Giao Trinh Ly Thuyet Bao Che 1

TRNG TRUNG CP Y DC MEKONG KHOA DC
MC LC
I CNG V BO CH HC........................................................................2
BI 1. CN V K THUT S DNG CN TRONG BO CH.................15
BI 2. K THUT ONG O TRONG BO CH THUC V PHA CN. 22
BI 3. K THUT NGHIN TN-RY-TRN U......................................30
BI 4. K THUT HA TAN LM TRONG.................................................33
BI 5. K THUT LM KH............................................................................39
Bi 6. K THUT KH KHUN TRONG BO CH THUC......................44
BI 7. NC DNG TRONG SN XUT THUC........................................47
Bi 8. DUNG DCH THUC................................................................................53
BI 9. THUC NH MT..................................................................................61
C THM TRONG BI THUC NH MT................................................70
BI 10. THUC TIM.........................................................................................72
BI 11. THUC TIM TRUYN........................................................................84
BI 12. SIRO THUC..........................................................................................91
BI 13. POTIO (Potiones)....................................................................................99
BI 14 THUC T (Suppositoria).................................................................105
BI 15. NH TNG (Emulsiones)..................................................................118
BI 16. HN DCH (SUSPENSIONES)...........................................................130
Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

BI M U
I CNG V BO CH HC
MC TIU
K c mc tiu v ni dung nghin cu ca mn bo ch.
Trnh by c cc khi nim c bn hay dng trong bo ch: dng thuc,
dc cht, t dc, thnh phm, bit dc, thuc gc.
Trnh by c cch phn loi cc dng thuc.
K c nhng nt s lc lch s pht trin ngnh bo ch.
NI DUNG
1. i cng v bo ch hc
1.1. nh ngha
Bo ch hc l mn khoa hc chuyn nghin cu c s l lun v k thut
thc hnh v pha ch, sn xut, kim tra cht lng, ng gi, bo qun cc dng
thuc v cc ch phm bo ch.
1.2. Mc tiu ca mn bo ch
Nghin cu dng bo ch ph hp vi mi dc cht cho vic iu tr bnh
Nghin cu k thut bo ch cc dng thuc bo m tnh hiu nghim,
tnh khng c hi, v n nh ca thuc.
Xy dng ngnh bo ch hc Vit Nam khoa hc, hin i, da trn thnh
tu y dc hc th gii v vn dc hc c truyn dn tc.
1.3. Ni dung nghin cu ca mn bo ch

Mi mt dc cht t khi dng mt mnh m thng km theo nhng cht
ph (t dc) v vy nghin cu k thut iu ch thuc gm:
Xy dng cng thc: Dc cht v t dc (Lng dc cht, t dc, t
l).
Xy dng qui trnh bo ch cc dng thuc: thuc m, thuc tim, thuc
vin.v.v
Nghin cu kim tra cht lng cc ch phm ca cc dng thuc.
Nghin cu bao b ng gi v bo qun cc dng thuc.
S dng v i mi trang thit b phc v ch bin, bo ch, v.v
1.4. V tr ca mn bo ch
Bo ch l mn hc k thut, ng dng thnh tu ca nhiu mn hc c
bn, c s v nghip v ca ngnh. Th d:
Ton ti u c ng dng thit k cng thc v quy trnh k thut cho
dng bo ch.
Vt l, ha hc c vn dng nh gi tiu chun nguyn liu v ch
phm bo ch, nghin cu n nh xc nh tui th ca thuc, nh gi
sinh kh dng ca thuc, la chn iu kin bao gi, bo qun
Dc liu, dc hc c truyn c vn dng trong vic ch bin, nh gi
cht lng cc ph phm bo ch i t nguyn liu l dc liu.

Sinh l gii phu, dc ng hc c vn dng trong nghin cu thit k

dng thuc v cc giai on sinh dc hc ca dng thuc (la chn ng dng v
vn gii phng, ha tan v hp thu dc cht t dng bo ch).
Dc lc, dc lm sng ng dng phi hp dc cht trong dng bo
ch, hng dn s dng ch phm bo ch
Cc quy ch, ch v hot ng chuyn mn ngh nghip c vn dng
trong thit k, xin php sn xut v lu hnh ch phm bo ch.
Tm li bo ch hc l mn hc tng hp, vn dng kin thc ca nhiu
lnh vc khoa hc. Trong chng trnh o to dc s i hc, bo ch l mn hc
nghip v ct li, c ging sau khi ngi hc c nhng kin thc c bn v
mn hc c lin quan.
1.5. Mt s khi nim lin quan n thuc

1.5.1.Thuc hay dc phm
L sn phm c ngun gc ng vt, thc vt, khong vt, sinh hc c
bo ch dng cho ngi nhm mc ch phng bnh, cha bnh, chn on
bnh, phc hi, iu chnh chc nng ca c th, lm gim cm gic mt b phn
hay ton thn, lm nh hng qu trnh sinh , lm thay i hnh dng c th.
1.5.2. Dng thuc (dng bo ch hon chnh)

Dng thuc l hnh thc trnh by ca dc cht a dc cht vo
c th vi mc ch tin dng, d bo qun v pht huy ti a tc dng iu tr ca
dc cht.
Th d: Dng vin nang ung, dng thuc kem bi ngoi da, v.v
Kem NEWGI 5 bi ngoi da, tr mn

Vin nang ung
Thnh phn ca mt dng thuc:
DC CHT
T DC
K thut DNG THUC
BAO B bo ch
Dc cht hay hot cht: l tc nhn to tc ng sinh hc c s dng

nhm cc mc ch iu tr, phng hay chn on bnh.

Khi a vo dng thuc, dc cht c th b gim hoc thay i tc ng

sinh hc do nh hng ca t dc, k thut bo ch v bao b. Cho nn cn phi
nghin cu k trnh nh hng ca cc ph gia (t dc, bao b, v.v)
T dc: l cc cht ph khng c tc dng dc l, c thm vo trong
cng thc nhm to ra cc tnh cht cn thit cho qu trnh bo ch, bo qun, s
dng ca thuc.
T dc c nh hng n tc dng iu tr ca thuc, do t dc phi
c la chn mt cch thn trng ty theo tng dng thuc v tng ch phm c
th.
Bao b: c chia lm:
- Bao b cp I: l bao b tip xc trc tip vi thuc do cng c xem
nh l thnh phn ca dng thuc.
Th d:
ng, l, chai cha dung dch thuc tim
V hoc chai, l cha thuc vin
- Bao b cp II: l bao b bn ngoi khng tip xc trc tip vi thuc
Th d:
Hp giy cha thuc tim.
Hp cha v thuc
Bao b cp I v bao b cp II u quan trng v cng ng vai tr trong vic
trnh by, nhn dng, thng tin v bo v thuc.
1.5.3. Thuc bit dc:

c hiu l mt dc phm c iu ch trc, trnh by trong mt bao
b c bit v c c trng bi mt tn thng mi ring ca nh sn xut.
Th d: Newgifar (ketoconazol 2%), Newgi 5, Newneo, NEWHOT gel,
Panadol 500mg
1.5.4. Thuc gc hay thuc generic:

L thuc mang tn gc ca hot cht, qua giai on c quyn v c
sn xut ph bin, thng mang tn thuc l tn hot cht.
Th d: Clotrimazole 1%, ketoconazol 2%, Aspirin, POVIDON iodine

10%, Acetaminophen 500mg

1.5.5. Mt s thut ng dng trong bo ch:
Ting latin Ting vit Ting anh Ting php

Aqua Nc Water Eau
Aqua destilla Nc ct Distilled water Eau distille
Aerosolum Thuc sol kh Aerosol Arosol
Auristillarum Thuc nh tai Ear drop Goutte auriculaire

Bolus Vin t Bolus Bol
Capsula Vin nang Capsule Capsule, glule
Cataplasma Thuc p Cataplasm Cataplasme
Collumtorium Thuc r ming Collutory Collutoire
Collyrium Thuc nh mt Eye drop Collyre
Comprimatum,
Vin nn Tablet Comprim
Tabletta
Creama Thuc crem (kem) Cream Crme
Dragee Vin bao ng Sugar coated tablet Comprim drage
Elixir Cn thuc ngt Elixir Elixir
Emulsum, emulsio Nh tng Emulsion Emulsion
Emplastrum Thuc dn Adhesive plaster Emplastre
Extractum Cao Extract Extrait
Gargarisma Thuc sc ming Gargle Gargarisme
Granula Thuc cm Granule Granuls
Gutta, guttae Git Drop Goutte
Inhalatio Thuc xng mi hng Inhaler Inhaler
Injectio Thuc tim Injection Solut injectable
Ting latin Ting vit Ting anh Ting php

Linimentum Thuc xoa Liniment Liniment
Lotio Thuc xc Lotion Lotion
Mixtura Hp dch Mixture Mixture
Pasta Bt nho Paste Pte
Pastillus Thuc ngm Lozenge Pastille
Pilula Vin hon Pills Pilules
Pulvis, pulveris Thuc bt Powder Poudre
Sirupus Siro Sirup Sirop
Solutio Dung dch Solution Solution
Suppositoria rectalis Thuc t trc trng Rectal suppository Suppositore rectale
Suppositoria vaginalis Thuc dt m o Vaginal suppository Suppositore vaginale
Suspensio Hn dch Suspension Suspension
Tinctura Cn thuc Tincture Teinture
Unguentum,
Thuc m Oinment Pommade
Pomata
1.6. Phn loi:

1.6.1. Theo th cht
Gio trnh bo ch dy theo cch phn loi ny:
Cc dng thuc lng: Dung dch thuc, siro, potio, cao lng, hn dch, nh
tng....
Cc dng thuc mm: cao mm, thuc m, thuc n, thuc trng,
Cc dng thuc rn: thuc bt, vin nn, nang cng, thuc cm...
1.6.2. Theo ng dng

Trong s dng thuc thng c phn loi theo cch ny: Tim, ung....
1.6.3. Theo cu trc h phn tn:

Trong mi dng thuc lng, mm, cc dc cht c phn tn mc
khc nhau trong mi trng phn tn, ngi ta c th xp cc dng bo ch thnh
cc nhm sau:
Cc dng thuc thuc h phn tn ng th: cc dc cht c phn tn
di dng phn t hoc ion nh cc loi dung dch thuc (trong sut). VD: Dung
dch MYCOFA
Cc dng thuc thuc h phn tn d th: dc cht v cc cht ph khc
phn tn di dng ht nh nh cc hn dch thuc, nh tng thuc (c:
Calcigenol)
Cc dng thuc thuc h phn tn c hc: thuc bt, thuc vin (cc ht
trong nhau).
VD: vin nn Natri Bicarbonat 450mg
Tuy nhin cng c th trong mt ch phm c nhiu h phn tn.
Gio trnh ny c bin son theo cu trc phn loi ny.

1.6.4. Theo ngun gc cng thc:

Thuc pha ch theo cng thc Dc in: l ch phm bo ch ghi trong
cc ti liu chnh thc ca ngnh, cc ti liu Quc gia, v d: dung dch Iod 1%
(DVN II, T.3, tr. 161)
Cng thc:
Iod......................................1 g
Kali iodid...........................2 g
Nc ct va (v).........100 ml
Cch pha ch, tiu chun cht lng, ng gi bo qun c ghi trong
D. Ngi pha ch phi thc hin ng nh ghi trong ti liu, khng c t
thay i.
Thuc pha ch theo n: l nhng ch phm pha ch theo n ca thy
thuc, ni dung ca n thuc thng bao gm: mnh lnh pha ch (Rp), cng thc
pha ch, dng bo ch cn pha (Mf....), s lng cn pha, hng dn cch dng
(DS.)
V d 1: Rp Natri hiposulfit........... 5g
Siro n..................... 25 ml
Nc ct v................ 80 ml
M.f.potio
D.S. ung mi ln mt tha canh, ngy ba ln
V d 2: Rp Paracetamol........................0,5 g
B cacao v........................1,5 g
M.f. supp. D.t. No 6
(Trn v lm thnh thuc n, cho liu nh th)
D.S. t mt vin khi au
V d 3: Rp Magie sulfat.......................50 g
M.f. p. D. in p. aeq. No 10
(Trn lm thnh thuc bt chia thnh nhng phn bng nhau 10 gi)
D.S. Mi ngy ung mt gi ho tan trong 100 ml nc
Tc dng nhun trng.
Khi iu ch mt n thuc ngi pha ch phi kim tra li n thuc
(phi ng quy ch, thnh phn, liu lng, tng k...) t xy dng quy trnh pha
ch.
Pha ch theo n thng c tin hnh qui m nh ti cc khoa dc
bnh vin hoc hiu thuc.
2. S lc lch s pht trin ca ngnh bo ch hc

Lch s mn hc bo ch khng tch ri lch s ca ngnh dc hc v ca
y hc ni chung. Nhng hot ng v y v dc hc c t khi loi ngi thnh
hnh.
Trong thi k Thng c vic ch bin v dng thuc ch ng khung
trong phm vi gia nh hay th tc do gia trng hay tc trng m nhn.
Cng vi s tin b ca x hi loi ngi, dn dn nhng hot ng ny
tr thnh mt chc trch x hi do nhng ngi chuyn nghip ph trch.

2.1. Trn th gii

Qu trnh pht trin bo ch hc ni ring v ca y dc ni chung c th
c chia ra 4 thi k:
Thi k tn gio
Cc ti liu nh Bn tho thn nng ca Trung quc, Vedas ca n
, Ebers ca Ai cp m t cc dng thuc ging nh thuc bt, thuc vin,
thuc cao, cao dn
Thng thng cc phng php tr liu th s ny c khoc ln mt ci
v huyn b ca tn gio v y l tr lc chnh i vi s pht trin ca nn y dc
hc trong thi k ny.
Thi k trit hc
Bao trm ln thi k ny l danh ting ca cc thy thuc ngi Hy lp v
La m nh Platon, Socrat, Aristot, h nhn thy khng th tch ri y dc hc vi
vic nghin cu con ngi, song h vn cn nghing v l thuyt nhiu hn.
Nm 400 trc Cng nguyn, Hypocrat l ngi u tin a khoa hc vo
thc hnh y hc, ng ch trng rng l lun phi da trn thc nghim. Tt c cc
kin thc ca Hypocrat c tng hp trong t in Bch khoa Y hc, sch ny
vn cn nh hng mnh m n tn th k XVII sau ny.
T 131 210 sau Cng nguyn, Galien vit nhiu sch v y hc, v
thnh phn ca thuc (da trn 4 tnh: nng, lnh, kh, m). Chnh ng l ngi u
tin ra cc cng thc v cch iu ch thuc dng trong iu tr bnh v phn
loi cc thuc men. D ng c coi l ngi t nn mng cho ngnh dc ni
chung v mn bo ch hc ni ring v ngi ta ly tn ng t cho mn bo ch
hc (Pharmacie galnique).
Thi k thc nghim
Trong thi k ny cc cuc tranh lun sung dn dn c thay th bng
nhng bi m t da trn quan st v trn thc nghim.
Cng ngy ngi ta cng thy rng phi kho st cc cht qua thc nghim
ri mi dng lm thuc. Cc thuc c ngun gc ha hc c s dng ngy
cng nhiu dn n s xut hin v pht trin mt s hot ng mi khc, lm
cho ngnh Dc phn bit hn vi ngnh y. Ngnh dc tr thnh mt ngnh c
lp.
Thi k khoa hc
T th k XIX tr i ngnh dc ni chung v mn bo ch hc ni ring
c nhng bc pht trin mnh m cha tng thy so vi cc thi k trc nh
s pht trin nhng tin b ca cc ngnh c lin quan nh ha hc, vt l, sinh
hc Ngi ta bt u th tc dng cha bnh ca cc hp cht t nhin, cc
dc liu v trnh by chng di cc dng bo ch, i su nghin cu tm hiu xem
trng thi vt l v tnh cht ho hc ca dc cht, cc cht ph gia. Ni cch
khc, bo ch hc i su nghin cu tng dc cht, tm ra dng thuc mi cho
tc dng dc l tt nht trn c s ng dng cc tin b k thut ca cc ngnh
khoa hc k thut c lin quan v cc kt qu nghin cu v sinh dc hc, nhiu
dng thuc mi ra i nh dng thuc c tc dng ko di, thuc vin nhiu lp
gii phng cc dc cht nhng thi im khc nhau. Ngnh cng nghip duc
phm ra i.
2.2. Vit Nam

Nn y dc hc dn tc pht trin rt sm. Trong qu trnh lao ng

sinh tn, u tranh lin tc v gian kh vi thin nhin v bnh tt nhn dn ta
bit tch lu v thu thp nhiu kinh nghim phong ph trong vic phng v cha
bnh.
T i Hng bng (2900 nm trc cng nguyn), ngi Giao ch bit
dng gng, mt ong, hng ph, thng sn lm thuc, cho tr em eo cc ti
ba ng trm hng, a lin, ht mi phng bnh.
Thi k Bc thuc: c s trao i y hc ca ta v y hc ca Trung quc,
s dc liu Vit nam c khai thc v s dng tng dn.
i Nh Trn (th k XII XIV), nn y dc hc c nhiu tin b nh
bit t chc trng vn thuc, rng thuc Tiu biu cho thi k ny l danh y
Nguyn B Tnh hiu l Tu Tnh c cng ln ra ch trng Nam dc tr
Nam nhn v b sch Nam dc thn hiu cn c lu truyn n ngy nay.
Di triu L (TK XIV XVII) danh y L Hu Trc hiu l Hi Thng
Ln ng vi b sch Hi Thng Y Tng Tm Lnh mt b sch qu ca nn y
dc hc Vit Nam. ng p dng mt cch sng to y hc Trung Quc vo hon
cnh Vit Nam, xy dng v p dng nhiu bi thuc nam c gi tr, o to
c nhiu hc tr. ng l ngi c cng ln trong vic xy dng ngnh dc Vit
Nam.
Thi k Php thuc: Trng i hc y dc ng Dng c thnh lp
(1902), trong c B mn bo ch (1935). Nhiu bit dc c a vo nc ta,
mt s ca hng pha ch theo n ra i cc thnh ph ln, pha ch cc dng
thuc thng thng nh thuc bt, thuc nc, thuc m. S trn lan ca thuc
ngoi lm cho ngnh bo ch Vit Nam b lng qun.
Sau Cch mng thng tm: ngnh dc pht trin mnh v c ch
trng xy dng, nhiu x nghip dc phm Trung ng c thnh lp. Cc khoa
dc bnh vin cng pha ch nhiu loi thuc nht l cc loi dch truyn.
Sau khi thng nht t nc, nht l t ngy c chnh sch i mi, nhiu
x nghip dc phm tch cc i mi trang thit b v quy trnh cng ngh.
Nhiu thit b v k thut mi c a vo nc ta nh my dp vin nng sut
cao, my ng nang, my p v, my bao mng mng t ng, my to ht tng si,
my ng hn ng tim t n. Do vy, dng bo ch thc s c i mi v
hnh thc.
3. Dc in Vit Nam & Dc Th quc gia Vit Nam

3.1. Dc in Vit Nam
L mt ti liu chnh lm c s cho vic pha ch, kim nghim cht lng
thuc. Dc in l mt vn bn nh nc trong ghi cc tiu chun cht lng
m cc hot cht, t dc, cc dng thuc phi p ng. Dc in qui nh
thnh phn cc cht, cch pha ch v kim nghim mt s dng thuc v ch phm.
Dc in nh k c b sung v ti bn.
Trc kia, ngnh dc nc ta vn phi s dng dc in ca nc ngoi.
T thp nin 60, d t nc vn cn kh khn nhng ngnh dc nc ta bt
tay xy dng DVN ln th I. Tng thi k, cng vi s tin b ca khoa hc,
DVN ngy cng c hon thin hn v cht lng cao hn. Hin nay DVN
n bn ln th IV (nm 2010).
3.2. Dc Th Quc Gia Vit Nam

S dng thuc mt cch hp l, an ton v hiu qu cho ngi bnh l mt

trong hai mc tiu c bn ca Chnh Sch Quc Gia V Thuc ca Vit Nam do
Th Tng Chnh ph ban hnh ngy 20/06/1996. V Dc th quc gia Vit Nam
ra i trong hon cnh .
Dc th quc gia Vit Nam l ti liu chnh thc ca B Y T v hng
dn s dng thuc hp l, an ton, hiu qu. ng thi y cng l sch cung cp
nhng thng tin quan trng, chnh xc, trung thc v thuc, cc thy thuc tra
cu, cn nhc trc khi quyt nh k n v ch nh dng thuc cho mi ngi
bnh c th.
Dc th quc gia Vit Nam bao gm 20 chuyn lun chung gii thiu
nhng vn tng qut nh tc dng khng mong mun ca thuc, nguyn tc
dng thuc cho tr em, tng tc thuc, ng c v thuc gii c, d ng v cch
x tr v 500 chuyn lun cho nhng thuc thng dng. Trong tng chuyn lun
v thuc c gii thiu v m phn loi gii phu - iu tr - ha hc (Anatomic
Therapeutic Chemical ATC), dng thuc, tnh cht dc l v c ch tc dng, ch
nh, chng ch nh, tc dng ph khng mong mun v cch x tr, liu lng v
cch dng
CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn cc cu hi t 1 n 15
1. Bo ch hc l mn. ...(a)..... chuyn nghin cu c s l lun v k thut
thc hnh v. ...(b).... sn xut, kim tra. ...(c) . ..., ng gi, bo qun cc dng
thuc v cc ch phm bo ch.
2. Mc tiu ca mn bo ch
- Nghin cu. ...(a)....... ch ph hp vi mi dc cht cho vic iu tr bnh
- Nghin cu. .....(b)............ cc dng thuc bo m tnh hiu nghim, tnh
khng c hi, v n nh ca thuc.
- Xy dng ngnh bo ch hc Vit Nam. ....(c)......., da trn thnh tu y
dc hc th gii v vn dc hc c truyn dn tc.
3. Ni dung nghin cu ca mn bo ch
- Xy dng. ....(a)........: Dc cht v t dc (Lng DC, TD, t l).
- Xy dng. .....(b)......... bo ch cc dng thuc: VD: TM, Ttim, Tvin.
- Nghin cu kim tra. .....(c)........ cc ch phm ca cc dng thuc.
- Nghin cu. .......(d)........ ng gi v bo qun cc dng thuc.
- S dng v i mi trang thit b phc v ch bin, bo ch, v.v
4. V tr ca mn bo ch: l mn hc tng hp, vn dng. ....(a)..... ca nhiu lnh
vc. ...(b)..... Trong chng trnh o to dc s, bo ch l mn hc. ...(c).... ct
li, c ging sau khi ngi hc c nhng kin thc c bn v mn hc c lin
quan.
5. Thuc hay dc phm l sn phm c. .....(a)..... ng vt, thc vt, khong vt,
sinh hc c. ....(b)..... dng cho ngi nhm. ....(c)..... phng bnh, cha bnh,
chn on bnh, phc hi, iu chnh chc nng ca c th, lm gim cm gic mt
b phn hay ton thn, lm nh hng qu trnh sinh , lm thay i hnh dng c
th.
6. Dng thuc (dng bo ch hon chnh)

Dng thuc l. ...(a).... trnh by ca dc cht a dc cht vo. ....(b)....

vi mc ch tin dng, d bo qun v pht huy ti a tc dng. ....(c)..... ca
dc cht. Th d: Dng vin nang ung, dng thuc m bi xoa ngoi da,
v.v
7. Ba thnh phn ca mt dng thuc:
A.
B.
C.
8. Dc cht hay hot cht: l tc nhn to. .....(a)..... sinh hc c s dng
nhm cc mc ch. ....(b)......, phng hay. .....(c)....... bnh.
9. Khi a vo dng thuc, dc cht c th b gim hoc thay i. ...(a)..... sinh
hc do. ....(b)..... ca t dc,. ...(c)....... bo ch v bao b. Cho nn cn phi nghin
cu k trnh nh hng ca cc ph gia (t dc, bao b, v.v.....)
10. T dc: l cc cht ph khng c. ....(a).... dc l, c thm vo trong cng
thc nhm. ....(b).... cc tnh cht cn thit cho qu trnh. ....(c)...., bo qun, s
dng ca thuc.
11. T dc c. .....(a)..... n tc dng iu tr ca thuc, do t dc phi
c. .....(b)..... mt cch thn trng ty theo tng. .....(c)...... v tng ch phm c
th.
12. Bao b cp I l bao b. ....(a)..... trc tip vi thuc do cng c xem nh l.
.....(b).... ca dng thuc. V du: ng, l, chai cha dung dch. ...(c).....V hoc chai,
l cha thuc vin
13. Bao b cp II l bao b bn. ....(a)..... khng. ....(b)..... trc tip vi thuc. V d
hp giy. ....(c)...... thuc tim, hp cha v thuc
Bao b cp I v bao b cp II u quan trng v cng ng vai tr trong vic trnh
by, nhn dng, thng tin v bo v thuc.
14. Thuc bit dc: c hiu l mt dc phm c. ...(a).... trc, trnh by
trong mt bao b. ....(b).... v c c trng bi mt tn. ...(c)..... ring ca nh sn
xut. Th d: Aspegic, Efferalgan 500mg, Panadol 500mg
15.Thuc gc hay thuc generic: L thuc mang tn gc ca. ...(a)...., qua giai
on. ....(b)..... v c sn xut ph bin, thng mang tn thuc l tn. ....(c).....
Th d: Aspirin, Ampicillin 500mg, Acetaminophen 500mg
Chn mt tr li ng nht cc cu t 16 n 31
16. Mt s v d cc dc cht hay hot cht nh sau:
A. Aspirin, Ampicillin, Acetaminophen
B. Paracetamol, Cefalosporin, Vastaren
C. Paldol, Amoxilin, Cezil
D. Nitroglycerin,Risordan,Calcitrol
17. Mt s t dc thuc vin thng gp:
A. Tinh bt, Gelatin, Talc
B. Bt go, ng, Cn.
C. Avicel, Eudragit, Magi stearat
D. C hai a v b ng.
18. V d mt s thuc gc-generic:
A. Aspirin 50 mg, Paracetamol 500mg, Paldol 500mg
B. Aspirin 50 mg, Acetaminophen 500mg, Ampicillin 500mg
C. Panadol 500mg, Calci D, Tatanol Extra
D. Haginat 125 mg, Tatanol, Vastaren
19. C th phn loi theo nhiu cch. Thng thng l

