သိန္းေဖျမင့္ - တက္ဘုန္းၾကီး

www.myanmarcupid.
net
t
.ne
pid
rcu
ma
an
my
w.
ww
www.myanmarcupid.net
wufbkef;BuD;
odef;az
(odef;azjrifh)
ppfNyD;acwf 'kwd,tBudr?f
1968 ckESp?f Zlvdkifv
atmifol&d, pmay?
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif uGefjrLewDzdk&rf;rS xkwfa0onf/

uGefjyLwm pmpDpmdkufESifh yD'Dtuf(zf) sideeffect
jrefrmtD;bGwftjzpf
yxrtBudrf ?
Edk0ifbmv? 2008
ed'gef;
waeYo? t&Siftm'dp0Ho ausmif;wkdufo?dkY rnfaom

wufbkef;BuD; 0xKudk jyKpka&;om;ojzif?h wufbkef;BuD; odef;az
[k xif&Sm;cJhaom wum odef;azjrifhonf rarQmfvifhbJ tcGifhoifh
ojzifh a&mufvmav\/ odef;azjrifhonf t&Siftm'dp0Ho
ausmif;wdkuf ? oDwif;oHk;cdkuf jzpfaom (olESifh q&m wynfhjzpf
onfh) awmifwGif;BuD;q&mawmf t&SifOuXxH zl;arQmf&ef vmjcif;
jzpfaom[l\/
bkef;BuD;um; odef;azjrifhtm;? &if;ESD;pGm rqufqHcJh bl;acs/
odkYwap vGefcJhaom q,fh&SpfESpfu? wufbkef;BuD;udk a&;om;cJh
ojzifh if;? Armhta&;[laom pma&;q&mGefYaygif; a&;om;onfh
usrf;? wuJhwdk;wufa&; [laompmudk a&;om;cJhojzifh if;?
bkef;BuD;wdkYq&m t&Siftm'dp0Ho uJhodkY rSefonfxif&mudk rSm
rwm raMumufrGHU t*wd rvdkufpm;bJ a&;om; ajymqdk&Jayonfh
tm* oli,fuav;aybJ[k rSwfpJG,lqxm;onfu waMumif;?
ArmwjynfvHk;u *syefESifh taygif;rSm;NyD; taumif;pm; vGwfvyf
a&;[k xifaeMupOf? *syef zufqpfw\ dk ,kwfrmyHkudk BudKwif
odjrifum *syefESifh taygif;rSm;aom wdkYArm taygif;wkdYtm; u,f
4
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ed'gef;
wif&ef r[mrdwfwdkYxH ab;tE&m,f trsKd;rsKd;udk rpd;k r&dr?f

raMumufrGHUbJ? oGm;a&mufcg Arm zufqpfawmfvSefa&;BuD;udk
tOD;qHk; tm;ay; acgif;aqmifcJhaom rsKd;cspfvli,f wOD;aywum;
[k? bkef;BuD;wdkY pdwfxm;onfu waMumif;? zqyv uGefjrLepf
uGJNyJMupOf 0efBuD;jzpfaeaom wum odef;azonf 0efBuD;&mxl;ukd
om cifrif wG,fuyfaeygvQif uGefjrLepfbufodkY vdkufp&mrvd?k
a&omck d zqyv vkyfum 0efBuD;t[kwf jzpfaeEdkifaomfvnf;?
olYygwD tvdkodkYomvdku f 0efBuD;&mxl;udk pGefYvTwfcJhaom udk,f
usKd;riJhonfh aumifuav;ygwum;[k bkef;BuD;wkdY em;vnfxm;cJh
onfu waMumif;/ zqyvESifh uGefjrLepfa&mifpHkrsm; wefcdk;NydKif
tEdkif tjyKwf wdkufaepOf tjyKwf wdkufa&;[mraumif;? jynfwGif;
ppf &yfpJ&r,f? zqyv uGGefjrLepf nDTwf&r,f? wrsKd;om;vHk;
nDTwf&r,f? jynfwGif;jynfy Nidrf;csrf;&r,f qdkwmudk uGefjrLepf
awmcdkpOfu ,aeYwdkif; wcgrS razgufrjyef r,drf;r,dkif cdkifrmpGm
ajymqdka&;om; vkyfudkifaewJh orm"d&SdwJh EdkifiHa&; orm;uav;
yguvm;[k a0befMunfhav odomavjzpfwJh twGufaMumifh
waMumif;/ taMumif;ta&;awGudk acgif;at;at; qifjcifNyD;
wum odef;azjrifhudk awGUcsif jrifcsif &if;ESD;csifNyD;om; jzpfcJhav
onf/ bkef;BuD;ESifhodef;azjrifhwdkY tvmy ovmy pum;ajymMuNyD;
aemuf? bkef;BuD;uyif twdwfudk az:onfhtaeESifh-
]]wumodef;az ...}}
]]bk&m; ...}}
]]wufbkef;BuD; 0xK xyfrxkwfbl;vm;}}
]]wynfhawmf xyfxkwfbdkY odyfpdwfr0ifpm;yg bk&m;}}
]]tdk ... bmhaMumifhvJ wumav;&J}Y }
5
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ed'gef;
]]wynfhawmfu EdkifiHa&; udp? urmY Nidrf;csrf;a&; udp? pmay

