REFERENCE AND MODALITY OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESSrf Unisty ry Hoe, Lodo 1 (© own tne ra 171 CONTENTS By W.V- 0. Quine ‘Quismncinos neo Cats Conners ‘by agin Fades by Suu A Kripke 7 seman Quer MoDAL Loos yp Laon Lins (Qowemans avo Proven ArrUoes by W. V0. Quine ‘Quiscarane Ie bp David Kapian ty Jaakko Hist ur by Alonzo Church ° ‘Norse rr CoraonsINTRODUCTION Za fue of moder la Galt wit ep of hw a inoter works about te same tine, Bertrand Rese fit Galt ith te protien i 1903 in “On Denoting” But Preps work wat ly ne diol uni ney the mile of ht sent. and althogh Rese “Ther of Desspons was anything but ignored aplication tothe robles ofthis tome were ot pen spec ation ail 19 when The problems which conseed Frege and Rassl ere revived nd acelin ew porpectnes by Wile Un Oman Quine beginning ney Thy yar ag. Inthe eal 1540s Quine unc an tak 0 the on opto loge nomty and raed nations wich be basse eed ‘spned up ote pres ay The paper ints von, exept paps Soul Kapity ae all ect opener to Quine's work and te fzopty ls buts part oft furberexeave Metus he fallt of nthe trodcton I shll sy something abou thse vies of Quine’ and thee of hi ies and er My aim to seq he rend ‘rh he sin nus ofthe colection and to date some rapes a {ithe popes a tochel pon al setine an ear tedoct te et wihout his supporting muon An lntodoton cannot bea tibet for the bok. My goal ely to provide ata, A fundamental principle goversing ident, says Quine in the ist of tis pps etl er eh of my. he ems of re se Imo of ety ar seryhereinteraint,saerae arly {he pence ssed than one fd ces contay to The evenly ‘Geer = Tul wil ot apport he substation of Car for Tallin uly" conse of ve ter’ This t's pemine pram tr _batiy wrongly applied to en a content in whch they do not fe ‘snply’ to hee oes "Tal" contts of ie Ite? atshout Cero (= Tully tat stout one of hit ames. Lapse of ustuvily tert reel tat he ocurens ofthe nun splat wet ‘url ‘fern’ ec ‘the tstanant depends oot ely onthe oe, Plo ths form of he am’? Quan oly he ot tant eee which toms ean fail f arly relent cosrene, Conse Pa Tats that Tepucinps it Nisin’ Mise of sary wil | {Shs fom ths end "Tegucigalpa =the capa of Honus o The | fascood, "Pip beleves tat the cpt of Hondas iin Nearagu, Bere opin, fr Ouve, flr of sbsuvty only sympomate af “Tequcigapa's’ fale ef party refentiloccumeose atte pace svbsion. the contexts unsiare thats and “oehevee that rien og quota amy | Saisnmat which famed by enbeang Sint cet i unaware tally opage. Logt modality proves tether expe. (1) 9 iene gente tha 7, ) The suber of planets = 9, tre te, but abtuty would be saplis o thm to aie atthe fatchood " (The numberof planes snes restr than 7 Aficion of modal contests by refereilopucyreoers quatied modal ogi very obscure Bins forme eto gun) Be Fete tally opaque contents. We canot go by exe acai fom we (4) Gok ie neosanly grete than, (4) cts clear sens. "What i this number which according 16 (4) ecsarl) greta than 7, Acorn (0) fom which was ee a8 thatthe nme plnete tt spon th would conte ‘ii et) te ity ste fcc Sonnet of jr en fo Wg than aby (Set amy ops em ke ene spose in) but aon @)- Hebe te derenein rath ae between (1 and 6 athe otscaiy of. The mol Hoga, sade a be ‘thts commie toa metaphyseal view, Arietta exe Ea to'ive a cae accondiog fo ich anny and couingent ropstis do blog inchs itt of her med of pecan, {Tec aa Evdely’, es Quis, "is evesion to Arora ‘stam srequtedifquaieton to moda conetsis‘oteissted (at He conchida, io mich he wore for quatied adele ‘Arthur Sly espondet these arguments of Ques contending batty wer falas turing 0m Spe ambi of dnt Gor fons in modized statements. Proper deplajneat of Russells Theory of Dawipions reas @) to hive fo nonautlet inepeinions Secording us the scope off conaioed dette deception ken Inge or sal With he cope large(3) flo rom () an) ba tat it ligt for so understood, sy Smln ts te. ()with Sal Spe ‘cored is contained depo, nad fale Beto oncogene of (yan @) so aga, a0 peradon. uth Brean Mares fob ofthe ploneing foundes of quand ‘mol loge ose defends hr Work sgt Que’ tac. Sb does hi ftom te vate point os gener! vor abon exesonaly, For be, omer in depres cls pricpc extensor) ly {rindetlyinposes estos on he posite vals of he uncon Varnes sch that some iteslosal factions ae pried or (9) in the consequence equating dently with «weaker fr of guy lens Iw dent eat it inet, doe come eres 3 adhe number f plant ae dace wi npc othe ok of preatswalabe seal reine lope bat thy feome dices With the adision of oda petites. Heng fr rs Mates a fallacy fo spore het (2 support bation of forthe numb of Pact fnmdal eons ch as (1). The ently pn a) he ih, snot tnd fore deni’ bt «nese equvlence aon I Sipser terme were fake, however inprobaby, a genine Prope fares, ton @) woul indeed efor be ue ety: bu tbh se teens woul he eer tert, 9) would bth be ra a fellow from is prem. “The paradox she sos “eapomes” Mis Mare ike Soul, ie ivan Ruse’ Tieery of Deerponn, fut aster part of he theory. For Rusa foo 2) ota tue Met fins i contains & dene dexrpion. In er appeal o genie proper fumes, rs Marcos ain ars back to Russell Like Sealy she does ot sonfon th nse of eset ner Pape ‘Quse hat repli 10 thse objsont at flow: “Note to bala ithihaifwearete bing oot Resa aston eseopes wernt ake‘0 conraing spins of Russ context ent of esp on But nen the dnp na non-nbetate posin, on of ‘mocenrg lei ocean gg ee ‘Guaitying into a nn-satuie poston. So the appeal scopes Econ does not jy ea uation it jabs the qeston* ‘Qi’ sond reas fo ting the esr fo the Theory of Dee too in feof mindy re it eyo he "sma of pe Gate Accoraing to Quinn al outa sngle terms sre elinble ie Favour of earl terms and Bound warble. So fren opt Is torch wrtying about mst show ie yrptoms wha tbe constant sings In eons ae ge, The argument sats qomtjng ito opaque con tex can then sl be made Take the seatence (5) Ga (odessa xis od), . ef singular ee or than vals, We en til sei thing nuendo specng them by daigation we spec them Dy ‘Soins that onigacydetermie hen On tis approach we en ti ‘Sallenge te coeretee of by aking tat such an bye x be spd. One anner she OBNGermyaysyty But that stone nurber x i uniquely determined ako by tis eierent endian ther are lane Ye() etal" sed” an tha evidently SovningSaessearly 2 "while "tere ae» pase” does 90. (6 and ihre are planet eiguty pel the sae object. Doss that jet very GPF We might anger jer if me start from (6) sow fotas “eis od But wear fro Yh a x plat we Wl newer oo since tater speition doe not eal oi. Ths Wee ue to spely an ebjet whi vere (3). The we of ere Bing ‘bjt whic assy 06d leaheret. The only recourse fr the ‘ada lean eto eset sezoring to which (0s geomane to (Gpsinc spree object etutly whe thre ce pls specs {hat sume jet soxdently and thas elevant © (). ‘Ofte suitors ppeicing Here, Dagfion Foal srs 1 compete seca with Quine Hi paper dels ith canal ater than lead ‘ola, bu scone nly wih fetes wich the two sodas ‘are "Fo male the palin bere tho eguncts and those of ‘Gaie apparent, tesa Quins wording will bewed wore poe aN ena “ta, yp INTRODUCTION “oe eae with cna ney have he on reeentil opty. ‘Sopp te isa elo atl wh dik Wo ire sone La ts pose urter fa st oe rn has run fom tt wel man toon npn pat tine Then posable tt (is caualynessary that te man who drank rom tht well fet potoned Wis ao tre tat, (6) The man wo drank from hat well =the man who was bor np Bt i ito) a), i abe tat, (0) 1s causally seceasiy tha he man who was borin pat go Attenpied qunistion int) ie (G0: 3s) ica ese tha x gt psoed. ‘Hope, what this objet ht got prone? The man wo ak rom fat the men who wa rns pat 1 Batt supposes sre cts ith he fat hat ©) ae olka eplovs various way of makig ab oosst proposition of (a, fas lenin te quan Tale of xsl messy. One ssh Way bsogesd by Fege When Frege ce to del with opague ones (hr caled them ‘obgue, he desde at aes thr eared o thee Sraay senses and bot ther ordinary references Suppose that ity Slee whi ae not merely tue but neces rue mst contain {ermswosondony ssa are te se Progen et, lwo pec tn ettyconiton fr seen) Then giea Fre principle entlying ‘tine erence with ordinary snes, acermy sent statemens Would Sc subway cantons If we now fbr suppose that line att statements are ses tr lou purported apis St Is referential pay of nessy Wil be one Ge and sly ‘Alone time Quine thought that by intesonaliing the vabes of our sis we woul ener sll on ates cesta te abd oct the my to quanied moda log. In a stnementadéresed to Rudll ‘Cau and ube In Mowing and Neely, Osis aoe tha ch aden to a ns toy, wth xtson of extn Sioa ett ltogter from to ange of aes of the waa, inde! an eecne nay of onlin oasieaton and malty. The. INTRODUCTION cases of contcttemeenguaniention sod modality depend on extn Snax values vrais ta your ob anguage we ay unhetaagy ‘qaty moda beacons ave ar roped rom mong he alos ef the vari; even te niin othe Cncete word Save Sapper, evng only th eos Behind them” The purging of conc India om the uniere of dscoune, Quo thug, ‘oul ave wth intesionl ojos one of wick cut bung ‘ese by alternative condone hat fl of lop equvlen, Tam vuble to contuct «passe argument thatthe piaton suggested by Quine would fave sich bel omeguenes, At any Inthe was rong sb hs ad he ay so “As emer fat, ‘roms charg tht guid mol lp cao tlt nl iatrsons {id not chases or indie na smite o begin with Te ten slow to but th prot Inga” Seppo the onda ° niu to determine th ott. Then wre ay tu ot ped Dapp pe avo uy dnc = Ba he con hes not dpe pos the extstonay of so Inrange ‘thos ftv wl ot nade ‘Scpye Chat we goat th ter wn round and sil exe those bjs rom oor donaln of souse which dni of ung senstions ty condita which fof meenry equate. These pases tobe sty. abecton to. uaniying Ino oda posdon, The we legis gumntaton into moda poston by posting hat whens se of to pn seatncs unig) tenes ne ante se ost [Eile semeres are equivalent by neo" We ean put tht pai: ‘ating posta ths, ee and “Greater open set fences and Px and x onli shot fr“) (wand en = = 3) (QD) 1 Fe and x nly and Gr and x only hn (comariy (0) (et snd ely tw), ‘But ths pox amnties modal ditocon slong with the elie talepacty of mses Lets or an rene ca sw that "Nesey Let be any objet ad ee x= Tis (2 Gand x= and xoaly hati eet ya cua, 2 et. (Ct The Ft of mee Qa hs Yor: Random He, p82 fol ant Oe Wass Cache ts SLE Pa NG Yok ad ode Wega Se ng (9) x= yand xen. ‘Noss in our yosaas take Fs at 'p. = yan"! a" fas om 12) aod (3) hat, (08) Necesiy ) ((p aad » = 3) and onl if» = 9 (04 ples pany = 3) and ony ty = y whch impor Sine what top yt easray eth a ecosy eth (pis Ta goss p-QED. Moda Siénconscolapn” Polls! tele tiesto in is per, wating apply fo oul rater Un gil Sh at hay propndbaning bay. in ede fo gain qutied mada Inge Dut Fetal apes tat or tissu in modal conte abundon quanticaton ar wel ‘Qaoticatio nd subi Kent go Band in and” The ae ‘met flown. Suppor ne oa substudy, eying 23a ole of inference nod contents The tiesto for hs that a0 ‘uty "r=" may be rs the word td aot run some nga peace oth wot an rw nee geal oni steraative otis wor then fers wal so be eset) [usubsitte in mod cones) Tis mean hat what compos {rev.in sword ee several be or one a some olay ps ioaay. eg, GONE Mian hat everything asc ati as Fi all ont wrk, Does have Final ponibewords? This question kas no ‘Emus nce a blot it unngue orenes inthe posible word ‘Murer yb fae Ts in ort ae sense of guanseton Boil conics we must sue that ll tro en statements be ae {Sry ruses amount the roqurenet at ey be unter ssa : Testing sustty io modal contexts ltersonaling the sabes of ie arable of bd loge are en ant fave te desod ‘ess Folesdal propo a thin llr rescons onthe costant Sigal teens o thee complet lation. He ren, prada, Shy inising om the “pncy of psatee” andthe aay fa Sigal tesla four of general em and vale, Qui = an Tei oe ned the road for mda lope” Geng back onsINTRODUCTION sings ernst cer hat thay anew dicty only when they change {ta reference rom posible wr to posible wort, Ths th suber of Manet bine nth world but not mate possible aera fH. Jd gently ths wil be rw dfs dass tn ore to void ‘aes of esbatity we se only regu to ecto soc rms and «2 ‘ie tac aliwterng ero tec rocinl oib Tigi trns only tome deerptons whch kp the sme dsipon in'als. pouitle yori’ These rosrcon pps 1 all singular terms, cosant and aril. Nove of th ofcourse ots seta, Katies implemen Allowable ones tach te tsaac of ngs and ‘hms dono, So Quite, "Ths pn Fasc se feral sp ‘tetaiowof ih sentian wh have elt the ceo gunning Itt opaque consent" Fala ages. evelopment in mol loge took sew esto ine mide 1950, ‘Moca! lope ws povided wih i omnis (ode tor) In eras of {hs aera vaio poten sah a that of compen could be formulated ad sole. Sul Kap’ pape oes sets for quant fed modal loge and Jaakko Hint thes te Job for the propos tonal tig, Kil nt potent the forms eta las Boh papers lreenpstory and he reser anf compact presentation of KHRRe's Iodc i the fist appendix of Terence Paso paper Stl an fora Tear account may bof be “We begin with de ean x mode src whic ta ore ple CG TO,K na noenpiy st of which Gran lenent and Risa ‘eho dtd on Ke atively Kw the et oa psube worlds, Gis {heart wold aod is the ation of reli poslty Toy hat ‘ne world b pone rate to ano to nya watever un fhe fomes i possible inthe ler, Thu stanly i reque vo be Infleie since hat is tre n+ possible wotk H is pole a H. A (uaa model ar 8 ode strstr together With 2 Fe fon pich aun to ach H east pH) Intel, yD ithe se of fads existing i H (say any from pease werd to posible wor). Forte seta of quand soda log the relevant eres Tout each posible word ae wich tings ext in that wo and ‘rN things fat in the extenses ofthe pedlates im tat wo ‘Wt ep to, tings are lowed to fll win the extension of = Prone a posible wo mach do not according to () eis in at td bu oes in another world possi relatively oA model ona Te sactre) Sint fs) and ten dfs indo a rth vale Tes fou An cach metdH clave to a signet of bjt {nih aed nor est to th fee vars of A. Te quae of (tRtgc oly oe object ensign HL Fora modalaeé cose sentence A ‘dealin {NA i te lathe word Aan aly A is tue in ery won ‘sich sa posable worl lately tH ‘Actsed sentence eld wnt jut incase it sr in Gn ey Iovel os evry model ste. ‘Soe gh spp th if quand nada og Ba is semantics in eons of hich Completes Gant proven, the surly there cannot te Sein further questions of Ierpreation remaining «0 that sit ‘Goss qt ca beet se, Bur fecreton of the be sans as fot ereioted the poouopial eookover}, though the ues bare ‘Bhargooe rfomalaion. The question now aries ast th ligitiy Uihenemanten There wo gueton of couse, soe soundness of he ‘Silman rest rat the ean costeed a aerate hota Thos bo leaf sty about te pl Cy Ky > consting Es nonsapy st Kea dsingatd element of Ut st Gy and a reese ‘inion & dete on K Dat hs strstr roids an account of modly tat ss ep the st of posse words and as relate posite iy and G se aca worl So the sractre mast ave am inte ‘oe lating to nee, and the pilosa controversy coces he ‘nity of the elvan aions. saat log on Kigue’s seat, and be ees up GPP emp Teed Parsons Gstnpshs evel vrs of essen and weve ‘Shas in wich modal loge might be eaemilod tI. He fds modal ge enon ss agae’, bo sj “ht work in quantified aig met mot en eos he meen of int “Wish tlogy 2 nately to th eit tat mot ocean one thing Tod have cm, and see eecar sch tne! Iria ae oot roi from sig. HisGicusion is conered solely wih eer [hence Pasonsrecopsize hati ndidual esence which concern Sn the pean of ienlyng inddons sos posible wor Roughly, su objet inode word fomied wat an obet i note stl jt ince hey have te same vidual sec.arson imesttion cones a rand of eset about general sacs. The dose ols (oop that thee are general cones ‘hich somethings have nd whieh othr issn Asem of aed Inodl logis (peel cot ofthe tes oft Cs dete Fy Kripke) axrdig to Parone, cule of commltnent to eset inone or more of ce sess, Let meee be oe ough) hich geo and wich aries ecery propery tose tings ‘ich taser tht er tang nc. Thena en of gunned moc Tog Is comet to erential ati et ee Ir has omc eas tl sence ators thse, Paro proves ath ates fal of eset comment. They fai of comnts o etalon in he sxond ses a5 Wel According Yo this sre of gotied dl os commited o eet thas mo een sence {a teere, but neve gue het some etal sexe Be troe—in the seas tat these, togter with wom abo a neo “Gi) Tha sytem slows the frmulston ad) ths petppovs he ‘memfdt of soe eet ect The portance of th st seo commien’ thi. Although rod lg as be sown not to conned the raf este fam, i mut be commited to the meongiety of exenalion for quantfed mod! fog siply at sylm within whith ental ‘Ener are formule’. Ths geaifed nodal loi come to ‘Sail nse (Bu Poo bor hatte nd be nothing ‘bjeonnble otha Ui thought tobe objeto case tov {hat watlecondsions fo eel senso cannot be pico ina dee ‘inate and eat wa. Bust that notre The tte mol og Sian has spe method of tiga Snterinte nd natural) ft eins to al eset sentnse, That eto nae thal fle al Deoable wort. Frenom of commie in seve () and alt Fredom of any objet commtment inthe hi ses >My ova takes up the dotnet] exec wich Parsons Put aside. Two india are the sre aro posible wor i end fly I they have the sane inva exes Conse te manner ia twhicha model aig a tah va othe sence "@2)NF na werk TL 'GONFY fre ln H fan ony threesome thing wih ext tea toy fan objet fais ental wit an jet nant: po sible world? What th eterion of Katy acon posse wot? These qution ar reues fer eetono th ota of india ere So onecan gat l that Pasonsshows sn tl objeto mal Togas Involving usin an snintelipe metaphysis. And Quine ores tat ser whee the eset ale in soc stems at Reps succes. He si hie respons othe ey Of Davi! Rela i hs olune In any event Kapa and taeee icy epi ee Isa appli to parr. The et that ne a ak tyes entation of prc scree poe word, Ad the et of tat Ista we an mae ie ete of guuting ato ecesty cone when the aes tb variables prt = Se ination for Quine in th seman Tor modal loge, only Ido ot conc so ich the ‘worst for modal lg for hin Tern ee see in eis, Whence ‘etalk about what might have happened tos tig ba i ot we nv ‘hee of ta thing he sae hing in another pone woe whieh hat nigh have happened to it bat dd mot i the acto word) Tuppa If w ea understand tis languge about what mht hae been we an ide indiduls aos possible words, And suey We dO tdestod soc lk, east 0 Urge ay paper ‘Thy says dscused so fir tke neonsty as cen oft ut sheeare very lve sidnries beeen neste and what Rossel lod ‘popostonl tude ropstions atade are fr exspa belo, Atppauing. denying: acts which for Rasa, take propetions therobj. Beef mayb taken a typi of thet. Quins sean ray, dor olloming it inthis book dl with vron pert ofthe prope Siam aide The most prominet fete wich lagesl sees) ‘hare nth tlie referent ope. This aor nthe ample bout Philly and Tegusgaipe cted above. Thte i a inporant arene) in Quin’ atte to tee two cnet of opus carer He dons quid modal ogi ss commited oan urate mp, ad [can dots witha car coucene bean eft ta lence nd ‘utnatcs have ss for nee. The cons of El cannot has be mised as unineigi He ms, “What mates me take he pope tinal atiois more erway than logal modality a dren ene ot hat they are clearer, but that they ar es coy dpa, We and easly fren dlyrelrens to le, ending some sie iomas yer ufoeseen We ean mach ore eal do witout free “Ths pcp considerations of Ques second pope um om an uly i baie statements, Cooler "alps at someone is 8INTRODUCTION {BY Ty be pupae “arson who Rh eves 10 be apy, and represented ts, (05) Raph bees nt xs asp) Here “bleis ud to Rave ts elton” sens. Or be may have its ir ‘otooa’ sess, a which ue ou org ase my De pate sed "Raph eles thee ass” and repeated hs (46) Ralph toes hat Be (ei “Thence says Quin, “iva; indo if Ralph ie mot of (16) { uve and (5) fale (1 prsger