REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN W.P.S. Dias BSc(Eng), PhD(Lond), DIC, CEng, MiStructE, MIE(SL) Senior Lecturer Department of Civil Engineering University of Moratuwa Moratuwa Sri Lanka Society of Structural Engineers - Sri LankaPublishet by soci of Structural Engineers - Sri Lanka, ” Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1995. POwPs. Dias er ” ISBN 955-9347-00-4FOREWORD The Society of Structural Engineers - SrikLanka was incorporated in July 1993. Our membership is very small and our financial resourctS are absolutely minimal. Nevertheless, the members of our Committee have contributed a great deal of their time and effort to collect funds from various sources to help advance the knowledge and practice of structural engineering in Sri Lanka through, inter alia, the publication of books on related topics. As the majority of structures in this country are constructed of reinforced concrete, the selection of GRADED EXAMPLES IN REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN as the object of the Society’s first book publishing effort constitutes an ideal beginning. Dr Priyan Dias is a brilliant young academic and is highly motivated towards training engineers to use a “thinking" approach to solve technical problems. Whilst this book itself is of an immediately practical nature, Dr Dias and others will, no doubt, follow up with more publications which will help our engineers to think laterally so as to come up with innovative solutions to any structural problems they encounter. A.C. Visvalingam MA, PhD, DIC, MICE, MlStructE, MIE(SL), CEng PRESIDENT, Society of Structural Engineers - Sri Lanka 2 March 1995GRADED EXAMPLES IN REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN (with explanatory notes, using Grade 25 concrete to BS 8110) CONTENTS Introduction Analysis of Beam Sections in Flexure (Examples | - 4) Design of Beam Sections in Flexure (Examples 5 - 9) Design of Beams for Shear (Examples 10 - 11) Serviceability Checks and Detailing in Beams (Example 12) Design of Slabs (Examples 13 - 17) Design of Columns (Examples 18 - 21) Design of Foundations (Examples 22 - 24) Design of Staircases (Examples 25 - 26) Design of Wall and Corbel (Examples 27 - 28) Design of Beam for Torsion (Example 29) Frame Analysis and Moment Redistribution (Examples 30 - 32) Design for Stability (Example 33) Serviceability Limit State Calculations (Examples 34 -35) 13 26 31 38 58 76 83INTRODUCTION A Case for Worked Examples Educational purists may argue that Worked Examples are detrimental to student learning because there is an element of “spoonfeeding” involved. While acknowledging that there is some tnith in this argument, the author would like to contend that Worked Examples do have a place in the educational process. Knowledge can be acquired using two broad approaches - i.e. the deductive approach, having its roots in Greek rationality, and the inductive approach, having its roots in Renaissance empiricism. Learning through worked examples is an inductive approach, and both the format and content of this book reflect that approach. The book has been developed through the author’s teaching of a course in Reinforced Concrete Design at the University of Moratuwa. The examples are graded, leading from an appreciation of reinforced concrete behaviour, through the design of structural elements, to the analysis of a teinforced cancrete structure, The student’s understanding of the calculations is deepened by the "Notes on Calculations" while the Introductory and Concluding Notes set each example in a wider context, Hence, in this book, design principles are reinforced through practice, with guidance from notes. However, this book cannot and should not be used as a "stand alone” text. It must essentially be complementary to another text or series of lectures that teaches design from a deductive approach - i.e. one which moves students from principles to practice. It can, of course, be used by practising engineers, who already have a grasp of reinforced concrete fundamentals. In order to equip students for real design practice, the book is very much code based, with extensive references given in the calculations to clauses in BS 8110 (1985) - "Structural use of concrete”. This is another reason for the book’s usefulness for practising engineers. The examples cover most of the reinforced concrete elements and stress states dealt with by Part 1 of BS 8110. In addition, examples are also given for the design for torsion and the calculation of deflection and cracking, dealt with in Part 2 of BS 8110. Sections of code are referred to by indicating the relevant clause, table or equation of BS 8110: Part 1. Where clauses, tables, charts or equations from Parts 2 and 3 of BS 8110 are referenced, the relevant Part is also indicated. One very useful feature of BS 8110 is that each table also gives the equation from which its values are derived. This is a clear advantage for computerised design, and even hand calculations. Therefore, although the tables have in fact been referred to in the following calculations, very often it is the corresponding equations that have been used. A Case for Using Lower Grades of Concrete Table 3.4 in Part 1 of BS 8110 (1985) specifies durability by cover and grade, but also indicates cement contents and water/cement ratios corresponding to the grade specified. The background to this table is given in the paper by Deacon and Dewar ("Concrete durability 1- specifying more simply and surely by strength, Concrete, February 1982, pp.19-21), which describes how U.K. concrete strengths vary for given cement contents and water/cement ratios and shows how the grade specified covers the cement content and water/cement ratio requirements 96% of the time. It must be emphasised here that the index of durability used in BS 8110 is mix proportions. However, it has related these mix proportions to strength, which is a much easier parameter to measure and control. This is clearly evident in the provisions made in the code for reducing the grade if a checking regime establishes that a lower grade of concrete complies with the cement content and water/cement ratio limits (Clauses 3.3.5.2 and 3.3.5.3 of Part 1). Such a relaxation of grade is not allowed, however for concretes using blended cements. Even a cursory glance at Table 3.4 in BS 8110: Part 1 will indicate that at least grade 40 concrete will have to be used for all but mild and moderate exposure conditions, although the corresponding minimum cement content and maximum water/cement ratio are only 325kg/m? and 0.55 respectively. This seems to be a very stringent condition to be imposed on concreting practice in developing countries, where most concrete specified is still grade 20 to 25. In fact, even in the U.K., the most commonly used grades were grades 20 to 30, even up to the early 1980s. The question arises as to whether Table 3.4 in BS 8110: Part 1, developed for the U.K. is applicable in other (especially developing) countries, where materials and practices may be very different. This problem was studied by the author using Sri Lanka as a case in point. The strengths that could be achieved for various cement content and water/cement ratio values were obtained on the basis of a batching plant survey. ‘Specifications based on the above survey are given in TABLE 1. This table is taken from the author's publication "Specifying for Concrete Durability: Part Il - The Sri Lankan Context, Engineer, Vol. XX, Nos 1-4, 1992, pp. 4-14". The Notes in TABLE 1 indicate the scope of the specifications, and also conditions under which deviations from the tabulated values can be allowed. In particular, Notes 5 and 6 allow reductions in grade and cover values that bring these recommendations in-line with current Sri Lankan practice. In short, these recommendations rationalise satisfactory Sri Lankan practice (especially under mild exposure conditions) with respect to BS 8110, while suggesting improvements to Sri Lankan practice where problem areas (such as concrete exposed to sea spray) are concemed. Although the recommendations in TABLE 1 make it possible to use grade 20 concrete for mild exposure conditions, it was felt that basing the examples on such a low grade would have deviated too much from the provisions of BS 8110, where grade 25 is specified as the lowest grade to be used with normal weight aggregate concrete (Clause 3.1.7.2) and where all tables and charts have grade 25 as the lowest grade. As such, it is grade 25 concrete that is used for all the following examples, except in Examples 28 and 29, where the use of grade 30 concrete is illustrated.TABLE 1 - NOMINAL COVER TO ALL REINFORCEMENT (INCLUDING LINKS) TO MEET DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS - ADAPTED FROM BS 8110: 1985 FOR SRI LANKAN PRACTICE Note 1 Note 2 Note 3 Note 4 Note 5 Note 6 Exposure Examples of Nominal Cover Classification Exposure mm omm omm omm-— mm Mild Indoor 20* 20* 20* Moderate Outdoor 30 25 20 Severe Driving Rain 40 30 25 Very severe Sea Spray 50 40 30 Extreme Abrasive a - i 60 50 4 Maximum free water/cement ratio 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.45 aT Minimum cement content (kg/m3) 275 «300 «325. 350 400 (300) (325) (350) (400) (450) Lowest grade of concrete This table applies to normal-weight aggregate OPC concrete of 20 mm nominal maximum aggregate size and river sand fine aggregate. In no case should the cover be less than the maximum aggregate size or diameter of main reinforcement. A minimum of 25 mm cover to all reinforcement should be maintained in beams and columns. Cover values marked with asterisks (*) can be reduced to 15 mm, provided the nominal maximum aggregate size does not exceed 15 mm, subject to the conditions in Notes 1 and 2. The minimum cement content values in parentheses should be maintained if no water-reducing admixtures are used. The grade requirement can be reduced by 5 if a checking regime establishes that the maximum free water/cement ratio and minimum cement content requirements are met. The above cover values can be reduced by 5 mm, subject to the conditions in Notes 1 and 2 and a minimum of 15 mm, provided a 1:3 cement: sand rendering of 10 mm, 15 mm or 20 mm is applied to concrete made to water/cement ratios of 0.65, 0.6 and 0.55 respectively.EXAMPLE 1 - ANALYSIS OF UNDER-REINFORCED SECTION Determine the lever arm for the beam section shown in the figure; find also its moment of resistance. 225 4-375 foy = 25 N/mm? f, = 460 N/mm 3-20 900 (All dimensions in mm) Introductory Notes 1. This example is regarding the analysis of an existing beam. The first step in finding the moment of resistance is to find the lever arm. Calculations Output Area of steel = 942.5 mm? Assuming that the steel has yielded, = 377189 N T = @.87)fy.A, = (0.87)(460)(942.5) Hence, balancing compressive force = 377189 N (0.45)f,4-b(0.9)x = 377189 (0.45)(25)(225)(0.9x) = 377189 x = 166mm Since x/d = 166/375 = 0.44 <= 0.64, steel has yielded and original assumption is correct. z = d- (0.45)x = 375 - (0.45)(166) = 300 mm Note :- z/d = 300/375 = 0.8 < 0.95, Hence O.K. Moment of resistance = (377189)(300) 13,16 x10° Nmm Notes on Calculations 2. Most singly reinforced sections will be under-reinforced in practice. Hence, assuming that the steel has yielded is the most convenient way of starting. (This assumptionshould be checked later on, of course, using the x/d value.) The condition that tensile reinforcement has yielded when the concrete strain is 0.0035, is x/d <= 0.64 (for f,= 460 N/mm*) and x/d <= 0.76 (for f, = 250 N/mm?). This can be shown by’ assuming a linear strain distribution. However the code recommends that x/d < = 0.50, in order to accommodate redistribution up to 10% (Clause 3.4.4.4). Concluding Notes 4. The lever arm is the distance between the centroids of the tensile and compressive forces. This separation between two opposite forces is what creates the moment of resistance in a flexural element. Because this distance has to be accomodated within the depth of the section, flexural elements tend to have larger cross ‘sections than compressive elements. EXAMPLE 2 - ANALYSIS OF OVER-REINFORCED SECTION Determine the moment of resistance of the section shown. 150 25 N/mm? d=300 460 N/mm? (All dimensions in mm) Introductory Notes = This section is different from that in Example 1, in that it is over-reinforced. The calculation procedure is more complicated here.Note 3 Note 4 Area of steel = 981.7 mm? Assuming that the steel has yielded, = (0.87)f,.A, = (0.87)(460)(981.7) = 392876 N Hence, C = (0.45)f,y.b(0.9)x = 392876 (0.45)(25)(150)(0.9)x = 392876 x = 259 mm But, x/d = 259/300 = 0.86 > 0.64 Hence, steel has not yielded. We shall try to find a value for x, by trial and error, such that T and C are approximately equal. Try x = 200 mm = (0.45)f.y.b(0.9)x = (0.45)(25)(150)(0.9)(200) 3750 N = (0.0035)(300-200)/200 = 1.75 x10 Hence, f, = (1.75 x10)(200 x10°) = 350 N/mm2, and T = (350)(981.7) = 343595 N For a better approximation, try x = 205 mm. Then C = 311344 N and T = 318454 N. For a still better approximation, try x = 206 mm, Then C = 312863 N and T = 313572 N. This approximation is sufficient. Note:- x/d = 206/300 = 0.69 (> 0.64) z = d- (0.45)x = 300 - (0.45)(206) = 207 mm M = C.z = (312863)(207) = 64.763 x10° Nmm = 64.8 kNm Note:- Alternative method of finding x. ‘Once it is established that the steel has not reached yield point, for any given value of x, = (0.0035)(300-x)/x & = [(0.0035)(300-x)/x](200 x10?) N/mm? = {(0.0035)(300-x)/x](200 x10°)(981.7) N = (0.45)(25)(150)0.994N Pay T = C, we have the quadratic equation x2 + (452.47)x - 135741 = 0, giving x = 206 or -659 mm M = 64.8 kNmNotes on Calculations 2. 4. In some rare cases, as in this one, a beam may be over-reinforced, meaning that the yielding of steel will not take place before the crushing of concrete. If such a beam fails, it will do so suddenly, without waming, and hence over-reinforced beams are discouraged in practice. Since the steel has not yielded, the stress can no longer be assumed to be 0.87fy. Rather, the stress is the steel is obtained by @ i) determining the strain in the steel, assuming a linear strain distribution across the section and using the stress-strain curve in Figure 2.2 of the code to arrive at the stress. © 54.70.0035 0,87x460=400 N/mm? Stress (N/mm?) Al - 2x10"* Strain Strain diagram Stress-Strain diagram It is possible to use this method because the stress-strain curve for steel below the yield point is a single straight line, Concluding Notes 5. One way of ensuring that the beam failure is ductile is to introduce some compression steel, so that x/d will be reduced to 0.5 (See Example 3).EXAMPLE 3 - ANALYSIS OF DOUBLY REINFORCED SECTION Determine the amount of compression steel required, in order to make x/d = 0.5 in Example 2. Find also the moment of resistance of the resulting beam. 150 £ e.°8 OLE *S la fey = 25 N/mm? a fy = 460 N/mm? 2-25 °° (All dimensions in mm) Introductory Notes 1. __Ifitis found that a singly reinforced beam is over-reinforced and it is desired to make it under-reinforced or balanced, this may be achieved by (@ increasing the depth of the section, (i) increasing the breadth of the section or (iii) _ introducing compression steel. 2. Increasing the breadth of the section will generally be uneconomical. Therefore, if the depth of the section cannot be increased due to non-structural reasons, option (iii) above is used. Assume a suitable value for d’, say 50 mm. For equilibrium of the section, the compression in the top steel plus the concrete must equal the tension in the bottom steel. Setting x = (0.5)d = 150 mm (which automatically ensures the yielding of tension steel), we have d’/x = 50/150 = 0.33 <= 0.43, which means that the compression steel will yield as well. (O.87)f,.A,) + (0.45)f,4.b(0.9)x = (0.87)f,-A, (O.87)460)A,” + (0.45)(25)(150)(0.9)(150) = (0.87)(460)(981.7) A,’= 412 mm? Use 4712 Hence, A,’ = 412 mm?, (452.4 mm?) Use 4T12 (A,' = 452.4 mm’ 2),[Reference Calculations Output Table 3.27 | Note:- 100A,’/A, = (100)(452.4) / (150)(350) Note 5 = 0.86 (> 0.2), Hence 0.K. Lever arm for balanced section = d - (0.45)¢1/2) = (0.775)d = (0.775)(300) = 232.5 mm Distance between top and bottom steel = 250 mm Note 6 Hence, taking moments about level of tension steel, moment of resistance = (0.45)(25)(150)(0.9)(150)(232.5) + (0.87)(460)(412)(250) = 94187006 Nmm = 94.2 KNm M = 94.2 kNm Notes on Calculations 3. 4. The value of d’ will depend on the cover, and other requirements (See Example 8). If the compression steel provided is greater than that required, the neutral axis depth will be reduced slightly; this is desirable, as it will increase the ductility of the section, When providing four bars within a width of 150 mm, it may be necessary to use the bars as two pairs of bars. When compression steel is provided, a minimum percentage is required. The area of concrete is based on the gross section, and the overall depth is taken as (300 + 50) = 350 mm. In general, the most convenient way of finding the moment of resistance for a doubly reinforced section, is to take moments about the level of tension steel. The amount of compression steel to be used in the calculation is the amount required (412 mm), and not the amount provided (452.4 mm?). Concluding Notes ue The moment of resistance of a doubly reinforced section can be considered to be the sum of the moments of resistance of (i) a balanced section and (ii) a "steel section", consisting of equal amounts of tension and a steel, separated by (d-d’). = d'=50 Z i al 0.454 ZA ‘412mm? F #135 7 a. 1 \ 232.5 1 (250 570mm?| 1 412mm4 £ eee £ 10EXAMPLE 4 - ANALYSIS OF NON-RECTANGULAR SECTION Determine the moment carrying capacity of the trapezoidal beam section shown below. 300 = 25 N/mm? h=450 d=400 = 460 N/mm* tv {All dimensions in mm) Introductory Notes 1. Asin previous examples, the moment carrying capacity has to be found by working from first principles. The additional complication in this example is that the section is non-rectangular. Assume values for the neutral axis, x until the compression in concrete is equal to the tension in steel. The area of the section under compression = (0.5)(0.9)x[600 - {(300-150)/450}(0.9)x] Area of steel = 981.7 mm? <—300—> Assume also that the steel has yielded. \fosx ] Try x = 100 mm Area in compression, A, = @. 5)('90){600 - (0.33). .9)(100)} A150 = 25650 mm? = (0.45)f,y-A, = (0.45)(25)(25650) = 288563 N T = (0.87)(460)(981.7) = 392876 N 450 Try x = 139 mm Then, C = 392868 N and T = 392876 N. This approximation is satisfactory. Note also that x/d = 139/400 = 0.35 < 0.5; hence assumption that steel has yielded is O.K.[estrone [_Catttos__ ‘The centroid of the compression zone from the top of the section will be given by y = {(150)(139)(139/2) + *(0.59(150)(1399(13913)} / {(150)(139) + (0.5)(150)(139)} = 61.8 mm Hence, lever arm = 400 - 61.8 = 338.2 mm z = 338 mm 32.8 x10 Nmm = 133 kNm M = C.z = (392868)(338) = M = 133 kNm Note:- Alternative method of finding x. Assuming that steel has yielded, = (0.87)(460)(981.7) = 392876 N For any x, the area under compression is Ae = (0.5)(0.9)x(600 - {(300-150)/450}(0.9)x] = (0.45)(25)A, mate T = C, we have the quadratic equation, x? - (2000)x + 258684 = 0, giving x = 139 or 1861 mm Since x/d = 139/400 = 0.35 < 0.5, steel has in fact yielded, as assumed. x = 139 mm Notes on Calculations 2. The lever arm cannot be calculated as d - (0.45)x in this case, because the compression block is non-rectangular. 3. This calculation will become a little more complicated if the section is not under- reinforced (see Example 2). Concluding Notes 4. This approach from first principles, using the idea of strain compatibility, will have to be employed even in the design of beams such as these, which are non-rectangular, since the design formulae and charts apply only to rectangular sections. When designing, the amount of steel has to be assumed, and the moment carrying capacity checked to ensure that it is greater than the design moment. 