ajzudak wmh ig xkwEf ikd f
NyDaygh}
]b,fvdkxkwfEdkifvJ}
vGrf;avunif; 245
]ol ighukd pdwef maew,favuGm? bmjzpfvYkd pdwef movJ
qdwk muawmh avmavmq,frmS todcsiq f ;kH taMumif;t&m
yJaygh? 'gayr,fh pd;k pd;k pum;t& &ifNird ;f ...ighukd pdwef moGm;w,f
qdwk mawmh od&Ny?D 'gaMumifh olb Y ufu q,fEpS v f ;kH vH;k aysmuf
csuo f m;aumif;oGm;wmaygh? aocsmwmwpfcu k awmh Edik if jH cm;udk
xGuo f mG ; vdu k o f mG ;wJth aMumif;xJrmS ighukd pdwef mwJu h pd u
vnf;
taMumif;wpfcsut f aeeJY ygudyk g&r,f}
]tif;}
]tJ'Dawmh t"duodzdkY igBudK;pm;&rSmu ighudk ol
bmaMumifh pdwef mae&wmvJ? b,ftcsed u f pNy;D pdwef moGm;
wmvJ? olpw d ef m&atmif b,foal wGu oleiYJ gMum;rSm tifrwef
yd&wd hJ vkyBf uzH efw;D rIawG vkyo f mG ;vJ? wu,fu ightaetxm;
udok m ol trSet f wdik ;f od&if bmtaMumif;aMumifrh S ighukd ol
pdwef mp&m r&Sb d ;l ? 'gaMumifh 'Dupd r mS Mum;0ifNy;D zefw;D oGm;wJh
udpa wG rvJrG aoG &Sad eNy?D oleiYJ g rsuEf mS csi;f qdik Nf y;D rajz&Si;f Edik f
oa&GU 'Dupd a wG[m b,fvrkd S ausnufomG ;Edik rf mS r[kwb f ;l }
]tJ'u D pd ausnufw kH if b,furvJumG ? rif;wdcYk si;f
jyefaygif;zdu Yk pd v nf; vky&f OD;rSmaygh? tJ'gvnf; ta&;Bu;D wmyJ
r[kwv f m;}
aZ,star;aMumifh pJNG ru J &,fonf/
]ta&;BuD;wJhbufuae ajym&ifawmh 'Dudpxuf
ta&;Bu;D wJu h pd u ighb0rSm bmrSruseaf wmhb;l aZ,s? 'gayr,fh
tJ'gudk &ifxu J arQmv f ifch sut f aeeJyY J xm;&Jygw,f}
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]tajctaeeJY tcsed t f cgqdw k hJ pum;[m b,favmuf
txd wmoGm;w,fqdkwm ESvHk;om;eJY&if;NyD; q,fESpfavmuf
b0rSm cHpm;xm;Ny;D NyyD u J mG }
]r[kwyf gbl;? 'Dupd ...'Dupd q w kd m rif;tay: pdwef m
w,fqw dk u hJ pd ? tJ'u D pd ausnufomG ;&if 'gu tvdv k kd ajyvnf
oGm;rSmyg? igawmh tJ't D wdik ;f yJ ,Hw k ,f ...aemf ud0k if;aX;}
][kww f ,f udak Z,s? uReaf wmfvnf; 'Dvykd gyJ}
pJNG ru
J ememusiu f siaf v; &,f&if; ...
]'Dae&mrSm tvkyftudkifcsif; rwlawmhvdkYyJvm; rod
bl;uGm ...rif;wdkYeJYig tvkyfwpfckudk oHk;oyfyHkcsif; uGmae
Muw,f}
]b,fvu kd mG vdv Yk }J
]usL&Sifq&mvkyfaewJh aZ,su ighudpudk pmar;yJG
wpfBuKd xkwo f vdk xkww f ,f? wpfBuKd xw k w f ,fqw kd m aemufrS
pmar;yJrG mS ygyg rygyg ...avmavmq,fawmh igdu k w f phJ aygh
rSe&f r,fqNkd y;D ,HMk unfaewmud;k ? tJvykd J 0if;aX;usawmhvnf;
0yfa&Smhq&m ruif;epfqdkawmh ighudpudk um;ysufwpfpif;udk
Munfw h t hJ aeeJyY J Munfw h ,f? tif*sirf aumif; tif*si?f bufx&D
raumif; bufx&D ...jyifvu kd f topfvv J ukd &f if aumif;oGm;
rSmyJ qdw k hJ yHpk rH sKd ;aygh}
pJGNrJpum;aMumifh 0if;aX;ESifh aZ,somru aZ,s\
ra[oD Ge Yf eG pYf ed yf g &,fonf/
vGrf;avunif; 247
ckxd bmpum;rS 0ifrajymao;aom Ge
Yf eG pYf ed u
f 0if
...
]'gjzifh eifua&m b,fvo kd ;kH oyfvv Ykd J pJNG r}J
]iguawmh aqmufvyk af &;tif*sief , D mud;kd [ ...'DypkH H
'D'ZD ikd ;f eJY tdru f kd 'Da&cHajrcHay:rSm aqmufvYkd & r&? aqmufoifh
raqmufoifu h ae p csed &f wmud;k }
]tJ'aD wmh}
]tJ'aD wmh ckaecgrSm arQmv f ifch suu f vJv G Ykd bmudrk S cdik cf ikd f
rmrm rpOf;pm;&Jao;bl; aZ,s? rif;a&m pdk;pdk;eJYawGYwkef;u
&ifNird ;f eJyY wfoufvYkd ta&;Bu;D qH;k tcsuw f pfcsuu f kd ar;cJah o;
vm;}
]bmvJ}
]&ifNird ;f tcktaetxm;udak ygh? q,fEpS af vmuftwGi;f
rSm vlwpfa,muf[m ajymif;vJwwfw,fav? tck &ifNird ;f [m
cspo f el YJ wpfcgvdu k af jy;zl;wJh tysKd b0eYyJ J &Sad o;vm;? 'grSr[kwf
tdraf xmifusNyv D m;}
aZ,s oleY zl; vuf0g;eJY u kd o f nf/
]at;uGm ...tJ'Dudpudk ighacgif;xJrSm vHk;0xnfh
rpOf;pm;rdvv Ykd m; rodb;l ? tJ'aD r;cGe;f udk igvH;k 0 ray;cJrh b d ;l }
pJNG ru
J &,fonf/ rcsw d &d&,faom t&,freS ;f odom\/
]wjcm;usL&Siq f &mawGvnf; pmar;yJaG r;cGe;f udk jrif&NyD
qdwk t hJ cg tck rif;ajymovdyk J ajymMuwmyJ aZ,s}
pdwfnpfaeonfhMum;u &,fMu&ao;onf/
tnma'o\ aqmif;aESmif;&moDu olYxHk;pHtwdkif;
tawmfav; at;pdrfhaeNyDjzpf\/
bk&m;&ifjyifay:rSmvnf; wdk;wufajymif;vJrIav;rsm;
awmfawmfrsm;rsm; awGY&onf/ taqmufttHkopfrsm;? jyKjyif
rGr;f rHrtI opfrsm;jzifh a0qmae\/
jrovGeb f &k m;\t"du wd;k wufajymif;vJrx
I w J iG f a*g
yuk;H cef;rsm;&Sad om ae&mtxd t&ifu&Sad eaom vrf;a[mif;
udk wHwm;opf? uw&mcif;vrf;opfwjYkd zifh jyKjyifajymif;vJjcif;
vkyif ef;vnf; yg0ifonf/
wHwm;ESihf vrf;opfuawmh tNy;D rowfao;/ pJNG rJ ...
bk&m;ay:wufvmcJph Ofu eHeufapmapmpD;pD;yif tvkyv f yk af e
aom vkyo f m;Bu;D rsm;udk jrifco
hJ nf/
odMum;ewfueG ;f ae&mav;uawmh xl;jcm;pGmyif bmrS
rajymif;vJbJ t&iftwdik ;f &Sad e\/ rajymif;vJaomae&ma[mif;
av;udk Munfh pJGNrJ&ifxJrSm vGrf;avnif;av;rsm; wjzL;jzL;
wokeo f ek f wdu
k cf wfvmMuonf/
]awmfygawmh pJNG r&J ,f? eifeiYJ g 'Db0rSm qH&k awmhr,f
vnf; rxifawmhygbl;}
]&ifNird ;f &,f ...bDv;l abmausmaf wmifrS wpfb0jcm;
Ny;D olUbk&m;ol wnfEikd cf ahJ o;wmyJ? eifb&k m;NyKd u bk&m;wif
vGrf;avunif; 249
rMunfeh aYJ v? rauG;u jrovGeb f &k m;Bu;D udv k nf; jyefMunfOh ;D
rSaygh? wpfb0qdw k m tcsed af wG trsm;Bu;D yg[m? uHaumif;vdYk
aemufb0quf&&if tcsdefawG ydkrsm;vmEdkifao;w,f? b,f
tcsed jf zpfjzpf? b,fb0jzpfjzpf ig eifu h kd cspaf erSmyJ &ifNird ;f ? eifq
h D
udk ig ra&mufa&mufatmif vmcJrh mS yJ}
]oGm;prf;yg? ig eifu h kd r,Hak wmhb;l pJNG r?J tckawmif cJ&G rSm
aMumufNy;D iguom idNk y;D &if; idak e&wm? eifusawmh enf;enf;rS
awmif aMumufyrkH &bl;? cJaG ezdYk pum;csn;f ajymNy;D ighukd acR;odyf
aew,f? tif;ayghav ...eifu a,musmf ;av;qdak wmh wpfcsKH
uG,f wpfr,farhNy;D 'DjyifaumifrawGeYJ aysmjf rL;aeEdik w f mud;k }
]r[kww f m &ifNird ;f &m? ay;csiw f o Jh pmudk ay;yg? tck
vnf; odMum;ewfuGef;em;rSm odMum;rif;udk oufaoxm;NyD;
igused yf ghr,f}
twdwfu toHrsm;udk aqG;jrnfhemusifpGm jyefMum;
a,mifr\ d /
pJNG ru
J [dw k ek ;f u olxikd cf ahJ om ae&mav;rSmwif jyef
xdik o
f nf/ onfae&mav;omru onfay:u vSr;f jrif&aom
jrifuiG ;f rsm;yif [kw d ek ;f uESihf odyrf xl;jcm;? rajymif;vJ/
{&m0wDjrpfjyifuvnf; vif;xdefaeaom aea&mif
atmufrSm wvufvufxaom vdIif;MuufcGyfav;rsm;jzifh
wNird Nhf ird hf pD;qif;aeqJyif/ aomifjyifrsm;uvnf; a&S;enf;twl
tylaiGUrsm; xkwv f w T vf suf wHvQyrf sm; wvufvufxaeonf/
tem;u opfyiftkyftkyfuav;rsm;uvnf; aqmif;
aESmif;aMumif eDwcsKd U? 0gwvD? pDr;f &nf vl;onfu vl;? iSuf
uav;rsm;uvnf; wpf&Ha&mtcguvdkyif olwkdYbmom cspf
Munfyvl;vsuf/
vGr;f zG,ahf vnif;av;uvnf; at;jrpGm wd;k a0SY jzwf
oef;aeqJ/
a&S;oDcsif;BuD;wpfyk'fwGif trSwfwrJhpJGxifpGmMum;cJhzl;
aom pmom;av; wpfcu k kd trSw&f \/
ywjrm;0wfrHI
pdwcf syf Hk xH&k nfoif;/
a&G;kd &Gun f m
eDvmwnfh zef&nfa&;
aus;r,fEiS rhf if;/
cGmjynfjynf rIeaf 0ESi;f
cspw f if;a&GnpD v kH Ykd
&*HNk rKd if,cH if;rSm
vGr;f avunif;/ /