a ae later mov. Quin Singasbes {vo sease of tte "unsparent (in (15) aod “opaque (otich i here called “otal, He sys, In my tata of Plat T Ainingusbed an opaque ands tanspret erson but in modal ope {tno farter than te opaque," 15) does at lavalve quotation Fo an opage ones fr tere bel ha i anna tse, "Yet for Quie, at sere od x brught out bythe loving story: Tom ise aly dot denounce Chile, Cenc il: To Iasparat sms, Tom teeves tat Ciro, tes Tully depounced (Cling and in hat sume sas he Bes that Tal i ot denounce (Ctlioe So ia the transparent sees Ton teres So ht Tally di sod hat Tully dd ot, denounce Caine. Quite sayy "Thi aot yt feltcoauaicton on our part or even on Ton or datnton can te erved between () Tom's Seleving that Tully idan tat Tally id ‘ot denoanos Calin and() Tom's tenga Tlly did und dd ot ‘enous Catlin" Th ody te poze re py for (17) Be (Ton bates hat x nouns Cai). (17) demands tha transact ese ofl Quine prefers aro quant ction ico tele, even tsspuren bl. “Ths in daa Bl a ‘ara tanspuren for th sake of "Stace i sh that Tom bles that he denouteed Caine”. we wou tatoo ma Thea some nes ast aut soar "Fam ble tat Cero denounces Calne ‘dst deny "Tam liver ht Toy denounced Catia” tte cose (0 that ectson—of "Someooe is such tat ‘Tom bees tate de ‘ouoed Catlin. In general what antd sata dctne of ant Farency or opty of bla, but a way of indenting seetely and hang, jst what poston inthe contained semen ar to sha Though a steal on any prize oxasan’™ Ta the cond part of his paper, Quine sug, provonlly, tof logy fag i Neocon ge eb oe esac nc rant whch its fe ‘om omg orate named ty pening varie cattee In lh sas ee oseusene; so 2 sp) the tbe syne ‘We name tighke degre intesons by prefng mull variables in he Sane fchion Now we can rcoai 2 dyads see of ele betworn & ‘leer anda propston, [And we can ako rope atid sete of tl holding between & Slee a atibute and an obj (09) Te baoes yy denounce Catlin) of a, (21) Teo boos yy denouneol 2) of Cro and Caine ‘With is appara, we can tess maitsin a poly of not quant lng Ito propotonal ade exprestons, but ao ke he fon of not quanyng nto name of intnsins We can til epresetreatona bel ae by (19) whch “Cw” cups a quan poxton In plat ofthe tosleome (1, we et the celine anprblene (21) cTom sleep denouned Cate) of), 1 eal thse unproblematic bate along wit (8, (1 and (2), coal are ofa neon, Tes, for Que, ce ‘sts of Tn the nal eto of is paper Que suggests a way of reining the srs ofthe above assis whe siding the nts "ned of "esting of eon wean pon of sees, nag ty a lees ht wemmyany1“ INTRODUCTION wrtelines 6..y Dots ve may ay ‘An argument aot any analy which takes ngs expeon bjt ofthe proporiona athe spt forth i the shor per Oy ‘Alonzo Church i this vlume. A stent ofthe fren wer tree in Lcanot convey the sume meaning ms one of he fom, ‘w bles that. for eta follows fon the ot ot boc of some entaneos information about the lngge Ly Church makes the Post by spel toa translation est. The seat "Meioag telleves that tae ae objets soc that tere ae no sich ecu doe not comey the sme information as ‘Meiiong bees be peopostion mean by ther ae objet sch tht Shere ae no wich jet i Ena ‘Thos go ino German respectively a8 ‘Meinng sla, dase Gegenstnde, son cme gt, des os lle Cepesands nicks Meng plat diye dasa, de Thar are objects wich that there are no ach ob af Ela eden, ‘A German speaker innocent of English get ety diferent information fom the German sstenca, 30 the Engh setnces ao covey i fee information, Thi argument does distur Quine tring does on the notion af synonymy. The ily be oe i aking ences 1 objets ofthe propositional tude is hat thre sntenes mast be ‘ered to langage he sneer contiing twa to hae tht ized semen, Quine ct pine inrantn for anges {otscr sifor itso, Thos he ds is bet flrs oes ‘be propostinal tides deste. Devel Kaplan, wth hs quantifiers, goss where Quive fast tad, ino the proposcnal sites, Quine ts o eat toms nal pages éentet mcofermiy with ies of them ae contest Gute ‘ion. Quotation, er Quin, he reel opagie cone po lee. In quotation, terms occur as mere azide af etna, pot _anylopealorsemantizlly evan ene Contatti ew with eg ‘Where Quieres an sche occurence, Peg so abut ated offal of etre, Frege oes wif of retrence. The context which Frogs cal “obiqu’ and Quine “opaque, Kaplan calle “tern The eccrenc of rine’ i Nie preter than ven euler aca ree, and I oeturrence i ‘Canine’ Ir an atime! uence, le occ a Noa nin pate th ov ere ‘en tens inthe contest of qotaton, according to Peg, perform ther rlrntal Tania He doe not hold tht they ar eve or pans acidens there pars of lange terme Ind the quotation Sus. An expression inthe context of quttion denotes ise On ths ‘er takes seas fo quan into the content of quotation an this the foundation of Kaplan's approach tothe poten of antag ine nee and prpeatinal itade conte aplan takes sentences wii the cope of nce and "ie wo cenote themes, inh aay they pe betwen quotes et tho words Using cores to represent Frege uote ad Grek verbs torange over epesion here the toting ob about (2) Ge numbers the planets nd Nts reter than Se), Whi simply fulb besa epresons o not amber planets. The {aya the Frgean formslaton appro ck he Kind af reoence of wre both within and without the ney cone this charactrtiof quand rata log. Thien canbe ‘recone By taking advantage of the fact ha ame slhough they {ot rumber pats, doo the thing that do: Kaplan ase Cres “emotion peeate to ata the Sed Conan beth ene Socs witha and without mods contents. The follonng corse What tring vith 2) (Gy) nutes the plane snd, and Na genera ve), ‘and heres obs bout C3) (2) (Cen and Nt is reat han fe, hh re ada ental, (23) iF vein of Quine (Nest greater than en ‘thine etre poston. The rouble now ith th corepond Ing Fegsn seson of (63) Nec’ = the suber of planets ins) (65) 3o(A(, nine) and Nx = the saber of planet)I tne numberof post ~ tb uber of ple ond ‘Ate neber of planet’, nine. ‘Athi pine Kaplan ntrodow an ies slay iat at by Ma Marcas ‘td Folinday, tndard names, Ths te names wich ae 50 ‘sey conned with what they nue that te could not bu nae Tsay tat such mare messy deter he ojo, shall ws ‘ay to symbole this more drinieng for of denctaon Tas Teds replacement of 3) with (ent) and Nts reser dhs ne) 1 he analysis of 20, nd replacement of 25 by (21) 3a, nine and Ne = the mabe of planes) athe analy of 5. (27) as he advantage of bing fie. Sie ‘Gtr fet Kapt's Frge eaten of ble a silane ion are avaable exept hat anos aon is meded foe the propos owl tudes, ha of st ae The alse fo fers of sand ‘mes and iid names, of couse, dos not avoid esata. Tt ex REFERENCE AND MODALITY W. V. 0. Quixe Oss othe inant pris sven iy i ht of ut Teprevides that, gen a re street of eit on oft terms ay yt neues contr to spose For xp he se (0) Giorgos ~ Batu 2) Girone was so-called bese fis sine ‘Bartell tens ) ato the falsehood: “ afar was sled case of is 6) oxo = Tal, (4) Cleo contains sc tess sets, but replace of ‘Yet bas of the pipe of suttavey appans gute sly what vera be sid about he person Ceo (or Gorin abou be ogy traf the person Tully (oF Baral), ths being the same peson ane ty te second tut (4 fe, Ine cate ofthe paradon reese edi. The ts that) is nota sate aboot he person Ce, spy abou he word ious! The pce of ube shoud not be extended fo Coates in which th name fo be supplanted ox witht refering Slop ote objet Pure of sabetathy rove merely tat the gp A cad den fh sane fod1X the numberof plies = the umber of planes ‘tie nanber of planet sn) A this pont Kaplanntredues an ea already hinted at by Mes. Marcus ‘mately connected with what they name that they cold not but name i hull soy tnt such ane est detente nod Ts se "Aa 10 ymbline this move daciatig form of notation” This Tee eepiscement of 23) nite ‘ed nloe) and Nt is reste than Se) be aly of 0, and reptcement of 26) by (20 3a, nine) and Nt 1 the ans of (5). (7) has the adhantage of tring fake. Siar tiie fact Kapss Frogean testent of belt and sel tion ae avaible exp hat another notion nnd for he propos tonal student of esa The anal in tere of anand mes and vd nes, of coum, doesnot avoid eet te the numberof plant) I REFERENCE AND MODALITY W. V. 0. Quine (fhe fname prinpes governing entity i tht of tn pan, i ight wel be led that often iy of eta pete that, gten ore semen of yo of it ve te ty bellu fo hohe any resent ond he ea lB a, is aye dee conteery 1 hie prin For example sate (0) Glorgione = Barat, (Giorgos was ral bec of ie ae une; however, replacement ofthe name ‘Giorgos’ by the ame ‘tare turns @) to the aaood tural was socal beet of ii. (6) Geo = Tay, (4) Cie contains i eters sue tus but replacement ofthe St mame by the cond turns fs. ‘Yet the bass ofthe principle o subttutvy appene gute so; wba thers bel abo he pean Cero (or Corio soul be equly {to af the person Tul or Barbar ths big the ane person. Tne ceo (0 ths paredor ress sf medi. The at tat) snot Salome aboot he person Cer, but spy about the tro ‘ions The pile of ubstatty hol not be extended fo ‘avccs in which ihe mune fo be supplied conn without ern. Sing tt obec Puuce of subetuty evel merely that the Bs Rae banterW. ¥. 0. QUINE scence tbe saps not pel) rfl that i, hat ho ‘teen! depends ot calf on te object but onthe fem of the mane Frits cot that hate an be fined abut the otjert reo oe then we tro the objet ty any oter ne. "An expression which comets of another oxpesion Reween sgl pots comune name ofthat othr exprosion and tis dea tat be ‘Surence ofthat ofer expression or prt of within the context (ot qute bot grovel reset fo pric, te occurenc of he ena mune win the ctxt of quote in) snot eefereat, Dot Eject to the betty principle. The pera mame sure thee ‘ery ara fragmento longer mame ich conan, bee this fag ‘en, he two quotation mark To make aston op spins! ‘mums within sich content, wuld bene morose arnt ak 8 ‘Stettuden upon the enn Sa wih the cont ‘at The example) ie ite mre sb, forties atonan about man {lle o and so bose of i sze. Neverthe fale of sot Ait shows thatthe cctrenc ofthe pnonal rae in (st prely {effet It easy I fat otras 2 nto apotbe tate whet ‘onan wo osirence of the ams One pry fret a the th (© Giorgone was ald “Giorgio” besa of his “The at occurence sporty reel. Substation oo Sons (5) ito anthar satement eal ue arts was cle Gi ot iss. “The wcod accurence ofthe personal name no more referent han {ny other core within antes of gust. TK would not be quite scouts fo eondade that an oecorens of ane witha sigh quotes is moer reerentnl.Conier he tater (6 “Giorgio played chw i tae ©) “Glorpon’ named chase payer, ‘ich of whi ste fle according a th quotations statement (9 Giorgjone played ees fens ofthe name “Girgone’ io @) rf and must make the tenis of "Gorgon in (9) and) steel bythe mae en, este presence singe quotes (and), The pot sb gue. fe bot ft ima estoy rectal ocscenc, et hat ios (ad ‘ary dot) estoy eefeatalootrence The eae (6) 4nd @) Svenceptiona in tbat he pei predates tte and tamed ave st of undoing he sngle quater sein on comparison Of (8) snd) vith. "To gelancrapl of another common typeof atement in which aes oot cor ele consis any pon wh i cllod Pip and () Pipi usavare that Tl denounced Cat, epg the condition: (00) Pili btoes hat Tegan Nira, Suton onthe bass of 3) trasfonms at the statement (QD ip unaware that Cio denounied Cai, bo doa fie. Soatittion on the hast ofthe ts ident ‘equelpa = capa of Honduras srusorm he th (10) eis nto the faced (2) lp beleves hat the capital of Honda iin Nira ‘We ee hfe that the oscnenes ofthe names Tol and Teg psn )-(10) ae not prety referent a thee fundamental const Between), oF (10, and Crass heard Tuy denounce Cate. This some ams «lation beter thee patton, and the penons Tanain esa indepen of the nares appl to bem. But 0) ‘not beconieed snp ax fing Telaon between hee pron, tor 0) elation beveds person, iy abd country a ee 0450 ong ‘Sve imerret oor worden ech say ae to amt) and 10) a ra td and (2) wf, Sone readers may witht conse unawares and bl a reations terwaen parson an tatemet har wing ©) and (10) in he manne (03) Rips unaware of Tul denounced Caine’,W. ¥. 0. QUINE (08) Philip betes “Tegucigalpa isin Niaragu’ Jncrderto put within context fing quote every no pus referentis ‘rsurrence of mame, Char args agin tls Ino going beeps ‘he conep of ani, conning wha we hive fl ign ‘i biagument cannot est ipl aie, or ae ele ee 10 {ake stand on te ater Susi os tht tere cai 0 now to recone 8) inte manaee(13)l4). What i inperaine 10 ‘haere mney Gat the cookenss unaware tated eves flat. rseble the content ofthe tingle quotes io in reject 4 ‘ume may onc rerenly in a atet Sd yet nt ovo eter {alin ange vasa wich fed by eben State contest ir amsware that” or helene tat. To sm up the suston fm a word, we tay speak of the conta is uonvare a= d Teles tat as referent page The sane se hecote ‘oowetat. » “njtat doubts supra "woul te dy Dut anezesary to force al eerenally opaque lets eo the quotation mol altrately we can TeSgace poten one eli opagie cote eng a mol cotexts"Necomariy- apd "Posbly atest when those te gente see of srt nosey and pty in Lewis oss logit According tote kt seme of ema tnd omy ese ‘eoments wold be regarded a re (05) 9s nosy peter than 7 (06) Nes here i on he Evening St hen hee i fe 02 ‘he Evening Str, (17) The umber of planets i poste tan 7, (08) The suber of planets i ecm grater has 7, (09) Necesiy here i ie on the Evening Str then thei ie on ‘he Nomi Sr, (20) 945 poss es has REFERENCE AND MODALITY ‘Te geal ea of sist modal i aud onthe putative notion of uy a follow a atone of te form "Nesom ie ‘abd onty i the component stanent whch “acer” governs Satie anstement ofthe frm Posy» ie fe and oni {be teulon ofthe component ratenent Wik “posiy’ governs lt, Ths (5-07 oul be paraphrased allows 21) 9>7 taal, (2) artes on the Brenig Str ten there i ie on the Evening Saris analy (2) The aun of plant ino than 7 ot yi, nd corepontingy fr (18-20, Tattbe coe Neesaly "and Posy. te eferetaly spageecan now be quickly sx or subetation on the as of te ro ete (21) Te nuterof plats (25) The Evening Sac = the Morsing Siar tums te ruts (7 int the foods (18-20, ‘Noe that the fact that (5)(17) are eget 21-29), and he fact dt a “Evening Star atid the pues of planet eecr hin ‘gotta in (21-23, woud ot of hemeles ae uted wn com iding that J" and “Evening Str andthe mane of planes” occur iefrenlly in (9). To argue thas would be ke ing he eq lene (sb) seviece at ‘Gori exer reerentaly In(@, Whnshom the osurenceof 97, "Evenig Saran the nimber ot ‘Batts tobe ieferenal i (15) (and a (8)-GD) the ttt {bation by (3)-23) toms the tah (15-47) Ino feos (ead the aod (3)-20 to tt). Soo, teas eared, may keto think of ©) and (10) a essing ‘amr fandmentalexrenon in (1) and (1) Ts the se spit ‘aay vil ke to Think of (541) a8 receing the more funda ‘preronn21)25}* Bot ha agin ranean We would ceraily ‘hic of (and) a sora reba ta), and we bed ot ‘ew (2)-@3) a ore Baa han (15){17}- What Ie snpotat ef ‘Sppeste thatthe cones “Ness. abd “Pony = ae, Cap, Th Love Sof Lana (New York: Haut Bras1. ¥. 0, QUINE ke quotation ands enw that. and "aves ta. ‘yom Te hur a is ty ate epi sgqe etc oir tpl eat gar ore Eve hao by puns omy te oe ra tenn ado wt tegen ong tee SUL the vale of the variables of quuncation, So i rfrenti M3 Bas em ner wong af tt show aoe a resin with qumutaton a wel a i concston wih sing ‘a the steno nt : “hs ceron tes ng aol gmcn Emp a he wait Naa Sete nama wine @ ramoral eponion ey, ‘daca, Something lo mortal. This the operation Wich was spoken SRitles weap esa wetow he gt eerste on mas rae ese ch ‘Set web tae y= ee “guar ek gustion Cot apes tome ro Thee no ch hig Pep fee emp do tier: (Be he oo ch ng tat The eng hh he 0h hing ao Th santo ch en Sin swe ho vrs egely unvaried he ce ofa saccade rm Cheeta oe Seoul ad GQ emus sorad cane of hat Somethin gin, they mo hope ty tte ante for sealed [Note in conta, tt existential pezaaton with spt the party ‘Sli ecaenc (le the sound coco (Ga) (mas called Gorin bese of is, tint ig “Somsting wa lle Gorin because fit! OO pom a Lala Potato Ven p19. yh pot was me Cae, a eral f Sy Lye, 7 ‘Te bl operton of tra toto i tat whereby we fe ‘oom "Becything ul, for oumps ori symo a) Gem 2 he nlson that Socrates = Socrates. Ths and exten geoeralition Sretsouspac ofa single primp fringed of ang hate) = 2) ine Soerates~ Sosa’ cold swe ht the denial Sorsies ‘2 Brcte inpns 2s) (ea, The pripleeboied in te erties ee ak between guateaon aod the singular steers Tieden arts Yr wap nate. elec. Is smply te log content ofthe dea tata given oceur- fence i relent. The princi for this soa, anomalous os a jon othe prety gal teary of quanta Heo the Toga import of be ct that angus er, ate fom the varia hal fae ar pronouns i connection wit quite, are dspnssble end ‘linia by parapiase ‘Wersja Bow the feet opagu contest @) fred under ‘xe geeralton Let see wha happens our ote referential fpageecontens Applied to th ocuence of the posonal ans in, ‘seal generation woul Ted (25) 3) contain sx ete, (20 Theres something sch hat i oman sic tes, orp: (25) Someting’ conti rc tars Now te expresso sea np 1 05) the oncrence of the ter within the content of quot fas isevan fo th ounifi tht pede ta the oats ofthese Teter nthe conten (28 consi ea of coos reseed by 28 leva quant. (27 Sar pa| | t | W.¥. 0. QUINE isu, and the pret tee i something suc ta irleant. 2), en, sae ity contains sie mean cotaias eat Sa i lea ebviou, sad cotesponsingly more inporant to recs that exnenlgeoctaletion unvnirantd Heewbe in tbe case af ©) sd (0) Applic i ads ‘Ga) Philips unaware that + denounced Cine (9) Something is sch that Pip is unaware tat it denounced What i this objet, that denounced Cattine witout Pi’ having lane evareofteft ly tats Cleo? But tosoppse tis woud (oie tthe fst hat (1) fab "Nea 9) sotto be confi wi Philips unaware that 2s) dence Caine th hugh it apps to be fa cgi tnighforvard end in 9 {ing of being itr by extent grain fom 0 “Ete ety mvohed Inte eparatconequnce C9) of ©) sec ater we ry topless fo node amen ‘Te appaeatcoteqoaces (00) Geis mssarly peat han, {2 Ge) (ones i there re on te Evenng Star he here ieon') of (1 and ris the sae goetions 8 dd 9), What shorter Shite teeing 000), nec gree than? Asoaigt (3), fom bach (0) was iflared, mas at the nanber of pass, ters mone ha won conti nh he fc oa) eT tek OTE ey gan ot a ai, ep onthe manner fergie number. ga, what the FPhone extece afr n G1? Acsodgt (1) om which G1) ese ate Eng Se hat rg al © Tppore is woud conic wt he fact at (9) abe Beng nee [SRI ex povsy ths ands in gtr not a at of te objet oa ‘Seed but dponde on he mance of eran othe oe. ‘Rott Go) td QI are no ob oid wh: Nexsaniy Bx) > 2, ‘Nesemarly Ga) there if on he Evening Star then tee ion 2 hi rot no prolen ofnterpettion compare oa etd {Goliad G1) Theatres oy teasntoly adage ae Esme ecg oom sms at "Wehadson inthe peckg ncton, ow feet opty mani tim conorcton hang erm abd he mi wich o then et cores ts big of i econ asin teal opty tune el none rter wih a of gato Te rove now arene rtronaly ope cet of arate agp gua, wth tv neon fa ger ta ele om Sree ferent opaurconte then wt we omen ed op Sih nitnded sec ons he pe 20°) aa tod we Chane in per propery guy unreal opie cote Steen of Guan td tessa” wan 0 le’, seamen that yale ny Nom. shy wee found etre opie te precaing scon by ‘Snhiciton ot te fae of sent ot ety A ples Spier ea Ta th pot scion thas cons tv beh oud ‘frtiliy pags yu eiron hig don longs ith sngar tse wth te sarge of unto The ar may Ie th nth ond ton ne have not ely sw rom ‘punta oeing tu qnnctonr G1) {el sl onan expan ity ttn he singular ts “aly aU Garo a te mb of pla vein Sand Moro Sur Atay thong tie expontry seen to cor od ng tem vt ray nS yrange meting {Snr of nant wy, Waster grr tu hr fy gen namber peer fan eb Sty Genes ayo avr cosiony ssn whichae'x > assay coeur tl me of hich do no One and fe me mamber* bly ‘Stent he conn (a x= VERVE VEAVE 09 byte condition: (8, Thre ar exsly plants, et G2) hae x > 7 a8 a meery consequence while (3) dose ot. _comary reir than 7 kes 20 sess taped 0 mndrx ‘sy ais only to the connection between '% > apd the puto Irmaod (2), as opposed 1 03), of spesing6 W.