udp awGrSmom pl;pdkufvkyfygawmhw,f ... bmoma&; udprSm
0ifrygcsifawmhygbl; bk&m;}}
]]'gjzifh wufbkef;BuD; 0xK xkwfpwkef;uvdk wdYkbmomudk
pifMu,fatmifqdkwJh apwemawG avsmhukefNyDvm;}}
]]'DvdkvJ rqdktyfygbl; bk&m; ... wynfhawmfu ae&mwum
rSm pifMu,fa&;udk tvdk&Sdygw,f ... odkYayrJh omoem pifMu,f
a&;udk b,folrjyK rdrdrIqdkwmvdk t&Sifbk&m;wdkY oHCmawmfawGu
om t&if;cHxm;NyD; aqmifGufMur,fvdkY ,lqygw,fbk&m;}}
]]tdrf; ... [kwfom;ubJ ... Ak'&Sifawmfbk&m; udk,fwdkifu
wdkY wynfhom; oHCmawGudk omoemawmf&JY tapmifhtxdef;awG
tjzpfESifh xm;cJhayw,f}}
onfvdkajymNyD; cPrQ ukd,fhtawG;ESifhudk,faeMupOf bkef;BuD;
qifjcifrdonfum; ...
,aeY omoemawmfwGif rpifMu,frIawG rsm;aeonf/ ,aeY
oHCmhabmifwGif jcpm;rIawG rsm;aeonf/ oDcsif;oH w&m;yGJESifh
pD;yGm;&Sm Ak' w&m;udk,f tppfudk npfjirf;pGm t"dyg,f ysufatmif
aumufNyD; a[majym pD;yGm;jzpf? aMumfjimjzpf? *kPfjzpf? emrnf
BuD;jzpf vkyfaeMuwJh bkef;BuD;wcsKdU vTrf;rdk; xifay:aeonf/
aumif;atmif pifMu,fatmifqdkNyD; bm&dyfom? nm&dyfomawGzGi?fh
urm{ apwDwnf? omoem bmoma&; Oya'awG trsKd;rsKd;jyK?
q|o*Fg,emBuD;wif? tJ'gawG vkyfaewkH;bJ zGwfonfxufnpf
qdkovdk ausmif;vkyGJwGif &[ef;tcsif;csif; owfyGJ jzwfyGJBuD; jzpf
cJhonf/ oHCmtpnf;ta0; pifNydKifay:NyD; wzufESifhwzuf
pwif;*ef;aoewf? ajcmufvHk;yl; aoewfwdkYESifh csdefwmawG ay:cJh
onf/ udavom umrawG enf;atmifqdkNyD; orx bm0em
6
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ed'gef;
w&m;rsm; ydefazmif;tm;xkwfrIrsm; tNydKiftqdkif jyKvkyfvmMurS