vGrf;avunif; 251
(4)
]b,foleJY awGYcsifvdkYvJ}
aphxm;aom Ncw H cH g;udk zGi0hf ifomG ;pOf i,fi,fu aeYpOf
reuf w d k i f ; ausmif ; oG m ;&ef 0if 0 if a c:&aomtjzpf r sm;ud k
trSwf&onf/ NcH0if;xJa&mufaomtcg [dkwkef;uESifh bmrsm;
uGmjcm;aevJ owdxm;NyD; Munfhonf/
t&ifwkef;uESifh odyfrwlcsifawmh/ ajruGufus,fus,f
&Snf&SnfBuD;udk um;BuD;rsm; &yf&ef jyif&ef ae&mu wpfjcrf;?
wdkufcHtdrfu wpfjcrf; aqmufxm;onfh &ifNidrf;wdkYNcH0if;xJrSm
tdrb f ufyikd ;f uawmh odyt f ajymif;tvJr&S/d um;xm;? um;jyifHk
rsm;bufrSmawmh t&ifuvdk IyfyGnpfayraeawmh? um;BuD;rsm;
rxm;awmhonfhyHkjzifh um;kHBuD;udk zsufypfxm;onf/ aemuf
bufrSm um;av;rsm;xm;aom oyfoyf&yf&yf *kda'gifESpfvHk;?
'dik bf maetdr[ f k xif&aom tdrif ,fav; ESpv f ;kH ESihf a&SUydik ;f rSm
ajruGufvyfudk onftwdkif;xm;onf/
pJGNrJu oufjyif;csNyD; tdrfwHcg;rS vlac:acgif;avmif;
av;udk toHjyKonf/ rdef;uav;wpfa,muf xGufvmNyD; ar;
onf/
ar;oludk pJGNrJu tuJcwfonf/ &ifNidrf;\nDr pdk;pdk;yJ
jzpfrnf[k wGufvdkuf\/ q,fESpfavmuftwGif;rSm t&G,fa&m?
kycf Emyg rsm;pGmzHUG NzKd ;vmaomfvnf; aocsm owdxm;Munfv h Qif
rSwfrdEdkifao;aom i,fkyfav;rsm; rsufESmay:rSm &Sdonf/
]pd;k pd;k vm;}
][kwfygw,f? aMomf ...udkpJGNrJ r[kwfvm;}
pd;k pd;k vnf; oliY ,fyk v f uPmrsm;udk jyefrw S rf od mG ;Ny[
D k
odvdkufonf/ pJGNrJu NyHK;jy&if; ...
][kwfw,f pdk;pdk;? udk,fyg ...pJGNrJyg? udk,f &ifNidrf;eJY
awGYcsifw,f pdk;pdk;? awGYvdkY&rvm;}
pd;k pd;k u oHwcH g;udk aomhziG ahf y;onf/ pJNG rJ 0ifomatmif
vrf;z,fay;NyD;rS ...
]cP xdik yf gOD; udpk NGJ r?J pd;k pd;k rreJo
Y mG ;awGNY y;D ajymjyvdu k f
yghr,f}
pJGNrJu acgif;ndwfvsuf {nfhcef;xJ0ifvdkufNyD; ukvm;
xdik wf pfcwk iG f xdik of nf/ pd;k pd;k u cyfou G o
f uG f ajy; tay:xyf
wufomG ;onf/
pJGNrJu bm&,fr[kwfbJ tcef;xJavQmufai;&if; eH&H
wGif csdwfqJGxm;onfh wdkifuyfem&D vSrf;Munfhonf/ udk;em&Dwd
wd/
bk&m;ay:rSm tcsdeftawmfMumcJhwmyJ[k pOf;pm;rd
vGrf;avunif; 253
onf/
reufuwnf;u bk&m;ay:a&mufae odMum;ewf
uGef;buf oGm;xdkifaeNyD; 'DudkvmcgeD;wGif &ifjyifay:wuf
qkawmif;wpfcjk yKcahJ o;onf/
&ifNidrf;ESifh awGYcGifh&ygap? ajymp&mpum;rsm;vnf; ol
em;vnfcGifhvTwfonfxd ajymjyEdkifygap[k/
awmif;cJah om qkrsm;jynfyh gap[kvnf; xyfrq H ak wmif;
vdu
k rf \
d /
&ifNidrf;u olYvufrS em&Dudk iHkYMunfhonf/

teufa&mif qpfwZifuGmhZfem&Dav;u eHeufudk;em&D
wdwdudk Tefjyae\/
tazhudk aq;wdkufcsdefa&mufNyD[k awG;&if; olYtaz\
acgif;&if;&Sd aq;ykvif;pm;yJaG y:rS wdu
k &f rnfah q;rsm;udk vSr;f ,l
onf/
xdkpOf avSum;rSajy;wufvmaom pdk;pdk;\ajcoHudk
Mum;onf/ bmrSrMumvdkufaomtcsdefrSmyif pdk;pdk; tcef;xJ
a&mufvmonf/
]rr ...atmufrSm {nfhonf a&mufaew,f}
&ifNidrf; wGefYceJ jzpf rsufarSmifMuKwfvdkuf\/
]b,folvJ pdk;pdk;}
]udkpJGNrJ}
][if}
][kwfw,f rr? udkpJGNrJu rreJY awGYcGifh&rvm;wJh}
&ifNidrf;u bmajz&rSef;rodojzifh bmrSrajzao;bJ
tazhukd wdu k &f rnfah q;rsm;udo k m ykvif;xJraS e wke, f ifaom
vufrsm;jzifh xkwf,lonf/
]pdk;pdk; bmajymvdkuf&rvJ rr}
]bmrSrajymeJY pd;k pd;k ? a&mh ...a[m 'Daq;awGukd tazh
wdkufxm;vdkuf? NyD;&if b,frSroGm;eJY? tazhem;rSm xdkifae ...
Mum;vm;}
][kwfuJh rr}
pkd;pkd;u a,mifawmifaygifawmifESifh &ifNidrf;urf;ay;
aom aq;rsm;udk vSrf;,lonf/ pdk;pdk;vufxJ aq;rsm;xnfhay;
NyD;onfESifh &ifNidrf;u tazhtcef;xJrSxGufNyD; udk,fhtcef;buf
ul; 0ifvdkufonf/
xdkYaemuf ckwifem;txd avQmufoGm; ckwifpGef;wGif
0ifxikd o
f nf/ pdwrf sm;vIy&f mS ;aeonfukd Nird o f mG ;&ef rsuvf ;kH tpHk
udk rSdwf tomNidrfaevdkufonf/
onfvdktcsdefudka&mufvQif onfvdkjzpfawmhrnf qdk
onfudk vGefcJhaom ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuyif &ifNidrf; BudKodaecJh\/
tckawmh xdktcsdefu qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKuf a&mufvm
NyDav/
]igbmvkyf&rvJ? igbmvkyf&rvJ}
vGrf;avunif; 255
pdwfxJrSm bmwpfckudkrS ,wdjywfqHk;jzwf r&/
qif;awGYvdkufvQifvnf; olYrsufESmjrifonfESifh &ifxJu tem
tusifrsm; ydef;Mum&Gufay:usaom a&pufuJhodkY kwfjcnf;
avQmus aysmufq;kH oGm;awmhrmS aocsmaernfuv kd nf; aMumuf
onf/
qif;rawGYbJ aejyefawmhvnf; olESifh wpfoufwm
wu,fyJ a0;&oGm;NyD qkdonfhtodjzifh &ifrSm cHpm;ae&aom
a0'emtodu pdwfudk zdpD;vmOD;rnfudkpdk;onf/
pdwfxJrSm qif;vnf;awGYcsifaeonf/ qif;awGYcsifpdwf
vnf; r&Sd/ emMunf;rIESifh oHa,mZOftMum;wGif pdwfuav;
&ufuef;vGef;av; ajy;ovdk ajy;aeonf/
odkYjzpfrSmudkpdk;vnf; olESifha0;aom t&yfrsm;rSm
csn;f wpfoufwm tajccsomG ;&ef qH;k jzwfcjhJ cif;jzpfonf/ ckvnf;
tazhudprkdYom onfudk jyefvm&onf/ onfa&mufu wnf;u
&ifNidrf;pdwfawG acsmufcsm;aecJh\/
tdrfxJu tdrfjyif b,frSrxGuf&J/
[dkae&mjrifvnf; olESifhywfoufaomae&mawGtjzpf
owd&rnf/ onfae&mjrifvnf; olESifhywfoufaomae&mawG
tjzpf owd&rnf/ pifppf rauG;rSm olESifh uif;vGwfNyD; oD;jcm;
wnf&Sdaeonfhae&m[l r&Sdoavmuf &Sm;onf/
tdrfxJu tdrfjyif rxGufbJ tazhem;cdkufrSmyifvQif
t&yfonf olESifhywfoufcJhaom t&yfygvm;? wpfcgu oleJY
ig t&rf;cspfcJhMuzl;ygvm; [laom owdu tNrJ&aeonf/
cufonfu &ifNidrf; olYudk t&rf;cspfonf/
odkYaomf wpfzufuvnf; olYudk t&rf;pdwfemrdaom
taMumif;u &Sdonf/
onftaMumif; pOf;pm;jyefawmhvnf; olYudk emMunf;
pdwfawG 0if&onf/ umvrsm;pGm olcHpm;cJh&aom tjzpftysuf
rsm;udkvnf; owd&rd\/