A. 3 cch: Theo ng dng, Theo cu trc h phn tn, Theo ngun gc cng
thc
B. 4 cch: Theo th cht, Theo ng dng, Theo cu trc h phn tn, Theo
ngun gc cng thc
C. 5 cch: Theo th cht, Theo ng dng, Theo cu trc h phn tn, Theo
ngun gc cng thc v Theo cng thc dc dng
D. 6 cch: Theo th cht, Theo ng dng, Theo cu trc h phn tn, Theo
ngun gc cng thc, Theo cng thc dc dng v Theo n (toa) bc s
20. Theo th cht c cc dng:
A. Cc dng thuc lng: Dung dch thuc, siro, potio, cao lng, hn dch, nh
tng,. ...
B. Cc dng thuc mm: cao mm, thuc m, thuc n, thuc trng,
C. Cc dng thuc rn: thuc bt, vin nn, nang cng, thuc cm,...
D. C ba A, B, C u ng
21. Theo ng dng (trong s dng thuc thng c phn loi theo cch
ny):
A. Tim.
B. Ung.
C. Ngoi da, v.v....
D. C ba A, B, C u ng.
22. Theo cu trc h phn tn, ngi ta c th xp cc dng bo ch thnh cc
nhm sau:
A. Cc dng thuc thuc h phn tn ng th:
B. Cc dng thuc thuc h phn tn d th:
C. Cc dng thuc thuc h phn tn c hc
23. Thuc pha ch theo cng thc dc dng:
A. L ch phm bo ch ghi trong cc ti liu chnh thc ca ngnh, cc ti
liu Quc gia, v d: dung dch Iod 1% (DVN II, T.3, tr. 161)
B. L ch phm bo ch ghi theo bac s
C. L ch phm bo ch ghi theo yu cu iu tr bnh nhn
D. L ch phm bo ch ghi theo ngh ca dc s
24. Thuc pha ch theo n:
A. L nhng ch phm pha ch theo n ca thy thuc,
B. Ni dung ca n thuc thng bao gm mnh lnh pha ch (Rp), cng
thc pha ch, dng bo ch cn pha (Mf.. ..),
C. S lng cn pha, hng dn cch dng (DS.)
D. Cu A, B, C kt hp: ng
25. Khi iu ch mt n thuc ngi pha ch
A. Phi kim tra li n thuc (phi ng quy ch, thnh phn, liu lng,
tng k...), t xy dng quy trnh pha ch.
B. Khi cn kim tra, thc hin theo yu cu n thuc
C. Ngi pha ch thc hin pha ch theo n nh ghi
26. Pha ch theo n thng c tin hnh
A. tt c cc c s bo ch sn xut thuc
B. qui m nh ti cc khoa dc bnh vin hoc hiu thuc.
C. Ch bnh vin
D. Ch thc hin hiu thuc
27. Vit Nam, Nn y dc hc dn tc pht trin rt sm. i Nh Trn
(th k XII XIV),
A. Tiu biu cho thi k ny l Danh y Nguyn B Tnh hiu l Tu Tnh
B. Tiu biu cho thi k ny l Danh y L Hu Trc hiu l Hi Thng Ln
ng vi b sch Hi Thng Y Tng Tm Lnh
C. Tiu biu cho thi k ny l Hoa
D. Tiu biu cho thi k ny l H c Di
28. Vit Nam, Nn y dc hc dn tc pht trin rt sm. Di triu L
(TK XIV XVII) Tiu biu cho thi k ny l:
A. Danh y L Hu Trc hiu l Hi Thng Ln ng vi b sch Hi Thng
Y Tng Tm Lnh mt b sch qu ca nn y dc hc Vit Nam.
B. Danh y Nguyn B Tnh hiu l Tu Tnh ra ch trng Nam dc tr
Nam nhn v b sch Nam dc thn hiu cn c lu truyn n
ngy nay.
C. Bc s Phm Ngc Thch
D. Bc s Nguyn Vn Hng
29. Dc in Vit Nam l:
A. L mt ti liu chnh lm c s cho vic pha ch, kim nghim thuc.
B. Dc in l mt vn bn nh nc trong ghi cc tiu chun cht lng.
C. Dc in qui nh thnh phn cc cht, cch pha ch v kim nghim mt
s dng thuc v ch phm. Dc in nh k c b sung v ti bn.
30. Dc in Vit Nam, cho n nay c:
A. Dc in Vit Nam III (nm 2002)
B. Dc in Vit Nam IV (nm 2010)
C. Dc in Vit Nam V (nm 2007)
D. Dc in Vit Nam VI (nm 2007)
31. Dc th quc gia Vit Nam l:
A. Ti liu chnh thc ca B Y t v hng dn s dng thuc hp l, an
ton, hiu qu.
B. L sch cung cp nhng thng tin quan trng, chnh xc, trung thc v
thuc,
C. cc thy thuc tra cu, cn nhc trc khi quyt nh k n v ch nh
dng thuc cho mi ngi bnh c th.
D. C ba a, b, c: ng
Tr li ng sai cc cu hi t 32 n 47
32. Mn bo ch gip la chn k thut bo ch ph hp vi cc dng thuc (/S)
33. Thuc l sn phm c ngun gc sinh hc (/S)
34. T dc nh hng n bn vng v kh nng gii phng dc cht ca
dng thuc (/S)
35. Bao b th cp tip xc trc tip vi thuc (/S)
36. Panadol 500mg l thuc generic (/S)
37. Ampicillin, Amoxilin, Nitroglycerin l t dc (/S)
37. Tinh bt, Mg.stearat, Talc l dc cht (/S)
38. Panadol 500 mg, l thuc dng vin nn (/S)
39. Sir l dng thuc th cht mm (/S)

40. Pomade Phenergan thuc dng thc th cht mm (/S)
41. Thuc m Tetracyclin l dng thuc lng (/S)
42. Thuc nh mt Cloraxin (Cloramphenicol) 0,4% l dng thuc lng (/S)
43. Thuc vin paracetamol 500 mg dng ng ung (/S)
44. Thuc m Tetracyclin dng ng ung (/S)
45. Dch NaCl 0,9% 500 ml dng tim truyn (/S)
46. Thuc n dng ng ung (/S)
47. Thuc Nizoral Cream 5g l dng thuc dng ngoi (/S)

BI 1. CN V K THUT S DNG CN TRONG BO CH
MC TIU
1. Bit c cc loi cn thng c s dng trong bo ch.
2. Nu c cc im cn lu khi s dng cn.
3. Lit k c trnh t ca cc php cn n, cn kp.
4. Bit c cng dng v s dng thnh tho cc php cn kp Borda v
cn kp Medeleeb.
5. So snh hai php cn n v cn kp.
NI DUNG
1. CC LOI CN THNG S DNG TRONG BO CH
1.1. Cn phn tch:
- Sc cn ti a 200g.
- Sai s < 0,1mg.
- Cn phn tch c cc kiu cn mt quang, cn hai quang, c dng in v
khng dng in.
1.2. Cn k thut: (thng s dng trong bo ch)
- Sc cn ti a 200g.
- chnh xc 0,02 0,05g.
- C cc kiu cn: cn a (cn Roberval), cn quang (cn Trbuchet).
Cch c thng bng cn:
- Cn a: n cn nm ngang v kim ch s 0
- Cn quang: Kim dao ng i xng qua s 0.
1.3. Cn thng: c nhiu loi
- Loi nh: sc cn 500g, chnh xc 0,5g.
- Loi ln: sc cn 5 10kg, chnh xc 5 10g.
- Cc kiu gm: cn a, cn ng h, cn n.
2. LU KHI S DNG CN
- Lau cn sch s.
- Lt a cn bng giy trng, sch c xp cho.
- Khi cn phi ngi, ng chnh din vi bng chia ca cn.

- Dng kp gp qu cn.
- Khi cm cc chai ha cht, nhn chai phi hng ln trn d nhn tin
kim sot v ha cht khng dnh nhn.
- Ly ha cht rn bng vy mica, carton...
- Ly ha cht lng bng a thy tinh, pipette, hoc becher.
- Cc ha cht d chy lng, cc cht oxy ha mnh phi cn trn mt knh
ng h.
- Thm bt ha cht, qu cn phi nh nhng.
- Khng c thm bt cc qu cn hoc vt cn khi cn cha trng thi
ngh.
- Khi th cn ngh hay cho cn dao ng phi lm nh nhng trnh h hi
cho cn.
- Xem kt qu thng bng khi kim ch s 0 hoc khi kim dao ng quanh v
tr 0.
3. CC PHP CN (p dng i vi cn k thut)
3.1. Php cn n:
- Cn mt ln.
- Phi thng bng cn trc khi cn.
- t p dng v b nh hng ca tay n cn ln kt qu.
V d 1: Cn 30g tinh bt.
V d 2: Tm khi lng l ng thuc

Lu : S dng qu cn t ln n nh.
Nhn xt:
Khi cn n, lc vt cn v qu cn thng bng nhau, ta c 2 momen bng nhau:

W1A1= W2A2
V 200 x 2 = 100 x 4
V vy trong php cn n, chiu di ca 2 cnh tay n nh hng n php cn.
3.2. Php cn kp:
Mc ch: loi tr sai s do nh hng chiu di 2 cnh tay n.
- Cn hai ln.
- Khng cn thng bng cn trc.
- B c gi nguyn trong hai ln thng bng.
- ln thng bng th 2 trn cng mt a cn trng lng ca qu cn v
vt cn c thay th nhau.
3.2.1.Cn kp Borda:
V d 1: Cn 5g acid citric

V d 2: Cn 10g siro n
V d 3: Tm khi lng ca 10 vin thuc
Lu : S dng qu cn t ln n nh.
3.2.2.Cn kp Mendeleeb:
p dng cn cc khi lng tht nh, nht l cc cht c A, B.
V d 1: Cn 50mg Digitalin
p dng cn nhiu cht cng mt lc:

V d: Cn 10g Parafin rn, 2g sp ong.
4. V D:
4.1. Tm khi lng mt vt bng php cn n, cn kp Borda.
- Tm khi lng mt knh ng h.
- Tm khi lng ly nc.
4.2. Cn kp:
Cn kp Borda:
- Cn cht rn: + Cn 1,25g Magie hydrocarbonat.
+ Cn 2,6g bt Talc.

- Cn cht lng: + Cn 12,3g Glycerin.

+ Cn 30g nc.
Cn kp Medeleeb:
- Cn 50 mg Digitalin.
- Cn 1,2 g Lanolin v 2,4g Vaselin trn mt knh ng h.
CC QU CN C PHN
CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn cc cu t 48 n 50
Cu 48: K tn 4 loi cn hay c s dng trong ngnh Dc
A. C.
B. D. Cn vi phn tch
Cu 49: Hai phng php cn p dng cho cn k thut
A. B.
Cu 50: Ba tiu chun ca mt cn tt
A.
B.
C.
Tr li ng sai cc cu t 51 n 60
Cu 51: Cn l dng c xc nh khi lng
Cu 52: Cu to ca cn da vo nguyn tc thng bng

Cu 53: Qu cn c lm bng kim loi bn
Cu 54: Cc qu cn nh di 1g c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau
Cu 55: Cn phn tch c chnh xc km hn cn k thut
Cu 56: Cn k thut c chnh xc n 0,02 g
Cu 57: Cn phn tch c chnh xc n 0,1 mg
Cu 58: S ln cn thng bng phng php cn n t hn cn kp
Cu 59: Cn kp Borda cn mi ln mt cht
Cu 60: Cn kp Mendeleev cn vt c khi lng ln
Chn mt tr li ng nht cho cc cu t 61 n 62
Cu 61: Cn l dng c xc nh:
A. T khi D. Trng lng
B. T trng E. Tt c cc cu trn
C. Khi lng
Cu 62: Thao tc no khng ng trong khi cn:
A. Thm bt qu cn nh nhng
B. Cn trong gii hn cho php ca cn
C. t cn vo ch bng phng, vng chc
D. Thm bt qu cn lin tc ngay khi cn dao ng
E. Dng kp ly qu cn

BI 2. K THUT ONG O TRONG BO CH THUC

V PHA CN
MC TIU HC TP
- K c tn cc dng c ong o thng dng trong pha ch.
- S dng ng k thut cc dng c ong o thng dng trong pha ch.
- Phn bit c cn tht v cn biu kin.
- Trnh by c cch xc nh cn.
- Tnh ton, pha ch cn ng k thut v cn.
- iu chnh c cn mi pha.
NI DUNG
1. DNG C O TH TCH
Chn dng c c dung tch gn vi th tch mun ly
1.1. ng ong (Eprouvette)
- ng hnh tr bng thy tinh, trn thn ng c chia vch u nhau theo
dung tch v ghi s ml
- Thng dng loi ng ong : 5ml, 10ml, 25ml, 50ml, 100ml, 250ml,
500ml, 1000ml. ng ong cng nh th ong cng chnh xc v ngc li.
Trong kim nghim thuc dng ng ong c nt mi ong cc cht d
bay hi, cht c.
- Chn ng ong c dung tch gn vi th tch mun ly
- Cm ng ong thng ng
- Nhn c kt qu ngang tm mt
+ Cht lng thm t thnh bnh : c th tch ng vi mt khum lm ca
b mt cht lng i vi nhng cht lng trong sut, mu nht. i vi
cht lng c hoc c mu m nhn mt ngang ca cht lng.
+ Cht lng khng thm t thnh bnh : c th tch ng vi mt khum
li.
1.2. Ly c chn (Verre pied)
Ly hnh nn ngc bng thy tinh, thn ly c vch khng u nhau, di
vch tha, cng ln trn cng hp dn v ghi s ml.
Thng dng cc loi ly c chn : 10ml, 25ml, 50ml, 100ml, 250ml, 500ml,
1000ml. chnh xc ca ly c chn km hn ng ong. Ly c chn dng ha
tan thuc nn y ly c mi nhm tng ma st.
1.3. Bnh nh mc
Bnh cu bng thy tinh, c nh v cao, y bng, trn c bnh c vch nh
mc (vng, ngn), thn bnh c ghi s ml.
Bnh nh mc thng dng c dung tch l: 10ml, 50ml, 100ml, 500ml
dng pha ch cc dung dch dng trong kim nghim thuc ha tan bng cch
lc.
1.4. ng ht (pipette) : c nhiu loi
- ng ht thng : ng bng thy tinh, thn khng chia vch, dng ht
cht lng cho vo dng c ong c dung tch cn thit.
- ng ht c vch : thn ng chia vch n 0,1ml hoc nh hn, dng ong
cc cht lng vi dung tch t, cn chnh xc. Thng dng cc loi ng ht
c dung tch 1ml, 2ml, 3ml.
- ng ht chnh xc : gia thn ng c bu phnh to, trn bu ghi dung tch
1ml, 2ml, 5ml, 10ml. 50ml, pha trn bu c mt vng ngn hoc loi c 2
vng ngn pha trn v pha di bu gii hn chnh xc khi ly cht
lng.
- ng nh lng (Burettes) : thn ng c chia vch chnh xc ti 0,01ml,
dng nh lng cc dung dch khi kim nghim thuc.
- Cm ng thng ng.
- Dng ngn tr kh iu chnh th tch hoc ly git. Khng thi ly
git cui cng trong ng ht

Bnh nh mc ng ht khc ng ht chnh xc

1.5. Cc c m (bcher)
C loi khng chia vch, c loi chia vch kh u nhau, dng ha tan cc
cht trong dung dch khi cn un nng nh a khuy, dng c lng th tch.
2. DNG C O T TRNG
2.1. T trng k : c hai loi
- T trng k thng c chia vch khng u nhau, s nh trn, s ln
di gn bu) cho d c.
- T trng k chnh xc c xp thnh tng b, mi b 15 ci hoc 20 ci
v c mt hnh th c bit. Phn chia vch c c s ghi.
2.2. Ph k Baum : c hai loi
- Ph k Baum o t trng ln hn 1, phn chia vch c t 0-66, lm
66 khong u nhau, mi khong l mt Baum (s 0 trn cng, s 66
di cng).
- Ph k Baum o t trng cc cht lng nh hn 1, phn chia vch c t
10-20 lm 10 khong u nhau, mi khong l mt Baum (s 20 trn
cng, s 10 di cng)
2.3. Cn k (Alcool mtre)
L ph k chia vch t 0 100 +150C. Vch 0 tng ng khi th vo trong
nc ct 150C v vch 100 khi th vo Ethanol tuyt i +15 0C. Khong cch t
0 100 chia thnh 100 khong, khong cch nh dn t 0 20 v ln dn t 30
100. Mi vch biu th 1% th tch Ethanol nguyn cht trong hn hp (cch o v
tnh nh xem bi)
Hin nay, c dng c va l cn k v c c nhit k
3. K THUT S DNG CC DNG C ONG, O
3.1. S dng cc dng c ong th tch
- ong cht lng khng mu th rt t t cht lng vo ng ong n gn
ngang vch cn ong, sau thm tng git theo a thy tinh vo thnh ng
ong n mc vng cung mt thong ca cht lng ngang vch.
- ong cht lng c mu th tng t nh trn, nhng ch cn cho n mc
mt thong ca cht lng ngang vch cn ong l c.
- Nu ong cht lng l cht c, acid mnh, cht gy kch ng th phi
dng ng ht c qu bp cao su ly cht lng trong t ht.
- i vi dung dch mi pha cn phi n nh mi c kt qu trnh
sai s do co th tch (nh pha cn)

- S dng ng ht, ng ht nh git phi cm thng ng, nh t t tng

git k tip nhau.
- Khi dng xong, phi ra sch cc dng c ngay, trng nc ct, lm kh,
t vo cc gi chuyn dng v trnh bi.
3.2. S dng cc dng c o t trng
- Chun b dng c o, nhit k, ng ong thch hp.
- Rt cht lng vo ng ong thch hp.
- Th t t dng c o theo chiu thng ng vo gia ng ong ti khi
chm y ng, bung tay nh nhng, khng cho dng c o chm vo
thnh ng.
- Nhng nhit k vo cht lng trong ng ong (cho ngp qu bu thy
ngn), theo di nhit n mc n nh, c v ghi nhit trn nhit k.
- c v ghi kt qu dng c o.
- i chiu bng, tnh kt qu.
- Ra sch dng c, sp xp gn gng.
4. PHA CN
4.1. KHI NIM V CN
Trong cc loi cn, cn etylic (C 2H5OH) c s dng rng ri nht trong
ngnh Dc. N c th ho tan cc acid, cc kim hu c, cc ancaloid v mui ca
chngKhi trn ln etylic vi nc s c hin tng to nhit v th tch hn hp
thu c nh hn tng th tch ca cn v nc tham gia vo hn hp.
Cn c u im l c tc dng st trng. Mt s dc cht vng bn trong cn
hn l nc. Cn c tc dng bo qun v gp phn vo vic tng cng tc dng
iu tr ca thuc.
Nhc im ca cn l khng hon ton tr v mt dc l, d bay hi, d
chy lm ng vn anbumin, cc enzym v d b oxy ho.
* Phn bit v cn
+ cn l s mililit ethanol nguyn cht c trong 100 mililit dung dch cn.
+ cn thc : l cn o c bng alcol k nhit 150C.
+ cn biu kin : l cn o c bng alcol k khng phi nhit
0
15 C.
Trong thc t cn o c thng l cn biu kin, nn cn phi chuyn
sang cn thc bng mt trong hai cch sau :
Nu cn biu kin nh hn 560 th p dng cng thc qui i sau :

T : cn thc cn xc nh
T = B 0,4 (t0 C 150 C) B : cn biu kin o c
t0 C : nhit ca cn lc o
0,4 : h s iu chnh
V d 1 : cn o c l 420 100 C, th cn thc s l:

T = 42 0,4 (10 15) = 440
V d 2 : cn o c l 500 250 C, th cn thc s l:
T = 50 0,4 (25 15) = 460
Nu cn biu kin ln hn 560, th ta phi tra bng tm cn thc
DVN hoc cc ti liu chuyn mn khc (Bng Gaylucssac).
V d 3 : cn o c 600 200C, tra bng s c cn thc l 58,20
4.2. K THUT PHA CN
4.2.1. Pha cn cao vi nc ct c cn thp
p dng cng thc :
V1C1 = V2C2 (1)
C 2 V2
V1 : th tch cn cao cn ly pha.
V1
C1 C1 : cn ca cn cao cn ly pha.
V2 : th tch cn thp mun pha.
C2 : cn ca cn thp mun pha.
V d 4 :Pha 300 ml cn 600 t cn 900 o 150C th cch tnh nh sau :
Cn 900 150C l cn thc
S ml cn 900 cn ly pha l :
300 x60
V1 200ml
90
ong 200 ml cn 900, thm nc ct va 300ml s c cn 600 cn pha.

4.2.2. Pha cn cao vi cn thp c cn trung gian mun pha.
p dng cng thc :
V1(C1 C3) = V2 (C2 - C3) (2)

C 2 C3 V1 : th tch cn cao cn ly pha

V1 V2
C1 C 3
C1 : cn thc ca cn cao cn ly pha
V2 : th tch cn trung gian mun pha
C2 : cn thc ca cn trung gian mun pha
C3 : cn thc ca cn thp
V d 5 : Pha 500ml cn 700 t cn 900 v cn 500 150C
4.3. KIM TRA IU CHNH CN MI PHA
Sau khi pha cn xong phi t 5 10 pht cn n nh, dng cn k v
nhit k kim tra li cn.
Trng hp 1 :Nu cn thc cao hn cn mun pha, th phi tip tc
pha long (thm nc)
+ Cch 1: iu chnh ton b lng cn va mi pha
p dng cng thc:
V2 : th tch cn mun pha
C1
V2 V1
V1 : th tch cn mi pha cao hn C2
C2 : cn ca cn mun pha
C1 : cn ca cn mi pha cao hn
V d 6 :
Pha 600ml cn 600 t cn 900, nhng khi kim tra li cn l 630 nn
cch tnh pha long tip tc nh sau :
S ml cn mun pha : V2 = (63 : 60) x 600 = 630
Thm nc ct vo cn mi pha va 630ml s c cn 600 mun pha.
+ Cch 2 : iu chnh mt phn lng cn va mi pha ( cui cng thu c
1 lng cn nht nh)
Xem nh 1 bi ton mi: pha cn thp t cn cao (cn cn iu
chnh) v nc ct. p dng tr li cng thc 1.
v d 6: Pha 600ml cn 600 t cn 900, nhng khi kim tra li cn l
630 cao hn cn cn pha nn cn iu chnh bng cch pha long. Lc ny xem
nh bi ton mi: Pha 600ml cn 60o t cn 63o. p dng cng thc 1, vi cn cao
lc ny l cn 63o. Tnh th tch cn 63o cn ly v b sung nc ct va
600ml.
Trng hp 2: Nu cn thc thp hn cn mun pha, th phi thm
cn cao :
Cch 1: Tnh theo cng thc:

C2 C3
V1 V2`
C1 C2
V1: th tch cn cao cn thm

V2: th tch cn va mi pha thp hn
C1: cn ca cn cao cn thm
C2: cn ca cn mun pha
C3: cn ca cn va mi pha thp hn
V d 7 : Pha 600ml cn 600 t cn 900 vi cn 300, nhng khi kim tra li
cn l 540 nn cch tnh iu chnh (thm cn 900) nh sau :
C2 CS 60 54
S ml cn 900 cn thm l : V1 V2 600 120ml
C1 C 2 90 60
ong 120ml cn 900 thm vo 600ml cn mi pha thp hn s c cn 600

mun pha.
Cch 2: iu chnh mt phn lng cn va mi pha ( cui cng thu c 1
lng cn nht nh)
Xem nh 1 bi ton mi: pha cn trung gian t cn cao (ban u) v cn thp
(cn va mi pha xong). p dng cng thc (2).
CU HI LNG GI:
Cu 63: Nm loi dng c o th tch

A. B. D.
C. E. Cc loi mung v ly
Cu 64: Ba loi pipet chnh
A. B. C.
Cu 65: Nm loi dng c thy tinh pha ch
A. Bnh nh mc D.
B. E. Bnh nn
C.
Cu 66: Ba loi n v o lng th tch hay gp
A. B. C. Microlit (l)
Cu 67: ng ong dng ong, o cc cht lng
Cu 68: ng ong cn dng ha tan cc cht
Cu 69: ng ong dng ly 1 lng chnh xc cht lng
Cu 70: ng ong nh nht c th tch 1 ml
Cu 71: Pipet chnh xc l pipet c 1 vch hoc 2 vch
Cu 72: Pipet chia vch (nhiu vch) chnh xc hn pipet nh mc
Chn cu tr li tng ng t cu 73 n 74
Cu 73: Dng ng ong ly 1 th tch
a. 16 ml A. ng ong 25 ml
b. 5 ml B. ng ong 10 ml
c. 35 ml C. ng ong 50 ml
d. 150 ml D. ng ong 500 ml
e. 450 ml E. ng ong 250 ml
Cu 74: Dng ng ht ly mt th tch
a. 7,5 ml A. ng ht 5 ml
b. 3 ml B. ng ht 10 ml
c. 1 ml C. ng ht chnh xc 1 ml
d. Chnh xc 1 ml D. ng ht thng
e. 3 git E. ng ht 1 ml
Cu 75: Mung sp c th thch
A. 5 ml B. 60 ml
C. 15 ml D. 120 ml E. 8 ml
Cu 76: Mung c ph c th tch
A. 5 ml B. 10 ml
C. 8 ml D. 60 ml E. 20 ml
Cu 77: chng ct nhit cao
A. Ly c m D. Bnh cu y trn
B. Bnh nh mc E. Bnh nn
C. Bnh cu y bng
Cu 78: cha dung dch khi nh lng
A. Bnh cu y bng D. Cc c m
B. Bnh nn E. Ly c chn
C. Bnh cu y trn

BI 3. K THUT NGHIN TN-RY-TRN U
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c ngha ca vic nghin, tn, ry, trn u.
2. Bit la chn ng cc ci chy nghin tn.
3. Phn bit c 5 c bt v nh ngha c bt.
NI DUNG
1. Nghin tn
nh ngha
Nghin tn l qu trnh lm gim kch thc cc tiu phn ca cc cht rn nhm

- Gip cho vic ha tan d dng.
- Gip cho vic trn bt d ng nht.
Nguyn tc nghin bt n
- Dc cht c khi lng ln th nghin trc
- Dc cht c t trng ln cn phi nghin mn hn dc cht c t trng
nh.
2. Trn:
Thc hin nh nghin nhng khng cn tc ng lc mnh ln khi bt.
Nguyn tc trn bt kp:

- - Nguyn tc ng lng: lng bt cho vo phi tng ng vi
lng bt c sn trong ci
- - Cht c khi lng nh cho vo trc, khi lng ln cho vo sau.
- - Cht c t trng nh cho vo sau trnh bay bi
- - Cht c mu, dc cht c khi lng nh: lt ci bng cht khng
mu, khng c
Khi nghin hay trn,thnh thong phi dng vy mica vt bt khng dnh vo ci.
3. Cc dng c nghin tn v cch s dng
3.1. Ci chy
phng th nghim,ci chy c dng ch yu nghin tn v trn u cc cht

rn,i khi cn c dng nghin ha tan cc cht kh tan.