¥. 0. QUINE Smt, 1) wes meanings bean the sr f thing wich fl (G8) Ibe sie onthe Evening Star ten there fiom amet, «pal objet, can te uniquely determine by an of various ‘anne neal ot hich ve Gd) ar 2 secesary conequnse Nee ‘Sp ment of (4) makes no sense a appli to w py obet x5 cent eiaces at bs ont the connection bevens () and on ot erie parila eas of pectin = fe seporanes of recognrng eee pat snot cay oe stomud. We sei tha fret opacity an obstruct subs ‘tien, We now see hat soca ep qusntfestion:guaniers Shttte freecny opages constrain need have 0 beating 00 Savas nie Tha aan obviouin theca of quotation, wie the pote example: (Gy Cas conan ‘2, We ss for 20-48) how 4 unter spied to mod sestese mnt id spy toons, Nonsene deo are absence of 06 Tad eSaegybeveeted by stray signing some ene, Du Oh ‘ponent pot obser ht praned an uertanding of he mode ‘eeGatoug uncrseal scepter the ake of ergiment, ofthe under ing non otanalycip), and gven an understanding of guanization PoE ys cal ne donot cone ou stomatal with any Being {Se qoumded model entenes sich 83) Ths pol mist be taken ‘Brot by anyone who undertakes o week ut es or a sani ‘moda loi ; ee othe rouble was the rflrenti opacity of mods contests pat frist opacity pends prea te ontology ace, hat petuna objec are dred sponsible objets o reference. This | Eo Sean en fai by reverting fra wef the point of view of ees opucy nos exphned interns of fae of interchange Tiny omnes which mane te same oj. Suppre now me were ‘putea jets wy Ike 9 aod the net Ves, 0° Eveing St ‘Se tncable ym whic ful of terchargabiny to modal context F(a would oto swerpevay all amples nati ofthe opal of pt ebusagts woul emai na thus pried universe? An objec x bun to reve, meet hs codon: 3 a satement containing erential oxurrence of «nun of and" forsed rom 5 by sab ‘iting ay fret mame of, tben Sand "ot only st be aie in tek wl os they sland, bt rns stay alike i rth le even when cesar or pony is pred. Equivalent: pting ne mare of x fer sot in eny amc sateen art yl an salle Stones Tale any Ovo mes of x mu be sybony ous TT fant Venar au tata bjt led out bythe posesion of eronynos ares Vena, ‘ening Str,“ Mavnig Sta. Core ong tthe hee oarnes we sms modal context are no oe ‘zcataly opaque ecognie thos objets rather an oa—pethap the Yeousoncepe te Even Sinrsonarp, andthe Moring Staconep ‘Simiary aa ungue moe number between 8 an 0 ule ot by tie poses in of heros names ad the abe ofthe planes CConeponing to these vo sues went fméal cone tego be eerily opaque songine wo objets rather tha on; php the Sonus! tod the numberof piuneteconcpt, Thee concepts afe not Screener eben oo gate an The eure th ny two mans of be synonymous might be sen ssa restton not on th sabe bjs 2, Dut on the dsb har of singular teres, Soanch to wore, for ths Way of hrasng herein; weave heresnply one ore manesationof he super [Bulg f weaing cotlopet gietions fom the vslge pol of Spur mss Toe ea insight, dangar ao of beng obs, was bet: ones esa property pp tothe ann of eandtons By en ae Bll of ock hin Venus ce He name wich ‘toes the panes) apr rn spac ways of oping them. Ts nt was mat omen Srooge ost by coasawation of single Tims, bt i soot abroad ty thi simian. Let ue a0¥ fei the matt fo the out of ew of qoanication rate han single Tom tbe pont of vw of quntfation, the renal opeiy of ‘moa omens nes rete the meanness of sich antes ows 25 OO), The eux of te rouble wi (0) tat a umber = ty bs wg eerie by en ftw coins, fo example, 2) {nd Go) whch ave not acer, ht iy antl, equal 0 cha, Bat spore nom we were to sepa all ich eject and ‘Blo ony oboe such tht any wo condone wc deringWW. ¥. 0, QUINE ve amately elon, All examples soc as 2-61), suse the refrental opty of modal ements, weuld then be pepe ay would come to ake sense i uaa 0 say that tere am objet sd independ of ny partir mean of pcg mel sands would bao leita In short, to gun ato moda ‘ur examples suggest no objetion ogusntiing into moda ents sesTonga th value fay tables tus quan ae ented fo te. Sonl‘ojees, Tis tiniaton would mean allowing, fr parpore of Sh eatin ay ntsc oy ceca oa ual would man loving, or pposs of such quantization, ‘et mambers but only some srt of eons which ae slated Co the mbes ina stanyone way Furi wood mean alvin, tt sch guntntion, no coactete chet ut only what Frege elle ‘eres of name and Carma” and Churhhavecalindidoal ener {ive deaminc of ch anonagy tht he princi of ndidaaten of is enter varably the patie notion o sybonymy, Oa ‘Aci, ven rtd these bios entte, wean uly seth he expediting te vl of vast them ser all ake tor Ides not lave the orginal tity over quanlying into ood Shaan} on the contrary, examples ge ss Ustrbng as the ld 008 ‘an be addiood within he seal of itersionl objets. For, w ie anyinenonl objet, ay am atu, bp stands for an aby 65) Am (only. Ge= 1 Yet the resents repented by i ot ani ten tb it (G5; and sider are no te intershengeae a mel cotet thn a “Een Str end Moming Star or andthe umber of te ase ‘OF, sae te pout without eure to nga, tat th regula tl ald “eny to conditions snigaely tering re amnipealy equivalent not aswel erly taking as a ‘ntsnal objet. Fo, think of Fs ny condition niqualydetemio ing wand thnk ofp ae aty nana tt. Then “p-Fe uniguy tries ba e fot analy equalent to “Pe, sven though eran inesona bec, REFERENCE AND MODALITY Teas sy 1863 pope tat it jet to quantifying nto modal ‘ao, sod wa ale evi of tat Chas proposed the eed lining tbe varies tus quand (0 nasal alee TH ‘ely, ih have ost now represented as mike seed al ight tte tin Carmap atop tran exten form, liming the rings of Toasts o intial objets trooghot his systems He id ot inde dears his posure tar; he comple th pte by Tr ounngs cn Joule nterpeatin of variable. But Tha rp Sethtomleting es cml og od eer et By the tne Church came to peopound an ineasiona loge of his coe he peop spesated at uantexton nt moda context ‘Sid wot aera be egimized inpy by King he ths quand ‘aril ‘0 tension yal. Aaya i depute are mre ral Tnstad of nosy operstor attachable to ener, be asa oes Preise atacable fo comple sues of cea itensoal obj Sel popoidons What mikes te departure more serous thi orci in Chem ofthe corespondig proposition. Thus te il md Rowen ra oe ede in Chuc'y syoum esas we shoud ot ls sre of ‘ol log; Church geowaly id not. Aryy I ay coming di ‘soa be unerood a eating to modal logs only is te Barone fem whe the modal peat sachs t seece. ‘Churchand Carp ted anszonfuly, have js argd—to met sy ein of qunibod modal loge by rest the vas o hei ‘sable, Atha Snuhen ‘ook the alunatie couse of changing tay erick foal Hs argument depends on posing a fndmental ‘Gson ef names into proper names nd (overt or ened) desea, Thatproper oun nach name the sn bj are vay yao. ‘ous. (CL) below) He observe ute ight on te asanpins, Selanne wit ie (15-0) a 00-29) sow re of ‘ube th st prope? nex Then be undrakes fo at mats by fopoundg, it cmecion with mol cone, abd llration of ‘Het ofl Sher Seu Yok eee Na remy Si opww. ¥0. QUINE ‘sels fair lg of decripdon* As stem Inthe ora ace i real open rerio eckone wih ene Se iv cin singnr mr arctica ogee He ey ope of sossnng quested alge Us ree tee tat resents Saja’ rater than Chic in ong usm: ma ovale my eben, Kms costa a eng at gunn i oc cots mals Se ay a fie vane of uh quien be er en OE eyo ht ena anally equvaet 1 exch oe a ping te sono aid by G2) ad C3) an ais a cobs qusion manly grate aa doping an mun de tvard ea wf sa vag br fmmpe G3, and vauing Oe ways ft unger Samehow te ening th “se of te Ot cramale OD) yea rm eth spat of view, be ook upon co to tbe eject which 9 and the ser of te seen me cones OGD) ae td il ely £m get re ft et Pa a eran to Arsotianesenttn’” & regid oan motel contest assed om. An oe of aes eno, ast beech svg we of 5s rane nem contin, det eft tne ae Cis Pare aia om some ways oF spenyig the objet he so nate nye ot gctying fact wean sa i say qed mal loge a Dua to show sch aut ie San bj oe lb eb for esh hg 00 feo hand that (20 necsay (2 = 2 (67) ~ oss (p-Cc = 9h wer ands or eter contingent uth te Fes ately a aiance ath he en, favoured by Came ee er eplnngnecoty by analy. Fo the ape want can preted to distinguish enti nd acdetal ats ofan je at to how the ote petit bse. Yet he hrmpion of qnsid nodal loge mas sete for esentai, iting te ves of ives elie css oe sft Co justy qeuyeng the wrales ito moda someon Lining thet vet howe el have tha protein conjunction wth his ser sh wen i i ti ci a of fe un corespondogy nthe vee of th arabes which be i= erin al cote : “Toe gor pesented in Mis Barean’s pioneer papers on quatied moat oe fed frm th eyetem of Carp aed Chur ininposing no Tpeialliittions onthe valer of varias. That she was rare, mar ther to sep the een pespposions seems rte inte in bet { (styNbe= > (neces Ge = foc ian if to ay tat ore a et an in ft ost cp 2) the is that deemane tn ojet do so seco. The modal lage fh Ft lions Nise Barean ov oth pst Note foetal hat 8) Tis dey rom dew of beta of Went formats: GME = y FO > BL “The upiot ofthese reflections meant toe hat he may to do qn eck al ogee is tos Astin ene, To Std Festa Sil Nowee ao part fa pln och «pho oy av ueniabl by my Hight at by Carag’ or Levis. ca clon Ty, atta and Lewis have ot 30 mach the foe fo qunlited na ogi By smpltn, 2 uch the worse fr antl mal logs wl, me 20 nt pope to quay settee peta tne of at operon ass oe 2 ie tage ty suing mean HH ‘oe vores inode by the Iga modaiiss ae fated ao by sion a trot a pysed 1 cs) The er "the ec of eign 00's opage, te en for plo he ac tat he oe saan (8) The atu of cxending 9 = the aie of excending 9 cson nt the bod ‘oe den of excedng fe namber ofthe planes = the atbute of cing 9W. V.0. QUINE ade sbstitton sording othe rent 24), Moreover, existent fnerzation of (9) would led to (40) Ge) (the atte ofexceiing x= the atibue of xceting 9 eh nein jt de cen pei Yo G2)-G1) of) (1) s04 19). Quatcaton ofa sentence whi Cutaes ie varsble of gation win «conte ofthe fora ‘Heit of. =H exactly on & par Wh quanieaon of mo ‘Atte, as remade, ate indhiduated by this princi tno opeasettnces which deerme the sme cas do pot etn Sine sibs ules thy are snalyealyequalent Now noth pop ite of atin ely prepntion Ppeion cone SSnenss two wants eerie te sane proposition jt in ee the teva euralet he foregoing stare om atts obi ‘ply 0 proposes, The tat (41) The proposition tat 9 > 7 = the proposon that 9 > ros ove it he alehood ‘he proposition a the ber of the planets > 7 = she propos ner sbitaton scoring to 20. Extn gneaiation of Stier comperabe 2-01 and os ofthe tiny semana, and analyst poops wh seo ty at, opto, oa ole: be {nue we apes tt ty tery ply methyl poston wh they heranres woul arty condone Ir notenerthy hata Pin Nasa, we sia wee ni te Ach contests eceuring inthe core of formal work ae such scl feds wel by case ae by sts Al ata comes ‘rita! tthe sense aedy eae The shore of Pre Siahmarer ts edhe In frcice 10» pile of een ‘thi they ot eps nteey I tr ration had bon be Temi ave been Ueugit soon oan appociton of be wpeey ‘he prin te hee sxn how modal scenes, sibul ems and propoti eros confit wih the nonenensint Vw of Be unre. Be ast. REFERENCE AND MODALITY. en nnd hat hw xeon ee colt ly wh by ft gaint ty Sea ty ee pute que ae tee ‘Shc comin eet of uancenten:Werre ina i at Gitta ty G0 stow) hs gunn cot ena on ey festa sate yon one gure pes Se triode sar mol, arte omy sod popeen rt re fy carafe oben mith mille fe set Sted b fond of oly in tse pp tes ct 6st ay For er srs fr ep, pe soy an pag, St tn nal ee oma enon day a eth Aeros we cull tips wie ch metas He Be on ot eens wost pig lp se Se uen cols nay he cal enue co cea forest ue of fs eotarysat codon wins unten; ii aca fo spose ha become Snir ens foe fom Nutr sen insone cen ot Sens, Up te rent conceal Sedat anh tno ost ot To ata pe hens 0 py, say, we med quanto coming lee sols fn ato oqo a wor fu erg to te rsdn sgped we Seal on bre ocd ia gua fs te spntin hfs wow nvr © old deta Sesary frst ee x a Ya edt te the stale see fry wcn caso ane ‘Ary wy of erkaing tatementr thin ane, ee aed oo sone not ones free o's of rosy {eRe mt cvfey etd rat oop tre quiicaton, eap th Sty al odo et So Fouts une oso ufone ut on Tito ober nue oxen compton i ond nym fs asec snd mst sity, ec of es stow nea oon dey so atm iret cr oo toni suns cee en iy ent nso tha west entng with tory in which aly eure foals sr becange ina costes and Soe ls Man, Ploy of Scene 900) 418.70 nm TANI 0WW, ¥. 0. QUINE leathand! Fr such hay ican besoyn hat ay mode of tee Speen, er than the uh fonctions 5 reat ops Ferhtg and yo any ucens nein uh valu, and et 9) ba ae date coasng a par: Wat tobe shown is hat 2} Sis tm ul he cone erin Hy seein ‘sue ow the eas named hy se thee V or A, acoring as SPCR ot lin tor rebortet 9 a temas, deo of fe {fe suution 59 witout earesce of ons pong, ad Se 2 atrcorer ts opealequaat to 84 V. Hee by So oti'twun so G4 =) ul andy sae one ad te ae Fe eA SEV we as inthe Then, sine 064 ~ V) eeisos sy = Ve the contet repressed by © feta Spague.Bo i (ey = V te, thn soi ta s (By de Poa Lp Ratt of 100.218. MODALITY AND DESCRIPTION ‘AgtiuR F, SMULLYAN ‘thane ae lopisns ho mata tht mods Jog iter Lit’ principe tat f andy ae eta, then y bas every prope of The age ifely i state in the flloving example Soe Onine? (9 tsi mcsry 9 ha 1 {Oo me of pane (0 Ire toe oy it he abr fh nt ess thas 10. ® The presi ofthis angument are tre the conehson fae, and yt the contusion appt os drive by mesa of the lgeal pep at ieisy then ay propery of «fa propery of y Sch tbe prndox tfaod og Bute uly font we enw a dition. We mst dtngush etoen semen of he allowing forms (Te sondao sites the condion that i ic nzery that Fe The rede this sage is bound o feel though be wre Being asked tocisirgish even Peedi tnd TweedacesPoraby,al be of ‘Sontans to hin to eck tat states of spe (2) te sometimes ‘Sut whereas tose of type (ee never sth. wil ak te ‘Sear tate tht Janes nw ng ofthe number 3. now, one or were to reat there need ony one npr which Janet iSnow fisking of end tat tgs aces) 3, ten Re Would be Sul contngent eth Fort thee jot one integer whch Jsnex tow thnks of only ab enpineal fact. Testament cou ast as SI be expe inthe fonm (“The tg, which James snow iin pra baer aEXTENSIONALITY Ruta B, Marcus “Tx conned development of ftaional Tops, and conser with problems ofthe tpectaton as id rae casous eet 1 as FEnvored the notion wate io my opinion, tat exesonalty an unanbguausconsop. This prsimed dat usually sing on {the vos sfeatrio! ems to ny aohing ofthe metaphyseal ‘Shanages Th asetion atin athets and empl sees ne ‘ous not ma fo tai fo onexesinal sions Which ae fz) and treusome, bes brome 8 viral patito Yet scurry examination tthe rertae does ot otal ny nel-deted theory f extensional, Sought posble to fd a cat of aprnment. Indeed, Cte are a ferences as to) what are the prin of exeasonaly, (5) whe tj at o ght to be extensional, and (©) whic formal sms ae ‘My parove in thi pope tt are at caractriation of ext sionally tron diflreos wich may be bl in comeston ‘vith soe ala roblen of ntepeingitensonal systems. ‘ine of ext. Coreier frst soe waspetiea syste of stl oe ny of On he ops (0) Ip i ogeain, tog ben Ais quiets to 2, ere is the et of essing one or more ecureacs ofp aye ‘Assad, (1) of cour ambiguoas. The abit concerns the meaning ‘tegen’ andequalese- A minima reurenen fan er Tens welton i that be ree, transve and sme, The fondons ae met by a say of ritone ranging fom enh € ving hse weigh further interpretation rogue. ur comers ‘Swi opel debate elas fear. ‘ning the abbrovtons 6 and "oy let st conser pipes in whic oy, and shave the sare meaning hey ae ken sient, (rece (4) fp then AUB where ames he entity elation) od ismrely explo te notion of dent. Suppose whats intended (1.29 Up gi tology the ‘A = i tatty In whatseoseis (1.2) an extensional print? Only a ht teint {posable protester of roposton cata inersinal predates sch Sele by das Not lateral prodate are pected by {2 1 pris, oda potter sch sb lopealy necessary would for ati C2) Ordinary, variables whch range over preseaes of eps pat, a ogy (1) on eee Most cxasnony, or and yar inept a mater eqlalence witout the modiing condos of 12) 19) ip mg then A= B er (iste oan that ip and bare the same th vale wheter ‘ntingy oc nese, then Asn B have the sume uth val. AS ntrared wit (12, (13) fa soni extensional prin for it di Slow ates! prodtes of presidente oi, whee va {Mt vic ange ovr propostind preter re not mioded, 13) is robe athe saben theorem Ener, agin on the level of propos, principe in which eg andere tthe If, ten arena ey aerial equa tec tieo() Besos (14) ply then 4 = B ue 0) pn of ety tn he correo (03) wef sate anoter mater iavobig st dows be astumpton of ais aw in aon to ng stongyexetsionl | Wwetake oq a miter utes and ey as Katy, We ave U5 itpmg te at ihn thei inns, wee A ip, esomes (030 Ap mg then ph In coonat to (1.4), (1:5) vey strongly extesional sos it 20 oly oi pra opin bt sinner op‘What am yng oaks apart by hs mcs rae and infor mal anal is ht oven ont lel propos we sant al of te tear of seasonal bt nly of arongr and wear extensional puncpeo fn call a fini exosona I str (a) ect or Tareey nose rsonr om the pone ales of the fail are oh ths soe tena fon we prhbed or (a the coscence of squaring het ith a weaker form of ele. ‘ovauty (a and (se erdpendet. On te bs of tis chart fenton, (2) (13) and.) at all principles of extension ora rocent oo wit gen oral te iso ent ees ‘Fone a for example erate of rezone arguments 10 wheter hw entesonl use mbt be popes aoa. Tete are by ents logan uchar Alonso Church do tlkinvereofdepet ‘of exesoealiy. A tote Tesonble approach would be to ase In conection wih Princpy thatthe fl systema Itrpete in te fiat eon i es extnonal than the interpret propsed by te Sco edo, nce the later ues aralogue of (3) Which rnger i (1.2 ‘Consider nev another set of pins whkh ae mare frend assole withthe teary of extensfogaiy,Pripes wich ate te ‘uals of els fo tien) to he egualece of i ening (2) IFG2KR eq, Ge then Fey. In addon to the terpeation of, an FPand © ae predate suns, cit vals, or non comma an tional varies I cannot ge am ext exoua a th many pose varaoos of) i's wealy extension Seip eae en 1exan pstem, eg might be ake enti, Fad 6 fanaa variables, a 2) toto, then 0. By the cxteron of extensional sated above (1) i weal exteson cet prcludrstom inten contents, On the fhe band 2.) tse sea ny Swern the ter’ an" Butt End (on the ssumpon ta tas be conrad aan epenion of prope ‘Spelee) the numberof planet stronger akeative eed to mos ton ab the extol pra) ass Ldenlty of Toncions 36 8 onequens of formal egulne, (22) IF xP = Ge tan FI. tn ngugss which dingy clases fom atcares, he dinton i foley inane by posuling (2.2) for case nd php 21) {er atte Tis has the, fect of loan ition! oats Envohing sess ames tut aowing sich cosets for aibute names Stars hs merpete prover of Pp The once of ent Ia Papas totaly ambigausno only at peered by he ery sttyes bat on these ype evel Tn he second ere roa xe, aig ean someting eifere fr lse thafr stil, and as su sotor pot fr tviuale. My peerene I for the aferanive procure ging uniform meaning ten and tf tutes fe css bing ul ut not eta. Puncnal quay wou be (tno = snr = OH) ew = O's not equi o FIG. On the bas of own ststitton i ormisitiand in each contests = Ge ke FG. This peat t0 {ay bt tcl of rene ad the cs of Gree gs ar xl but tokens andthe instrongyexensoal sont thei ens fox url) we are cncerued ony with the egulty, shat the ame of one nay bo ebeited for the ter. Ti eos fo me tat much ofthe damon hse past few years coe cemnng aparet