(SEQUENCE AND SERIES) low ilerice, we mean an arrangement of numbers in a definite order according Hilo, We denote the terms of a sequence by a,, ay dy .. , etc, the subscript {hve position of the term, 1 the above a sequence in the set X can be regarded as a mapping or a JN X defined by SM@=1V NEN Hi fis a set of natural numbers or some subset of it denoting the position of iis range denoting the value of terms is a subset of R real numbers then itis 4 Foul sequence, ‘scither finite or infinite depending upon the number of terms in a sequence. i Not expect that its terms will be necessarily given by a specific formula, / We expect a theoretical scheme or rule for generating the terms. Wision of CL Nilinetic progression (A.P) is a sequence in which each term except the {wind by adding a fixed number (positive or negative) to the preceding term. iota t feaience 4, a. a, .. dy. is called an arithmetic progression if {1-116 N, where d is called the common difference of the A.P, usually we bone lone first term of an A.P by a and the last term by ven by 4,5 at(n=1)d a" t=(n=1)dLMS EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS ~ MATHEMATICN SHQUENCE AND SERIES 149 (eometrie progression (G.P) is a sequence in which each term except the Wained by multiplying the previous term by a non-zero constant called the ‘fatio, Let us consider a G.P, with fi 4, ar, ar, ‘The sum S, of the first n terms of an A.P. is given by n non-zero term a and common ratio r, Parin-nd art, = 5 5 (a+D, where t= a+ (n= 1) dis the last terms and the general term is given by a,=S,-S,_, ‘The arithmetic mean for any n positive numbers a,, a,,4,, a, is given by I term or n" term of G.P. is given by a, = ar'~'. tay tt QF, Font Oy J of «.G.P. is same as the n term and is given by I= ar"! Ifa, A and b are in A.P,, then A is called the arithmetic mean of numbers AM.= 1 term from the last is given by a, +b , carey If the terms of an A‘P. are increased, decreased, multiplied or divided by constant, they. still remain in A.P. ie §, of the st terms is given by 5 ifrel If dy, dy a.» are in A.P, with common difference d, then (i) a, k,a,k, ak, .. are also in AP with common difference d, (ii), ka, ka, &, «are also in A.P_with common difference dk (k # ifr=1 in? are in GP, then Gis called the geometric mean of the mmbers a and Isgiven by are also in A.P. with common difference fa #0) Gab Wihe terms of a G.P. are multiplied or divided by the same non-zero constant (4 40), they still remain in GP. are two A.P., then Way, dy, a, .., are in GP, then a, k, a, k, @, ky .. and “4,22, % a ae : pe kkk? Gi) a,b) dy by aby and 5p +e» ate not in AP. ne ” bbb, fo also in G.P. with same common ratio, in particularly Way, ay ay.» and a, are in A.Ps, then Wf dy, ay ay «. are in G.P, then @ a)+4,=4,44, = 4,46, = P14 ae iy aya HE also in GP. ti) @, Soh WK OSkSn=r Way diy dy, a and by. by, by... are 10 GPS, then a, By a, byy & By. and aii) If n term of any sequence is linear expression in 1, then the sequet ie ait AP. by by > te aso in GP. (iv) Ifsum of n terms of any sequence is a quadratic expression inn, then isan AP. Way dy ay o9 are in AP, (4,0 Y A, then x”, oo ate in GPLOY x>0)1s EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS - MATHEMATICS (iv) Tay ay ay .. a, are in GP, then a, a, = 4,4, , 9.1.3. Important results on the sum of special sequences (Sum of the first n natural numbers: n(ntl) x 2 Gi) Sum of the squares of first n natural numbers. Yah Pe ttn? nas DQn+) i 7 (iii), Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers: ye [" (nt BT 2 9.2 Solved Examples Short Answer Type [ixample 1 The first term of an A.P. is a, the second term is b and the last (b+¢-2a)(c+a) 26-4) 21424340405 Padaetitat ‘Show that the sum of the A.P. is Since the first term is @ and the second term is