vGrf;avunif; 257
(5)
idk&zefrsm;vGef;ojzifh udk,fxJrS rsuf&nfrsm;udk jzpfap

wwfaom tpdwt f ydik ;f rsm;yif csKd U,Gi;f ysupf ;D awmhrnfvm; pd;k &drf
p&m jzpfvmonf/
nwdkif; uscJh&aom &ifNidrf;\rsuf&nfrsm;onf r[m
ork'&mESifhtrQyif &Sda&mhrnf xif\/
onfrQ pdw'f u k B u;D pGma&mufaeaom &ifNird ;f udk ol arh
xm;&ufEikd o f vm;/ rQ &ufpufarh avsmEh ikd af om ESv;kH om;rsm;
olY&ifxJrSm wu,fyif&Sdaeonfvm;/
Mumavav &ifxJrSm emusifrIawG ydkrdkrsm;jym;vmav
av jzpfae\/
nOD;u olYtdyf&mab;wGif 0ifxdkif udk,fcsif;pmpGm
ajymoGm;aom a':av;pum;rsm;udk &ifNidrf; jyefMum;aerdonf/
]ridkeJYawmh &ifNidrf;&,f? &ifNidrf;idkwm jrifwdkif; a':av;
t&rf;pdwfqif;&Jw,f? a':av;vnf; jzpfEdkiforQ enf;vrf;awG
&SmazGNyD; 0dkif;BudK;pm;ay;wmyJ? 'gayr,fh orD;vlurS r[kwfwm?
a,mufsm;jzpfNyD; 'DavmufrS rpGefYpm;&JbJ? owdaMumifaerSawmh
&ifNird ;f wpfoufv;kH vnf; tJvykd J rsu&f nfusae&rSmyJaygh ...
...orD;cspfolu orD;udk wu,fcspf&if tJavmuf
&ufpufEdkifrSm r[kwfygbl;? ckwdkif;u orD;udk ol rcspfawmhvdkY?
'grSr[kwfvnf; aemufwpfcg ol xdrSmcdkufrSm? emrSmusifrSm
aMumufNyD; orD;em;udk ruyf&JawmhvdkY jzpfrSmaygh}
r[kwfbl; ...r[kwfbl;? olYpdwfu 'grsdK;r[kwfbl;
...[k pdwfxJuae ZGwftwif; jiif;qefaeonfhMum;u
a':av;pum;udk em;xJpJGNyD; ,Hkcsifvmonf/
r,Hkcsifvnf; r&awmh/
tb,faMumifhqdkaomf pJGNrJ olYudk OayumjyKxm;onfh
umvrsm;u ESpfESifhcsDvmNyDjzpfaomaMumifhyif/
bk&m;NydKrSm tazwdkYu cJGoGm;NyD;uwnf;u &ifNidrf;udk
tdrfrSm em&Dydkif;yifrxm;awmhbJ vdktyfaom aq;0g;ukorIrsm;
jyKNy;D csucf si;f &efuek yf v
Ykd u
kd o f nf/ &efuek u
f OD;av;ESiahf ':av;
udkvnf; MuyfMuyfrwfrwf apmifha&Smuf&ef rSmonf/
txl;ojzifh bmtaMumif;ESirhf S &ifNird ;f udk tjyifrxGuf
ap&/ taMumif;odyfta&;BuD; tjyifxGufrnfqkdvQifvnf;
tazmfrygbJ rxGuaf p&/ tazmfuvnf; &ifNird ;f udk ydik yf ikd Ef ikd Ef ikd f
xdef;csKyfEdkifonfhtazmf jzpf&rnf/
ausmif;rsm; jyefziG hf ausmif;wuf&vQiv f nf; vlapmifh
wpfa,mufxm;ay;NyD; ausmif;wufausmif;qif; owdrvyfbJ
apmif?h vdt k yfvQif vcay; vlwpfa,mufimS ;xm;? 'grS pdwrf cs
vGrf;avunif; 259
bl;qdv k Qiv
f nf; &ifNird ;f udk vH;k vH;k ausmif;rvTwEf iS ahf wmh/ tdrrf mS
yJ vdktyfaom q&mrsm;iSm;oif/ ukefcsifoavmufukefyap?
ponfjzifh ynwfawmf toacsFcsxm;cJhNyD;rS tazjyefonf/
xdk&ufydkif;rSmuawmh xGufajy;zdkYaeaeomom &ifNidrf;
rSm aygifwiG f 0g;ikwpf ;l xm;aom'PfaMumifh vrf;yifravQmufEikd ?f
tem&Sdefjzifh av;ig;q,f&ufcefY tjyif;zsm;NyD; tdyf&mrSyif rx
Edik /f
wpfvausmaf usmaf vmufMumrS &Si;f &Si;f aysmuf &ifNird ;f
vrf;oGm;Edik of nf/
aumif;aumif;aeaumif; use;f rmNyq D u
kd wnf;uvnf;
&ifNidrf;wpfa,muf pJGNrJxH jzpfonfhenf;ESifh tquftoG,f&&m
&aMumif; pOf;pm;cJhonf/
onfavmuf qHk;jzwf? onfavmuf&ifqdkifcJhNyD;rSawmh
aemufxyf bmtaMumif;ESifhrSvnf; rcJGcsifawmh/
aemufqHk;rSm a':av;wdkYtdrfu tdrfazmfaumifrav;
udk atmifjrifpmG pnf;k;H vdu k Ef ikd o
f nf/ odt
Yk wGuf &efuek af &muf
NyD; wpfvcJGavmuftMumrSm yxrqHk;tBudrftjzpf pJGNrJxH pm
wpfapmifa&;vdu k of nf/
xdkyxrqHk; pmyghtaMumif;t&mrsm;udk &ifNidrf; ckwdkif
rSwfrdaeao;\/
pJNG rJ a. rmif .
&ifNidr;f tcuftcJtrsdK;rsdK;Mum;u 'Dpmudk a&;vduk wf ,fu,G ?f armifhudk
t&rf;owd&aewmyJ/
armifhrSm &cJhwJh'Pf&mawGa&m oufomNyDvm;[if/ &ifNidrf;awmh
wpfvavmufcHvdkuf&w,f armif&,f/ vludk aooGm;rvm;awmif
atmufarhw,f/
ckawmh aysmufoGm;ygNyD/ odyfvnf; rpdk;&drfaeeJYOD;/
armifhudak wmh &ifNidr;f t7rf;pd;k &draf ewke;f yJ? armif oufroS ufom&JU
vm;vdkYaygh/
roufomao;&ifawmh oufomwJhtxd ukyg armif&,f/
oufomNyD? aysmufNyDqdk&ifawmh &ifNidrf;qD jzpfwJhenf;eJY vmcJhyg?
&ifNidrf; armifhudk apmifhaer,f? &ifNidrf; cdkifcdkifrmrmvnf;
qHk;jzwfNyD;om;yg? b,favmuf cufcJcufcJ bmawGeJY &ifNidrf;udk
wm;xm; wm;xm; b,fae&ma&mufa&muf jzpfwhJ enf;eJY armifhaemuf
jyefvdkufrSmyJ/
armif &ifNidr;f udk tjrefqufo,G yf g/ csufcsif; vlu,kd wf ikd f rvm
Edik af o;&if pmawmh jyefa&;vduk yf g/ tck &ifNidr;f a&mufaewJh ae&mu
a':av;wdkYtdrf? a':av;wdkYtdrfvdyfpmudkvnf; wpfcgwnf;
a&;ay;vduk wf ,f/ aemufwpfcuk a':av;wdYk trd rf mS w,fvzD ek ;f vnf;
&Sdw,f/ w,fvDzkef;qufvdkY&&ifvnf; jyefqufyg/ zkef;eHygwfyg
a&;ay;vduk wf ,f/ tE&m,fawmh &Swd maygh armif&,f/ armifhpmudk
&ifNidrf;vufxJrxnfhrSmwdkY armifhqDu zkef;vm&if udkifvdkYr&rSmwdkY
'gayrfhJ a&;oma&; qufomqufyg/ 'Dtrd uf tdraf zmfaumifrav;udk
vGrf;avunif; 261
&ifNidrf; pnf;kH;xm;NyD;om;/ pmydkYorm;vmcsdefudk rSwfNyD; olUudk
tapmifhoabmrsdK; awmufavQmufapmifhMunfhcdik ;f xm;w,f/ olurS
b,folUzkef;qdkNyD; jyefac:ay;wm/ armifhqDu zkef;qdk&if &ifNidrf;udk
rac:awmhbJ olU[mol Munfhajymvduk zf Ydk rSmxm;NyD;om;/ olUemrnfu
cifowD mwJh/ ky&f iS rf if;orD; cifowD mxGe;f eJYwrGJ wS xf m;/ aemufq;kH wpfv;kH
udk jzKwyf pfvukd /f
uJ pm&SnfoGm;NyD/ awmfao;NyD armif&,f/ &ifNidrf; pdwf&Snf&SnfeJY
armifhudk apmifhyghr,f/ armifom pmjrefjrefjyefa&;/ 'grS
'Dpmudk armif &r&od&rSm/ 'gyJaemf/
armifh .
&ifNidr;f /
xdkpmxnhfNyD; wpfywfausmf ESpfywftwGif;uawmh

&ifNidrf; pdwf&Snf&Snf apmifhEdkifao;onf/ t&ufESpfq,f wpfv
eD;yg;Mumonfxd pmjyefrvmawmh &ifNidrf; pdwfr&Snfawmh/
aemufwpfapmif xyfa&;onf/
xdkwpfapmifvnf; jyefpmrvm? t&ufESpfq,favmuf
wpfcgjcm; pmxyfxyfxnfhonf/ av;ig;vavmufMumonf
txd pJNG rxJ rH S pmrajymESihf q,f&ufwpfaumif csKd ;wpfaumifyif
jyefrvm/
onfup &ifNidrf; idkpjyKonf/
onfMum;xJrSm &ifNidrf; idkwmawG? &ifNidrf; bmvkyfae
onfqdkonfudk odoGm;aom a':av;u ...
]uJ ...&ifNidrf; ...orD; 'Davmufjzpfae&ifvnf;
orD;udpudk b,folrS rulnDawmif a':av; ulnDawmhr,f?
orD;OD;av; vHk;0rodapeJY? orD;pdwfwdkif;us pma&;? a':av;
udk,Hk&if a':av;udk xnfhcdkif;? cifoDwmhudk ,Hk&if cifoDwmhudk
xnfch ikd ;f ? jyefpmudv
k nf; cifowD ma&m a':av;yg apmifah y;r,f?
orD;vlukd tjrefomvmac:cdik ;f ? orD;vl a&mufvm&if a':av;
yg 0dkif;BudK;pm;ay;NyD; orD;cspfolvufxJudk xnfhay;vdkufr,f?
trSefawmh orD;twGuf ydkvG,fulatmif rauG;udk a':av;
vdu
k yf aYkd y;csiwf m? 'gayr,fh tJ'gqdk orD;OD;av;ua&m? orD;taz
udkudkuyg a':av;udk owfrSm? orD;vlu orD;udk rcJGEdkif&if
jzpfwJhenf;eJY olu ac:rSmyg? ridkeJY? pdwfat;at;omaeawmh}
][dkwavmu orD;tazqDu zkef;vmawmh orD;vl
owif;vnf; a':av;&xm;ygw,f? orD;wdkYudpjzpfwkef;u olY
acgif;rSm 'Pf&m&oGm;wm oH;k csucf sKy&f w,fw?hJ acgif;uJo G mG ;vdYk
tJ'gvnf; orD;tazudk,fwdkif aq;vdkufukay;vdkufvdkY aumif;
oGm;NyDwJh? trIrjzpfatmif renf;vkyfvdkuf&w,fqdkvm;yJ?
aumifav;rdbawGudk aiGoHk;axmifay; ausat;cdkif;&w,fwJh?
tJ'DydkufqHawGvnf; &SdaewmyJ? rvmbJaerSm r[kwfygbl;}
enf;jzifh wpfESpfeD;yg;cefY &ifNidrf; pJGNrJqD awmuf
avQmuf pma&;onf / pmra&muf v d k Y qd k & atmif u vnf ;
wpfapmif ESpfapmifr[kwf/ pkpkaygif; &ifNidrf;a&;orQtapmif
vGrf;avunif; 263
oHk;av;q,f&Sdrnf/ onfpmawGxJu wpfapmifrS ra&mufqdk
wmuawmh rjzpfEdkif/
Mum;rSm cifow D mESiahf ':av;wkYd azsmufypfonfxifrmS
pd;k a':av;u olEiS t hf wl aps;ac:oGm;Ny;D &ifNird ;f udk ud,
k w f ikd f
pmwdkufyHk;xJ xnfhcdkif;onf/ pm av; ..ig; ..q,fapmifrSm
&ifNidrf;vufESifh pmwdkufyHk;xJxnfhcJhaompmrsm; jzpfonf/
Mumawmh &ifNidrf; pdwfwdkY b,fvdkrS rBuHUcdkifEdkifawmh/
yxrtBudrf cdk;zdkYajympOfu pJGNrJ jiif;cJhaomtjzpfudk
jyefowd&onf/
ckwdkif;qdk pJGNrJwpfa,muf wuodkvfra&muf&rSm pdk;?
tif*sief ,D m rjzpfrmS pk;d Ny;D vmrac:wmjzpfrnf[k &ifNird ;f wGuf
vdkufonf/
onfavmufMumNyD;rSawmh rxl;[kqdkum pJGNrJtay:
pdwfuGufaeonfhMum;u wuodkvfrsm; zGifhcsdefxd apmifhao;
onf/ EdkifiHjcm;roGm;cif &efukefwuodkvfyxrESpf"mwkaA'udk
&ifNidrf; wpfESpfwufvdkuf&ao;\/
yxrESpf pmar;yJaG jzNy;D OD;av;tvkyEf iS t hf wl Edik if jH cm;
udk vdkufygoGm;jcif; jzpfonf/ 'kwd,ESpfudkawmh [dka&mufrS
pmay;pm,lESifh vSrf;ajz\/
onfEdkifiHjcm;oGm;onfhudpuvnf; pJGNrJudk pdwfemNyD;rS
wrifvdkufoGm;jcif;yif/ apmapmuqdkcJhovdk wuodkvfrsm; zGifh
csdefusawmhvnf; &ifNidrf;arQmfonfhMum;u pJGNrJ ay:rvm/
wuokdvfrsm;zGifhNyD; wpfvavmuf tMumrSmawmh
&ifNidrf; vHk;0rarQmfawmh/ csif;pdrf;ESifh rdwfovifpdwfrsm; 0ifEdkif
oGm;onf/
tck &ifNidrf; em;rvnfonfu onfavmuf tquf
toG,jf zwfEidk Nf y;D rS q,fEpS af vmuf MumNy;D aom ,cktcsed u f srS
pJGNrJwpfa,muf bmudp olYqD vmqufoG,f&oenf;/
aESmif;cJhNyD pJGNrJ ...[k &ifNidrf; pdwfxJu ajymvdkuf\/
ckcsed rf mS eif bmBu;D jzpfaeae? eif ...ightay: &ufpuf
cJhwJh tjypfawGudk owd&aeo ighvGrf;pdwfudk empdwfeJY ajzypf
vdkufrSmyJ? vGrf;p&m&Sdwmudk emp&meJY ajzvdkY&ygw,f pJGNrJ&,f/
&ifNidrf;u awG;&if; tHBudwfvdkufrd\/