brekdowns of sustiatiy pacpes in terslonal ins tnd ls pretumably Sevesating rea for log and rate iy terminologeal. Ta 0s Quine ins in his ever {to of my parson susnial oda log) proposing tat here be thor tan one had of entity, ut ealy at the eitneons between roe and weaker equals be adeeb, for one are peor anther thy ue obliterates “Te sl tenon ghea for reducing Mento equally (3) 22] iat it proves sper base for ater, aborts being lnctndl wih ogropies dsased in th fonctona conte, Sith predicts fn inenonal cones. Under such restive cond Tiny the sbetton theorem san geeraly Be proved for egul (or ‘nl equivalent) hss, with the rest fa equal unten Ket ‘Ebling the foundations of sateratia Pot te ol Purpose of ig pasta i the sumptions deemed convenient fer mathe (Bel do vtece 1 bo onary and phsopieal sage am 2ated by the posi of eg, monet! clases or atu {pana feet bpd. Tome teem rearonbl that thee ae ‘Shoy empty canes ofthe sane pe, og mermaids and Greek gd ‘ul tage ental And wy shosd he node of he aunben| (Mladar#1 depend on the eosmeration of fren hngs nthe word? To) Jubsunematlenats under logis oto equate hen. A mach oad thse inated in the son of intensona ses suc as Teg Iw ty fo show tat he apparent iis of erecting sch ‘hems ar 01 get, ut anlogovs fo reason 4 nor Eocdean ‘omety beste it allows paral is 0 oe. “Tocomplce isan Lt consider anotber set of meditations ety fvcvng Leb’ The Ley of crabs Sones Wenty inode as 4 KA eg Ky ten a. “The wu interpretation of materi equlvalece (41) 14601 = 4) ten ay Another posit cin ems of tantoogelequalnes, (42) 1946 = He in tology, than “The converse of) is of sume expative of seatiy. The status (4s nr ute o dea It has ssn ton sept fe ue a tmeny explicate, Howert, donot ers Ramsey? reservations nxt (Gas ctrl spins He eed to aking (i) eve of et the pou iat I lel pose fo wo things to have all fropertc in common aod tl be two, Sich poly exe Ey Gy, To argo that if they are tro then they ar ding lvng to dient names wil not Go fr Ramey, ce they many Be ‘nove, wane, and sil We. “Accing to or charcefizain of exesonlty,Sosances of may tere be itpecied as etersionlty ples fa tat they pote eit wih he ight weaker rein finery whith ‘igure ta fo be dstt mde to beer aie. Imnypreing nese! seme. Quine sates: ‘When model gi s trl (es by Mise ten) to iste queneaton teary, Siow obtacls to itepretaton are encountered These dieses ‘rte stout the sstnton ef equivalent in contents ving kaos tus emure tha a npr a aeomary ta, and is posse {fat Quine desis uch cmt blog ferent opagoe Tei puto hs pape to show tat the opty er with Quine’ eof ach Eom eset rosie sy’ The above sane oe ‘Sock of st les sone of he prin of serpin socated ithinersonl context, ‘Anong the eels lations which canbe ftodued isto are deity, cea, tetologea equlaleacs, mera equtaleoe, (On fancies are ated in oner of dose sent, fr thee is some model, two penile range of vals, which prevents ur eating hm xp by exit postulate Te shoul be pte hat er Sas of lowest gps te ars ool kay and iodseembiiy. Toteed cet paper of Bergeon” ca Jnl ny be ndestood thesonp to copes tention of india ae hom eles for whch phe trong equivalence tion ls ‘Cmsde now ml funtioal cl wch x my! extension of he ‘Lows tens. la soc languages 2.1) ean be sated ely as (6 1 NGF) =) ten FG (ere erp slg rece) 4aptecomss Noe) = sm Hen ty dL) 6 Ch IMP = 0) ton Pa. ed ames a Mel teWithin thes extends sev ben abe prove thors wish rele diferent Kinds of egos It polo show (8) Given Pu 9, # i not every interchangeable wih 0, ta ‘ony in rested nopenedal Contents Gen AGP =) heh the substation tore unre, ‘This dhnorem has the oft of probing the substn of Socrates fea feathers ipo for“Scrte aa int centr at Souter sa man hen Soc fea man Tat the wbstaon theorem for et oqualeeoe ier from the ticarem fr materiel 5 not prado, but a more sdeqate formalaston of a Enown de Ts when Qube eso () The munber of planes equals ane a "uur ety without hin of embigity tt we Become aac hat Ni fundaneatal team i ded not over pesued pardons ut tonard the tensoal point of ew As ined above) mo iguous except ina strong extenomal Inge Tet or seine fore moment that andthe mane of pent se exprsions of he ame pe lel and can meaning Be eet ‘aie apart from interpretation i terms of he thor of dscns ‘hin Be modal Inge the problem eves abou srt ie ‘ube of planets for in 40) N9> 7, But auch a mbaitation i proibited by (for) doesnot ase tauologial equimlencs, andthe substitution Would have to be ade i’ peo mol pet. Ts pao ep, By he (01) M9 = (5449, "S44 can replace ia 10, ‘The problem of he Morin Str an the Evening Start sod ina nego Wa." Fe, lke), Wun oma Lo Pn a eC, Ms ead Pe (12) The Evening Str pul tbe Moring Star not soamiguoas. 1 (12) invaes prope sane of indus hen ‘oe Evening Stu tay replace the Morning Sa itt paadas i= (03) Ris wesry ta the Evening Sarthe Evening Star forthe only equlence slaton ete ins ave Meaty and inser. de, altough i appens asf Bl) a8 42) expres two Kine of comity, they can be prove str equal! wit nola spstem Quine fall’ to notte later ins rove of mp pe hd th sforoat eit of pereaning s non-exiseat pura Tr onthe other hand (12) about ses or property, the tates sanauclopl equal, taney, and consequently the condone Of the sbettton thorn (9) prevent th sutton o the Moming Star fr one of the osurencs of he Evening Sa (13)- At he i oto noch rpinn, we are aot aera hat he substation ea ovo te made the bs of se peor analy bat ha Uy re obi by he tenes rowebie” insu extended sens. The ted this be Per, to characterize the ery of ext sical ato show tat pel syns are more or es exensona ‘Thr etensomalty depends on te Kinks of contests and press stich ve probe, and fhe degre to which he rion of Sty gute weaker forme of egualence Lalo ted to show that more ‘only tse ol nthe deston of modal nea nt do vnence to te outdone athena, and te spore pradons avoid ia Incrpeing such intensioal tens are no genio. tne i SU lec te wr seh er The Jor Soe asA, and whos wlLformed formule are formed at ofthe dosed for fuse of PA by ue of ti conatves yy and (Cy and {oie tat Lam wing the same conjonton aad neato a a PA ial ot inrcing new ne, Soot 16.7.) Thea Escala ‘tive extanion of PA if (1) It san instal extension of PA; Q) {i peoele in Ei: Gees a vauauon 2 mapping he closed Forme noe set (Fo tht conjoncio an oeton ob the ual uth bls ll fete owed formase of PA got the ale T A) = Tit A provable in, opal te coors of ge the alae ‘Titeanbeahowa that terre reote eteson of PA contig te {Bone of tor een 4, bat none conning 5 Fal, we seat tit sing te tal mapping of ition log into S, we cn gt» model theory fr tbe tnuttoasbepredite ‘acts, We wi at petal hot eve bu ted wil mente, foe proportional eke ony,» paral sei treatin of ite iene lope tat ete ro the modal hor, Le be ny comet trenon of PA. Westy forma Pof PA ised Batis robe In We ake te ond wie Pot PA a stom an ld fore ot ff ta ining th nani connectives fy Vy —y and >. We tien Silt ndotveys varies in Ef A and Bre; AV Bs ‘ented ia i tor Bis; 4 veri In if here no content Teason of E vering ds > 2 vend in EU evry comisent, ‘xenon F of Keri 4 abo vis 5 Then every instanceof of ition ogi eves fa PA: tate. v= oot i te Obl undeidae formula afte ‘ork we wl extend thi nepeation fre, nd show Sawing se ‘hn flad un interpretation for Rese sstr FC af absolutely oehoie ‘omnes Ite eect that PA can be replaced i he ron tilyinerpestins of 4 and $8 by any true fnconal tem Cay by any sytem wows model dete each cowed forma ax ue ot Ahoy wi oe tn of ton pi toa oma VI ESSENTIALISM AND QUANTIFIED MODAL LOGIC! TERENCE PARSONS rvs avlvng eenlsmarenow exiting great deal of ateton fer modal logan td pooper Even a carry glace at work ih fed, however, soon revel ht thre ae many dota whch ft hs ide Twila sad dacs ope sach dota, In pares, sslang one versonofeemtaliom Sections an), varus at tor inti modal lope can be andr snependent ofthe xeptance (eke eu ofthis dock (Sseonsm-) Inthe ln acon (Seton ‘9 Tvl stamps o show, on the bas of fact established i Sotons 124, jst wy this puta fom of exentalsn i = pono Sipe doce, Til aun argc nt work ia quanto made Jope ‘et not even resuppe the rdf of eens ay Spine tae. Ty argument in at (2) carfcation of on srt of esti, snd) 2 pra vndaton of qortied mods lege. To begin, tus dichotomize etentalst dca into two Kinds ‘nekind has to do with what sl linda erence and he ober ‘hw T sal eal goural exens. The former decib makes Some ‘hint the eer that sown or al eet ve sharers (or po rte) hich ave wo Infnately seid wit the abet that noting cul (vith empha on the ‘oul have pres thowe character Ser mou being tht bjt. Thi is meat bea songe hss haa ety of Inder, which has ely that no tro ober can firalanatly ext ne sbariog sl proper, Te seoger in wo ty (probit thesmultnasus extn of vo object whe share ‘iene ial nmcace (eve when they colder nee of tee oer, and) irae lain about wht mi hae feo: bad ste ad Rants Res iy Ss an hehe wold Hen doret and bad there beea an objet, 6, in whee adhe indvunlexene whish obj «Barn thie wer then B {he world which might ave bes) wot ave eo objet This doce ‘finda enenes come infor cao a moda login te prob ten of ening abject in one pouse word wih objet oe ome wri? "Th dn of geal exer, on the oh and spy single ot cera character abn nxt of ean objec. Dstt fj ae no probed from sharing the ame ptsal coo, he (cee ih indidual enone” Woe Todvdel exec compe indvdute thi Bre, general erence do no tough the) a) The dotie of ane enenss bam hog nt ne, rasa ofthe metaphyseal dose of nar! ods (bee aati ind propa ad preprint ote re ana the gener My dlicasonisconcerned wholly wih he Gain of gneral esc. “ris doctrine ao say tke any fume, and he net seton GVO ‘oan expotion of one such om _ht fe maton saying et spo fat (A) tat quate mad loge commited to essentials, and (B) that Senin fy oat leas pionpbialy ssp Ir oth (A) and) ae tr they const strong argument ins Sige of guaniied nal loge, This agumen x many 0 ‘line neal to apply spect to gua modal lope tha the kindof ental ivaed i supposed toate ony we ISSENTIALISM AND QUANTIFIED MODAL LOGIc 75 uae are added to td Iogke end allowed 9 ntermingl with Te fc there ace many diferent fr of eset and many Aitcent frm of soda lop, snd one these are ade spect, te tenes impli in (A) and (8 cnoot te eve. Preis atenps ‘Cd a pote omtion of fore of eens which woud mak tot (A) and (tue or some interesting mal Vogl) have ended it ee eonlsion—dbe fare of eet to wth quand Tho fg ie commited are the fora which ate mst lnnocous Thais in prt another step ata serch Poo suhag fas ben fora rely sett characterization cf comtatom In tc it has ben a search for 3 sce 5,5 fatany gunned mdi eodorsing any instanceof S would be cme pes ron een. To inresig la a. @GnAxXOM & Gn).Axx-Oh atnton (which i exeslly de 1 Quin” is nt intrinsically inom sures than the vain of loved rtm ito nosary and ‘ving Tata sytem of modal lag eset In ese (1) oes teal ht ill dose conor ems es 'orthngis eco [Power than ee Lemay ony endome “eset” cis ike somehing PMcsaly ibertad oraucbald” chime whow trat-coniions tanbe mde ef prec® OF & -29Yenion (2, roghiy gue to Mares an stamp! to formate « ‘more ouleome kindof exmnaam. While version (I) sry se (forcate =I) ht an bjt has sms proper ace and some entngety,veion 2 my that an bert ata property faery hich ote ebjers nor hase nese. Version () wl be tr {ow a properties ae ved ino soning oe abd ney One ‘vison that ean bemade wih more duly thr th con of prope ‘tons (or trenon) into aeeseary and contingent; bt for vera @) {o bested we nnd more compe categorization, Properties cat be jot mcevy cr ot nse thy mt be mary for hoje 8d pot exes for hat one "Tis notion—fat properties can be acouary for same oils tl sot seconry for etore-asems tobe presely tht Jctine wich I ‘eporsile forthe woutiomenes of the examples wich Quine ofr ‘What wor aboot rome things Seng noses tog ie hat ‘te hing te nor nearly tweed, and hus we cao at ‘heneomty fh ogee othe present proper in qoston, Thre mst be smnhing Sou the ej which ie ee oe sea ‘But wht could ts be? The ac, s ar, of asso nse oth ‘uetlon what te ths vere of etic al see of poo his pele UUnarsiey, verion @), a stated i¢ ot 9 completly adequate ‘nt fermsliton ofthe pt version festa Fo ther se few stances of eon hich ae a ntoubeome a tans ‘econ (For example come the fowing isan of schema Go Gyo -5) & GQ GOB). Wiheocter thr exists more dan one objet, tha sentence wil be ue wl see cae the too quan Inthe Sat conjnc an pe cover hesane objets Keeping sian te char a sata ‘hems Gx ra and uoeteconly 9, 304 ths “nga neta (G)eannot be taten sts eteon for bang sential belly WOU Gane=») ® GNBN—Dem EISENTIALISM AND QUANTIFIED MODAL LOGIC 77 ‘Neri the pene schena ) an aegte formalization of he rouble tshe dace dc shove in ough terns. Wo bye Gscussd caly focvial property, but @) kets rstions a walla proper. And Tees whe th spel examples rss. Fo 2) wets lao a een {alco if apg acest tos ange objet in restion to tl, eno ppg tect inc bet lan 1 each thet, Tropes then, to molly @) 20 at rie out the speci case thnk the fetowing formulation doe it Tul ll a setence seal [ite sense under dscosson bree is an instance ofthe eos D)GrdGroke & OF & GaGa & -OA" see Fis an open formula whow ie vars ae facade in, ESS tor ey 1S icy sm Du not incling bath = 2 this foray ‘Sctoa Cis fom hems 2) only he set af the danse alow the guanfcs, thi (aptly) rae oot excl the {sland unbjetonsbi stanser of schema and xs ws with {year oe roblnoe enti docoe we ave ben yg {enact dn ox sc he soa! comply of shana Gat pred np forthe "sei eave, them @) an Sit formation) oviogjoaed & nation of een which qualifies forthe te phaboophily suspect (en barged in ore deta Sestion 1Eipe farm toque (A above: quantied modal loge coma f1lsJosloe The nswet of Sul depend boon wc vesion finda gist sau and on what commitment ean Taking eater ie t,he seam fo be te relevant notions ofcommitment t esata. We wil ay ata gem of quate ‘oa loge coma fo ean (0 tas some eal sentence a a here, (0 ias 9 ene sentene a a here, but everson get ithe dvs sd untold the system allows the formulation of and thus presupposes manger of sae ctl sone. Twit dacs (and (a Seton usin f(s postpone As forthe prclar version of gant nodal og wil teat te tas ofssemsdssed by 8. Kile (op it), Theses ave cone infor considerable dicuson recent, the ess presented hers vl ‘vend 14 gest del of elated work, “Thee thing Krph's anal this: me begin wit he notion of set of pose worlds (rawet of pole ster of af oof ma te ‘werd mg have Bony Such a allem a sacar * We can ‘esata unong aris cnseponf the matursof pole wor forthe purpow of mol sani the eny facts abot posible wal that ae relerant are () sch things ext in ea poole worl, ead (i what th exerion othe pote of te langage en cach Worle Given 2 conan foreach word Ge, ven the sto hing Whi xt Jn tat work, and gen a asiganat of extensions to predate lunge or ach wot th rath vals of forms cn be defied fe ch wold Far led venens th Se nition of meer tren wl iad ony int ney eae posi ESSENTIALISM AND QUANTIFIED MODAL LoGIe Asm orm ane nal tnt la ‘omy wad in every model structure o mater bow eteon ee siaed tothe predicates of he ngvage, Le scl «novel seus ple at sigma of eveason to the preter of the agape (or ech ed) «model Then we can ns at that a sntene's ¢ ens of {Gant modal log jst case ii tein ery wold in every ods ‘Now the fllowing fact san be proved eonsting Kee’ ston Ther 1: There ae cern ode, cal sna model, la wich ose sntnce son nn) wot in he motel The x sntement of his there given ia Appendix A, Pat af he pins of ths here that i abowsconchhel tht o eet ‘Steceiss sore of uid mel lop an tetera ees vein of quanted mal lg mot commited fo een fe ‘at the theowem also has significance for evaluating commitment 19 ental inthe second Sense that for Sng wheter eT fee sone ewan sertcoce fo be ti (coring fo he sae), Fa, fren ary st of nonnoda fate expresibe ia our symbolism (he resin ete without modal gn theses mt eexpresine by come set of sentaases" Anda asi mel by dtetion, 8 ode at leona, for every content veto on adal wens 1 posibe world in wich thy ate al us Ths weer thefts ee ‘besentsenexresing th as al be ru i some pote we foe msn del. But no eel setence toc any Word i ‘ny mania model (Toren 1). Taster sword inwhsh al be ofthis wer ol, and which o xen teee s s:Ad thaefore we ae ao feof comment fossa inte cod ‘The rests ofthe preceding section have 1 do ony wth a reltiey see tion of ee roughly equivalent las ation of ogealath" The exeattian question rears when one goss ont api "be modal loge There ares astral ways in whch th i egue sone Oaeis to extend he lo scary tence cade th rl Of sone pier dicipiae—for amp mathemati. A sscoad i {ited the Gas ofacideetence wich are aati Ct not eore ole Ft, what happens when we atenpt to extend he interpretion of “Oto precede sy, rah of aided swell ut flop? Wl ss hn be sak mith ewenalion? We are cape bothered by cli ‘arp ie De=n & -c7>9 ich ee to le ott of th for Go@HOE> y) & EeVAX—DKe> yp ‘The a of hs ection that in crisin wiped and welt stations, sens cov aways be alde. To be presse: spose ‘nish toate the range ofthe “sen by choosing» ein cs {et of ceo axon, and ote “CF tobe te Jot a a "P etosin every werd win te some bod, Then no regret fie to gurntes that we wil God cunelvonendorng no exe fentencs:() that te aon all ke cowl snd oon no conan ‘ed at the asim cota no modal operator xp 09 he oa ‘Toeorem 2 whch shows thin, sited in Appendix. We know eh (ie no rea retcton, since any theory formulate with constants replaceable ty an equa ery wae constants Alo, regres (Gein someting be raed (for example nes where mad ope ype within the setae bt ony pressing closed orm). We might look stan example of an application ofthis theorem ssithmete What happen to (@) Nesey 9 > 7 ESSPNTIALISM AND QUANTIFIED MODAL LOGIC st pe ake tl ne? Formulated without conan) ha tnt 0 ie process ) CGNAKeienine & yigsenn & x>y) @ @vGyKeinniee & yixenen & CKE> gH a tems of the ‘pousble wor sppeouch, the difreace between () tn) ths: (oly regres tat in each posible wo here Be ome Hg or ots sch hatte ft nn’ ab the second sees ad ti get than the sound. On the other band (2) reqs thet ete tgs, nie od nen, ech that in every pouble wood hee thing are soc tat he ent eaten th soon. Tha) rues {hn sain spel objets rppar In every word, reagents [opis and resins never worlwide dows nt Nw ismet of he motion fo seeping oot stat sme eakgu of @) seman tv, tea that rotation misguided For) jou an aalogue and i nooesat oon the ote ban, extale ais, and thas wil be ete a fale If we a axon cay in fhe manner indented shove, None ofthis prove ht (ol be fae! iyi itt bo trv ie, we ae 1 ate een) canot be hens neared oiler by gee eonedeons, oy examples Te Tis nonewetalst option, ideal, yells an leave to Sly espe fom Quine ‘paredor™ tart on) above. Qube seeps tat bos (@) Nesey 9 >7 mi (o) “Neer (he eumber of plants > 7) vine Butsoced ~ thenameof plants (and) seem tocotaet, fhe ether Smalyan abject that we epsas(@) (© Goethe umber of planes & Die>7) W1akopHstiae & yiseen> => 2h‘meno longer have any reson toast) (0 cond) i i at obvoty tae ak {Gein the umber of planes & Ke >7. Than Qui’ pardon for quate od opi i avoided Think we Baye eon se (2) for) ra Sl ofa ost af coun, And thu, any sous oboe to enone a Sectocev anv wil ay over fo Slane wey OOF Th cota to ew by Guse™ tne olor expe fom Si aruda os wh svete ogee Coast Seti andsoseneialstconaaai of sod (be Pe dh form the mmr pans () Geyaytes nine & yissena & Os>y) (©) CANA Isaive & yiewoen & >>) (e) ~@nayire & yen B Ce>y) (© —BamvayMe a y leven & >), Mainsining « snssatast ts, we can deny (0, while accepting (@5,(€) and (The prado’ po nto connls Sabo whieh sonparadoia, Wien contusd as having (and (e) a pea, & ‘Spl hale premie. On te ote ha, when conse vig (Gand (@) a prem, no