5. It should be noted that the form of the formulae given in the code is such that, although they can be used to design rectangular sections, they are not meant to find the moment of resistance of a given section. This has to be done using strain compatibility concepts from first principles, as illustrated in Examples 1 to 4, or by suitably rearranging the form of the equations.EXAMPLE 5 - DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR SECTION Design a rectangular beam to take an ultimate load moment of 150 kNm, (@) as a singly reinforced beam and (b) as a beam whose overall depth is limited to 400 mm. Use design formulae. Assume that f,, = 25 N/mm?, f, = 460 N/mm?, and that the difference between effective depth and overall depth is S50 mm. Assume also that no redistribution of moments has been carried out. Introductory Notes 1. This is the first example on the design, as opposed to the analysis of a section. Where beams (as opposed to slabs) are concerned, it will be often found that the moment carrying capacity is more critical than the deflection criterion, and that the former will govern the selection of cross sectional dimensions. Refererice Calculations Output (a) Singly reinforced section Note 2 Let us assume that d/b = 2.0 In order to find the minimum depth for a singly reinforced section, we should assume that x/d = 0.5 3.4.4.4 and K = K’ = 0.156 Then K = M/ (b.d2.f,.) 0. = (150 x10 / {(d/2)()(25)} {(2)(150 x10°} / {(0.156)(25)} 425 mm Note 3 Choose d = 475 mm, h = 525 mm, b = 225 mm Now K = M/ (b.d?.f.y) = 150 x10® / {(225)(4757°25) = 0.118 < 0.156 z = {0.5 + {0.25 - K/(0.9)}°-] : 2 = (475)[0.5 + {0.25 - (0.118)/(0.9)}°-5} 3.4.4.1) | = 401 mm < (0.95)(475) = 451 mm; hence O.K. | 59. asl 2-25 A, =M/@.87f, oS = (150 x10%) TO (0.87)(460)(401) = 935 mm? Hence, use 2T25 (A, = 981.7 mm?) A, = 935 mm? Table 3.27 | 100A,/A, = (982)(100) / (525)(225) = 0.83 Use 2725 Note 4 > 0.13; hence O.K. | (981.7 mm?) ene alCalculations Output {b) Overall depth restricted Note 5 If the overall depth is restricted to 400 mm, h = 400 mm, d = 400 - 50 = 350 mm, d = 350 mm b = 225 mm (assuming the same breadth as before) | b = 225 mm Now K = M/ (b.d2.f,,) = (150 x10) / {(225)(350)(25)} = 0.218 > 0.156 (i.e. K’) Hence, compression reinforcement is required. Note 6 Let us assume that d’ = 50 mm. Ag) = (K-K’)f,y.b.d? / {0.87)£,(d-d’)} {(0.218-0.156)(25)(225)(3507} / {(0.87)(460)(350-50)} = 356 mm? Use 2T16 (A,’ = 402.1 mm?) 100A,'/A, = (100)(402.1) / (400)(225) Table 3.27 = 0.45 > 0.2; hence O.K. = [0.5 + {0.25 - K'/(0.9)}°-5] = (350)[0.5 + {0.25 - (0.156)/(0.9)}°-5} N 3.4.4.1(@) 272 mm < (0.95)(350) = 333 mm; hence O.K. Ay = {K’-fy.b.d) / O.87)f,.2} + Ay? Note 7 ={(0.156)(25)(225)(350)? / (0.87)(460)(272)} + 356 = 1344 mm? A, = 1344 mm? Use 3T25 (A, = 1473 mm?) Use 3725 100AJA, = (100)(1473) / (400)(225) (1473 mm?) Table 3.27 = 1.64 > 0.13; hence O.K. Note 8 Hence, use 3T25 (bottom) and 2T16 (top). Notes on Calculations 2. In practice, the ratio of depth to breadth for a beam will have a value between 1.5 and 2.5. 3, Many designers still choose dimensions for beams and columns in steps of 25 mm, because | inch is approximately 25 mm. Furthermore, depths considerably in excess of the minimum depth for a singly reinforced section may be chosen, in order to reduce the steel requirement. 4, The check for minimum reinforcement is almost always satisfied for tension steel in 14beams. A little care should be excercised, however, for compression steel. 5. The overall depth of the beam may have to be restricted, due to architectural requirements. On the other hand, there may be some economy in designing beams with a marginal amount of compression steel, because longitudinal stee! on the compression face will be required anyway, in order to support the shear links. 6. This is keeping with the idea that the difference between overall and effective depths is 50 mm. 7. When calculating the are of tension steel, it is sufficient to use the value of compression steel required (as opposed to that provided), in this equation. 8. When providing reinforcement, a combination of bar sizes should be adopted, such that the maximum and minimum spacing between bars is kept within specified limits (see Example 12). Concluding Notes 9. Design charts (in Part 3 of the code) could also have been used to design the steel required for these sections. The relevant charts are Chart No. 2 for the singly reinforced section and Chart No. 4 for the doubly reinforced section, since d’/d = 50/350 = 0.143. 10. The design charts are given for.’ d’/d values ranging from 0.10 to 0.20, in steps of 0.05. The chart with d’/d value closest to the actual value should be used for design. If the actual 4°/d value lies exactly between the chart values, the chart with the higher d’/d value should be used in the design, as this is more conservative. EXAMPLE 6 - DESIGN OF SECTION WITH REDISTRIBUTION If the beam section in part (a) of Example 5 (i.e. h = 525 mm, d = 475 mm and b = 225 mm) was carrying an ultimate moment of 150 kNm after a 30% downward redistribution of moment, design the steel reinforcement required. Assume that d’= 50 mm, f,, = 25 N/mm? and fy = 460 N/mm?. Use the methods of formulae and design charts. Introductory Notes 1 If the moment at a section has been reduced by downward redistribution, that section must have adequate rotational capacity at ultimate limit state, in oder for plastic hinge action to take place. This capacity is ensured by restricting the x/d ratio to a specified value. 15Reference Calculations Output {a) Using formulae 3.2.2.1) | By = (1-0.3)/ 1 = 0.7 3.4.4.4 K’ = 0.402)(G,0.4) - (0.18)(6,-0.4)? = (0.402)(0.7-0.4) - (0.18)(0.7-0.4) = 0.104 Now, K = M/ (.¢.f,,) 150 x10%) / {(225)(475)2(25)} = 0.118 > 0.104 Hence, compression steel is required. z = d[0.5 + {0.25 - K'/(0.9)}%5] = (475)[0.5 + {0.25 - (0.104)/(0.9)}9-5] 3.4.4.1(@) | = 412 mm < (0.95)(475) = 451 mm; hence O.K. = (K -K’)f,y.b.d?/ {0.87)f,(d-d’)} = {(0.118-0.104)(25)(225)(475 9} / {(0.87)(460)(475-50)} = 104 mm? A,’ = 104 mm? Use 2T12 (A,’ = 226.2 mm?) Use 2T12 Table 3.27 | 100A,'/A, = 0.19 (< 0.2, but acceptable) (226.2 mm?) Ay = [K’ fey-b.42) / {0.87)f,.z}] + A,’ 0.104)(25)(225)(475)? / (0.87)(460)(412)} + 104 = 905 mm? A, = 905 mm? Use 2T25 (A, = 981.7 mm?) ‘Use 2T25 (981.7 mm2) Hence, use 2T25 (bottom) and 2T12 (top). Mg = (7.0)(1.4)(1.95) + (45.28)(2.0)°/2 109.7 kNm wu Mg = 110 kNm (hogging)Calculations ‘Sagging moment in BC:- Output 7.0 16.34 kN/m ae kN/m Z A B x Mg = (7,0)(1.95) + (16.34)(2.0)/2 = 46.33 kNm Taking moments about B for BC, Re (6.0) + 46.33 = (45.28)(6.0)7/2 Ro = 128.1 KN My = (128. 1)x ~ (45.28)x2/2 dM,/dx = 0 when (45.28)x = 128.1 x = 2.83 m = (128. 1)(2.83) - (45.28)(2.83)/2 Mgc=181 kNm _[ (sagging) Notes on Calculations = Idealization is the first step in analysis. Since it is not possible to model the actual structure with complete accuracy, idealization should be performed such that the results obtained are conservative. For example, although point C has a certain degree of restraint, it is impossible to quantify it. However assuming the end C to be simply supported will give a higher (and hence conservative) moment in the span BC. The restraint moment at C can be subsegently accounted for by providing a nominal amount of hogging steel there. 3. Since the beam spacing is 3.5 m, each beam carries the loads acting on a strip 3.5 m wide. Concluding Notes 4. Where dead and imposed loads are combined, as in the case of this example, the design moments at critical sections have to be arrived at by a proper combination of loading patterns. 20EXAMPLE 8 - DESIGN OF BEAM FOR FLEXURE Design the reinforcement for hogging and sagging moments in the beam in Example 7. Use fey = 25 N/mm? and fy = 460 N/mm?, Introductory Notes 1. In this example, only the reinforcement for the maximum sagging and hogging moments need to be calculated, since the beam section is already specified in Example 7. - Furthermore, as the bending. moment diagram for the beam has not been drawn (although it could be), the curtailment of reinforcement is not considered. This aspect is considered in Example 12. Reference Calculations Output Effective depth . Table 3.2 Assume moderate exposure conditions, for outdoor Note 3 exposure. Note 4 Making use of Notes 5 and 6 of Table 1, we can use TABLE 1 | a cover of 30 mm. cover = 30 mm Table 3.5 This will also give a fire resistance of 2 hours. Assuming a link diameter of 10 mm and a reinforcement size of 25 mm, the effective depth will Note 5 be d = 450 - 30 -10 - 25/2 = 397.5 mm d = 397.5 mm Design for hoggi The beam behaves a a rectangular beam. b = 300 mm, d = 397.5 mm, M = 110 kNm Chart 2 M/bd? = (110 x10) / (300)(397.5)? = 2.32 (Part 3) 100A,/od = 0.67 A, = (0.67)(300)(397.5) / 100 = 799 mm? A, = 799 mm? Use 2720 & 1T16 (A, = 829 mm?) Use 2T20 & Table 3.27 | 100A,/byh = (100)(829) / (300)(450) 1T16(829 mm?) = 0.61 > 0.26; hence O.K. (hogging) Design for sagging momen The beam behaves as a flanged beam. 3.4.1.5 b = lesser of 3500 mm or . 1/5 + by, = {(0.7)(6000)}/5 + 300 = 1140 mm Le Hence, b = 1140 m bp = 1140 m 21Chart 2 (Part 3) Table 3.27 Note 6 Table 3.27 Note 7 3.4.1.6 Note 8 Calculations ‘Assume that the neutral axis is within the flange. K =M/ (b.d?.f,,) = (181 x105)/{(1140)(397.. 5 25)}= 0.040 <0.156 z = d[0.5 + {0.25 - K/(0.9)}® = [0.5 + {0.25 - (0.04)/(0.9)}°*}] = (0.95)d = (0.95)(397.5) = 377.6 mm x = (d-2)/(0.45) = (397.5-377.6) / (0.45) = 44.2 mm < 125 mm. Hence, neutral axis is in fact within the flange, and the beam can be designed as a rectangular beam with b = 1140 mm. M/bd? = (181 x10%) / (1140)(397.5)* = 1.00 100A,/bd = 0.27 Ag = (0.27)(1140)(397.5) / 100 = 1224 mm? Use 2725 & 1T20 (A, = 1295 mm?) b,/b = 250/1140 = 0.22 < 0.40 100A,/byh = (100)(1295) / (300)(450) = 0.96 > 0.18; hence O.K. ‘Tranverse steel In order that flanged beam action is ensured, the minimum amount of transverse steel (to be provided in the top of the slab) is given by 100A ah id = 0.15 = (0.15)(125)(1000) / 100 = 187.5 mm/m Use R6 @ 150 (min.) (A, = 190 mm’ ?/m) Slendemess check Continuous portion - clear distance between restraints is 5700 mm (60)b, = (60)(1140) = 68400 mm (250)b,2/d = (250)(1140)2 / (397.5) = 817358 mm Since these values are > 5700 mm, check is O.K. Cantilever portion - clear distance between restraints is 1850 mm (25)b, = (25)(300) = 7500 mm (100)b,2/d = (100)(300)? / (397.5) = 22642 mm N.A. is in flange A, = 1224 mm? Use 2T25 & 1720 (1295 mm?) (sagging) ‘Transverse steel R6@I150 (min) (190 mm?/m) Slendemess O.K. Since these values are > 1850 mm, check is O.K. 22Notes on Calculations 3. It is sufficient to assume a “moderate” exposure condition for the exteriors of most Structures, which are not subjected to freezing and sheltered from driving rain. The cover values are obtained from TABLE 1 in the Introduction to this text; this Table is relevant for Sri Lankan concreting practice. The figures in the table can be further modified by Notes 5 and 6 of the table, as has been done here. It is assumed in this example therefore, that the mix proportions correspond to a grade 30 mix (although the strength achieved is only grade 25) and also that a 15 mm (min) cement:sand rendering protects the concrete surface. The calculation of effective depth from the overall depth is illustrated by the figure below. Although the actual steel requirement is calculated using the value of flange width, the minimum steel requirement is based on the web width. This transverse steel will also have to resist the hogging moment in the slab, and a greater amount than this will need to be provided in most cases. This slenderness check is almost always non-critical, except perhaps in the case of long, deep cantilevers. Concluding Notes 9. When designing beam-slab systems, care must be taken to note where flanged beam action takes place and where it does not. Furthermore, such locations will be reversed in systems where upstand beams are used. If the neutral axis of a flanged beam falls within the flange, the design is identical to a rectangular beam, as seen here. When designing for hogging and sagging moments at support and span Tespectively, care must be taken to remember what steel has to be placed at the top of the beam section, and what steel at the bottom. 23EXAMPLE 9 - DESIGN OF FLANGED SECTION Design an edge beam of a beam-slab system to take an ultimate moment of 200 kNm at mid span. Spacing of beams = 4.0m; Span of beams = 6.0 m; Thickness of slab= 100 mm; _= 25 N/mm?; f, = 460 N/mm?. Introductory Notes 1, An edge beam will have a transverse slab only on one side; hence it is called an L-beam. The beam in the earlier example is called a T-beam, since the slab extended over both sides of the beam. If the beam is below the slab (as is the case most of the time), the slab will act as a flange only in the span, when the top of the section is in. compression, and not at the supports. Calculations Output Assume that by, = 225 mm b = lesser of 2000 mm or 1/10 + by, = {(0.7)(6000)}/10 + 225 = 645 mm Hence, b = 645 mm b = 645 mm If the beam is to be singly reinforced, K=K'= 0.156 M/ (0.d2.fey) = 0.156 (200 x10%) 7"{(645)()225)} = 0.156 d = 282 mm Hencé, choose d = 325 mm and h = 375 mm Then, K = (200 x10) / {(645)(325)(25)} = 0.117 Zz = df0.5 + {0.25 - K/(0.9)}9-) = d0.5 + {0.25 - (0.117/(0.9)}°-5] 0.846)d = 275 mm (325-275) / (0.45) = 111 mm Since this is greater than hy = 100 mm, the neutral | N.A. is out of axis lies outside the flange. flange b/b,, = 645/225 = 2.87 dh B= Beefgy.b.d? = (0.129)(25)(645)(325)? = 219.7 x10° . = 220 kNm > 200 kNm Also, hdd = 100/375’ = 0.308 < 0.45, singly Hence, section can be singly reinforced. reinforced 24Cae ~1200m10 +0 125)225}825)(0 45,025) 101 [(0.87)(460){325-(0.5)(100)}] = 1894 Use 2732 & 1T20 (A, = 1922 mm’) 100A /oyh = (100)(1922) / (225)375) = 2.28 < 4.0; hence O.K. (1922 mm?) ra A web width of 225 mm is around the minimum that is practically desirable, in order to accommodate the reinforcement. A width of 200 mm can be considered as the absolute minimum for all beams save those which carry very nominal loads. 3. The difference between d and h has been taken as 50 mm, although the actual calculation of cover should be carried out as in Example 8. 4. This trial-and-error approach has to be adopted to find out whether Clause 3.4.4.5 has to be used (singly reinforced flanged beam design) or whether it is sufficient to use Clause 3.4.4.4, (rectangular beam design, since the neutral axis is within the flange). 5. It is easier and more accurate to use equation 2 to obtain the value of f,, rather than to resort to double interpolation in Table 3.7. 6. Bpfgu-b.d? is the greatest moment capgcity for a singly reinforced section when x is restricted to (0.5)d. 7. ‘This equation for A, is slightly conservative, as it assumes that x = (0.5}d , although the actual neutral axis may be somewhere between x = hr and x = (0.5)d. Since the - width of the web is relatively small, compared to the flange, this discrepency is negligible and conservative. 8. ‘This check for maximum percentage of reinforcement is also almost always satisfied, except for very heavily reinforced sections. Although the check is satisfied here, care will have to be exercised if lapping is done. Concluding Notes 9. This example illustrated the situation where the neutral axis fell below the flange of a flanged beam. Design charts cannot be used in such a situation, and the equations 4 in Clause 3.4.4.5 have to be employed. 10. In addition, if the moment is greater than 6;.f,,.b.d2 (i.e. compression steel is required), or if more than 10% redistribution has been carried out, the beam has to be designed from strain compatibility first principles as given in Clause 3.4.4.1. 25EXAMPLE 10 - DESIGN OF SECTION FOR SHEAR A simply supported beam of cross section b = 225 mm and d = 400 mm carries an ultimate load of 60 KN/m over its clear span of 5.0 m. Design the shear reinforcement required near the support, assuming that the percentage of tension reinforcement at the support is 0.8%. Assume f,, = 25 N/mm? and fy, = 250 N/mm?. Introductory Notes 1 The two main effects caused by flexure are bending moment and shear. The bending moment in a concrete beam is carried by steel reinforcement parallel to the beam axis. The shear force is carried by steel reinforcement in a transverse direction, generally in the form of links. 2. If possible, mild steel of f, = 250 N/mm? is preferred for links, as it is easier to bend into shape, compared to high yield steel. Links generally have diameters varying from 6 to 12 mm, in steps of 2 mm. Although the shear force will be maximum at the face of the support, the design shear force for uniformly distributed loading is at a section "d" from the face. Vv, design Vinax ade —m > Veex = (gonsy, = 150 kN an Vezax = (150x107) / (225)(400) = 1.67 N/m: (0.8)(6,,)°> = Onan = 4N/mm? > 1.67 N/mm? < 5 N/mm’; hence O.K. Vesesign = (150}(2500-400) / (2500) = 126 kN v Wicd) = (126 x10 / (225400) = 1.4N/mm? v = 1.4. N/mm? 100A/b,d = 0.8, d = 400 mm, f,, = 25 N/mm?; Hence, v, = 0.58 N/mm?. ve = 0.58 Since v > v, + 0.4 N/mm’, links have to be N/mm? designed. Agy >= dy-Sy(v-v,) / OB iy Assuming 10 mm links, A,, = 157.1 mm? Hence, s, <= (157.1)(0.87)(250) / (1.4-0.58)(225) = 185 mm < (0.75)d = 300 mm; hence O.K. Use R10 links @ 175 mm. 26Notes on Calculations 3. This is the simplified method to account for the enhanced shear resistance near ‘supports. The section considered should be an effective depth away from the face of the support. Where support details are not available, it will be conservative to measure “d" from the centre-line of support. This is the maximum shear check. If this fails, there is no alternative but to change the beam dimensions. It is prudent therefore, to make this check fairly early in the design procedure. b, for a flanged beam should be taken as the average width of the web below the flange. 0.4 N/mm? is the shear resistance that can be carried by nominal shear links. When using this inequality for providing links, either the A,, value or s, value must be chosen. In general, the A,, value is assumed and the s, value calculated. The A,, value refers to the total cross section of links at the neutral axis of a section. Genezally, it is twice the area of the chosen bar, since in most cases it is links with 2 vertical legs that are used. The resulting s, value should not exceed (0.75)d, to ensure that at least one link crosses a potential shear crack. The transverse spacing between the legs of a link should be such that it does not exceed "d" and that no longitudinal tension bar is greater than 150 mm from a vertical leg. The link spacing is also often specified in steps of 25 mm, because of the tendency to think in Imperial units. (1 inch is approximately 25 mm.) Concluding Notes 9. In this example, only the shear reinforcement requirement near the support has been calculated. The requirement close to mid-span will be much less. This aspect will be considered in the next example. 27EXAMPLE 11 - DESIGN OF BEAM FOR SHEAR A simply supported beam, with d = 550 mm and b = 350 mm and clear span 6.0 m is subject to a triangularly varying shear force diagram, with a value of 400.KN at the face of the supports. The mid span steel consists of 4 Nos. 25 mm bars. Design the shear reinforcement required over the entire span, if two of the main bars are bent up at 45° near the supports. Take f,, = 25 N/mm’, f, = 460 N/mm? and f,, = 250 N/mm*. Introductory Notes 1 In this example, two. bent up bars are also used to provide shear reinforcement near the beam supports. 2. The most reasonable way to provide shear reinforcement for the entire span would be to consider three areas - i.e. (i) _ the support area where bent up bars are also effective in addition to links, i) _ the middle of the beam, where only nominal links would suffice , and (iii) _ the portion in between the above. max = 400 KN va (400 x10°) / (350)(550) = 2.08 N/mm? preter: = 4 N/mm? > 2.08 N/mm? < 5 Nimm?; hence O.K. Shear resistance of 2 inclined bars, wos. = Ag(O.87)fy,(cosa + sina.coté)(d-4") Assume that B ="67.5° and d’ = 50 mmy hence s, = (1.41)(4-d’) = (1.41)(500)/= 705 mm ‘V4=(982)(0.87)(460){0.71 +(0.71)(0.41)}(500)/(705) = 277890 N Vp = (277890) / (350)(550) = 1.44 N/mm? Since 2 bars continue into support, 100A fod = (100)(981.7) / 350)(550) = 0.51; hence, v, = 0. 