vGrf;avunif; 265
(6)
]pd;k pd;k ...pJNG ru

J dk oGm;ajymvdu
k af wmh? 'DwpfoufrmS oleYJ
ig awGYp&mtaMumif; vHk;0r&Sdawmhbl;? b,fawmhrS ighqD
rvmeJaY wmhv}Ykd
][if ...rruvnf;}
yxrjzpfpOfrsm; jzpfcJhwkef;uvnf; i,fao;? ckvnf;
bmjzpfrSef;rodonfh pdk;pdk;u wtHhwMoESifh &ifNidrf;udk vSrf;Munfh
onf/
]bm ...rruvnf; ...vJ? tJvdkyJ oGm;ajymvdkuf
ygqdk? bmvJ ...eif rajym&Jbl;vm;? tJ'gqdkvnf; ...ae?
ol[
Y mol rapmifEh ikd af wmh&if xjyefomG ;vdrrhf ,f? iguawmh vH;k 0
qif;rawGY awmhbl;}
kwfjcnf; ajymif;vJcufxefoGm;aom olYtpfr\ tjyK
trlrsm;udk pdk;pdk; b,fvkdrS em;rvnfawmh/ odkYaomf &ifNidrf;
qif;rawGYbl;qdkvQifawmh atmufrSmxdkifapmifhaeoludk 'ku
ray;csif/
]pd;k pd;k u bmrSrajym&Jp&m r&Syd gbl;? qif;ajymwmyJ ...
cufwmvdkufvdkY? ajymvdkufr,f? cke rr ajymwJhtwdkif;}
]at; ...ajymvdkuf}
pdwfvdkufrmefyg ajymaeonfhMum;u pJGNrJrsufESmudk
uGufceJ jrifrdao;onf/ 'DwpfoufrSm b,fvdkrSjyefqHkpnf;Edkif
p&m r&Sdawmhaom cJGcGmjcif;ayyJ[k awG;rdaomtcg idkcsifvm
onf/
avSum;rS pdk;pdk; qif;oGm;oHMum;&onf/
&ifNird ;f wpfa,muf tdyaf ysmaf eaom tazhem;rSm xdik f
IdufBuD;wiif idkcsvdkufrd\/
]rru oleJYawGYp&mtaMumif; r&Sdbl;? b,fawmhrS

rvmygeJYvdkY ajymvdkufw,f udkpJGNrJ}
pd;k pd;k pum;aMumifh pJNG r&J ifarmpGmjzifh oufjyif;csonf/ Ny;D rS
yifhoufwpfcsufcs&if; ...
]aumif;NyaD v pd;k pd;k ? &ifNird ;f u ud,k u hf kd 'Davmufpwd ef m
oGm;wmud;k ? tJvq kd &kd if pd;k pd;k udk tultnDwpfck awmif;csiw f ,f?
pdk;pdk; ulnDay;Edkifrvm;}
]bmudkvJ udkpJGNrJ}
]pdk;pdk;udk udk,fodcsifwmav;wpfck ESpfck ar;csifvdkYyg?
tJ'g pdk;pdk; ajzEdkif&if ajzay;ygvm;}
vGrf;avunif; 267
]ar;av? bmar;rvdkYvJ}
]&ifNidrf; tdrfaxmifusaeNyDvm;}
]&Sif}
]&ifNird ;f eJyY wfoufvYkd bmowif;tpterS r&bJ ud, k f
vdkuf&Smaewm q,fESpf&SdygNyD pdk;pdk;? pdk;pdk;wdkYtdrfusawmhvnf;
udk,feJY tBuD;tus,f jyemwufcJhwmqdkawmh 0ifvnf; r0if
&Jbl;? ar;vnf; rar;&Jbl;? 'DhjyifvlawGudk pHkprf;cdkif;awmhvnf;
&ifNidrf;eJYywfoufwJhpum;udk pdk;pdk;wdkYtdrfrSm bmwpfckrS ar;vdkY
r&bl;wJ}h
pdk;pdk; oufjyif;csonf/
][kwfw,f udkpJGNrJ? azazu &ifNidrf;eJYywfoufwJhudp?
b,folar;ar; rajz&bl;vdkY rSmxm;vdkYyg}
]'gjzifh tck udk,fhudka&m ajzvdkY&rvm;? aemufxyf
odcsiw f mwpfcu k &ifNird ;f ud,
k uhf kd bmjzpfvYkd 'Davmuf pdwef mae
&ovJqdkwmyg? tJ'gvnf; pdk;pdk;ajzEdkif&if ajzay;yg}
pdk;pdk; acgif;cgonf/
]'kw, d ar;cGe;f uawmh pd;k pd;k vnf; tJ'u D pd E iS yhf wfouf
vdkY bmrSrodbl;vdkY ajz&rSmyJ udkpJGNrJ? yxrar;cGef;udkawmh ajz
wwfygw,f? rr&ifNidrf;rSm tdrfaxmif r&Sdao;ygbl;}
]aus;Zl;wifygw,f pdk;pdk;? 'Davmuf ulnDwmyJ aus;Zl;
wifygNy?D taMumif;qH&k ifawmh &ifNird ;f udk wpfcak jymvdu k yf g? ud,k f
&ifNidrf;udk b,fwkef;urS opmrazmufcJhygbl;vdkY? uJGuGmoGm;wJh
tcsdefupNyD; ckxufxd &ifNidrf;udk udk,f&Smae? arQmfvifhaewmyg
vdkY? NyD;awmh wpfoufvHk;vnf; tNrJarQmfvifhoGm;rSmygvdkY? 'gygyJ
pdk;pdk; ...udk,fjyefOD;r,faemf}
][kwfuJh udkpJGNrJ}
pJNG ruJ EIwq f ufNy;D jyefxu
G cf o
hJ nf/ pk;d pk;d uvnf; wHcg;
txd vdu k v f mNy;D pJNG rJ tjyifa&mufonfEiS hf oHwcH g;udyk w d of nf/
NyD;rS wpfpHkwpfck owd&[efjzifh ...
]udkpJGNrJ ...rauG;uae b,fawmhjyefrvJ}
pJGNrJu acgif;cgvdkufNyD; ...
]rajymwwfao;ygbl; pdk;pdk; ...bmjzpfvdkYvJ}
]bmrSrjzpfygbl;? ar;Munfhwmyg}
]udk,f &ifNidrf;eJY awGYcsifao;w,f pdk;pdk;? 'Denf;vrf;eJY
tqifrajy&if tjcm;enf;vrf; wpfckck&SdOD;rvm; BudK;pm;Munfh
csifao;w,f? udk,fhrSm ol&SdaewJhae&mudk od&zdkYawmif ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm apmifhaecJh&wmyg? ck ol&SdwJhae&mudk a&mufaeNyDyJ udk,f
'Dvrf;pudk taysmufrcHawmhb;l ? ol&rdS ,ft h &yfukd xufMuyfruGm
vdkufNyD; oleJYudk,f jyefqHkpnf;Edkifatmif BudK;pm;&rSmyJ}
pdk;pdk;rsufarSmifav; rodrom MuKwfoGm;onf/ NyD;rS
vTwfceJajymvdkufaom avoHrsdK;jzifh ...
]wnf;awmha&m}
]tck aZ,swdkYtdrfrSmyg}
]aMomf ...}
pum;u odyYk if jywfomG ;Ny;D pd;k pd;k u wHcg;udak omhyw d f
onf/
vGrf;avunif; 269
pJGNrJ NcHxJu jyefxGufvmcJh\/
]tJ'Dawmh rif; bmqufvkyfrvJ pJGNrJ}