contradtionfollowsmfor the Tait rion that ithunging conngeoly conve predates wits ol contexts does ot guaranze a prscration of tah Yale “instar i an altematve fo Sullja'ssluion-an aleathe wlch i coninent with newest a Seles 200. (Tt Toon sain a dtinction to Sllyan' does ot depend ons ain. tion betes geil props ones tel fovet aad cover) npc 2 Quins dacusion, foot 20) ‘What about analy? Wel, "Thooren 2 als shows that we can exten the interpretation of) to someting Ike “analyte te” il et il at ne ying bol "Tn ten when“ entended sat nde stmt and oo togal aoa th, commitment to enentaiam in bth sense ( ee re a 9 te) eg, Mel tke Borat nm ESENTIALISM AND QUANTIFIED MODAL Locic 83 What sth tion berween de and dere modies Shee ext sentence ae paradigm cases. of deve modality, we tape pris snever to ht question i the It section: some dere sete (yal eset ete) ar at ented by some de ho motaliee (ery, thowe which Tack eonstats and which Tack Ineral dere mocalte). A converse rt alo hoe nai sets of ena cco do net ena ty de do moles of «cern se Teruel ncn Se sinpl een sone a0 een cea of he for: Bv.Gainn & OF ee Fs nmol quiere, and miter oto nor cor Bony a be any non-modsl cloned sentence sac that COR is 01 aleady ronble nour stan Then we can show & Gx).Griee & -OF) Thre 3: ‘hat coping crs esa sentences (be snp os) cao ose tance pew edo molt of toe srt inated torens 2 and} provide a arth independence of de dw an dre odie, A comple indapendence of de dt ad do re dais voted by til cunterevamples; or example, be eel vente: 4G) & Gi & in not entleé by an snp sent seence** nacre oe Convey he aati dit sete a8 2 & GO tae 20“The ogi interlatons at of rial kind, however. thik he’s an portant sein whch etl and weet (or dea aa ‘tr) teen re opel Inepennt. Thi dependence paca Teemultedty Thnemrs2 and ler formulation oi ndepenn (Goe which ceaydtioglsied the “ua fom the "nonsevi” cn). sro be desatie™ Conant Is sexs GH) Ge he lng ndependence of exential an nonessential ete (equaled shoe), we ae now in pean to eau the stats ‘Stctalm—the vow tnt some lence of scam ©) are tue 1 ‘nk te hing tpi omega, Oost thre are tobe objeto ‘ssn, te anna be mad on he as of dais hat ay evel entree mt ny facta which we aacaly regards wall ease Eplsenolopealy, i secs that ordwry Continget ths, togeth (Gossip wah rai ooetetal de de tree bcs hs oe tl Wut fo wich we bave evidence tthe saghtforward sens. And oe Ting that has bos shows that exci does aot oat te ‘Thus, Isuggst tat his enereldocine of eens sot the Kind doar fer which (or agit ws) we cn cles empl evien {exon sot of log enene; but oe bom, Thee logis indopedee ower, whch fas neta il oot Kind of objeto a ejection toi ra) opens the dort anata ‘Bata oleae them Sve of ay sigaence "he consoaence for qa! modal lope hi: although a ytex cot quate moda las ean ase, deny o be nal wi ep ‘he mth of esentlam, i cannot be near onserng the meme ibe fetal fo quaied mol lop simply that sys ‘Tin wich exetal sexton re forme Th, a Orie 0 part tc tht al ft formals re ae ary stem of guated os loge must provide meaning for ach even sentence: T shot, qu {id mol loge commuted nthe third sme, So eel ‘coms othe reaingflos of ext sentence But how ba Here where prior dscuton ofthe fst oo sorts of commitment & relevant, Suppose tht a mon lgisan elves that ements & ESSENTIALISM AND QUANTIFIED MODAL LOGIC. 85 ‘oes ta some eet ete ar tr, He mat than faethe Toten of proviiog such een with Sear meaning. Ad ultoagh Ts by no sbsnsobios tat the eannot be done in «car sd ata ‘eh i bins that thi problem od that i pobie aded rts te problem of ving tah condsions for nooenenal seizes ‘Siprows howe, that ie nodal logelan dbleer all ewe seats He then bata ingle method of ssigning determine ond fata trutsconons ol excel sstenss Tat so make tem 2 ie inal ps worden other wort fedom of comment 0 ‘atin i he ee vo ste alle rnd a ay ojeconble artber, making sell sete fle inal pole worst not an flo devin ated tery to wv Coin ems I ha 90 fifpedes (on x contrast view) or pope (088 sara Seth er ha nth objeto hich hese pediatd. Yet cnet Tinie cannot be vered on sucha view. So ar Quine and Taz a foment. But whe Que wabes toner fom thi tit esata fies uw somehow deen in meaning ¢ oer equal natural fone simply tat they are ase (and Ine To sematcal reasons Tsumsary, thee are an easy way and hard way 4 fre modal oie fron any obptiontle Kid of comet to een The ea ‘ay athe nepton of schema G) tothe axons for quanti Tel logethat ne acep a aay the sce Ga Aakeos & OF)? ()uteoler > OH. a wy fo oie ad Jy tame eke conn fr ‘ri for yom of gone modal logit be unobjectonae i geGainn 4 OF & sa Sic ane wlaopeu nso esas,Wed a model amir at 2 wile (GK, R togethr with fam: sion, y where ina et thot of pose wold), Re eflee elaton on Kr (he ‘scaal world) a member of Kd yt) 2st for eh WYK. Inulely (ropes th et of hngs whch et a wr HL Now let = Uno HD, and et Ube them Cartan prog U wh eal, rma on « model rete (GK 8) binay faction 4%, wher the fst arable ages over mai predate try Here Inembers of K and (PH) U" For the heay prediat *=" e {81 the condtan that (=, H) = (@ "ee U) for ety He. We ‘Sow exen! 610 give a tat vale foreach forma 4 in esh word H elute toa ge sinent af members of U tothe fe vari of 0) Foe tome ws, 20, HT with respect tan asignnent of self and oly he a © (9 Sai PS HT ih tape oan agp of & tel ym and ly If yn “2 tape ott aime (i) BAbsg ss) BD Fels Y= T with rept ta signet OF ty yt Rey Sy ad OF Men Me fo yrs Juul and ony both Hl,” 204 H) =F and Hat, | ja) H) = Evy ese at gant (ey ME 050, A) = T heh repetto a algae Ott yteioye =» Jif and aly if thee some we vt. Suc at cle, e113, Hh = T ith eset toa ae Met of the = wg 09 oye (0) Coal 55,4) Tih apt oa en asgnment it fd al if ily = x 1) =F wih repent tht aig ‘Ben fr ev Asch tat HA ‘Te ‘agonal temiaalogy wed eater can now be made prs: 8 sloed sentence Ste a given pombe world H i he ml $n SGX, B jus incase 4, H) =F A ener Sl there ofthe ‘psien of modal loge Js incase $5, H) = T for ery word H i ley model on very mel sete CG, KR ESSENTIALISM AND QUANTIFIED MODAL LoGie #1 ‘Weare now na poston to die the sort of tod refered above Weal fa maximal modi & model ona qutifcatonl moet srutare sich R= Kune DU = Seon 0 and U 40 (W Rar ry ences which maps the predate symbols P of fh lnguge ono sabes of U and fr every sect U° of Shee i an He soc tat yl) = U" abd sch that xP, = 7 far all of the ngage carta = (4 FR) = ye) and 4 Hy = UP, HL) fr all P ofthe Tagan, hee, =H (ot: tse Ge) aed merely fr technical reasons) I easy to vei tha thre are asinal mode, and tht the ual ordi ee ‘eed nach The following here can Be proved by ssid del chore tong: They 1; Ey tl ee fn ery onl ery Sopot #1 maximal model on (GK), 0d suppose tat 8 a niet st of coed forms wih 9 modal operators (4 ee of ‘tions. Lat KS beth wt of HK sch that 4H) = T for onry ea. And et ge thers of eating #1 KS Ten "Theorem: Every eset sentence in every wold in 42.2 bee cureont no ee scene het tl avir REFERENCE, ESSENTIALISM, AND MODALITY LEONARD LINSKY Go the uit of ‘Socrates the teacher of Plato! and “The ech of Pht the husband of Yantppe’ be pil fatty re a teth of Socrates the hut of Xai’. Te pine sts tha ‘pton a tras temet of ent one of to tre my he ia forthe er vay tu sen and there Wl be ao, gue Tey to terms of @ tae ety toned are evry intra ‘Mai, a eka This feet from the pace format Fi Matt wh its ety th bey ©) G == olen = 0) Winget, in the Facto, bjt otis eqution of eat wit Inds. The objection is hat “Ruel deion of =" i ‘legate, beiute asoding toe cant sap that two ops have {ilar pope in comme. (Sven i ts proposion i noes coe ‘si sen) ot aly hat abd yt eae, hy share I tir propria; i provider forthe comer ax wal a objets ante Let pate, die mo mer Wits abject {Eto inpenton of ReselsSfnion The eae obj ileog nly ume he been introduced sold that maybe et aie ot at se In the proce ofthe dicen of Mental, Wich Sines hat seat bjs do not der quately, One may gre ith Witgenstin tht goalie ieniy does no ental une Teil, bt one canot cera ik tht aren ty dos 2 7-0, Resid by pm REFERENCE, ESSENTIALISM, AND MODALITY 59 Fie pipet enttaivy apr tobe my formals sion of te indacriliy of ena, but a th sleeves Af te ita, otto tras on femme consists, Lape techs ws to ane salemens a arog fom prea by nding of i rem aria ory eplceent othe by single em. reise In expresion al are to of cain cee and fae of other: For erp 1 tie storent rest fom th pedis“ a Grok hen Sinan, roller dain frome cet of which he peat te elas the aia Given ths seman mals togetier with some fier deals cou the pin of seat he been aseptd for tat he Beso woe ty estrent ee evrytere crenata mt Ire, merely expletive th cs of sgl em bang Sgt ‘erence, The resoing so folows By rpscing. wth sn spproprite Yar, ay singular tem In coe or ore of ls oxcurencs In each foment containing at lest one sigs tem, we contr 8 sae of [eoelaceprdcates Any oglu nem this replaced ina ie saeent fees to objet hn st the pect ts conte, Aa jet tials ach poate only i (ht aot H) seplang the predate fe aac by ly singular term making refrac the cbt tree epee into «tue Sateen (The comers this Conon ot fast bess it not sed tht every objet n our domain of ova» designed by sre tens Te condita! ea ld fo all tects Inthe domain, bet vacuous of tow with Seaton) Cruequenly, te eof eplciga gua tn inate eaeent by any otber singular ter rfuring tothe sane objet eaves the tu Pak of ti hs stterect unchanged, Tens oir en seent ero soe hing And wih ts we havea pot of the prince of Tee principe of xiii i expletive ofthe concept of sigue fora; s0 I a ofthe sea of guaniaton, Bae i ue et cnt T there is test one objet inthe domain of couse tha Snes te open setece x) IT be gated that‘) woe (were fecal tens fr ten, bj to suanteal acount alee sven, te have on saying Shien. Consoqeriy, "(Se i ao tse. The nfrens by ext geeraltion juste Besse fn efor git we ice mecely src from he prsar moe of exgsting Ectjec ia te aimee where ne poor mode ot Gigaionreevot tothe truth of that statment, Flue ofthe nen fa ‘Fay to ‘GQel(e ows and only Tl of agua reerence "Fay. For sample, te nfecae fom Pepsi des bo xt 0 "Gg docs nt exit) fas tease nothing Satin he open Stace dow ot ext Fale of sobs fra em ina given cone xa preset argument, it enals failure of existential geeraliztion on tal ‘Erm aswel, Cones predate offre of obit are or a ‘on caled by Quine eferentalyopegue Ou gure sbows tl trecanno sony quant into referetily opaque contexte “The principe of subtiuvyhasnow come to be son 8 an ital pat ofthe seman of class quanzton theory. From the ant Pt of is semantic count we ae left wi a choke about what stoma af the notsou purported counter raps othe pine Wipe tue coinget sinrnen at (2) 9= the mater of he planets 1s fuer eta @)Ne> 9) ut replacement of 9") By “he suber of te planet in vie ores (8 Nhe numberof the plate > 7) hic i fe. Sse the prince of sbettatiy & analyte of [Ets ofsnglr reference, eae et with leone Bt cons {hat 9m NG © 7) docs not make singular snes to 9. We cay fn our smarts, make the vi cabertt tat ree tbe ob fry iw fhe uh of and) andthe fy (Tiss Qn ew of the mater (pp. 18-44) pp. 17-2 above. He distin Sete pu nanan pry ena ore eg ‘symplomatic ofthe e's failure to perform its prey referents! unciag that course uine lees ts fo suppose ta, a Some uespaina fio, sch emis in such oeurene tl manage o ele, al ha tly Bu thi part of te ary never developed ‘Relea opal poses 8 oblkn tease our semantics nape sblstoopage Contents NO © 7) doe ot ce sayy peda ‘Nox > 3 fon hah es by replacement of = by 97 N= fees ccherenty, be takan st a preter, gen «predicate and an jet foc which ts defed eter the pie mt or is ao of tht obj Ts our parpore esate reo the objet 9 Siete ue ter oft plnes 3, an afimatve unser i tcompatle with te ty of) abd aque anrer in insompasle mith ehe th of) Thuy "NG 1) is ota pode at ll Butte urea "des oe rim a sibjet of predicts in ‘NO > 7), what rol It performing ths? Our maby to sneer th quesn reves htt we donot know ‘he opi oem of wh statements Web asmed ta, 9" ames subj of fedintein 8 > 7), sat itnapes 89. By abandoning he sasmption tht nope ones mes stat for tr ooay eee, Frege me able to prove an Inns at di not tke thee contexte proce of reference ae From a Fegan pont of view ach cote te inconeely char ‘ean as fern opaque’ For ree te re producto erence s2ftrathe than recall, and He cal tt “blige The eer tors of tues Un ebigue contexts are wh, in ondary cone ate heir sense, For Frege, fase that in (2) and in) ave the same ferences ere icy ofamnbigty in pang fom @) and @) 0 (0, $0, for Fee, here bo such thing at flr! epacy, hee he teen fr this fre of tity n 2) 3 hs ee ce fs te nmber ofthe planets but dideent mes This wee (cig) ference of i) nan aly paper? Quine exploits dition between meaty tad den wich i very ke Pegs tess ad eae ten pase the sary bd ap, Tor Ques pi eames the Forget penile tin ogte contests th desghtons of bas are thar meanngr ne bates roof athand tha therere no opoqe cone ‘our Fran stempon the prin of ub lows replace et of nasi oblique cote ony senymose names snd reer {Gc ao taken a cones Hose the ile of subatvay fc ain he pcan em a Even eneLLINSKY Since wo caanot change the ming of «satement, dnay or oblige, ty repoing ony oft conttuts by enyoonay auch cbation cb ‘lange truth vs, with Quin, we fake fre of obi ar ‘stern of sternal pacity (10, 0) (p18 above eae Tiger ay eeentalyopagie cote By slg he dona of ‘use, we etn ou seni, and th i analy ents ppc ‘By tote msamed pga cone alts tan, it Fg, he ence os see te fa (esr penten nul al Wehavea prot tat NO > 7) emans tv under every repent of by 8 name having ese ‘xnary sense a9, provided tats asued to name tht Sens ‘hat seen, Unde thas ssrpton, ‘Nox > 7 maybe eed a ‘rode te of ths genes Failure of seit i obgue cone evel tht the reruns dir n thekorinary nee. To ded Tirta tat smbor ace objec, Frege thought taser to pove Ste for sauna of Wey betwen none, and Between mum Sod other objrtsInowy me ake see to bs ojo, we mts Provide tem with Katy condone somewbat suring th Frgehimselfnade ao atonptto do this Lacking aa independ! eo onion fo senses the oil that corfenta es ar rere Fntersitvetells sony that anes may rope each ote al ‘re, wharoer the cn. Snus ts abjts become de whess i rosin In one's plu, "No wy whut ty.” ‘alfa rom png the way forthe happy nage of aniston sod today, Pepe theory of eeene maker the ion inevit {aren On Frog's ew, win can we make ferment in whi a7 Seen th ie ce xp of opsyineng pee (9) 9s gate _Acconing to Figs th ojo Ne ai obo grester than 7 2 te fae athe objet ta to Benes geste ha 7. But Cs sD ‘What nando (3) (9) tended os jaonyaous with (6 9s eter tan 7, nd cnet ret ha 7. 1 mo of rie in te he Seay i that, fr Prog, (6) ut be seer oeense bea he Hosoun iii he sope f te nal operator cannot pk up the tens of the mmerel 3 owse the sope ofthat opera. the Fronoun di plck up the eeeoe of the ue, woud re the hj 9 rath than ane, ad thi reg dni. Pronoun beg te trl of bound vrabs i ordoary Iangangs we sn hat Frege's ory i nspable of rtacng the interplay bowen occrence of ose bis ide and outset copes ef modal operon Gat tine resis of modality are ordain 0 expres et untied mot ig rs i conto ta inxs Have he Sty te conden tnt ay to ef hen aura te se cao Ter cofns is dona of Scone oan woul un tnat wecniyopugr conse. et The aunt a Gunes Poe wee ¢b ny ea sn 05) A= Oatp te 6 ans no ee necuguateneal onec a oT San forng Sur's 9" and ees of oe fines" 53 lp abrasive Onsen mht Shin at Que har gh eather pein fo he Sesion on chipaton tr iaiins Ite wed tt ay apne for cane hon wr fa neyo ely Se nay tat te Gawe Gein ary mod! ope {Soper in oes seo 1. LINSKY ‘The view wis fit put ath by AF Smile,” scoring o Salat secence) i unuigvos, is analaedsnply as NOR): and te ‘Hew pense @) ha the form y= (op. Bat the conton is umbiguouy for ict be dndettood ar serording the denipon a pear osurenc, es blag of the fom ©) (eoxqsINEROX) 4 can be undead soning he description «cond 0 fone a5 bing ofthe frm © NaKoN(eIFONKe} “The tinction the sare as hat been a aston f te fom (0) The soant sts he condom that it neoeary that Fg) (U0) Tis necessary tha the snd sti te contin ht Fs) ere ix Snalyan'ssaton of he erence wl ask he reader tetoethat James i new skog of the mane 3. If, now, sun ise one and nly ope ieger wth Janes 1 Dow hiking of an hat oninget rath For that te Jt ne itege ues ow ks {Paya empl fac Ths et Soul jut owl be exrened in form 0) "Thr staph Jame now thinking oss the em ftom at it snes od" Incontst, esatenen "Tt ose thames ger wich bof he form 10), a npn ‘Quad mistake attordng © Smuthan, & ison the anbiguy (4) Quine ass Ir bette form (for ames Bat @) fake Bt undetod a exempting te form @, (0 dow 20 ow from te pemie, Unison bung of the om (7, (dos fl Gy subtly and em a prox in th fr ton undesoo (Q)ietrss Bu tas as contention aca te es Slane tobe? When te Jin ate, fesames x9 & NOR) owt of 8 4 @avnntex de Ini 13.4 a 96) REFERENCE, ESSENTIALISM, AND MODALITY —9$ Suan wy by-pnes the probe of king vee of ch ons fons th Has Gute ot shown hat he tent dav il ci cn goats ect es veer? haortg fo Quibs (1) nose, 2 Cannot epee Posie sce of Ths Souler: argument frm ambi i Foye, Fete of Smiles enpoit wil be que to rr that Ahines artnet forthe exncighty of contictons sa a (I) tat on he fly o big expose by Snulyan. Quins’ agement Spin eng nt nd conte aru te unbelghy sf ch cnsrotons a (1), os he otn, Saye agement pins Qube sumer teil of hoe qunteatons, ba no tener made ean thm Ts pyres hat ged owe to lett Que’ cago ance isa ees or fue nal lg 1a vow the total eins of agua ems of tportance ‘nr Quine tat the dali coped ith quanieton Ino roca ines cat bo demonsrated without appl to the ieglc behaout fsch ems in sa contet Quine tes todo this flows Whe foes gence tan 7. auiber, and aay ghee snk = eter than Ga Ung) deerine hy any of varios coon, seo wih lve > 7” au a eesry Comoqunce sed rome af whch do net he and th same number nigaly demand Wythe eondion (3) Ther ae exact plants, ha (2) hase > 7 ap neces consequence wis C2) does ot, Hasna geateoes than 7 maker o vente a apple 10 ¢ mater +; ame attaches onl tte coaeedon between "x >” andthe PricalarHethod 32) at opowed to GD, of spesiyng © (49 (p25 Sovel: xgnal nmbering oth forms), (oin’s Ver sean te tat we ca make orale sense of od ‘amen long as We inert thm relive fo parle mode af igang ne objets refered fin them. Tus 3) utr of he Objet finve to is spotieaton by“, but hough i ates eae ope to ht object fle relative tothe specation of 9a the Taber of the planet The ater to sla ness peop 1bet on sth ators into nonsense. But quanto, onary unl cba abarcs trem the mode wich jets ar signe {GoFey te orale scoring whet o ot at last on el ‘als te open seta lowing he guter, bt wheter oa fr objst luis an pen serene gl nde f how We to itor even wher weve th metn of eleiag Toa al. Ta there bs funcmental coofit between day and gustan “Teeny (im) hope for modal lg, Quine thks, sin een to "teutean cectalion He exits, “This mean adopig id iit ed rn wn fie eng mpc (03), and favouring ther way, for staple GD, avons ‘et eeing the con te obj. Cmsogune of 2 cx, ea Sa pont ef view belated opn a pecenmly tre of te of Stash 9 (anise amb of he net), le ome comegsncesdl Go ae raed sl only congety re of tut sje C3) (pH Shovel Wha eed of ‘Aran esata at, dl ‘ramps He ©) and) provides see fr tee ofan obj Sand by any name ors, avg some of ts properties nessa Sa come contingenly repr ft ct ht the orser proper tw ala for fej om erin ms of Sg atesthelaterpreperesdoftomiar noSera spsifation. ace erin moda ope mst receives trprctaton tht sbsect om ‘ops is which fr van of vals ae degsated,on pain of Tel bag quentoton ot Rush aren Marcas rope to void Quine’ dias by interpreta (gustfnton sibel rather at eatlogally wih, Gun She ce ncing problematic Ta the psp, by extent goalie (2) Nie evening tar =the evening ta) (03) @a)NUs =the eveing st) foe what the ater un, for he, merely thatthe sx sb fanance of NGe= te een ss) whe i tae 12) Isl pron he oui instoce. Fort, does st matter that Nhe morning ahem the eveing a) fae in spit of he ently ft eveag at and the marin ar fori not cae fn (13) tat noe thas one fatten ities ofthe quanied matin ve, Preanay, Me Naren nrc uve goatee as aueing te tu of fabio nuances ofthe evan se Quine wbjon to thi ubrtational erection tht aba fom rence alopte. Qussifcaon eriaely sosalled i pure tod simp the lg som of obese sefreace. When we rest i'n ey of alte exes ater han real aes, We oa ns Bat thre ity abot ths, For Ga, the variables oF fornication ar the sl chest of exrnguiertrenc, beats fev te total clmiation of th singular te that wal she his burden. But of coun, we cannot Both limite sigs et ad ‘aur quilin natn ths eral Ick of my substation instances of open ene all tI me fen sna ts in ore to provi sbsituion sta they wil foto evi fo exalts reece wel ™ . How mich zal efor can the ens of modal ole ope fo om th retention of quanti? I oes get then coo the fre, pup, ony to nd thm in the pat: Quotations ach 3 {) ae sording to the sabato! view, no more peotenate han er ungated sources sich as (12) nd try aren espe tier pots oop bythe vning var inate eel age Toy tnt ony yack crn ogi orm bak {yw hk logs forts hrs Marcelo te ino Saiyan toi ik ner teatmeat of dete deipions in mol eng 50 ve flow her bere we Wil el to te eaclson sey rete, ‘he sses ofthe teatment ofthe ple abont the morang strand fe evening sar tnd along ts Hoe rested pon 8 eat ‘enanes be used modal loge From deen detour onsideons converge upon the con- tui tat these various ms and countercine cn be propey ° ney 0 Ma Maa 2790 wee.Fy 1 LINSKY exes only within the amor of «clear serane. a recent yea pei cmt by tak Hic, Sig Kang?” Saul Krpe™ Ticerd Montague ad others, ave ben tade to il fs nee, Ia ‘wha tala, anilaity i preuppoted wih. Ke's “Semantic CComideraions on Mods! Logis perhaps tie most widely know fepraive of tls group. We begin with an isaton of Kepkes ‘Ehanice Conder nod! rroctare CG, Ky, where K'= (G1, Go Hy and Ro, We stains quantita! model store ty edaing yiG) = fel OD = lb) whew #8. Fora mona prediste Iter Pye aie a ge pouch that, G)~ al (1 = ‘Then CTP) iste in G when is aire o; ba, ce es the only lemeat of wG), ) CPG) Ie alo tse ia G. When x sand SxPt, WPL coment (AP) i alse in Hy and OOP) i ioe Gs wel The Baron fmol eee Noi at CPU oe wn aie eae Fo fas under ihe extol of a Hand Ge, nll posite worl Thus our lative interpretation of Krpk's semantics makes er {Boel th en ef oe ad the ene nid existing in trent pose Stevi Irquetted modal fog ote of interstate a Traontetneseseosry proper, propre tht xn object has in oni wove and cogent properties whi basin some Bl otal posible wor ‘How then an objst to be iene arose posible words? Te robion aes erase the properties of abject change from post Tv to posible wert, But noc all of thot change Ie xen tht ave mo ster but to fal ack on sme vary of esentiisn {ecitbjer te seal prope tny ann ac typos sro wich ove jester. Pep the, objets can be Henle Sos ponte words by some of he eseat properi. Furey, #3 yb cl proper, at al, tht oc eatictons cn be sacar mer how nla vo objec dfeen ene woos my bese cannot cove that hey ar ential they ier in ie ‘rte popates ell Rt ant any necessary property wl se ee Sipponng ata psa popes are eta. The een rie ad for wemvertd esti mst be idvidetg iy ia A hey mast be propetis snot Bas a al pose works in which it 8 snd whch only tat objet te. at total prope wll Seve cide: 1 propery mayb fo invidunt ob of phe Every ijt chaste seer propery of eigen ith el and tthe Set senza wik ae atooe boweves 1 saponin Gin ety a srr posible worlds by fading tn abjet hats dona isan ech pole wo fo our pose row to do a. The poe of ow an obj een properties can be made fo ile steion of tansverld sett sot a ele Ut We opos hereto ote; nor msi part of Kies nding It nora Toga oben but metaphyseal ons, Wean, honee, fy mana fan the absence of slo, we ack x dear expletive, Undesunding of sans sch ae Krge's La tha vy, modal loge ed 19 erm. Ge, of cnn, rv pode protien ef nclisn nth aye work on te top amides hat of Kip eel he woo Keo and thors nantone above hain ti vndcted Quins cam that moda fet conmted to erate i et vgs lig Rt Mo ht soak the sxc consents of ml loge chevere, amon is hens (veld setene). He dstnguses between grades of eaetae Ii invvernt vous fom beignets and sho at he sce vous te exertion the este corminent; but opin, he rece onl wih he tere of mata loge. But we ave no gure rh hin; or ising are compel compte wth ur owe veg fond a sem fn which modal loge ammo cea tsiom, test we scspt Gunes consson, 0 muh the wo for que modal Tope (130 p31 above? Having concaed tht Ghote modal loge esas een Quine rfete modal loge cus for, cent rw none snetpyl Govt. ut emus dsiogush tsvess the cm tat we ee unable ste Stsary expt crteron for isang tains aco pose ors and th lain hat we ae unable to ake seo sch ere. fs The te lam snot ext y te fore and tia, Fart, foartxlte a clea, explicit, eriterion (whatever exsetly that) forthe ridnfaton of indidoa trough tine nthe stl word oe ot tour nab to ake uch eldecientonsacenaly-And tt 1 tach 96, 165vain hat do oe ng ents Beth eo te Td not mi this nmin ste, bo oSree Re naiply wera arene ese pn na ee a mnt of eset Coane worn wich ae fl paapbrcl in act eset mae Fe ass. To the extect that we understand such assertions we are able 1) se Toast nia ar poste a Se eunng pe mee eg Se re ape och eben geil Sa nono inp BE vit QUANTIFIERS AND PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES' W. V. ©. Quix “Tir icone of eaerng ‘Css is hntng nico inthe ein (ope ior, Cte i honing) is consi ated bythe nonsitenc of unioms, uti not due Spl to hat soclgealacaa woul be elias eer Erne ining lo a (1) Geis on. Hees hating 9, were Ee a portent in Alto. Te force f(t arta he 5 some nv! on (or sever whieh Exes hangs say ot propery, fo exp, “hectares nT want a Soop. The version 2) akeine sop. wants) is uta insofar only thre may be sald to bea cet op that et I a Taek se vee! om lopleney, tes (gr the rong, The cotnat i that between what may be alle relational seme of loosing o soop-vantng. vz (1), and the Ukler oF nvinal sexe. Appreciation of th deren is via in Tain sn Romace Janguages by a dstiacon of mood in subordaste dais; thus "Procre ss pr gu hal sternal ose Gates dog. tas tek =) gt the notional ‘Proce a prog hal 1 te tat ni sa dog tls Tid 2. 11850 Keri’ by prminon 0 te nubs sad the owen of Pie@ W. ¥.0. QUINE Peaing considerations othe cota ln ter Fags the contrat singin es of perms of components. Thos) tnd 2 ny be epee (ih some ake fo both lop and gram) (6) eke he lon. Ernst sie that Eres finds 2), (4) dni slop Ls hat T have, eres ‘Eros shunting Ton” at T wan lop ints ato! nay Be ober rate hs (6) Ervest strives tat BK on Erstad (6) wish tnt ara sloop-1 hve». ‘The contrasting versons (6) have ben wrought by so paraphasing samt Swany to wncove th ean sve ha an ws ha hat Rass has called propane tas. Now fa cape of wha Ra ? ‘Spies of poposional stds, te est and fremos Bele an6, Beef! te example can be tne 0 pt up the coat betwee ‘Mauooa an mond ene sil eter tan (36) do. Consider he ‘leon and onal i of big in (0) anRalptleer hat 05) (Ralph baie that Bx i sp. oth may pothaps be ambigaouly phrased at Ralph bel ha comune 8a Sp but they may be suaguosl prised repel) ‘Sotpuestsncoe won Ralph levee aspyand Raph bln ‘Sovear sp The ies vst ndcd Raps ks mes of 5 torte Oe oe ‘moving over to propositional attitudes, as we did in (3)-(6), we sats not on the pics cots betwen @)- and (0 FEEAIG Zein geal Fr we can ow mull examples of sng Sd wishing umes o honing snd wanting, THs wept the eto hd natin ses of wishing for 4 preset (9) exit wits hat xis preside, (00) Wits wis tht ae spree Accor to), Wit has hs ent; acordig to (1) he merely ‘tates sppepeat form f goverment were fn fre. AIO me ope Tite oped sites tsar onsidraton—as wines Homevg, the rogested fortltons ofthe Taina etses—viy QUANTIFIERS AND PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES 10) {), Cand ll ivove qutiying ito a propositional tiie ‘Thee isa ceriin man ina brown hat whorn Ralph as giapsed several tines under guetonaie Greunstncss on Mich we Oost not ener ere fice oy that Ralph suspect be apy. Abo tea peje ec an, ply now to Ralph aerate pile of the communi, teh Ralph iol avare of having seen etept once a th each, Now apt dow oot noi bt eee are oe aad the sae, Can we sy of ths mon ean 1 Ort, gh im ane) ht Raph Bees Ri toes spy? Is, we find cure aceping a conjnston ofthe pe (0; sicrly dei". «tte hat 15, with on and the se sentence i Boh Man. For, Ralph ely enough to sy, al einai, “Berard 1. Oreo no ap 1, tn tier band ih a view to duallowing stations of he pe 1, erie inlateonly Gat (02 Raph belies tha he nan nd brow at 9, (13) Raps ds not belo ha the ve et to afin ny ebtionsip between Ralph ad ay a a fi Butottheconponest ta sawed abot heman Ort ei hia stb vied (2 and (1a sng thou asso tery ending (5) ond CD) compatible ese whos, bout rc at a tn tsa paper gaya in eves thar come na word tently ops No queen riz over (FH ee only & quniaon win the ters ta one, no a qantieaton i What gos bythe tear wen wer 12) ad (3d te, nt) Yet we areca popecd to che lata consracton Thee 8 soneose wom ap beleves tobe spy which (©) 2 agin) wan oppored ep Th obviws rest move it ty to make the best of ou emma by inning two nous of Slt Hl bch als 1 ah ithe (1) bt es senso. Fo bl, ordi sexrain 2) angban (as onsen Forte o tothe and, etutsin (and forsee o be we must re (3) and argu Ite constaion that Ralph tlw, ha the mun atthe Bach 81 W.¥, 0. QUINE sty even thigh he le else (nd teeves) tht the an at te ‘etc i ot 05. at tere i 4 more soggesne teament. Beginning wih a sng sen of bel sbi sbove, to ik of ti at tase meen the rand ceria boro, samed by the "ha law Thtesons re centurs of darks, and I sal ce with the ead ten they are exon, bt fine T nat to make cota points ith he Jatp of ice, Now iensions suid ths by "at lahe wibout ee aie Tshl se of more pescly 2 nesons of degre 0, o: ropostons, In adion Tal or the momen) reopaze tetsos Erge |, oratibtes Ths arto be nated by petung vale 1g ‘once in which ono fests # (8 asp) is pyhood. Silay ‘Soom ses intensons higher erst y pet mle varables "Nom jr at we ve recog dyad lation of bel between & ‘elev and’ proporon, ts (14 Ralph bts tht Orca sy 0 we my renga si ei ration of tebe among x bln, ‘bet and an atte, ds (QS) Ralph belive (fom) of Orca For reasons which il appr, hs to be lewd not as dyad ble tetvenn Raph andthe propston that Out has =f 8s), a father ao an reocbly tae reltion among the the things Ralph Heisaspp, and Ort, Silay thre tradi beet (46) Tom blr) denounced 2) of Cee and Calin, "Now wan spon hard and fat rat aginst quntijng into pro. pointe ms; but ne give the form now of srl gaat [eating into ames of nins, Tay though (1) as ands be ‘Sins taowabl we can mest he sexs which pomp () by gant fjng ator ino thei ae conto, tus (7) Ga(Raph bliss 9) of Here hein place of I oor ew way of sang hat thee omens ‘whan Ralph flee to be 9p. Balt, was bev contac tht proposion might be tlle ‘when an objet was seid in in on aad tot alived when (QUANTIFIERS AND PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES 105 Psa eee Dee a “Torn snes that Cero denouned Cate “Tonnes that Tally denounced Caio, onthe ether and we cn caplaefrom: “om ees (denounced Catlins) of Cio tas Tom mens yy denounced Cte) of Tuy, (08) eyTom bale (denounced Caine) of 2, From (1 ily, ay Ine hat (49) Buye@syTom baoeryo(y decouned «fw and 3) Such qunteationsas: (Goon bees ht denon Caine, (Go Toe bees yy denounced ) of Ceo) scout st sonst, slong with (7); but sch gmat purposes st Theme have served are erred by (7-9) and he ie Our ames ot jeturltn and hess only ae what cous as efeeatalyopage. Le sm up ou fading concerning te pen nimered Satemens shout Hal snow counted as nomena (8) as rs, (2}(13) 86 fro 1D ofa and (3) a (17) at. Anatee tat a (22) Rap els that tbe man sen a th ach ota, ich ef couse mst tbe confused with (13).106 W.¥.0. QUINE The kindof exportation which leads fom (14 f (1) shoul doubtless te vewed in geal a inleative, Under te terns of our dusvatie ‘ore (2) fpon oe abot Ga ut end eas by exportation (21 Ralph beloe eno ofthe manson a he Beach, The man at he bench ence Ort, dos ot sive reference in 0), teu of refetal op bat Be dors in (2), so we may cones ‘fom that (22 Ralph televese8 aot spy) of Oxeut “Tus (15) and 22) both cout a tr, Ti i ot, howeret, to carpe Ralph wth contadtoy belts. Such ehage might reson bead (23) Ralph tlie a spy =e nt spy) of One, bets erly goes sow tha snes flok upea 1) ant es inpiyne : hey eds esi ht he araroususge strated in (9-9) and )-G3) oc ned as rca efor is put fore wap SFsmipnng oot theurteal diet, whieh sume up Was = flows Det coments ae eters Ope theeore its pine fe meaningles to quan nto they ow then 1 povide fr those ‘Scot renders ot, His Thre sonore wOM Tet ot be mpposed hat the hey which we have been exaising smn of wag abe gunao io eons ‘hoce recurs at ech point gusty i you wal bt pay the pe of Secon nerconranks ike C5) and (2) a ech pot a whe you tee quel. In othr word dngubh as Jou plese Dees ‘tell teil oto, tt Kp ch oo 1 a {Sih Kind appropiate, The otto of ies, of Segre oe and ghee a Sovie onking ina boundary between referential Striving end wishing, ike televng, ae proposon atitdes snd refeenaly opaue ) and @) are become in the same way 8 Sh our recent ucamee of let ean Be eet for tee propostiona QUANTIFIERS AND PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES. 107 kids, Ts, jot a gave way 1 (1, 0 G) and (A ge way to (28 fein on, Ext ses ePrnet ade) of 2, (25) risa sloop wth have 2) of, scratch of om being lowe for the sake of analogy In the tao er "Ts exp cae from sty of hunting and waning. Observing ts Gy) he qunnifotion into opaque cone, then, weight Rake feet to ()-) and forme to perspire tem ito terms of Sing and withing Fe (0-2) were gute stightorwar renderings linsbtng and sloop anting in ha retinal sen: as on ‘henna sees aly nde the eskowm it oma of eng tnd wig, (5-0: ‘Acualy ihugh, would be myopic to ave the reltna ene of emscning and soprwsnng tthe unasiaed stage (D-2). Fr, theo oot we ere to pt te Oe ato tes of Wishing ad Sriving thee are ober rsa ese of withing an sing Sic ‘agi ourcosierntonsnjay-as wes). Te untenable forte indons@)) muy indeed be ether sored ae (23)28) or condensed teak ito C)-G);on the oter hand we hae no eho But fo comet (he uneable on th pater of 2-25), vz 5 (old wishes yy presen of. The tenable versions 4) and) al bad to do with wishing and singin the rlaonal wae. We sce coatat that (3-2 (0), nthe nota side of wang a etvng re nnoceat Of any et (Guntiation oto opagie contexts fom cli, But now noice tat rani the sane ose teas alo onthe sional se, a 000 8 We fy toy ot jt that rst hunts Hons aad want «oop, bar ae ‘ncn hunts Hons or wants sag. This move cares oy osensb, from 0). (26) ews hat (29K on nds 2), (2 Gen wits that Bek lop bas 2, tod hs do quay unallowsblylnto opaque conte ‘We cow tbe: wth fp of te tee appara, t pot 29-27) tn ons the patern, oded, Hs subantaly beer i i (4). es ye ie Hon. ads 2) of, Gor wishes yn 8 oop yas 2 FW),8 W. ¥. 0. QUINE ox bly (08) Gus sas yy fas Bow of »), (25) (nw wishes yy basa slop) of). Sch quaniaton ofthe sje ofthe popoonl etude can of cour arr et a wel anc the sj mentioned in th ee ual the above pater ithe on to ase. Thus “Someone belive be ‘Napoeo! ms be rendered Gor bles (9 = Napoleon of»). For concrieat 1 have teen dacening beSefproiriy, end te ‘ter propostionl attodes soodanlys sting end wbing. The treatment ye ae, oly parallel for te tee: abd il pot ident ety over o ote propostional tudes as well—ee. bop Sat apse Taal ccs ny otra of ue, wh opel Aspect of the people utd: te problon of queting Tage a pose ing Sn han aya a tre less eomomical than exerslons (Wu ales, eases, flo), {bat hy ae mor arrow indian, The principle of hands ‘Commonly logical equivalence is adopted asthe principle of indvidue tn of ntensions. More exp und are ay vo sentns Wi ‘520 freevarinhles the same nen, then therespectenensins whi ‘Rename by png thew vari or ha n= 0) bare Sand al be one tnd te sme ineason sand only if and are logely tauivalat, Bot herent comp of loa equivalence aia es ‘hestns in um The intesions ae at bt a prey obs ft "et it eet enough hat we canny, i the forging tient ropodtonal tes, drop teins in favor ofthe sorepondeg teen. Ths to tke tial exampl, conser "vs has ee fom’ On the analogy of G2) i boos: strives (9 Bade 2 ics) fw Correspondingly forthe bancng of gifs. Hone, anyone we Ino iors widhout Berg gina, te wets 1 ne a ioen fod gis) (QUANTIFIERS AND PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES be iit Bate cynics re ott ig np Sit nde th atte and atthe clase tat were esd io felon Ta sa orl cond re gh a ly et Bralisccpy ox sj a he oy of dln einen is wn stro, Ised of peng tens nce pea oan Sing iy gel ac wsloeetae’ CO) webs yy. Jot GD w teens. .y Te weds "oe sats” Bre, Ik ‘belies of eit, wold be Mew ssa edu tradi profs. A sina shi ean bs me ean ofthe other proposonal atta, of cou, andi the tae oi higier exc, in sal efrmaaton tof sun, endl to sgt tthe st ofthe proposes! eds spas the angunge oe ation or any language We ray teat a mouse far ofa at sre Hsing to eran Eph scnerce. This senate wiht be Aerie rong, Is ait he Gunga pect cen Save How, we and on what wounds 0 daw a boundary betwen thse ho nies rw rte apa thas who done gue Saeveor Dish oc tv tp, undeniably a agn and obs lar. Hover anyone de approve of paige bt of popeiton alloc sling ota propo nt sant by esoneos ten ceraily Be cantot objet to our semanteal reformation" bleu sn pl oan of obi ow bee Seely {cabo ister sr seve he propeon meant by $.Soaay Hs te sents eforation 1) of 60) nay fr the ead, inher ies ao ey or wing icing bd Oe pops (ur remntal venions do ino a ratity to guage, howe, hich mustbe made ele. When we ay ta » bolero 5, wo tock fb bl ay wha gigs te sentence Se hough oes aoopng sated byno W. ¥. 