- Phn loi
Ci chy c nhiu c v nhiu loi khc nhau, khi dng phi la chn ci chy c
dung tch v bn cht ph hp vi cht cn c nghin tn.
- Cc loi ci chy
Ci chy bng kim loi(ng,st) tn cc cht l tho mc,ng vt,khong

vt rn.
Ci chy bng snh s tn trn cc cht l ha cht.
Ci chy thy tinh tn cc cht c tnh oxy ha,cht n mn,hp ph.
Ci chy lm bng m no nghin tn cc cht cn c mn cao.
- Thao tc
Nghin tn: cho chy di chuyn rng trong lng ci,c th bt u t tm ca

y ci ri lan rng ra thnh ci hoc t thnh ci i vo y ci,ng thi
phi to mt lc mnh ln khi bt.
Cc loi ci chy
3.2 Cc my nghin tn
c s dng trong sn xut cng nghip,bao gm:
- My nghin bi
- My ba, my xay ba
- My xay vng inh
4. Ry
- c c nhng loi bt cng kch c.
- Ry c nhiu c (s) khc nhau,thnh ry thng lm bng st hay bng

ng,li ry c th lm bng kim loi (thp khng g,ng) hoc bng si
tng hp (nilon, capron)
- DVN IV phn ra 12 c ry(kim loi) v 5 c bt:

Bt th (1400/355) l bt m khng t hn 95% phn t qua c ry s

1400 v khng qu 40% qua c ry s 355.
Bt na th (710/250)
Bt na mn (355/180)
Bt mn (180/125)
Bt rt mn (125/90)
- Trong nh my sn xut dc phm ngi ta dng my xay a nng c th

thc hin ln lt cc nhim v: xay, tn (nghin), trn v ry bt trn cng
mt my.
CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn
Cu 1:Hai loi dng c nghin tn:
A. B.
Cu 2:Bn loi ci chy vi vt liu khc nhau:
C.
B. D.Ci chy bng m no
Cu 3:Ba loi my nghin trong sn xut cng nghip:
A. B. C.
Cu 4:Nm c bt theo DVN
A.Bt th D.Bt na mn
B. E.
C.
Chn mt tr li ng nht
Cu 5:Loi ci chy s dng nghin tn cc cht l tho mc,ng vt,khong vt
rn
A.Ci chy kim loi C.Ci chy thy tinh
B.Ci chy m no D.Ci chy snh s
Cu 6:Loi ci chy s dng nghin tn cc cht tnh oxy ha,cht n mn,hp ph
Cu 7:Loi ci chy s dng nghin tn cc cht cn c mn cao

BI 4. K THUT HA TAN LM TRONG
MC TIU:
- Trnh by c khi nim v hoa tan v lm trong.
- K c 2 phng php v 6 yu t nh hng n qu trnh ha tan.
- K c tn cc dng c v vt liu thng dng ha tan v lc trong
dung dch.
NI DUNG:
1. Ha tan
1.1 Khi nim :
- Ha tan l phn tn mt cht hay nhiu cht vo trong mt mi trng
phn tn lng c mt h ng nht gi l dung dch. Cht b phn
tn gi l cht tan. Mi trng phn tn goi l dung mi.
- Cht tan c chim t l nh hn dung mi, c th l cht rn (ng,
mui), cht lng (cn, tinh du) hoc i khi c th l cht kh (CO 2,
NO2).
- ha tan : ha tan ca mt cht l lng ti a ca cht tan c
trong mt n v th tch dung mi mt nhit nht nh. Mt dung
dch nh th gi l dung dch bo ha.
1.2 Cc yu t nh hng n tan v qu trnh ha tan:
- Cc c tnh l ha ca cht tan v dung mi : Nhng cht c nhiu nhm
thn nc ha tan nhiu trong dung mi phn cc. Nhng cht k nc
ha tan trong nhng dung mi khng phn cc.
- Nhit : Trong a s trng hp nhit khng nhng lm tng tc
ha tan m cn lm tng tan ca dc cht trong dung mi (v d :
AgNO3,c nng bo ha trong nc 30o C l 74% nhng 100oC
l 90%. Tuy nhin khng th lm tng ha tan bng cch tng nhit
khi hp cht tan l cc cht d bay hi hay khng bn nhit.
- p sut b mt ca dung mi cng nh hng n qu trnh ha tan.
- S c mt ca cht trung gian ha tan lm cho s ha tan thun li bng
nhng c ch khc nhau. Th d Natri salicylat v Natri benzoat gip
cafein ha tan d dng trong nc. Iod kh tan trong nc nhng tan
nhiu trong dung dich Kaliiodid.
Ngoi ra cn c cc yu t khc nh : Khuy trn, siu m lm tng ha
tan, pH lm tng ha tan
1.3 Cc phng php ha tan
1.3.1 Ha tan thng thng :

p dng khi dc cht d tan nhit thng vi mt dung mi thch hp.
Th d : Ha tan Natri clorid,glucose trong nc .
1.3.2 Ha tan c bit :
p dng khi dc cht kh tan trong dung mi s dng nhng c th d tan
hn khi c mt mt cht tr tan trong hn hp dung mi.
- To dn cht d tan: Iod phi hp KI to KI3 d tan
- Hn hp dung mi c thnh phn v t l thch hp.
- Cht trung gian ha tan (cht tr tan)
- Cht din hot lm tng tan
1.4 Cc dng c dng ha tan v cch s dng :
Ci chy : Dng ci c thnh cao ha tan cc dc cht kh tan, khi tc
dng lc c hc phn tn cho tan. Cho dc cht cn ha tan vo ci,
thm mt lng dung mi va tin hnh nghin trn.
Ly c chn : Tt nht dng loi y c my nhm, khi to dng xoy s lm
tng phn tn. Cho dung mi va v cht cn ha tan vo cc c
chn. Mt tay gi chn cc, tay kia cn a thy tinh (u a nhn) a
su vo v chm y cc ri a thnh vng trn t di ln trn v
ngc li (trnh pht ra ting ku) cho ti khi tan ht.
Cc c m : Dng ha tan nhng cht d tan hay cn ha tan nhit cao.
Cho dung mi va v cht cn ha tan vo cc ri khuy nh hoc t
ln ngun nhit gin tip qua li st hay un cch thy va khuy cho ti
khi tan ht.
Bnh cu hay bnh nn : Cho dung mi va v cht cn ha tan vo ri lc
nh theo vng trn cho ti khi tan ht. C th y kn bng nt mi hoc
bng bng m khi ha tan.
Chai l : p dng ha tan nhng cht tng i d tan. Cho dung mi v cht
cn ha tan vo dng c ri chao qua chao li hoc lc nh cho tan ht. C
th un cch thy v y nt kn.
Chu, thng
Thit b ha tan : (c khuy v c b phn gia nhit hoc b phn lm lnh).
2. Lm trong :
2.1. Lm trong bng phng php lc:
2.1.1 Khi nim

Lc l qu trnh loi phn ring 2 pha rn v lng ra khi bng cch cho hn
hp i qua lp vt liu lc, pha rn c gi li trn b mt vt liu lc, pha
lng i qua vt liu lc chy xung bnh hng.Ty mc ch s dng ta thu ly
dung dch trong hay pha rn hoc c hai.
2.1.2 Cc dng c lc
- Phu lc: Lm bng thy tinh, c nhiu loi kch c khc nhau, thng
dng phu lc c dung tch 50ml, 100ml, 250ml, 500ml.
- Phu lc du: Lm bng thy tinh dy, pha trong thnh phu c g nh,
cung phu nh v di.
- Phu thy tinh xp: C mng lc l nhng tm lm bng bt thy tinh
c gn nhau bng cch t nng v p li dng lc cc dung dch cn c
trong cao (thuc tim)
Hnh 5.1. Cc loi phu
2.1.3 Vt liu lc
- Bng thm nc: dng loi si di t 14 20mm, khng cha acid, base,
cht kh, cc tp cht khc v phi thm nc sau 10 giy.
Bng c th dn mng u, ct thnh ming vung c kch thc nht nh. t

bng vo phu, n nh lp bng cho lt vo di phu mt phn. Nu dng c
giy lc th t giy lc di bng.
- Giy lc: thng dng loi trng, khng h, ng nht, khng cha tp cht
(st, kim loi nng, cht bo). C cc loi giy lc:
Giy lc dy c th to lc dung dch snh, nht nh sir, du thuc.

Giy trung bnh lc cc dung dch thuc. Dng lc gp np. (Hnh 5.2b,
Hnh 5.2c)
Giy lc khng tro dng ly ta. Dng lc khng gp np (Hnh 5.2a)
- Mng lc cellulose
- Bng thy tinh: dng lc cc dung dch c tnh n mn hoc c tnh oxy
ha nh cc acid,base.
- Vi, len, d phi ng nht, khng cha tp cht, dng lc cc dung

dch khng yu cu trong cao. Khi s dng, vi, len, d c kch thc
xc nh c lm thnh mng hay qun quanh dng c lc, hoc lm thnh
ti cho dung dch lc chy qua d dng.
2.1.4 Cc phng php lc
Da vo p sut lc c 3 phng php:
- Lc do p sut thu tnh (to ra bi chiu cao ct cht lng trn tm lc).
- Lc p lc: do bm nn hoc kh nn.
- Lc chn khng: bm chn khng

2.1.5 Cch s dng cc dng c v vt liu lc (p dng lc thu tnh)
- Chun b dng c, vt liu lc, gi , bnh hng.
- t vt liu lc (bng, giy lc gp) vo pha trong ca phu.
- t phu ln gi sao cho cung phu chm vo thnh bnh hng.
- Rt cht cn lc chy theo a thy tinh vo thnh phu.
- Lc nhiu ln nh trn ti khi trong t yu cu.
- Rt cht c lc vo chai, l, nt kn, dn nhn ng qui ch.
- Ra sch dng c, sp xp gn gng

2.2. Lm trong bng phng php ly tm:
c thc hin bng cc my ly tm vi tc quay t 10000 - 30000 vng/pht.

Do lc ly tm, pha rn nh c t trng ln hn lng xung y cc ly tm, pha lng
c t trng nh hn ni ln trn, ta gn ring 2 pha.

Hnh 5.2. Cch xp giy lc
(a) Cch xp giy lc khng xp np
(b) v (c) Cch xp giy lc c xp np
CU HI T LNG GI
Cu 102: Su yu t nh hng n s ha tan
A. c tnh ca cht tan v dung mi D.
B. E.
C. G. pH ca dung mi
Cu 103: Nm dng c c th dng ha tan
A. Ci chy D.
B. E. Chai l
C.
Cu 104: Bn loi mng lc

A. C.
B. D. Vi, len, d
Cu 105: Ba loi giy lc
A. C.
B.
Cu 106: Ba phng php lc
A. C.
B.

Cu 107: Dung dch l kt qu ca ha tan
Cu 108: Mi trng phn tn gi l cht dn
Cu 109: Cht tan thng chim t l ln hn dung mi
Cu 110: Dng KI lm tng tan Iod
Cu 111: Cafein lm tng tan ca Natri benzoat
Cu 112: Dng ci chy ha tan cht d tan
Cu 113: Giy lc dy dng lc dung dch snh
Cu 114: Bng khng thm nc (bng m) dng lc dung dch
Cu 115: Lc thng (lc thy tnh) nhanh hn lc di p lc (lc nn hay lc
chn khng)
Chn mt tr li ng nht t cu 116 n 120
Cu 116: Vt liu lc dung dch c tnh oxy ha mnh
A. Bng thm nc D. Bng thy tinh
B. Giy lc thng E. Vi, len, d
C. Giy lc dy (th to)
Cu 117: Yu t no quyt nh ha tan ca mt cht
A. Din tch tip xc gia cht tan v dung mi
B. Nhit
C. p sut trn b mt
D. Bn cht ca cht tan v dung mi
E. Tt c cc cu trn u ng
Cu 118: Yu t no lm tng tc ha tan.
A. Nhit D. Siu m
B. p sut trn b mt E. Tt c cc cu trn u ng
C. Khuy trn
Cu 119: Dng c no sau y khng dng ha tan
A. Ci chy D. Bnh cu
B. ng ong E. Cc c m
C. Cc c chn
Cu 120: Giy lc dy c th to c dng lc
A. Dung dch nc D. Siro thuc
B. Dung dch cn E. Cu C v D ng
C. Du thuc

BI 5. K THUT LM KH
MC TIU
1. K tn c cc thit b lm kh
2. Nu cc k thut lm kh vn dng trong bo ch
NI DUNG
Lm kh hoc sy kh l k thut loi mt cht lng d bay hi cha trong
mt cht khc khng bay hi. Trong ngnh dc, cht lng d bay hi thng l
nc hoc dung mi v cht cn lm kh thng l cht rn.
Ty thuc vo cu trc, tnh cht ca cht cn lm kh, ty theo bn ca
dc cht vi nhit v oxy ca khng kh, ty theo mc kh cn t c m la
chn phng php cng nh phng tin lm kh thch hp.
1. Sy bng khng kh nng

-Thit b sy khng lin tc:
+ T sy tnh : Ngun nhit c th l than, in, kh t, du hay hi nc.
+ Thit b sy tng si :
Hnh 2.17. Mt loi thit b sy tng si

Thi gian sy nhanh, hn ch s tip xc ca nguyn liu vi nhit v oxy

khng kh. Ngy nay, thit b sy tng si c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh sn
xut cc dng thuc rn. Mt s my sy tng si c thm chc nng to ht v bao
ht, bao vin.
-Thit b sy lin tc (my sy ngc dng):
Hot ng theo nguyn tc : cht cn sy c a vo my lin tc mt u
v thot ra u kia trng thi kh. Khng kh nng c a vo theo chiu
ngc li. Loi ny c u im l nng sut sy cao, kh u.
2. Sy kh vi p lc gim
Cc cht d hng do nhit cao hay do tip xc vi khng kh thng c
sy kh trong chn khng. Di p sut gim, qu trnh lm kh xy ra nhit
thp hn, thi gian sy ngn hn. Cc my lm kh di p lc gim hot ng
khng lin tc, c th trng thi tnh hay quay ngc. V d :
- H thng t nng bng in tr hoc tia hng ngoi.
- My ht chn khng lm gim p sut trong bung sy.
3. Lm kh trn tr
Thng dng lm kh trc tip cht lng n trng thi kh. Cc my lm
kh trn tr c cu to bng mt hay nhiu tr, c un nng pha trong bng
hi nc p sut cao ( 140 150 0 C), trc quay vi tc thch hp. Cht lng cn
lm kh c tri trn din tch b mt ca trc quay. Nc bc hi v li mt
mng mng, cht kh s c tch ri bng mt li dao, sau nghin thnh bt.
Thit b ny thch hp iu ch cao kh.
Ngoi ra, cn c loi my sy kh trn tr di p lc gim sy kh cc
ch phm cha hot cht km bn vi nhit nh enzym hay ni tit t.
4. Lm kh bng phng php sy phun

Nguyn tc: dch cn lm kh c phun thnh nhng tia rt nh trong mt
dng kh nng. Nh , dung mi bc hi nhanh, li cht kh di dng bt mn.
Do thi gian tip xc vi nhit xy ra rt ngn (khong 1 phn giy) nn phng
php sy phun c p dng lm kh cc cht khng bn bi nhit, d b oxy
ha. Trong mt s trng hp c bit, trnh mi h hng do oxy ha, qu trnh
sy phun c th hin trong mt s dng kh tr.
V nguyn tc, my sy phun gm cc b phn:
- Bnh cha dch & bm dch n u phun.
- u phun ni vi my nn kh.
- Bung lm kh vi dng kh nng.

- Bnh cha sn phm kh.

Trong cng nghip dc, phng php sy phun dng lm kh cc loi t
dc, cao kh mt vi loi bt ph tng, enzym, bt dng trong vin nn dp
thng bt pha tim, xng ht
5. ng kh
ng kh l k thut lm kh do s thng hoa nc ca cc dung dch, hn
dch, m ng vt hay thc vt iu kin nhit thp, p sut gim.
Mc ch ng kh:
- Tng n nh ca dc cht.
- Tng tc ha tan ca dc cht hoc ch phm.
- Phn chia liu nh chnh xc.
- iu ch bt thuc v khun.
- iu ch thuc tim khng c cht bo qun.
Phng php ng kh p dng sn xut thuc tim, thuc nhn khoa,
thuc xng ht, vin nn r nhanh
5.1. Qu trnh ng kh
Qu trnh ng kh qua 3 giai on : ng lnh, lm kh s cp v lm kh
th cp.
- Giai on ng lnh : l giai on u tin ca qu trnh ng kh. giai
on ny phn ln nc c tch ra khi dc cht v t dc, h tch
thnh nhiu pha.
Qu trnh ng lnh phi lm nhanh, sn phm phi c ng cng tc th,
nu ng lnh nhanh, c th s dng tuyt carbonic(- 80 0C) hoc nito lng ( -
1960C).
- Giai on lm kh + Giai on lm kh s cp : nhit c duy tr di

nhit ph v cu trc ca sn phm cn lm kh. Ni chung, nhit
trong giai on ny khng nn vc qu -15 0C, p sut bung duy tr t
0,05 mm Hg n 0,2 mm Hg.

+ Giai on lm kh th cp : nhm loi b lng nc khng ong lnh,

hp ph trong khun bng cch kh hp ph, lm gim m cn li ti mc
thp nht c th, thng khong 2-5%, m bo n nh ca ch
phm trong qu trnh bo qun.
5.2. Thit b ng kh
C nhiu loi dng trong phng th nghim hoc trong cng nghip.
Hnh 2.20. Thit b ng kh c pilot ca hng CHRIST
6. Lm kh bng cht ht m
K thut lm kh bng cht ht m c thc hin nhit phng. im
khc bit vi cc phng php lm kh ni trn l hi nc c gi li bng mt
ho cht ho nc gi l cht ht m (bng 2.3)
Bng 2.3 . Mt s cht ht m v kh nng ht m
Cht ht m Nc cn li (tnh bng mg/lt khng

kh)
Calci clorid 1,5
Natri hydroxid 0.8
Acid sulfuric 95% 0,3
Silicagel 0,03
Kali hydroxid 0,014
Calci sulfat 0,005
Acid sulfuric tinh khit 0,003
Barit khan 0,0007
Phospho pentoxid 0,00002
Vi sng 0,00002
Thc hin trong mt dng c kn ( bnh ht m hay thng kn), cht ht m

c cho vo phn di, ngn cch bng vt liu thch hp, ri cho cht cn lm
kh ln trn.
CU HI LNG GI
1. Nu tn cc phng php dng lm kh.
2. Cn c vo cc yu no la chn phng php lm kh.
3. Nu nguyn tc hot ng ca my sy lin tc.
4. Cc i tng no c th c lm kh bng phng php sy phun?
5. Qu trnh ng kh c my giai on?
6. Mc ch ca phng php ng kh.
7. Nu tn mt s cht ht m thng dng lm kh.

Bi 6. K THUT KH KHUN TRONG BO CH THUC

MC TIU HC TP
- Trnh by c cc phng php tit khun thng dng trong pha ch
thuc
- So snh c u, nhc im ca phng php tit khun hc
NI DUNG CHNH
1. NH NGHA
Tit khun hay kh khun l qu trnh tiu dit, loi b vi sinh vt v nm mc
ra khi mi trng thuc, dng c pha ch v c s pha ch thuc.
Tu theo yu cu ca tng dng thuc, tnh cht ca i tng cn tit khun
m ta chn phng php thch hp.
2. CC PHNG PHP TIT KHUN
2.1. Tit khun bng phng php vt l
2.1.1. Tit khun bng nhit
Cc vi sinh vt, vi khun gy bnh ch pht trin c mt khong gii
hn nhit nht nh, nhit 600C hu ht cc vi sinh vt, cc vi khun gy
bnh cho ngi b tiu dit. C th tit khun bng nhit vi cc iu kin khc
nhau.
- Dng sc nng kh: dng khng kh nng nh t sy (60 0C-3600C) tit
khun dng c pha ch, bao gi bng thy tinh, Inoxtrong thi gian
cn thit. S dng t sy phi ng qui trnh k thut.
* u im: n gin, d thc hin
* Nhc im: khng p dng tit khun cho cc dng c pha ch hay
bao gi bin dng hay h hng khi gp nhit cao
- Dng sc nng t: dng sc nng t ca nc ang si hay hi nc
nhit si hoc cao hn tit khun.
+ Luc si
Cho thuc men, dng c vo nc ct ri luc si trong thi gian cn thit
0
(60 C/1gi). tng nhit si c th thm mt s cht tan nh dung dch Natri
Borat, Natri Carbonat 2% si 1050C, dung dch Natri Clorid si 1080C
+ Dng hi nc nn (Ni hp Autoclave)
Trong mi trng hi nc ng nht nhit cao, p sut ln cc vi
khun k c nha bo cht rt nhanh ((1150C-1200C/15 pht 20pht). S dng ni
hp phi thc hin ng qui trnh k thut, cch tit khun ny thng c p
dng rng ri v v khun cao nh: dng c pha ch, thuc tim, chai l
+ Phng php Tyndall

Dng tit khun cc thuc v dng c khng chu c nhit cao.
Nhit tit khun ca phng php ny t 70-80 0C/1 gi, lm nh vy 3 ln, mi
ln cch nhau 24 gi hoc dng nhit tit khun t 500C-600C/1 gi lm 5 ln.
* u im: dit c cc vi khun v nha bo
* Nhc im: ko di thi gian tit khun, tit khun khng chc chn.
2.1.2. Tit khun bng tia cc tm
Dng tia cc tm (c bc sng 265 275nm do n cc tm pht ra) tit
khun khng kh, bn gh trong phng pha ch kh sch, rt t bi v kn. Trc khi
tin hnh pha ch thuc phi bt n cc tm hot ng t nht 30 pht.
* u im: tin li, hiu qu cao
* Nhc im: khng kh khun c vi cc thuc ng trong bao b thy
tinh
2.1.3. Tit khun bng phng php lc
Trong iu kin nht nh khi cho dung dch thuc cn tit khun i qua
mng lc, tt c vi khun, mt s virus, c t, ch nhit t cng b gi li, thu c
dung dch thuc dit khun. Cc mng lc thng dng l:
- Thu tinh xp s 4, 5
- Lc nn L7
- Mng lc bng este cellulose
- Lc thch min cellulose
- Mng lc Milipore
2.2. Tit khun bng phng php ho hc
Dng ho cht c tnh st trng mnh nng thp, khng gy tc hi
cho ngi, khng lm hng thuc, thit b phng php ny t dng v kh c ho
cht t yu cu trn. Cc loi ho cht thng dng:
- Tit khun phng pha ch: formol
- Tit khun thuc: nipazol, nipazin, acid benzoic, natri benzoat.

CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn cc cu hi t 121 n 139
Cu 121: Ba loi vi sinh vt c loi i bng cch tit khun
A. C. Vi nm
B.
Cu 122: Ba phng php tit khun bng hi nc nhit cao
A. C. Luc si
B.
Cu 123: Ba ha cht dng tit khun.
A. B. C.
Cu 124: Ba phng php tit khun khng kh phng pha ch
A. B. C.
Cu 125: Hai phng php tit khun sn phm trong bao gi hon chnh
A. B.
Cu 126: Hai phng php tit khun ng tim v chai tim truyn.
A. B.
Cu 127: Nhit trong ni hp p sut cao l > 1000C
Cu 128: Thi gian tit khun bng ni hp ngn hn nhiu so vi tit khun
trong t sy.
Cu 129: C th tit khun qun o, bng bng gc bng t sy
Cu 130: Tit khun thuc tim, tim truyn bng ni hp
Cu 131: Tit khun cc sn phm sinh hc bng phng php Tyndall
Cu 132: Tit khun khng kh phng pha ch bng kh Ethylen oxyd
Cu 133: Tit khun v ng tim bng ni hp
Cu 134: Tit khun v chai tim truyn bng ni hp.
Cu 135: Tit khun dung dch tim truyn NaCl 0,9 %
A. Ni hp (Autoclave) > 1000C
B. T sy (l sy) c tun hon kh
C. Phng php Tyndall
D. Tia bc x
E. Lc tit khun
Cu 136: Tit khun bng, bng, gc, ch khu bng
A. Ni hp Autoclave > 1000C D. Etylen oxyd
B. T sy (l sy) E. C A v D u ng
C. Tia UV
Cu 137: Tit khun thuc tim d b oxy ha nh Vitamin A, Vitamin K
A. Ni hp Autoclave > 1000C D. Lc bng mng lc cn vi khun
B. Luc si E. C A v D ng
C. T sy c tun hon kh

BI 7. NC DNG TRONG SN XUT THUC

MC TIU
K c cc tiu chun cht lng ca nc tinh khit
Nu c nguyn tc v thit b c bn ca qu trnh sn xut nc tinh
khit.
Trnh by c k thut tin hnh iu ch nc nc tinh khit.
1. NC CT (AQUA DESTILLATA)
1.1 nh ngha
Nc ct l nc tinh khit c v ha hc v vi sinh vt, c iu ch t
nc ung c hoc t nc tinh khit bng phng php ct bng cc thit b
thch hp.
1.2 Nc ct pha thuc tim v tiu chun cht lng
Nc ct dng pha thuc tim, c s dng nh l dung mi pha ch
ho tan, hoc pha long cc cht hoc cc ch phm thnh thuc tim trc
khi s dng.
Nc ct dng pha thuc tim c bo qun trong iu kin v khun,
dng trong vng 24 gi
DVN IV-2010 qui nh nc ct pha tim phi t cc tiu ch sau:
Tnh cht: cht lng trong sut, khng mu, khng mi, khng v
pH: 5,0-7,0
Cn sau khi bay hi khng qu 0,0001%
Amoni: khng qu 0,2 phn triu (0,00002%)
Kim loi nng: khng qu 0,1 phn triu (0,00001%)
Nitrat khng qu 0,2 phn triu (0,00002%).
Chlorid, sulfat, calci, magnesi, cht oxi ha, nhm: khng c c
nhim khun: tng s vi khun hiu kh sng li c khng c ln
hn 102 vi khun/ml.
Khng c cht gy st.
1.3 Nguyn tc ct nc
Nc c x l v t tiu chun nc ung c hoc nc tinh khit
c un si trong ni ct, hi nc c dn vo b phn lm lnh (sinh hn) v
c ngng t li thnh nc ct.
1.4 Thit b ct nc (ni ct nc)
Gm c 3 b phn chnh sau:
Ni un (b phn ha hi): trong nc c un si, v chuyn thnh hi
nc.
H thng dn hi nc
B phn lm lnh (sinh hn): ni lm lnh hi nc ngng t thnh nc ct,
cn gi l bnh ngng t.
Trong phng th nghim thng dng ni ct nc bng thu tinh, nhng
trong nh my sn xut thng dng ni bng thp khng r. Ni bng ng
trng thic hin khng cn c dng na.

trnh cc cht gy st, nc ct phi c hng trong iu kin v

khun.
1.5 K thut iu ch nc ct
1.5.1 Chun b
C s iu ch nc ct: sch s, lm v sinh thng xuyn sau mi ln ct.
Nhin liu cung cp nhit.
Dng c ct: x l, ra sch.
Bnh hng nc ct: x l, ra sch.
Nc: x l trc khi ct:
Loi tp c hc: lng t nhin ri lc hoc cho nc chy qua b lc c
lp ct si hoc ct than si.
Dng ha cht nh: phn chua, nhm sulfat cc cht ny gp nc th thy
phn to acid sulfuric v nhm hydroxyd, nhm hydroxyd to khi vn lng xung
cun theo cc tp c hc l lng trong nc.
Lng ha cht dng ty loi nc. Theo qui nh ca vin V sinh dch t ch
dng 0,01 0,07 gam ha cht cho 1 lt nc. Cho ha cht vo nc, khuy u,
lng nc trong dng.
Loi tp cht hu c: ngun nc thin nhin, thng c nhiu sn phm
phn hy cha hon ton ca sinh vt. X l bng dung dch kali permanganat.
Lng ha cht dng ph thuc vo lng cht hu c c trong nc. Phi cho kali
permanganat vo nc cho n khi nc c mu hng nht bn vng. Mi lt nc
cho khong 0,1 gam kali permanganat v 0,1 ml acid sulfuric 1N. yn 6 12
gi, lc.
Loi tp cht bay hi: nh CO2, NH3 C 2 cch:
un si nc 10 15 pht sau khi x l bng kali permanganat.
Dng ha cht nh phn chua, nhm sulfat c nh amoniac do to thnh
amoni sulfat khng phn hy thnh cht bay hi.
2KAl(SO4)2 + 6NH4OH = K2SO4 + 2Al(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2SO4
Al2(SO4)3 + 6NH4OH = 2Al(OH)3 + 3(NH4)2SO4
Tu theo ngun nc s dng m dng lng phn chua cho ph hp. Thng
thng mi lt nc dng khang 0,5kg phn tn nh, khuy k cho tan ht, lng
trong 6 gi, gn hoc lc ly nc trong dng ct nc
Nu ngun nc c Chlorid, cui giai on c th xut hin acid hydrochloric
do nhm clorid b thu phn
2KAl(SO4)2+ 6NaCl= K2SO4+ 3Na2SO4+ 2AlCl3
AlCl3 +3H2O = Al(OH)3 + 3HCl
V vy cn cho thm dinatri hydrophosphat(Na2HPO4) vi mt lng bng
2/3 lng phn chua ngn cn phn ng to thnh acid hydrochloric:
2AlCl3 + 3 Na2HPO4 = Al2(HPO4)3 + 6NaCl
Lm mm nc cng: cng l ngun nc t nhin c cha mt lng mui
canci Ca(HCO3)2 Mg(HCO3)2 ng k. Nu dng ngun nc cng ct nc
mt thi gian sau trn thnh v y ni c mt lp cn dy do cc mui tan ca
cancium v magnesium b nhit tc ng bin thnh cc mui khng tan ng vo,
lm cn tr s truyn nhit ca ni.
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Mg(HCO3)2 MgCO3 + H2O + CO2
khc phc ngi ta c th x l nc trc khi ct bng cc bin php sau:
Dng nc vi (Ca(OH)2), da trn c ch sau:

Ca(OH)2 + Ca(HCO3)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O
Ca(OH)2 + Mg(HCO3)2 2MgCO3+ 2H2O
Cho nc vi vo nc cn x l, khuy k, lng qua m, lc ly nc
kh cng tm thi.
Dng ct trao i ion (ct cationit RH+ v ct anionit ROH-)
Nc sau khi chy qua ct trao i ion l nc kh khong. Nc kh khong
l nc tinh khit v mt ha hc. Cc ion ha tan b gi li trong cc ct cationit
v anionit. C ch phn ng nh sau:
2R-H+ + Ca++ R2Ca + 2H+
R-OH- + Cl- RCl + OH-
1.5.2 .Tin hnh iu ch nc ct
1.5.2.1 Phng php ct gin on:

Cho nc ( x l) vo ni ct bng khong 2/3 ni ct, lp ton b h
thng ct vo ni cho chc chn v kn.
un cho nc trong ni si, hi nc x ra t 3 - 5 pht lm sch h thng
dn hi nc.
M van cho nc lm lnh chy qua b phn sinh hn. Nc ct u b i
vi lt.
Hng nc ct sau, kim tra s b, nu t tiu chun mi hng vo bnh v
khun.
Ngng ct khi nc trong ni cn khong lng nc so vi lng nc
ban u.
Ra ni ct, dng c ct. Lm li nh trn.
1.5.2.2.Phng php ct lin tc:

Tin hnh tng t nh trn, nhng ch khc l nc lm lnh ( x l)
b phn sinh hn c a vo ni gi cho lng nc trong ni ct
khng i v c un lin tc trong sut qu trnh ct. (Hnh 8.1)
Phng php ct lin tc tit kim nhin liu v nc lm lnh. tit kim
nhit ng thi tit kim nc lm lnh ngi ta dng ni ct tc dng kp
hay cn gi ni ct nhiu cp. Hi nc ca ni ct u dng un si nc
trong ni ct th 2 ng thi ngng t thnh nc ct. Nh s to chnh lch
p sut gia cc ni, c th ghp t 4-6 ni theo nguyn l trn.
1.5.2.3 Phng php ct nn nhit:

Hi nc c mt my bm nn li v ngng t thnh nc ct. Nhit
lng to ra khi nn c thu hi li un si nc mi vo ni. Thit b tiu tn
t nhit lng v khng cn nc lm lnh.
1.6 Kim nghim v bo qun nc ct

Kim nghim theo tiu chun v phng php trong DVN IV.
Bo qun nc ct trong cc bnh v khun. Nc ct dng pha tim khng qu
24 gi.
2.NC TINH KHIT
2.1.nh ngha:
Nc tinh khit l nc c lm tinh khit t nc ung c bng phng
php ct trao i ion hoc bng cc phng php thch hp khc, dng sn xut
cc ch phm thuc.
2.2.Tiu chun cht lng:

t theo tiu chun DVN IV vi cc tiu ch v: tnh cht cm quan, cc
ion, nhim khun, ni c t vi khun.
2.3.Sn xut nc tinh khit bng phng php trao i ion:
T ngun nc thin nhin s sn xut nc tinh khit c th tm tt nh
sau:
NC THIN NHIN
Lc qua ct lc th Loi b ct si, hp cht hu c
Lc qua ct lm mm nc Loi cc ion Ca++ v Mg++
Lc qua mng lc RO
Nc RO
(Nc sinh hot)
Lc qua ct Cationit Loi cc ion kiem loi v ion

kim loi km
Lc qua ct Aninon Loi cc Anion nh Cl- SO4-
Lc qua mng lc tinh Loi cc bi vn nh
Chy qua n UV Kh khun
Lc qua mng cn khun

(siu tinh <0,2m)
Nc tinh khit t tiu chun

DVN
C ch hot ng ca mng lc RO?


CU HI T LNG GI
1 TR LI CU HI NGN
1.1 nh ngha nc ct.
1.2 K 3 b phn chnh ca dng c iu ch nc ct.
1.3 K 4 loi tp c trong nc phi x l trc khi mang i ct.
1.4 K 6 tiu chun cht lng ca nc ct.
1.5 K cc phng php ct nc.
2 CHN CU TR LI NG NHT
2.1 Nc tinh khit v mt ha hc v c vi sinh vt c gi l:
A. Nc ct
B. Nc thng
C. Nc ung c
D. Nc sinh hot
2.2 Theo DVN IV pH ca nc ct:
A. 4,0 - 6,0
B. 5,0 - 6,0
C. 5,0 - 7,0
D. Tt c u ng.
2.3 Cn sau khi bay hi khng qu:
A. 0,001%
B. 0,0001%
C. Tt c u ng
D. Tt c u sai
2.4 Nguyn tc ct nc:
A. Nc c un si, hi nc ngng t thnh nc ct.
B. Nc t tiu chun nc ung, hoc nc tinh khit, c un
si trong ni ct, hi nc c dn vo b phn lm lnh v c
ngng t thnh nc ct.
C. Tt c u ng.
D. Tt c u sai.
2.5 Ba b phn chnh ca ni ct nc:

A. Ni un, ng sinh hn, bnh hng nc.

B. Ni un, b phn lm lnh, bnh hng nc.
C. Ni un, h thng dn hi nc, b phn lm lnh.
D. Tt c cc cu trn.
2.6 Dung dch Kalipermanganat c dng x l loi tp:
A. Loi tp c hc.
B. Loi tp cht hu c.
C. Loi tp cht bay hi.
D. Lm mm nc cng.
2.7 u im ca phng php ct nc lin tc:
A. Tit kim thi gian.
B. Tit kin nhin liu.
C. Hiu sut cao.
D. Hiu sut cao v tit kin nhin liu.
2.8 Ct nc bng phng php ct nn nhit, nc to thnh bng cch:
A. Ngng t hi nc qua ng sinh hn.
B. Ngng t hi nc bng my bm nn.
C. Bng mt phng php khc.
D. Tt c u ng.
2.9 Nc sau khi ct xong c bo qun trong bnh:
A. Lm bng thy tinh
B. Lm bng thp
C. Lm bng thy tinh hoc bng thp khng r v khun.
D. Lm bng thp khng r.
2.10 Nc ct pha tim khi dng khng c qu:
A. 12 gi.
B. 24 gi
C. 48 gi
D. 06 gi.

Bi 8. DUNG DCH THUC

Solutiones
MC TIU
Trnh by c nh ngha, phn loi, u nhc im ca dung dch thuc.
K c cc thnh phn ca dung dch thuc.
Nu c cc giai on iu ch dung dch thuc.
NI DUNG
1. nh ngha
Theo DVN IV dung dch thuc l dng thuc lng, trong sut cha mt
hoc nhiu dc cht ha tan trong mt dung mi thch hp (nc, du thc vt,
cn etylic) hay hn hp nhiu dung mi (cn-nc, cn-glycerin)
2. Phn loi
Da trn cch dng:
Dung dch thuc dng ngoi: thuc nh mi, thuc nh tai, thuc sc ming,
thuc thoa da
Dung dch thuc dng trong: dung dch thuc ung thng thng, mt s
potio, siro
Dung dch tim, nh mt.
Da trn bn cht dung mi:

Dung dch nc.
Dung dch du.
Dung dch cn, dung dch glycerin
3. u im Nhc im
3.1 u im
Hp thu v gy tc dng nhanh hn thuc dng rn nh thuc vin, bt,
cm
Mt s dc cht dng dung dch khi tip xc vi nim mc khng gy
kch ng nh khi dng di dng rn
Th d: natri bromid, natri iodid, cloral hydrat
3.2. Nhc im
Km bn, khng bo qun c lu.
Bao gi cng knh, vn chuyn kh khn.
4. Thnh phn ca dung dch thuc

4.1.Dc cht
Cn gi l cht tan bao gm cc cht v c, hu c dng rn, lng hay kh
(t gp).
4.2. Dung mi

Nc l mt dung mi phn cc mnh, do l mt dung mi tt ha tan

phn ln cc hp cht phn cc nh cc mui, cc acid, base, cc ng,
phenol, aldehyd, ceton. Nc c dng trong pha ch bao gm:
Nc thng l nc t tiu chun v sinh v c th ung c, c th
dng nc un si ngui ngui pha mt s thuc dng ngoi hoc
thuc ung nu khng gy tng k vi hot cht.
Nc tinh khit: nc trao i ion: tinh khit v mt ho hc.
Nc ct: nc iu ch bng phng php ct: tinh khit c v ho hc v
sinh hc.
Nc thm l ch phm thu c bng cch ct dc liu vi nc hay ha
tan tinh du vo nc ct. (C th c iu ch bng ct hay ha tan tinh
du vo nc)
Ethanol c s dng rng ri nht trong ngnh dc ha tan cc acid,
cc kim hu c, cc alcaloid v mui ca chng, mt s glycosid, nha,
tinh du. Ethanol khng ha tan pectin, gm, enzym
Hn hp ethanol-nc c kh nng ha tan cao hn so vi ethanol hay nc
ring l.
Ethanol l dung mi c kh nng lm tng n nh v sinh kh dng thuc
ung.
Glycerin ha tan mt s mui, acid hu c v v c, ha tan alcaloid v
mui ca chng, cc tanin, ng
Trong bo ch ch s dng glycerin dc dng c t trng t 1,225 n 1,235
cha 3% nc, khng gy kch ng.
nng 15% tr ln glycerin c tc dng st khun.
Glycerin thng c s dng trong cc dng thuc dng ngoi.
Du: thng dng du u phng, du hng dng, du khong.
V d:Dung dch thuc ngoi da MYCOFA dc cht l salicylic, benzoic, boric,
dung mi l glicerin.
4.3. Cc cht ph
Cht n nh: chng oxy ha, chng thy phn.
Cht lm tng tan.
Cht bo qun: chng vi khun, nm mc.
Cht to h m, iu chnh pH.
Cht ng trng (i vi thuc tim, thuc nh mt)
V d: Dung dch thuc gi tr gu NEWGIFAR hot cht ketoconazol 2% chng
oxy ha l natribisulfit, Cht lm tng tan l Propylen glycol, Cht bo qun:
chng vi khun, nm mc l Nipagin, iu chnh pH l acid citric.
5. K thut iu ch dung dch thuc
Gm 4 giai on
5.1. Cn, ong dc cht v dung mi
Chn dung mi t tiu chun ty theo tnh cht ca dc cht.
Cn ong chnh xc dc cht v dung mi m bo hm lng thuc
theo qui nh.
5.2. Ha tan
Ty theo tnh cht ca dc cht m chn phng php ha tan cho thch hp:
Ha tan nhit thng: p dng cho nhng dc cht d ha tan trong dung
mi. Tin hnh nh sau:
Cho dc cht vo dung mi thch hp.
Khuy u cho tan ht.
Th d ha tan Natri clorid trong nc. Ha tan salicylic, benzoic, boric trong
glicerin pha ch dung dch thuc MYCOFA
Ha tan nhit cao: p dng cho dc cht kh tan nhit thng, d tan
nhit cao. Tin hnh nh sau:
Cho dc cht vo dung mi.
un nng khuy cho tan ht.
Th d: ha tan Acid boric trong nc, ha tan Thy ngn II clorid trong nc.
Tc dng lc c hc ha tan: nghin dc cht vo dung mi. Tin hnh nh

sau:
Cho dc cht v dung mi vo ci.
Nghin k cho tan ht.
Th d ha tan Natri borat trong glycerin.
Ngm p dng cho dc cht kh tan trong dung mi, d b h hng nhit cao.
Tin hnh:
Cho dc cht vo dung mi.
Ngm vi gi hoc vi ngy cho tan dn ra.
Th d iu ch dung dch Calci hydroxyd.
Ha tan c bit ha tan cc cht kh tan c th dng cc phng php sau:

To dn cht d tan
Th d 1:
Pha dung dch Lugol (dung dch Iod 1%) theo cng thc DVN IV:
Iod 1g.
Kali iodid 2g.
Nc v 100ml.
Khi : I2 + KI KI3
Phc cht KI rt d tan trong nc.
Nng KI cng m c th tc phn ng cng nhanh. Do d dng

ha tan iod ch cn lng nc ti thiu to dung dch KI bo ha (ng lng cht
tan.)
Th d 2:
Ha tan thy ngn II iodid trong nc:
KI + HgI2 K2[HgI4] rt d tan trong nc.
Dng hn hp dung mi.

Th d: long no ha tan trong hn hp nc - cn etylic, bromoform ha tan trong
hn hp cn - glycerin, digitalin ha tan trong hn hp cn etylic glycerin - nc.
Dng cht trung gian thn nc: cc cht trung gian thn nc lm tng tan
ca cc cht t tan.
Th d: Dng natri benzoat lm tng tan ca cafein trong nc (thuc tim

cafein 7%), dng acid citric ha tan calci glycerophosphat.
5.3. Lc trong dung dch

Nguyn tc:
Qu trnh lc nhanh chng hn ch nhim khun.
Dch lc trong.
Ty theo tnh cht ca dung dch thuc v yu cu v trong m chn vt liu lc
v phng php lc thch hp.
5.4. ng gi - Bo qun
Cc dung dch thuc thng c ng vo l thy tinh hoc l bng cht
do. Cc loi bao b ny cn t yu cu cht lng theo dc in.
Vi dung dch thuc c dc cht d h bi nh sng cn ng trong chai l
thy tinh mu, gi li bng giy en hay bo qun trong ti.
Bo qun: ni kh mt trnh nh sng.
6. Kim sot cht lng

Dung dch thuc phi t cht lng sau:
trong, mu sc, mi v.
T trng, pH.
nh tnh, nh lng.
ng u th tch.
Gii hn nhim khun.
7. Mt s cng thc dung dch thuc

7.1. Dung dch acid boric 3%
Cng thc
Acid boric 3g
Nc ct v 100ml
Cch lm
Ha tan acid boric trong mt lng nc ct un si
ngui.
Thm nc ct va th tch.
ng chai.
Cng dng: st trng, dit nm.
7.2. Dung dch cn iod 5%

Cng thc:
Iod5g.
Kali Iodua ...2g.
Cn 70 va 100ml
Ch nh: Dng st trng vt thng b mt da, st trng trc khi phu thut. Ph
tr lc, lang ben, nc n chn.
7.3. Dung dch glycero borat
Cng thc
Natri borat 3g.
Glycerin 100g.
Cch lm
Cn natri borat v nghin trong ci.
Thm glycerin, ha tan bng cch nghin.
Cng dng: cha ta li tr em, dng que qun bng hay gc mm bi ln
li ngy 1-2 ln.
7.4. Dung dch MYCOFA

Cng thc
Acid benzoic 2g
Acid salicylic 4g
Acid boric 2g
Tinh du hoa hng 1giot
Glicerin v 80ml
Cch lm ha tan acid boric, acid benzoic, acid salicylic vo khong 70ml
glicerin, khuy u cho tan hon ton thm tinh du hoa hng v glicerin va
80ml..
Cng dng cha cc bnh ngoi da do nm nh hc lo (lc), lang ben. u
im khng rt, khng kch ng da.
7.5. Dung dch Povidon iodine 10%

Cng thc:
Povidon iod 10% 10 g
Dinatri hydrophosphat 3,72 g
Acid citric monohydrat 0,796,5 g
Nc tinh khit va 100 g
Cch lm: ha tan cc dc cht trong nc ct. Lc trong. ng chai.
Cng dng: St trng vt thng h, trc v sau phu thut. u im khng
rt, khng kch ng da nh cn iod hu c.
Cc ch phm cha iod
Iod lm kt ta protein v xy ha enzyme ch yu ca vi khun. Iod c tc
dng trn nhiu vi khun, virut v nm bnh.
Cn iod: L hn hp gm iod, kali iodid v cn. Nhc im ca cn iod l
gy xt, kch ng da v nhum mu da. Do vy khng dng dung dch cn iod nng
trn 5% st trng. Hn ch s dng trn vng da mt, da nhy cm v ch s
dng cho vt thng ngoi da, khng dng cho vt thng su, h ming.
Dung dch v sinh m

Dung dch o Povidon iodine
POVIDON 10%
iodine 10%. St Dng st trng ph
khun da. khoa

Povidon iod: Povidon iod l phc gia iod v polyvinyl pyrolidon, cha 9
12% iod, d tan trong nc v cn. Do to phc nn dung dch povidon iod s gii
phng iod t t, ko di tc dng dit khun, nm, virut, ng vt n bo, kn v
bo t. Mt khc, tc dng ca thuc km hn cc ch phm cha iod t do, nhng
t c hn, v lng iod t do thp hn, di 1 phn triu trong dung dch 10%.
7.6. Dung dch Dalibour (dung dch ng v km sulfat)

Cng thc
ng sulfat...........................0,1 g
Km sulfat............................0,4 g
Dung dch acid picric............1 ml
Cn long no 10%................1 ml
Nc ct...............................v 100ml
Cch lm
Ha tan ng sulfat v km sulfat trong khong 90ml nc.
Cho dung dch acid picric vo khuy u.
Cho t t tng git cn long no vo, va cho va khuy.
Thm nc n va 100ml.
Lc- ng chai.
Cng dng st trng, dng ra v p trong trng hp chm v nm.
CU HI T LNG GI
1 TR LI CU HI NGN
1.1 nh ngha dung dch thuc.
1.2 u im v nhc im ca dung dch thuc.
1.3 K 5 dung mi thng dng trong dung dch thuc.
1.4 K 4 giai on iu ch dung dch thuc.
1.5 K 5 phng php dng ho tan trong dung dch thuc.
1.6 K 3 phng php ho tan c bit.
2 CHN CU TR LI NG NHT
2.1 Dung dch thuc dng ngoi gm cc loi thuc sau:
A. Thuc nh mi.
B. Thuc nh tai.
C. Thuc tim
D. Cu a v cu b.
2.2 u im ca dung dch thuc:
A. Hp thu nhanh so vi cc loi thuc nh thuc vin, thuc bt
B. Gy tc dng nhanh.

C. Khng gy kch ng.

D. Hp thu v gy tc dng nhanh, mt s dc cht dng dung
dch khng gy kch ng nim mc khi tip xc nh khi dng di
dng rn.
2.3 Nhc im ca dung dch thuc:
A. Km bn, khng bo qun c lu.
B. Bao gi cng knh, vn chuyn kh khn
C. Cu a v b ng
D. Cu a v b sai.
2.4 Dung mi dng trong dung dch thuc gm:
A. Nc tinh khit
B. Hn hp ethanol-nc.
C. Du
D. Tt c u ng.
2.5 Bn giai on iu ch dung dch thuc:
A. Ha tan, cn ong, lc, ng gi.
B. Lc, ng gi, ha tan, cn
C. Cn ong, ha tan, lc, ng gi bo qun
D. Tt c u ng.
2.6 Acid boric tan trong:
A. Nc.
B. Nc nng.
C. Nc ct un si.
D. Nc tinh khit.
2.7 Phng php dng lc c hc p dng ha tan dc cht vo dung mi
l dc cht sau:
A. Acid boric
B. Natri borat.
C. Iod.
D. Long no.
2.8 Dung dch lugol dng tr bnh:

A. Cng gip.
B. Nhc gip
C. Hc lo
D. Tt c u sai.
2.9 Dung dch glycero borat dng phng php ha tan:
A. Nghin
B. Ngm
C. Ha tan
D. Ha tan nhit cao
2.10 Cng dng ca dung dch dalibour:
A. Cha bnh gh.
B. iu tr bnh chm, nm
C. St trng cc bnh ngoi da.
D. Cu b v c ng.

BI 9. THUC NH MT
Collyria
MC TIU HC TP
- Trnh by c nh ngha, thnh phn, tiu chun cht lng ca thuc

nh mt.
- Trnh by c k thut iu ch thuc nh mt.
- K c cc yu cu kim tra cht lng ca thuc nh mt.

NI DUNG
1. NH NGHA
Theo DVN IV, thuc nh mt l dung dch nc, dung dch du hoc hn dch v
khun ca mt hay nhiu dc cht nh vo mt vi mc ch chn on hay
iu tr bnh mt.
Thuc nh mt cng c th c bo ch di dng bt v khun v c pha vi
mt cht lng v khun thch hp ngay trc khi dng.
2. THNH PHN
2.1. Dc cht
Dc cht dng pha ch thuc nh mt rt phong ph v a dng, c th chia
thnh cc nhm iu tr sau:
- Nhm iu tr nhim khun:
- Cc thuc khng khun:
- Cloramphenicol
- Tetracyclin
- Gentamycin
- Neomycin
- Tobramycin
- Ofloxacin
- Cc thuc chng nm:
- Ketoconazol
- Nystatin
- Cc sulfamid:
- Natri sulfacetamid
- Cc mui v c v hu c ca cc kim loi bc, km, thy ngn:
- Km sulfat
- Argyrol
- Nhm chng vim ti ch:
- Dexamethason
- Prednison
- Hydrocortison
- Natri diclofenac
- Nhm gy t b mt:
- Tetracain hydroclorid
- Cocain hydroclorid
- Nhm iu tr khc:
- Pilocarpin
- Atropin
- Vitamin A, B
a. Dung mi (cht dn)
Dung mi dng pha thuc nh mt phi t cc yu cu ghi trong DVN.
Thng dng:
- Nc ct pha tim.
- Du thc vt c trung tnh ho v tit khun 135 1400C/1gi.