jyefa&mufonfESifh pJGNrJu tusdK;taMumif; ajymjy
onf/
tm;vHk;u pdwf0ifpm;pGm em;axmifNyD; aZ,suawmh
xHk;pHtwdkif; cyfavmavmyif 0ifar;onf/
pJGNrJu wpfckckudk tav;teuf pOf;pm;vsuf ...
]&ifNird ;f eJY ighMum;xJrmS wpfcck k rSm;aewmuawmh aocsm
w,f aZ,s? tJ'gudk pdk;pdk;vnf; Za0Z0gjzpfaeyHk&w,f? igxif
w,f? 'DZmwfvrf;rSm rarQmv f ifbh J pd;k pd;k u tc&mawmif jzpfvm
Edik w
f ,f}
]tif; ...jzpfEikd yf gw,f? ck[m &ifNird ;f bmjzpfaew,f
qdkwmvnf; rif;u rod? rif; bmjzpfaew,fqdkwmvnf;
&ifNidrf;u rodjzpfaeayr,fh olu rif;wdkYESpfa,mufpvHk;udk
wpfNydKifwnf; awGYae&wmudk;}
]at;uGm ...ighpdwfxJrSm Zmwfvrf;u 'Dtwdkif; NyD;
roGm;Edkifbl;vdkYawmh ,HkMunfaew,f? 'gayrJh ighbufu quf
p&mvnf; bmvrf;prS r&Sdawmhbl;? &ifNidrf;&SdwJhtdrfudk oGm;awGU
w,fqu kd wnf;u vrf;uqH;k aeNy?D aemufq;kH awmh uHMurmudyk J
tm;udk;&awmhrvdkvdk jzpfaeNyD}
0if;aX;uvnf; acgif;ndwf ...
][kwyf gw,f? 'gayr,fh 'gtckrS yxrqH;k tBurd f pvIyf
&Sm;&wJh vIyf&Sm;rIyJ pJGNrJ&m? wpfckckawmh xyfxl;jcm;vmOD;rSmyg?
wpf&ufESpf&ufawmh apmifhMunfhvdkufygOD;uGm}
pJGNrJu 0if;aX;udk zswfceJ vSrf;Munfhonf/
]wpf&uf ESpf&uf apmifhMunfh ...[kwfvm; 0if;aX;?
rif;u bmjzpfvdkY 'Dpum;ajymwmvJ}
]rodbl;av? rif;tusdK;taMumif; ar;MunfhvdkY tqif
ajy&if &efukefjyefawmhr,fxifvdkY ajymwmaygh}
pJGNrJ &,f acgif;cgonf/
]ig &efukefudk vHk;0rjyefawmhbl; 0if;aX;? &ifNidrf; 'DrSm
&Sdoa&GU ig ol&SdwJhae&mrSmyJ aer,f? ig 'DtcGifhta&;rsdK;&zdkY
q,fpkESpf wpfESpfavmuf apmifhvmcJh&wm? ol rjyefoa&GU ig
rjyefbl;? aemufqHk; b,fvdkrS BudK;pm;r&awmhbJ EdkifiHjcm;
jyefoGm;&ifawmif jzpfEdkifatmif BudK;pm;NyD; EdkifiHjcm;txd vdkuf
&Si;f r,f}
]r[kwfbl;av? rif;tvkyfu &Sdao;w,f r[kwfvm;}
][ ...ightvkyu f ighenf;igh[efeYJ pdwBf uKd upf rD v
H yk v
f Ykd
&wJh tvkyfyJuG? ightajctaeeJY vdkufavsmnDaxGjzpfatmif
jyif,&l rSmaygh}
0if;aX;u rsufvHk;jyL; ...
][ ...tJhvdkqdk igua&m}
pJGNrJ&,fonf/
vGrf;avunif; 271
]rif;udkawmh ig awmufavQmufBuD; qJGrxm;ygbl;uGm?
rif;jyefcsifwJhtcsdefus&if ighudkxm;cJhNyD; jyefaygh? rif;jyefwJhtcsdef
rSm igvnf; ightvkyftwGuf rSmp&m&SdwmawG rSmvdkufOD;rSmyg}
]rif;uawmh wu,fu h kd ZJBG u;D wJah umifyJ pJNG r?J igu rif;udk
pdwf"mwfusoGm;NyDvdkY atmufarhaewm}
aZ,su 0ifajymonf/ pJGNrJu 'kwd,rd&,fvdkufNyD; ..
]ZJBG u;D wm r[kwbf ;l aZ,s&? pJNG rw J m cdik rf mwm? &ifNird ;f
tay:xm;cJhwJh tcspf[m pJGNrJvdkYcdkifrmvdkY 'gaMumifhvnf; igh
emrnf[m pJGNrJcdkifrmvdkY jzpfaewmaygh}
]'geJY ...abmausmf ...qdk}
0if;aX;u &,f&if; 0ifaemufonf/ pJGNrJu acgif;ndwf
NyD; ...
]at; ...[kww f ,f? vGecf w hJ hJ q,fEpS rf wdik cf if? t&if
b0u abmausm?f tck b0opfrmS ukeo f nfa,mufsm; pJNG rcJ ikd rf m?
'gaMumifh ighemrnfukd aemufus&if OD;pJNG rcJ idk rf m (,cif abmausm)f
vdkY ajymawmhr,f}
olYpum;aMumifh usefolrsm; &,f\/
pJGNrJuawmh aumif;pGm r&,fEdkifao;/

(7)
]vm ...'DrSmxdkif pJGNrJ}

][m bmvkyfOD;rvdkYvJ[? eifuvnf;}
]r&SnfeJY? igu xdkifqdk&ifxdkif? igu xqdk&ifx}
]aumif;ygNyD cifAsm? oufOD;qHydkif{u&Dbk&ifrBuD;&JU? 'g
qdkvnf; r&Snfawmhygbl;? xdkifygNyD? uJ ...bmqufvkyf&OD;
r,fqdkwmvnf; trdefYawmf&SdygOD;}
&ifNidrf;u &,fonf/
]trdefYawmfr&SdEdkifao;bl; armifpJGNrJ? igudk,fawmfjrwf
vnf; xdkifawmfrl&OD;r,f}
ajym&if;ESihf &ifNird ;f u bk&m;&ifjyifawmfay:&Sd ausmuf
jym;tcif;ay:wGif pJNG rt
J em;0if xdik o f nf/ Ny;D rS NyKH ;pdpEd iS Mhf unfh
...
]uJ ...vuftkyfcsD}
][kwfuJh? csDNyD;ygNyD ocifr}
]awmfawmh armifrif;? tckcsdefupNyD; raemufeJYawmh?
vGrf;avunif; 273
igqdkwmudk av;av;eufeufvdkufqdk? Mum;vm;pJGNrJ? ig wu,f
tav;teuf ajymaewm}
]at;yg ...[kwfygNyD}
]uJ ...qdk ...uRefawmfonf}
]uReaf wmfonf}
]&ifNidrf;udk ...}
][m eifuvnf; bmawGavQmufqdkcdkif;aewmvJ}
]tdk ...bmqdkcdkif; qdkcdkif;? qdk ...qdk ...qdkvdkufyg
vm;}
]at;yg qdkyghr,f? 'gayrJh cPaeygOD;? tck eifu
bmvkyrf vdv Yk }J
]opmjyKrvdkY? eifhudk r,HkvdkY}
]aMomf ...'grsm;? &Sif;&Sif;ajymvdkuf NyD;aewmuGm
&ifNidrf;uvnf;? bmrS r,Hkr&SdeJY? opmudk wpfcgr[kwfbl;? tcg
wpf&mawmif jyK&Jw,f? 'gayrJh opmjyKw,fqdkwm eif cke qdk
ovdk bk&m;a&SUrSm w&m;cHajzmifhcsufay;wJh yHkpHrsdK;eJY vkyf&wm
r[kwfbl;? aocsmvkyf&wm}
]rodbl;? igu igajymwwfovdkyJ ajymwm? 'gjzifh
b,fvq kd &kd rvJ}
]eif bmawG opmjyKapcsifvdkYvJ ajym? eifajymcsifwJh
pum;&JUt"dym,fudk ig pum;vHk;pDay;r,f}
]wpf ...eif ighukd b,fawmhrS rarhcikd ;f &bl;? ESpf ...
eifu ightay: wpfoufvHk; cspfoGm;&r,f? oHk; ...bm
taMumif;eJYjzpfjzpf ighpdwfqif;&Jatmif eifrvkyfeJY}
]aMomf ...'gjzifh eifua&m}
]igu tJ'gawG tukefvHk; vkyfr,fvdkY qHk;jzwfNyD;om;}
&ifNidrf;pum;aMumifh pJGNrJu &,fonf/
]opmjyKw,fqkdwm ESpfa,muftwljyK&wmyg &ifNidrf;
&,f? uJ ...'Dvdkvkyf ...ESpfa,muftwlwlqdkr,f}
]wynfah wmfwo Ykd nf}
]wynfah wmfwo Ykd nf}
]b,faomtcgrS arhaysmuf&ef rBudK;pm;Muyg bk&m;}
]b,faomtcgrS arhaysmuf&ef rBudK;pm;Muyg bk&m;}
&ifNidrf;yg;jyifay:odkY rsuf&nfrsm; pD;usvmonf/

]ig eifuh kd rarhygbl; pJNG r&J ,f? tck[mu eif ighukd arhEikd f
cJw
h mudk emMunf;vGe;f vd?Yk igud,k w f ikd f &iftuJcG NH y;D eifeaYJ 0; atmif
aeaewmyg}
&ifNird ;f u tarSmifxrk sm;Mum;okYd Munf&h if; wpfa,muf
wnf; wD;wdk;ajymaerdonf/
tay:xyf0&efwm\ ywf0ef;usiw f pfcv k ;kH arSmifrnf;
wdwfqdwfvsuf&Sd\/ tdrfa&SUrSopfyifrsm;udk avnif;at;at;
u wdk;a0SYaeonfhtoHESifh ydk;rTm;toHav;rsm;rSvJG wpf
avmuvHk; tdyfarmusvsuf&SdaeMuonf/
vGrf;avunif; 275
&ifNidrf; tdyfaysmfatmif BudK;pm;cJhao;onf/ odkYaomf
r&/ odkYtwGuf tdyf&mrS xNyD; onftdrfa&SU0&efwmav;rSm
wpfa,mufwnf; vmxdkifaejcif; jzpfonf/
em;xJrSmvnf; naeu pdk;pdk;ajymaom pum;rsm; &pf0J

aeonf/
]reufu udkpJGNrJu pdk;pdk;udk ar;oGm;w,f rr? rr
tdraf xmifusaeNyv D m;wJ?h Ny;D awmh olu
Y kd rru bmjzpfvYkd pdwef m
ae&w,fqw kd m pd;k pd;k odovm;wJ?h yxrar;cGe;f udak wmh pd;k pd;k ajz
Edik v
f Ykd ajzcJwh ,f? rr tdraf xmifrusao;ygbl;l vd?Yk 'kw, d ar;cGe;f
udkawmh pdk;pdk;vnf; rodvdkY rajzEdkifbl;vdkYyJ ajymvdkufw,f ...
tJ'Dawmh olu taMumif;qHk&if rrudk pdk;pdk;u ajymjy
vdkufyg? ]udk,f &ifNidrf;udk b,fwkef;urS opmrazmufcJhygbl;?
uJGuGmoGm;wJhtcsdefupNyD; ckxufxd &ifNidrf;udk udk,f&Smae? arQmf
vifah ewmygwJ?h Ny;D awmh wpfoufv;kH vnf; tNraJ rQmv f ifo
h mG ;rSm
yg ...wJh ...
aemufwpfcku jyefcgeD;rSm olu ajymoGm;ao;w,f?
olrY mS rr&Sw d ahJ e&mudk od&zdaYk wmif ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm apmifch &hJ wm
yg ...wJh? tck rr&SdwJhae&mudk ola&mufaeNyDrdkY 'Dvrf;pudk
oltaysmufrcHawmhb;l ? rr&Srd ,ft h &yfukd xufMuyfruGmvdu k Nf y;D
rreJYol qHkpnf;Edkifatmif BudK;pm;&rSmyJ ...wJh}
]eif bmjzpfvdkY pdk;pdk;udk nmoGm;&wmvJ pJGNrJ&,f? eif
ighukd wu,fom&SmcJ&h if bmjzpfvYkd rawGEY ikd &f rSmvJ? arhEikd w
f ek ;f u
awmh arhxm;Ny;D tckusrS bmjzpfvYkd a&SmifaewJh iguyJ tjypfjzpf
atmif vDq,fwJhpum;awG ajymoGm;&wmvJ}
ta0;rSMum;vdkuf&aom oHacsmif;acgufoHaMumifh
q,fhESpfem&Dxdk;NyD[k odvdkufonf/
]eif ighudk tdyfysufatmif vkyfcJhwJhnaygif; renf;awmh
bl; pJGNrJ? eifhaMumifh ighrSm idkcJh&wJhtBudrfaygif;uvnf; uka#eJY
awmif csDawmhr,f? eifhudk ig b,fawmhrS cGifhrvTwfEdkifawmhbl;
od&UJ vm;}
xdkpOf twGif;cef;bufrS rD;zGifhoHESifh ajcoHwpfck Mum;
vdu k &f onf/
&ifNidrf; ysmysmovJ vSnfhMunfhvdkufonf/
][if ...pdk;pdk;}
{nhfcef;wHcg;udk zGifhxGufvsuf olYqDavQmufvmaom
pdk;pdk;udk awGUvdkuf&\/
]rr pdk;pdk;vnf; rrvdkyJ tdyfraysmfwmeJY xvmcJhwmyg?