50 | N/mm’ {(3000-550) / (3000)}(400) = 327 v = (327 x10°) / (550)(350) = 1.70 N/mm2 v-v, = 1.70 - 0.50 = 1.20 N/mm? Although this can be resisted by the bent up bars alone, half of this must be resisted by links.Calculations Agy > = by.8,{(1.20)/2} / O.87)fyy Putting A,, = 157.1 mm? for 10 mm links, 8, <= (157.1)(0.87)(250) / (350)(0.6) = 163 mm < (0.75); hence O.K. Use R10 links @ 150 mm; this can be used over the entire area over which the bent up bars are effective - i.e. for 0.71 m from the face of support. Middle area 100A,/b,d = (100)(1963) / (350)(550) = 1.02; hence v, = 0.63 N/mm? Shear stress taken by nominal links = 0.63 + 0.4 = 1,03 N/mm? Shear force taken by nominal links = (1.03)(350)(550)(107) = 198 kN Heace, extent of area covered by nominal links = {(198)/(400)}(6.0) = 2.97 m Steel for nominal links is given by Ag, >= (0.4)by.5, / (0.87)fyy Putting A,, = 157.1 mm? for 10 mm links, 8, <= (157.1)(0.87)(250) / (0.4)(350) = 244 mm < (0.75)d; hence O.K. Use R10 links @ 225 mm Area in-between Extent of this area = 3.0 - (2.97)/2 - 0.71 = 0.81 m Shear force at distance 0.71 m from support face = {G.0-0.71)/(3.0)}(400) = 305 kN v = 1.58 N/mm? Vv, = 0.63 N/mm? Since v > v, + 0.4 N/mm?, design shear links. Ag >= by.s\(v-v,) / (0. Putting Ay, = 157.1 mm? for 10 mm links, Sy <= (157.1}(0.87)(250) / (350)(1.58-0.63) = 103 mm Use 2R10 links @ 200 mm < (0.75)d; hence O.K. 1086225 29 R10 @ 150 mm |Notes on Calculations 3. Since 8 should be taken as > 45° and s, is restricted to 1.5(d-d’), this assumed value of 67.5° for 8 is reasonable and easy for calculation purposes. 4. This is the same approach described in Note 3 of Example 10. The links designed can be used from the support upto the point where the main bars are cranked up. 5. Although 2 bars are bent up, they also continue for at least a distance “d* from any point in this section of the beam. Hence, the value of v, will be the same as in the middle area. : 6. If the link spacing is less than around 150 mm, it will be difficult for concreting to be carried out. Hence, as in this case, 2 links can be placed together, spaced wider apart. An alternative would have been to use 12 mm dia. links; however fabrication will be easier if links of the same diameter are used throughout the beam. Concluding Notes 7 It is not very common practice to use bent up bars as described in this example, although it was in the past.EXAMPLE 12 - SERVICEABILITY CHECKS AND DETAILING Carry out serviceability checks on the beam analysed in Example 7 and designed in Example 8. Also carry out detailing of reinforcement, including curtailment and lapping. Assume that type 2 deformed bars are used as reinforcement. Introductory Notes 1 ‘The serviceability checks consist of span/depth ratio calculations for deflection and bar spacing rule checks for cracking. If these simplified checks are satisfied, the beam is "deemed to satisfy" the serviceability limit state requirements. Consider the span BC; effective span = 6000 mm b,/b = 0.22 < 03 Hence, basic span/depth = 20.8 for continuous, beam. M/bd? = 1.00 and f, = (5/8)(460){(1224)/1295)} = 272 N/mm? Hence, F, = 1.45 (for tension reinforcement) F,= 1, 0 (as there is no compression reinforcement) Hence, allowable span/depth ratio = (20. = 30.16 Actual span/depth = (6000)/(397.5) = 15.09 < 30.16; hence O.K. Consider span AB; effective span = 2000 mm Resend icnemcna mf alacant! al seem £, = (6/8)(460){(799)/829)} = 277 N/mm? Hence F, = 1.07 (for tension reinforcement) F, = 1.0 (as there is no compression reinforcement) Heace, allowable span/depth ratio = (7)(1.07) = 7.5 Actual span/depth = (2000)/(397.5) = 5.03 < 7.5; hence O.K. Curtai f reinfe The bending moment diagram envelope must first be drawn 31For_span BC, the controlling load case is when AB has the minimum design ultimate load and BC has the maximum design ultimate load. This case has already been considered in Example 7. 7.0 le kN/m ae kN/m A 195m For span BC, M, = (128.1)x - (45.28)x2/2 M,=Oax=0. M, is max. at x = 2.83 and equal to 181.2 kNm ‘M, = 0 again at x = 5.66 m. ‘Steel at span BC is 2T2S & 1T20. We can consider curtailing the 1T20 bar. M.o.R. of continuing bars (A, = 981.7 mm?) can be shown to be 148.4 kNm. Putting (128.1)x - (22.64)x2 = 148.4 we can obtain x = 1.63 m and 4.03 m. These are the theoretical cut-off points. Keep the practical cut-off points an anchorage length away from the theoretical ones. Anchorage length = (40)(20) = 800 mm This anchorage length is greater than (12) {= (12)(20) = 240 mm} or *d* (397.5 mm). Hence, practical cut-off points are at x = 1.63 - 0.8 = 0.83 m and x = 4.03 + 0.8 = 4.83 m Length of 20 mm bar required = 4.83 - 0.83 4.0m Distances to eads from B are 5.17 m and 1.17 m. 323.12.9.1 Note 9 3.12.9.1@) For support B, the controlling loading case is when ultimate loads respectively. 70x14 45.28 KN/m 16,34 kN/m A Z Taking moments about C for AC Rg(6.0) = (7.0)(1.4)(7.95) + (45.28)(2.0)(7.0) + (16.34)(6)7/2 Rg = 167.7 kN = (1(1-4)[y-0.05] + (45.28)y?/2 ~ (167. 7)ly-2.0} - (45.28-16.34)[y-2.0P/2 M, = .8)[y-0.05] + (22.64)y? - (167. Dy-2.0] - (14.47) [y-2.0P Mo.R. M.O.R./2 My, = Oat y = and M, = 109.7 at B. My, = 0 again at y = 4.23 m. Steel at support is 2T20 & 1T16. We can consider curtailing the 1T16 bar. M.0.R. of the continuing bars (A, = 628.3 mm?) can be shown to be 90.5 kNm. Putting-(9.8)(y-0.05) + (22.64)y? = 90.5, we can obtain y = 1.80 m for span AB, and from (9.8){y-0.05) + (22.64)y? - (167.7)(y-2.0) - (14.47)(y-2.0P = 90.5, we can obtain y = 2.30 m for span BC. These are the theoretical cut-off points. To find where the M.o.R. of continuing bars is twice the applied moment, we can put (9.8)(y-0.05) + (22.64)y? = (90.5)/2 for span AB, and (9.8)(y-0.05) + (22.64)y? - (167.7)(y-2.0) - (14.47)(y-2.0F = (90.5)/2 for span BC, giving y = 1.22 mand 3.10 m 33 +3.12.9.16) Table 3.29 Note 13 3.12.8.13 Note 14 3.12.8.11 3.12.8.13 ‘The difference between the smaller y values is (1.80 - 1.22) = 0.58 m or 580 mm. This is greater than (12) (192 mm) or “d* (397.5 mm). The difference between the larger y values is (3.10-2.30) = 0.80 m or 800 mm, -which is also greater than (12) or "d". Hence, the practical cut-off points are y = 1.22 mand y = 3.10 m. Length of 16 mm bar required = 3.10 - 1.22 = 188m Distances to B are (2.0 - 1.22) = 0.78 m (span AB) and (3.10 - 2.0) = 1.10 m (span BC) Since the distances to either side of B > = (40) {i.e. (40)(16)= 640 mm}, anchorage is satisfied. ‘Lapping_of bars The continuing 2T20 top bars at B can be curtailed at the point of contraflexure closer to B in span BC and lapped with 2T12 bars (which will anchor the shear links). Similarly, the continuing 2T25 bottom bars in span BC can be curtailed at the point of contraflexure closer to B in span BC and lapped with 2T12 bars. For top bars, distance of point of contraflexure from A is 4.23 m. This would be the theoretical cut-off point, To find the practical cut-off point, continue the bars for an effective depth {i.e. 397.5 mm (> 12¢)}. Hence, cut-off point is 4.23 + 0.4 = 4.63 m from A, i.e. 4.63 - 2.0 = 2.63 m to the right of B. ‘The lapped 2T12 bars will start (40)(12) = 480 mm before the curtailment of the 2T20 bars, i.e. 2.63 - 0.48 = 2.15 m to the right of B. Note:~ Min. lap length = greater of (15) (= 180 mm) or 300 mm is satisfied; also distance between laps will be greater than 75 mm and (6)¢ (=72 mm): For bottom bars, distance of point of contraflexure from C is 5.66 m, i.e, 6.00 - 5.66 = 0.34 m to the right of B. As before, the practical cut-off point would be 397.5 mm beyond this. Hence, it would be 0.4 - 0.34 = 0.06 m to the left of B, The 2T12 bars will start 0.48 - 0.06 = 0.42 m to the right of B. Curtail 1T16 Curtail 2T20 top bars 2.63 m to right of B. Start 2T12 top bars 2.15 m to right of B. Curtail 2T25 bottom bars 0.06 m to left of B. Start 2T12 bottom bars 0.42 m to right of B.Example 8 Example 8 Table 3.30 Note 16 3.12.11.2.2 Note 17 3.12.11.2.5 Example 8 Table 3.30 Note 16 3.12.11.2.2 Note 17 3.12.11.2.5 3.121 Note 18 Hence, minimum spacing rules are Satisfied. Cover required = 30 mm Assume link diameter of 10 mm. Considering the support section (tension on top), Clear spacing between top bars (2T20 & 1T16) = {300 - (2)(30) - (2)(10) - (20+20+ 16)}/ 2 = 82 mm If middle (16 mm) bar is curtailed, clear spacing = 180 mm. The top spacing at the support < 160 mm; hence O.K. (Note:- Since 16/20 = 0.8 > 0.45, the 16 mm bar satisfies the “0.45 rule”.) However, the spacing rule is marginally violated when the middle bar is curtailed; this can be tolerated, since the service stress in the continuing bars will be small. Comer distance = [{(30+10+20/2)?}(2)]°5 - 20/2 = 60.7 mm < 160/2 = 80 mm; hence O.K. aa the span section (tension on bottom), between bottom bars (2T25 & 1T20)= G00. (2)(30) - (2)(10) - (25-+25+20)}/ 2 = 75 mm If middle (20 mm) bar is curtailed, clear spacing = 170 mm. The bottom spacing near midspan is < 160 mm; hence O.K. (Note: - Since 20/25 = 0.8 > 0.45, the 20 mm bar satisfies the "0.45 rule*.) However, the spacing rule is marginally violated when the middle bar is curtailed; as before, this can be tolerated. Comer distance = [{(30+10+25/2)?}(2)]°5 - 25/2 = 61.7 mm < 160/2 = 80 mm; hence O.K. Note also that all the above spacings are greater than hygy + 5 mm, if we assume that h, 20 mm. 35 {C3 Crack Width O.K. at support Crack width O.K. in span Minimum spacing O.KNotes on Cakulations 2. 6. 10. i. ‘The span is taken from Example 7. More guidance regarding the calculation of effective spans is given in clauses 3.4.1.2 to 3.4.1.4. The use of equation 7 will be more convenient than obtaining F, from double interpolation in Table 3.11. In a practical beam, there will be some bars on the compression face, in order to anchor the shear links, These may be considered as compression reinforcement; neglecting them is conservative. If the structure is simple, instead of drawing the entire bending moment envelope, the controlling loading cases for each situation can be considered. Where the span BC is concemed, the controlling case will be that which causes the points of contraflexure to be as close as possible to the supports B and C. This calculation is done as in Example 1. The beam is under-reinforced. Since the curtailed bar will be anchored in the tension zone, one of the conditions (c) to (e) in Clause 3.12.9.1 must be satisfied. In general (c) can be used in sagging moment regions and () in hogging moment ones. The controlling loading case for the hogging moment steel at support B is that which produces the maximum moment at B, while causing the point of contraflexure closer to B in the span BC to be as far as possible from B. For sagging moment curtailment, generally condition (e) is att one, over (a) and (6) in Clause 3.12.9.1, in order to determine the distance between the theoretical and practical cut-off points. For hogging moment situations, however, since the moment values drop sharply from the point of maximum moment, conditions (a) and (b) may govern over (c). For the same reason given in Note 9 - i.e. the bending moment diagram being convex to the baseline - the lengths of curtailed bars at supports are much smaller than those in spans. ‘The anchorage length has to be provided on.either side of the critical section for design, so that the full strength of the steel can be utilized. The anchorage lengths vary depending on the surface characteristics of the reinforcement as well as its yield strength, The anchorage length check may become critical when curtailing support steel. ‘The continuing bars at the top (2T20) and the bottom (2T25) can be lapped with smaller bars, when the former are no longer required to carry tensile stresses. At least two bars are required at any section for anchoring the shear links. The minimum diameter for such bars will be around 12 mm, so that the reinforcement cage will have adequate stiffness during erection. 3616. 17. In this instance, it is sufficient to satisfy conditions (a) and (b) alone in Clause 3.12.9.1 is used, as the bars will not be anchored in the tension zone. All the references in Clause 3.12.8.13 are to the smaller of the two lapped bars. Although the basic lap length does not need to be increased in this example, it may need to be in some cases. In general, lapping should not be done at supports, since column or wall reinforcement will add to reinforcement congestion. In this example however, the bottom lap extends into the support. No downward redistribution of moments has been carried out at this support section. If such redistribution had been performed at a support section, the maximum spacing allowed becomes fairly small. The continuing bars are able to carry twice the moment actually applied, as curtailment has been done according to condition (e) in Clause 3.12.9.1. As the service stress will then be quite small, marginal violations of the bar spacing rules can be allowed. In any case, see Note 19. Both maximum and minimum spacings have to be satisfied. The maximum spacings apply to the tension face and are “deemed to satisfy" rules for crack control. The minimum spacing rules apply to both faces and ensure that concreting can be carried out satisfactorily. The most commonly used aggregate size in practice is 20 mm (maximum size). Conchuding Notes 19, If the “deemed to satisfy" serviceability checks are not satisfied, the more accurate calculations for deflection and crack width in Section 3 of BS 8110: Part 2 can be resorted to, in order to find out whether the requirements of Clause 2.2.3 are met. 37EXAMPLE 13 - ONE WAY SLAB A slab which has several continuous spans of 5 m is to carry an imposed load of 3 KN/m* as a one way spanning slab. The loading from finishes and light partitions can each be considered equivalent to a uniformly distributed load of 1 kN/m?. Taking the density of reinforced concrete to be 24 kN/m?, f,, = 25 N/mm?, and f, = 460 N/mm?, design a typical interior panel. Introductory Notes 1 A slab is similar to a beam in that it is a flexural member. It is different to a beam in that it is a two dimensional element, as opposed to being one dimensional. ee Where the loadings from light partitions is not accurately known, it is reasonable to assume a udl value of 1 KN/m?. Furthermore, partitions whose positions are not known should be treated as additional imposed load. The imposed load value specified in this example corresponds to that for a school building. Imposed loads assumed for office buildings and domestic buildings are 2.5 KN/m? and 1.5 kN/m? respectively. Further guidance can be obtained from “BS 6399: Part 1 (1984) - Design loading for buildings: Code of practice for dead and imposed loads". paiffepth of 34 (for a continuous 1 way slab). Hence, effective depth = (5.0 x10°)/34) = 147 mm ‘We can use a cover of 20 mm (mild exposure conditions; concrete protected by 10 mm 1:3 cement:sand rendering). Assuming bar diameter to be 10 mm, choose h = 175 mm and d = 175 - 20 - 10/2 = 150 mm Leading (for 1 m wide strip) Self load = (0.175)(1)(24) = 4.2 kN/m Finishes = (1.0)(1) LOkN/m Total dead load Imposed load = (3.0)(1) Partitions = (1.0)(1) = LOkN/m Total imposed load = 4.0 KN/m (q,) Design load = (1.4)(5.2) + (1.6)(4.0) = 13.7 kN/m 38Table 3.13 Chart 2 art 3) Note 6 Note 7 3.12.11,2.7 Note 9 Since g, > q, and q, <= 5.0 kN/m?, and if we assume that bay size > 30 m2, for an interior panel, Span moment = (0.063)F.1 = (0.063)(13.7)(5.0)" = 21.6 kNm/m Support moment = (-0.063)F.1 = (-0.063)(13.7)(5)* = -21.6 kNm/m Shear at support = (0.5)F = (0.5)(13.7)(5.0) = 34.3 KN/m Design for bendi M/bd = (21.6 x105) / (1000)(150? = 0.96 100A,/bd = 0.26 (> 0.13); hence min. steel O.K. A, = (0.26)(1000)(150) / (100) = 390 mm?/m Use T10 @ 175 mm (A, = 448 mm?’/m) Half these bars can be curtailed at (0.2)1 - ie (0.2)(5) = 1.0 m from the centre-line of ‘Then r/f will be T10 @ 350 mm {<(3)(150) = 450} 100A JA, = (100)(448/2) / (1000)(175) = 0.13 Hence crack control and minimum steel O.K. Check for deflection M/bd? = 0.96 and f, = (5/8)(460){(390)/(448)} = 250 N/ram? Hence F, = 1.57 Allowable span/depth = (26)(1.57) = 40.8 Actual span/depth = (S000V/(150) = 33.3 < 40.8; hence O.K. Design for bendi Since the moment is identical to that in the span, steel provided also can be identical. Half these bars can be curtailed at (0.15)l = (0.15)(5) = 0.75 m from the face of support (Note: 45 & = 450 mm < 750 mm) and all the steel curtailed at (0.3)1 = (0.3)(5) = 1.5 m from the face of support. 7 39 Span steel T10 @ 175 mm | T10@ 175 mm |Check for shear v = (34.3 x10) / (1000)(150) = 0.23 N/mm? For 100A,/byd = (100)(448) / (1000)(150) = 0.30, d = 150 mm and £, = 25 N/mm2, Ve = 0.54 N/mm? > 0.23 N/mm? Hence, no shear reinforcement required. ‘Secondary reinforcement 100A/A, = 0.13 A, = (0.13)(1000)(175) / (100) = 227.5 mm?/m Secondary Use T10 @ 350 mm (A, = 224 mm?/m) steel Max. spacing = (3)(150) = 450 mm > 350mm. | T10 @ 350 mm Notes on Calculations 3. Although the bending moment is the controlling factor in the choice of depth for beams, where slabs are concerned, the controlling factor is the span/depth ratio, Tepresenting the check for deflection. A trial value has to be used initially; a value of around 34 is a reasonable estimate for lightly loaded one way continuous slabs; this should be reduced to around 30 for heavily loaded slabs. A lightly loaded slab would have an imposed load of around 4 kN/m?, while a heavily loaded slab would have one of around 10 KN/m?, 4. Slabs are generally designed such that shear links are not required; hence, no allowance need be made for link diameter. 5. One way and two way slabs are generally designed - i.e. loads evaluated and reinforcement calculated - on the basis of a strip of unit width (e.g. 1 m wide). 6. The minimum steel requirement is in fact based on 100A,/A,. However, since the 40100A,/bd is obtained from the design charts, it provides an approximate check on the minimum steel requirement. Although we can use the slightly larger spacing of 200 mm (giving A, = 392.5 mm?/m), we adopt this smaller spacing, as it results in the minimum steel requirement being satisfied even after half the steel is curtailed. Although 60% of the steel can be curtailed, in practical slabs, curtailing 50% is easier, because every other bar can be curtailed. ‘The assumption regarding span/depth ratio must be checked as early as possible in the design. Hence span moments should be designed for first and the deflection check made soon after. The area of steel used here is that of the top (tension) steel at the support. In general, apart from some cases in flat slabs, it is sought to avoid shear reinforcement in flat slabs. Hence, if v is greater than v,, the slab thickness is increased. This should always be bome in mind, and perhaps an approximate check for shear made early in the design, especially if the slab is heavily loaded (e.g. with a water load). ‘Where the curtailment of steel is toncerned, the distances corresponding to top steel are given from the face of the support and those corresponding to bottom steel from the centre-line of support. ‘Concluding Notes 13. 14, Although it is quite easy to satisfy minimum steel requirements and maximum bar spacing rules at critical sections (such as midspan and support), care should be taken to ensure that the above checks are not violated after curtailment of reinforcement. The simplified approach to the design of slabs, using Table 3.13 can be used in most practical situations. Such an approach is given for the design of continuous beams as well, in Table 3.6. The coefficients in this latter table are higher than those for slabs, because the slab coefficients are based on the less stringent single load case of all spans loaded, with support moments redistributed downwards by 20% . 41EXAMPLE 14 - ONE WAY SLAB A garage roof in a domestic building is to function as an accessible platform, surrounded by a parapet wall; the slab is supported on two parallel 225 mm brick walls, the clear distance between walls being 3.5 m. Design the slab, taking f, = 25°N/mm?, f, = 460 N/mm? and density of reinforced concrete = 24 KN/m?, Introductory Notes 1. This example has more unknowns than the previous one. It describes a “real” situation, where design assumptions will have to be made. The imposed load and load from finishes and parapet wall have to be assumed and a decision taken regarding the end fixity of the slab. y The imposed load could be taken as 1.5 KN/m?, since it is a domestic building. The finishes (on both top surface and soffit) can be assumed to be a uniformly distributed load of 1 kN/m?. 3. The parapet wall which is constructed on the slab perpendicular to its span will give a degree of fixity to the slab. However, the most conservative approach is to idealize this slab as a one way simply supported slab. Any fixing moments caused by the above partial fixity can be accomodated by taking 50% of the mid span steel into the top face of the slab at the support. 