Du thc vt thng dng l: du u phng, du m, du hng dng
2.2. Cc cht ph
2.2.1. Cht bo qun
m bo an ton trong s dng, cc thuc nh mt phi l cc ch phm v
khun, c pha ch trong iu kin mi trng, thit b v khun v phi c tit
khun sau khi pha ch bng mt phng php tit khun thch hp. Cho d c
tit khun nhng thuc nh mt thng c ng gi vi th tch dng nhiu ln
mi ht mt n v ng gi. Chnh do cch s dng c bit ny nn nguy c
thuc nh mt b nhim khun t mi trng sau mi ln nh thuc rt cao. gi

cho thuc lun v khun, trong thnh phn ca thuc nh mt bao gi cng c thm
mt hay nhiu cht st khun, c th c tc dng tiu dit ngay cc vi sinh vt
ngu nhin ri vo thuc.
Cc cht bo qun phi tng hp vi tt c cc thnh phn c trong ch phm v
phi gi c hiu lc trong sut thi gian s dung.
Cc cht st khun hay dng:
- Benzalkonium clorid 0,01 0,02%
- Thimerosal 0,01 0,02%
- Phenyl thy ngn acetat (PMA), phenyl thy ngn nitrat (PMN) vi nng
0,002 0,004%
- Clorobutanol 0,5%
- Alcol phenyl etylic 0,5%
- Nipagin M (Metyl parapen) 0,02%, Nipasol(Propyl paraben).

2.2.2. Cht iu chnh pH
pH ca thuc nh mt phi c iu chnh ti mt gi tr pH thch hp nhm p
ng mt s mc ch sau:
- Gi cho dc cht trong thuc nh mt c n nh cao nht:

Nhiu dc cht rt khng bn pH trung tnh, khi phi iu chnh pH ca
thuc nh mt v vng pH acid hoc pH kim bng mt h m thch hp m ti
gi tr pH dc cht trong ch phm t c n nh cn thit trong sut
hn dng ca ch phm .
- Lm tng tan ca dc cht.
- t gy kch ng nht i vi mt.
- Lm tng kh nng hp thu ca dc cht qua mng gic mc.
- Lm tng tc dng dit khun ca cht st khun.

Ni chung, rt kh c th iu chnh pH ca thuc nh mt ng thi p ng
c c 5 mc ch trn. Dc in php qui nh pH t 6,4-7,8. L tng nht l
pH bng vi pH ca dch nc mt khong 7,4.
Cc cht iu chnh pH thng dng l:
- H m boric borat.
- H m phosphat.
- H m citric citrat.
2.2.3. Cht ng trng ho

Dch nc mt c p sut thm thu l 7,4 atm, khi mt dung dch thuc nh mt
ng trng s lm gim tnh kch ng gy kh chu cho mt.
Vic dng cc dung dch ng trng nh l mt dung mi pha thuc nh mt
c nhiu Dc in chp nhn. Thuc nh mt c ng trng ho s
khng gy kh chu v cn tng tnh sinh kh dng ca thuc.
Thng dng:
- Natri clorid
- Kali clorid
- Glucose v manitol
- Cc mui dng trong h m.

2.2.4. Cht chng oxy ho
bo v dc cht, cn hn ch n mc thp nht s oxy ho dc cht, trong
thnh phn ca cc thuc nh mt thng c thm cc cht chng oxy ha.
Thng dng:
- Natri sulfit 0,1 0,5%
- Natri bisulfit 0,1 0,5%
- Natri metabisulfit 0,1 0,5%
- Phi hp cc cht chng oxy ho vi cc cht c tc dng hip ng chng

oxy ho nh mui dinatri EDTA.
2.2.5. Cht lm tng nht
Lm tng nht ca cc thuc nh mt bng cc polymer tan trong nc c tc
dng cn tr tc rt v ra lm tri liu thuc nh vo mt, ko di thi gian
lu thuc vng trc gic mc, to iu kin cho dc cht c hp thu tt hn.
i vi hn dch nh mt, tng nht ca mi trng phn tn cn gip cho cc
tiu phn dc cht phn tn ng nht hn v n nh hn trong cht dn.
Thng dng:
- Metyl cellulose 0,25%
- Alcol polyvinic 1,4%
- Hydroxy propyl metylcellulose 0,5%

2.3. Bao b cha thuc nh mt

Bao b cha thuc c nh hng trc tip n cht lng ca thuc. Do , cc loi
bao b cha thuc nh mt (thy tinh, cht do, cao su) nht thit phi t tiu
chun mi c dng ng gi.
Bao b cha thuc nh mt c b phn nh git v thng c ch to gn lin vi
phn np l thuc. pht huy tc dng ca thuc, gim kch ng v gim tc dng
khng mong mun do thuc c hp thu vo tun hon mu, ng knh trong ca
b phn nh git cn phi c chun ho git thuc nh vo mt c dung tch
khong t 30 50 l.
3. TIU CHUN CHT LNG
- Chnh xc, tinh khit, trong sut, v khun.
- ng trng vi nc mt.
- C pH thch hp m bo thuc bn vng v khng gy au xt cho

mt.
4. K THUT IU CH
Thuc nh mt l nhng ch phm v khun ging nh mt ch phm thuc tim,
do vy phng pha ch v cc thit b dng trong pha ch, sn xut c bn ging nh
pha ch, sn xut thuc tim.
4.1. Chun b
- Phng pha ch phi t tiu chun pha thuc tim.
- Nguyn ph liu t tiu chun pha thuc nh mt.
- Dng c pha ch, vt liu lc phi v khun.
- ng, l, nt phi x l ng k thut v tiu chun qui nh.
- Ngi lm cng tc pha ch phi thc hin theo ng qui trnh pha ch
trong iu kin v khun.
4.2. Tin hnh pha ch
Qu trnh pha ch, sn xut dung dch thuc nh mt c th c tin hnh theo s
3.1

S 3.1: S d pha ch dung dch thuc nh mt
- Ho tan: nu khng c yu cu ha tan c bit th nn ha tan cc cht ph

trc ri mi cho dc cht vo ho tan. C th tin hnh ha tan nhit
phng hoc un nng dung mi trc khi ha tan ty theo tnh cht ca cc
cht.
- Lc dung dch: qua vt liu lc thch hp
- Mng lc c kch thc l xp khong t 0,8m n 0,45m
- i vi cc dung dch thuc nh mt v khun bng cch lc th dng mng

lc c kch thc l xp 0,22m
- Cc phng php tit khun thuc nh mt c th p dng:
- Tit khun thuc trong ni hp nhit 1210C/20 pht.
- Tit khun thuc nhit 98 1000C/30 pht.
- Tit khun thuc bng cch lc: mng lc c kch thc l xp khng qu
0,22m
5. KIM SOT CHT LNG
Thuc nh mt phi t cc yu cu sau:
- v khun.
- Cm quan:

- Trong sut.
- Khng mu hoc c mu ca dc cht.
- Khng c cc tiu phn l.
- Gii hn kch thc cc tiu phn dc cht rn (i vi thuc nh mt

dng hn dch): khng c tiu phn no c kch thc ln hn 90m.
- Cc ch tiu khc
- pH
- nh tnh, nh lng
- nht, thm thu

6. MT S CNG THC THUC NH MT
6.1. Thuc nh mt km sulfat 0,5%
Cng thc:
Km sulfat...................................0,5g
Acid boric....................................1,7g
Dung dch Nipagin M 20%......0.25ml
Nc ct .............................v 100ml
iu ch: ha tan acid boric trong nc ct nng, cho dung dch Nipagin M 20%
vo ch ngui, ha tan km sulfat, lc th, lc tit khun, ng l v ghi nhn.
Cng dng v cch dng: lm cht st khun trong bnh vim kt mc.
6.2. Thuc nh mt cloramphenicol 0,4%
Cng thc:
Cloramphenicol...........................0,4g
Acid boric....................................1,1g
Natri borat....................................0,2g
Natri clorid..................................0,2g
Thy ngn phenyl nitrat.............0,02g
Nc ct pha tim................v 100ml
6.3. Thuc nh mt argyrol 3%
Cng thc:
Argyrol...........................................3g
Nc ct pha tim ...............v 100ml
CU HI T LNG GI
1. TR LI CU HI NGN
1. nh ngha thuc nh mt.
2. K cc thnh phn ca thuc nh mt
3. V s pha ch.
4. K 3 tiu chun cht lng thuc nh mt.
2. CHN CU TR LI NG NHT V IN KHUYT CC CU
SAU:
1. Thuc nh mt c dng:
A. Dung dch nc, dung dch du.
B. Dung dch nc, dung dch du, hn dch.
C. Dung dch nc, dung dch du, hn dch, i khi dng bt v khun
D. Tt c u dng.
2. Thnh phn ca thuc nh mt:
A. Dc cht.
B. Dung mi:nc ct pha tim, du m.
C. ..
D. Bao b
3. Cc cht sau cht no l cht st khun
A. Nipagin M, nipasol
B. Citric-citrate
C. NaCl, KCl
D. Cu a v b ng.
4. Yu cu pH ca thuc nh mt:
A. .
B. Tng tan ca dc cht.
C.
D. Tng tc dng dit khun
5. Natri sulfit 0,1 0,5% l cht:
A. iu chnh pH
B. Cht lm tng nht

C. Cht chng oxy ha
D. Tt c u sai.
6. Thuc nh mt l nhng ch phm v khun do khi pha ch yu cu
phng pha ch, cc trang thit b v con ngi phi ging nh pha ch:
A. Thuc tim,
B. Thuc tim truyn
C. Dung dch thuc
D. Cu a v b ng
7. Kch thc l xp ca mng lc trong pha ch thuc nh mt l:
A. 0,22m
B. 0,8m -0,45m
C. A v B ng
D. A v B sai
8. Tit khun thuc nh nhit :
A. 1210 C trong 20 pht.
B. 98-1000 C trong 30 pht.
C. Cu a v b ng
D. Cu a v b sai.
9. Vit qui trnh pha ch thuc nh mt km sulfat 0,5%
A. Ha tn acid boric trong ....
B. Ch ngui ha tan km sulfat
C.
D. ng l v ghi nhn.
10. Kim sot cht lng ca thuc nh mt:
A. v khun
B. Cm quan..
C. pH
D. .

C THM TRONG BI THUC NH MT
Phn loi loi thuc nh mt: c th chia ra 14 loi
1. Thuc t:
Cc bit dc gm: Dicain, Novesine 0.4%, Cebesine 0.4%, Tetracaine 0.1%.
2. Khng sinh nh mt:
2.1. Nhm Phenicol:
- Chloramphenicol 0,4% (Cloraxin 0.4%).
2.2. Aminoside:
- Bao gm cc thuc sau: Gentamycine 0,3% (Genoptic, Gentex), Tobramycine
(Tobrex), Neomycine (Neocin).
2.3. Nhm Rifamycine: Rifamycine dng thuc nc, c tc dng tt trong iu tr
bnh mt ht, vim kt mc tr s sinh.
2.4. Nhm Cycline: Tetracyline 1%, Posicyline 1%.
2.5. Nhm Sunfamide: (Sulfa-bleu10%, Sulfacylum 20%)
- Dng trong iu tr mt ht, tuy nhin Sulfacylum hay gy bc lng mi.
2.6. Nhm Quinolones:
-Ofloxacine 0.3% (Oflovid)
-Ciprofloxacine 0.3% (Ciloxan)
3. Khng vim Steroides:
- Prednisolone: Pred-fort
- Dexamethasone: Maxidex, Cebedex
4. Khng sinh kt hp vi khng vim:
- Phenicol kt hp Dexamethasone: Dexacol
- Gentamycine kt hp Dexamethasone: Infectoflam
- Tobramycine kt hp Dexamethasone (Tobradex), Neomycine kt hp
5. Khng vim Non steroides:
- Indomethacine: Indocollyre
- Diclofenac: Naclof, Voltaren
6. Khng nm:
- Amphotericine B (Fungizone) 50mg pha 20ml glucoza 5%.
- Natamycine: Natacine
7. Khng virus:
7.1. Th h th nht:
- Idoxuridine (IDU): Iduviran, Herpidu
7.2. Th h th hai:
- Acyclovir: Zovirax 3% (pommade ophtalmique) khng c cho biu m, ngy tra
mt 5 ln.
8. Thuc iu tr glaucoma (Cm nc):
8.1. Thuc hy -adrenergic: - bloquan

- Timoptol 0.25 v 0.5%, Carteol 1 v 2%, Betoptic, Betagan, Timolol.

8.2. Thuc cng Adrenergic:
- Adrenaline, Epinephrine (Glauposine, Glaucardine, Eppy, Propine).
8.3. Thuc cng Cholinergic:
9. Thuc gin ng t:
9.1. Cng giao cm:
- Epinephrine: Neosynephrine 10%
9.2. Hy ph giao cm:
- Atropine:
10. Vitamine nh mt: A, B12, C
iu tr bng mt, lon dng gic mc
11. Nc mt nhn to:
- Methylcellulose 0.11%: Celluvisc 1%, Cellufresh 0.1%, Tears Natural
12. Thuc iu tr bnh l thy tinh th v pha l th:
- Bao gm: Catacol, Catarstat, Cataline, Vitaphakol, Vitreolent
13. Khng Histamine:
- Pemiolast potassium 0,1%: Alegysal.
- Cromoglycate Sodium: Opticron, Cromptic
14. Nhng thuc khc:
- V Rhoto (gm a.boric, clopheniramine, epinephrine), Visine, Daigaku
- Cc thuc ny thng c tc dng cha triu chng, lm cho mt d chu, bt
nga, bt cng t ( mt).

BI 10. THUC TIM

MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v phn loi thuc tim.
2. Trnh by c u nhc im ca thuc tim.
3. K c thnh phn ca thuc tim.
4. Trnh by c k thut bo ch thuc tim.
5. K c 6 yu cu kim tra cht lng thuc tim.

NI DUNG
1. KHI NIM CHUNG V THUC TIM

1.1 nh ngha
Thuc tim l dng ch phm (dung dch, hn dch, nh tng, hoc bt,
vin nn c km theo mt dung mi pha tim thch hp) v khun, dng tim
vo c th theo nhiu ng tim khc nhau (tim vo trong da, di da, bp tht ,
tnh mch, ct sng, khp), c iu ch bng cch ha tan hoc nh ha, phn
tn cc hot cht v cc cht ph trong nc ct pha tim hoc trong dung mi v
khun thch hp.
Trong chng ny ch tp trung vo dung dch thuc tim.

1.2 Phn loi
Theo ng tim: tim trong da (IC: intracutaneous); tim di da (SC:
subcutaneous); tim bp tht (IM: intramuscular); tim tnh mch (IV:
intravenous)
Theo h phn tn: thuc tim dung dch, thuc tim hn dch, thuc tim
dng bt v khun
Theo dung mi hoc cht dn: c 2 loi: thuc tim nc (Vitamin B.1 F.T
Pharma, Zantac) v thuc tim du (Vitamin K, Benzo Estradiol,).
1.3 u, nhc im ca thuc tim
1.3.1 u im
Thuc tim c tim trc tip vo cc m, vo tnh mch hoc vo cc c

quan ni tng (tim, ty sng) gy ra nhng p ng sinh hc tc th, v vy
thch hp cho nhng trng hp cp cu.
Trnh c mt s tc dng ph ng tiu ha khi ung nh gy vim

lot, xut huyt d dy ca mt s thuc nh: vitamin C, cc corticoid,

hoc b phn hy bi acid ca d dy v cc men ng tiu ha nh insulin,

penicillin khi dng ng ung.
Cho tc dng ti ch nh gy t, trong chn on (test th lao, th chong

phn v), trong iu tr ti ch nh methotrexat c tim trc tip vo
ty sng.
Rt c hiu qu v tin li khi s dng cho nhng bnh nhn b bt tnh,

hn m hoc khng th ung c (i ma, nc), hay c th nui dng c
th bng cch tim truyn cc dung dch cung cp nng lng.
1.3.2 Nhc im
Bn thn bnh nhn kh c th t tim c m phi nh ngi c trnh

chuyn mn.
Do c tc dng nhanh nn c th a n nhng hu qu nghim trng,

nht l i vi cc dc cht c v mnh, c th gy nhng phn ng ti
ch hay ton thn do c th khng chu c thuc.
Gy au n cho ngi bnh.
K thut pha ch i hi mt s iu kin c bit v v khun nn thuc

tim thng t hn so vi cc dng thuc khc.
1.4 Yu cu cht lng ca thuc tim
Dc in Vit Nam IV qui nh thuc tim phi t cc tiu chun nh sau:
Dung dch tim phi trong sut, khng c c tp cht c hc (tr trng
hp nh tng v hn dch tim).
Mu sc: khng mu hoc c mu nhng l do mu ca hot cht.
pH : trung tnh hoc pH thch hp cho tng dc cht.
V khun: phi tuyt i v khun.
Cht gy st: khng c c.
m bo ng thnh phn dc cht, hm lng dc cht v th tch ghi

trn nhn.

2. THNH PHN CA THUC TIM

2.1 Dc cht
Dc cht l thnh phn chnh trong cng thc thuc tim, c tc dng iu
tr hay phng bnh.
Dc cht phi t c cc yu cu do Dc in qui nh v nguyn liu

pha thuc tim. Thng phi t cc yu cu chung nh sau: tinh khit dc
dng, v trng v khng cha ch nhit t hoc t gii hn c t vi khun nu
cn.
2.2 Dung mi (cht dn)
Dung mi phi t cc tiu chun pha ch thuc tim nh bo m an ton
liu s dng, khng lm thay i hiu lc iu tr ca thuc. Thng dng:
Nhm 1: nc ct v cc cht ha tan c trong nc.
Nc ct: phi l nc ct pha tim: t tiu chun ghi trong DVN IV

(tinh khit, v trng v khng cha ch nhit t).
Mt s dung mi ng tan vi nc: alcol v polyol
Ethanol: dng loi mi ct v trung tnh vi nng khong 15 % trnh gy

au v hy hoi m ti ni tim.
Propylen glycol: cn c tc dng n nh dung dch tim, trnh cho hot cht
khng b thy phn khi tit khun nhit cao.
Glycerin: thng dng vi t l 15 %, phi hp vi alcol v nc lm tng

tan ca cc hot cht t tan trong nc hay d b thy phn trong mi trng
nc.
Polyetylen glycol: nh PEG 300, PEG 400. Thng dng phi hp lm dung
mi thuc tim cho mt s hot cht nh Erythromycin base, Artemether,
Nhm 2: du bo (ch dng du thc vt, khng dng du khong). Du thc

vt dng lm dung mi pha ch thuc tim c hot cht d tan trong du v cn s
hp thu thuc t t l loi p ngui, trong, tinh khit, trung tnh v c tit
khun 140 1600C trong 2 gi. Thng dng: du liu, du m, du hng
dng, du ht thuc phin
2.3 Cc cht ph
Cc cht ph dng trong thuc tim phi l cc ha cht dc dng, phi bo
m an ton liu s dng, khng lm thay i hiu lc iu tr ca thuc. Khng
c cho cc cht mu vi mc ch nhum mu ch phm. Thng dng cc cht
ph sau:

Cc cht lm tng tan, v d nh Natri benzoate gip cafein tan nhiu

trong nc hoc Tween 20, Tween 80 lm tng tan ca Vitamin A, K
trong nc.
Cc cht chng oxy ho, v d nh cc mui sulfit 0,05 0,15 % (Natri

sulfit, Natri metabisulfit, Natri bisulfit), hay mui DiNatri EDTA (etylen
diamin tetra acetic), hoc cc Tocoferol.
Cc cht iu chnh pH: nhm duy tr pH ca dung dch ti gi tr m

thuc tim bn vng. Ngoi ra cc cht iu chnh pH cn c tc dng lm
gim kch ng hoi t ti ni tim, lm tng p ng sinh hc ca thuc.
Mt s cht thng dng nh acid clohydric, acid citric, natri bicarbonate,

hoc mt s h m sau:
H m citric / citrat pH 2,5- 6,0 nng 1 -3%
H m phosphat pH 6,0 8,2 nng 0,8 2%
Cc cht bo qun: thng c dng cho thuc tim nhiu liu, thuc
tim khng tit trng c bng nhit (cc thuc tim cha hormoon,
men,) nhng ch khng c cho cht bo qun khi liu dng ln hn
15 ml.
Mt s cht bo qun thng dng nh Phenol, Alcol benzylic, Nipagin M

(Metyl Paraben), Nipasol (Propyl Paraben).
Cc cht ng trng ho
Mt dung dch c nng tiu phn ha tan ngang bng vi mu c gi l

dung dch ng trng vi mu, nng tiu phn ha tan cao hn gi l dung dch
u trng, v ngc li, nng tiu phn ha tan thp hn l dung dch nhc
trng. Mc khc, p sut thm thu (hoc h bng im) ph thuc vo nng
tiu phn ha tan nn c th ni mt dung dch tim ng trng vi mu tc l
dung dch phi c p sut thm thu (hoc h bng im) tng t nh huyt
tng. p sut thm thu ca mu l 7,4 at v h bng im l -0,52OC.
Cn thit phi cho cc cht ph ng trng ha dung dch tim v khi

ng trng s lm cho cc dung dch tim gy au st, hoi t ti ni tim
(tim bp) hoc trnh nhng tai bin c th xy ra nh gy v hng cu khi tim
tnh mch mt lng ln dung dch nhc trng, hay teo hng cu khi tim dung
dch u trng.
Cc cht ng trng thng dng l natri clorid, glucose,

2.4 Bao b ng thuc tim

T khi sn xut, bo qun, cho ti khi s dng, thuc lun lun tip xc trc
tip vi v ng thuc. Trong qu trnh tip xc ko di nh vy cc thnh phn ca
v ng thuc tim c th tng tc vi cc thnh phn c trong thuc tim, lm
nh hng mt cch ng k n bn vng ca hot cht v do nh hng
n hot lc, c tnh, cng nh mc an ton ca thuc.
V ng thuc tim (ng tim) c lm bng thy tinh trung tnh vi cc

yu cu cht lng nh sau:
Khng lm nh hng n cc thnh phn c trong thuc tim.
C b mt bn vng khi tit khun nhit v p sut cao, khng nh cc tp

cht vo trong thuc tim.
C trong sut thch hp quan st hnh thc cm quan ca thuc.
C kh nng cn tr nh sng (khi cn thit) bo v cc hot cht d b phn

hy bi nh sng.
Nt cao su: i vi thuc tim nhiu liu, v ng l chai hay l nh km

theo nt cao su vi cc yu cu cht lng nh sau:
C cng v kh nng n hi tt t bt kn li khi rt kim tim ra.
Khng cho hi m i qua nt, tnh cht ny c bit quan trng i vi cc

thuc tim dng bt kh.
Khng b bin i khi tit khun nhit cao.
Khng nh cc thnh phn t nt vo thuc.
Khng phn ng v hp ph vi cc thnh phn c trong thuc.
3. K THUT IU CH THUC TIM

3.1 Chun b
3.1.1 Hot cht v dung mi
Phi t cc tiu chun qui nh ghi trong Dc in v phi c phiu kim

nghim chng nhn t cht lng dng pha thuc tim.
3.1.2 V ng thuc tim
Chai, ng, l thy tinh, ti cht do, nt cao su (t yu cu dng lm v

ng thuc tim) phi c x l theo cc bc sau:
V thy tinh:

Ra sch bng nc.
Ra sch bng dung dch x phng.
Ra sch x phng bng nc.
Trng li tht sch bng nc ct pha tim.
Tit khun bng nhit kh (sy) ngay sau khi ra.
V cht do: X l tng t nh v thy tinh, nhng giai on tit khun

phi la chn phng php thch hp.
Nt cao su:
Ra sch bng nc.
Luc vi nc si loi parafin hoc cc sp trn b mt nt.
Ra bng dung dch cht ty ra (tetranatri pyrophosphat hoc trinatri

phosphat).
Ra sch bng nc tinh khit.
Trng li bng nc ct pha tim.
Tit khun bng phng php nhit m.
3.1.3 Dng c pha ch:
Phi sch s, trng nc ct ri trng li bng nc ct pha tim, sy kh nu

cn.
3.1.4 C s pha ch:
Cn c thit k h thng theo nguyn tc mt chiu loi tr hoc lm

gim kh nng gy nhim cho gia cc phng khc nhau trong qu trnh sn
xut.
Dy chuyn pha ch thuc tim phi c thit k theo yu cu GMP v sn

xut cc thuc v khun. Phng pha ch c tit khun theo cc bc sau:
Lau ra sch trn, tng, sn nh bng nc.
Lau li bng dung dch cloramin B hoc cloramin T 2% hoc dung dch
acid phenic 0,5%.

Tit khun khng kh bng tia cc tm (UV) trong thi gian 30 pht trc
khi pha ch.
Khng kh sch, v trng a vo c s sn xut lun p sut dng v

bo m phng pha ch t yu cu phng trng.
3.1.5 Ngi pha ch
Cn b, nhn vin phi c hun luyn y v thc hin ng cc ch

v sinh v trng, s dng trang phc trong sn xut ng theo yu cu ca GMP.
3.2. Cc giai on sn xut dung dch thuc tim
Theo s 12.1:
Cn ong nguyn ph
liu, dung miHa tan
v
iu chnh th
tchLc trongng
ng (chai, l)Tit Kim tra nng
trngSoi kim tra
trongIn (dn)
Kim tra trong
nhnng hp
Hn ng
Kim nghim thnh phm
Lu mu theo di n nh
S 12.1: Tm tt cc giai on sn xut thuc tim
Mt s thao tc cn ch :
Ha tan hot cht v cc cht ph vo dung mi: Phi tin hnh nhanh
hn ch n mc thp nht thi gian thuc tip xc trc tip vi khng kh.
Ho tan trong bnh thy tinh hoc thp khng g c nh mc th tch d
dng iu chnh th tch va theo s lng thuc ghi trong cng thc.