rrudk aESmifh,Sufovdk jzpfoGm;&if cGifhvTwfygaemf? rreJY pdk;pdk;
pum;enf;enf;ajymcsifw,f}
pd;k pd;k u &ifNird ;f tem;&Sx
d ikd cf w
kH iG f 0ifxikd &f if; ajymonf/
vGrf;avunif; 277
&ifNidrf;u oufjyif;csvdkuf ...
]ajymav pdk;pdk; ...bmajymrvdkYvJ}
]trSet f wdik ;f ajym&&if tpu rreJu Y pkd NGJ ru J pd [ m pk;d pk;d
eJY bmrSrqdik yf gbl;? 'gaMumifh b,fvrkd v S nf; 'Dupd r mS 0ifrygbl;
vdYk qH;k jzwfNy;D om;yg? 'gayr,fh ck[mu rrwdEYk pS af ,mufMum;rSm
wpfrsdK;BuD; jzpfaeovdkyJvdkY pkd;pdk;xifrdw,f? NyD;awmh rrudk pdk;pdk;
jyp&mwpfcv k nf; &Swd ,f? rrwdEYk pS af ,mufpvH;k udk Munf&h wm pd;k pd;k
t&rf;xdcdkufwmyJ? jzpfEdkif&if rrwdkYESpfa,muf b,fvdkjzpfcJh
MuwmvJqdkwm pdk;pdk;em;vnfatmif ajymjyygvm; rr&,faemf}
pk;d pk;d pum;aMumifh pd;k pd;k udyk if oem;oGm;onf/ bmrqdik f
nmrqdik Ef iS hf Mum;u onfuav;yif a&m pdwn f pfae&ygNyaD um/
&ifNidrf; bmrSrajym&ao;cif pdk;pdk;uyif quf ...
]rrwdYk rauG;rSm jzpfcw hJ hJ jyemuawmh pd;k pd;k odNy;D om;
yg? 'gawGjyefajymjyp&m rvdkygbl;? rr &efukefa&mufNyD;wJh
aemufyikd ;f bmjzpfw,fqw kd mom rodawmhwm? txl;ojzifh rr
udkpJGNrJudk pdwfemoGm;&wJh udpaygh}
]bmvJ pdk;pdk; ...reufu olu eifhudk oem;atmif
ajymoGm;wmeJY eifoem;Ny;D olUbufu a&SUae0ifvu kd Of ;D rvdv
Yk m;}
]r[kwfygbl; rr? tck pdk;pdk;ar;wmuvnf; udkpJGNrJudk
jyefajymjyzdYk ar;wm r[kwyf gbl;? pd;k pd;k xifww hJ pfcsurf sm; jzpfae
rvm;vdkYyg}
]at;yg ...&ygw,f? rruvnf; eifhudk jyefrajymeJY
vdkY rwm;ygbl;? jyefajym&ifvnf; ydkawmif aumif;ygao;w,f?
odyfvnf; &Snf&Snfa0;a0; ajymp&mr&Sdygbl;? 'Dvdk pdk;pdk; ...rr
olYudk pdwfem&wmu ...
&ifNidrf;u ol &efukefa&mufcsdefrS EdkifiHjcm;roGm;cif
tMum; jzpf&yfrsm;udk cyfwdk;wdk;csHK ajymjyvdkufonf/
em;axmif&if; pdk;pdk;rsufvHk;av;rsm; ta&mifwvuf
vuf jzpfvmonfudkvnf; owdxm;rdvdkuf\/

vGrf;avunif; 279
(8)
]tJ'gyJ pdk;pdk;? olYudk rr t&rf;cspfygw,f? i,fucspf

tESpw f pf&m rarhom? i,fuaygif; tESpw f pfaomif; rarhaumif;
qdkwJh pum;&SdwmyJuG,f? 'DwpfoufavmufeJYawmh rr olYudk
arhp&mtaMumif; r&Syd gbl;? 'gayr,fh rrudk olypfxm;cJw h mBu;D u
dkif;vGef;w,f? rrbufrSm b,fvdk cHpm;ae&r,fqdkwmudk ol
rpOf;pm;cJhbl;vm;}
&ifNidrf;uawmh aqG;aqG;ajrhajrhyHkpHjzifh cyfav;av;
ajymonf/
odkYaomf pdk;pdk;uawmh trlt&mcsufcsif;ajymif;vJoGm;
\/ apmapmu oltdyf&mrSxpOfu yHkpHrsdK;r[kwfawmhbJ cufcJ
aom ocsFmwpfyk'fudk kwfw&uftajz&Smvdkuf&aom uav;
i,fvdk &Tifvef;wuf<uvmNyD; ...
]awmfNyD rr? awmfNyD 'Davmufqdk pdk;pdk;oabmaygufNyD?
aMomf ...rr&,f ...rrwdkYacwfu rdef;uav;awGrSm tJ'g
cufwmyJ? pdk;pdk;wdkYomqdk 'DavmufjyemrsdK;rsm; &Sif;ypfNyD;wm
MumvSaeNyD}
]aMomf ...'Davmuf emMunf;aewJhOpm? b,fvdkvkyf
oleYJrsufESmcsif;qdkifrSmvJ pdk;pdk;&,f}
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ rr&JU ...olu udk,fpdwfqif;&Jatmif
vkyfovdkjzpfaewmyJ? bmjzpfvdkY rsufESmcsif;qdkif &Sif;rypfEdkif&
rSmvJ? awGYvdkYr&wJhtcsdefuawmh xm;aygh? ckvdkawGUNyDqdk&if
rsufESmudk aocsmMunfhNyD; &Sif bmtcsdK;csdK;wmvJ? &Sifhudk,f&Sif
bmatmufarhaewmvJqdkNyD; tjywfar;ypfvdkufw,f? ol
&Si;f jywmudk ud, k v f ufrcHEikd &f ifvnf; Ny;D wmyJaygh? vufrcHEikd b
f J
ud, k v hf m kwf w k f kwf w
k f vkyw f ,fxifvu Ydk awmh tJ'aD e&mrSm
yg;qJG u kd Nf y;D jyefvmcJah ygh? bmrS rrvdk oHo&meJcY sND y;D vGr;f aep&m
taMumif;r&Sb d ;l }
]aMomf ...tJvdkawmhvnf; b,fvdkvkyf&ufrvJuG,f?
oHa,mZOfqdkwm &Sdao;w,f r[kwfvm;}
]tJ'gcufwm? 'gaMumifh rr tysdKBuD;jzpfawmhrvdk jzpf
wm? [m; ...[m; ...'gayr,fh ckawmh rylygeJaY wmhav? 'Dupd
pdk;pdk; &Sif;jyyghr,f? tkd ...&Sif;qdkckyJ &Sif;vdkufwm aumif;w,f?
rr tJ'DrSm cPaeOD;aemf? pdk;pdk; rrudk jyp&mwpfck&SdvdkY}
ajymajymqdkqkd pdk;pdk; vSpfceJ xajy;onf/
&ifNidrf; tHhtm;oifhpGmjzifh aMumifMunfhusefcJh\/
vGrf;avunif; 281
]a&mh ...rr? tJ'gawGMunfhprf;? tJ'g bmawGvJ}
odyfrMumvdkufaom tcsdefav;rSmyif pdk;pdk;wpfa,muf
tajy;tvTm; jyefa&mufvmonf/ xdkYaemuf vufxJwGif ygvm
aom ypnf;wpfxkyfudk &ifNidrf;aygifay: wifay;vdkuf\/
][if ...pdk;pdk;? tJ'gawG b,fu&vJ}
]aeygOD;? tJ'gu aemufNyD;awmh pdk;pdk; ajymjyr,f? tJ'D
ypnf;awG[m rrajymcJhwJh ypnf;awG[kwf r[kwf aocsm
ppfaq;Munfph rf;ygOD;}
pdk;pdk;pum;aMumifh &ifNidrf;u xdktxkyfav;udk ywfxm;
onfh om;a&uGi;f udk ajzNy;D txJut&m0wK wpfcck si;f aumuf
Munfhonf/ om;a&uGif;av;rSm ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm MumjrifhaeNyDrdkY
wcsKd Uae&mwGif t&nfrsm;aysmu f m uyfaeNy/D jzKwv f u kd o
f nfEiS hf
jywfomG ;\/
trSeaf wmh Munfph &myifrvd/k pmtdwaf y:u vdypf mrsm;
udMk unfh EHk iS yhf if vGecf ahJ om ESprf sm;pGmu pJNG rx
J H olvrS ;f a&;cJah om
pmrsm;jzpfaMumif; xif&Sm;aeonf/
]tJ'gawG[m rr olYqDa&;cJhwJh pmawGyJ pdk;pdk;? 'gu
b,fvjkd zpfwmvJ}
]b,fvjkd zpfwmvJqakd wmh ..rr &efuek u f ae a&;orQ
pmtm;vH;k udpk NGJ rq J D wpfapmifrS ra&mufb;l vdYk rrudk ajymjyvdu k f
wmaygh? tJ'Dpmxkyf[m azazhrD;cHaowm [dkatmufqHk;axmifh
xJrSm awGYaewm MumNyD? bmrSef;rodvdkY pdk;pdk;vnf; r,lMunfhrd
bl;? [dkwavmuvnf; azazcdkif;vdkY ydkufqH,l&if;eJY tay:u
vdypf mawmh Munfv h u kd af o;w,f? 'gayr,fh rrwdYk &nf;pm;jzpfae
wke;f u ay;xm;wJh pmawG wriford ;f xm;wmjzpfr,fqNkd y;D 'Dwikd ;f
jyefxm;vdkufwm? tck rrajymrS &Sif;w,f? rr &efukefuydkYorQ
pmawGudk azazwdkYu tukefMum;jzwfNyD;odrf;xm;vdkufwmyJ
rr&JU}
]b,fvdkvkyf olwdkYu odrf;vJ}
][m ...'gawmh pdk;pdk;vnf; b,fodrvJ? olwdkYenf;
olw[ Ykd efawmh &Srd mS aygh? avmurSm tpDtpOfeYJ aocsmcsmvky&f if
rjzpfEdkifbl;qdkwJh tvkyfrSr&Sdwm}
]'gqd}k
]tif; ...[kwfw,f? rr tJ'Dudp[m udkpJGNrJeJY bmrS
rqdkifbl;? azaz&,f? a':av;&,f? aemuf b,folrSef;rodwJh
vlawGvnf; yg&OD;r,f? tJ'gawGaygif;NyD; rr udkpJGNrJudk pdwfem?
oHa,mZOf jywfoGm;atmif vkyfvdkufwmyJ}
&ifNidrf; awGoGm;onf/ tjzpftysufrsm;u &Sif;wefo
avmufawmh &Sif;oGm;NyDjzpf\/ odkYaomf enf;enf;av; usefae
ao;wmwpfck&Sd ...
]'gayr,fh 'gcsn;f yJvnf; rvHak vmufb;l pd;k pd;k &JU? rrpm
ra&mufwmeJYyJ olu rrudk vdkufr&Sm&awmhbl;vm;? wuodkvf
wufawmhvnf; ol&Smr,fvdkY ajymxm;NyD;}
]tJ'guawmh &Sif;w,f rr? tpuawmh rqufpyfrday
r,fh ckawmh tukefqufpyfvdkY &oGm;NyD? udkpJGNrJ aq;kHwuf&wm
enf;enf;aemaem r[kwfbl;aemf? oHk;av;vavmuf Mumvdrfh
vGrf;avunif; 283
r,f? tJ'g pdk;pdk; rSwfrdw,f? bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh udkpJGNrJudk dkuf
vdkufwJh 'dkifbmBuD;udk w&m;kH;rSmppfwkef;u&,f? trIrjzpf
atmif azazwdkYBudK;pm;aewkef;u&,f ajymajymaeMuwmawG
tdrfrSm pdk;pdk; Mum;ae&w,f}
][if ...'geJY? acgif;udk oHk;csufavmufyJ csKyf&w,f?
cPav; aq;ukay;wmeJY aysmufoGm;w,fqdk}
]tJ'g rrudk 0dkif;vSnfhpm;wmygvdkY ajymNyD;NyDyJ? udkpJGNrJu
acgif;uJGoGm;kHrubl;? tkwfcHGyg tufoGm;w,f? tdkufcH&NyD;
owdawmif wpfywfavmufMumrS &wm? aq;kv H nf; tMumBu;D
wuf&w,f? q,fwef;vnf; wpfESpfrajzvdkuf&bl;? ausmif;
uae aq;cGifheJYem;NyD; aemufwpfESpfrSajz&wm}
&ifNird ;f u rsuaf rSmifMuKwf pOf;pm;&if; tcsed u
f mvrsm;
udk jyefwGufonf/
][,f ...'gqdk rr EdkifiHjcm; xGufoGm;wJhtxd ol
wuodkvf ra&mufao;bl;aygh}
]tif;aygh? rr arQmfwkef;u oluvnf; olY'kueJYol?
olvnf; vdkuf&Sma&m? rru 'DEdkifiHrSm r&Sdawmhbl;? tJvdkawG
vJu
G ek Mf uwmaygh}
&ifNidrf; NidrfoGm;onf/
NyD;rS yg;ay:pD;usvmaom rsuf&nfrsm;udk vufjzifh
okwfz,fvdkufNyD; ...
]pdk;pdk;}
]bmvJrr}
]ol b,frSmwnf;vJ eif odvm;}
]odygw,f? udkaZ,swdkYtdrfrSmwJh? bmvkyfrvdkYvJ rr}
]ig zkef;qufcsifw,f[m? aZ,swkdYtdrfzkef; eif ...
odvm;? rod&if 'gdu k x f &DxrJ mS jzpfjzpf tifumG &Djzpfjzpf odEikd w
f hJ
ae&mudkjzpfjzpf vSrf;qufNyD;ar;? oleJYig ckcsufcsif; pum;ajym
csiw f ,f}
][m ..rruvnf; nBuD;rif;BuD;? ckqdk wpfem&D
avmuf &SdNyD}
]&Sd&Sd ...pdk;pdk;? 'Dudpu ta&;BuD;w,f? zkef;eHygwf eif
r&SmEdkifbl;vm;? aZ,swdkYtdrfu puwnf;u zkef;&Sdw,f? igod
w,f}
pdk;pdk;u &,f ...
]&Sdygw,f? &SmvdkYvnf; vG,fygw,f? olYusL&Sifausmif;
aMumfjimpm&GufawGrSm olYtdrfzkef;eHygwf ygwmyJ? aeOD; ...[dk
wavmu pdk;pdk;wdkYausmif;a&SUrSm aMumfjimpm&GufawG a0wkef;u
pdk;pdk;,lvmwJhwpf&Guf pdk;pdk;pm;yJGay:rSm awGYawGYaew,f? rru
vnf;aemf pdwfemwkef;uvnf; cg;oD;aewmyJ? ck cGifhvTwfawmh
vnf; jrefvScsnfvm;? reufusrS at;at;aq;aq; ajym
Ny;D a&m? udpk NGJ ru J rr&Sw d ahJ e&mudk ol tNrx J ufMuyf vdu k yf ghr,fvYkd
ajymxm;vsuo f m;eJ}Y
pdk;pdk;u pyfNzJNzJjzifh ajymonf/
&ifNidrf;u rsufapmif;xdk;vdkufNyD; ...
]pd;k pd;k aemf ...eif ighukd avSmifovdv k kd vkyrf aeeJ?Y igwdYk
vGrf;avunif; 285
acwfu rdef;uav;awGu eifwdkYavmuf r&Jayr,fh vkyfp&m&Sd
awmhvnf; eifwkYdxuf owd&Sdw,f? aemufNyD; igu ckqdk ckrS
... 'gayr,fh eifhudkawmh ig aus;Zl;t&rf;wifygw,f}
pkd;pdk;u rsufcHk;yifhNyD; ycHk;ESpfzufwGefYjyvdkuf\/