4, The parapet wall parallel to the span will have to be carried by the slab. It can be assumed that the wall is 1.0 m high and 120 mm thick and that the density of the (brick) wall is 23 kN/m?. The load from this wall will be distributed only over a limited width of the slab (Clause 3.5.2.2). Assuming span/depth ratio of 28 (for a simply supported 1 way slab), effective depth = (3500)/(28) = 125 mm If we take cover = 30 mm (moderate exposure Example 8 | conditions and TABLE 1 values modified by Notes 5 and 6), and bar diameter = 10 mm, we can choose Note 7 h = 160 mm and d = 160-30 - 10/2 = 125 mm. Hence, effective span = lesser of 3.4.1.2 423.5.2.2 Note 8 Note 3 Chart 2 (Part 3) 3.12.11.2.7 Note 9 Loading (for 1 m wide strip) Self load = (0.16)(1)(24) = 3.84 kN/m Finishes = (1.0)(1) = 1,00 KN/m Total dead load = 4.84 N/m Imposed load = (1.5)(1) = 1.50 kN/m Design load = (1.4)(4.84) + (1.6)(1.5) = 9.2 kN/m Strip carrying parapet wall = (0.3)(3.625) + 0.12 = 121m Additional dead load in that area = (1.0)(0.12)(23) / (1.21) = 2.28 kN/m ulti . fi Since we assume the slab to be simply supported, Mid span moment = w.1?/8 = (9.2)(3.625)? / 8 = 15.1 kNm/m Shear force at support = w.l/2 = (9.2)(3.625) / 2 = 16.7 kN/m Design for bending M/bd? = (15.1 x10% / (1000)(125? = 0.97 100A,/bd = 0.26 (> 0.13); hence min. steel O.K. A, = (0.26)(1000)(125) / (100) = 325 mm?/m Use T10 @ 225 mm (As = 349 mm?/m) Max. spacing allowed = (3)(125) = 375 mm > 225 mm; hence crack width O.K. However, bar spacing as well as minimum steel requirement will be violated if bars are curtailed. Hence, use T10 @ 187.5 mm (As =: 419 mm?/m) Spacing after curtailment = 375 mm. 100A,/A, after curtailment = (100)(419/2) / (1000)(160) = 0.131 > 0.13 Hence, min. steel and bar spacing are O.K. after curtailment. The steel should be curtailed at (0.1)1 = (0.1)(3625) = 362.5 mm from the point of support, i.e. 362.5 - (25/2) = 250 mm from the face of support. 43 ‘span steel T1O @ 187.5 mmNote 10 3.12.10.3.2 3.12,11.2.7 The rest of the steel could be taken into the support and bent back into the span as top steel to extend a distance from support face of (0.15)! = (0.15)(3625) = 544 mm {> (45) = (45)(10) = 450 mm}, say 0.55 m Check for deflection Mibd? = 0.93 f, = (5/8)(460)(325/419) = 223 N/mm? Hence, F, = 1.71 (for tension steel) Allowable span/depth = (20)(1.71) = 34.2 Actual span/depth = 3625/125 = 29 < 34.2; hence O.K. Check for shear v = (16.7 x10°) / (1000)(125) = 0.13 N/mm? 100A,/oyd = 0.131 Hence, v, = 0.45 N/mm? > 0.13 N/mm?; hence shear 1/f is not required. ‘Secondary reinforcement 100A/A, = 0.13 A, = (0.13)(1000)(160) / (100) = 208 mm?/m Use T10 @ 375 mm (i.e. max. spacing allowed - 3d) (As = 209 mm?/m) Note:- It can be shown that the spacing of the reinforcement in the edge strips of 1.21 m should be T10 @ 175 mm at midspan (and hence T10 @ 350 mm at supports). ‘T108875 T106875 &:! support steel T10 @ 375 mm secondary steel | T10 @ 375 mm under parapets T10 @ 175 mm (span) T10 @ 350Notes on Calculations 5. 10, ll. 12. In order to use Clause 3.4.1.2 to find the effective span, the clear distance between supports is taken as a first approximation of the span. For a lightly loaded one-way simply supported slabs, a span/depth ratio of around 26-28 may be assumed. This should be reduced to around 24 for a heavily loaded slab, In this instance, we have taken a value for h, such that slab thicknesses are assumed to vary in steps of 10 mm. To use steps of 25 mm (corresponding to 1 inch) would be too conservative for slabs. Hence either 10 mm steps or 12.5 mm. steps (corresponding to 0.5 inches) should be adopted. ‘The edge areas of the slab, i.e. the 1.21 m strips carrying the parapet loads, will be more heavily reinforced than the rest of the slab. However, only the central part of the slab is actually designed in this example. 5 There may be other alternatives to increasing the mid-span steel, bot this approach makes the detailing for curtailment very simple and also helps to satisfy the deflection check, which is very critical in slabs. This approach also facilitates the detailing of steel for support restraint, as shown in the figure. One possible altemative is to use smaller diameter bars, but bars smaller than 10 mm, if used as main steel, will not be very stiff and may deflect significantly during concreting, thus losing their cover. As shown in the figure, this is a very neat method of providing top stee! at partially restrained ends of slabs and beams. Since we have provided more steel than required at mid-span (see Note 9), advantage should be taken of this by generally calculating the service stress, which will be lower than (5/8)f, and lead to a greater allowable span/depth ratio. It may be convenient to reinforce the entire slab with T10 @ 175 mm at mid span and T10 @ 350 mm at support, since the central part of the slab already has T10 @ 187.5 mm and T10 @ 375 mm at span and support respectively. The small penalty in cost will probably be worth the simpler detailing arrangement. Concluding Notes 13. It is important to keep in mind curtailment, bar spacing rules and minimum ‘steel requirements while designing the reinforcement, because these detailing considerations may lead to the design being altered, as was the case here. 45EXAMPLE 15 - TWO WAY SLAB A two way spanning slab which has several bays in each direction has a panel size of 5 m x 6 m. The imposed load on the slab is 3 kN/m?. The loading from finishes and light Partitions can each be taken as 1 kN/m?. Design a typical interior panel, using f,, = 25 N/mm?, f,= 460 N/mm? and density of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m?. Introductory Notes 1, The short span length and loading for this example have been made identical to those in Example 13 for a one-way spanning slab. Hence, results can be compared. 2 It will be assumed that the comers of this slab are prevented from lifting and that adequate provision is made for torsion. Assume a span/depth ratio of 40 (for a continuous 2 way slab) 3.5.7 effective depth = (5000)/(40) = 125 mm TABLE 1 | If we take cover = 20 mm (mild exposure conditions and concrete protected by 10 mm_1:3 cement:sand rendering) and bar diameter as 10 mm, then we can. | h = 150 mm Note 4 choose h = 150 mm and dyrort = 150 -20- 10/2 = | drone = Note 5 125 mm and dyoog = 125 - 10 = 115 mm 125 mm 115'mm Loading (udl) Self load = (0.15),41(24) = 3.6 kKN/m2 Finishes = (1.0) ve = 2 Total dead load = 4.6 kN/m’ Imposed load = (3.0). = 3.0 kN/m’ Partitions = (1.0) ' 2 Total imposed load = 4.0 kN/m Design load= (1.4)(4.6) + (1.6)(4.0) = 12.8 kN/m? | n = 12.8 kN/m2 Bending moments This interior panel-has L/l, = 6/5 = 1.2Chart 2 (Part 3) } 3.12.11.2.7 Table 3.27 | Note 6 Table 3.11 Table 3.10 Chart 2 } (Part 3) 3AQAL2.7 Table 3.27 Short way, edge =(0.042)(12.8)(5)= 13.44 kNm/m Short way, span =(0,032)(12.8)(5)2= 10.24 kNm/m Long way, edge =(0.032)(12.8)(5)?= 10.24 kNm/m Long way, span =(0.024)(12.8)(5)*= 7.68 kNm/m Stony mide / = (10.24 x10) / (1000)(125?? = 0.66 a = 0.17 A, = (0.17)(1000)(125) / 100 = 213 mm?/m Ube T10 @ 350 mm (As = 224 mm?/m) = (3)(125) = 375 mm > 350 mm 1004. = (100)(224) / (10003(150) = 0.15 >0.13 Hence, bar spacing and min. steel are O.K. but if stee! is curtailed, they will be violated. Mibd? = 0.66 = (5/8)(460)(213/224) = 273 N/mm? F, = 1.65 (for tension steel) Allowable span/depth = (26)(1.65) = 42.9 Actual span/depth = (5000)/(125) = 40 < 42.9; hence O.K. Short way, cts. edge:- M/bd? = 0.86, 100A,/od = 0.23, A, 288 mmm Use T10 @ 250 mm (A, = 314mm? im) Bar spacing and min. steel! are'O.K. Long _way, cts. edge:~ M/bd? = (10.24 x10%) / (1000)(115? = 0.77 100A,/bd = 0.21 A, = (0.21)(1000)(115) / (100) = 242 mm? Use T10 @ 325 mm (A, = 242 mm’/m) Max. spacing = (3)(115) = 345 mm > 325 mm 1OOAJA, = (100)(242) / (1000)(150) = 0.16 >0.13 Hence, bar spacing and min. steel are O.K., but steel cannot be curtailed. ‘Long way, mid-span:~ M/bd? = 0.58, 100A,/bd 15, A, = 173 mm?/m Use T10 @ 350 mm (A, = 224 nm?/m), since max. clear spacing (345 mm) governs. 47 Short way, span T10 @ 350 mm Deflection O.K. Short way, edge T10 @ 250 mm Long way, edge T10 @ 325 mm Long way, span T10 @ 350 mm3.5.3.5 Note 7 Table 3.16 | Table 3.9 Table 3.16 Table 3.9 Fig. 3.25 13 1O0AJA, = A, = (0.13)(150)(1000) / (100) = 195 mm?/m Use T10 @ 375 mm (governed by max. spacing rule in short way direction) Use only in short way cts. edge; at other locations, use middle strip steel for edge steel. Check for shear ‘Short way support:- V = (0.39)(12.8)(5) = 25.0 kN/m Vv = (25.0 x10?) / (1000)(125) = 0.2 N/mm? looAyod = (100}(314) / (1000)(125) = 0.25 Vo = 0.53 N/mm? > 0.2 N/mm?; hence O.K. ‘Long way support:- V = (0.33)(12.8)(5) = 21.1 N/m v = (21.1 x10?) / (1000)(115) = 0.18 N/mm? 100A, fod = (100)(242) / (1000115) = 0.21 Ve = 0.50 N/mm? > 0.18 N/mm?; hence O.K. 27100375T 19T 106250" 18T10@350R 2T106@375T 48 Edge strip T10 @ 375 mm (only for short way, cts. edge) No shear r/f requiredNotes on Calculations 3. A trial value for span/depth ratio of 40 is reasonable for a lightly loaded, continuous square 2-way slab; a ratio of 38 would be appropriate for heavily loaded slabs. This will of course reduce with the ratio of long to short span, reaching the value for 1- way slabs when the latter ratio becomes 2. The span/depth ratio is calculated with respect to the shorter span, as it is this that controls deflection. It should be noted that the slab thickness required for a two-way slab is less than that required for a one-way slab of similar span and loading - cf. 175 mm required for the slab in Example 13. In arranging the reinforcement in the slab, the short way reinforcement should be placed outermost, in order to have the greatest effective depth, since the shorter span controls deflection and since the bending moments and shear forces are greater in the short way direction as well. Two way spanning slabs are, in general, very lightly reinforced, so that curtailing is often not possible because of the minimum steel requirement or the maximum spacing requirement, or both. Since the main steel requirements are also fairly small, for practical detailing it may be it may be convenient to use the same reinforcement as the middle strip for the edge strips, except in the case of the short way continuous edge. Concluding Notes Where an edge or comer panel is concerned, in addition to the main and edge steel, the requirements of torsional steel reinforcement have to be met at the top and bottom of the slab according to Clause 3.5.3.5; in many cases, the main and edge steel provided would meet those requirements. Although the loads on a beam supporting a two-way slab will be either triangular or trapezoidal, the code gives coefficients for an equivalent uniformly distributed load over three quarters of its span. In the calculation of moment coefficients from Table 3.15, if there are significantly differing coefficients on either side of a common edge, the code suggests a method of moment distribution to rectify the situation, in Clause 3.5.3.6. 49EXAMPLE 16 - FLAT SLAB A flat slab, which bas several bays in each direction, has a panel size of S-m x 6 m. The design imposed on the slab is 3 KN/m?. The loading from finishes and light partitions can each be considered to be 1 KN/m?. Design a typical interior panel, using {,, = 25 N/mm?, f, = 460 Nimm? and density of reinforced concrete = 24 KN/m?. It may be assumed that columns supporting the slab are braced. Introductory Notes a. This example, too, can be compared with Examples 13 and 15. es As the columns are braced, and as the slab has several bays in each direction, the simplified method of analysis described in Clause 3.7.2.7 and Table 3.19 Will be employed. 3. It will be assumed that the slab is without drops, and the maximum value of effective diameter will be employed for column heads. ; Max. value of h, = (1/4)(5.0) = 1.25 m Assuming a trial span/depth of 32, effective depth = (6000)/(32) = 187.5 mm If we take cover = 20 mm (mild exposure conditions and concrete protected by 10 mm 1:3 ct:sand render) and bar diameter = 10 mm, we can choose h = 212.5 mm, dioog= 212.5-20-10/2 = 187.5 mm, 4ghort = 187.5-10 = 177.5 mm, day = 182.5 mm d,yg=182.5 mm Loading (for entire panel) ~ > Panel area = (5)(6) = 30 m? Self load = (0.2125)(30)(24) Finishes = (1.0)(30) Total dead load Imposed load = (3.0)(30) Partitions = (1.0)(30) Total imposed load 1.4)(183) + (1.6)(120) = 448 kN EEEReference Calculations Output Table 3.19 | Bending moments Note 7 ‘Long _way:- 1 = 6.0 - (2/3)(1.25) = 5.17 m Span moment = (0.071)(448)(5.17) = 164 kNm Fig. 3.12 | Col. strip (2.5 m) = (0.55)(164) = 90.2 KNm - Table 3.20 | Mid. strip (2.5 m) = (0.45)(164) = 73.8 kNm Support moment = (0.055)(448)(5.17) = 127 kNm Col. strip (2.5 m) = (0.75)(127) = 95 kNm Mid. strip (2.5 m) = (0.25)(127) = 32 kNm Short way:- 1 = 5.0 - (2/3)(1.25) = 4.17 m Span moment = (0.071}(448)(4.17) = 133 kNm Fig. 3.12 | Col. strip (2.5 m) = (0.55)(133) = 73 kNm Mid. strip @.5 m) = (0.45)(133) = 60 kNm Support moment = (0.055)(448)(4.17) = 103 kNm Col. strip (2.5 m) = (0.75)(103) = 77 kNm Mid. strip (3.5 m) = (0.25)(103) = 26 kNm Design of reinf Long way, span:- (Check for deflection) Total span moment = 164 kNm M/od? = (164 x10% / (5000)(187.5)? = 0.93 Note 8 If Ay reqd = As,prov> f, = 288 N/mm? Table 3.11 | and F, = 1.41 (for tension steel) 3.78 Allowable span/depth = (26)(1.41)(0.9) = 33.0 Actual span/depth = (6000)/(187.5) = 32 < 33.0; hence O.K. Deflection 0.K. (Column strip - 2.5 m wide) Chart 2 M/bd? = (90.2 x10% / (2500)(187.5)? = 1.03 Cart 3) | 100A /bd = 0.28 A, = (0.28)(2500)(187.5) / (100) = 1313 mm? Note 9 Use 17 T10 @ 147 mm (A, = 1335 mm?) Long way, span 3.12.11.2.7 | Allowable spacing = (3)(187.5) = 562.5 mm (Col. strip) Table 3.27 | 100A,/A, = (100)(1335) / (212.5)(2500) = 0.25 17710 Note 10 | Hence bar spacing and min. steel are O.K. @ 147 mm (Middle strip -2.5 m wide) Long way, span Chart 2 | M/bd? = (73.8 x10%) /(2500)(187.5)? = 0.84 (Mid. strip) art 3) 100A,/od = 0.23; A, = 1078 mm? 14 T10 I Use 14 T10 @ 179 mm (A, = 1100 mm?) @ 179 mm 51Table 3.27 | Chart 2 (Part 3) 3.12.11.2.7 Note 11 3.7.3.1 =a 3.7.7.4 ‘Long way, support: (Column strip - 2.5 m wide) M/bd? = 1.08, 100A /bd = 0.29, A, = 1359 mm? Use 18 T10 (As = 1414 mm?) - 12'T10 centred on column @ 104 mm; 6 T10 @ 208 mm. (Middle strip - 2.5 m wide) M/bd? = 0.36; 100A,/bd = 0.10 Use nominal steel 100A,/A, = 0.13; A, = 691 mm? Use 9 T10 @ 278 mm (As = 706.9 mm?) ‘Short way, span:- (Column strip - 2.5 m wide) M/bd? = (73 x10) / (2500)(177.5)? = 0.93 100A /bd = 0.26 A, = (0.26)(2500)(177.5) / (100) = 1154 mm? Use 15 T10 @ 167 mm (A, = 1178 mm?) Allowable spacing = (3)(177.5) = 532.5 mm (Middle strip - 3.5 m wide) M/bd? = (60 x10%) / (3500)(177.5)? = 0.54 100A,/od = 0.15 A, = (0.15)(3500)(177.5) / (100) = 932 mm? Use 12 T10 @ 292 mm (A, = 942.5 mm?) ‘Short way, support:- (Column strip - 2.5 m wide) M/bd? = 0.98, 100A,/bd = 0.27, A, = 1198 mm? Use 16 T10 (A, = 1257 mm?) - 10 T10 centred on column @ 125 mm; 6 T10 @ 208 mm. (Middle strip - 3.5 m wide) M/bd? = 0.24, 100A/bd = 0.06; hence use LOOAJA, = 0.13, Ay = 967 mm’ Use 13 T10 @ 269 mm (A, = 1021 mm2) Check for shear If square columns are used, size of column head = {(4/4)(1.25)}5 = 1.1m Perimeter of column head = (1.1)(4) = 4.4 m Ist critical perimeter = {(2)(1.5)(0.1825) + 1.1}(4) = (1.648)(4) = 6.59 m Area within this perimeter = (1.648)? = 2.716 m2 52 Long way,sup (Col. strip) 12 T10 @ 104 6 T10 @ 208 Long way, sup (Mid. strip) 9T10 @ 278 Short way, span (Col. strip) 15 T10 @ 167 Short way, span (Mid strip) 12 T1O @ 292 Short way, sup (Col. strip) 10 T10 @ 125 6 T10 @ 208 Short way, sup (Mid. strip) 13 T10 @ 269V; = 448 KN Vege = (1.15)V, = (1.15)(448) = 515.2 KN Vanax = (515.2 x10°) / (4.4 x10°)(182.5) = 0.64 N/mm? < (0.8)(25)°5 = 4 N/mm; Load on Ist crit. perimeter = (448/30)(30-2.716) = 407 KN v = (407 x10°)(1.15) / (6.59 x10°)(182.5) = 0.39 N/mm? (100A /b4) ayg=(1/2)(100/182.5){(1414 + 1257/2500} = 0.29 Ve = 0.51 N/mm? > 0.39 N/mm? 3710@208T 15T10@167B 10T10@125T 3710@208T Be ee cs 2 & BE SSB So aS Se es § $2 8 § 8 8s 38 Bi Steel c= S oe ee xX & SE && Notes on Calculations 4, The trial span/depth ratio should be around 0.9 times that used for continuous one-way slabs (See Example 13, Note 3); hence a value of around 32 is reasonable. The deflection is governed by the longer span, unlike in two-way slabs; therefore the slab thicknesses will be greater for flat slabs than for two-way slabs of similar dimensions and loading. Compare this much greater overall depth with that of 150 mm obtained for the two 33way slab in Example 15; of course, there is the considerable advantage here of not requiring beams. The slab thickness has been chosen in steps of 12.5 mm (corresponding to 1/2 inch). The greater effective depth should be used for the long way span - i.e, the long way reinforcement should be on the outside - because deflection is governed by the longer span and the moments in the long way direction are greater than those in the short way direction; this too is the opposite of two way slab action. The average value of effective depth is used for punching shear checks. It is more convenient to determine the loading on an entire panel for flat slabs, as opposed to that on a strip of unit width. The flat slab has to be analysed in two mutually perpendicular directions, with the total load being taken in each direction. This is because there are no peripheral beams around the slab, the flat-slab acting as both slab and beam. ‘The deflection check is done early here, even before the steel is designed. This is a conservative approach, but has the advantage that it can detect early any changes that may be required in slab thickness. If this check is made after the steel has been designed, the average of column and middle strip steel can be taken for the A, values. The reinforcement in a flat slab is generally specified in terms of the number of bars in a given strip. As such, the spacing may not be in preferred dimensions. Curtailment, in this and other instances will not be carried out in this example. In most cases, the minimum steel requirement will preclude such curtailment, although the maximum spacing requirement can easily be satisfied. Note that the effective depth in the short way direction is 177.5 mm (as opposed to 187.5 mm) and that the width of the middle strip is 3.5 m (as opposed to 2.5 m). Just as the average effective depth is used for punching shear calculations, the 100A,/bd value should also be averaged. This is because the square shear perimeters cross both the long way and short way steel. Concluding Notes 13, Unlike in the two-way slab, where the middle strips carry most of the moment and are hence more heavily reinforced, in the flat slab, it is the column strips that carry most of the moment and are more heavily reinforced. ‘Where the simplified method used here is not applicable, a frame analysis will have to be carried out according to Clause 3.7.2. Edge and corner columns of flat slabs will have column strips considerably narrower than those in interior panels (see Clause 3.7.4.2). Furthermore, the enhancement factors for shear due to moment transfer will be greater at these columns (see Clause 3.7.6.3).EXAMPLE 17 - RIBBED SLAB A ribbed slab which has several continuous spans of 5 m is to carry an imposed load of 3 KN/m? as a one -way spanning slab. Taking the load from light partitions and finishes as 1 kN/m? _fach, the density of reinforced concrete as 24 KN/m?, f,y = 25 N/mm? and f, = 460 N/mm?, design a typical interior panel. Note that a 1 hour fire Tesistance is required. Introductory Notes 1. This example can be compared directly with Example 13, where the only difference is that the slab is solid. 2, Although this slab is continuous, because of the difficulty of reinforcing the topping over the supports, it will be treated as a series of simply supported slabs (see Clause 3.6.2). Assuming a trial span/depth ratio of 26, effective depth = (5000)/(26) = 192 mm Assuming cover of 20 mm (mild exposure conditions and concrete protected by 10 mm 1:3 cement:sand rendering) and bar size of 20 mm, we can choose h = 225 mm and d = 225 - 20 - 20/2 = 195 mm h = 225 mm d= 195 mm Min. rib width for 1 hr. fire resistance = 125 mm and min, cover = 20 mm; hence cover O.K. Choose min. rib width of 125 mm, widening’to 250 mm and rib spacing of 500 mm (< 1.5 m; hence O.K.) Also use thickness of topping = 50 mm; then rib height = 225 - 50 = 175 mm {< (4)(125) = 500 mm; hence O.K.