Lc trong (tr nh tng, hn dch): Phi lc nhanh trnh nhim khun,

chn vt liu lc, phng php lc, dng c lc cho thch hp. Sau khi lc
phi kim tra trong v nng hot cht.
ng ng: Dung dch thuc tim sau khi lc s c ng vo cc v ng

thuc thch hp. Thuc tim thng c ng vo ng thy tinh (ng tim)
v hn kn.
Hn ng: C 2 cch hn kn u ng
Hn ng bng ngn la n x lia theo phng nm ngang vi u ca dy ng

tim (mc hn kn cha cao phi kim tra li tng ng).
Hn ng bng cch ko u ng (mc hn kn tt hn).
Khi hn u ng cn ch : khng dung dch thuc dnh u ng, thuc

s b t chy v lm en u ng. Thng phi ra u ng trc khi hn
nu ng thuc bng phng php chn khng. Sau khi hn cn kim tra
kn ca ng bng phng php thch hp.
Tit khun: Thuc tim pha ch v ng chai l xong phi c tit khun
ngay, thng thng tit khun bng nhit t. Cn c vo mc bn vng
ca thuc chn nhit v thi gian tit khun thch hp (xem c th
trong chng k thut tit khun trong bo ch). Ngoi ra, khi cc thnh
phn trong thuc tim khng bn vng vi nhit c th s dng phng php
lc tit khun.
Dn nhn: Nhn thuc tim phi theo ng qui ch v nhn thuc ca b y

t, c th c in trc tip ln v ng thuc hoc cng c th in nhn ri
sau dn ln v ng thuc. Nhn thuc cha cc ni dung chnh sau:
Tn c s sn xut kinh doanh
Tn thuc
Dng bo ch, quy cch ng gi.
Cng thc hoc thnh phm cu to chnh.
Nng hoc hm lng
Cng dng v cch dng
S ng k c cp

Hn dng v iu kin bo qun
V d nhn thuc tim Atropin Sulfat 0,025%
Rx CTy CPDP XYZ

a ch:
THUC TIM ATROPIN SULFAT 0,025%
(Atropin Sulfat 0,25 mg/1ml)
TIM TNH MCH
THUC BN THEO N
KHNG DNG QU LIU CH NH
SDK: VNB-0101.08
HD: 06.06.2010
4. KIM TRA CHT LNG CA THUC TIM

trong, mu sc: Thuc tim phi trong sut, khng c vn c (tr
nh tng, hn dch), khng c cc tiu phn l. Mu sc ng qui nh.
Th tch thuc trong ng, l: Dung tch thuc khng c nh hn th tch

thuc ghi trn nhn. Phng php xc nh th tch tin hnh nh ch dn ghi
trong DVN IV.
pH: t tiu chun qui nh.
nh tnh: Dng thuc th theo qui nh. Phi cha ng thnh phn nh
ghi trong cng thc.
nh lng: Dng phng php theo qui nh. Thuc phi c nng , hm
lng dc cht t tiu chun qui nh.
v khun, ch nhit t (cht gy st): Phi tuyt i v khun, khng

c c cht gy st (i vi thuc tim vi liu ln hn 15 ml). Kim tra
cht gy st v v khun theo phng php ghi trong DVN.
5. MT S CNG THC THUC TIM

5.1 Thuc tim dung dch cafein 7%
Cng thc:
Cafein............................70...............g
Natri benzoat...............100...............g
Nc ct pha tim.v 1000.............ml

Tin hnh: ho tan natri benzoat trong nc ct, thm cafein vo ho tan,
thm nc ct va . Lc trong, ng ng 1 ml. Tit khun 100 0C trong
30 pht. Dung dch c pH = 6,5 8,5.
Cng dng: kch thch thn kinh trung ng khi mt mi, suy nhc hay
trong cc trng hp suy h hp, suy tun hon.
Cch dng: tim di da 0,25 g/ln, 1 2 ln/ 24h.

5.2 Thuc tim dung dch vitamin B1 2,5 %
Cng thc:
Thiamin hydroclorid...25,0...............g
Dd Acid hydroclorid 0,1N4............ml
Nc ct pha tim v 1000.............ml
Tin hnh: ha tan thng. Lc trong, ng ng 1 ml. Tit khun 100 0C

trong 30 pht. Dung dch c pH = 2,5 3,5.
5.3 Thuc tim dung dch strychnin 0,1 %
Cng thc:
Strychnin sulfat...............1...............g
Acid citric........................1...............g
(hay dd acid hydroclorid 0,1N 10 ml)
Nc ct pha tim v 1000............ml
Tin hnh: ha tan cc dc cht trong nc. Lc trong, ng ng 1ml.

Tit khun 1000C trong 30 pht. Dung dch c pH = 3 3,7
5.4 Thuc tim dung dch atropin sulfat 0,025 %
Cng thc:
Atropin sulfat.................25. .centigam
Acid citric........................1...............g
Nc ct pha tim v 1000.............ml
Tin hnh: ha tan thng, lc trong, ng ng 1 ml. Tit khun 100 0C

trong 30 pht. Dung dch c pH = 3 5

5.5 Thuc tim dung dch novocain 1 %

Cng thc:
Novocain.........................3...............g
Natri bisulfit.................0,3...............g
DD acid hydroclorid 0,1N v pH = 3,5 5,0
Nc ct pha tim v1000 ml
Tin hnh: ha tan natri bisulfit, sau Novocain trong nc ct, thm
dung dch acid va c pH = 3,5 5. Lc trong, ng ng 1, 2, 5 ml.
Tit khun 1000C trong 30 pht.
CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn cc cu hi:
1. C th phn loi thuc tim theo 3 cch
A. C.
B.
2. Phn loi thuc tim theo ng tim c 4 loi
A. Thuc tim trong da C.
B. D.
3. Da theo h phn tn c th chia thnh 4 loi
A. C.
B. D. Thuc tim nh tng
4. Thnh phn ca mt thuc tim hon chnh gm
A. C. Bao b ng thuc tim
B. D.
5. K tn 3 loi dung mi dng pha tim
A. C.
B.
6. K tn 4 loi dung mi ng tan vi nc dng pha tim
A. C.
B. Polyetylen glycol D.
7. Nc ct pha tim khc vi nc ct 2 ch tiu
A. B.
8. K 3 loi cht ph dng trong thuc tim
A. Cht lm tng tan D.
B. E. Cht bo qun
C.
9. Hai cht thng dng ng trng thuc tim
A. B.
10.Su yu cu kim tra cht lng thuc tim
A. trong, mu sc D.
B. E.
C. G. v khun, ch nhit t
Tr li ng sai:
11. Thuc tim vo c th b qua hng ro bo v t nhin ca c th
nn thuc phi tuyt i v khun
12.Thuc tim khng cho php khu tr tc dng ti ni tim thuc
13. Mi hot cht pha thuc tim tn ti bn vng mt khong pH
nht nh
14. Mt dung dch ng vi mu l mt dung dch c p sut thm thu
bng p sut thm thu ca mu.
15.Cc dung dch tim u trng c th tim di da
16. V ng thuc tim khng phi l mt thnh phn to ra mt sn
phm thuc tim
17. V ng thuc bng thy tinh trung tnh dng tt cho mi thuc
tim
18. gim kh nng gy nhim cho trong qu trnh sn xut, h thng
phng pha ch thuc tim phi c thit k theo nguyn tc mt chiu
19. Lc tit khun l phng php dng cho cc thuc tim c hot cht
khng bn vi nhit
20. Thuc tim tnh mch khng t trong s gy tc kim tim khi
tim
21. Ch c th dng du thc vt t tiu chun pha tim pha thuc
tim.

22.Du no khng dng lm dung mi trong thuc tim
A. Du vng D. Du parafin
B. Du lc E. Du olive
C. Du hng dng
23. Phng php tit khun no c dng tit khun du lm dung
mi cho thuc tim
A. Luc si 100 0C trong 1 gi
B. Hp trong ni hp Autoclave 1210C trong 30 pht
C. Lc loi vi khun bng mng lc tit khun
D. Sy trong t sy nhit 1600 trong 1 gi
24.Nhm cht ph no khng c php thm vo thuc tim
A. Cc cht mu
B. Cht lm tng tan ca dc cht
C. Cht n nh dung dch thuc tim
D. Cht st khun
E. Cht gy t gim au
25.Thuc tim no nht thit phi thm cht st khun.
A. Cc dung dch thuc tim du
B. Cc dung dch thuc tim th tch ln
C. Cc dung dch tim tnh mch vi liu mt ln > 15 ml
D. Cc thuc tim vo ty sng
E. Cc thuc tim ng l gm nhiu liu
26.H m no khng c dng cho thuc tim
A. Acetic / acetat D. Boric / borat

B. Citric / citrate E. Glutamic / Glutamat
C. Photphat
27. tit khun thnh phm thuc tim khng dng phng php
A. Lc loi vi khun D. Hp trong autoclave
B. Phng php Tyndal E. Dng tia bc x UV
C. Luc si

BI 11. THUC TIM TRUYN
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nh ngha, c im ca thuc tim truyn.
2. K tn 5 loi dung dch tim truyn v cho th d tng loi.
3. Trnh by c thnh phn v k thut iu ch thuc tim truyn.
NI DUNG
1. KHI NIM CHUNG
1.1 nh ngha
Thuc tim truyn l dung dch nc hoc nh tng du trong nc, v
khun, khng c cht gy st, khng c ni c t vi khun v thng ng trng
vi mu, khng cha cht bo qun, dng tim vo tnh mch vi th tch ln,
tc chm (DVN IV).
i vi cc thuc tim truyn dng bt, hoc dung dch m c v khun

sau khi trn vi nhng th tch quy nh ca cht lng v khun thch hp th phi
tr thnh cc dung dch trong khng c cc tiu phn l, hoc cc nh tng ng
nht tun theo yu cu ca thuc tim hoc thuc tim truyn tnh mch.
1.2 c im
Dung mi pha ch l nc ct v khun, khng c cht gy st.
Dng vi liu lng ln nn cn phi ng trng vi mu v cc dch ca

c th.
Thi gian tim truyn tnh mch ko di.
Phi tuyt i v khun, khng c cht gy st, khng dng cht bo qun.
ng chai, l vi th tch ln : 100, 200, 250, 500ml

1.3. Phn loi
1.3.1 Cc dung dch cung cp nc, cht in gii
Loi ny c tc dng b nc khi c th b mt nc v ri lon cht in

gii trong trng hp bnh nhn b st cao, i ma, tiu chy thit lp li
cn bng sinh l bnh thng.

Cc dung dch thng gp nh Natri clorid 0,9 %, Kali clorid 2 %, Ringer

lactate, Dextrose 5 %,
1.3.2 Dung dch cung cp nng lng v cht dinh dng
Trong trng hp bnh nhn khng th tip nhn c cc cht dinh dng
cho c th t thc n qua ng tiu ho do nhng nguyn nhn no , khi
cc dch truyn c cha cc cht dinh dng cn thit nh carbonhydrat,
cc acid amin, cc acid bo, cc cht khong, cc nguyn t vi lng v cc
vitamin, s c tim truyn cho bnh nhn.
Cc dung dch cung cp nng lng thng thng nh glucose 5%, 10%,
20%, 30%. Trong dung dch glucose 20%, 30% l cc dung dch u
trng nn khi truyn vo tnh mch phi truyn rt chm.
Cc dung dch cung cp cht dinh dng l cc dung dch ti to protein

nh dung dch tim truyn m thy phn, dung dch tim truyn acid amin
tinh khit nh Alvesin, Moriamin.
1.3.3 Dung dch cn bng acid kim ca c th
Huyt tng ngi bnh thng c pH = 7,35 7,45 v c duy tr n nh

trong khong pH ny nh nhiu h m sinh l c sn trong c th. Nhng v mt
nguyn nhn no pH ca huyt tng nh hn 7,35 ngha l mu b nhim acid;
ngc li nu pH ca huyt tng ln hn 7,45 ngha l mu b nhim kim. Trong
nhng trng hp ny cn phi truyn cc dung dch c tc dng ti lp cn bng
acid kim ca mu.
Thc t hay dng dung dch natri hydrocarbonat 1,4% khi mu nhim acid,
v dng dung dch amoni clorid 2,14% khi mu nhim kim.
1.3.4 Dung dch tim truyn thay th huyt tng
Khi c th ngi bnh b mt mu do chn thng, do phu thut hoc do

chy mu ni tng, ty thuc vo lng mu b mt m ngi bnh c th b tt
huyt p, try tim v c th t vong nu th tch mu b mt khng c b p kp
thi. Trong trng hp khng c mu truyn, c th tm thi b li th tch mu
mt bng cch tim truyn mt s dung dch ca cc cht c phn t lng cao.
Hin nay hay dng cc dung dch dextran hay cc dung dch P.V.P (vi cc
bit dc nh Subtosan, Periston).
Tuy nhin, khi c th b mt mu, vic truyn dung dch cc cht cao phn t
nh dextran ch mang tnh cht tm thi b sung th tch huyt tng thiu ht
cho c th nhng khng b sung c s lng t bo mu mt, c bit l khi
c th b mt mt lng mu ln. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy tt nht l
truyn mu cho bnh nhn. Mu phi c bo qun trong cc dung dch chng
ng mu.
Dung dch chng ng v bo qun in hnh nh dung dch A.C.D, dng

chng ng v bo qun mu trc khi truyn mu cho ngi bnh.
Dung dch A.C.D (USP 24):
Dung dch A B
Acid citric khan ....................7,3 g ............4,4 g
Natri citrate.2H2O .....................22 g ..........13,2 g
Dextrose.1H2O ..................24,5 g ..........14,7 g
Nc ct pha tim ............v 1000 ml ....v 1000 ml
Cch dng: 100 ml mu ti cn 15 ml dung dch A hoc 25 ml dung dch B

bo qun.
1.4. Yu cu cht lng
Thuc tim truyn phi t cc yu cu ca thuc tim v cc yu cu sau
y
trong: Phi t quy nh v trong ca thuc tim khi kim tra bng
mt thng (ph lc 8.9, mc B, DVN IV).
Cc dung dch c th tch liu truyn t 100 ml tr ln phi p ng yu

cu v gii hn kch thc v s lng cc tiu phn (Ph lc 8.9, mc A,
DVN IV).
Cc nh tng tim truyn khng c c du hiu tch lp, v kch

thc cc git phn tn phi c quyt nh bi yu cu s dng ca ch
phm
Th tch: phi t theo th tch ghi trn nhn.
Cht gy st: khng c c.

2. K THUT IU CH
2.1 Chun b nguyn liu
Dc cht: Dc cht phi t cc tiu chun qui nh trong Dc in.
Tnh lng nguyn liu cn pha v cn lu vi nhng dc cht ngm

nc, th d nh glucose.

Dung mi: Nc ct pha tim t tiu chun trong Dc in.
Bao b ng thuc tim truyn: Theo yu cu nh bao b ng thuc tim.

2.2 K thut pha ch
K thut tng t nh pha ch thuc tim
3. KIM TRA CHT LNG
Kim tra cht lng nh trong kim tra cht lng ca thuc tim.
4. MT S CNG THC TIM TRUYN
4.1 Dung dch natri hydrocarbonat 1,4%
Cng thc:
Natri hydrocarbonat.........7...............g
Nc ct pha tim ..v 500.............ml
Tin hnh: cn v ha tan 7 gam NaHCO3 trong nc ct pha tim, sau

iu chnh cho th tch va 500 ml, lc trong, ng chai v em hp tit
trng. Sau soi v kim tra trong, cui cng dn nhn.
Cng dng: Dung dch ny c pH = 7 8,5, c dng khi mu b nhim

acid, c tc dng cung cp trc tip ion HCO 3- lp li cn bng acid
kim trong mu.
Cch dng: tim truyn tnh mch
Nhn:
Rx CTy CPDP XYZ

a ch:
THUC TIM TRUYN NATRI BICARBONAT
1,4%
Chai 500ml
TIM TRUYN TNH MCH
THUC BN THEO N
SDK: VNB-0101.08
HD: 06.06.2010
4.2 Dung dch Ringer

Cng thc:
Natri clorid...................8,6...............g

Kali clorid.....................0,3...............g
Canci clorid................0,33...............g
Nc ct pha tim v 1000.............ml
Dung dch ny c pH = 5 7,5, dng tim truyn cung cp nc v cht

in gii.
4.3 Dung dch Ringer Lactat
Cng thc:
Natri clorid......................6...............g
Kali clorid.....................0,3...............g
Canci clorid..................0,2...............g
Natri lactat....................3,1...............g
Nc ct pha tim v 1000.............ml
Dung dch ny c pH = 6 7,5. Dng trong trng hp bnh nhn b mt

nhiu cht in gii cng mt lc.
CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn cc cu hi:
28.Hai c im ca dung dch tim truyn khc vi thuc tim

A. Tim tnh mch vi tc chm
B.
29.Chai l ng thuc tim truyn c cc dung tch:

A. 100 ml C.
B. D.
30.Bn loi dung dch tim truyn

A. Dung dch tim truyn cung cp nc, cht in gii
B.
C.

D.
31.ng tim ca dung dch tim truyn l tnh mch
32.Thuc tim truyn c th dng cht bo qun
33.Thuc tim truyn bt buc phi th ch nhit t
34.Dung dch tim truyn Glucose 30 % thay th huyt tng
35. C th dng Dextran hay P.V.P pha ch dung dch tim truyn thay
th huyt tng.
36. bo qun mu (chng ng mu) dng dung dch A.C.D
37. Dung dch tim truyn NaHCO3 1,4 % dng iu tr khi mu

nhim kim
38.Dung dch tim truyn NH4Cl 2,14 % iu tr khi mu nhim acid
39. trong ca dung dch tim truyn i hi cao hn thuc tim
40.Dung dch tim truyn NaCl 0,9 % l nhc trng
41. Dung dch Ringer lactat l dung dch ng trng cung cp

nc v nhiu cht in gii.
42. Dung dch glucose 20 % l dung dch ng trng dng cung cp

nng lng
43. Dung dch tim truyn acid amin (Alvesin; moriamin) cung cp cht
dinh dng
44. Chn dung dch tim truyn cho bnh nhn st cao, tiu chy, i ma
A. Dung dch Ringer lactate
B. Dung dch glucose 30 %

C. Dung dch NaHCO3 1,4 %
D. Dung dch tim truyn acid amin (moriamin)
E. Dung dch NH4Cl 2,14 %
45.Dung dch tim truyn no sau y ng trng vi mu

A. Dung dch glucose 30 %
B. Dung dch glucose 20 %
C. Dung dch glucose 10 %
D. Dung dch NaCl 10 %
E. Dung dch KCl 10%
46.Thuc tim truyn no sau y khng cn kim tra trong

A. Dung dch glucose 30 %
B. Dung dch NH4Cl 1,4 %
C. Nh tng du hnh nhn cung cp nng lng
D. Dung dch tim truyn cung cp cht dinh dng (Avesin)
E. Dung dch A.C.D
47. Loi dung dch tim truyn no sau y c pH khc vi pH ca

huyt tng
A. Dung dch cung cp nc, cht in gii
B. Dung dch cung cp nng lng v cht dinh dng
C. Dung dch cn bng acid kim ca c th
D. Dung dch tim truyn thay th huyt tng
E. Dung dch A.C.D

BI 12. SIRO THUC
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nh ngha, phn loi, c im ca siro thuc.
2. Trnh by c k thut iu ch siro n v siro thuc.
3. Phn tch c mt s cng thc iu ch siro thuc.
NI DUNG
1. NH NGHA
Siro l dung dch nc ng m c, c cha cc dc cht hoc dch chit
dc liu v cc cht thm. Siro n cha 64 % ng trng RE.
2. PHN LOI
Siro n: thnh phn c saccarose (ng knh) v nc, dng lm cht
dn, cht iu v.
Siro thuc: thnh phn c siro n v dc cht, c tc dng iu tr bnh.

3. C IM
Siro n c hm lng ng cao nn c th bo qun c lu, c tc
dng dinh dng.
Siro n c t trng 20C l 1,32, 105C l 1,26.
Nng ng l 64% ( nng ny vi sinh vt khng hot ng c

nn him khi dng cht bo qun).
Siro thuc che giu c mi v kh chu ca mt s hot cht do rt

thch hp vi tr em.
DVN IV cho php thm vo siro n mt s cht ph gia nu thy cn

thit nh cc cht bo qun (acid sorbic v acid benzoic vi hm lng
khng qu 0,3% hoc cc este acid parahydroxybenzoic vi hm lng
khng qu 0,05%).
4. K THUT IU CH
4.1. iu ch siro n
4.1.1. Phng php nng (ho tan nhit si)
Cng thc
ng saccarose dc dng....165g.
Nc ct..................................100g.
Tin hnh
Ho tan ng vo nc nng khong 80C. Tip tc un t nhit si

105C (tng ng vi nng ng 64%).
Ngng un v lc nng.
Kim tra nng ng.
ng chai, y nt kn.
u im iu ch nhanh, hn ch kh nng nhim khun.
Nhc im siro thu c c mu hi vng do ng b caramen ha. Do

tip xc vi nhit ng saccarose c th to ra ng kh (ng n).
4.1.2. Phng php ngui
Cng thc
ng saccarose dc dng............... 180g.
Nc ct.....................................100g
Tin hnh
Cho ng vo nc, khuy k n khi ng tan hon ton hoc ng c

t trong ti vi treo ngay pha di mt nc yn, qu trnh ha tan t
xy ra theo cch i lu t trn xung, khi ng ha tan ht mi khuy u.
Lc.
Kim tra nng ng.
ng chai y, nt kn.
u im siro khng mu. ng saccarose khng to thnh ng kh

(ng n).
Nhc im thi gian ha tan lu, d nhim khun.

4.1.3. Kim tra nng ng sau khi iu ch siro n
DVN qui nh siro n ng nng l 64% th :
20C: d=1,32 tng ng 35 Baum.
105C: d=1,26 tng ng 30 Baum.
o t trng ca siro dng t trng k hoc Baum k.
Lin quan gia t trng (d) v Baum (n):
Nng ng trong siro c th c xc nh bng cch o t trng hoc

o nhit si do c tng quan quan gia nng v t trng, gia nng
v nhit si.
- Bng a. Mi quan h gia t trng ca siro n v nng ng 15C:

Nng ng (%) T trng siro
65 1,3207
64 1,3146
60 1,2960
- Bng b. Mi quan h gia nng ng v nhit si ca dung dch
ng saccarose trong nc.
Nng ng (%) Nhit si (C )
10 100
20 100,6
30 103,6
64-65 105
80 112
Cch o nhit si xc nh nng ng thng mc sai s ln do
nhit si thay i khng nhiu khi thay i nng .
4.1.4. iu chnh nng ng n nng qui nh
Nu siro m c phi pha long bng nc ct.
+ Nu o bng ph k Baum:
Lng nc thm vo c tnh theo cng thc sau

Q = 0,033 S D.
Q: l lng nc thm vo tnh bng g, kg.
S: l khi lng siro m c tnh bng g, kg.
D: l Baum chnh lch
Th d: c 5000g siro n o c 38 Baum 20C. iu chnh siro c

ng (35 Baum)
Q = 0,033 S D = 0,033 5000 (38 35) = 495g (hay 495ml.)
Nu dng t trng k, lng nc thm vo c tnh theo cng thc:
d: t trng ca siro cn pha long
d1: t trng qui nh ca siro cn t c

+ Nu o bng t trng k, lng nc tnh theo cng thc:
X: lng nc cn thm (g)
d1: t trng ca siro cn pha long
d: t trng cn t n
d2: t trng dung mi pha long (d2=1 nu l nc)
a: lng siro cn pha long (g)
4.1.5. Lm trong siro n
Siro n c lc nng qua nhiu lp vi gc, vi d hoc giy lc c bit

dy v xp c l lc ln.
Dng bt giy lc 1g bt giy nghin thnh bt nho trong ci s vi mt t

nc nng, vo 1000g siro ang nng, un si vi pht. Sau lc.
Lc p lc (lc nn) hoc lc gim p lc (bng ht chn khng).

4.2. iu ch siro thuc
4.2.1. iu ch siro thuc bng cch ha tan dc cht hay dung dch dc cht
vo siro n
p dng khi dc cht d tan trong siro n hoc dc cht kh tan cn phi
ha tan trong mt dung mi thch hp, sau phi hp vi siro n.

Dc cht c th l:
Ha cht: natri bromid, acidcitric.
Bn thnh phm nh cn thuc, cao thuc, dch chit m c.
4.2.2. iu ch siro thuc bng cch ha tan ng vo dung dch dc cht
p dng thng p dng cho cc siro iu ch t dc liu.
Tin hnh ty theo tnh cht ca dc cht cha trong dc liu m ta em

hm, hm, sc ngm kit ly dch chit ri thm ng theo t l siro n
iu ch theo phng php ngui.
5. KIM TRA CHT LNG NG GI BO QUN
Siro lng snh, c v ngt c trng ca siro v mi d chu ty tng thnh
phn dc cht, trong sut tr mt s siro iu ch t dch chit dc liu c
th hi c.
Siro n pha xong phi ng vo chai kh, sch, y nt kn.
Siro thuc ng chai nh, v khun, y nt kn.
Siro iu ch c nng ng thp hoc cao hn 64% mt thi gian s

b vn c do nm mc, si bt, ln men lactic. Hin tng ln men cng
nhanh nu trong siro c ng n do qu trnh thy phn to ra.
Bo qun ni kh, mt (25C), khng ni lnh v c th lm kt tinh

ng trong siro.
C th bo qun siro bng cch thm cn, acid benzoic, nipagin, nipasol
vi nng thch hp.
6. MT S CNG THC SIRO THUC
6.1. Siro v cam ng
Cng thc:
V cam ng..................10..............g.
Cn 60.........................10............ml.
Nc ct......................100............ml.
ng trng.................v.