umr&m* tvZD pmtkyfawG? kyf&SifawG? yHkum;csyfawG brf;rEdkif
qD;rEdkif aygrsm;aeonf/
'gawGudk bkef;BuD;wdkY pufqky f 'gawGudk jyKjyifvkd\/ wuf
Edkifoavmuf omoemawmf pifMu,fatmif tm;xkwfvdk\/
]]wum odef;az&JY ... rif;0xK jyefxkwf& aumif;r,fuGJU ...}}
]]wynfhawmf udk,fwkdifawmh ckeifu avQmufxm;ovdkbJ
pdwfr0ifpm;yg bk&m; ... t&Sifbk&m;wdkYbmom udk,fhta&;udk,f
aqmifGufMuvQif aumif;ygvdrfhr,f bk&m}}
]]'gjzifh wum&JY wufbkef;BuD; pmtkyfudk bkef;BuD;wdkYudk vSL
rvm;}}
]]vSLygw,fbk&m; ... t&Sifbk&m;rsm; BudKufovdk pDrHawmfrl
yg bk&m;}}
]]tdrf;- aumif;NyD ... igwdkYubJ xkwfa0awmhr,f}}
]]wckawmh &Sdygw,fbk&m; ... wynfhawmf[m tJh'D0xKudk
a&;pOfu touf ESpfq,fausmf? ESpfq,fh wESp?f ESpfESpf qdkawmh
pdwfoef&mudk wbufowfvkyfwwfygw,f/ omoemudk jyKjyif
csifwJhpdwfursm;NyD; rawmfrwJh oDvaMumifawGudk azmfxkwf IHUcs
&mrSmom tm;oefNyD; wbufu oefY&Sif;wJh bkef;BuD;rsm;? wu,f
MunfhndKp&m aumif;wJh &[ef;oHCmrsm; &Sdao;wmudk raz:jycJhrd
bl; bk&m; ... 'g wynfhawmh&JY csKdU,Gif;csufygbJ}}
]]at; ... 'guawmh wuJh olawmfaumif; oDv0E oHCm
awmfwdkYu [kdt&ifwHk;uwnf;u wumav;&JY apwemodNyD; cGifh
vTwfcJhMuNyD;om;yg/ wu,fqkdawmh wumav;&JY pmtkyfudk om"k
ac:MuwJh q&mawmf oHCmawmfawG trsm;&SdcJhMuw,f/ ckvJ
oDv orm"d ynmESifh jynfhpHkwJh &[ef;oHCmawG trsm;tjym;
7
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ed'gef;
&Sdygw,f/ tJh'D q&mawmf? oHCmawmfawG rsm;onfxuf rsm;vm

atmif rpifMu,fwJh jcpm;wJh tydkif;udk wdkufxkwf&rSmbJuGJU/
'Dae&mrSm wdkYu wufbkef;BuD;udk toHk;cs&rSmbJ}}
]]aumif;ygNyDbk&m; ... t&Sifbk&m;wdkY awmfrnfxifovdk
wynfhawmf&JY ]]wufbkef;BuD;}} udk MunfhokH;ygawmh bk&m;}} [k
qdkum wum odef;azjrifhonf bkef;BuD;wdkYudk OD;ESdrf dkBudK;NyD;vQif
xGufoGm;avonf/
ppfrjzpfrD twDawumvu ]]wufbkef;BuD;}} xkwfa0pwGif
,ck 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfaeaom wumBuD; OD;Ekonf armifEk[laom
uavmiftrnfjzifh ]]wufbkef;BuD;}} 0xKwGif ed'gef; a&;om;cJ\ h /
armifEkyif xkwfa0wnf;jzwfc\ Jh / ,ckrlum; xdked'gef;udk xnfh&ef
cGifhyef&m wumEku ajymif;vJaom tajctaet& cGifhrjyKawmh[k
od&ojzifh wumEk\ ed'gef;udk csefvSyfcJhNyD;vQif bkef;BuD;ubJ
txufyg tjzpftysufrsm;udk bkef;BuD;wdkY*dkPf0if t&Sifoljrwfrsm;
ESifh wdkifyif a&;om;um ed'gef;tjzpf xnfhoGif; xkwfa0vdkuf&
ayaMumif;/
t&SifynmaZmw ?
t&Siftm'dp0Hoausmif;wdkuf
&efukefNrdKU/ ?
1316-ck? 0gqdkv/ ?
Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !
8
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
wufbkef;BuD;
armifodef;az-a&;onf/
ed'gef;
ararESifh azazwdkYxH
om;armif dkaopGm tpD&ifcHygonf/
[dkwaeYu ararwdkYxHuaiGudk aumif;pGm&&Sdygonf/ a&S;u

azazwdkY ararwkdY pmrsm;udk om; &&SdvQif? rdkCf;OD;uav; usawmh
urmavmuBuD;wckvHk; TifjrL;wmvd?k iodef; jrL;& Tif&w,f/
ararwdkY pmawGudk acgif;tHk;atmufrSm xm;NyD;tdyfawmh? a[m'D
tajymus,fwJh yifv,fBuD;ud?k {&mr oabFmBuD;eJY ul;NyD; arar
10
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ed'gef;
wdkYqD jyefvm&w,fvdkY tdyfruf ruf&wm odyfpnf;pdrf&dw S ,f/