b ‘Therefore, d=b-a ‘Also, the last term is ¢, so c= a+(n-1) (ba) (since go n-iIm pig Sete > ap lt cee n (b+ 02a) ‘Therefore, Se tim ita a Hxanple 2. ‘The p' term of an A.P. is a and q* term sb, Prove that the st (pg) terms is Juution Let d be the common diffrence and n be the number of terms of the. at SEQUENCE AND SERIES 151 Petlaroe | P-@ 2 Solution Let A be the fis mee rst term and D be the common difference of the A.P. It is = @=A+(-1)D=a » (1) ; = D=A+(@G-)D=b Subtracting (2) from (1), we get ahd @-1-q+)D=a-b : a-b as oe aa Adding (1) and (2), we get 2A4(p+q-2)D= a+b . 2A+(p+q-1) -b 2A+(p4q-1)D= = @+9q-1) Sct beter ~@ (using .. 3) and 4)) imple 3 If there are (2n + 1) terms in an A.P,, ther tie ‘odd terms and the sum of even terms is (at 1 : . Souiteeran eens lution Let a be the first term and d the com: it f i mon difference of the sum of odd tems of AP. having (n+ 1) tems, Then nn ABO eS, S,= 4 +a,+4,4+..44,,, n4l Spe a+ an) gyn At) Jaa Qn4t~dd]12. meee S EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS ~ MATHEMATICS ae am = (nt) (a+nd) Similarly, if $, denotes the sum of even terms, then 5 2a + 2nd] = n (a+ nd) S, (n+ D(@tnd) _nth n(atnd) on H = lence a Example 4 At the end of each year the value of a certain machine has deprecis 20% of its value at the beginning of that year. If its initial value was Rs 1250, value at the end of 5 years. Solution After each year the value of the machine is 80% of its value the pt year so at the end of 5 years the machine will depreciate as many times as 5 Hence, we have to find the 6 term of the G.P. whose first term a, is 1250 and ratio ris 8. Hence, value at the end 5 years =f, = a, r° = 1250 (8)° = 409.6 Example 5 Find the sum of first 24 terms of the AP. ay @,, a, .. if itis know G, + 4, + Ay + yg + Gy + A,, = 225. Solution We know that in an A.P,, the sum of the terms equidistant from the bes and end is always the same and is equal to the sum of first and last term. ‘Therefore d=b-a ie, 4G, + ay = + Oy = It's given that (a, + 4,.) + (4, + ay) + Gy * 44s 3 (a, +4,) + (a, +4,) + (@, + 4,0) =225 = 3 (a, +a) = 25 > a,+4,= 75 We know that S, =5[4-+/], where ais the fist erm ands the last erm of 24 Thus, F la, + ay) = 12x75 = 900 Example 6 The product of three numbers in A.P, is 224, and the largest numl times the smallest, Find the numbers. Solution Let the three i SEQUENCE AND sitES (a-d)a(a+d)= 24 a@~ a= 24 Now, since the largest number is 7 times the small lest, ie,atd=7 (ad) Therefore, = ‘ 4 Substituting this value of din (1), we pet 9a° al aq? 22 (ee) a=8 snd a= #23 : pero he three numbers are 2, 8, 14, 7 Show that arms of an AP, C+y+y@ ifs, y and zare in AP, tion 2 ‘The terms (27+ ay + 7), +22 + 22) and G2 C++ Wty syy= +32 +2) and (? + yz + 2) are consecutive ‘ +yc+ 2) will be in AP. if Ort D-C+rztxy 8 Ifa, b,c, darein GP, prove that a? Let r be the common ratio of the given G. BO, &~ Pare also in GP, P. Then bie b bm arc= bre ar, d= crm ay em a m5 a154 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS ~ MATHEMATICS B-2= aah =a (L-P) ar (LP) and, Therefore, Hence, a? ~ , b ~~ are in GP, Answer Type ; : ne le 9 If the sum of m terms of an A.P. is equal to the sum of either the ipl terms or the next p terms, then prove that cei ty er gual omen (ht ims (Lt Solution Let the A.P. be a, a + d, a + 2d, a, 40, + +0, =O, +, + Adding a, +a, +... +a, on both sides of (1), we get 2a ta + ta )=G,40,+ tO, +0, bata, 28, = Son { ie =" rar(m+n-ld} Therefore, 25 (2a+(m-Nd j=" f Putting 2a + (m ~ 1) d=.in the above equation, we get mc = ee nd) Om-m=n)x= (m+n) nd ; (m=n) x= (m+n) nd 4 a +a Similany.ifa, +4,+..4a,=a,,,44,,,+ Adding a, + a,4+... +a, on both sides tay tot ay, seme ae = me = 1d} which gi a 2[ aovin-naa]= ATT (2a + (m+ p~I)d) wi e. (mp) x= (m+ ppd q ie, Dividing (2) by (3), we get