0, QUINE 1; not Dest w nods o understand S, bat Because Sight by eon ‘Se exit asa nga for) with very ferent meaning in a (gage Sncty therefor we shold tak of the yates FS capaned tow adv leer Sn abd corespoodingy fer GI) ands sue Te noe two paragraphs back, the semantel frm of exes: (0% w belive. In an be enlsinedin intron ams, for persons who favour ton, (2) elves the proposition meas by" «2 In thos eving no cae for poet onthe core of rea clay. Pros nay il Oe bead, homer on fsa core (2) snd G3), hogs (hubalent to eich ote, ate not snl equal to they Beles {tat whch i our rea enon. Fo, is gud in ods to i (GD) ead not oly the information sboat whi bis at. Drovies, but also some exraneous information about the angst ‘ure? tings the pote oot by appeal fo tana, substantially a follows, The repesive stent W tele te proportion mast by “Thee are uncom in Englsh (20 gla dao ire 8 (25 globe dang Auras le Tere axe waco and cesty (4 dosnt provide enough information to enable Gest ‘guomat of Eglin vo ine (5). "The sae rvoning canbe ol Wo show tat ‘Ther ae wins ‘sno sly or slyly egal 0 ser are iors i re in Engh Nor, ind, vat Tu’ teh paradigm tnd co assert analy ‘yl: Silay then for G2) a elation to Ww bees tha {Suton agreement in ath vale caste camo, bd no mvs Ti Tonatin wal roe of ite meat to ptsons who tar my sao shout sty QUANTIFIERS AND PROPOSITIONAL ATTITUDES 111 Wit I find more dstcbing about the seman Yering ch 2) the naod of roggng in th langage concept at al. What 8 Bogs Wnt Gagee tly spond? Wen do we have Ooo Ieuige and ot to? The proposioaul tides we dn als to begat ants iyo have add ob to obser eng in anunge vrais too. Onl ete nt be suppesed that any cay fined by reiting he nemo1x QUANTIFYING IN! Davip KaPLan errs ae uted ia variety of way. ro eal dient wa inhi he expen ine’ ea cost are ose hs paradlgs (1) Nines greater tan re, (2) Canines ae large then eines et us call the kindof osttence state in (1) eugar occurens and tt it) an ccldal cores (folowing Guise, an orb epic siden). For pest pupone we eed nt et eine et Erte soins at pen there re no serous logal or sean Probie conned ih oonerencs of eer kind, Te fst denote pen to sutton sod exattal generation and conte oh ‘nig of tn sence which sonsine KT the wsdl sch cm ‘Sen a inappeoprite " There re or orrences ofthe word ‘ie Masten (2) Nini eter han ei rat of Asati, (4) Wis recess hat nie preter than vs, (6 Hep beled hati reir dan ve ‘These diverge fom the paradigm of rlgr oscsrence (hey il substicon te, the eet geosalaation te and peobbly ot QuaNtiryina IN 1 wl, bat they ae not at lett the wotloed mind, cll t= [Del aclsens eer: for inthe, th mesng fa sce sre Iuaiy Two Kinds af analses nbch have been propoal can Be cove ey carcteaed as ( sng the iterate ecrrence fo the aren ccurnss, and () senlaing the treat our rece fo the vlger cron “far iw, that he intmodateoseurences ae tobe thovght of ip scidental one, seat mith Quine. Sach carp gly hovate Takei ci fortbe ake dante pac, My evidence, fils, tht be as proposed fess tat quotation footer ein (3), be tough of se sng word ad tht “eves tat Sik gat tn fe ough fe amp pea Ad at ‘Bo thse which he tens “purely referent out vlgne—i een slethuiy) and thowe whl he terms ‘onset (ou nee este apd sen) he wees, We are oot wnacustoned Yo pasing Sana “anar"and we ean lw sal fr allo eleretal ea rence of terms, once we know What to Iodk ou for” Furth, his very ‘Eemiology! “opaque” fora contest ke whch names oor nota ily, so 1 ype a inuoble whole, arclted yan Sly -evantcomponets” ut be tht ata, sal pa fra hs tale the sedation of intent ceueoe o asidntl one frit ia nde to cota ts delete character with the angioe Ne of Prag (end his olen) dat we can ast the incapeite Theviow ta thesccorenet of sno (8) and) ae acdotal imay te elaborates, ar Quine as done, By contesting Cy 0, ad () (O Nine sch that th result of wing I folowed by “is peater than ef theoren of Arimete, 4 gts om re ede ot Wg Sm 90), aa() Niowis sch that ncassrly is reter ts (Nin sch tat Hp bleed ob greter tan Se, sn wich wep, or attempt pu nie iat pr ferent! poston fae eid tm te ocrrnoe of Bras tonefeentals QURItiy ts grees than ve’ O) might be thought of a5 a8 ae eerie expening swine propery of th number of teal ad auuming (fo etre), Ana sitalyfr (and (Tam no gto sy bow we wold “ordnariy udestand (6-1 merely we Hee nich ts xcmenc of ie” dvs not tnd wit he ‘SEneTopageconsaron, ara Hd of canonical form to exes what RSS dy expan, ney hat bre we aut » ropecy ‘O'E cain number and thatthe corenes ofthis wibton i> ‘Beant of the mane ia which reer tothe number. Tus (Oy SeeG to be understood inant stay atthe esl ofeplsing ‘Sednene tiny anyother exes denoting tht manber would rn th rth yl othe snence- Tis nes eplaeent By & roe ih valilating extemal gearabation. In the epee (Gr) do indeed rmemtle yo G)-8) nich ae 10 fe understood inthe natural way, re sc thet eof sobattting sim of pant forthe oes Eee wold lead rr th 10 facod (i Hegel prove that ‘Torment of planet = 57). Ths, for Quis thse cote ae pea, (OUT rout ot replacing the ours of ‘int by the eile IS petting wold lead from eu formu fats, quo THT nc, Quine denna sch quanceton ino a opaque eet hil lmproper# ln hee espe (3)-() resemble ©), AlNough ‘Se ivpelay erating or gonnig on the recur of ite ae part with at svt is apg the oesponding, aaeecete to Grey the vw {uh hrs characte woul ke (MS ‘Grence a mater of does ater than of Kn. eoor cat om the comatboteen @}) and (4, soe raat as& Hep bce ta Sea at Peep covame of te Sc Svtzagy of ee isp "Hnel cee on es ‘quantinyina IN us (Quine and others hve made fei with this cont x pr ft {oavetnal wom of cur posophleal timex. But note that fre ot nroced as Ged fms whore aoodogcal apart i Spy hat of (Sim the way in which "iy one thing rae thn fe ca beefed in ee ofthe nop ppartrof (1). lasted (6) She inteducd sae preterm Tir I sald tht ()-C) shoul be undersood inthe satu vay eres cael explanation was reired for (6). But wil ctl Ess sce? Wil anying sce? Woat we Rave doe, other sit ne hve skied i this coin sel language sac as teen gen hee ing rapment of Engl oof ours at Engl ead ing at ons waa a then cert logical usforations ave We pooouncd vai Pelt lope ws once nth way ble (Sle ond Tart std vd ole 0 conduct foe Cama ad thers tegen to supply sorantal foundations The eater meod sy rind ol oge (vm i ite. seks be snfed tue byt stmpale Pema. Conlbnatons sly than by the fe phesophcl temperament "Ths it ut not eaough to dsb te for () ends tat he pelts eprene 8 propery o mer 20 that both Lei ew at Eineual gncatinton ppp. What property of umes & ths? Tt fate po swe to alk of here of sting a sonar, We can wie ponent and varios ce sams one bat uch ak 8 (© {Soo of a thony of standard ans sey Sse a confsion of fiona tse One i temple fo mae the tae remark bout SST cam a erate plan posite a mee thn erong the proper fahing. eg beng peter than and abe fig te panes wane ol of sect other ou come. (nes ably expounded te nevi of hs vw oftn contrast (6 aad (7, me can pu strong pri ai afr sealer of) by wey of dasttve examples which nde mportank SEPGreIoom caomliied in (as compared with ha of the for ‘rp in), Retell mating, in gh eileen conte, ie ‘Sar oho roared ton dosntancethooght tht your yacht war Tanger thn The cones edeing er cet nthe si of “The length of your yacht each tha Thought tt your yacht Was ot inthe ay of 7 tought hat your yacht wat onger than he eagih of your yak Tn ‘Quant and Propoutonl Attu, Quine opprt the ws (gyms agua) by an npr eof extent quntfeston. He (©) Ralph bees hat someone 2, tm which the quantifier escurs win the epuguecontuon, m 6s fhe term in th {00 Soreoe i soch hat Rath bles hate sy. hich an extent geosraization of «formula of the form (Ae aiming ot that ©) maybe eprased a: ‘Ralph bteves tht thee ae sles, ice ech, The erence x vat dee, Ralph ike mort {Doli read (10) is ae ln thi connect real that sxodig (ole ibs of relent opty 10) enaot te otnned by exe {hl goraiztn det rom formula f te Ferm) sy, Ralph tllees thal Oroat 8 9, sins the oncurenc ofthe en to Be gewralin on east re ge nn ot meine itn im up what have calle Quins elaboration of the view a ntrmedne osenca are fo be asnld to acetal ons. Fa how cue nich ii ceed 19 make connections between wh ‘Sts nin he opaque constuction sad what onus without spec ‘She pie footage arabe othe eri, bt conning 255 ror than ove) crus! esi prey eee postion ‘QUANTIFYING 1N uy “une fers ote nen fom as exrosig the relates of ble ‘hx ponsay o incedarng suc forme sine ests andthe se of thee inrocton ste ualform, bot nce they ae primitive ech soc ‘atodaction st be soppio! with an ad ee joss (Co the eet fh te predate or peat beng intoduned makes ese et me tun now tothe Frege view that at securences to vulgar ont The brillant simply of Frege's ding Gein theta of nemesis osusrencs hoe been ober tye hue fo separate that ea rom various tid dea ooled in ying te propane throoph in prtculr nesting se But theory st bese Tepes man en, at Funded was ast thi. Tere reno re Increase ceconcs the sppetance of inermedacy crested by foun nse fst tbe ef df confsion about a i dent by te gen everence. Frge Bee cls our atenon {oan imps nsupton rade i toting for subtatty andthe Hie ‘omy ia a deoolog eprason tava uss notation, tala rior tat esressios mus ave te se denotation hea ctxt i thy wo a ost cortex) hve th ee dena “ot we areal fai with many coaster xampls to the assumption thts ane alas Ha nl devotion. Cons: 11) though FDR. ran fer olce many tines, F-D.R ran on ter son aly oe ‘ee ature aralss of (1 involves olotng ou tat the mame FDR i smiuot, and tat ate send clase ht ences a television show ‘Sir fans man Substations cr ay ater log operations tase on the sumpin tht the nae hes here asta denon are pons Te Sonolnat oting Bot tasfornations aso o's corec analy ‘tthe names dentate ints cones wl eel the oosrence tobe Sigur Tal hs theta eolys, but ft of couse psi for 2 Testa mooe-dnetatoaistt iit at his Wanformations Nave an 0 eevison only once tobe opus and oto conc tha he eeond oxcrencs of FR: InCltys tot pup eer The vew ay be exprsed moderately,reiting only in a isstence that (1) i proper uns the scond ‘nen when teres scons pouty of contsion we confor ob acc ever if notte fey of te fanaa! mone dental na do todas new words a subi or pt te oa i Told face le, quotation mars tof good prac connec {oe ma the teat ue of an expen, een when here Be post of cofaion Dior snd arog 0h eb pl ‘Suisun nfl in pop cms, mtn = tte comes of plop and mck of wt tas proved mort coping {hu athe ee Hn oi fs napa thoy mig ve Se ‘oided tad he nt 2 yn of his cenar ot sen 8 pa fom Frege Stara of ment 2d ne woul unwary oft spp at A hve now caught ll sch ambien, Thos, e should ne np 10 CSnciaion of ona. Tinie Ce ofthe fants! mono-écaosit Row i oslo tau fing of opty fo coe of ambi. Frege tent ‘Ev sinan feats carne oval oer y net (Come would, Jortatng)ambipter wher ere uv 0 ely {yes It ene ed tte agli ihe i he te ifomsce senor mater of dps rat an of Hod rege reed fo irmedie costars st eyerade Codec blge). And the eminloy s+ aural on, for on his conzepon Shu a oeence doe not rer ey to Heal denotaton bat hia ndesy by ayo sone rater sh rth eeson Twa ret tots set ne. For 20 ja on fat osaencs wich Quine woud cl purely ret. Frege it ‘aster refletal an hove notes Quine woulda refer tty page, Pegs might al soratndaray ere at a ier coe tt Ege foxes av fly ret we rae ‘fecal pose logo eso on i a, on cee Eorntzncon cts seeps atedant gon comierton of une conning aniigrosexpestoos. And ea ths an be aoe {Poet te fat of ts ental mone-onottnns nd oe Input ror so that tnt oes of express ae maid by soe since athe exresions thems, This etre oa deveopnet of Freq doctine hs ben especially erp by Church babs entpay ine Snsinwarenen seey soap aa wlinonn logical pula of iterotie cotety tach au the fre of subst, exit poeation ce {eee theory might provide for an attack n te eos of fe spel Stcowred oF satstactrly guopd th perdi stems seca’, pte Sms Teeenen Syne wate eae epImus progice an obigue contest within whih each component rpreindenote te cern qotton cones wha th wl ‘ompound denote). Pgs vw of qulaon contexts woud allow for gusniiation ino sur Sotetty Su of couse we woul ave to qual) ove exresions (ins isexpenions hat ae denoted in sich coment), and We weal ‘Seto mala coms provsion fo input when hea syabol a ack ‘cones beng ida avarble end when ie Sing so asa coo. Senseo dante el Tis gh Be doe by taking some distinc ‘at of eine to seve vr. Tatu ombotie rope uneseding of qottion marks by wing forward wa backward spel Ps. Ciypogtphal latins vo faced Gratin of te cen horn bre he Capital Pa) Ten ng ek lets for vrais unging oer expos we an expres ul wrth (02) Batis roster han ia rah of tne? Sich is Fg etment of qutton mks i seem (9 me ae snteeing end cry ch me atl Gor te doeopnet on {hry ini qotaon costes ar al common) oan the a rib ann: ete ssn 0 wich he utadon mas Sal othe conn, which etl a ng ane word. Abd {is wal Known tht for sous tees! Pp, qubtaon oaks {cnr he sentnal totem seo lee “hs outlogal sats of mesnogyo scsi well sete than that expreson, ht we can sain lastat th icp void Sexchiog for the interite eni, abd phase, engedse an Stn drt, ying ome be et, Fe meaty to te conor te of guotaton may T inocu ang a, Tie istatd i the fobovng (09) The sein of roth” = Meade ing” Now we can sap th nd in producing (12) 0 meaning mark, 0 (Sto produce a Fegen interpretation of them. Te const produced by thetmmaning mis wi theo no be thoght oa fret ope ‘ut rar au that enh expesion sucha cootext wil ent tom Ieaing, Quitietion in permite, bat sesticed of ous a (QUANTIFYING IN a unico oe easing, Following the err pater, let symbo tthe new mening mata th ford ad becker cep hog tr ls arti gh vr mang ne an es (1) 2oR6Mo Kicked = Mb was iced by ae othe rede the pote of making sets of (2). Ths eompurson of meaning marts wih uotton mars also allows ‘eto make anaher point relevant to Quits Quast ad Props nal Arties. In is ton TV, Quine gees that by & bac 1 lam we can replace alo eng alk expraony, has cieving otloge security. 1 apren, bu he paral ean e exploited [athe dreton at sggetad by te inoduston of rtsog macs, eight abo ty to replace tal of expressions by tak of meant ‘ving entlopzal igh Thee stuctural prlel ce meat hepa soosig a ogi a tensors Wehae ised comparing te eaten of wth expe o he we man talons of terms sesrencs: sation To eto pose acsiem vers sma To lar occurence. The forms foe in (+() were loosed conection sith what T ced (ane laboraon ofthe fit lin Now what ean be dan nie de ton folowing Frege's line? The pups of the new fone in @-O) 131 tan espreston ot from a aed pston to va ooe cen Que’ emily, to moves term from an opagu coat to only real poston: Thre shou be 9 proba hereon Frg's Deny, bosuse whats opsgue fr Qin aad ly reel fr Frege. Thu he tm nfl elena poston i he st place. Batis wil not gute sty he demands of ©), bree es ation dos no ent the ig tng hs pit wl be nt to reer (0) (rat st, (hand) so aso make wat he oto et and ecey tr ins doig we take «sep along Progr pat, fr the nowt uabily of ow tov wntete for tntier fa ich contre wold fat to Frege an ambiglty n both of then: he entens lok ht ful etn, uth tale, an fread Sono some ete ety. Deine saying wht note that he ees symbol wil tnd for & opegjosometing or oer the ble symbol wil and for &voice elation —betneen 2 peron b rometing oF ote. (This 2 ies to renting te sesiy bel spl sa T-pace referential ‘nga sctental Connected sary for bel) Qui takes Sopa Treg dton i the arte ance nus ad favours i {Busser ale Thee Grade of Model lvevement™ So ake te Now wot shall the tenes dente? For ny prsent parpoos wl tof to uke the onal secure poston and let en deo rpesions in rcs, tbe” Making is exp, we serie Band (43) Nines reteran ir’ (G6) Hog Bote ter than Se (nthe asl red of quttion sas, (15) and (16) sil basal formulate the oon Fregean vo, with the eee opty aw urged taint the quote, Karn ind a he ft tC) and was fe ‘Ee purest moving ‘nine’ to's purely teferetal posta, we et reve a 5 (0 Nec rte thane la) (ch may te reads i str than $i essary te of ni, (08) Hoga Bat (is grater thane io). oe mo mst cme x ots i Crop! pees wiht bod fase te" ad on 8 plat acces feral paion ny Srl sna Ne td we nen toss Qu onl mec yt °F od fot 9) an 0 (09) ine i rte than (20) Hegal Bin is geste tha He QUANTIFYING IN oc that We can we the same pres in (15) an (16) sine 6 109 + (6x 109 4 0 109 = 368 estou now be clea ha bough se oscurncs of nai (1) sd (2) are uly retereai(19)a08 GO) won't do forte purpoes of {ae (1, because the occurenns of In (17) an (18) ler f0 fe ret ey. Combing (7) 0 21 Nie numbers the ples, (2) yy mabe dhe plants & Noe x greater hn He Bc 9) and) sen tel only pf umber he planet Nie eter than fe, whi tb quan binds nothing nthe ces contents, af mumbo the ples &.N fa rtrd fe pik etcetera exon rior cmentons aout Gack ate, ih Fog noe hk hn of cere eof goed mn lope anata apn (2) Ba hs fein canbe any sgl by tag oh ct at og te number ie aod te resin "ane dst eo, mes anyon rantonp ttre he. The sod Sates it tat We ea fall Chu by lnvodcog a sensation pede, Fine cor ngage anda rors at an ae yee es nde ates soy of de ntl) oe oan tem scree of a exsion hin wht the ml (23 3yfymumies the plants & 36 3) & NTs preter ha Be). Iron (3), or am variant at Frege's erion af 2) an (28) 3A ln) N Vas greater than five,‘sone vant, as Frog verion of 17) (We shal ret te oi eran) 3) and Gs) ay oot be sexo (2) a 1, bt ni {othe commits occa Itmay wel tha 24) and ts arian Spar athe conection beter ceuacs of epesions Wine ‘Tilout model coments as sx stall be lowed. "When Tsamaud up Quin eabeatin ofthe onbopaphic aie theory of ntermdit omarnees {emphasised te facta 0 ow aE ‘Spreson nan opeque concn to fen pon, a ot rte peat Gants "Ne’ and "Bat of (7) an C18) bad 0 Todo und spp kh an itprettn. ta eoast, the Se fc ened Frog's mebod ng ly he erga pred ft logial sp cdg and of couse he otlogal compa Jonette ue of be Pree gue. “Tring now to elt T propose (25) Bef (enn) & Hegel Bagot than oc some variant, t Frege's vera of Quine’ 1. rte accept 5) a he interpretation of Quine’ (1, we en jus si form of iafrnce he sex to conser valid and expan ext ‘Semin prado rele whch he aceps ‘ine ree te flloving sary ‘ees ent no Bt we Raph as fine ve Ties Scat on swe nad not ee bets mae Fr Na es nnd Sans Soe gs tte {Wing see bec Sow ap orate ‘ive then poss she question, Cn we sy of ths mon (Bernard Conca ge tn 4 ane) tnt Rap tlle hin to be as Wt facs ofthe sory ar mana in what we nook! wile (26) Ralph the a athe Brown at 5 (2m) Ralph B he man oe tthe Beach 8 0 5 (28) team in tbe brown at =the man sen atte beach = Or ine soos his om query by deving what we woul wie (29) Ralph a (x sp’ she mae the brow at) (QUANTIFYING IN Pc 20, says of is rove, “The id of exportation which kas {on {20] to (G9) shad dosent vend gece wo inp foe Now ont vss of 2) an) ae (0) Rah Bee mani he brown hat 49", (2) Bol, the man in the ow Ka) & Ralph B es 5937 ‘Aad (1) cx & gli by G0) andthe neat oat tu ‘Arte man inthe brown hat’, the man in tbe row ba * We ths js exportation si gata mig eon Qu ot hat tn wl so Raph Bal x nota spy he man en at the beac) snaees, by 29,10 (8) Ralph Bal Cx i not py’ Ont, areas 29) and 2) yi (0 Ralph Mel Cx ina py’, Oe, Th, esses Qing, 752 an 13] bh cone te. Ti ower, a tg Ral with fenton bla, Ssh cage might sy Ye aa (0 Raph Baxi py a ot aap Once ary pe show ht iis nto ook upon 2) 2 3) oan (05) Ac fla ait may apne tat avoidance of hat unde cour otng pon (22) and) at impying Ga) eal for he mow inane pecan wafoai a pa rane se egmer etre ceeind of coosetration and oa fates I fact oe may be psi ‘aly inclined to fae the easy ay out an siplydspo of 2), Dy (G0) and any ctr ssertons invoWing Bel st Howse. But, as Que {Sp How ten fo provi for thos Idipersable eon semen tf beter ike "There someone whom Ralph buen 1 bea 39" Focuntely oor venir of Bel agin conform to Que’ introns (22) 63) and GO go ove especie no: ‘QUANTIFYING IN mm Aad (1) caret express (10). But (10) was originally intended to ees a fat whch woud interest the PBL. (real Quine’ comment tht Raph Ike mos of us, (10) fae) and we would ot expect to tera ofthat orgeiation oe pod by Ral consicion fat rwo pcs sbare ase "Two dete ofthis cae can be slighlyinproved. Fist the see ay of Ra's crucial bic enpreed in (9), can beni taking advantage of Ralph's eet tat al morbers of the CPUS A (Gas of whi re known ohm) ae ses. Sosood, we can weaken the rumpton of Ralph's spilt shut py sis oy ang only the ‘rls ft tht to eon camnt be bor at exten eto th sae place (were the place of th interioe pot sl’ od). ven Sy foe sat point bd ota plane cane the elton: earth fy nds hero el) any oor al spe tine points We an he form sac nest le at py" withthe meaning Mat py whom tio exper lose Dea po at eatin, wre be ‘eran betwee (9) so (1), Sil, Yam convinced tat Wear on te wack That tack, soughlyspeakiog, th: ivead of yng 0 ISrodues sow pine ration lke Que’ Bal we fot on yn 0 Teer someting as los ois we can seni ome remember oda loi) ung js the dye B por ote loge and sop pr ch nie, faa poi er gy Some ers ago I thought tat thir tk nas hopel ad ook basil te sae ats omar sch anid bl oats as Quine taker tors quad moda og At ht err tine Tad Yo agi with ty cling, Mestgomsry Furth who sates ny atiudetwaed eget tory, aout the mensingfloer of wach gonnisaons ina a CO). {Tis as afer noting te duly, indeed sve in oor curet thio!) Furth gpd that a sldon might le a somehow pang ox