(9)
]u&if ...&if ...&if ...&if}

nBuD;rif;BuD; xjrnfvmaom zkef;oHaMumifh aZ,swdkY
wpftdrfvHk; Edk;vmMuonf/
pJNG ru
J awmh tpuwnf;u rtdyEf ikd af omolrYkd t&ifq;kH
xjzpfonf/ useftdrfom;rsm; tvefYwMum; rjzpfap&ef zkef;udk
uref;uwef; ajy;udkifay;vdkufonf/
][,fv}kd
][,fv}kd
][kwfuJh ...trdefY&Sdyg}
]ck ajymwm aZ,swdkY tdrfuvm;}
][kwyf gw,f}
]tckajymwm b,folvJ ...udkaZ,svm;}
]r[kwfygbl;? uRefawmfu olY{nfhonfyg? aZ,seJY ajym
csifvdkYvm;? ac:ay;r,fav}
]r[kwfbl; ...r[kwfbl;? udkaZ,s {nfhonfqdkawmh
vGrf;avunif; 287
b,folvJ ...udkpJGNrJvm;}
][kwfw,f}
][m ...tawmfyJ? udkpJGNrJvnf; rtdyfao;bl;xif
w,f? pdk;pdk; ajymaewmyg udkpJGNrJ}
][if ...pdk;pdk; ...[kwfvm;? bmudpvJ pdk;pdk;?
taMumif;&Sv d vYkd m;}
][kwfw,f? rru udkpJGNrJeJY pum;ajymrvdkYwJh? cPudkif
xm;aemf? rreJY ajym}
]bmwJhvJ pJGNrJ}
tdyf&mrS uref;uwef;xvmMuaom 0if;aX;ESifhaZ,s
u vSrf;ar;onf/ pJGNrJu cPae&ef vufumjyvdkufNyD; zkef;cGuf
udk vufjzifh ydwf ...
]aeOD; ...a[haumifawG t&rf;ta&;BuD;aew,f?
cke ajymwm pdk;pdk;? &ifNidrf;u igeJY pum;ajymcsifvdkYwJh}
]a[ ...&ifNidrf;u [kwfvm;}
][,fv}kd
'DrmS Iy, f u S cf wfomG ;pOf w,fvzD ek ;f em;axmifcu G xf rJ S
ae &ifNidrf;toH ay:vmonf/
pJNG ruJ 0if;aX;wkdY aZ,swu Ykd kd *krpdu
k t
f m;awmhbJ ...
][,fvdk ...&ifNidrf;vm;? udk,fyg &ifNidrf;? pJGNrJyg}
]pJGNrJ ...&ifNidrf;yg? &ifNidrf; olYudk ajymp&m&Sdw,f}
]ajym &ifNidrf;? ajymyg? udk,f em;axmifaeygw,f}
]tif; ...&ifNidrf;udk cGifhvTwfyg pJGNrJ&,f? taMumif;pHk
awmh reufusrS ajymjyawmhr,f? 'gayr,fh &ifNidrf; tm;vHk;udk
em;vnfcGifh&oGm;ygNyD? tck olbmvkyfaevJ rtdyfao;bl;vm;}
][ifhtif; ...udk,ftdyfvdkYr&ygbl; &ifNidrf;}
]tdyfvdkYr&awmh bmvkyfaevJ}
]&ifNidrf;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;aewmyg}
&ifNird ;f xHrS Mum;aeusjzpf ckcg rMum;&wm MumNyjD zpf
aom &,foHav;rsm;udk jyefMum;vdkuf&onf/
]&ifNird ;f vnf; ckxd rtdy&f ao;ygbl;? uJ ...uJ 'gygyJ?
oltdyfcsifNyD r[kwfvm;? tdyfvdkufawmh? reufus&if &ifNidrf;qD
apmapmvmcJ}h
][m ...tJvdkrvkyfeJY &ifNidrf;? ajymp&m&Sdwm ckwpfcg
wnf; ajymMur,f? reufus&ifvnf; vmcJhr,f? ckzkef;rcseJYawmh
pum;qufajymOD;r,f}
]r[kwfygbl; armif&JU? armifu olrsm;tdrfrSmwnf;ae
wm? olrsm;awG taESmifht,Suf jzpfoGm;&if b,faumif;rvJ?
reufusrS ajymr,fuG,faemf}
]r&bl; &ifNird ;f ? 'DrmS u oli,fcsi;f awGcsn;f yJ? aZ,s&,f?
olYrdef;r GefYGefYpdef&,f? aemuf &efukefu udk,fholi,fcsif;
wpfa,muf&,f 'gyJ&Sdwm? bmrS tm;emp&mr&Sdbl;}
]&ifNidrf;u azazhudk apmifhMunfhae&wm}
]wpfavQmufvHk; xdkifMunhfae&vdkYvm;}
]tJvdkawmh r[kwfygbl;? wpfem&D wpfcgavmuf aq;
oGm;wdkuf&if; MunfhMunfhay;&wmaygh}
vGrf;avunif; 289
]'gqdk wpfem&D wpfcgusrS cPxNyD;oGm;Munfh? ckawmh
qufajymOD;}
]tdk; ...ZGwfBuD;ygvm;? &ifNidrf;u b,ftcsdeftxd
ajymae&rSmvJ}
]reufav;em&Dtxd? reufav;em&Dusawmh ud, k f ...
tJ ...armif ...&ifNidrf;qDvmcJhr,f}
][,f ...tJavmufBuD; ruJeJYav? w,fvDzkef; rDwm
awGwufvdkY aoa&mhaygh}
]raoeJ?Y tJ'w D ,fvzD ek ;f cawGukd ud,k &f iS ;f ay;r,f? 'Dv
twGuf w,fvzD ek ;f bDvpf m&Guv f m&if ud, k af qmifay;r,f? uJyg
...'gawG ajymae&wmeJY vdk&if;udk ra&mufawmhbl;? tck
b,fvdkjzpfvdkY armifhudk em;vnfoGm;wmvJ}
]tif; armif[mav ...aeEdkifwkef;uawmh aeEdkif
oavmuf onf;csif;awmhvnf; olYtjyifr&Sdbl;? 'Dvdkarmif&JU}
nBuD;rif;BuD;usrS tajctaetajymif;tvJawG x
jzpfukefaom pJGNrJudkMunfh 0if;aX;ESifh aZ,s tHhMoaeMuonf/
taMumif;pHkudk olwdkYvnf; odcsifaeMuNyDjzpf\/
][m ...eifharuvTm;wJhrSyJ? rNyD;Edkifawmhbl;vm;[?