tcsKdUpmawGrSmawmh iodef;udk tpdk;&tvdkESifh qefYusifyD;? Armjynf
vGwfvyfa&;av; bmav;eJY qlrd ylrdwJh tjypftwGu?f azazwdkY
Budrf;Mu armif;Muw,f .../ odkYayrJh ... tJ'DpmrsKd;awGudk bwf&vdkY
om;rtHhMobl;/ aMomf ... 'gu ckumv uRefacwfrSm&SdMuwJh rdb
rsm;&JY xHk;pHbJvdkY wGufrdwmudk;/
[dkwaeYu pmuawmh bwfvdkuf&w,f qkd&ifbJ iodef;rSm
&ifqdkYoGm;w,f/ Mu,fawG vawGeJY wifhw,faewJh aumif;uifu
rdk;Cf;BudK;xpfoHMum;&ovdk odyftHhMooGm;w,f/ vlYavmuBuD;udk
rkef;vmw,f/ iodef;u ausmif;ydwf&uftwGif; wvavmuf yOif
wufbdkY cGifhay;ygvkdY azazwdkYxH awmif;yefw,f/ azazwdkYu cGifh
ray;Edkifbl;wJ/h yOifwuf&if vlrsm;awGu uJh&JYvdrrfh ,fw/Jh azaz
wdkY ararwdkYrSm vlrsm;awG&JY wHaxG;cGufrSm yufvufarsmr,fw/Jh
yOifwufxmudk bmvdkY uJh&JY&ovJ/ uJh&JYrJhvlawGudk vufSKd;xdkYNyD;
ar;csifw,f arar&JY .../ iodef;[m tHBudwfvdkufNyD; vlrdkufpdwf
awG 0ifvmw,f/ tdyf&may:rSm vSJNyD; pOf;pm;w,f/
[kd;a&S;wkef;u-om; yOif&Sdw,fqdk&if/ yOif r,fawmfBuD;eJY
crnf;awmfBuD;[m tifrwef *kPf&Sdw,f/ ckawmh ... yOifr,f
awmf crnf;awmfawGrSm? olrsm;wHaxG;cGuf yufvufarsmawmhr,f
wJhvm; ... azaz/
uJh&JY csD;rGrf;wmawGawmh xm;ygtHk;/ tcsD;rGr;f cH&rSmudk *k
pdkufaewJh vlrSmom tuJh&JYcH&wmudk aMumufwm/ iodef;uawmh
bmvkyfvkyf tcsD;rGrf;cH&atmif&,fvdkY vkyfwm r[kwfawmh? olrsm;
uJh&JYwmudk b,fawmhrS raMumufygbl;/ om;twGuf ta&;BuD;ae
wmu vlawGuJh&JYMuvdrfhr,fqdkwJh pum;rSm t&dyfay:aewJh omo
emawmfBuD;twGuf pdk;&drfp&m tcsufawG ygbJ azaz&J/Y
11
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ed'gef;
omoemawmf wuf yOiftjzpfudk cPjzpfap tNrJjzpfap ,ljcif;

onf? uJh&JY HIUcsb,f&m jzpfhu .../
1. Ak'bmom jrefrmrsm;onf/ omoemudk csD;jrifhjcif;/ bm

omudk ,HkMunfjcif;/ tusifhoDvudk apmifhoHk;jcif;wdkY /
rsm;pGm ,kwfavsmhaomaMumifh if;/
2. omoemawmfxrf; &[ef; bkef;BuD;rsm;uyif pkwfyJh npf
nrf; raumif;rI vTrf;aeojzif/h vlwdkYu rkef;xm; uJh&JYMu
jcif;yif aomfif; jzpf&rnf/ ESpfaMumif;vHk;yifvnf; jzpf&
rnf[k om; tvif;OmPf aygufrdonf/
om;rSmav? pmudkbwfNyD;/ 'gawG;av pdwf wkefvIyf ajcmuf