SEQUENCE AND SHRM QIN) x mt n)nd (m—p)x (m+ p)pd r (n=) (+B) p= (mp) (m+ ny n Dividing both sides by mnp, we get Hie fe = (m+n) (3-4) (n+p) (2-4) f imple 10 If a, on @y te in AP. with common difference (where d 0 m the sum of the Series sin ¢ (Coser a, cosee a, + cosec a, cose 4, + ch CO 1 S086 4) is equal to cot a, cot a, Holution We have Ind (cosee a, Coser a; + cosee a, cosee a, 4 “# eosee a, cosec a.) Bag a sing, sing, " sina, sina, sing, sina, ai sina), sine -a,) i r eae sing, sing, ” Sina, sina, sing,sing, _ tina, cosa, ~cosc sin J , Sin, ¢08 a, ~cosa, sina, 4 Sita, £080, 1~co8a, sng, :) sing sina, sina, sina, sina, , sing, © (Cot a, ~ cot a,) + (cot a, ~ cot @) +--+ (cota, cota.) P04, ~cot a, Veampte 11 Ifa, b,c, are four distinct positive Quantities in A.P,, then show that be > ad Mi) Ia, b,c, dare four distinct Powitlve quantities in G.P, then show that atd>be lution (Since a, ed are in AP, AM.» G.M., for the156 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS ~ MATHEMATICS Therefore, b > Vac Squaring, we get ‘Similarly, for the last three terms AM>GM > vba C>bd ‘Multiplying (1) and (2), we get Be > (ac) (bd) = be > ad G@ Since a, b,c, d are in GP. again AM. > GM. for the first three terms (since Vae=0) (ue S4 ) 2 ate eb 2 => ate>2 Similarly, for the last three terms, {since Vid =e) bd ai => b+d>2 ‘Adding (3) and (4), we get (a4 0) +(6+d)>2b42€ atd>b+e pe Bample 12 If a, b, ¢ are three consecutive terms of an A.P. and x, y, 2 af@ consecutive terms of a G.P. Then prove that we yet Solution We have a, b, ¢ as three consecutive terms of A.P. Then (say) b-a=c-b=d Now J(l)=2 Therefore, BO eye Ext xt a gw ee, Ihe fonction fsatsties Solution Given that SPQUENCE AND seins abe ye WO? cebu 4g "aati Guy (Miz) ) 28% 95 zane @.By which ’ fa+k) = 160. why FO+9=F0). £0) fo ceed od ) £0) for andl furihy 169)" F050) and sy =2 JO=F0 += fa) sayege (fF) =2! £0) .G)=28 SC) = 2 and fq) = 2 Diath. Snore a =S@ Iw FOB D4 409 0 0 we (D158 EXEMPLAR PROBLIMS ~ MATIIIMATICN SEQUENCE AND SERIES 199 ‘Objective Type Questions Choose the correct answer out ofthe four given options in Examples 14 1023 (MG: Example 14 A sequence may be defined as a (A) relation, whose range & N (natural numbers) (B) function whose range ¢ N 417 In an ALP the pth term is q and the (p+ 4)* term is 0, "Then the th term is term is q © © pra ) p-q ‘td be the first term and common difference respectively. refore, ‘" T= a+@-Dd=gand (©) function whose domain = N + oo) (D) progression having real values ircting (1), from (2) we get af 2 et@ta-Ddao, i) -4 Solution (C) is the correct answer. A sequence is a function f: N > X itiluting in (1) we get domain ¢N . ee 1-0 DeD=ep~1 a+(q-l)d= Example 15 If x, y, z are positive integers then value of expres ie ita atP-14@- DE @ryoroernis Fees ant mica sum, P be the (A) = Boe (B) > 8 © GM, “>i TEE ie and ove ‘Multiplying the three inequalities, we get ty ytz y+ 2 E09) or, +O FD G+D>8 Hz Example 161na GP. of positive terms, if any term is equal tothe sum of the next terms, Then the common ratio of the G.P. is (A) sin 18° (B) 2cosl8° (C) cos 18° (D) 2 sin 18° Solution (D) is the comrect answer, since = : rofore, the ratio is 1: 1 iple 19 The 10th common term between the seri #7 1+. and 1464 11+... is : ‘thy (A) 191 (B) 193, ‘ee , ‘ (©) 21 oe a2 wasnt ition (A) is the correct answer, er oe al: SEQUENCE AND SERIES 161 16) EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS ~ MATHEMATICS ‘The first common term is 11 ' : Now the next common term is obtained by adding L.C.M, of the common’ and 5, ic., 20. oo Si Therefore, 10° common term = T,, of the AP whose a= 11 and d= 20 Ty=a+9d=11 +9 (20)= 191 Answer Type ‘The first term of an A.Piis a, and the sum of the first p terms is zero, show tha the sum of its next g terms is aero (Hint: Required sum = 