Tin hnh
Ct nh v cam, ngm vi cn 60 trong 12 gi, rt dch chit cn (dch chit

1).
Hm b v cam vi nc nng 70C trong 6 gi, rt dch chit nc (dch chit

2).
Gp dch chit 1 v 2 li ri lc.
Thm ng theo t l siro n (phng php ngui,) trn u, ng chai.
Dn nhn thnh phm thng dng trong.
Cng dng: tr ho, lm t dc thm cho cc dng thuc khc.

6.2. Siro Acid Citric
Cng thc
Acid citric........................1..............g.
Nc ct..........................2............ml.
Siro n..................v 100..............g.
Tin hnh
Ha tan acid citric vo 2ml nc ct . Lc.
Trn u dch lc acid citric vo siro n.
Thm siro n va 100g, khuy u, ng chai.
Cng dng: gii kht, dng pha mt s dng thuc khc.

6.3. Siro Tribromid
- Cng thc
Calci bromid....................3..............g.
Natri bromid....................3..............g.
Amoni bromid.................3..............g.
Siro v cam ng.........100............ml.
Tin hnh
Ha tan cc hot cht trn trong khong 80ml siro v cam ng.
Thm siro v cam ng va 100ml, khuy u.
ng chai, nt kn.
Cng dng tr ho, long m.

6.4. Siro Iodotanic
Cng thc
Iod ..................................2...............g
Tanin ...............................4...............g
Nc ct .....................400.............ml
ng trng dc dng 600.............g
Tin hnh
Ha tan tanin vo nc ct trong bnh cu (bnh phn ng ).
Thm iod tn nh v khong 1/6 lng ng, y kn.
un cch thy gn 60C, thnh thong lc.
Khi iod tan ht v dung dch khng cn phn ng vi giy h tinh bt, cho nt
lng ng cn li vo bnh v tip tc un cch thy cho tan ht ng.
Lc, ng chai, dn nhn thnh phm thng dng trong.
Ch phm mu nu , v ngt sn se.
Cng dng: thuc b dng trong trng hp c th suy nhc, tr em lao

hch
CU HI T LNG GI
48.Nu 2 cch phn loi siro:
A. B.
49.Nu 2 thnh phn chnh ca siro thuc
A. B.
50.Bn giai on chnh ca qu trnh iu ch siro n

A. Ha tan ng C.
B. D.
51.Hai dng c kim tra nng ng ca siro
A. B.
52.Hai phng php iu ch siro thuc
A. B.
Tr li ng sai cc cu hi:
53. Thnh phn ca siro n l ng glucose
54. T trng ca siro n ch nng 200C l 1,32
55. T trng ca siro n ch ngui 200C l 1,26
56. Nhit si ca siro n ch nng v ch ngui l khc nhau
57. Nng ng trong siro n l 64 %
58. Nng ng trong siro thp hn qui nh s lm siro d b hng
(vi khun pht trin)
59. Nng ng trong siro cao hn qui nh khng b vi khun lm
hng
60. Phi iu chnh nng ng ca siro n n 64 % (tng ng
vi t trng 1,32 200C)
Chn mt cu tr li ng nht cc cu t 184 n 186
61. Giai on quan trng nht trong iu ch siro n l
A. Chun b nguyn liu D. Lm trong
B. Ha tan ng E. Kh mu
C. iu chnh hm lng ng
62. Siro thuc c iu ch bng cch ha tan dc cht vo siro n
l
A. Siro v cam ng D. Siro tribromid
B.Siro iodotaninic E. C v D ng
C.Siro Acid citric
Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1 100

63. Siro thuc c iu tr ch bng ha tan ng vo dung dch

thuc.
A. Siro Tribromid D. Siro iodotanic
B. Siro Acid citric E. C v D ng
C. Siro v cam ng

BI 13. POTIO (Potiones)
MC TIU
1. Nu c nh ngha v phn bit c cc loi potio.
2. K c thnh phn ca potio thuc.
3. Trnh by c k thut iu ch potio thuc.
4. Phn tch mt s cng thc potio.
NI DUNG
1. NH NGHA
Potio l dng thuc nc c v ngt cha mt hay nhiu dc cht, thng
c pha ch theo n, dng ung tng mung (10-15ml)
2. PHN LOI
C 3 loi
Potio chnh tn (potio dung dch).
Potio hn dch.
Potio nh dch.
3. THNH PHN
3.1. Dc cht
Dc cht tham gia vo thnh phn ca cc potio rt a dng. C th l
Cc dc cht d tan trong nc hay t tan trong nc.
Cc dc cht d bay hi (tinh du, cn).
Cc bn thnh phm nh cao thuc, cn thuc.

3.2. Cht lm ngt
Siro n, siro thuc.
Mt ong, ng...
3.3. Cht dn
Nc, nc thm, nc hm hay nc sc dc liu (dch chit dc liu),
cn thp .

4. K THUT
4.1. Potio iu ch vi ha cht
i vi cht d ha tan, ha tan ha cht trong dung mi thch hp hoc
cht dn. Lc ri trn vo siro.
i vi ha cht khng tan
Nghin mn ha cht trong ci, trn vi bt gm, thm siro t t, nghin tht
k.
Thm t t cht dn, trn u (xem bi hn dch)
i vi ha cht d bay hi cho vo sau cng, y nt kn, lc u.
i vi ha cht lng khng tan: (xem bi nh tng).

4.2. Potio iu ch vi dc liu
i vi cn thuc cao thuc: ly cn thuc, cao thuc cho vo siro trn k
trc khi thm cht dn v cc cht khc (lng cao thuc, cn thuc di
2g c th ly theo git; lng cao thuc, cn thuc trn 2g phi cn).
i vi cao c, cao mm: ha tan cao trong mt t siro n un nng hoc

mt t glycerin ri trn u vi siro v cc cht khc.
Tinh du: nghin tinh du vi mt t ng, trn k vi siro, sau thm

cht dn v trn u.
Du thc vt, ng vt: dng mt lng gm thch hp lm t dc nh

ha iu ch thnh potio nh dch.
i vi dc liu th: Ty lng nc c trong cng thc, un si nc

sc, hm ly dch chit lm cht dn.
Ch :
Khi pha ch trnh tng k gia cc dc cht.
Potio hn dch, nh tng khng c lc v phi c nhn ghi dng ch lc

trc khi dng
5. BO QUN
Do cha mt lng nh ng, cc potio l mi trng thun li cho s
pht trin ca vi khun, nm mc.

Ch nn iu ch potio khi dng hoc dng trong 1-2 ngy.
ng chai, l , nt kn.
Bo qun: ni mt trnh nh sng.

6. MT S CNG THC
6.1. Potio cn qu
Cng thc
Cn qu...........................4.............ml
Cn 90.........................20.............ml
Siro n.........................40.............ml
Nc ct......................100.............ml
Tin hnh
Ha tan cn qu vo cn 900, thm siro n, khuy u.
Thm nc ct va 100ml.
Khuy u ng chai.
Cng dng: chng cm lnh, kch thch tiu ha, lm ru khai v.

6.2. Potio pha ch theo n
Rp:
Natri hyposulfit...............5...............g
Siro acid citric...............25...............g
Nc ct ..................v 80.............ml
M.f. potio.
Trong n ny c tng k gia dc cht v siro acid citric v vy thay

bng siro n.
Tin hnh
Ho tan Natri hyposulfite trong khong 30ml nc.

Lc vo chai cn sn siro n.
Thm nc ct va 80ml.
Khuy u. Dn nhn thnh phm thuc thng.

6.3. Potio c tinh du
Cng thc
Calci gluconat................10...............g
Natri benzoat...................5...............g
Tinh du khuynh dip....56...........git
Siro codein....................30...............g
Siro n.........................20...............g
Nc ct.................v 150.............ml
Tin hnh
Tn mn mt t ng trong ci (khong 20g) thm tinh du khuynh dip

nghin trn k.
Trn u hn hp tinh dung vo siro codein v siro n.
Ha tan nng calci gluconat. ngui, lc vo hn hp trn. Khuy k.
Thm dung dch natri benzoat.
B sung nc ct va 150ml.
Dn nhn thnh phm thuc thng, dng trong.
Cng dng: tr ho.

6.4. Potio c cao thuc
Cng thc
Cao mm canhkina..........2...............g
Cn qu.........................10...............g
Siro v cam ng...........30...............g
Nc ct ................v 150.............ml
Tin hnh
un nng 15g siro v cam ng ha tan cao mm canhkina.
Trn cn qu vo 15g siro v cam ng cn li, khuy u.
Phi hp 2 hn hp trn li vi nhau, trn u ri thm nc ct va 150ml.
Dn nhn thnh phm thuc thng, dng trong.
Cng dng kch thch tiu ha.
CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn cc cu hi:
64. Ba c im ca potio qua nh ngha ca n

A.
B.
C. Dng ung tng tha (5 ml 15 ml)
65. Ba loi potio

A. C.
B.
66. Ba loi cht lm ngt cho potio

A.
B.
C. Hn hp cc siro
67. Nu 3 thnh phn ca potio

A.
B.
C.
Tr li ng sai cc cu sau:
68. Hm lng ng trong potio thp hn siro

69. Dc cht tham gia vo thnh phn ca cc potio c th d tan hay

t tan trong nc.
70. Potio chnh tn l potio nh dch
71. Potio chnh tn l potio dung dch
72. Cht dn pha potio hn dch c th gi l dung mi
73. Trong iu ch potio nu c dc cht d bay hi nn cho vo ngay

t u.
74. Khi iu ch potio rt hay gp tng k
75. Potio l dng thuc c th bo qun lu
76. Potio thng c dng theo cch phn liu

A. Theo git D. Theo ly nh
B. Theo tha cafe E. B v C ng
C. Theo tha canh
77. Potio c th bo qun c trong thi gian:

A. 1 ngy D. Vi thng
B. 2 n 3 ngy E. Hng nm
C. 1 tun
78. Potio c ng trong chai vi th tch:

A. T 30 ml n 150 ml D. Vi lt
B. 500 ml E. Tt c cc cu u ng
C. 1000 ml

BI 14 THUC T (Suppositoria)
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nh ngha, phn loi, u nhc im ca thuc t.
2. Trnh by c c im ca thuc t.
3. Nu yu cu cht lng ca thuc t.
4. Trnh by c thnh phn v phng php iu ch thuc t.
5. Nu c cc yu cu kim tra cht lng thuc t.
NI DUNG
1. NH NGHA
Thuc t l dng thuc phn liu, c hnh th, kch thc v khi lng khc
nhau, c th rn hoc mm dai nhit thng, khi c t vo cc hc t nhin
ca c th th chy lng hoc ha tan trong nim dch gii phng dc cht nhm
gy tc dng iu tr ti ch hoc ton thn.
2. PHN LOI V C IM
Cn c vo ni t, tn gi ca thuc l:
2.1. Thuc n (Suppositoria rectalis = Suppositoria)
c t vo trc trng khi s dng cho tc dng ti ch (cha tr, to bn)

hay ton thn (an thn gy ng, gim au h st, thp khp, tim mch)
2.2. Thuc trng (Suppositoria vaginalis = Ovula)
c t vo m o khi s dng cho tc dng ti ch (st trng, chng

nm, cm mu).
2.3. Thuc niu o (Suppositoria urethralis)
c t vo niu o khi s dng, cho tc dng ti ch (st trng, gim au,

cm mu).

Hnh 21.1: Hnh dng cc loi thuc t.
3. c im hp thu thuc trc trng v cc yu t nh hng

3.1. c im hp thu thuc trc trng
Do c im sinh l ring, trc trng c h tnh mch dy c c chia thnh

3 vng: tnh mch trc trng di, tnh mch trc trng gia v tnh mch trc trng
trn.
Sau khi t thuc vo trc trng, vin thuc c chy lng hoc ha tan
trong nim dch, dc cht c gii phng v hp thu vo c th theo cc
ng sau
Theo tnh mch trc trng di v tnh mch trc trng gia qua tnh mch ch
di ri vo h tun hon chung khng qua gan.
Theo tnh mch trc trng trn vo tnh mch ca, qua gan ri vo h tun hon
chung.
Mc hp thu ca thuc ty vo v tr vin thuc trong ng trc trng.

Hnh 21.2: Tnh mch tun hon vng trc trng.

1. Tnh mch trc trng di. 2. Tnh mch trc trng gia
3. Tnh mch trc trng trn 4. Tnh mch ca.
5. Tnh mch ch di
3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n s hp thu thuc trc trng

3.2.1. Cc yu t sinh hc
H tnh mch trc trng: vi lu lng mu khong 30ml/ pht rt c

ngha trong vic hp thu dc cht theo ng trc trng.
Dch trng: ng vai tr quan trng trong s hp thu thuc. Lng dch
trng ha tan thuc rt nh (khong 3ml). Nhng thay i bnh l nh s
mt nc do ri lon tiu ha, to bn, tiu chys lm gim hay lm
chm s hp thu thuc qua nim mc trc trng.
pH ca dch trng: dch trng c pH= 7,5. Nhng dc cht c tnh acid
hay base yu, t phn ly c hp thu nhanh qua nim mc trc trng so vi
nhng cht c tnh acid hay base mnh.
Lp cht nhy: nim mc trc trng c bao ph bi mt lp cht nhy.

Lp cht nhy ngn cn v lm chm qu trnh khuych tn dc cht n
ni hp thu nn lm gim hp thu thuc t thuc n.

S vn ng ca trc trng lm thuc lan ta rng, tng din tch hp thu

do tng mc hp thu.
3.2.2. Cc yu t dc hc
nh hng ca dc cht
Tnh tan.
Kch thc tiu phn dc cht.
Dng ha hc ca dc cht.
c im b mt ca tiu phn dc cht.
nh hng ca t dc
T dc quyt nh n kh nng gii phng v hp thu dc cht:
im chy ca t dc.
nht ca t dc.
Cc cht din hot.
Th tch ca vin thuc.

4. u nhc im ca dng thuc t
4.1. u im
Thuc t c th c iu ch qui m nh (1020 vin/gi) v cng c
th c iu ch qui m cng nghip vi k thut t ng hoc bn t
ng.
Thuc n thch hp cho nhng bnh nhn b tn thng ng tiu ha,

nn ma, bnh nhn sau phu thut cn hn m khng th s dng thuc
bng ng ung.
Nhng bnh nhn qu nh tui hay qu gi, nhng bnh nhn ri lon tm
thn dng thuc qua ng trc trng d hn qua ng ung.
Nhng thuc gy tc dng ph trn ng tiu ha, thuc khng bn trong

mi trng pH ca dch v, thuc nhy cm vi enzyme trong ng tiu ha
hoc b chuyn ha mnh ln u qua gan, thuc c mi v kh chunu s
dng qua ng trc trng s trnh c nhng bt li trn. Thuc n iu

ch tt gim c ti 70% thuc qua gan v c hp thu qua tnh mch trc
trng.
4.2. Nhc im
S hp thu t thuc n i khi chm v khng hon ton.
S hp thu thay i nhiu gia cc c th v ngay trong cng mt c th.
S dng thuc n i khi gy vim trc trng.
Kh m bo tui th ca thuc thch hp.
Kh bo qun. Cch s dng hi bt tin.

5. Yu cu cht lng
Hnh dng, kch thc, khi lng ph hp ni t thuc.
Phi c bn c hc nht nh, gi c hnh dng trong qu trnh bo

qun, khi s dng c th dng tay t d dng.
Chy lng thn nhit hoc ha tan trong nim dch gii phng dc
cht.
Du vi da v nim mc ni t thuc v to c tc dng mong mun.
Gii phng dc cht tt.

6. Thnh phn
6.1. Dc cht
C th chia thnh 2 nhm chnh
Nhm cho tc dng ti ch
Chng vim.
Nhun trng, ty s.
Gy t ti ch.
Cha tr.
Khng sinh.
Sulfamid.
Tr nm.
Nhm cho tc dng ton thn
H st, gim au.
Thp khp.
Ho.
Chng nn, chng co tht.

6.2. T dc
6.2.1. Vai tr ca t dc
T dc gi vai tr quan trng trong vic lm cho vin thuc c hnh dng,
kch thc v bn c hc t yu cu.
T dc quyt nh n chy, kh nng lan ta, s gii phng v hp thu

dc cht.
Cng mt dc cht nhng c ch vi t dc khc nhau th hiu lc

iu tr s rt khc nhau.
6.2.2. Yu cu ca t dc thuc t
Nhit chy thp hn 36,5C.
Khong nng chy nn nh ng rn nhanh sau khi pha ch, trnh vic
tch v kt t cc tiu phn dc cht rn, tuy nhin khong chy phi ln
bo ch d dng nht l qui m cng nghip.
C kh nng co rt th tch d dng ly vin thuc ra khi khun.
C nht thch hp hn hp d chy vo khun khi iu ch v trnh

s lng ng dc cht rn ng thi gip khi thuc lan ta nhanh, u ln
b mt hp thu khi s dng.
n nh v mt ha hc v l hc trong thi gian bo qun.
Khng tng k vi dc cht, thch hp vi nhiu loi dc cht.
Cho php phng thch dc cht tt.
Hon ton khng c, khng gy kch ng ni t thuc.
Thch hp vi cc phng php iu ch thuc t.

6.2.3. Phn loi t dc
Da vo kh nng ha tan v c ch phng thch hot cht, t dc thuc t c

chia thnh hai nhm chnh:
T dc thn du (t dc bo) khng tan trong nim dch nhng chy

lng di iu kin thn nhit gii phng dc cht. Gm 2 nhm
Du m sp (b ca cao v cc ch phm).
Cc dn cht ca du m sp (du m hydrogen ha, cc triglycerid tng hp

hay bn tng hp nh cc loi Witepsol).
T dc thn nc ha tan trong nim dch gii phng dc cht. Gm

2 nhm
Keo thn nc thin nhin nh gelatin, thch.
Keo thn nc tng hp polyethylene glycol (P.E.G).

7. K thut iu ch
C 3 phng php
7.1. Phng php nn
7.2. Phng php p khun
Nguyn tc ca 2 phng php ny l dc cht mn c trn u vo t

dc rn c xt nh (khng dng nhit), sau to vin c hnh dng, kch
thc v khi lng thch hp vi ni t thuc. Hai phng php ny t c s
dng v kh phn tn dc cht u vo t dc.
7.3. Phng php un chy khun
Nguyn tc
Dc cht c ha tan hoc phn tn trong t dc c un chy, sau

vo khun c th tch nht nh nhit thch hp.
Tin hnh gm 2 giai on
7.3.1. Chun b dng c v nguyn liu
Dng c
qui m nh dng ci, chy nghin dc cht, chn s un chy t dc

v phi hp dc cht vo t dc.

Khun bng ng, cht do c hnh vin thch hp c th tho lp d dng

ly thuc ra khi khun.
Dng c phi c ra sch v tit trng. Khun sau khi c tit trng phi
c bi trn vin thuc khng dnh khun. Nu thuc c iu ch vi
t dc bo th bi trn bng cn x phng, vi t dc thn nc th bi
trn bng du parafin. Sau lm lnh khun.
qui m cng nghip, thuc t c iu ch bng my t ng bm khi

thuc c un chy vo nhng khun ng thi cng l bao b cho vin
thuc.
Nguyn liu
Phi tnh c phn hao ht do dnh dng c.
Trng hp dc cht v t dc c khi lng ring khc nhau v lng dc

cht trong vin ln hn 0,05g th phi da vo h s thay th tnh lng cn
dng. H s thay th c tnh sn v c ghi trong cc sch v bo ch.
7.3.2. Phi hp dc cht vo t dc v khun
Phi hp dc cht vo t dc: ty theo tnh cht ca dc cht v t

dc c th phi hp dc cht vo t dc c un chy bng cc
phng php ha tan, nh ha hay trn u n gin.
khun: khi thuc ngui n gn nhit ng c, vo khun

c tit khun, bi trn v lm lnh.
Trong lc ngui v khun phi khuy u trnh lng ng, c bit l

thuc c cu trc kiu hn dch.
Phi y v cao hn mt khun 1-2mm.
Phi nhanh v lin tc trnh to ngn.
Sau khi khun phi lm lnh khun thuc ngay thuc ng rn hon ton
dng dao gt phn tha pha trn, tho khun ly vin ra.
8. ng gi bo qun
qui m nh: thuc t c bc tng vin trong giy chng m nh giy
nn, giy bng, giy thicri xp vo hp c ngn ring hoc ng trong
l thy tinh rng ming.

qui m sn xut ln: thuc t c bo qun trong nhng v bng cht

do hay giy nhm c trng cht do l khun ng thi l bao gi va
chng m. Cc v thuc c xp vo hp cng v c gi ni kh mt.
DVN IV qui nh bo qun thuc t nhit di 30C.

9. Kim tra cht lng
Tin hnh kim tra cht lng theo cc tiu chun ghi trong DVN IV cc yu
cu sau:
Hnh thi bn ngoi.
ng u khi lng.
Thi gian tan r.
cng.
nh lng dc cht.
phng thch dc cht.

10. Mt s th d
Th d 1:
Cloral hydrat.................0,5..............g.
Witepsol......................v 1.........vin.
Liu nh vy, iu ch 10 vin thuc n.
Cloral hydrat tan trong t dc witepsol s to nn hn hp mm, do , c th

thm 1-3% sp ong vo thnh phn m bo th cht ca thuc n. un
chy t dc nhit khong 70C, cho cloral hydrat vo ho tan. khun.
Th d 2:
Paracetamol..................0,3..............g.
Witepsol......................v 1.........vin.
Liu nh vy, iu ch 10 vin thuc n.
Nghin mn paracetamol, cho mt t witepsol c un chy vo, trn u.

Cho hn hp paracetamol vo witepsol c un chy cn li, khuy u.
khun.

CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn cc cu sau:
79.Thuc t c phn loi vo v tr t

A.
B.
C.
80.K 2 ng hp thu thuc qua trc trng

A.
B.
81.Nu 2 yu t chnh nh hng n hp thu thuc trc trng

A.
B.
82.Nu 5 yu cu cht lng thuc t

A.
B.
C.
D. Du da v nim mc
E. Gii phng dc cht tt
83.Hai nhm dc cht chnh c iu ch di dng thuc t

A.
B.
84.Thuc t cho tc dng ton thn bao gm

A. H st, gim au
B.
C.
D.
85.Hai loi t dc thuc t c phn loi theo kh nng ha tan

A.
B.
86.Hai loi t dc thn du dng cho thuc t l:

A.
B.
87.Hai loi t dc thuc dn cht du, m, sp l:

A.
B. Cc triglycerid tng hp (Witepsol)
88.Hai nhm t dc thn nc thng dng cho thuc t:

A.
B.
89.K 3 phng php chnh iu ch thuc t:

A.
B.
C.
90.Thuc t l thuc dng thuc bn rn c hnh th nht nh dng

iu tr bnh bng cch t vo cc hc t nhin ca c th.
91.Thuc t l dng thuc khng phn liu
92.Thuc t vo trc trng gi l thuc n
93.Thuc t vo m o gi l thuc trng
94.Thuc n ch cho tc dng ti ch

95.Thuc n thng c hnh dng ging vin n hay thy li
96.Thuc t vo trc trng c hp thu trc tip vo tnh mch ch

di ri vo h tun hon chung khng qua gan
97.T dc thuc t c nh hng nht nh n s hp thu thuc

trc trng
98.Mt phn ng k dc cht ca thuc n c hp thu trc tip

vo tun hon chung, khng qua gan
99.Thuc n ch gy ra tc dng iu tr ton thn
100.Thuc trng v thuc niu o (thuc bt ch) c dng ch yu

cho tc dng ti ch
101.Thuc n thch hp cho tr em v ngi qu gi
102.iu ch thuc t bng phng php khun rt thch hp qui

m nh nhng t s dng qui m cng nghip
103.iu ch thuc t bng phng php khun phi tnh c phn

hao ht do dnh dng c
104.ng t trc trng thch hp nht cho cc dc cht

A. Khng bn trong mi trng acid
B. C tan thch hp
C. Kch ng ng tiu ha
D. D b oxy ha
E. A v D ng
105.Witepsol thuc nhm t dc

A. Nh ha
B. Thn nc
C. Ch phm ca b cacao

D. Du hydrogen ha
E. Glycerid bn tng hp
106.T dc PEG thuc nhm

A. Ch phm b cacao
B. Du hydrogen ha
C. Polymer thn nc tng hp
D. Keo thn nc thin nhin
E. Glycerid bn tng hp
107.Phng php un chy khun iu ch thuc n phi ch
n h s thay th khi lng dc cht trong vin:
A. Nh hn 0,05g B. Ln hn 0,5g
C. Nh hn 0,5g D. Ln hn 0,05g
E. Ln hn 0,1g
108.iu kin bo qun thuc t:
A. Nhit 5 10C B. Nhit 15 20C
C. Nhit di 5C D. Nhit di 30C
E. Nhit trn 30C
109.Phi hp hot cht Clorat hydrat vo t dc Witepsol iu ch
thuc t theo cch khun bng phng php:
A. Ha tan
B. Trn u n gin
C. Trn u nh ha
D. Nh ha trc tip
E. B v C ng
110. Phi hp hot cht paracetamol vo t dc Witepsol bng phng
php
A. Ha tan
B. Nh ha trc tip
C. Trn u n gin
D. Trn u nh ha
E. A v D ng

BI 15. NH TNG (Emulsiones)
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nh ngha, phn loi, thnh phn ca nh tng thuc.
2. K c u nhc im ca nh tng thuc.
3. Nu c cc giai on iu ch nh tng thuc.
NI DUNG
1. NH NGHA
Nh tng l mt h phn tn vi d th c to bi hai tng lng khng
ng tan vo nhau, trong mt tng lng c gi l pha phn tn c
phn tn ng u di dng cc git mn c ng knh t 0,1 n vi chc
micromet trong mt cht lng khc gi l mi trng phn tn.
Nh tng thuc :theo DVN nh tng thuc gm cc dng thuc lng

hoc mm ung, tim, dng ngoi c iu ch bng cch dng tc dng
ca cht nh ha thch hp trn u 2 cht lng khng ng tan c gi
mt cch qui c l Du v Nc.
Nh tng lng kiu Du / Nc dng lm thuc ung thng c gi l nh

dch.
Hnh: H nh tng nc trong du v du trong nc.