avaMumawGuvnf; &Snf&SnfEdkifvGef;w,f? tararG;wkef;u
vQmcsnf;yJ ckepf&ufavmufqJGxkwf,lxm;&w,f xifw,f?
rajymcsifbl;? wpfnuJGwmeJY ESpfaygif; ckepf&maqG;&w,fvdkY
Mum;zl;ygw,f? q,fESpfuJGwmeJY aemufxyf q,fESpfvHk;vHk;
w,fvDzkef;csnf; ajymMuawmhrvdkYvm;vnf; rajymwwfygbl;?
uJ ...ud k a Z,s ...vk y f r aewJ h a wmh ? uRef a wmf w d k Y o m
Mum;xJu tdyfa&;ysufw,f}
aZ,suvnf; NyHK; ...
]at;Asm ...oHk;em&D xdk;awmhr,f? olwdkYuawmh
ajymvdkYqdkvdkY MunfvdkY&,fvdkY? usKyfwdkYrsm;usawmh enf;enf;yg;
yg; em;vnf&atmif tzufvkyfNyD;awmhawmif vSnfhrajymjy
awmhb;l }
{nfch ef;u ukvm;xdik rf mS ikwwf wk x
f idk af pmif&h if; aZ,s
ESifh0if;aX;u *sDwGefawmh\/
pJGNrJu tukefMum;aeojzifh &,fvdkufonf/
][if; ...bm&,fwmvJ}
&,foHMum;oGm;aom &ifNidrf;u wpfzufrSae vSrf;ar;
\/
pJGNrJu &,f&if; ...
]r[kwfygbl;? [dkrSm aZ,swdkY *sDwdkufaevdkY &ifNidrf;&JU}
][kwfvm; ...bmwJhvJ}
]bmrSr[kwfbl;? &ifNidrf;eJYarmif bmjzpfMuovJqkdwm
ar;rvdkY xdkifapmifhaeMuwm}
]tdk ...[kwfom;yJ? olwdkYvnf; odcsifrSmaygh? 'DrSm
vnf; pdk;pdk;u &ifNidrf;ab;rSm ikwfwkwf armif&JU? &ifNidrf;wdkYudk
vGrf;avunif; 291
awmh uJvScsnfvm; atmufarhawmhrSmyJ}
]uJoifhvdkY uJwmyJ &ifNidrf;&,f? ck[mu abmaom
abmausmfb0vdk tajctae? tcsdeftcgray;bJ rdkufrdkufrJrJ
uJMuwmrS r[kwfawmhbJ? ykP0wDeJY ukefonfvl0ifpm;b0eJY
uJMuwmyJ ...uJoifhygNyD}
][if; ...odyrf uJeOYJ ;D aemf? olrsm;u tazhupd t wGuf
cGifheJY cPjyefvmwm? EdkifiHjcm;jyefoGm;&OD;rSm}
][m ...rjyefeJYawmh &ifNidrf;&m}
][Jh ...rjyefvdkYawmh b,f&rvJ uav;&JU? usKyfu
&Siv
hf kd tvkyrf &Sd tudik rf &Sd aecsiw
f ahJ e&mrSm aevd&Yk wm r[kwf
bl;? [dkrSm tusdK;taMumif;ajymjyNyD; tvkyfuxGufoifh&if
xGufNyD;rS jyefvm&rSm}
]'kuygyJ &ifNidrf;&m? tJ'gqdk odyfMumoGm;rvm;awmif
rajymwwfbl;? udk,fu bk&m;NydK oGm;csifvSNyD? NyD;awmh [dktdrf
u tdrfcef;av;xJrSm [dkwkef;uvdk ...}
]a[h ...awmfawmh ...awmfawmh? &Sufp&mawG
rajymeJYawmh? tJ'gawGu NyD;oGm;NyD? bmvJ aemufxyf acgif;uGJ
csiaf o;vdv Yk m;}
ESpfa,mufom; tm;&yg;& &,fvdkufMuonf/
ajym&if;ESifh av;em&Dyif ausmfvmMuonf/
tjyifbufwGif vif;tkPfa&mifeDrsm;yif ysdKUvmNyD
jzpf\/
eHeufcif; at;jraom avnif;uvnf; aZ,swdkY zGifh
vdkufaom tdrfa&SUwHcg;rSae 0ifa&mufvmonf/ odkdYaomfvnf;
onfavnif;uawmh vGrf;avnif; r[kwfawmh/
wpfnwm\ tarSmifxkESifhwlaomb0\ aomursm;
eHeufcif;tvif;a&mifESifhtwl Nidrf;at;cJh&NyD r[kwfygvm;/ /
BudK;pm;ygOD;rnf/
EGrf*smodkif;

Nwamjartiaing (Lwam Lay) PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nwamjartiaing (Lwam Lay) PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

http://www.cherrythitsar.

(jr0wDrif;BuD;a&; ...cGmjymoif;ywfysKd ;rS)

pJGNrJu olYudk,fydkifpD;awmf,mOfav;jzpfaom xqifxl;

twdwfqdkonfrSm ukefvGefcJhNyD;aom tcsdefrsm;u

]jrefjrefvyk yf g taz&m? uReaf wmf ausmif;oGm;csiv f NS y}D

]aeygOD;uG? tck rif;wuf&r,fah usmif;u bmudp qm;

a[m'DrSm BudrfvHk;awGYw,fr[kwfvm;? 'Dausmif;rSm r[kwfwm

]at; ...t"du q&majymcsifwmuawmh rif;wdkYvdk

]tJ'aD wmh rif;wdtYk m;vH;k [m NrKd U*kP?f &Gm*kP?f Ekid if *H P k f

]a[haumif pJGNrJ ...ajymavuGm}

ausmif;ay:rSmawmh bmrS rjzpf/

rqifrjcifESifh olrsm;udp 0ifygrdwm rSm;NyD[k aZ,s

pm&if;csKyfvdkufawmh &ifNidrf;u ajcz0g;rS ykvif;uJG&S

i,fb0av;awG jyefawG;rdwdkif; ...pJGNrJ&ifxJodkY xdk

]aeygOD; pJGNrJ ...rif;u bmpdwful;aygufvdkY 'Davmuf

]awmuf ...emw,fuGm? 'DESpf wdkYausmif;udk ajymif;

][kwfom;yJ pJGNrJ? &ifNidrf;ajymwmvnf; trSefyJ[m?

aer& xkdifr& qdkaom pum;\t"dym,fudk pJGNrJ tckrS

]tJ'gu bmtcsdK; csdK;aewmvJ pJGNrJ? eifu bmoabm

]eif wu,fajymwmaemf &ifNidrf;}

]igpOf;pm;vdkY&wm wpfckawmh &Sdw,f pJGNrJ? jzpfEdkif rjzpf

]a&mh pJGNrJ&m ...ighudk &GufvSyef;csnf; q,fckepfcuf?

]uJa&mh ...eifvdkcsifwm tukefvHk; &cJhw,f &ifNidrf;?

]tJ'geJY rif;wdkYESpfa,mufvnf; &nf;pm;awGjzpfoGm;Mu

]tJ'g bmvkyfOD;rvdkYvJ pJGNrJ}

tjcm;udprsm;udk tomxm;ygOD; ...trsm;olig

pmoHayoHrsm;jzifh a&;xm;aom tzGifhtrSmpum;udk

vufrSwfxkd;NyD;aemuf vufrSwfatmufwGif aeYpJGav;

]bmvkyfaewmvJ pJGNrJ&,f? eifuvnf; Mumvdkufwm}

]uJ ...a&mufygNy&D iS ?f a[m'Db&k m;[m &Sio

]t"duawmh tJ'gygyJ 0if;aX;? igwdEYk pS af ,muf&UJ tBu;D

]&ifNidrf;r&Sdbl; pJGNrJ? ausmif;oGm;NyD? vmOD; ...eifhudk

ausmif;a&mufawmhvnf; &ifNird ;f udk rsuEf mS raumif;pGm

pmu wHk;wdwdESifh &yfoGm;onf/ pmatmufrSm cgwdkif;

awG;&if;awG;&if;ESifh &ifNidrf;\0rf;enf;pdwfu a'go

]awmuf ...tJ'D&ifNidrf;udk igvnf; rauseyfbl;uGm?

aZ,su wpfwpfcGcGBuD; arwmydkY aumif;csD;r*Fvm

]uJyguGm? oabmuawmh rif;wdEYk pS af ,muf tJvjkd zpfNy;D

]eif odyf&ufpufwmyJ &ifNidrf;? ighudk wu,fyJ arhxm;

]iguvnf; olwdkYajymovdk ynmpHk t&G,fa&mufwJh

]tm; ...awmfygao;&JU ...olvmvdkY}

]tJ'Dudpu aocsmoGm;yvm; pJGNrJ}

jrovGeb f &k m;\ apmif;wef;txd qif;vmvQif apmif;

]tJ'Dawmh eifu b,fvdkjzpfapcsifvdkYvJ? &ifNidrf;? ig

]tJ'gqdk rif;u aemufrS bmjzpfjzpfqdkNyD; ZGwfrdkufawmh

]'gjzifh rif;wdkYESpfa,mufu ...}

]uJ ...&NyD aZ,s ...armif;awmh}

]uJ ...cifAsm;wdv Yk nf; pdwyf ifyef; vlyifyef;eJY c&D;yef;

]&ifNird ;f ..&ifNird ;f ..x ..x ..xygOD; &ifNird ;f &,f}

tarSmifxrJ mS toHrxGuaf tmif owdxm;Ny;D prf;w0g;

]tJ'Dwkef;u Mum;vdkuf&wJh &ifNidrf;&JUatmfoH[m ig

]'gjzifh ckudprSmvnf; aZ,s ...olYudpol ausyGef

]a&SUem;rSm ab;uyf&yfvukd f 0if;aX;? NrKd UxJukd ig armif;

]tJ'gyJ pJNG rJ ...rif;qDukd zke;f qufajymawmh tJ't D rd rf mS

][kwfw,f udkaZ,s ...rr&ifNidrf; tdrfrSm jyefa&muf

aZ,spum;qHk;atmif em;axmifNyD;aemuf pJGNrJ ...

&ifNidrf;u olYvufrS em&Dudk iHkYMunfhonf/

idk&zefrsm;vGef;ojzifh udk,fxJrS rsuf&nfrsm;udk jzpfap

xdkpmxnhfNyD; wpfywfausmf ESpfywftwGif;uawmh

]pd;k pd;k ...pJNG ru

]rru oleJYawGYp&mtaMumif; r&Sdbl;? b,fawmhrS

]tJ'Dawmh rif; bmqufvkyfrvJ pJGNrJ}

]vm ...'DrSmxdkif pJGNrJ}

]tJ'aD wmh rif;wdtYk m;vH;k [m NrKd UkP?f &GmkP?f Ekid if *H P k f