8, = § i z is 5 Example 20 In a GP. of even number of terms, the sum of al terms 3 ‘A man saved Rs 66000 in 20 years, In each succeeding year after the first yeu sum of the odd terms. The common ratio of the G.P. is hie saved Rs 200 more than what he saved in the previous year. How much did hi in the first year? iy 1 era (D) none AB igiock ci oeE : wt ® 5 © ‘A man accepts a position with an inital salary of Rs 5200 per month, It i 5 understood that he will receive an automatic increase of Rs 320 in the very next month and each month thereafter. (a) Find his salary for the tenth month (b) What is his total earings during the first year? Whe pth and qth terms of a G.P. are q and p respectively, show that its (p + 4)! Solution (C) is the correct answer Let us consider a G.P. a, ar, ar’, ... with 2n terms. We have (Since common ratio of odd terms will be 7? and number of terms will be m) er A carpenter was hired to build 192 window frames. The first day he made five frames and each day, thereafter he made two more frames than he made the day before, How many days did it take him to finish the job? + We know the sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°. Show that the sums of the interior angles of polygons with 3, 4, 5, 6, ... sides form an arithmelle Progression. Find the sum of the interior angles for a 21 sided polygon, A side of an equilateral triangle is 20cm long. A second equilateral triangle is inscribed in it by joining the mid points of the sides of the first triangle, ‘The process is continued as shown in the accompanying diagram. Find the perimeter of the sixth inscribed equilateral tangle, Ina potato race 20 potatoes are placed in a line at intervals of 4 metres with the first potato 24 metres from the starting point. A contestant is required to brit the potatoes back to the starting place one at a time. How far would he run in bringing back all the potatoes? In acricket tournament 16 school teams participated. A sum of Rs 8000 is to be awarded among themselves as prize money. If the last placed team is awarded sa(rtl)=Saie,r=4 Example 21 The minimum value of the expression 3*+ 3!-%, x € R, is : (D) a (a) 0 ®) 5 ©3 @) 2w3 Solution (D) is the correct answer. We know A.M. 2 G.M. for positive numbers. 343. Beare Therefore, =7S— 2 3" 3" => 434 2 23SEQUENCE AND sins 162 EXEMPLAR PROBLIMS ~ MATHEMATICS 18, The third term of G.P. is 4, ‘The product of its first 5 terms ig (A) 4 (B) 4 © 4 (D) None of they id increases by the same amout 75 in prize money and the awari : i ee fishing places, how much amount will the first place team re Ie show tee It9 times the 9 term of an A.Pis equal to 13 timey the 13 term, then the 22 10: ay 4, 2, -.. a, me in. AP, where 27.0 ete orm of the AP. is wi ca ze e.. ke oes (D) 198 : is aed Hts 25,3: are in ALR, where the distinct numbers >», 2arein GB then th ae Common ratio of the G.P.is Find the sum of the series By oeaoucaeye le (eee anes " a i nih a 12. Find the r* term of an A.P. sum of whose first 7 terms is 2n + 3n?. Z ‘ i (Hint; a, = S,-S,,] » Winn AP, S,=4 rand §, = an?, where S, denotes the sum of r terms of the AP, then S, equals Long Answer Type 13. If A is the arithmetic mean and G,, G, be two geometric means betwe aa (B) mng oO ©) (mem ge ‘two numbers, then prove ) E21, denote the sum ofthe frst n terms of an A.P 1S, = 38, then $, :§, jg equal to 4 (A) 4 6 Os () 10 : 14, 1f 8,8, ® 8, are in A.P, whose common difference is d, show tha ‘The minimum value of 4+ 4%, x € R, is 18, 0, Os 8, 0; een) = MaSe= ten, (A)2 (4 ©1 0 8ee8, s000, + $008, 5008, + .. + sen8,, see8, = NORA Le 15, If the sum of p terms of an A.P. is q and the sum of q terms is p, show thi imbers and 5, denote fp+qte (p +4). Also, find the sum of first p ~ q terms (p. sum of p + q terms is ~ . ‘the sum of the first» natural numbers. Then Y= equats 4a, b and c respecti nat 1)(n+2) niet 16, If p*, g®, and * terms of an A.P. and GP. are both a, b and c resp (A) oe @ n(n+1) show that i et tbl (© Mesne2 Objective Type Questions | Choose the correct answer out of the four given options in each of the Exercises oo then ty is 26 (M.