2. THNH PHN
2.1. Thut ng qui c
Pha Nc (tng Nc) l cht lng phn cc.
Pha Du (tng Du) l cht lng khng phn cc hoc rt t phn cc.
Pha phn tn (pha ni, tng ni, tng phn tn, pha khng lin tc) l
cht lng trng thi phn tn thnh git mn.
Pha ngoi (tng ngoi, mi trng phn tn, pha lin tc) l cht lng
cha ng cht lng phn tn.
2.2. Thnh phn ca nh tng
Pha du (tng du)
Pha nc (tng nc)
Cht nh ha.
2.2.1. Pha du
Gm tt c cc dc cht v dn cht hoc t dc khng phn cc hay rt t

phn cc nh cc loi du, m, sp, tinh du, nha, cc dc cht ha tan c
trong du.
2.2.2. Pha nc
Gm cc cht lng phn cc nh nc, nc thm, nc sc, nc hm,

ethanol, glycerolv cc cht d ha tan trong cc cht lng trn.
2.2.3. Cht nh ha
gip cho nh tng hnh thnh v c bn nht nh.
Nhm cht nh ha tan trong nc, to nh tng kiu D/N nh gm

Arabic, gm adragant, gelatin, tween
Nhm cht nh ha tan trong du, ti nh tng kiu N/D nh cholesterol,

span, sp ong,
3. PHN LOI
Theo kiu nh tng: D/N, N/D, D/N/D, N/D/N
Theo ngun gc:

Nh tng thin nhin: sa, lng trng.
Nh tng nhn to: c iu ch bng cch dng cht nh ha phi hp

hai pha Du v Nc.
- Theo nng pha phn tn: nh tng long, nh tng c
Theo kch thc pha phn tn: nh tng th, vi nh tng.
Theo ng s dng: nh tng ung, tim, dng ngoi

4. U NHC IM
4.1. u im
i vi thuc ung gip che giu mi v kh chu ca dc cht nh du
c. Hn ch tc dng gy kch ng nim mc h tiu ha nh bromoform,
tinh du giun. Pht huy tc dng ca thuc nh cc cht du khi iu ch
di dng nh tng c th hp thu tt hn.
i vi thuc tim kiu D/N c th dng cho mi ng tim (cc ch

phm dinh dng ton thn cung cp cc cht bo, carbohydrat, vitamin cho
bnh nhn suy nhc). Kiu N/D dng tim bp hoc di da cho tc
dng ko di (nh tng tim bp ca vi vaccin ko di thi gian min
dch)
i vi thuc dng ngoi: c hai loi nh tng D/N v N/D u dn thuc

qua da tt lm tng hiu qu tr liu ca ch phm.
4.2. Nhc im
Ch phm thng km bn vng (tch lp) trong qu trnh bo qun. Vic
iu ch phi c mt s phng tin nht nh (cht nh ha, thit b phn tn)
5. K THUT IU CH
Nguyn tc chung:
Pha Nc + Pha Du + Cht nh ha: di tc ng ca lc gy phn tn

mnh nh tng.
Cc dc cht d tan trong nc c ha tan trong pha Nc, d tan trong

du ha tan trong pha Du.
Ch : iu ch nh tng t yu cu:
Thit b v lc gy phn tn phi ph hp vi phng php iu ch nh

tng.

iu ch nhit thch hp.

5.1. Phng php keo t
5.1.1. Nguyn tc
Cht nh ha c ha tan trong lng ln pha ngoi, sau thm t t pha

ni vo, va thm va phn tn n khi ht pha ni v tip tc cho n khi nh
tng t yu cu.
S 18.1: iu ch nh tng bng phng php keo t
Th d:
5.1.2. Cng thc
Du ...............................500ml.
GelatinA ......................................8g.
Acid tartaric 0,6...................................g.
Cht to mi v.
Ethanol .................................60ml.
Nc tinh khit v 1000.........................ml.
5.1.3. iu ch
Cho gelatin v acid tartric vo khong 300ml nc, yn vi pht, un

nng nh n khi gelatin ha tan hon ton.
Nng nhit hn hp n 98C v duy tr nhit ny trong khong 20

pht.
hn hp ngui n 50C, thm cht to mi, cn v nc iu chnh

n 500ml.
Thm du t t, phn tn thnh nh tng ng nht.

iu chnh th tch.
Chuyn qua my ng nht ha hay my xay keo x l cho n khi t

yu cu.
ng chai vi, dn nhn c dng ch Lc trc khi dng.
Phng php ny thch hp p dng qui m cng nghip.

5.2. Phng php keo kh
5.2.1. Nguyn tc
Cht nh ha dng bt mn c trn vi ton b tng ni. Thm mt

lng tng ngoi va v phn tn mnh to nh tng m c. Thm t t
tng ngoi cn li vo v hon chnh nh tng.
S 18.2: iu ch nh tng bng phng php keo kh
Th d:
Nh tng du khong
5.2.2. Cng thc
Du khong 500...............................ml.
Gm Arabic (bt rt mn)........................125..............g.
Siro .....................................100............ml.
Vanillin 40.................................mg.
Ethanol .......................................60............ml.
Nc tinh khit va ..........................1000............ml.

5.2.3. iu ch
Trn u du v gm Arabic trong ci kh, thm 250ml nc v nh

nhanh (mt chiu) cho n khi thu c m c.
Thm t t tng lng nh (va thm va khuy) mt hn hp gm siro,

50ml nc v cn vanillin vo.
Thm nc iu chnh th tch.
Trn u hoc chuyn qua my ng nht ha.
ng chai vi. Dn nhn c ghi dng ch lc trc khi dng.
Phng php ny thch hp iu ch mt lng nh nh tng bng ci

chy vi cht nh ha l keo thn nc nh gm arabic, gm adragant.
5.3. Cc phng php c bit
5.3.1. Trn ln 2 pha sau khi un nng
Trong cng thc c sp hoc cc cht cn un chy: thnh phn thn du, du v sp c
un chy thnh hn hp ng nht nhit khong 70C. Thnh phn tan
trong ncc ha tan v un nng nhit cao hn mt t so vi pha
du (2-3C). Trn u 2 pha v phn tn cho n khi ngui.
un nng gim nht 2 pha khi phn tn: p dng iu ch cc nh

tng c th cht c.
5.3.2. Phng php dng dung mi chung.
5.3.3. Phng php x phng ha trc tip.
5.3.4. Nh ha tinh du v cc cht d bay hi.

6. NG GI V BO QUN
Nh tng thuc tng i kh bo qun v lu d b tch lp, i kht
nm mc, pht trin.
Ngoi tr nh tng thuc tim c bo qun theo ch ring, cc nh

tng thuc ung, dng ngoi c bo qun trong chai l sch, kh, nt kn
ni mt, nhit t thay i.
Bao b ca nh tng c th tch ln hn th tch thuc v trn nhn phi

ghi dng ch lc trc khi dng.

7. KIM SOT CHT LNG

Cm quan nh tng c th cht mm, mn mng ng nht nh kem. Nh
tng lng, c trng, ng nht ging nh sa, khng c tch lp, lng
cn hoc ni kem.
nh tnh, nh lng hot cht.
Xc nh kiu nh tng
S ng nht v kch thc tiu phn
Tnh n nh.
8. MT S CNG THC
8.1. Nh dch du thu du
Cng thc
Du thu du .................30..............g.
Gm Arabic ..................10..............g.
Tinh du bc h ..............3..........git.
Siro gm........................30..............g.
Nc ct v.................100............ml.
iu ch
Chun b dng c, cn ong nguyn liu theo cng thc.
Ha tan tinh du bc h trong du thu du.
Nghin mn gm Arabic trong ci.
du thu du vo ci, o nhanh, nh cho u.
Thm khong 20ml nc ct, nh nhanh, mnh mt chiu cho n khi to nh

dch m c.
Cho tip siro vo trn u. (Siro phi pha long vi 1 t nc)
Thm nc ct va , trn u.
Dn nhn thnh phm thng, dng trong, c dng ch lc trc khi dng.

8.2. Nh dch ty sn (nh tng thin nhin)
Cng thc
Ht b ng ( b ) sng..............................10..............g.
Nc ................................v 100............ml.
(C th thay phn na khi lng ht bng ng knh).
iu ch: cht nh ha c sn trong ht, ch cn gi nh, ha vi nc l thu c

nh dch.
8.3. LIPIVAN MCT-LCT
c ch nh cung cp nng lng v cc acid bo thit yu cho nhng
bnh nhn cn nui dng qua ng tnh mch.
M t:
100ml (nh dch bo) c cha:
Soya bean Oil USP .............................................5.00 mg
Medium Chain Triglycerides BP ........................5.00 mg
Egg Lecithin ......................................................1.20 mg
Glycerol USP .....................................................2.50 mg
Sodium Oleat .....................................................0.030 mg
Nc ct BP .......................................................va
Sodium Hydroxide BP .......................................va
CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn cc cu sau:
111. Nh tng l nhng h phn tn c hc vi d th gm 2 pha

A.
B.
112. Pha nc (tng nc) l cht lng c bn cht:

A.
113. Pha du (tng du) l cht lng c bn cht:

A.
114. Pha phn tn cn c gi l:

A. Pha ni (tng ni)
C.
B.
D.
115. Pha ngoi cn c gi l:

A.
B.
C. Pha lin tc
116. Thnh phn ca nh tng gm:

A.
B.
C.
117. Hai kiu nh tng chnh l:

A.
B.
118. Hai nhm nh tng theo ngun gc:

A.
B.
119. Ba nhm ng tng theo ng s dng:

A.
B.
C.
120.Nu 3 phng php iu ch nh tng

A.
B.
C. Trn ln 2 pha sau khi un nng
121.Yu cu cm quan i vi nh tng phi l:

A.
B. Khng c tch lp
122.K tn 3 cht nh ha to nh tng D/N

A.
B.
C.
123.K tn 3 cht nh ha to nh tng N/D

A.
B.
C.
124.Nh tng l nhng h phn tn vi d th ca hai cht lng khng

ng tan vi nhau.
125.Nh tng l nhng h phn tn vi d th, cu to bi mt cht lng

dng tiu phn rt nh phn tn trong mt cht lng khc ng tan
hoc trn ln c.
126.Kiu nh tng l N/D khi pha phn tn l nc, cn mi trng

phn tn l du.

127.Khi pha ni l D, pha ngoi l nc trong mt h phn tn th nh

tng to thnh s l kiu D/N.
128.Cc cht nh ha d tan trong nc s to kiu nh tng N/D.
129.Kiu nh tng hnh thnh (N/D hoc D/N) ph thuc ch yu vo
bn cht v t l ca cc cht nh ha trong h.
130.Cc cht nh ha d ha tan hoc d thm du s to kiu nh tng
N/D.
131.Cc nh tng dng ung bao gi cng iu ch dng N/D.
132.Cc nh tng tim hoc dng ngoi c th dng D/N hoc N/D.
133.Gm arabic l cht nh ha thin nhin to nh tng N/D.
134.Cholesterol l cht nh ha thin nhin to nh tng N/D
135.Cc Tween l cht nh ha tng hp to nh tng D/N
136.Cc Span l cht nh ha tng hp to nh tng kiu D/N.
137.Lecithin l cht nh ha thin nhin mnh, d phn tn trong nc
thng dng lm cht nh ha to nh tng D/N trong iu ch nh
tng cho thuc tim.
138.iu ch nh tng theo phng php keo kh phi phi hp cht
nh ha dng bt kh vo tng ngoi.
139.iu ch nh tng theo phng pho keo t phi ha tan cht nh
ha vo tng ngoi, ri thm t t tng ni vo.
140.iu ch nh tng theo phng php keo kh ch p dng qui m
nh vi dng c iu ch l ci chy.
141.Nh tng l dng thuc phn tn vi d th nn bn vng, kh b
tch lp.
142.Bao b nh tng phi c th tch ln hn th tch thuc v trn
nhn phi ghi lc trc khi dng.
143.Gm arabic v gm Adragant thuc nhm cht nh ha
A. Keo thn nc tng hp
B. Cht nh ha tng hp

C. Keo thn nc thin nhin dng cho nh tng D/N v N/D

D. Keo thn nc thin nhin ch dng cho nh tng N/D
E. Keo thn nc thin nhin ch dng cho nh tng D/N
144.Cholesterol thuc nhm cht nh ha
A. Tng hp
B. Bn tng hp
C. Thin nhin, cho nh tng N/D v D/N
D. Thin nhin, cho nh tng D/N
E. Thin nhin, cho nh tng N/D
145.Nh dch l nh tng thuc sau:
A. Nh tng lng kiu D/N dng ngoi da
B. Nh tng c kiu D/N dng ngoi
C. Nh tng c kiu N/D dng tim
D. Nh tng lng kiu D/N dng ng ung
E. Nh tng c kiu N/D dng ngoi
146.Pha du gm cc dc cht v t dc sau, ngoi tr:
A. Vitamin A B. Vitamin D C. Du, m, sp
D. Glycerin E. Tinh du
147.Pha nc gm cc dc cht v t dc sau, ngoi tr:
A. Vitamin B1 B. Glycerin C. Tinh du
D. Cn etylic E. Nc kh khong
148.Kch thc ca tiu phn phn tn vi d th trong nh tng l:
A. 0,1 m n vi chc m B. 1,0 m n 100 m
C. 100 m n vi trm m D. 0,1 mm n vi chc mm
E. 1,0 mm n 100 mm
149.iu ch nh tng bng phng php trn ln 2 pha sau khi un
nng, cn ung nng pha du (m sp) nhit :
A. Khong 70C B. 80C 90C
C. 90C-100C D. nhit nng chy ca tng D
E. C A v D ng


BI 16. HN DCH (SUSPENSIONES)
MC TIU
1. Trnh by c nh ngha, thnh phn ca mt hn dch.
2. Nu cc u nhc im v yu cu cht lng ca hn dch.
3. Nu c s cc giai on iu ch hn dch thuc qui m bo ch nh v

qui m sn xut ln.
NI DUNG
1. nh ngha:
Hn dch l mt h phn tn d th gm 2 pha, pha lin tc hay pha ngoi

thng th lng hoc bn rn (mm), pha phn tn hay pha ni l cht rn
khng tan trong pha ngoi nhng c phn tn ng nht trong pha ngoi.
Theo DVN, hn dch thuc gm cc dng thuc lng ung, tim, dng
ngoi cha cc hot cht rn khng tan, dng ht nh (ng knh
0,1m) phn tn u trong cht dn.
Hn dch cn c gi l dch treo, huyn dch, huyn ph, huyn trc.

2. Thnh phn
2.1. Dc cht
Bao gm cc cht tan v khng tan trong cht dn nhng bao gi cng c t
nht 1 cht rn khng tan trong cht dn.
2.2. Cht dn
L mi trng phn tn nh nc ct, nc thm, l dung dch hot cht,
du thc vt, nh tng, alcol, glycerol.
2.3. Cht ph
Gm
Cht gy thm hay gy treo l cht lm cho hn dch d hnh thnh v n

nh, nh:
Gm Arabic, tween 80, lecithin dng cho hn dch mi trng phn tn l

nc (hn dch nc).
X phng nhm, span, cholesterol dng gy thn cho hn dch du.

Bt buc phi dng cht gy thm khi cht rn khng c kh nng thm vi
mi trng phn tn
Cht lm ngt, lm thm, cht bo qun.

3. Phn loi
3.1. Theo kch thc ca cc tiu phn rn
Hn dch th, cc tiu phn rn c kch thc ln hn 1m, ti a c kch
thc 50-75 m.
Hn dch keo, cc tiu phn rn c kch thc nh hn 1m.

3.2. Theo bn cht mi trng phn tn
Hn dch du: mi trng phn tn l du hoc thn du.
Hn dch nc: mi trng phn tn l nc hoc cht lng thn nc. Trn
thc t hay gp loi hn dch nc.
3.3. Theo ng s dng
Hn dch ung, hn dch dng ngoi, hn dch tim.
4. u nhc im
4.1. u im
Hn ch c nhc im ca mt s dc cht c mi v kh ung hay c
tc dng gy kch ng vi nim mc b my tiu ha.
Gii quyt tnh km bn ca khng sinh nh pha hn dch ngay trc khi
dng.
Hn dch tim cho tc dng ko di hoc to ra cc kho d tr thuc nh

vaccine t, insulin phc hp, procain penicillin G.
4.2. Nhc im
D tch lp (khng bn), kh iu ch.
5. Tnh cht
V hnh thc, hn dch c th l cht lng c hay th lng c mt cht rn
lng y chai, khi lc nh cht rn ny phi phn tn u tr li trong cht
dn, c th l dng vin, bt, cm chuyn thnh dng hn dch bng cch lc
vi mt lng cht dn thch hp trc khi s dng.
DVN qui nh khi yn, hot cht rn phn tn c th tch thnh lp

ring nhng phi tr li trng thi phn tn u trong cht dn khi lc nh
chai thuc trong 1-2 pht v gi nguyn c trng thi phn tn u ny
trong vi pht

Do hot cht rn kh phn tn u trong cht dn nn mt s dc in qui

nh khng nn iu ch hot cht c A, B di dng hn dch a liu
phng tai bin ng c.
6. Phng php iu ch:
6.1. Phng php phn tn c hc
Phm vi ng dng
p dng khi hot cht rn khng ha tan hoc rt t tan trong cht dn ng thi
cng khng ha tan hay rt t tan trong cc dung mi tr thng thng khc
(alcol, du thc vt). Dc cht rn c phn tn vo cht dn nh lc c hc
gy phn tn nh nghin, xay, khuy trn.
Tin hnh
Nghin kh: dc cht rn c nghin n mn thch hp.

Nghin t: dc cht rn c nghin vi mt lng nh cht dn thm
t ton b b mt ca dc cht rn (to thnh khi nho). Nu cht rn c b
mt s nc v cht dn l nc th cht gy thm c thm vo giai on
ny.
Phn tn vo cht dn v iu chnh n th tch qui nh.
Ch
qui m sn xut ln sau khi phi hp tt c cc thnh phn cn dng my
ng nht ha hoc my siu m lm gim kch thc cc tiu phn.
Giai on nghin t l giai on quyt nh mn v cht lng ca hn
dch.
Khng lc cc hn dch.

S 19.1: iu ch hn dch bng phng php c hc.
Th d:
Trng hp hot cht rn thn nc
Rp: Bismuth nitrat kim.........2..............g.
Siro n.........................20..............g.
Nc tiu hi va ...100............ml.
M.f. potio
Trng hp hot cht rn s nc

Hn dch tr ho
Cng thc
Terpin hydrat...................4..............g.
Gm Arabic.................... 2.............g.
Natri benzoate.................4..............g.
Siro codein....................30..............g.
Nc ct va ..........150............ml.

6.2. Phng php ngng kt

Phm vi ng dng: iu ch hn dch m hot cht rn dng tiu phn
phn tn trong cht dn c hnh thnh t qu trnh kt ta do thay i dung
mi hoc do phn ng trao i ion to ra cht mi khng ha tan hay t tan
trong cht dn.
Cch tin hnh
Ta c to ra do thay i dung mi
Trn trc dung dch hot cht s kt ta vi cc cht thn nc c nht

cao nh siro, glycerol, dung dch keo thn nc.
Phi hp t t tng t mt hn hp ny vo ton b cht dn, va phi hp

va phn tn.
Th d:
Rp: Cn kp opizoic.............20..............g.
Siro n........................ 20..............g.
Nc ct va ..........100............ml.
M.f. potio.
Ta hot cht to ra do phn ng ha hc
Dng ton b cht dn ha tan dc cht thnh cc dung dch tht long.
Phi hp dn dn hai dung dch li vi nhau, va phi hp va phn tn.
Tin hnh trong iu kin xc nh v nhit , nng v tc khuy.
Th d:
Rp: Km sulfat dc dng..........................40..............g.
Kali sulfur......................40..............g.
Nc ct va ........1000.............ml
M.f. lotio.
Ngoi ra cn c kt hp phng php phn tn v ngng kt.

6.3. Thuc bt hay cm pha hn dch

p dng khi dc cht khng bn vng trong mi trng nc.
Dc cht c iu ch di dng kh nh bt hoc cm trong thnh

phn c sn cht gy phn tn v cht n nh, trc khi dng lc chai vi
mt lng cht dn thch hp thu c hn dch.
CU HI T LNG GI
Tr li ngn cc cu sau
150. Nu tn 3 thnh phn ca mt hn dch
A.
B.
C.
151. Theo kich thc ca tiu phn rn phn tn, c 2 loi hn dch
A.
B.
152. Hai loi hn dch da theo bn cht ca mi trng phn tn
A.
B.
153. Phn loi hn dch theo ng s dng
A.
B.
C.
154. K tn 3 giai on ca qu trnh iu ch hn dch bng phn tn c hc
A.
B.
C.

155. Cht rn phn tn trong hn dch c chia thnh 2 loi
A. Cht rn thn nc
B.
156. Hai phng php iu ch hn dch
A.
B.
157. Hn dch l h phn tn vi d th ca tng rn phn tn trong mi

trng lng hay mm.
158. Mi trng phn tn c th l thn nc hay thn du.
159. Cht rn phn tn c th thn nc hay s nc.
160. iu ch hn dch nc vi cht rn s nc d hn cht rn thn nc.
161. iu ch hn dch bt buc phi dng cht gy thm.
162. Hn dch thuc phi t yu cu c u, khng phn lp hoc lng cn

y chai.
163. Hn dch ung ch c th l hn dch nc.
164. Hn dch tim ch c th l hn dch nc.
165. Hn dch dng ngoi c th l hn dch nc v hn dch du.
166. Hn dch iu ch theo phng php phn tn c hc, bn vng hn

(phn chia nh hn) phng php ngng kt.
167. Hn dch a liu khng c iu ch vi hot cht c A, B t tan.
168. Giai on nghin t trong qu trnh iu ch hn dch bng phng

php phn tn c hc l quan trng nht.
169. C th lc hn dch qua ry loi cc tiu phn kch thc qu ln.
170. Mi trng phn tn ca hn dch c th l mt nh tng.

171. Potio hn dch l hn dch ung m thnh phn c cht lm ngt.
Chn mt cu tr li ng nht cho cc cu t 453 n 457
172. Hn dch th, cc tiu phn rn c kch thc:
A. Ln hn 100m ti a 200m B. T 50m 100m
C. T > 1m 70m D. T 0,5m 1m
E. T 0,1m 0,5m
173. Hn dch keo, cc tiu phn rn c kch thc:
A. T 1m 50m B. T 50m 100m
C. <1m D. T 0,5m 5m E. >1m
174. Dc cht rn no sau y thn nc:
A. Terpin hydrat B. Lu hunh
C. Bismuth nitrat kim D. Long no E. Menthol
175. Cht gy thm no sau y ng cho hn dch nc:
A. Gm Arabic B. Span
C. Cholesterol D. Tween 80 E. A v D ng
176. Cht gy thm no sau y dng cho hn dch du:
A. Gm Arabic B. Span
C. Tween 80 D. Lecithin E. B v D ng

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TRNG TRUNG CP Y DC MEKONG KHOA DC

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

1.3. Ni dung nghin cu ca mn bo ch

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

Sinh l gii phu, dc ng hc c vn dng trong nghin cu thit k

1.5. Mt s khi nim lin quan n thuc

1.5.2. Dng thuc (dng bo ch hon chnh)

Kem NEWGI 5 bi ngoi da, tr mn

Thnh phn ca mt dng thuc:

Dc cht hay hot cht: l tc nhn to tc ng sinh hc c s dng

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

Khi a vo dng thuc, dc cht c th b gim hoc thay i tc ng

1.5.3. Thuc bit dc:

1.5.4. Thuc gc hay thuc generic:

Th d: Clotrimazole 1%, ketoconazol 2%, Aspirin, POVIDON iodine

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

1.5.5. Mt s thut ng dng trong bo ch:

Ting latin Ting vit Ting anh Ting php

Aerosolum Thuc sol kh Aerosol Arosol

Auristillarum Thuc nh tai Ear drop Goutte auriculaire

Ting latin Ting vit Ting anh Ting php

1.6. Phn loi:

1.6.2. Theo ng dng

1.6.3. Theo cu trc h phn tn:

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

1.6.4. Theo ngun gc cng thc:

2. S lc lch s pht trin ca ngnh bo ch hc

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

2.1. Trn th gii

2.2. Vit Nam

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

Nn y dc hc dn tc pht trin rt sm. Trong qu trnh lao ng

3. Dc in Vit Nam & Dc Th quc gia Vit Nam

3.2. Dc Th Quc Gia Vit Nam

S dng thuc mt cch hp l, an ton v hiu qu cho ngi bnh l mt

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

Dng thuc l. ...(a).... trnh by ca dc cht a dc cht vo. ....(b)....

19. C th phn loi theo nhiu cch. Thng thng l

39. Sir l dng thuc th cht mm (/S)

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

BI 1. CN V K THUT S DNG CN TRONG BO CH

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

V d 2: Tm khi lng l ng thuc

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

Khi cn n, lc vt cn v qu cn thng bng nhau, ta c 2 momen bng nhau:

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

V d 3: Tm khi lng ca 10 vin thuc

p dng cn nhiu cht cng mt lc:

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

- Cn cht lng: + Cn 12,3g Glycerin.

Cu 48: K tn 4 loi cn hay c s dng trong ngnh Dc

Cu 49: Hai phng php cn p dng cho cn k thut

Cu 50: Ba tiu chun ca mt cn tt

Cu 51: Cn l dng c xc nh khi lng

Cu 52: Cu to ca cn da vo nguyn tc thng bng

Gio trnh L Thuyt Bo Ch 1

Cu 53: Qu cn c lm bng kim loi bn

Cu 54: Cc qu cn nh di 1g c hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau

Cu 55: Cn phn tch c chnh xc km hn cn k thut

Cu 56: Cn k thut c chnh xc n 0,02 g

Cu 57: Cn phn tch c chnh xc n 0,1 mg

Cu 58: S ln cn thng bng phng php cn n t hn cn kp

Cu 59: Cn kp Borda cn mi ln mt cht