} Now, effective thickness = (225) £= {(50)(500) + (1/2)(125+250)(175)} / (500)(225) = 0.51 ty = (225)(0.51) = 115 mm (> 95 mm for 1 hr. fire resistance; hence O.K.) t. = 5 mm 5SCalculations Loading (for 0.5 m strip) Self load = (0.115)(0.5)(24) = 1.38 kN/m Finishes = (1.0)(0.5) = 0,50 kN/m Total dead load = L88kNim Imposed load = (3.0)(0.5) = 1.5 kN/m Partitions = (1.0)(0.5) = 0.5 KN/m Total imposed load = 2.0 kN/m Design load =(1.4)(1.88) + (1.6)(2.0) = 5.83 kKN/m Table 3.27 || Table 3.10 Table 3.11 Design for bending Assuming slab is simply su moment in span = (5. Te = 18.2 kNm K =M/ (0.02...) = (18.2 x10%) 7 (500)(195)225) = 0.038 z = d[0.5 + {0.25 - (0.038)/(0.9)}°5] = (0.96)d Hence use z = (0.95)d = (0.95)(195) = 185 mm X = (195-185) / 0.45 = 21.7 mm (< 50 mm) Hence, neutral axis is in flange. A, = (18.2 x10%) / 0. ou) = 246 mm Use 1 720 (A, = 314 mm?) 1O0A,/b,yh = (100)(314) / {(1/2)(125-+250)(225)} = 0.74 > 0.18; hence min. steel O.K. Check for deflection by/b = (187.5)/(500) = 0.375 Hence, basic span/depth ratio = 16.4 f= GIB AEO)24G/316) = 226 N/mm? (18.2 x105) / (500)(1957 = 0.96 Hence, F, = 1.67 (for tension reinforcement) Allowable span/depth = (16.4)(1.67) = 27.4 Actual span/depth = (5000)/(195) = 25.6 < 27.4; hence O.K. Check for shear Shear force at “d" from support 195)/(2.5)} = 13.4 KN 56 design ud] = 5.83 kN/m main r/f 1720 per rib Deflection O.K.¥ = (13.4 x10°) / (187.5)(195) = 0.37 N/mm? 100A fod = (10036314) / (187.5)(195) = 0.86 Ve = 0.72 Nimm? > 0.39N/mm?; hence shear 1/f not required. ‘Top steel over support This is to control cracking and should be 25 % of midspan steel. Ay = (1/4)(246) = 61.5 mm? Use 1 T10 bar (As = 78.6 mm), extending (0.15)! = (0.15)(5.00) = 0.75 m into span on each side. Notes on Calculations 3. This trial ratio is reasonable for simply supported one-way slabs - see Note 6 in Example 14. 4, It should be noted that the effective thickness of this slab (reflecting the volume of concrete that will be used) is much lower than the one-way solid slab of similar span and loading in Example 13. 5. It is convenient to calculate the loading for a strip of width equal to a repeating cross sectional unit. 6. Since support details are not given, the shear force is calculated at a distance “d" from the centre-line of support (and not from the face of the support - Clause 3.4.5.10). The approach here is conservative. cs The average width of web below the flange is used for shear stress calculations. Concinding Notes 8. Fire resistance considerations will, to a large extent, govern the choice of form of tibbed slabs. 9. The design of these slabs is essentially the same as the design of flanged beams. Generally the neutral axis will lie within the flange. 10. Although the code suggests a single layer mesh reinforcement for the topping, it does not demand it (Clause 3.6.6.2). It will be quite difficult to place such a mesh in a 50 mm topping while maintaining the top and bottom cover requirements. These ribbed slabs probably have a lower material cost than solid slabs, but their construction costs would be greater, because of non-planar formwork requirements. 57EXAMPLE 18 - COLUMN CLASSIFICATION A four storey building has columns on a grid of 5.0 m x 5.0 m, supporting beams of dimension 525 mm x 300 mm in one direction only and a one-way slab of 175 mm thickness. The roof also has a beam-slab arrangement identical to other floors. The columns are of dimension 300 mm x 300 mm and the soffit to soffit height of floors is 3.5 m; the height from the top of the pad foundation (designed to resist moment) to the soffit of the first floor beams is 5.0 m. If the frame is braced, classify a typical internal column for different storeys as short or slender. Introductory Notes 1. Columns are classified as unbraced or braced on the one hand (depending on whether they ‘take lateral loads or not) and as slender or short on the other (depending on whether they should be designed to carry additional moments due to deflection or not). 2. The effective length of a column will depend on the degree of fixity at its ends. Calculations Clear height between end restraints, (for ground floor columns) 1, = 5.0m, [yy = 5.0 + (0.525-0.175) = 5.35 m (for other floor columns) : lx = 3.5-0.525 = 2.975 m, Ly = 3.5-0.175 = 3.325 m The end conditions for the columns in the direction of beams are all condition 1, Hence, 8 = 0.75 In the other direction, 8 = 0.80 (ground floor columns) B = 0.85 (other columns) 1x = (0.755000) = 3750 mm (ground floor) = (0.75)(2975) = 2231 mm (other floors) ly = (0.80)(5350) = 4280 mm (ground floor) = (0,85)(3325) = 2826 mm (other floors) Hence, for ground floor columns, 1,,/h = (3750)/(300) = 12.5.< 15, Ly/b = (4280)/(300) = 14.3 < 15; hence short. for other columns, I,x/h = (2319/00) = 7.44 < 15, 1/b = (2826)/(300) = 9.42 < 15; hence short. 58 =Notes on Calculations 3. ‘The values of 8 in Tables 3.21 and 3.22 have been obtained from the more rigorous method for calculating effective column lengths in framed structures, given in equations 3 to 6 in section 2.5 of Part 2 of the code. The ratios «, (i.e. sum of column stiffnesses/ sum of beam stiffnesses) have been assumed to be 0.5, 1.5, 3.0, and 7.0 for conditions 1, 2, 3 and 4 in Clause 3.8.1.6.2 (Part 1) respectively. Concluding Notes 4. Where edge columns are concerned, they will not have beams “on either side " as specified in the provisions of Clause 3.8.1.6.2. In this case, an approximate value for 8 can be interpolated, based on the actual @, value and the values used in Tables 3.21 and 3.22 (see Note 3 above); otherwise the method in Section 2.5 of Part 2 can be adopted. For a column to be considered short, both I,,/h and I,,/b have to be less than 15 (for braced columns) and Jess than 10 (for unbraced columns), as specified in Clause 3.8.1.3. The ratio a, in section 2.5 of Part 2 or the value 6 in Clause 3.8.1.6 has to be obtained for beams in one plane at a time. EXAMPLE 19 - SYMMETRICALLY LOADED SHORT COLUMN Assuming that the density of reinforced concrete is 24 kN/m?, f,, = 25 N/mm?, f, = 460 N/mm?, and that the imposed loads on the roof and the floors are 1.0 kN/m? and 2.5 KN/n? respectively and that the allowance for partitions and finishes are 1.0 KN/m? each, design the ground floor part of an internal column of the framed structure described in Example 18. ; Introductory Notes 1 Since the ground floor part of an internal column has been found to be short, and since the arrangement of loads symmetrical, this design can be carried out according to the provisions of Clause 3.8.4.3, using equation 38. ‘The major part of this exercise consists of a load evaluation, taking into account the appropriate reduction factors for imposed loads specified in "BS 6399: Part 1 (1984): Design loading for buildings: Code of practice for dead and imposed loads”. The partition loads are taken‘as imposed loads, since their positions are not fixed. 59Column grid dimeasions are 5.0 x 5.0 m. Hence, area corresponding to column= (5)*= 25 m? Dead loads From 4 slabs = (4)(24\(0.175)(25) = 420 KN From beams=(4)(0.525-0.175)(0.3)(24)(5)=50.4 kN From columns={(3)(2.975)+5}(0.3P(24) =30.1 kN From finishes = (4)(1.0)(25) =100 kN Total dead load = 600.5 kN Imposed loads From roof = = (1.0)(25) From 3 floors = (3)(2.5)(25) From partitions= (3)(1.0)(25) BAN Total imposed load 28,5.KN LLL, reduction due to floor area = (0.05)(25/50)(287.5)(4) = 28.75 kN LLL. reduction due to 4-floors = (0.3)(287.5) = 86.25 KN Hence, imposed load = 287.5 - 86.25 = 201.25kN | Q, = 201 kN N = (1.4)(601) + (1.6)(201) = 1163 kN N = 1163 kN Design of mai For short columns resisting axial load N= O.4)foyA, t O.75)Agefy Assuming we use 4 T16, Ay. = = 804 mm? A, = - 804 = 89196 mm? (1163 x10°) = (0. 4)25)89196) + 7 75)A (460) A,, = 785 mm? < 804 mm?; hence O. Hence, use 4 T16 (A,, = 804 mm?) . Use 4 T16 Note:- 100A,/A, = (100)(804) / (300)? (at column = 0.89 > 0.4; hence min. steel O.K. | corners) Notes on Calculations 3. ‘The total imposed load can be reduced either on the basis of the area supported by the column or the number of floors- supported by the column. In this case, the reduction allowed as a result of the latter is greater and is hence applied - see BS 6399: Part 1 (1984), referred to in Note 2 above. 4. The term A, is the net area of concrete. A trial value of A,, can be obtained from equation 38 assuming the gross area of concrete for A, as a first approximation; this aoarea of A,, can then be deducted from the gross area to obtain A,. The value of A,, obtained from the formula should be less than the original trial value of A,.. In some cases, a negative value may be obtained for A,,; this indicates that nominal steel will be sufficient. In any case, bar diameters under 12 mm are generally not used for columns, because they will not be stiff enough for the erection of the reinforcement cage. Concluding Notes 6. This method of design is applicable for short braced columns, where moments. are negligible, due to a symmetrical arrangement of loads. Even if this symmetry is only approximate, provided the columns are short and braced, equation 39 can be used in place of equation 38, In addition to the main reinforcement, columns should be reinforced by links which ‘surround the main reinforcement as well. This will be shown in the next example. EXAMPLE 20 - SHORT COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOAD AND MOMENT A short column of 300 mm x 400 mm cross section carries an ultimate axial load of 800 kN. If an ultimate moment of 80 kNm is applied (a) about the major axis, (b) about the minor axis, (©) about both axes determine the column reinforcement required. Note that f,, = 25 N/mm? and f, = 460 N/mm, Introductory Notes iE This column carries a substantial moment as well as an axial load. Hence, we shall have to use the design charts, which will give us a symmetrically reinforced section. 613.846 | Note 3 equation 41 Table 3.24 Chart 23 (Part 3) Note 4 Note 5 3.12.7.1 Note 6 3.8.4.6 N = 800 KN, M = 80 kNm Nibh = (800 x10) / (400)(300) = 6.67 (for all cases) Bier a : : b = 300 mm, h = 400 mm M/bh? = (80 x10%) / (300)(400)? = 1.67 100A,,/oh = 0.4 Age = (0.4)(300)(400) / (100) = 480 mm? Use 4 T16 (Asc = 804 mm?) ) Mi on b = 400 mm, h = 300 mm M/bh? = (80 x10%) / (400)(300)? = 2.22 100A,,/oh = 0.8 Aye = (0.8)(300)(400) / (100) = 960 mm? Use 4 T20 (A,, = 1256 mm*) My/h’ = (80 x0) 1°(400-50) * = (80 x10%) / (300-50) hehoe MR" & Mb My’ = M, + (6)(0’/h’) N7 (b.h.fey) = (800 x10%) / (300)(400)(25) = 0.267 hence 8 = 0.690 M,’ = 80 + (0.69)(250/300)(80) = 126 kN h? = (126 x10") / (400)(300)? = 3.5 100A,,/oh = 1.7 Age = (1.7(300)(400) /(100) = 2040 mm? Use 4 T25 + (2 T16 in each dir.) (A,,= 2366 mm?) Design of li For major axis bending, use R6 {> (16/4) = 4 mm} @ 175 mm {< (12)(16) = 192 mm}. For minor axis bending, use R6 {> (20/4) = 5 mm} @ 225 mm {< (12)(20) = 240 mm}. For biaxial bending, use R 8 {> (25/4) = 6.25 mm} @ 175 mm {< (12)(16) = 192 mm}. Check for shear MIN = (126)/(800) = 0.158 (< (0.75)(0.3) = 0.225 m); hence, shear is not critical. major axis 4716 minor axis 4720 4725 +4T16 links major axis - R6 @ 175 mm. minor axis - R6 @ 225 mm. biaxial - R8 @ 175 mm.Reference Calculations Output 3.8.6 rae ee (0.2) foyA, (0.2)(25){(300)(400) - 804} = 596 KN | Crack width Axial Toad = 800 KN > 596 KN. check not Hence, no check is required. required. Notes on Calculations 2. If we assume a cover of around 30 mm (moderate exposure conditions and TABLE 1 values modified by Notes 5 and 6), links of 8 mm and a bar diameter of 25 mm, then d/h will be (400 - 50.5) / (400) = 0.87 for major axis bending and (300 - 50.5)/ (300) = 0.83 for minor axis bending. Hence, Chart 23 (Part 3) - which corresponds to a d/h value of 0.85 - can be used. If there is a doubt, the lower d/h value should be used, as this is more conservative. It should be noted that the column design charts have a lower limit of 100A,,/bh = 0.4, thus ensuring that the minimum steel Tequirement of Table 3.27 is met. In this case too, the difference between h and h’ and b and b’ is taken as 50 mm, by a similar argument as in Note 2 above, If the steel requirement for bi-axial bending is greater than that which can be provided as corner steel, the additional amount required has to be provided in each of the two mutually perpendicular directions, distributed along the faces of the section. Other approaches, which are less conservative and more accurate, perhaps, are given in "Allen, A.H., Reinforced concrete design to BS 8110 simply explained, E. & F.N. Spon, London, 1988" and in "Rowe, R.E. et al., Handbook to British Standard BS 8110: 1985 - Structural use of concrete, Palladian, London, 1987". Although smaller diameter bars (e.g. T10) could have been used, the T16 bars are used, so that the link spacing would not be-too small; furthermore, bars smaller than T12 are not used as column reinforcement, as they would not be stiff enough during erection. Generally plain mild steel is used for links as it is easier to bend into shape. Furthermore, where bars other than corner bars are used, multiple links may have to be used if (j) there is more than one intermediate bar or (ji) the intermediate bar is greater than 150 mm away from a restrained bar (see Clause 3.12.7.2) Strictly speaking, however, the shear stress should be found in order to check for the limits on Vinay. Concluding Notes 8. In general, shear and crack control are not very critical for columns. 63EXAMPLE 21 - SLENDER COLUMN A braced slender column of 300 mm x 400 mm cross section carries an ultimate axial load of 800 KN, It is bent in double curvature about the major axis, carrying ultimate moments of 80 kNm and 40 kNm at its ends. The effective length of the column corresponding to the major axis is 7200 mm. Determine the column reinforcement if f,, = 25 N/mm? and fy = 460 N/mm2, Introductory Notes 1. This example can be compared with Example 20, where the short column was of the same dimensions and carried similar loads. Reference Calculations Output Type of 3.8.1.3 Ivh = (7200)/(400) = 18 > 15; hence sjpnder. 3.8.3.3 < 20, slender column Also h/b = (400)/(300) = 1.33 < 3; bent about Note 2 hence, single axis bending. major axis. Design moments 3.8.3.2 M, = -40 KNm; M, = +80 kNm equation 36] M; = (0.4)(-40) + (0.6)(80) = 32 kNm (0.4)(80) = 32 kNm} 3.8.2.4 min = (0.05)(400) = 20 mm N.eniq = (800)(0.020) = 16 kNm equation 34 | 8, = (1/2000)(/b’)?= (1/2000)(7200/300"'= 0.288 equation 32 | a, = @,.K.h = (0.288)(1)(0.4) = 0.115 equation 35. | M44 = N.a, = (800)(0.115) = 92 kNm Mgag = 92 Hence, critical moment is M;+M,jg = 32 + 92 = kNm 124 kNm. However, as K is reduced, if Mj + Maga becomes < 80 kNm, M, will become critical. Design of reinf TABLE 1 | Assuming cover = 30 mmi (moderate exposure conditions and TABLE 1 values modified by Notes 5 & 6), link diameter of 8 mm and main bar size of 25 Chart 23. | mm, d/h = (400-50.5)/(400) = 0.87. (Part 3) N/bh = (800 x10) / (300)(400) = 6.67 M/bh? = (124 x10°) / (300)(400)? = 2.58 K=09Calculations Maag = (0.9)(92) = 83 kNm M = 32 + 83 = 115 kNm (> 80 kNm) M/bh? = (115 x105) / (300)(400)? = 2.40 85 Maga = (0.85)(92) = 78 KNm M = 32 + 78 = 110 kNm M/bh? = 2.29; K = 0.85 (again). Hence, 100A,,/oh = 0.8 Age = (0.8)(300)(400) / (100) = 960 mm? Use 4 T20 (Aj, = 1256 mm*) Links) Use R 6 {> (20/4) = 5mm} @ 225 mm {< (1220) = 240 mm} Notes on Calculations : 2. When major axis bending takes place, if either the I,/h value is greater than 20 or the h/b value is not less than 3, in order to account for the deflection due to-slendemess about the minor axis, the column has to be designed as biaxially bent, with zero initial moments about the minor axis (see Clauses 3.8.3.4 and 3.8.3.5). 3. In general; around.2 iterations are sufficient to arrive at a value of K that is virtually constant. It should be noted that the factor K should be applied to the original value of Mygq alone. : Concluding Notes 4. ‘The reinforcement required for this column is the same as for minor axis bending of the short column in Example 20.EXAMPLE 22 - PAD FOOTING Design a square pad footing for a 300 mm x 300 mm internal column, which carries an ultimate load of 1100 kN (service load of 760 KN), if the allowable bearing pressure of the soil is 150 kN/m?. Use f,, = 25 N/mm?, f, = 460 N/mm? (deformed type 2) and density of reinforced concrete = 24 KN/m?, Introductory Notes 1. Square pad footings are the most common foundation type for columns of framed structures. Pad footings are essentially inverted cantilever flat slab elements. 2. The design of pad footings involves the choice of @ footing area (which is based on soil bearing pressure), Gi) footing depth (which is based on shear resistance) and iii) _ reinforcement to resist bending moment. Service load = 760 kN Expected total load = (1.08)(760) = 821 kN Required area for base = (821) / (150) = 5.47 m? ‘Try a base of 2.4mx2.4mx0.4m Weight of base = (2.4)°(0.4)(24) = 55 kN Actual total load = 760 + 55 = 815 kN Bearing pressure = (815) / (2.4)* = 141 kKN/m? < 150 KN/m?; hence O.K. Preliminary check on effective depth:- d > 10(N)°F = 10(1100)°5 = 332 mm; hence overall depth of 400 mm is O.K. Design for bendi Ultimate bearing pressure = (1100) / (2.4)? = 191 kN/m Critical bending moment (at face of column) = (191)(2.4){(2.4-0.3)/2}7(1/2) = 253 kNm Assume a cover of 40 mm, for moderate exposure conditions. If bar size of 16 mm is assumed, dai, = 400-40-16-16/2 = 336 mm and d,,, = 344 mm.M/bd? = ess x105) / (2400)(336)? = 0.93 100, 0.25 A, = 0. 25)(2400)(336) / (100) = 2016 mm? @lAye + (9/4)d = (3/4)(300) + (9/4)(336) = 981 mm < |, = 1200 mm; hence reinforcement should be banded. Use 7 T16 @ 200 mm in band of 1200 mm bottom r/f {< @)G36) + 300 = 1308}; Use +3) T12 @ 3 T12 @ 200 200 mm in two outer bands. 7T16 @ 200 Oe = 1407 + 678 = 2085 mm?; 1407/2085 > 2/3) | 3 T12 @ 200 ‘Max. spacing = 750 mm; hence O.K. (both ways) 1O0A,/A, = (100)(2085) / (2400)(400) = 0.22 > 0.13; hence O.K. Anchorage length = (40)(16) = 640 mm < (2400-300)/2 = 1050 mm; hence O.K. ) 3.12.11.2.7 Note 8 Q i on Consider a section at "d" from the column face, and assume no enhancement to v,. V = (191)(2.4){(2.4-0.3)/2 - 0.336} = 327 KN v = (327 x10°) / (2400)(336) = 0.41 N/mm? - 100A /byd = (100)(2085) / (2400)(336) = 0.26 Ve = 0.42 N/mm? > 0.41 N/mm?; hence 0.K. Check for punching shear = 300. x10) / (4)(300)(344) = ay 66 N/mm? ‘Monese 5 4 Nimm? < 5 N/mm?; hence O.K. Ist critical perimeter = (4){(1.5)(0.344)(2) + 0.3} = (4)(1.332) = 5.328m ya outside perimeter= (2.4)? - (1.332)*= 4.43 m? = (191)(4.43) = 761 KN v = (761 x10°)/ (9328)(344) = 0.42 N/mm? Shear 1/f not, = ¥, (0.42 Nimm?); hence O.K. required. Notes on Calculations 3. Soil bearing pressures are given in terms of service loads. Hence, service loads have to be used to determine the footing area. Service loads can be approximately obtained from ultimate loads by dividing the latter by 1.45 in reinforced concrete structures. 67In order to estimate ultimate loads from service loads however, it is safer to factor the latter by 1.5. ‘The weight of the footing itself cannot be known until it is sized. An allowance of 8% of the column load is generally satisfactory for obtaining a first estimate of footing weight, which should subsequently be calculated accurately. Another approach is to first estimate a depth (in this case 0.4 m) and reduce the allowable bearing pressure by the corresponding weight per unit area (i.e. 0.4 x 24 = 9.6 kN/m?), before finding the footing area. This formula is not dimensionally homogeneous and can be used only if N is in kN and d in mm. It is based on a punching shear considerations for commonly used pad footings. If there is moment transfer to the footing as well, use d > (11.5)(N)- As the weight of the footing is considered to be a uniformly distributed load which is taken directly by the soil reaction, it should not be considered when designing for the ultimate limit states of flexure and shear. If the values of TABLE 1 are modified by Note 5, a cover of 35 mm will suffice for moderate exposure conditions. However, the cover is increased by a further 5 mm, in case the footing comes into contact with any contaminated ground water. The minimum value of "d" should be used in the design for flexure and vertical line shear, while the average value of “d" can be used in checking for punching shear. If the distance between the column face and the end of the footing is smaller than the anchorage length, the bars will have to be bent up near the end. of the footing; otherwise, they can be straight. In most cases, punching shear is more critical than vertical line shear. Furthermore, if a distance "d" is not available from the critical perimeter to the end of the footing, the value of v, should correspond to 100A,/byd < = 0.15 in Table 3.9. Concluding Notes 10. If the footing carries a bending. moment in addition to the axial load, the maximum and minimum pressures under the footing will be given by (1/BL)(N + 6M/L), with symbols having usual meanings. The maximum pressure should be kept below the allowable bearing pressure. If the difference between maximum and minimum pressures is small (say upto 20% of the maximum pressure) it may be convenient to design for bending and vertical shear by assuming that the pressure distribution is uniform and equal to the maximum pressure. Where the design for punching shear is concerned, the average pressure can be taken for calculations, but a factor of 1.15 applied to the shear force, according to the Provisions of Clause 3.7.6.2. 