« © 50+1 — (D) 4924.9 rectangular solid block are in G.P. ‘The and the total surface area is 252cm?. The length (A) 49% 1 (B) 49: 1M The lengihs of three unequal edges of a Volume of the block is 216 em? Of the longest edge is (A) 120m (B) 6om 17, Th a of wml of en AP oe "'§,=3n + 2, then the common difference of the AP. is (A) 3 (B) 2 ) 6 (D) 4 (©) Bem (D) 3om27. 28. 32, 33. MM 35, WXEMPLAR PROBLEMS — MATHIMATION tes aes ton inthe blanks in the Exercises 27029, For a, b,c to be in G.P. the value of =, is equal to ‘The sum of terms equidistant from the beginning and end in an A.P. is ‘The third term of a GP. is 4, the product of the first five terms is State whether statement in Exercises 30 to 34 are True or False. ‘Two sequences cannot be in both A.P. and G.P. together. Every progression is a sequence but the converse, ie., every sequence progression need not necessarily be true. ‘Any term of an A.P. (except first) is equal to half the sum of terms wl ‘equidistant from it. ‘The sum or difference of two G.P, is again a G.P. Ifthe sum of n terms of a sequence is quadratic expression then it always) His the angle made by ali i it i ckwise Nya line with positive direction of x-axis it direct the value of tan Os caled the slope of the ine and is denoted br ae Slope ofa line passing through points P(x, y,) and Q (x, y,)is given by m =tan@ = 2! Bra 4.2 Angle between two lines ‘The ang AAP. lc O between the two lines havin y it sl Match the questions given under Column I with their appropriate ans pert rt under the Column Th. ey Column 1 Column 1 ane @ @ AP We take the acute angle between two lines, then tan 6 0) ny Gothen the nes ae pera thn = i the lines a ue Column Tt F ines are perpendicular, then m,m,=— 1, 3 Collinearity of three points a) PERI te nin) If three points P (h, 8), Q (x, »,) and R (xy) @ na 9 2 such that slope of PQ = slope of QR, i. (b) Pe P+ + nt nae) ne)(Qn+0 (h-4) 0,-9) = (©) 244464..420 wi sober x) O,-¥,) = &—y)) (x, ~) them they are said to be collinear, nil ea ee alee eae (yn atline is ata dis , @) 14243460 coe Ua lines ata distance a and parll to aaxis then the equation of the ln s Ifa line is parallel to y-axis at a dis ta i at a distance b from y-axis then its equation is wif Ah166 EXEMPLAR PROBLIMS ~ MATHEMATICS STRAIONT LINES 167 ii) Point-slope form : The equation of a line having slope m and passing, point (1, y,) is given by yy =m (x=) Gv) Two-point-form : The equation of a line passing through two points (3), (Gy y,) is given by WW) Intercept f Pe fonm IE # Oy then Ax +-By + C= 0 canbe writen a +o A eal IC = 0, then Ax + By + C= 0 can be written as Ax + By = 0 which isa line (¥)_ Slope intercept form : The equation of the line making an intercept con. Passing through the origin and therefore has zero intercepts on the axes having slope m is given by ‘Normal Form : The normal form of the equation Ax + By+C= yamrte 080+ y sin « =p where, y+ C= 0is Note that the value of c will be positive or negative as the intercept is rn the positive or negative side of the y-axis, respectively. 