jcm;avbJ/ iodef;pdwf[m b,fvdkaerSef; rodbl;/ idkcsifvdkufwm
vJ vGefv/dkY bmhaMumifhrSef;vJ rodbl; ar;cGef;wckuvJ om;pdwf
xJrSm cP cP ay:ay:aewmbJ/ 'Dvdkomjzifh 'dkY bk&m;&Sif omo
emawmf rMumcif 'dkYjynfu uG,faysmuf roGm;aybl;vm;wJ/h
rEav;u cspfrdwfaqG wa,muf ay;vdkufwJh pmudk owd&
w,f/ .... ]]pm;p&mr&Sdwmu wjcm;/ bk&m;pG,fa&mifjyNyD; yGJcHwm
u wjcm;/ tJ'DyGJawGrSm ouFef;0wfawG[m 0gxdefaewJhjyif/ tysKd
uav;awG vdkufwdk;... 'Djyif umvom; twef;tpm; cyfnHhnHhrsKd;
vkyfwJh tusifhawGvJ vkyfw,fvdkY Mum;&w,f ...}}
wjrefESpfwkef;u/ rHk GmNrdKU umeDA,frSm/ om; iodef;&,f/
,ckESpf tdk;a0r*Zif;t,f'Dwm dkjrqdkwt Jh aumif&,f/ wa,muf
vnfyif; wa,mufzufNyD; MunfhaeMuawmh bkef;BuD;awG upm;
0dkif;rSm avmif;aeMuwmudk awGU&wmudk; ... arar&J/Y dkjru
]]a[h odef;az}} wJh ]]bmvJu}G } vdkY om;uxl;awmh/ ]]ighvcGD; ...
12
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ed'gef;
bkef;BuD;awGvkyfyHk Munfhprf;ygtHk;uGm vla&/ tcsdeu f sNyD[ ...

bkef;BuD; raumif;wm vkyfwmawGu?dk rif;uavmif pGrf;oavmuf
uav;ESifh ESHprf;uGm}} vdkY ajymwmvJ tck Mum;a,mifa,mifbJ
azaz/
]]ausmif;om;awG oydwfarSmufae wkef;u/ wynfhawmf
rEav;rSm bk&m;BuD;uaeNyD;/ pMumoD[udk "gwf&xm; pD;vm
awmh/ &xm;ay:rSm OD;yOif;wyg; aygif'gawG azG;aeatmif vdrf;
xm;wmudk awGU&w,f/ udk,fawmh}} vdkY bkef;BuD;wyg;udk avQmuf
awmh/ ]]ighvl& ... aygif'gavmuf tvSqDavmufawmh dk;aeNyD/
vufoJuav;awGawmif rxifr&Sm; aq;eDqdk;wJh bkef;BuD;awG
&efukefrSm&Sdw,f}} [k ajzoHudkvJ rSwfrdao;w,f arar&JY/
NyD;awmh owif;pmxJrSm ygovd/k bkef;BuD;awG rdef;rawGESifh
aysmfjrL;Muwmudkawmh/ om; xyfajymbdkY rvkdygbl;/ ararwdkYrSm
em;awmif vQHaea&mhr,f/
'gawG awG;rdawmh/ omoemBuD; ysufpD;rSmudk rpd;k &drfbJ rae
Edkifbl;aygh? omoemawmfBuD;udk apmifhMuyf&r,fqdkwJh omoem
awmfapmifhBuD;awGu/ 'Dvdk azgufjym;,kwfrmaeMu&if/ acgifrdkCf;
rvHkwJh tdrfvdk omoemawmfBuD; wckvHk;/ tusifhqdk; tusifh,kwf
rdkCf;awGESifh TJaeawmhrSmaygh arar&,f/
uJ- arar/ araruawmh- 'DavmufajymHkeJY &Sif;tHk;rSm
r[kwfbl;/ omoemawmfBuD;rSm/ tjypfawG tvZDawG aygaeyHkudk
Oyrmwck xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jyr,f/ om;ar;wJh Oyrmemrnfuawmh
]]wuf
wufbkef;BuD;}} wJ/h wcsKdUu- ckacwfBuD;udk wufacwfw/Jh
ckacwfrSm ay:aewJh vli,fawGudk wufvlwJh ac:Muw,f/
'ghaMumif-h om;uvJ/ ckacwfrSmay:aewJh bkef;BuD;rd/kY ]]wuf
wufbkef;
BuD;}} vdkY trnfay;vkdufw,f/ ]]wuf wufbkef;BuD;}} taMumif;udk a&;
13
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ed'gef;
jywm[m/ arar taysmfbwfbdkY a&jywm r[kwfbl;/ omoem