68EXAMPLE 23 - COMBINED FOOTING Let us assume that an external columns is flush with the property line and that the footings for the external and first internal columns have to be combined, as shown. While the internal column carries an ultimate axial load of 1100 KN, the external column carries an ultimate moment of 60 kNm in addition to an ultimate axial load of 600 KN. The allowable bearing pressure of the soil is 150 KN/m?. Use f,, = 25 N/mm? and f, = 460 N/mm?, Introductory Notes 1. The situation described above is often found in crowded urban areas where buildings are constructed on very small plots of land. 2. It is difficult to provide an isolated pad footing for the external column, because of eccentric loading on the footing. Hence, it can be combined with the first internal column footing as shown above. External column load = (600)/(1.45) = 414 kN Extemal column moment = (60)/(1.45) = 41.4 kNm Internal column load = (1100)/(1.45) = 759 kN mensions of foot Distance of C.of G. from A is given by x, where (759+414)x = (414)(0.15) + 41.4 + (759)(5.15) Hence, x = 3.4 m; therefore, for uniform pressure under base, use a base of length (2)(3.4) = 6.8 mIf we assume a thickness of 0.8 m for the base, the allowable bearing pressure is 150 - (0,8)(24) = 131 KN/m? ‘Width of base required = (7594414) / (6.8)(131) = 132m Use base of 6.8 mx 2.0 mx 0.8 m is of footi Assuming that the C.of G. for ultimate loads is the same as that for service loads, the footing can be idealised as follows:- udl = (1100+600) / (6.8) = 250 kN/m 600 KN w= 250 km? Max. moment at C = (250)(1.65)* / 2 = 340 kNm To find max. moment in AC, M, = -(250)x2/2 + 1100(x-1.65) = -(125)x? + (1100)x - 1815 putting dM,/dx = -(250)x + 1100 = 0, we have x = 4.4m Mazgx = -(125)(4.4)? + (1100)(4.4) - 1815 = 605 kNm Max. shear force at C = 1100 - (250)(1.65) = 688 kN Shear force at A = 600 kN Design for bendi Assume cover of 40 mm, bar size (longitudinal) of 25 mm; hence, d = 800 - 40 - 25/2 = 747.5 mm {Section AC) M/bd? = (605 x10%) / (2000)(747.5)? = 0.54 100A,/od = 0.15 ‘Ag = (0-15)(2000)(747.5) / (100) = 2243 mm? Use 5 T25 (As = 2455 mm?) - on top surface; these can be curtailed if required. 70 footing size 68 mx 2.0m x 0.8m longitudinal top steel - 5 T25Reference Calculations Output Table 3. Table 3. Table 3. 3.4.5.10 a = (340 x10% / (2000)(747.5)? = 0.30 27 | 100A,/bd = 0.08; hence use 100A,/A, = 0.13 A, = (0.13)(800)(2000) / (100) = 2080 mm? Use 5 T25 (A, = 2455 mm?) - on bottom surface; these ; could be curtailed as well. 3,11.3.2 Note:- (3/4) + (9/4)d = (3/4)(300) + (9/4)(747.5) = 1907 > 1, = 1000 mm; hence, longituninal steel can be evenly distributed. a M = (250/2){(2.0-0.3)/2}2(1/2) = 45 kNm/m d = 747.5 - 25/2 - 20/2 = 725 mm (assuming bar size of 20 mm) M/bd? = (45 x10% / (1000)(725)? = 0.09 27 | Use 100AJA, = 0.13 A, = (0.13)(1000)(800) / (100) = 1040 mm?/m Use T20 @ 300 mm (A, = 1047 mm?/m) 29 | Anchorage length = (20)(40) = 800 mm < (2000-300)/2 - 40{cover) = 810 mm; hence O.K. This steel too can be evenly distributed, as it is nominal reinforcement; the same nominal steel can also be used as distribution steel for the top longitudinal bars. 4.7m =7T20@300 ~ In the longitudinal direction, check at a distance *d" from the internal column face. V = (688) - {(688+600)/(5.0)}(0.15+0.7475) = 457 kN v = (457 x10°) / (2000)(747.5) = 0.31 N/mm? Since nominal steel is used, v, = 0.34 N/mm? > 0.31 N/mm?; hence 0.K. In transverse direction, a distance “d" from column face is virtually at edge of footing; hence O.K. longitudinal bottom steel - 5T25 longitudinal r/f to be evenly spaced transverse bottom steel - T20 @ 300 mm, to be evenly spaced. 7Vmax (internal column) = (1100 x10) / (4)(300)(735) = 1.25 N/mm’ < (0.8)(25)°5= 4 N/mm? < 5 N/mm?; hence O.K. As the critical perimeter, (1.5)d from column face, is outside the footing, only vertical line shear need be Shear 1/f is not checked. required Notes on Calculations 3. Where service loads are not specified or known, they can be estimated by dividing ultimate loads by 1.45 for.reinforced concrete structures. When converting service to ultimate loads, it is safer to multiply the former by 1.5. If the footing dimensions are given, as opposed to being designed, the pressure distribution under the base may not be uniform. This base thickness is fairly high, and is governed primarily by shear considerations. If the distance between columns is large, bending moment considerations will also require a fairly deep base. ‘This fairly large width has been chosen to reduce the pressure under the footing and satisfy the shear criteria, Although increasing the depth is generally more efficient than increasing the width, having a large depth may also cause excessive build up of heat of hydration temperatures, leading to thermal cracking. Assuming the column loads to be point loads is conservative. In reality, the load will be spread over a finite area and the resulting bending moments and shear forces at the column faces will be, somewhat smaller than those obtained from this analysis. ‘The argument used to choose the cover is the same as that in Note 7 of Example 22. Concluding Notes 9 10. If the perimeter or section at which shear should be checked falls outside the footing, the footing can be considered safe for shear. ‘The analysis of the above footing has been performed assuming that both footing and subgrade are rigid. If elastic foundation assumptions had been used, the soil pressure near the columns (i.e. loaded areas) would increase, but the midspan bending moment would decrease.EXAMPLE 24 - PILE CAP A two-pile group of pile diameter 500 mm and spacing 1250 mm centres supports a 450 mm. square column carrying an ultimate load of 2500 KN. Design the grade 25 and type 2 deformed reinforcement of f, = 460 N/mm?, Introductory Notes pile cap, using concrete of a. The minimum centre-to-centre distance for piles is twice the least width of piles for end bearing piles and thrice the least width of piles for friction piles. 2. A pile cap can be considered as a deep beam, and the most appropriate way to analyse forces is to consider truss action in the pile cap. Reference Note 3 Note 4 3.11.4.2 Note 5 Anchorage length required beyond centre-line of pile is given by (40)(25)(3016/3437) = 878 mm Calculations Bi ere Use an outstand beyond the piles of half the pile diameter. Hence, pile cap dimensions are: length = 1250 + 500 + 500 = 2250 mm width = 500 + 500 = 1000 mm Try overall depth of 700 mm; hence, effective depth = 700 - 40 - 25/2 = 647.5 mm > (1250)/2; hence O.K. N ‘Truss.action The force T is given by c ic T = N.VQ)d cee) = (2500\625) 1 (2)(647.5) A, = (1207 x10%) / 0.87)(460) N42 _ = 3016 mm? a Use 7 T25 (A, = 3437 mm’) Banding is not required, as pile spacing < (3)p spacing of r/f = (1000-80-32-25) / 6 = 144 mm Anchorage 73 Output dimensions 2250 mm x 1000 mm x 700 mm main steel 7725 |Stress in r/f = (0.87)(460)(3016/3437)= 351 N/mm? ‘When turning bars upwards, assume that bend starts at edge of pile. Stress at start of bend = (351)(878-250)/(878) = 251 N/mm? Bend radius, r, should be s.t. F(t.) <= (2)feul{l + 2(d/ay)} Critical value for a, = 40 + 16 (hor. loops) + 25 = 81mm < 144 mm (251)(491) / 1(25) <= (2)(25)/ {1 + (25/81)} = 159; Use r = 160 mm If we start the bend as close as possible to the edge of pile cap, length from C/L of pile to start of bend = 500 - 40 - 16 - 160 = 284 mm eff. anchorage of bend = (12)(25) = 300 mm {< @)r = (4)(160) = 640 mm} vertical length available = 647.5 - 40 - 160 - (4)(25) = 347.5 mm total anchorage available = 284 + 300 + 347.5 = 931.5 mm > 878 mm required; hence O.K. Check for punching shear xax= (2500 x10°) / (4)(450)(647.5) = 2.15 N/mm? < (0.8)(25)°-5= 4 N/mm? < 5 N/mm?; hence O.K. Since spacing of piles < (3), no further check is required. a= V (at critical section) = 2500 / 2 = 1250 kN v = (1250 x10) / (1000)(647.5) ka = 1.93 N/mm? 625 625 2dlay = (2)(647.5) / (250) = 5.18 Oe = (100)(3437) / (1000)(647.5) = 0.53 = (0.51)(5.18) = 2.64 N/mm? > 1.93 N/mm?; hence O.K. 14 Shear r/f not required.Notes on Calculations 3. 100AJ/A, = 0.13; A, = 910 mm’/m ‘Use 16T @ 200 mm (A, = 1005 mm?/m) This steel can also be bent up like the main steel. 16T @ 200 mm | binders ‘Horizontal binders 4T16 Use 25% of main steel. A, = (0.25)(3016) = 754 mm? Use 4 T16 (A, = 804 mm?) These binders will tie the main and distribution steel. The criterion used is that the effective depth is equal to at least half the distance between pile centres. When using truss theory, this will result in a compressive strut of 45° minimum inclination. The cover value has been chosen as per Note 7 of Example 22. 4. If the width of the column is accounted for, the value of tensile force will be a little less. This is given some treatment in "Allen, A.H., Reinforced concrete design to BS 8110 simply explained, E. & F.N. Spon, London, 1988". 5. Allowance is made here for side cover of 40 mm and a horizontal binder of 16 mm diameter. 6. We start the bend closer to the edge of the pile cap than assumed in the bend radius calculation - this is to achieve as great a length for anchorage as possible within the geometry of the pile cap. a This provision is also given by Allen, referred to in Note 4 above. The main steel Tequired (as opposed to provided) can be used in the calculation. Concluding Notes 8. Tt can be shown that less steel is required if Beam Theory is used. Furthermore, the anchorage requirement beyond the centre line of pile is much less. However, Truss Theory probably describes more accurately the actual behaviour of the pile cap. 9. If the spacing of piles exeeds 3 times the pile diameter, an additional check for punching shear has to be made, and the pile cap has to be considered as being “banded” for the distribution of tension steel and check for vertical line shear. 75EXAMPLE 25 - STAIRCASE A staircase has to span between two beams, which are 3.0 m apart in plan. The difference between the two levels is 2.0 m, Assuming that the staircase is sheltered and that it is subject to crowd loading, design the staircase, using f,, = 25 N/mm’, f, = 460 N/mm? (deformed type 2) or 250 N/mm? (plain) and density of reinforced concrete = 24 KN/m’. Assume top finishes (on tread only) as 0.5 kN/m? and the soffit plaster as 0.25 kN/m?, Introductory Notes LL Staircases are essentially inclined slabs. The major difference in design approach is that the loading has to be obtained as the loading in plan. 2 In this particular example, the layout of the staircase has to be designed as well. Choice of layout Let us choose 12 stairs, Then, rise (R) = 2000/12 = 167 mm rise = 167 mm going (G) = 3000/12 = 250 mm going = Note 3 Also 2R + G = (2)(167) + 250 = 584 mm 250 mm (approx. 600 mm; hence O.K.) tread = Use nosing of 25 mm, so that tread = 275 mm 275 mm Waist thi Note 4 Assume trial span/depth of (30)(1.15) = 34.5, for a 3.10.2.2 | 1-way heavily loaded continuous slab, stiffened by stairs. effective depth = (3000)/(34.5) = 87 mm | TABLE 1 | If we assume cover = 20 mm (mild exposure conditions and concrete protected by 10 mm 1:3 ct: sand rendering) and bar diameter = 12 mm, we can choose h = 120 mm and d = 120-20-12/2 = 94 mm | h = 120.mm Table 3.5 | Note:- 1.5 hr. fire resistance available. d = 94mm Loading (for 1 m wide strip) Factor for slope = (R? + G4)°5/G = {(167)2 + (250)?}95 / (250) = 1.20 16Note 6 | Table 3.11 3.10.2.2 Note 9 | Table 3.9 Factor for overlap = T/G = 275/250 = 1.1 46 KN/m -20 KN/m 55 kKN/m Waist = (0.12)(1)(24)(1.2) Steps = (1/2)(0.167)(1)(24)(1.1) Top finishes = (0.5)(1)(1.1) Soffit plaster = (0.25)(1)(1.20) 9.30 KN/m Total dead load 6.5L kN/m Imposed load = (5.0)(1) = 5.0 kN/m Design load = (1.4)(6.51) + (1.6)(5.0) = 17.1 kN/m Design for bendi M (span and support) = F.1/ 10 = {(17.1)G.0)}G.0) / 10 = 15.4 kNm/m M/bd? = (15.4 x105 / (100094? = 1.75 100A,/bd = 0.48 Ay = (0.48)(1000)(94) / (100) = 451 mm?/m Use T12 @ 250 mm (As = 452 mm?/m) Allowable spacing = (3)(94) = 282 mm > 250 mm | T12 @ 250 mm 100A,/A,= (100)(452) / (1000)(120) = 0.38 > 0.13 Hence, max. spacing and min, steel are O.K. Check for deflection M/bd? = 1.75 f, = (5/8)(460)(451/452) = 287 N/mm? Hence, F, = 1.15 (for tension reinforcement) Allowable span/depth = (26)(1.15)(1.15) = 34.4 Actual span/depth = (3000)/(94) = 31.9 < 34.4; hence deflection O.K. Deflection O.K. Check for shear V = (0.6)F = (0.6){(17.1))} = 30.78 kN/m v = (30.78 x10°) / (1000)(94) = 0.33 N/mm? 100A fod = (100)(452) / (1000)(94) = 0.48 Y, = 0.66 N/mm? > 0.33 N/mm’; Hence, shear r/f not required. design ud] = 17.1 KN/m main steelTable 3.27 | 100A,/A, = 0.24 (for mild steel) : Note 10 | A, = (0.24)(1000)(120) / (100) = 288 mm2/m distribution steel Use R8 @ 175 mm (A, = 287 mm*/m) -| R83. @-175 mm 712250 (3) 7126250 (1) Notes on Calculations 3. In general the rise should vary from a minimum of 150 mm for public stairways to a maximum of 175 mm for private stairways. The going should vary from 300 mm for public stairways to 250 mm for private stairways. (2R + G) should be kept as close as possible to 600 mm. A nosing can be provided so that the tread is greater than the going, thus making for greater user comfort. Although the value used in Example 13 for a continuous one way slab was 34, a ratio of 30 is used here, because the loading is much heavier - the waist carries the load of the steps, in addition to its own weight on an incline, and also a high imposed load. The above ratio is increased by 15% because of the stiffness contributed by the stairs, The waist and soffit plaster have thicknesses that are measured oo to the incline. Hence their load in plan will be greater by a factor of (R* + G?)°5/G. The steps and tread finishes have 25 mm overlaps for each 250 mm length in plan, because of the provision of a nosing. Hence their load will have to be factored by T/G. This factor can be ignored for the imposed load, because it can be argued that the entire tread will not be available for standing. BiL. ‘The imposed load corresponding to crowd loading is 5.0 KN/m? - see "BS 6399: Part 1 (1984): Design loading for buildings: Code of practice for dead and imposed loads". For a staircase having continuity, we can assume that both the span and support moments are approximately F.1/10. Staircases are generally heavily loaded (see Note 4 above), unlike horizontal slabs. Hence, the check for minimum steel is not very critical. Taking Shear Force as (0.6)F is conservative for staircases such as this. In any case, as for most slabs, staircases will not require shear reinforcement. Mild steel reinforcement is often used for distribution bars, as in this case, since the use of high yield reinforcement may result in more steel than that specified by the minimum steel requirement, in order to meet the maximum bar spacing rule. ‘When detailing reinforcement, care should be taken not to bend tension steel in a way that an inside comer can get pulled out. Hence bar type (2) should be continued from the bottom face of the lower slab to the top face of the waist. Bar types (2) and (3) can be taken horizontal distances of (0.3)I (see Clause 3.12.10.3) into the waist from the faces of the beams. Bar types (1), (2) and (3) can be continued into the lower and upper slabs as slab reinforcement, if required. Bar type (4) shows how the upper slab reinforcement can be taken into the beam support. Concluding Notes 12. If the supporting beam for the flight of stairs is at the ends of the landings, the entire system of staircase and two landings can be taken as spanning between the supporting beams (see figure below). In this case, the slab system could be considered as simply supported if there is no continuity beyond the landings. The loading on the landing and: staircase section would be different in a case such as this.EXAMPLE 26 - STAIRCASE A typical plan area of a stair well is shown in the figure, where the landings span in a direction perpendicular to the flight and span of the stairs. The dimensions of a single stair are as follows:- rise = 175 mm; going = 250 mm; tread = 275 mm. The top finishes (on tread only) are equivalent to a distributed load of 0.5 KN/m? and the soffit plaster one of 0.25 kN/m?. The imposed load can be taken as 3 kN/m?. Using f,, = 25 N/mm, f, = 460 N/mm? (deformed type 2) or 250 N/mm? (plain) and density of reinforced concrete = 24 KN/m?, design the staircase component of the system. 1,2n 8x0.25 = 2.0m 2.0m i In this example of a staircase, the landings span perpendicular to the stairs and Support the staircase, unlike in the case described in Note 12 of Example 25, where the landings also span in the direction of the staircase. Introductory Notes 2. In analysing the above system, the staircase is assumed to be supported along two edges within the landings. Continuity over the supports can be assumed for the purpose of span/depth ratio calculations. Calculations Stai : Effective span = 1, + (0.5)(l,,; + ly,2) = 2.0 + 0.5)(1.2 +'1.8) =3.5m . | eff. span = length of stairs (%) = {(2.0)/(3.5)}(100) % = 57% | 3.5m < 60%; hence span/depth enhancement not possible. equation 47 Note 3 3.10.2.2Assume a trial span/depth ratio of 32, for a continuous 1-way spanning staircase. Effective depth = (3500)/(32) = 109 mm Assuming a cover of 20 mm (mild exposure conditions and concrete protected by 10 mm 1:3 ct: sand rendering), and bar diameter of 12 mm, we can choose h= 140 mm and d= 140-20-12/2 = 114 mm Loading (for 1.2 m wide staircase) Factor for — 2 + G45 /G {(175)? + 309%} 1 (250) = 1.22 Factor for overlap = T/G = (275)/(250) = 1.1 = (0.14)(1.2(24)(1.22) = 4.92 kN/m 77 N/m i 7 .66 KN/m Soffit plaster = (0. 25\(. .2)(1.22) 0.37 KN/m "Total dead load 8.72 kN/m Imposed load = (3.0)(1.2) 3.6 kN/m Design load= (1.4)(8.72) + (1.6)(3.6) = 18.0 kN/m ign f The staircase can be idealised as follows: hex 718 kvm A @; Ry = 18)2.0)01.9)/ G5) = 19.5 aN Rg = (18)2.0) - 19.5 = 16.5 kN M, = Ry.x - w(x - 0.67/2 OM,/dx = 0 when Ry - wix - 0.6] = 0 i.e. x= Ry/w + 0.6 = (19.5)/(18) + 0.6 = 1.68 m 19.5)(1.68) - (18)(1.68-0.67/2 Mio? = 22.26 x10%) / (120,14? = 1.43 100A fod = 0.39; Ag = 534 mm? [ Use 5 TI2 (Ag = 565 mm) 81 design udl = 18.0 KN/m.Mio? = 1.43; f, = (5/8)(460)(534/565) = 272 N/mm? Table 3.11 | Hence, F; = 1.29 (for tension reinforcenament) Allowable span/depth = (26)(1.29) = 33.5 Actual span/depth = (3500)/(114) = 30.7 < 33.5; hence O.K. Di ion reinfs Table 3.27 | 100AJA, = 0.24 (mild steel) i A, = (0.24)(140)(1000) / (100) = 336 mm?/m distribution steel Use R8 @ 150 mm (A, = 335 mm?/m) Notes on Calculations 3. The support line for the staircase is at the centre of the smaller landing but only 0.9 m into the wider landing, because 1.8 m is the maximum distance over which the Joad can be assumed to be spread. ‘This ratio is a little greater than that assumed for the previous example (Example 25), ‘because the-imposed load here is somewhat lower. ‘These factors and their use are described in Note 5 of Example 25. Although continuity is assumed over supports for span/depth ratio considerations, it will be safer to assume simple supports when designing for bending, as the continuity extends only upto the edge of the landing. The loads from the landings are carried by the landings in the direction perpendicular to the flight of the stairs; hence they are not considered in the analysis. Concluding Notes 7. 8. 10. Detailing of reinforcement can be done in a manner similar to that in Example 25. Shear can also be checked for, as in Example 25, the maximum shear force being the greater of Ry and Rg - ie. 19.5 KN. ‘When designing the landings, in addition to their own dead and imposed loads, the loads from the staircase --i.e. Ry and Rg will be uniformly spread over the entire smaller landing and over 1.8 m of the larger landing, respectively. ‘Where staircase flights surrounding open wells intersect at right angles, the loads from the common landing can be shared between the two perpendicular spans. 