4 cos w= +. Binh ata D c rors Ieee = (vi) Intercept form : The equation of the line making intercepts a and b on.» Note: Proper choice of signs is to be made so that p should be always positive, 146 Distance ofa point froma line The perpendicular di {of «point P (x, y,) from the line Ax + By +C = Oi ga e x axis respectively is given by 745 (vil) Normal form : Suppose a non-vertical line is known to us with following (a) Length of the perpendicular (normal) p from origin to the line. (b) Angle @ which normal makes with the positive ditection of x-axis, ‘Then the equation of such a line is given by x cos @ +ysin © =p 10.1.5 General equation of a line ‘Any equation of the form Ax+By+C=0, where A and B arc simultaneously is called the general equation of a line. Different forms of Ax + By + C= 0 ‘The general form of the line can be reduced to various forms as given below: @) Slope intercept form : If B # 0, then Ax + By + C =O can be written galAntBy+¢| VA?+B? indinates iti ns Howdinates are (1, &), express the condition involving hand & Tinie ar a finally replace h by x and k by y to get the locus of P. a Intersection of two given lines Two lines a 8 0 are Shee) hi rtp Ory sete where -A Cc and c= and c= So ater Cites j If B=0, then.x= == whichis a vertical line whose slope is not defined and e+ bY +c, =O and ax + by + = a : (i) intersecting if “ be %168 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS = MATHEMATICS STRAIGHT LINK Gi) coincident if P ‘coincident with th in the case of coincidence. Bol Remarks ” 3 a lem and hence the proof (The points (,,9,) and (xp y,) are on the same side of the line or on 4 Find the equation ofthe i f side of the line ax + by +620, ifar, +Dy, +cand ar, + by, +c areof Aho line x +7+7 30, straight Tine passing through (1,2) and perpen sign or of opposite signs respectively. Gi) The condition that the lines a,x + by + ¢ isl perpendicular is a,a, + b,b, = 0. > slope of the given line y= (— 1). = jy (Gi) ‘The equation of any line through the point of intersection of two lines ay petpendicularty of lines, we have m x ( 1) » - ¢,=Oand ax+by+c,=Oisax+ by +c, +k (ar, +by, +6) =0. ice, the required of kis determined from extra condition given in the proble Teo. tnation of the tine is y — O and ax + by +6 be found out which 1-2) ory- 12x42 => 10.2 Solved Examples iple 5 Find the distance between the lines 3e+4y Short Answer Type Example 1 Find the equation of a line which passes through the point (2) makes an angle of 30° with the positive direction of x-axis. -9=0 and lice, the slope of these Lines are sam. rotore, the distance between thers ie genes eee EY A Parallel to each othe given by 15 i Solution Here the slope of the line is m = tan0 = tan 30° = “75 and the given (2, 3). Therefore, using point slope formula of the equation of a Tine, we have 1 =H e-D or x- 3y +Gy3 -2)=0. Example 2 Find the equation of the line where length of the perpendicular ple 6 from the origin to the line is 4 and the inclination of the perpendicular segment positive direction of x-axis is 30°. Solution ‘The normal form of the equation of the line is x cos@ + ysin@ = p=4and @ = 30°. Therefore, the equation of the oe Show that i atthe locus of the mid-point ofthe distance between the axes of Wie Variable line x cosce + y since = p is <> where p is a const 10 P + Where p is a constant, tion Changing Hanging the given equation of the line into intercept form, xc0s 30° +ysin 30° =4 5+ na = pt poet which gives the comin J a ey Ane wa sing jaa Intersects x-axis and y-axis, respectively,ing Let (hr, &) denote the mid-point of the line segment joining the (eas) —(9efe) P_ (why?) =P and k=—2— Why’ ea he 2sina P PB B. This givescosa= 3 and sina= 5° Squaring and adding we get Therefore, the required locus is Example 7 If the line joining two p 2, 3, 1) is rotated al two points A(2, 0) and BC ‘lock wise direction through an angle of 15°. Find the equation of the line position. Solution ‘The slope of the line AB is Sacer X ote ation of the line through 15°, the slope of the line AC in new position is tan, rotat 40,0) Fig. 10.1 Lor tan45° (Why?) (see Fig.). S STRAIGHT Lint ore, the equation of the new line AC is Om V3(x-2) or y= V3r+2V3 =0 Answer Type 3 8 Ifthe slope of a