)

. ( ..
.
.


.

.

.
. THD%

.

:

.
.

.

) . (K.V.A.
.



.

.

-:
) ( Total Harmonic distortion ) ( THD %
:

V22rms + V32rms + ........ + Vnrms

2
= THD% x100
V12rms

H 22 + H 32 + ........... + H 2n
= x100
H12
V1rms : H1
V2rms , V3rms , .. H2 , .
H3
) ( THD = 0

IEEE GUID 215-1981
:

VOLTAGE CLASS DEDICATED SYSTEM THD GENERAL SYSTEM THD

2.4 69 KV 8% 5%
112 KV and above 1.5% 1.5%

) ( distribution nets (
) 5%
3%
2% IEEE
.

] [ 1
:
.
.
.
) (UPS .
.
.
) VCRs (.
). ( Dimmers
PCs ) ( Peripherals (Modems ,
) Printers .

- :



.
) (


.


.
.
- ) F( t ) = F( t + T
:

)F(t) = a 0 + a n cos (nwt) + bn sin (nwt )(1
n =1
w = 2 T .
)

(
.

) ( :
+T 2 + T
a 0 = 1 f ( t )dt , = an f ( t ) cos(nwt )dt
T T
+T
2
= bn
T f (t ) sin(nwt)dt )(2

( ) .
w = 2 ( ) = 0 ( T ) = T 2 ( )

) (wt ) ( = wt ) (

.
( ) = 0 :
2
1
= a0
2 ) F() d(

0
2
1
an =

F() cos(n) d()

)(3
0
2

1
bn =

F() sin( n) d ()

0
) :
40 50 60
(.

) (phase shifted cosine :

) F(t ) = C n cos(nwt + n )(4
n =0

b
) n = tan 1( n :
an
C0 = a 0 , 0 = 0 , C n = a 2 2
n + bn
) F(t .

:
0 , m n

= sin(mx) sin(nx )dx
2 , m = n
0
)(5
0 , m n

= cos(mx) cos(nx )dx
2 , m = n
0
) ( 1

)) (F(t ) ) (y ) (cos
bn=0 ) . (n )
( sin an=0 )(n
) C n cos(nwt + n ) F(t )(n
) (n ) (Cn )( Component Amplitude
) (n ). ( Component phase

:
C0=a0 ) F(t ) C1 cos( wt + 1
) . F(t ) (1/T ). F(t
C0(R.M.S)=C0 , Cn(RMS) = Cn/ 2 R.M.S
) (ac dc . C0
) F(t ) (AC AC ) (60
) (180 ) (Cn ) (180
.

:

): (
) (full wave rectifier ) ( 2
) V0 cos( w in t ) (fundamental frequency

. RMS .

:
(Win ) : (W ) . :
2
=W = 2 Win )(6
T
t +T
1
= a0
T (a0 , bn F(t )dt : ) , an
t

+ 2 win
Win
= a0
V0 cos(w in t )dt
2 win
) (7
+ 2 win
2Win 2V0
=
= V0 cos( w in t )dt

0
+ 2 win
2 Win
= an
V0 cos(w in t ) cos(nwt)dt
2 win
2
4
=
V0 cos() cos(2n)d
0
)4V0 cos(n
= an )(8
1 4n 2
+
2
2
= bn
V0 cos sin(2n)d = 0 for all n 1 )(9

2
:
)2V0 4V0 cos(n
= ) F( t

+
n =1 1 4n 2
cos(nwt ) , W=2Win ) ( 10

.
2V0
( Cn ) (n )

4V0
) cos(2 w in t ) (n=1 :
3
): (
) (
. .
)(w
) ( radian frequency

2
= ) T ) ( 3 ) (Vo (
W
) ( Average Value ) sq(wt .
) (bn=0 ) . (n
) (y
T
= an ]) [ V0 sq ( = wt
4
:
3
2
1
= an

V0 sq() cos(n)d

2
+ 3
2 2
1 1
= an

V0 cos(n)d

V0 cos(n)d

2 2
4V0 n
= an ) (sin
n 2

) (an ) (1/n ) (n=1

4V0
( . )

: :
T T
( : - ) ,
2 2
T T
2 2
2 4 2n
= a0
T = F( t )dt , a n
T F(t ) cos T
) t dt , b n = 0 ( 11
0 0
T T
( : - ) ,
2 2
T
2
4 2n
a0 = an = 0 , = bn
T F(t ) sin T
t dt ) ( 12
0

- :

) q(t
) (0 ) (1 .
] [ 2
[3],
) (T t=t0 )(4

) ( DT ) (D ) ( duty cycle ) ) ( duty ratio

1
= f ( 0 D 1
T
2
=. W
T
a0 :
) q(t
t0 +T 2
1
= a0
T q(t )dt
t 0 T 2
q(t)=1 q(t)=0
) ( t 0 DT , t 0 + DT :
2 2
t 0 + DT 2 t 0 + DT 2
1 I DT
= a0
T = q( t )dt
T = 1.dt
T
=D
t 0 DT 2 t 0 DT 2
) (D ) ) (duty ratio
( . q RMS = D
) ( C n , n , b n , a n :
)2 sin(nD
=C , n0
n
n = nwt 0 wher w = 2 T
0 = wt 0 n = n 0 )q(t
:

2 )sin( nD
q(t ) = D +
n =1 n
) cos(nwt n 0

)) (q(t

:
- . D
- w = 2f ). (T
- t 0 . 0

- :
) ( 5 -

:
) (y bn=0
:
)4 sin(n 2
= ) sq ( t ) n cos(nwt n 0
n =1
) ( 13
4 (1) n 1 2
= ) cos(nwt n 0
n =1,3,5 n