sertsn Kind of sas ating eeu for he exprtaton, Bat fs = aad enn al ovr esi and we gave op Although tl eta hat (10) makes sms I hk Tan show tat cones oso fing like what Prth bad ia ind. Inde, te aslo betess fhe onl sense f bale and nasty are eo song that Ubave of (G5) Belle, Oru) & Ralph Beis nt 359" (66) 3e(A¢e, Ort) & Rah Basa 5p) (67) Bel A(s Onet & Ralph Fin asp and wot apy" ich sy very Quin chins, een nthe psec of he supped rie ‘avenaph B Taisa spy? & Rap BP ot 9 = Ralph Be ina spy and? not 5p) ofr so good. Bt farther esplortion wih our son of Bel ages thar thereof exportation fal to mesh withthe inte ides tha ‘nial led Quite tote Introduction of Be. Aad I tele that ‘eon wil alo allow a fo see more ely exatly what probens ‘eee if ne rosy notin tein se od Inullon-AsThope later Solopent vil shou, tee st mbar tien inde of ours wh cold bs posal 1 il aly dlp ‘nea ts pont. ‘Suppor tht be sivation a tated In Q). We would now exp (00) Ralph By ys apy ann at i ler wien lh, Ralph bees ha onan (09) Ralph the shorts py ay ‘Supposing hat tees in fat one shore py. by exportation 9) ye (4a) Ralph Ba (i sy the sboest sp) ic, under these spponton, by exon geoeaizaon YEH spore xpeon ww Wort on be, Secon (1) By Raph Bal Cx p99‘wondered wy Quine’ septic with regard to Ne did ot extend 9 "Teter efen an ondoqcy in our propose analy, (28), of New paral otha played fo ou propel enalss,@3),of Ba Along Eo cain of Necovlis ommtlion lo tle ping (2) Nee (= th umber of planet in), (49) 34(0( nine) & Nx = the sunk of planes”) new ft fateh ‘Ne mune of planets = he namter of plan Ache number of pans in. Tnasexse wo ave ot vod esate but onl esata sce fo many of i's proper bene eset. Sal comolaon to om of our esentl rationality f each Sunder ander 5 ell Ingrid. “The parabl iadequcss of oe veins of Nee and Bel ae sow appre, Out anys ert ne wit an eam of een wad pot ilps on port wi exces of nial i Whatismanedis‘ fas ooualiaran atitadetomards rou we of spathing the number nite? This sige 10 ta hat we shoo ‘tic oo tenon to tsar cle of ame ames which se 0 [nti connetd nth what they mame dt they could ot but me iT sal uy that ach ne neces deter objet an TS the to ymbolze th mare dscrnintng frm of entation Sich acbtonistvainbe; bed on the neon of stad name A standard ame oe whoo doo eed ong, opehups {honld sy lings rum slone: Numer and gootation ame ud om nf is pa afer Mey ee ‘QUANTIFYING IN ‘Pomient among the standard amen" Soc oames da he appropiate ene, ees denote ter denotatons Rael and some others wh hav tempted to tet proper names of rons as standard ares ave expand he prey ere anton ‘such eames nd apparent ao epvesontnt. Dut comin tin of the pce alte sem o sabe numeral nd ur convons for the constuson of ottion names of expeesions should convict tnt what iat stake pt pure refrence nth abn of tay descpe scot, bu ther referee te of empire sides, Nombes and ‘presions, ke very ober ind of eat, can bean by ates whch [SEsuch hat empire! inergnon reed to deter hes dante ts. "The number of plants end happen to denote he ame nme The former might, under other crcumstance oat some oar fen dota dent aumber, tong web constant our sovetions aftanguage, wll dete to sane numer age all pose cet Sunes. To woe: what number imum by the Gorman “le Za Ge Plantes’ may tera atonomical nora bet fo wonder what nuvi named by the Garman "Net can inde only lie Sompsenee™| ‘u(o =) cant be analjd nts ofthe aly of some seteace otis frm Bem ete mero lane Is analy, bu “he amber of label standard ame of the bet of planes (nine snd 97 the aumterof planets) is ot ans although ia standard name ofthat number, We hse Indy erin thst hls betwee the aad are and he amber independent of any particle way of peciying th ner. Tas ‘he su crn nsinay betwen 949, cing benen “De nner flan and the number a lanes, which allo go peony for 9 te namber of planet)“The sin wh the He ole oR wo can tb be cates bee under scion tb) ftir ewece et odeting ‘Too, names Wich ret ring Ina. pr way as ag {tue watenets of order aoa, expe al hat ewe ot ‘Sra our eo td vars any inet of hve Tubes (eg wich sr vase ands wheter i has ay meen) Sepa ht ach meme may av cps ll eo fae wa {SET afer ined nog an expnaion othe pc tioncy ‘wer ‘ne and nn, han meng eft The phoomence ‘depres extending 0 epesios put ses of ate ek and oes [Graber ik I woud apie ny ate expend ogee 0 = {0 hunle al uch cas, ad sou hope tat xh Sn expanaton ‘oul lo sport te tation wich suggest low on be ings of ie pst rand names The oreoing coders size spl ans for Ou en regen veins of (and Gh We ea (2) ih a y(,noe) Na ireter tha ye") ou atalino (17), ae we rep 1) with 3x(Ay(, ine) Na = the numberof planes) sou ass of), Acoig oe ore ana, (7 a8 (2) neon teste awe and ey wich sore och beter tur bution an nay even sty he een A hope, Siow pr Ino eda ough gustan metphyca npoos Theta howees Hinton the reo to sen sxe. Oty aac as can Bove standard mame ol hy an ot al tha ck tla of ogee ne nes tema of ae toate of een Than Que cha ve no sand ma, or be Iiprct te And en whi shal he sandra nue mane? uses Temi, Cui, ugh sey cay 0 beer “ema oe ake yaaa pk ote ane monte, Da soppos«sndard mine or Quine wou prppes«wolion to tts posing nen of aes fo ane econ Scena tng tat nl fone ponte wo he ane pen at QUANTIFYING IN Br cf sxcther Often when the wold have x coneoo par, 8 when we son aera ero he pret) can be ed comp Bu rindi ott tng on oop sh tc Sigua ooraling tac attach meal je we ‘rosin conned by otal ois 1a ot ae psig a aig bt on emai telnet ide cy ten 0 eon ae “nh eo ig nr te, hich account oy omits reung te exon propre of mes ops {> tee down when sto Ghcnining costa ropa of pesos Tam cold ty he ft hat ny ov ons sg Sac topes to peta nay bond sepia ee, atch ot os tht quma moda lg ean have to intesing teen eto Wetton a ade ont po of iy of aly ‘polite All son Nee was sed tomar analogy with Bel and» charge of| inconsitensepicm against Qui, We have path ur fst verton ef Nec with more dstnioatigstose of eenoatan. The sane tik ‘ould work for Bet Ralph would cooine ht eopiation o amber “nd exrenan If ot, we mit ek sone ober for f special intra ‘een mane and objet which allows the forest go pony for he ‘eric Ralphs cogaitve se, bevetat the fundamental diy th our fit version of Be stat gave usa relation between mur and objet in wh Ral yed no sigueae role. Supposing al spake of Engle to hake vale approximately the sae soc of ame (Fe. singular), 1s pus ll or rappor’ wih the sane perons Bt he lrg reawa ses fbb, nd te ne which spose Quine to ave bce fetingat wits (10) sone which provides Rag i sas 1 some bat time's thre-place relation tetnees Ralph «name (hich I her sein the Wud sense af gua em) abd’ person = Fr this purpose T wil inmdace sw special noon: at of ame «beng of or Ralph And tht of «mame bing, both of which vl coapare with he tian of ame deo Lets bein by stings the dere content of «name fomthe genie characer of he name a ed by Raph The fist gs owe Independent atures ofthe name, he esd to fetes of pte ters sogision of cartain bales ivaviag the mane. Te perhaps fest to make the diction i toms not of as but of str ‘ith conten ited to pots which sow & sng pro, Those Kats of ptr, in vit of ih we yi ace or era fof purer peron, compre the pet's Gecptne conten. The {eoede character of «piste determined by thecal cain of ve [Eaing ois production Inte ese of photographs and potas wo sy thatthe pure of th person who wes photopic wh at forte Peta. The sane elauon pretmely bole betren a Peresption end the pareve abject This etlon between pire and person cea pods cately cathe geecuracter ofthe pte, Wideat step inga dtnton, wecansny tat fr pitre ob of pron, th eon smb serv siizalyin thecal hn lading tote pire pro See et eye potent ll fan ara panting rom Sing of th att wil sory $y abit more about how I undestad Ut reaon, wish T deat sh he asad The “serndepennc’ ofthe dexiptve content af «pte sn the fit tat ‘eta pcs, ssh as two pits made from sng ‘egve, wl ese al the ae person I he ans the eee fontet fa pct isa fancton of wht we might eal he ptureype Iter thas th piste okon, The “nerdepeat tae ofthe gene Sharacter of ape is inthe fat tha Went paintings on Oe ac that th ae of iret pron (egw siting eprsey orpota) Thus the got charactro a ptr fnetion aly of he pce totes In-oder to aosommodate gene ws pc’ throughout the snte of pte le ‘red with revlon and of, lt me eet jot a ew of te faa ats of porate. Fast not ll pets of ¢peson rsene that pena, OF wo est peter ken of me one ese Ste Alen and the otis resembles thing on ert Secondly, not all pete ‘which esenle a person ar oft person. eos ha pete of ‘oe cin wil resemble he wi ts 9 tore oir twa ‘What imo lteroting tat strech rete pron ay ‘ote of any pon ata My camera may have had alos {o ight leaks i 48 peropan system Simlry fT have draw 2 QUANTIFYING IN a onspton of how the tpi man wil ok in one milion years, ee i ‘at lokig Iie that now ext my plete no of hn ones 4 nolo played some hes le) Tidy.» pcre may be of ‘oe than ove peso, ss when bythe pt meroriecknaus, we ota ‘compte photograph showing cae a's radon ene as Bo Inde in strmery, ge pct ay be of noone, one Pio, at any persons while reseang 20 068, one Perse, of many pero thay depe of oveip between thee wheat fea tos whos Irewmbles Ofcourse i potograpte cd aot fequety, Indes way, iene thir subjects, they could ot serve may ofthe purpose for hich we ue cher Stl en ccason, tings ca and do goey, tn 4 es potent foe sa om relatbelyindivet Fone or several witnesses describe the criminal to 8 polearist who then ease» ptr eal yt ts pre Af te ctinal, ven whea alle uch nei the eting pice has ic sint foo cil Sy a lope af where was copia mont, nd so was epodced Jowa uh ‘ss, would eal the eulng copy, no mater how dered, no ater he, anyon, eld, pte of Plus Casa A ole ars’ recnsrston of Santa Claus, based on @ coef reg of the pou Tae Night Before Chrismas ie ot pte of yon mater ow may peopl mae thensles up so tht cx resem them, aod no mater whoter tho ait nats the poo se ft or ftion. Eve ia combining fas eta of Laowe vealteu ars corey ugha erring pire wi ene fononr or ott at po snopes aml egy ie he r= ‘Rion of ie pre aad oil wilot boa pure of tone Aa Iie uy of toe anatd inna or buco ak trpeset tw ausperpon cpp hens eoding been apes ob oan sowhantog he exrenc On) pe, Free rita ie worn in son fo tink tn aly foie by thereat of tem sine the pe cone of ptr Stam He ues A tote Sting ck of an weg lnk ta ing tino wl et vos A a tre, en nal eg, Me so, ‘Rowan lingo ee wou cute gly sd Wht coed {Sil nn sos eit dpe on spel nce, Yo Go, ‘peal naybeliking ten, we to theo eis pi ‘Bowl ely ee hig omy lap fo he eames Tough pc inet ay th et Gea | nal expr a are ea {vas rus vids. Ish be dar at here ve o ses ours beeen owls ptr a wher 0 anyoe ot ‘ier rember noon euro ow ome the Goce cot at deems tat npn thy doe, Tho donne slg fo mae {Drowwbles oe fate Te pnts crc os sae na en fesostumpe wl von fer ha he see une, it sb ft ot sucks hing an he Blewett ach tng ex, bow he me to eevee eh rote crater of tae ht detries ‘that if anything ica nan of (bee ie the ne nomena," fora for petra) The as-depenoe of his ation requed 1p he fet tat Rai and Fed ay cach have seg Us as Jobn ‘Shs but sucht vay tht for Raph ane of one John Set Atl for Fed tis a mune of enter Joa Sith, Told spon that sens frst ree tht most of he ts ct arumeat ado leds into Talc (al homie {2 anon, ee) ar commerly sonnel seleat oF een, dcr ‘Boe ty wasnt men Caer ich sat of the to ohn Si, Shch sng the smportnce of geet fener ia ange Wm QUANTIFYING IN hs Ino lintations dha must te plc en te wadont dota ‘eevcr war we believe (art, de, ots) and how ne cae to eve Tats atempe to apply thse concations tothe ese of peop aes Proper nme dot cach of the aly any prvons so dubbed Ralph nay nq pope sane in «mb of dren way ey hve ateded «dubbing withthe jet Pet. Teco sl dubing ax consing of» splat tsoton ofthe mae wth Petcopton of te set, Thi, the ae Becomes x name of the sj anda pases from Ralph 0 other ein thie etre i he mnt of the ture of aus Casa, We may of coun on the bts of Balcimton, in wih cet mare neo ota. ough il sill ome each ntl pero, any. that may ovo dubbed, Bubinge Semetings take pace withthe eet absentia which case some hee tame Coully a Sxl) stand aor he econ, and the spl ie ie oper nan ee erat ein ‘un. Fe te oly denote sutton i ot tae of he {forthe wer in qb, the proper sme can doo beter, Ts Sve un faa ent ce ving eet tout aT am evlig to adopt ny theory of proper anes wah eros eto prorm 8 dobhing fase, a by shnly Searing ‘Tee du the fin chil 1 be born Inthe texto eta *Newmin "sod the pant me sanding to have tlh about hk sy unto ci, Atober preety mote common ay fo ee 1 opr an ncn convertion or exdng om shade, Nayerniiced B. J. Orsi soup by FB. fn sich we tase the causal sequence rom Ralph bck tough is mete sure 10 is inmate source and so ee. An especial cso hi Sort toes wen someone other than Orc st yma, i induced Co Rap as Oncute- Suppose thatthe tadscton tok pate with intent fo dkctve wad that Fe, who made the lntodicton, aed the name “Oct aa are of Get ler we shold cou Oveta ame of Wyman for Raph, it a, trough Fred rs oame of Ort The ‘tnt analogous tothe composite phate male by the sp Iiortngu, But her the muh pester does of the pol Tal fe equation may ovine ted section of Ort eae to fe reader th fl exec of con stng ee of mes (oc seo prope) whch ae analogue fo each of tec cas of eres The nto of vd ane tae to goto te purl internal aspects of individuation Conder gpl eas in which we ould be ISU tosay tat Ralph knows +e Wneginnted with =. Then look elyatthe conglomerton of inages, names, and pari Sxritons which Ralph enploys to rng before i ina Sch ooponsration, Wed ‘Siahyaraged end reginete, i wht I ella vd name, Ae 3h iors, thee are dag of iors andthe whole notion i fo some Ags relive fo spe interes, Te crcl ature of toon Ts SH pnd ny a Rare el i nd ore a ns ‘eter by masnblnce o os ih be aul nor I eau Ib {eh hon the ssp thatthe exe some nial = whom t ‘oth dents and rams we shuld sy tat Ralph howe ¥ 0 Is Sind ith, tem eh mae vii The wd nae epee thoe pesos who 8 sor rls i that nervy wh costs fal how setencs whch Raph eles. ve paced epost’ hee im sega o warn tht thar aot ‘Stuly exist snyhing wich so nepesented? Ralph tay ejoy 2 ie try totally oto contac with ety, Bt thi pot to deny cast of rob and lent Glee characters Liss fo es plaable ap docs notte thatthe Seta Cy {woul ot cal Senta Clus ne vind, no mater how Ivey iin ober pes. “Ther are certain fears which may conibute strongly Yo alas tut which Tete should not septs absolute aguemest Tes ‘ran to ch ogre tat avid name mt provide Rap With Senn of esognsng purport bec under ll cums, or Sdn li haan ee th we Eo Bs a ‘There ar aay gp. We sometimes even alt rong oul fn oe ‘Sty potas or oot deacon, snp bss of exp in ou Steeple amo me tomscharare a Rn nines Dams sce awl ay be ate cgi ou Slr Casa ta tit is ova neigbour Some ave aloo sggetd ht the appopeite Kido nan roi Rah ith mes ang ued ‘bjs ut pens and pols ar rue tna to foe penons trl tnown fom. AbE ud Dogupy os pee omen ‘Asin ay ivone none tte gue spatiotemporal fees ‘One might undenand the aetn, “alphas tn opinion ato who Conc asa cn tht Ralph ea pac Ore aang the lead (Sasa ot hanes, du ht Ralph Belen some sentence of he form "= Ortnts with # vi. Ti ble, the ew of Bint ‘Miu stoma theme of epee with ual quote QUANTIFYING ont eh partite ot dg ence oer Int mene ae Aa a ‘rn ih mak nae aml pen ee ‘cat pe Ite hea ral pean te ‘etl pann (on Feds pounag moss Wen Ralph. de ope Ne Ushi et aaa teenie Set pent re caters is se ool Thar nuh teva Sone Cte Sad eee te et 5 Sema Guess foun‘which sath same peson and which pots that person. A ii me Tullag fom eonfation muy consi more than oe ch oe mae. The question wher sich a coe remaining afer exon of iow ae teyet dan Iwill st hatte coe mune epreset he person ‘ni ath denotes ands of to alg "Sask wast cloaca lation betwen Ralph ame, an & pen, wbisveau replace Bina yarn ana of Bl For hi il Ethan stn orp To pt Ty sn Ralph Gymbotoed: Rey sy Ral) Wand only if) denotes Gaye to name of for Ralph, 2084) = tien) vii, Our al teen a 33) i fe fing variant 28: (4 eR, Ore, Raph) & Ralph B 0599") art fourm was to rst th range of pion with whom Rah i enrapor ith sos fad), This was done meas of aes a4 ‘hs Wasa ext a tare persona suche Nowean Pan inde (0 fenon pt presen o ure no snot ef is ak on Tal, #2 PS olan) exude ny penon who bas not ef vi mma Raph The ero exportation step for te ise of te shoes is no" ose stn inspite of Ralphs covet beet that sch « peson Cece abot spy snot, for Ralph, a mame of Bin hue (ab tikes scout ofthe dere to allow Raph tls about (oginis th seme of Ba} ly tore sons he ast su, whee te ee on ou. a prope ame ofx would not suc opt rg Fleheonee i've wae to drop cae (iy and allow 23 na0& ‘ink Fat dnoty rund a oan of to zepresent = co Holes he THe Molba ered the sistim, te murder woud represent the ‘murderer to heh, And ths we would hve 3)4eR,y, Holmes) & Holmes B «= the nde whic is our prosent nai of 3y Holes Bel (x = te madre’ ic ig roughly, Quis ration of Holes belie ote the mares St a ue te = QuaNTIFYING IN sh Aircon’ may fn pus Holmes" dscapton over he appeeprise vd. arincl as onan eer “gS (od sh td fo Hak exportation of shore Pereyra Pap pnp ‘oto which may be ssf in epstondloiel dicssons, Atcording IIS caeoe ae dltmaa es i he sta ane btm Ka exisence os purported it, ad hough it has kind of fein wy of li a hme othe rer cd of lait deemintnes oft Mes Sandel ety an ety sere ohh te ae stn 1 any ee elt fan tha sandard ees acer tr vd leant fae mde all circumstances, But not so for hens feng Ud same We ean easly form no vid amis, ne decrbing Berean Rael opi, td snoring Rae ec ty wah re sch that the Kal sntense py canna be ceded oral ‘id Te cae of i eg a nd he ing wa, nen ‘en fsa wh lw st ae he ero ob ne ‘vg wa eprops momen te ely ‘ese emia Of couse Rah myth nego of ‘heidi este fr all tps vid mes br such bel‘nay sinply te wong. And te names cn reala vd even after sch | Stace nonidenitie ar exe. ay happen that Ralph cones 0 ‘hangs obo that war he ons bevel non-dety between ‘vd nai be now belive an en, And sme ftermedite tage Ut wonder be beloves seer Ge Mently aor th beneath Boaters csc say be ain realy Ghoagh rife In ton) bt thoy are nevis chery pow Tiny coud be ruled only by ‘dtandiog an unreasonably igh standard of vines, to wt 0 ep fore by adog ones and nd hoe eget ta a rd ame Bojan ceiain format tons eg eat pace and ate of bir, ler Curse woud pt sot of rapor with mort fou ose fen. Th, {wo wd vanes can repent he ute person to Ralph slbough Rape does not bbe the ey sintence. He may spy nor, or be my ‘elev the nity renters and so bela of one pen tht be ve, Sally two vad arts can epee iret pesos to Raph ‘Stoogh Ralph dsr not beleve the noidntty sentence. Agu, Ra tna eer surpnd julgent or dese the nde ag 0 bales to pro that tn ae one. Since tat stato patape ae Fn tan do ote, i i portant to see tht theretealy the fess ate ona pr Infact case whee Ralph hs wo cnfted evo pions tn isthe dbase ys frend Fredy comes a case of beeing ne eon oe woop by ug Raph ihe i pe ‘Quine acknowliges that Ralph can bee of on person that Be voor Quine’ own understanding of Bl when be remars, r mentioned (62) Regh Bal Cx not sy’, Oneu, nd (09 Ralph a xis apy’, Ons, oot expres an inconsseney on Ralphs pat and do no imply (8) ‘The backround wary josting (2) and) invler Ralph fpoting One bat eer arcumsances so eftent that Raph as ‘hava that be wissen th same man aga. Indo he blind he at tot sing te same man agi, nce on the one scaion he hoop "There goss oy anon te, "Hre 20 spy My poate though one may quibble aoc wither each or ete of he mame of 1 Note apm th went Hype of cds Ras ‘QUANTIFYING IN, 1 eit wre id in he tres ded by Quine and 0

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