line passing through the point AG, 2) is 5, thy ren ilson the line which are 5 units away from the point A, 3 yo2s 7 G-3) 4y-3xe1= 0 (), k) be the points on the line such that (h~3P + (k~2 = 25 2) Wh 0, We have 4k-3ht1= 0 8) (Why 3h-1 ts ( Hing the value of kin @) and on simplifying, we get 25h ~ 150h-175 = 0 (How ~6h-7 (ht G-7) Wing these values of & in (4), we get k= —1 and Mequired points are either (-1, -1) or (7, 5), ple Find the equation tothe straight line passing through the oint of intersectio the lines Sx—6y—1 and 3+ 2y+5=0 and perpendicular tothe line 3x 4y He 0, Wwe find the point of intersection of lines 5x 6y~1 = 0 and 3x4 2y4 ~ D, Also the slope of the line 3x—5y 411 = 3 is. Therefore, Ey slope ofthe line perpendicularto this line is 3. (Why?), Hence, the equation of the ited line is given by172 EXEMPLAR PROBLUMS ~ MATHEMATICS in the slope of the incident ray is piven by yel w+) or Sr+3y+8= 0 Alternatively The equation of any line through the intersection of lines 5x —6y = and ax + 2y + 5=0is, Sx-6y—14kGr+2y+5)=0 -643) 6+ 2k or Slope of this line is Also, slope of the line 3x Sy + 11 Now, both are perpendicular 3 Square is along the line 8x =543)3 ‘hen Find the equation of sides of the sq —642k 5 1 so ion Let ABCD be the given square and oe ke 45 lire required to find the equations of its si ‘Therefore, equation of required line in given by Sx—6y-1445 Gx+2y+5)= 0 or Sx+3y48= 0 ides DC and AD. B Example 10 A ray of light coming from the point (1, 2) is reflected ata point A. a-axis and then passes through the point (5, 3). Find the coordinates of the point Solution Let the incident ray strike a-axis at the point A whose coordinates be From the figure, the slope of the reflected ray is given by wle by BD with sides AD and DC is 45° (Why: AGO) Fig. 10.2 STRAIGHT LANES (Wh ~ 15y=0 and one of | luare passing through th the coordinates of the vertex D be (1, 2 ‘ 8 0, s0 its slope is 7 (Why?), The angles 2). Let the slope of DC be m. ‘Then (Why?)1m) EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS ~ MATHIEMAHION STRAIGHT LINES 175 ae 15+8m= 15m=8 a aa 2B or ‘Tm= 23, which gives m= ‘Therefore, the equation of the side DC is given by a 23 yas > (x-1) or 23x Ty-9 = 0 ‘similarly, the equation of another side AD is given by ee, the requi ¢, the required equation of the line is obtained by Y puting the value of m in (1), ya2= x1 yox-l ple 15 The distance of the point P (1, — 3) from the line 2y ~ 3x = 4 is m4 yode Fy G1) oF We 23y-530. 2 Objective Type Questions Each of the Examples 12 to 20 has four possible options out of which only one oP! correct. Choose the correct option (M.C.Q.). example 12 The inclination of the line x - y +3 = 0 with the postive i sxeaxis is (A) 45° (B) 135° (C) - 45° (D) -135° Solution (A) is the correct answer. The equation of the line x-y+3=0 rewritten as y = x-+ 3 => m= tan @ = 1 and hence @ = 45°, ‘example 13 The two lines ax + by = cand a'x+ b’y= care perpendicular if (A) aa’ + bb’ =0 (B) ab! = bal (©) ab+ab'=0 (@) ab! + ba’ =0 (D) None of these ‘The equations of the lines passing through the point (1, 0) and at a distance from the origin, are (A) 3x4 y- V3 =0, Bx- y- V3 =0 (B) 3x4 y+ V3 =0, V3x— y + 3 =0 (C) x4+y3 y- V3 =0,x-V3 y - V3 =0 (D) None of these. The distance between the lines y = mx + ¢, and y = mx + ®) Sent £4 e=6) (A) Te mt © @) 0-" 32, 33. 34. 35. at 38. 