2
sq RMS = 1 , = sq THD 1
8
- )(6

:
:
1 t 0t0
F( t ) =
t 3 2t4
bn=0
2

][(1) 1
T
2 4

n
=a F( t ) dt = 0 , = an
T 2 2
0
n
:

8 (2n 1) t
= ) F( t 2 (2n 1) cos 2
) ( 14
n =1


4 )1 cos(n
= ) F( t
2
n =1
n2
) cos(nwt n 0

8 1
= ) F( t
n =1,3,5 n 2
2
) cos(nwt n 0

3 2
= RMS , = THD 1
2 90

- ) (quasi square wave

) (Voltage source inverter ) (VSI :

)4 sin(n 2) cos(n 2
= VSI
n =1 n
) cos(nwt n 0 ) ( 15

1
VSI RMS = 2d = [ d ]
2 2

:
- ) (PD3 (m
) ) (D-8 :

m
= ) m rectifier ( t sin +
m
)(16
m cos(n) cos(n)
+

sin
m n =1 nm + 1

nm 1
) cos(nmw in t

1 m 2
= m rectifier RMS + ) (sin
2 4 m

- [4]:

) F(t .

) (
.

:

) ( PCL 711 ) ( PC /XT /AT/IBM
:
Analog input eight signal ended :
AD574 12 bit :
25 .
. +/-5V :
A/D .
) ( 16 .
) ( 16
0.015% of reading +/- 1 bit :


. :

-- :
) ( QB4 ) .( QB4
) ( FINAL ) .(QB4 EXE
:
.

.
.
ENTER
.

.

-- :
- ) (Turbo pascal
. FORIA.PAS
- ) . (Turbo pascal
-

. NA1.PCL
-
.
- .
- .
- .
- ) . ( y
-
.
-

.

-- :

.

(PROG.)
CLS
DIM dta%(20000)
PORT% = &H220
INPUT "File Name to Save DATA : "; a$
C$ = a$ + ".PCL"
OPEN C$ FOR OUTPUT AS #1
'******** STEP 1: SET SCAN CHANNEL RANGE ********
INPUT "START CHANNEL NUMBER ? <0 -- 7> ", start%
INPUT "STOP CHANNEL NUMBER ? <0 -- 7> ", stp%
'******** STEP 2: IMPLEMENT TRIGGER & PROGRAM TRANSFER
********
INPUT "NUMBER OF CONVERSIONS ? <1 -- 20000> ", n
TIMER ON
TIME$ = "00:00:00"
DUMMY = INP(PORT% + 4)
ch% = start%
FOR LP1 = 0 TO n - 1
OUT PORT% + 10, ch%
ch% = ch% + 1
IF ch% > stp% THEN ch% = start%
FOR WAIT1 = 0 TO 5: NEXT WAIT1
OUT PORT% + 12, 0
AA: DH% = INP(PORT% + 5)
IF DH% > 15 GOTO AA
DL% = INP(PORT% + 4)
dta%(LP1) = (DH% * 256 + DL% - 2048) - 2.5
NEXT LP1
x = TIMER
'******** STEP 3: DISPLAY DATA ********
timex = x / n
FOR i = 0 TO n - 1

dat# = dta%(i) * 5 / 2048

' dat1# = (dat# * 1 / 180) * 1000
dat1# = dta%(i) * 2.16 / 4
PRINT i + 1; "ch:"; ch%; "data:";
PRINT USING "####.#####"; dat#;
PRINT "time:"; timex * i
PRINT #1, i,
PRINT #1, dta%(i),
' PRINT #1, USING "##.########"; dta%(i);
' PRINT #1, "",
PRINT #1, USING "####.#####"; dat#;
PRINT #1, "",
PRINT #1, USING "###.########"; dat1#;
PRINT #1, "",
PRINT #1, USING "##.######"; timex * i;
PRINT #1, "",
ch% = ch% + 1: IF ch% > stp% THEN PRINT #1, "": ch% = start%
NEXT i
PRINT "total time:[sec]"; x: PRINT #1, "total time:[sec]", x
CLOSE #1
END

-- :
) (A
) ( B
.
) ( C
.
) ( D
.

:











.

.

x 220/3 V
) ( A

( B ) .

) ( C

) ( D

. :
- Sine wave
- Pulse wave
- Converter wave .
- Delta wave .
- Tooth wave .

- Square wave .
- . quasi-square wave




.
) ( 40

. THD%


.



.

.
( P.T. Krien
) January 1997 ) ( Mathcad

.

) (Mathcad
.


.

:

.

.
THD%
.
.
.

1- IEEE ,1998 Transaction on Power Delivery.
2- R. T.Krien January , Elements of power electronics , Book ,
Oxford Newyork,1998.
3- Muhammad Rashid , Power Electronics derives and circuits
applicationsBook,prents-HALL international INC 1993
Book, 1996.
4- Al- jazi Ali , Cpmportement et etude du stabilite d une micro
Alternateur connecte aux reseaux electriques , These , 1998.
5- Goke, T and W. H. Wellssow 1996 , IEEE, Transaction on Power
Systems Astaitical approach to the calculation of harmonics in Mv.
Systems caused by dispersed Lv. Custemers.
6- Shoer, N, L, K, adamson P. Bard Burton Kpoor, Sadek , DC.
Side filers for multiterminal HVDC , Systems ,1996, IEEE,
Transaction on Power delivery.
7- Riso ,S.R Castanda and D. Veas Lamps Harmonic
distortion and Power factor assessment in city gas
distribution , 1996, IEEE, Transaction on Power Delivery.

: .