82EXAMPLE 27- PLAIN CONCRETE WALL The lateral loads in the short way direction on a four storey building are taken by two end concrete shear walls of length 15 m and height 14 m. The service wind load on one shear wall is 180 KN. Check whether a plain concrete wall of grade 25 concrete and 175 mm thickness is sufficient for the wall panel between foundation and Ist floor. slab (clear height of wall = 4.0 m) if it carries the following service loads, in addition to the wind load:- self weight = 18 kN/m; dead load from Ist floor. slab = 12 kN/m; dead load from above 1st floor slab = 80 kN/m; imposed load from Ist floor slab = 7.5 kN/m; imposed load from above Ist floor slab = 19 kN/m. Introductory Notes 1 Given that even plain concrete walls require horizontal and vertical reinforcement (Clause 3.9.4.19), and if this reinforcement will be distributed on two faces (which is advisable, since crack control reinforcement should be as close to the surface as possible), then it is very difficult to construct a wall under 175 mm. This is ‘because cover requirements will be 20 mm on the inside (mild exposure) and 30 mm ‘on the outside (moderate exposure) - see TABLE 1, including Notes 5 and 6 - and ‘because the bar diameter for vertical steel should be at least 12 mm, in order to ensure sufficient stiffness for the reinforcement cage prior to concreting. Guidance on calculating wind loads is given in "CP3: Ch. V: Part 2 (1972): Basic data for the design of buildings: Loading: Wind loads", and the method is shown in Example 31. It is assumed that stability for the structure as a whole has been satisfied. The overturning moment due to wind, factored by 1.4 should be less than the resisting moment due to dead load, factored by 1.0 (see Table 2.1) Since lateral support is provided by foundation and 1st floor slab, wall panel can be considered braced. The slab will give only displacement restraint, while the foundation can give displacement as well as rotational restraint. Hence, |, = (0.875)(4.0) = 3.5 m 1h = (3.5 x10°)/(175) = 20 > 15; hence slender. < 30; hence max. value not exceeded. 83‘We shall use serviceability vestical loads to calculate the resultant eccentricity (e) just below the Ist floor slab, assuming the eccentricity of ist floor slab loading is h/6, and that the ecceatricity of loads above this is zero. e= (12+7.5)(175/6) | [(12+7.5) + {80-+(19)(0.8)}] 4.96 mm Min. ece. = h/20 = (175)/(20) = 8.75 mm > 4.96 mm eg = 12/(2500)h = 3500)? / (2500)(175) = 28 mm Loading Assuming wind acts at mid height of wall, wind moment = (180)(14/2) = 1260 kNm. Hence, wind loading on wall = + (6)(1260)/(15? = + 33.6kN/m Hence, ultimate loads per unit length of wall are:- eens = (1.4)(18-+12+480) + (1.6)(7.5+19)0.7) = 184 kN/m Combination 2, f = (1.4)(110) + (1.4)33.6) = 201 KN/m or £, = (1.0)(110) - (1.4)(33.6) = 63 kN/m Combination 3, fy = (L2){110 + 26.5)00.7) + 33.6} = 195 kN Note: - no tension arises. Now, ny <= (0.3){h - 2)e}foy = (0.3){175 - (2)(8.75)}(25) = 1182 kN/m and n, <= (0.3){h - (1.2)e, - Qe} fey =(0.3){175 - (1.2)(8.75) - (2)(28)}(25)= 813 kN/m ‘These are satisfied, since ny max = 201 KN/m Check for shear Design horizontal shear force = 180 kN Min. design vertical load = (110)(15) = 1650 kN {> 4)180)(1.4) = 1008 KN; hence OK} e = 8.75 mm e, = 28mm ao 201m Sinn ny is O.K.Min. r/f = (0.25)(1000)(175) / (100) = 437.5 mm’/m (both directions) Use vertical steel T12 @ 300 mm in both faces (A, = 753 mm?/m) 2xTI2 @ 300 Horizontal steel T8 @ 225 mm in both faces horizontal steel (A, = 446 mm/m) 2x T8 @ 225 Notes on Calculations 4, A column is considered braced in a given plane if it is not required to carry the lateral forces in that plane. A wall however is considered braced if lateral stability is given to it by other structural elements, when it is carrying in-plane loads. If the wall alone has to resist transverse loads, it is unbraced. Since the end conditions in the given wall are "midway" between those specified in Clause 3.9.4.3., the effective length factor is also midway between the factors given. ‘The imposed load here is factored by 0.8, according to BS 6399: Part 1 (1984): Design loading for buildings: Dead and imposed loads, since loads from 3 floors are involved. Later on, when checking the n,, value for the wall panel, a factor of 0.7 is used, since loads from 4 floors are involved. Equations 43 and 44 for braced walls correspond to the top (maximum initial eccentricity) and midway (maximum eccentricity due to deflection) sections. However n,, is calculated at the bottom of the wall,- taking into account the self weight of the wall and maximum moment due to wind. This is slightly inconsistent but conservative. A similar approach is used in column design. Since reinforcement to control thermal and hydration shrinkage should be fairly closely spaced, a spacing of 300 mm is not exceeded. 12 mm dia. bars are used for vertical steel, in order to give stiffness to the reinforcement cage prior to concreting. ‘The horizontal reinforcement should be placed outside the vertical steel on both faces, to ensure better crack control, as thermal and shrinkage movements will generally be in the horizontal direction; furthermore it is easier to fix the horizontal steel on the outside. Concluding Notes 9. The wall reinforcement should also be checked for satisfying tie reinforcements. This is dealt with in Example 33.EXAMPLE 28 - CORBEL Design a corbel that will carry a vertical load of 350 KN into a 300, mm x 300 mm column, assuming the line of action of the load to be 150 mm from the face of the column. Take f,, = 30 N/mm? and f, = 460 N/mm? (deformed type 2). Introductory Notes a A corbel can be considered to be a “deep cantilever", where truss action, as opposed beam action, predominates and where shearing action is critical. 2. Compatibility of strains between the strut-and-tie system of the truss must be ensured at the root of the corbel (Clause 5.2.7.2.1 (b)). The width of the corbel can be the same as that of the column, i.e. 300 mm. The length of the bearing plate can also be taken as 300 mm, and if dry bearing on concrete is assumed, the width of the bearing plate, b, will be given by (350 x10°) / G00)b <= 0.4)f,, b >= (350 x10%) / (300)(0.4)(30) = 97 mm Hence, choose bearing width of 100 mm. Since the corbel has to project out from the bearing area a distance that would accommodate a stressed bend radius choose corbel projection as 400 mm. Corbel depth has to be such that max. all. shear is not exceeded - i.e. (0.8)30)> = 4.38 N/mm? Hence, d > (350 x10*) / (300)(4.38) = 266 mm Choose h = 375 mm and assuming cover of 20 mm (mild exposure conditions, concrete protected by 10 mm 1:3 ct: sand render) and bar dia. of 20 mm, d = 375 - 20 - 20/2 = 345 mm. Let the depth. vary from 375 mm to 250 mm. P = 350 KN (ultimate) bearing width 100 mm total projection 400. mm h = 375 mm d = 345 mmNote 4 5$.2.7.2.1 Note 5 Table 3.9 3.4.5.8 Table 3.8 Now a/d = (150)/(345) = 0.43 < 1 Also, depth at outer edge of bearing area > 375/2 mm; hence, definition of corbel is satisfied. Main seis From strain compatibility and stress block, C = (0.45)f,,(0.9)b.x.Cosé .........-(1) Since the line of action of C must pass thro’ the centroid of stress block, 8 = tan‘ (2/150), ie. 8 = tan’! {4 - 0.45x)/150} Furthermore, from the triangle of forces for P, T and C, = P/ Sing ... --(2) We need to find a value of x, and hence 8, that will satisfy (1) and (2) simultaneously. x = 216 mm will give B = 58.8° and C = 409 kN T = 350/ Tang = 212 kN Since x = 216 mm, by strain compatibility, strain in steel is {(d-x)/x}(0.0035) = 2.090 x10 Hence, steel has just yielded and f, = (0.87)f, Hence, A, = (212 x10*) / (0.87)(460) = 530 mm? Use 3 T16 (A, = 603 mm?) Min, area required = (11 29350 x10*) / (0.87)(460) = 437 mm? < 603 mm?; hence O.K. ‘Also 100A,/od = (100)(603) / (300)(345) = 0.58 > 0.4and < 1.3; hence O.K. ‘Shear reinforcement ¥ = (350 x10*) / (300)(345) = 3.38 N/mm? 100A,/bd = 0.58 Ve = (0.546)(30/25)°3(2d/a,) = (0.58)(2/0.43) = 2.69 N/mm? < 3.38 N/mm? Provide A,, > = by.s,(¥-v,) / (0.87) Agd/Sy > = (200)G.38-2.68) / (0.871460) = 0.517 Use 10T @ 300 mm. Since this has to be provided over (2/3)(375) = 250 mm, 2 bars will suffice. Min. requirement is 603/2 = 302 mm? Use 2 T10 links @ 175 mm (A, = 314 mm? > 302 mm?; hence O.K.) 87 main steel 3T16 Detailing O.K.‘The bend in the main reinforcement should start a cover distance (20 mm) from the bearing plate. It should end a cover + bar dia. (20+10+16 = 46 mm) from the end of the corbel. Hence, distance available for bend radius = 200 - 20 - 46 = 134 mm 3.12.8.25.2 | Critical value of a,= 20 + 10 (link) + 16 = 46 mm Stress in bars = (0.87)(460)(530/603) = 352 N/mm? f equation 50 | Fy, / (£.6) <= ()hy/ {1 + Qe/a)} (352}(201) / (16)r <= (2)(30) / {1 + (2)(16/46)} r>= 125 mm Choose r = 130 mm < 134 mm; hence O.K. Co [Lease Notes on Calculations 3. Varying the depth from a full depth at the root to 2/3 of the depth at the end ensures that one of the conditions for a corbel in Clause 5.2.7.1 is automatically met - i.e. that the depth at the outer edge of bearing is greater than half the depth at the root. Furthermore, it facilitates the placing of horizontal shear links in the upper two-thirds of the effective depth of corbel as specified in Clause 5.2.7.2.3. 4. Using Figure 2.2, the strain at yield is (0.87)(460) / (200 x10°) = 2.0 x10 for stee! of f, = 460 N/mm?, since the Young’s Modulus specified is 200 kN/mm2. 5. _ Although these limits on 100A /bd, where d is the effective depth at the root of the corbel, are not given in BS 8110, they are specified in "Rowe, R.E. et al., Handbook to British Standard BS 8110: 1985 : Structural use of concrete, Palladian, London, 1987". 88Although the code allows the bend to start at the edge of the bearing plate itself, the allowance of a cover distance from the outer edge of the bearing plate will ensure the spreading of load from the bearing plate to the level of tie steel before the bend commences. Concluding Notes un Since a fairly large distance is involved in accomodating the bend radius, an alternative way of anchoring tie bars is to weld a transverse bar of equal strength, subject to the detailing rules in Clause 5.2.7.2.2. In any case, the actual projection of the corbel beyond the bearing plate can be adjusted right at the end of the design, and will not affect preceding calculations.EXAMPLE 29 - DESIGN FOR TORSION A cantilever slab of clear span 2.0 m functions as a hood over a porch. Its thickness varies from 200 mm at the support to 100 mm at the free end, while it carries finishes amounting to 0.5 kN/m? and an imposed load of 0.5 kN/m?. It is supported by a beam 600 mm x 300 mm, which spans 4.0 m between columns, which are considered to provide full bending and torsional restraint. Design the beam for bending and torsion, assuming f,, = 30 N/mm’, f, = 460 Nim? (deformed type 2), fyy = 250 N/mm? and density of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m?. Introductory Notes 1 It is instructive to classify torsion into two types. Compatibility torsion, which may arise in statically indeterminate situations, is generally not significant; torsional moments will be shed back into the elements carrying bending moments (at right angles to the element carrying torsion), because torsional stiffnesses are lower than bending stiffnesses. Any torsional cracking will be controlled by shear links. However, equilibrium torsion in statically determinate situations, where torsional resistance is required for static equilibrium, will have significant magnitudes, and has to be designed for. The example above is such a case (see Clause 2.4.1, Part 2). Assuming that the columns provide full bending restraint implies that they have infinite stiffness. In practice, of course this will not be the case and the deformation of the columns will reduce the beam fixed end moments. However, full torsional restraint has to be provided by the columns, in order to preserve static equilibrium, where equilibrium torsion is involved. Hood = Finishes 0.5)(2.3) Self weight = (0.6)(0.3)(24) Total dead load| Table 3.27 Table 3.9 (assume shear centre is at centroid of beam section) Hood — = (7.2)(2/3)(0.15+1.0) + (7.2)(1/3){0.15+ (2.0/3)} Finishes = (0.5)(2.0)(0.15+ 1.0) Total dead load torsion Imposed load torsion = (0.5)(2.0)(0.15+1.0) = 1.15 kNm/m Design load={(1.4)(8.6)+(1.6)(1.15)}=13.9 kNm/m = 7.48 kNm/m LIS. kNm/m Design for bendi Assume cover = 30 mm (moderate exposure conditions, TABLE 1. values modified by Notes 5 & 6), link dia. = 10 mm and main bar dia. = 20 mm. hence, d = 600 - 30 - 10 - 20/2 = 550 mm Take M = (1/12)w./? (for built in beam) = (1/12)(19.6)(4)? = 26.1 kNm M/bd? = (26.1 x10% / (300)(550 = 0.29 100A,/bd = 0.08 Use 100AJ/A, = 0.13 A, = (0.13)(300)(600) / (100) = 234 mm? Same nominal steel 1/f can be used at span. Shear Force = (19.6)(4) / 2 = 39.2 KN (max.) V = (39.2 x10°) / (500)(300) = 0.24 N/mm? < v, Design for torsi = 600 - (2)(30 + 10/2) = 530 mm = 300 - (2)(30 + 10/2) = 230 mm Total torsional moment = (13.9)(4) = 55.6 kNm Torsional restraint at each end= 55.6/2 = 27.8 kNm 91 torsional udl = 13.9 kNm/m d = 550 mm y, = 530 mm x, = 230 mm{| equation 2 (Part 2) Table 2.3 (Part 2) Max. value of v, = (2)T / Gyig) ~ Nypin!3) = (2)(27.8 x10*) / (300)*(600 - 300/3) = 1.24 N/mm? < 4.38 N/mm? (¥,,) > 0.37 N/mm? (V4 sain) Thus, beam section is O.K. but requires torsional r/f. Provision of reinforcement Since v < v, for the entire beam, the area where v, <= Yimin has to be provided with nominal shear r/f and the area where V, > Y, iq With designed torsion wf. Torque corresponding to edge of nominal shear r/f is given by T = Vi min-lpin“Cpax ~ Min!) / 2 - = (0.37)(300)°(600 - 300/3) / 2 Nmm = 8.33 kNm Distance from beam C/L = (8.33/27.8)(2.0)= 0.6 m Hence, iength of beam for nominal shear links = (2)0.6) = 1.2m Nominal shear links given by Ayy/Sy > = (0.4)(300) / (0.87)(250) = 0.55 For 10 mm links, A,, = 157 mm?; s, <= 285 mm Use R10 links @ 250 mm {< (0.75)d = 413 mm} Designed torsional links given by Agd/8, >= T/ O.8)x,.y,(0.87) : = (27.8 x10°) / (0. (S30(0.87)(250) = 131 For 10 mm links, A,, = 157 mm; s, <= 120 mm Use 2R10 links @ 200 mm {<= 200 mm, x1, y,/2} Length of beam at each end for torsional links = 4.0-1.2)/2 = 1.4m Designed additional longitudinal steel given by Ag > Ags f/f ty) (157/120)(250/460)(230 + 530) = 540 mm? If this is divided between 8 bars, each requires 67.5 mm? (3 at top and bottom, 2 in middle). ‘Since beam length is small, assume bending reinforcement is not curtailed; longitudinal reinforcement for torsion also cannot be curtailed. Nominal links R10 @ 250 mm (middle 1.2 m) Torsion links 2R10 @ 200 mm (1.4 mTotal steel requirement at top and bottom levels = (67.5)(3) + 234 = 436.5 mm? Use 2¥16 + Y10 at top and bottom levels (A, = 481 mm?) and 2 Y10 at intermediate level (A, = 157 mm?) This arrangement will satisfy (a) max. spacing for tension r/f <= 160 mm (b) max. spacing for torsional 1/f <= 300 mm (©) torsional r/f provided in 4 comers top & bottom 2¥16+Y10 middle 2Y10 Notes on Calculations 3. The torsional moment variation in beams, whether for a distributed moment such as this or for a point moment, is geometrically identical to the shear force variation corresponding to distributed or point loads respectively. 4. Longitudinal torsion reinforcement has to be extended at least a distance equal to the largest dimension of the section beyond the point where it is theoretically not required. In this example, that would extend the reinforcement by 600 mm, exactly to the mid point of the beam. Hence, curtailment is not possible Concluding Notes 5. The links provided for torsion have to be of the closed type as specified in Clause 2.4.8 (Part 2), whereas even open links are permissible for shear links. 6. If the section carrying torsion is a flanged beam, it has to be divided into component (non-intersecting) rectangles, such that h,j,°-Pmax is maximized. This can generally be achieved by making the widest rectangle as long as possible (see Clause 2.4.4.2 - Part 2). The torque is divided up amoung the rectangles in the ratios of their (Bizin?-Ryygx) Values and each rectangle designed for torsion. The torsional links should be placed such that they do intersect. division into 2 rectangles ¢—intersecting torsional links 93EXAMPLE 30 - FRAME ANALYSIS FOR VERTICAL LOADS A typical intemal braced transverse frame for a multi-storey office building is shown below. The frames are located at 5 m centres and the length of the building is 40 m. The cross sectional dimensions of members are as follows. (Slab thickness (roof and floors) - 150 mm Gi) Beams (roof and floors) - 600 mm x 300 mm (iii) Columns (for all floors) - 300 mm x 300 mm The vertical loading is as follows:- (Load corresponding to finishes = 0.5 kN/m? (for roof and floors) i) Load corresponding to light partitions = 1.0 KN/m? (for floors only) (iii) Imposed load on roof = 1.5 kN/m? (iv) Imposed load on floors = 2.5 kN/m? (v) Density of reinforced concrete = 24 kN/m? Obtain the design ultimate moments and shear forces from vertical loads for the beam ABC at the first floor level. Introductory Notes . i ‘The next 4 examples (including this one) deal with the entire structure, as opposed to structural elements. 2. The loading for partitions and imposed loads is the minimum permissible under"BS 6399: Part I (1984): Design loading on buildings: Dead and imposed loads" 3. In general, most frames are braced, the lateral load being taken by masonry infill or lift/stair wells. 4. Since the frame is braced, it is possible to use either a beam level sub-frame analysis or a continuous beam analysis. Since the latter over-estimates moments considerably, the former will be performed. 94BS 6399: Part 1 ‘Stiffnesses UL) of columns above 1st floor = (1/12)(300)* / (4000) = 0.169 x10° mm? (UYof columns below 1st floor = ‘(1/12)(300)* / (5000) = 0.135 x10° mm? Since T-beam action will prevail in the beam , eff. flange width = 300 + (0.7)(6000)/5 = 1140 mm (< 5000 mm). I of beam section = 1140 9.388 x10° mm* — (UL) of beams = = (9.388 x10) / (6000) = 450 1.565 x10® mar S00” Distribut Only the beam factors will be considered. Dap= Deg=(1-565)/(1.565 +0.169+0.135) = 0.84 Dpa=Dgc= 1.565/{(1.565)(2) +0. 169-40. 135}=0.46 Loading on beam Slab = (5)(0.15)(24) = 18 N/m Beam = (0.45)(0.3)(24) = 3.24 KN/m Finishes = (0.5)(5) = Total dead load = 23,74 kN/m Imposed load (floor) = (5)(2.5) = 12.5 KN/m Partitions = (5)(1.0) = 5.0 KN/m Total imposed load = 115 kN/im Since a beam span carries 30 m? of floor area, reduced imposed load = (0.97)(17.5) = 17.0 kN/m ‘Load arrangements (Arrangement 1) rhe #184, = 60.4 ym Cc (Arrangement 2) A (780.4 KN/m 7) re Ne by = 1140 mm &= 23.7 kN/m c= 17.0 kN/m || Note 7 Arrangement 3 will be the mirror image, about B, of Arrangement 2. (Arrangemeat 1) 0.84 0.46 0.46 0.84 AB BA BC cB ~181.2 +181.2 -181.2 +181.2 +152.2—> + 76.1 - 76,1 <— -152.2 = + = + (Arrangement 2) 0.84 0.46 0.46 0.84 AB BA BC cB 181.2 +1812 - 711 + 7d ~ 25.3€— -50,6 __- 50,6 —> - 25.3 tITBS > + 86.8 - 19.3 <— -385 + 15.5 <— -31) = 31,1 —> - 15.5 +13.1—> + 65 + 65 <—~ +131 - 3.0 <— - 60 - 60 —»- 3.0 + 25+ 13 + 134-4 25 . Si2 2 =e . - = ‘Shear forces (kN) The shear forces Ry, Ror, ga and Re can be found from the following figures: Zt Me fz Me eipecccanfl! — enhonnnant ts tue t a. Ra Rai Rep Re Arrangement 1 143.2 219.3. 219.3. 143.2 Arrangement 2. 156.1 206.3 Arrangement | Support moment | at B= 257 kNm Arrangement 2 moments at B = 187 kNm & 172 kNmNote 9 Free bending moment is given by -(W.L.x)/2 + (w.x2)/2 T M, Fixed end moment variation is po} given by My + (My-M)x/l r Hence, the points of contraflexure andthe points and values of max. span moments can be obtained. Span AB = Span BC Points of contraflexure 0.21m, 4.52m 7.48m, 11.79m (from A) Max. sagging 141 kNmat 141 kNmat moment 2.37 m 9.63 m Points of contraflexure 0.25m, 4.92m 8.45m, 11.90m (from A) Max. sagging 165 kNm at 35 kNm at moment 2.58 m 10.18 m 257.3 165 141 Bending Moment Diagram (kNm) 219.3 Arrangement 1 141 kNm (both spans) Arrangement 2 165 kNm and 35 kNmNotes on Calculations 5. 