39. (A) 2x43) BARMILAR PRUSLEMS ~ MATE Saeee ‘The coordinates of the foot of perpendiculars from the point (2, 3) on y=3r+4 is given by 37 1 ( 1 2) “ (2 ®) lio" to If the coordinates of the middle point of the portion of a line intercepted the coordinate axes is (3, 2) then the equation of the line will be 2 (B) 3x4 2y=12 Equation of the line passing through (1, 2) and parallel to the line y = 3y (A) y+2 +1 Equations of diagonals of the square forméd by the lines x = 0, y ©) y-2=3@-1) y= lare (A) yaa, yt. © Wax yer : For specifying a straight line, how many geometrical parameters should be i (B) 2 ‘The point (4, 1) undergoes the following two successive transformation: (@_ Reflection about the line x (i) Translation through a distance 2 units along the positive x-axis Then the final coordinates of the point are (A) 43) (B) (3,4) A point equidistant from the lines 4x + 3y + 10 = 0, Sx ~ 12y + 26 = 0. Tx + 2Ay—50=0is (A) (,-1D (B) a, AA line passes through (2, 2) and is perpendicular to the line 3x + y = 3. intercept is 1 2 A 3 ®) 5 B) yax, x+y=2 @) y=2x y+2x=1 STRAIGHT LINES The ratio in which the line 3x4 4y 42.6 O divides the d Wty +5=OandIr+dy-5 e015 nce between the lines MA) 1:2 (B) 3:7 (©) 2:3 () 2:5 J (ne vertex of the equilateral triangle with centroid at the origin and one side as PhyH2=0is (A) (l-1) By @,2) O22 M22 [Mint Let ABC be the equilateral wiangle with vertex A (i,k) and let D (a, ath _, 2B+k he the point on BC. Then k-0 (i A) p=11 {iv the blank in Exercises 42 to 47, ) Ma, b,c are in AP, then the straight lines ax + by + ¢ = 0 will always pass through - Also 0 + B= 2= 0 and ~The line which euts off equal intercept from the axes and pass through the point (1, ~2) is Fquations of the lines through the point (3, 2) and making an angle of 45° with the line x—2y=3 are The points (3, 4) and (2, ~6) are situated on the __ of the line 3x - 4y - 8 = 0, ~ A point moves so that square ofits distance from the point (3, 2) is numerically ‘equal 0 its distance from the line 5x— 12y = 3. The equation of its locus is 1) Locus of the mid-point of the portion ofthe line x sin @-+y-cos @ intercepted between the axes is ie whether the statements in Exercises 48 to 56 are true or false. Justify, ‘1 the vertices of triangle have integral coordinates, then the rangle can not be equilateral, 4 ‘The points A 2, 1),B (0, 5), CC 1, 2) are collinear 0. Equation of the line passing through the point (a cos'0, a sin’) and perpendicular to the line x see + y cosee 8 = a is x cos 8 —y sin 8 =a sin 26 41. The straight line $+ 4y = 0 passes through the point of intersection of the straight lines x + 2y~ 10 =0 and 2x-+y +5 =0, 12. The vertex of an equilateral triangle is (2, 3) and the. ‘equation of the opposite side is = 2. Then the other two sides are y~3= (2 + 3) (~ 2), nt184 EXEMPLAR PROBLEMS ~ MATHEMATICS 53. The equation of the line joining the po lines 4x + y—1=0 and 7x~-3y~35 = (8, 34). 54. Theline *+7. ‘The locus of the foot of the perpendicular from the origin on the given Beye 58. The lines ax +2y+1 a, b, care in GP. 56. Line joining the points (3, ~ 4) and (~ 2, is perpendicular to the line j points (-3, 6) and (9, ~18). Match the questions given under Column C, with their appropriate answer under the Column C, in Exercises 57 to 59. an Column C, (a) The coordinates of the points P and Q on the line x + 5y = 13 which are at a distance of 2 units from the line 12x Sy + 26 =0 are (b) The coordinates of the point on the line x4+y=4, which are at a unit distance from the line 4x + 3y ~ 10 =O are (©). The coordinates of the point on the Tine joining A (-2, 5) and B (3, 1) such that AP = PQ = QB are 58. The value of the 2, if the lines (Qx+3y +4)+4 Gr-y + 12)=0 are _ Column C, (@)_ parallel to y-axis is, moves in such a way that |, be + 3y + 1 =O and cx +4y +1 =O are STRATONT LAN Perpendicular 10 7x+y—4= 0 ig : (ii) A=-= fi) Aang passes through (1, 2) is q@w 922 Parallel to.x axis is (iv) 0 7 ‘The equation of the ti Aen Sy 22 and ne though the intersection of the lines 2x = 3y = 0 Column C, Column ©, 4 though the point (2, 1) is @ 2x ; Perpendicular to the line 0 34525 : 2+ = ne Paral to the line i Column C, W-4y +5 =0is 7 @ BD. ‘ually inclined tothe axes is Gv) 3r-4y-120 E> 0a