10. The distribution factors have accounted for the column stiffness, but the column moments have been left out of the calculations for convenience, as we are interested only in‘ the beam moments. Since the remote ends of the columns are assumed to be fixed, there will be no carry over méments from them to the beam-column joints. The sign convention adopted is that clockwise moments are positive and anticlockwise moments negative. In this symmetrical loading arrangement, the calculation is complete with just one joint release. The difference between the moments Mp, and Mpc arises out of the fact that the columns take part of the moment arising out of asymmetrical loading. ‘The sign convention adopted in this part of the solution is that sagging moments are negative and hogging moments positive. This two-span frame is typical of most situations, where the maximum support moments are obtained when all spans are loaded with the maximum design ultimate loads (1.4 g,+ 1.6 q,) and the maximum span moments are obtained when that span is loaded with the maximum design ultimate load (1.4 g, + 1.6.q,) while the adjacent spans.are loaded with the minimum design ultimate load (1.0 g,). ‘The diagrams for Load Arrangement 3 have not been shown, for the sake of clarity, since they wil be miror images of thse for Load Arrangement 2 about B. (Concluding Notes Ll. The beam moments could have been obtained using a continuous beam analysis, instead of a subframe analysis (Clause 3.2.1.2.4) as pointed out in Note 4. However, column moments will then have to be estimated as indicated in Clause 3.2.1.2.5. If there are 3 or more approximately equal bays in the frame and the characteristic imposed load does not exceed the characteristic dead load, the beam moments and shear forces can be obtained from Table 3.6 for a continuous beam analysis (see Clause 3.4.3). 98EXAMPLE 31 - FRAME ANALYSIS FOR HORIZONTAL LOADS If the office building described in Example 30 was unbraced and located in a semi-urban area where the basic wind speed is 40 m/s, determine the moments and shear forces induced in a typical internal frame due to the wind load. Introductory Notes 1. The wind forces have to be determined using"CP 3: Ch.V: Part 2 (1972): Basic data for the design of buildings: Loading: Wind loads.’ 2. In carrying out the analysis, the entire structure is analysed, assuming that only the wind load acts on it and that points of contraflexure are developed at the centres of all beams and columns (Clause 3.2.1.3.2). A further assumption is made regarding the distribution either of shear forces or of axial loads in columns (see Note 4 below). Thus the analysis for the lateral loads is performed on a statically determinate structure, as opposed to an indeterminate one as in the case of vertical load analysis. Calculations Output Wind force Basic wind speed, V, = 40 m/s CP3;Ch.V: | S; = 1.0; S; = 1.0 Part 2 S> (for ground roughness 3, building class B and Note 3 H = 12.25) is 0.7805 V, = (1)(0.7805)(1)(40) = 31.22 m/s Wind pressure, q = (0.613)(31.22)? = 597.5 N/m? 1 Table 10 | Vw = (40)/(12) = 3.33 of b/d = (40)/(12) = 3.33 | CP3:Ch.V: | h/b = (12.25)/(12) = 1.02 Part 2 Hence, Cy = 1.23 Force on one frame = q.C;.A. = (597.5)(1.23){(12.25)(5.0)} = 45014 N | Wind force on a = 45 kN | frame = 45 kN Analysis The following assumptions are made:- 1. The wind force is applied at floor and roof levels, the force at each level being proportional to the areas shared by them.2. Points of contraflexure are assumed at the centres of beams and columns. 3. The vertical column stresses are proportional to their distances from the centroid of the columns. The forces at roof, 2nd floor and Ist floor levels are (2/12.25)(45) = 7.35 KN (roof) {(2+2)/12.25}(45) = 14.7 KN (2nd floor) and {(2+2,50)/12.25}(45) = 16.5. KN (Ist floor) t 17.83 Moments and shear forces in ABC The moments in ABC can be found as those required to balance the column moments. Moment at A, B and C is 35.1The shear forces in the spans are obtained by Shear force in dividing the moment by half the span length. AB and BC is Hence, shear force = (35.1)/(3.0) = 11.7 KN 11.7 kN Notes on Calculations 3. The S, factor can be calculated separately for different parts of the stucture or for the entire structure, using the total height of the structure. Since this is only a 3 storey structure, it is simple and conservative to work with a single S, value. If the column sizes are uniform, the vertical forces will be proportional to the distances of the columns from the centroid of the column group. An alternative assumption to this is to consider that the horizontal shear forces in the columns are proportional to the bay sizes. The analysis is essentially a subframe analysis, but the entire frame has to analysed step wise, from the top to bottom. At each step, the vertical column reactions are obtained first, taking moments for the equilibrium of the entire sub structure, together with the third assumption referred to in Note 4 above. The horizontal shear forces in the columns can be found by taking moments about the points of contraflexure in the beams, for the equilibrium of different parts of the sub-structure. The results obtained from each sub-structure have to be used for analysing the next lower sub structure. If the column bases are not designed to resist moments, the point of contraflexure on lowest column should be moved down to the level of the base (as opposed to being at column mid height). In order to meet stability requirements, the lateral load at each level should be at least 1.5% of the characteristic dead load at each level (Clause 3.1.4.2). Since the total dead load on'a beam (Example 30) is (23.7)(12) = 284.4 KN and 1.5% of this is 4.3 KN (< 7.35 KN), the above condition is met. Concluding Notes 8. For unbraced frames having three or more approximately equal bays, the combined effect of wind and vertical loads can be obtained by superposing the results of an analysis such as the one above with those of a subframe analysis such as the one in Example 30, after factoring the loads appropriately (Clause 3.2.1.3.2). For very slender structures, the overall stability of the structure against overturning due to lateral wind loads should also be checked. The appropriate load combination would be 1.4 W,, (causing the overturning moment) and 1.0 G, (providing the restoring moment). 101EXAMPLE 32 - REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENTS Determine the design ultimate moments for the beam ABC in Example 30, after carrying out moment redistribution. Introductory Notes 1, Although the design of reinforced concrete sections is carried out using the plastic capacity of the section, the analysis of structures is still performed using elastic methods. The advantage to the designer arising out of the above plasticity is incorporated in the analysis by moment redistribution. 2. Moment redistribution has to be performed separately for each load arrangement. In addition, the redistributed envelope is not allowed to fall below the 70% elastic moments envelope, to ensure that wide cracks at the serviceability state will not develop (see Clause 3.2.2.1). The numerically largest elastic moment is 257.3 i kNm at support B (Arrangement 1). This can be support moment reduced to (0.7)(257.3) = 180.1 kNm for all load cases, leaving the support moments at A and C (and kNm also the column moments) unchanged. Hence, the support moments will be given by AB BA BC cB Arrangement 1 -29.0 +180.1 -180.1 +29.2 Arrangement 2 -36.5 +180.1 -180.1 + 3.8 Note:- The shear forces can be found by analysing the sections AB and CB, as in Example 30. ‘Span_moments These can be found by superimposing the free bending moment diagrams on the above fixed end moment variation.Points of contraflexure 0.19m, 4.97m 7.03m, 11.81m (from A) Max. sagging 173 kNm at 173 kNm at moment 2.58 m 9.42 m Arrangement 1 173 kNm (both spans) Points of contraflexure 0.24m, 4.97m 8.57m, 11.91m’| Arrangement 2 (from A) 168 kNm (span AB) Max. sagging 168 kNm at 33 kNm at 33 kNm moment 2.60 m 10.24 m (span BC) Notes on Calculations 3. The support moments are reduced as much as possible so that congestion of reinforcement at beam-column junctions can be minimized. The maximum amount of redistribution allowed is 30 % - a figure which can be accomodated by rotation at a section after plastic hinge formation by the appropriate restriction of the x/d ratio (see Clause 3.2.2.1). In general, the x/d ratios in columns are larger than those required to permit plastic hinge formation. Hence, column elastic moments should never be redistributed. The support moments in Arrangement 2 are made equal to 180.1 kNm - the value obtained after 30% redistribution in Arrangement 1. This requires a much lower percentage of downward redistribution for the elastic moment BA and an upward redistribution for the elastic moment BC. Such upward redistribution may help to reduce span moments, Concluding Notes 6. Compared with the elastic design moments in Example 30, the redistributed design moments are such that the support moment at B is considerably lower, while the span moments are only slightly higher; hence the advantage in carrying out moment redistribution - the total moment field is considerably reduced. The points of contraflexure are generally closer to the supports for the redistributed bending moment diagrams than for the elastic bending moment diagrams. In order to prevent serviceability state cracking on the top surface, the restriction on the redistributed moment envelope specified in Note 2 above has to be applied. 103EXAMPLE 33 - DESIGN FOR STABILITY ‘The figure shows the plan‘of a 6 storey framed structure, where the floor to ceiling height of each storey is 3.5 m. The average dead and imposed loads per unit area of floor can be taken as 5 kN/m? each. Design the stability ties for this structure with steel of f, = 460 Nimm?, Colums 6.0m “ Beans od ' 4x 5.0m = 20m Introductory Notes 1. In order to ensure the robustness of a structure, it should normally be connected together by a system of continuous ties. This example demonstrates the design of these ties. 2. In addition, the structure should be capable of withstanding a notional horizontal load, which is proportional to its characteristic dead load (see Example 31, Note 7). 3. In calculating the amount of reinforcement required, the steel can be assumed to act at its characteristic value - i.e. 7, = 1.0. Furthermore, reinforcement designed for other purposes can be used as ties (Clause 3. 12.3.2). Vertical ti ‘These are required, since no. of storeys > 5. Area corresponding to a typical column = . (1/2)(6.0)(5.0) = 15.0 m? Max. design ultimate load = (15.0){(1.4)(5.0) + (1.6)(5.0)} = 225 kN Area of ties required = (225 x10°)/(460) = 489 mm? . This can easily be met by continuous column 1/f. 104Reference } 3.12.3.5 f 3.12.3.4.2 Calculations Pasi 7 F, = 20 + (4)(6) = 44 KN (< 60 KN) Area of ties required = (44 x10°) / (460) = 96 mm? This can be easily met by peripheral beam r/f that is continuous. I ies = longitudinal direct 1, = 5.0m Force / unit width = {(5+5)/(7.5)}(5/5)(44) = 59 kN/m {> (1.0)(44) = 44 KN/m} Total force = (59)(6.0) = 354 kN Area of ties required = (354 x10°) / (460) = 770 mm? If carried in the two peripheral beams, area required per beam = (770)/2 = 335 mm? Nate:- spacing of ties = 6.0 m < (1.5)(5.0)= 7.5 m . rn 1, = 6.0m Force / unit width = {(5+5)/(7.5)}(6/5)(44) = 70.4 KN/m { > (1.0)(44) = 44 kN/m} Total force = (70.4)(20) = 1408 kN Area of ties required = (1408 x10°) / (460) = 3061 mm? If distributed in the 5 transverse beams, area required per beam = (3061)/5 = 612 mm? Note:- spacing of ties = 5.0 m < (1.5)(6.0)= 9.0 m Peripheral beams Total tie area per beam in longitudinal direction = 96 + 335 = 431 mm? Total tie area per beam in transverse direction = 96 + 612 = 708 mm? 105 longitudinal internal tie A, = 770 mm? transverse internal tie A, = 3061 mm? peripheral beams (tie r/f) longitudinal - 431 mm? transverse - 708 mm?Calculations 3.12.3.6. Column ties Force = greater of (3/100)(225)(6) = 40.5 kN. and lesser of (2.0)(44) = 88 KN and and {(3.5)/(2.5)}(44) = 61.6 kN = 61.6 KN Area of tie required = (61.6 x10°)/(460)= 134 mm? Since this is less than the ties in the beams, part of the latter can be taken into the columns. Notes on Calculations 4. 3. Although the beam reinforcement may be greater than these tie areas required, it must be ensured that continuity of tie reinforcement is provided - this has to be borne in mind when curtailing beam reinforcement. The.3% load is taken for 6 storeys, since there will be five floor slabs and the roof above the level of the first floor column tie; using the floor loading for the roof as well is a conservative approximation. Concluding Notes 6. If a structure has key elements (i.e. those that carry, say, over 70 m? r over 15% of floor area at a given level), they have to be designed to withstand a specified load (Clause 2.6.2, Part 2). Furthermore, if it is not possible to tie the structure (e.g. in load bearing masonry construction), bridging elements have to be designed, assuming that each vertical loadbearing element is lost in turn (Clause 2.6.3, Part 2). The overall layout of the structure should also be designed to provide robustness and key elements should preferably be avoided.EXAMPLE 34 - CRACK WIDTH CALCULATION The figure shows a cross section of a simply supported beam of 7 m span, and supporting dead and imposed loads of 20 kN/m each. Determine the crack widths (i) midway between the bars, (ji) at the bottom comer and (iii) 250 mm below the neutral axis. 450 —__ fey = 25 N/mm? 750 690 : fy = 460 N/mm? oes E, = 200 kN/mm? (All dimensions in mm) Introductory Notes 1. This crack width calculation can be performed when the bar spacing rules are not satisfied, to see whether this more accurate method will satisfy the crack width requirements in Clause 3.2.4 of Part 2. It can also be used to estimate the actual crack width in a flexural element. Calculations Sectional data Note 2 M, = (20+20)(7)?/ 8 = 245 kNm }} equation 17 | E, = 20 + (0.2)(25) = 25 kN/mm? 3.8.3 Ege = (0.5)E_, = 12.5 kN/mm? (Past 2) a, = Ey/Egey = (200 x10°) / (12.5 x10°) = 16 Note 3 p = (3)(491) / (690)(450) = 0.00474 xid .p + {az.p (2 + a%.p)}%5 Note 4 16)(0.00474) + [(16)(0.00474){2+(16)(0.00474)}}°5 = 0.321 . x = 221 mm : = 221 mm || Note 5 I,fbd? = (1/3)(x/d)? + ce.p {1 - (x/d)}? i = (1/3)(0.321)? + (16)(0.00474)(1-0.321P = 0.046 I, = 6.80 x10? I, = 6.80 x10? mm* mm4Strain in steel = (245 x10®)(690-221) / (12.5 x10°)(6.8 x109) = 1.35 x10 3.8.3 < (0.8)(460) / (200 x10) = 1.84 x10? (Part 2) At extreme tension fibre (bottom of section), Note 6 €, = (1.35 x10)(750-221)/(690-221) = 1.523 x10 equation 13 | tension stiffening = b,(h-x)(a’-x) / (3)E,.A,(d-x) (Part 2) == (450)(750-221)? / (3)(200 x10°)(3)(491)(690-221) = 0.304 x10? equation 13. | ¢,, = (1.523 - 0.304) x10? = 1.219 x10? (Part 2) At 250 mm below neutral axis, €1.= (1.35 x107)(250)/(690-221) = 0.72 x10? tension stiffening = (450)(750-221)(250) / (3)(200 x107)(3)(491)(690-221) = 0.144 x103 €m = (0.72 - 0.144) x10? = 0.576 x10? o : : Cain = 750-690-(25/2) = 47.5 mm Beet = {(60)? + (82.5)°}95 - 12.5 = 89.5 mm Been = {(60)? + (60)7)}° - 12.5 = 72.4mm 3 = {(60)? + (690-221-250)?}°> “12.5 = 214.5 mm Crack widths CW, = (3)(89.5)(1.219 x10) / [1 + {(2)(89.5-47.5)/(750-221)}] = 0.282 mm < 0.3 mm; satisfactory. CW = (3)(72.4)(1.219 x10) / [1 + {(2)(72.4-47.5)/(750-221)}] .242 mm < 0.3 mm; satisfactory. CW, = (3)(214.5)(0.576 x10) / U1 + {(2)(214.5-47.5)/(750-221)}] = 0.227 mm < 0.3 mm; satisfactory. 1083.12.11.2.3 | Spacing between bars = {450-(2)(47.5)-(3)(25)} / 2 Table 3.30 = 140 mm < 160 mm; satisfactory. 3.12.11.2.5 | Corner distance = {(60)* + (60)}°° - 12.5 = 72.4 mm < (160/2) mm; satisfactory. Notes on Calculations 2. The partial safety factors for loads in serviceability calculations is unity. 3. The modulus of elasticity of concrete is halved, to account for creep. This is a simpler approach compared to the one for deflection calculations (see Example 35). 4. ‘The serviceability calculations are based on a triangular stress block for concrete in the elastic state. There is no restriction on the x/d ratio, as in ultimate limit state calculations. 5. ‘The effective second moment of area is found by considering only the area of concrete that is not cracked; the area of steel is converted to an equivalent area of concrete using the effective modular ratio, a. 6. The strain at the required level in the concrete is found by calculating the strain from elastic theory (¢,), and reducing from this value-an allowance for tension stiffening in the concrete; this is because in calculating I, and ¢, we assume that the concrete has no tensile strength, whereas in fact it does. Concluding Notes 7. _Alll the calculated crack widths are below 0.3 mm and hence satisfactory (Clause 3.2.4, Part 2). This could have been expected, because the maximum spacing and comer distance rules are satisfied as well. It is these empirical rules that are used in everyday design, because of their convenience. 8. For beams of overall depth exceeding 750 mm, side reinforcement in the form of small diameter bars at spacings not exceeding 250 mfn over two thirds of the beam depth from the tension face must also be provided; as pet Clause 3.12.11.2.6. 109EXAMPLE 35 - DEFLECTION CALCULATION ‘The figure shows a cross section of a simply supported beam of 7 m span. If the dead and imposed loads are both taken as 5 N/m? each, and if 25 % of the imposed load is taken as permanent, calculate the total long term deflection of the beam at midspan. The age of loading can be taken as 28 days. 225 fey = 25 N/mm? 375 325 2725 °o.°0 f, = 460 N/mm? E, = 200 kN/mm? (All dimensions in mm) Introductory Notes 1 This deflection calculation can be performed when the span/depth ratio check fails, to see whether this more accurate method will satisfy the deflection requirements in Clause 3.2.1.1 of Part 2. It can also be used to estimate the actual deflection of a flexural element. 2. ‘Where domestic and office space is concemed, 25 % of the imposed load can be considered permanent; where storage areas are concemed the above figure should be increased to 75 %. 3. The age of loading is when the formwork is removed, at which point much of the dead load and some imposed construction loads will be acting on the concrete elements. Titi f A Myy = (5)(1.4 + 1.6)(77 / 8 = 92 kNm M/bd? = (92 x10 / (225)(325)* = 3.87 100A,/bd = 1.28; A, = 936 mm? £, = (0.58)(460)(936/982) = 275 N/mm? F, = 0.55 + {(477-275) / 120(0.9+3.87)} = 0.9 Allowable span/depth = (20)(0.9) = 18 Actual span/depth = 7000 / 325 = 21.5 > 18; Hence, span/depth check is violated. 110Data for serviceability calculati *. E, = 20 + (0.2)(25) = 25 kN/mq? Efff, section thickness=(2)(375)(225) / (2)(375+225) = 141 mm RH = 85 % (assumed for Sri Lanka) Long term creep coefficient, $ = 1.8 Bet = 25 / (1+1.8) = 8.93 kN/mm? = 120 x10 p= 982 / (225)(325) = 0.0134 a, = B, / Egg = 200/ 8.93 = 22.4 X/d = - Gg-p + {oxe-p(2 + we.p)}°5 = - (22.4)(0.0134) + {(22.4)(0.0134){2 + (22.4)(0.0134)} 25 = 0.53 Hence, x = (0.53)(325) = 172 mm I fod? = (1/3)(x/d)? + ox,.p{1 - (x/d)}? = (1/3)(0.53)? + (22.4)(0.0134)(1 - 0.53)? = 0.116 le = (0.116)(225)(325) = 896 x10° mm* S, = A,(¢-x) = (982)(325-172) = 150.2 x10? mm? Mig, = (5+5)(7)? / 8 = 61.25 kNm = {5 + (0.25)5)}(*/ 8S 38.28 kNm = Moerm ~ {(1/3)b(h-x)?.f,, / (d-x)} ne (38.28 x105) fe (G3)22575-1729°0.55)/ (B25-172)} = 36 x10° Nmm Urey = €eq-O¢-S, / Te = (120 x105)(22. 4)(150.2 x10°) / (896 x10°) = 0.45 x10° mm! lil B=25 kN/mm?*To find instantaneous E, = 25 KN/mm? a, = 200/25 =8 x/d = 0.368 I, = 459 x10® Utig- Wtip = (Mage ~ LE. _ = eae at x10° ie x10°)(459 x10 = 2.01 x10% mm! Ur = Utyy + Ugg + (Wty - Ur; = (4.5 + 0.45: + 2.01) x106 mm? = 6.96 x10 mm! Ur= 6.96 x10% mm! Estimation of deflect K = 0.104 a= KPI) = (0.104)(7000)(6.96 x10) = 35.5 mm a = 35.5 mm Note: a/l = 35.5 / 7000 = 1/197 afl > 1/250 > 1/250 Notes on Calculations 4. ‘The serviceability calculations are based on.a triangular stress block for concrete in the elastic state. There is no restriction on the x/d ratio, as in ultimate limit state calculations. 5. The Mygrm Value is reduced because of the tension stiffening contributed by the concrete, which is assumed to have no tensile. strength in the calculation of I,. The Jong term tensile strength of concrete is taken as 0.55 N/mm? and-the short term strength as 1 N/mm?. + a 6. The tension stiffening effects in Myo and My,,,, cancel out here. 7. The final long term deflection is greater than span/250. Hence, it may be visually unacceptable. AS Concluding Note io 8. This calculation procedute is tedious, and is generally adopted only to explore the possibility of using a beam or slab.section even after the span/depth check fails.