BuD;&JY csKdU,Gif;csufawGu/dk om; uGufuGufuGif;uGi;f jrifatmifjy
wm/ wu,fvdkYayghav/ om;a&;wJh[mudk bwf&vdkY aysmfvJ aysmf
w,fqdk&ifawmh/ om;vJ odyf0rf;omwmbJ/ wck &Sdao;w,f/
om;u-ygVdbwf odyfysif;w,f/ odkYayrJh- 'D wufbkef;BuD;u/
bkef;BuD;vJ jzpfjyef/ "ruxduvJ jzpfjyefr/dkY rvTJombl;- arar
&,f/ ygVdxnfh&wmbJ/ BudK;pm;NyD; bwfygaemf/ [kwfvm; ...
arar/
bwfNyD;awmh- ararESifh azaz aqG;aEG;Muyg/ 'Dvdk npfNyD;
awmhaewJh omoemud/k rjyKjyif rok"foif xdkufbl;vm;/ jyKjyif
ok"foifxdkufw,f qdk&if/ b,fvdk jyKjyif ok"foif&rvJ/ om;
oabmaygufwmuawmh/ omoemawmfBuD; dI;& qkwf&wm[m
... omoemjyKrif; r&Sdv/dkY wenf;awmh ... ArmawG xD;rJh rif;rJh
jzpfaevd/kY uRefjzpfaevdkYaygh/ omoemawmfudk tm;vHk; pifMu,f
atmif ok"foif&ef pnfyifwdk;wufatmif jyKjyif&efqdkawmh/ Arm
Ak'bmomawG vufxJrSm tmPmpuf &Sd&r,f/ 0g- wdkif;a&;jynf
a&; wefcdk;&Sd&r,f/ 0g- ArmawG ocifvlrsKd; jyefjzpf&r,f/ 'Dvdk
om; tvif;OmPfaygufwmrdkY/ om;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;ygaemf/
EdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;/ 0g- omoemawmf pnfyifrI&JY tk#fjrpfcs
a&;ud/k vli,ftcsKdU? pwif aqmifGufaeMuNyD/ om;[m EdkifiH
vGwfvyfa&; ppfyGJudk 0ifETJwJhtcgusawmh/ ararwdkY azazwdkYu
cGifhjyKygaemf ... om; &orQ ukodkvfudk ararwdkYudk trQa0ygr,f/
araruvJ tcgwdkif;vdk rsuf&nfawG NzdKifNzdKifpD;NyD;/ dIufBuD;
iifBuD;ESifh om;udk qGJrxm;ygeJY arar&,f/
om;cspf-odef;az
14
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 1 /
rd ef ; r a wG t rsm ; qHk ; a ygh -
tqif;vSenf;-edosnf;/
ap,sKH apyd,Hly/H
yD,HrkcH ba0ba0/
'kreH y&d0aZ,sKH/
bma0,sKH okreHo'g/
]]OD;yOif;u ygVdGwfwmudkbJ ... tcsKd;rusao;bl;/ xyfNyD;

Gwfprf;ygtHk;/ ap ESifh ,sKH- wuGJpD rGwfESifh udk,fawmh .../
qufNyD;qd/k lyHqdkawmhvJ (yH) rSm toH 'DC- xm;rSaygh/ (a0)qdk
wJh toHudkvJ MuyfMuyf*kjyKNyD;qGJyg/ odyfqGJawmhvJ em;NiD;p&m
BuD;/ wdkoGm;jyef&ifvJ abmufqwfqwfESi/fh uJ ... jyefNyD;aMumh
vdkufprf;ygtHk; ...}} [k rSDtHk;BuD;udk rS
D ? ajcqif;umaeaom q&m
awmf MuufwlaG; OD;avmu rdefYjyefaomaMumif/h OD;yOif; "ruxd
uavmif; OD;ok"Zonf? t[rf; ... t[rf;ESifh acsmif;[ef Y [ef
jyif&jyefavonf/ OD;ok"Zonf tarmrajyao;onfESi?fh xdyfudk
vuf0g;jzifhyGwf&if; tcsdefqGJaeav\/ xkdYaemuf ar;wifxm;
aomvufudk oifjzL;ay:odkY vSJUvdkufNyD; ...
15
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
wufbkef;BuD; odef;azjrifh
t[rf; ... t[rf;/

ap,sKH ... [Hk ... [Hk ... [k pvdkufav\/
tdk ... MuyfvSygvm; udk,fawmf&,f/ ,sKH-udk onfavmufqGJ

bdkY rvdkbl; udk,fawmf&/JY &oH qdk&if awmfa&maygh ... [k
q&mawmf MuufwlaG;u Mum;jzwfjyefav\/
ap,sKH apyd,Hly/H
yD,HrkcH ba0 ba0/
...................... o'g/
[k- OD;ok"Zonf GwfbwfNyD;vQif araejyefav\/ ]]atmif

r,frif;[Jh vl/ [m; ... [m;? bwf&wm oHk;av;acguf&Sdao;?
vQmrsm;xGufatmif armaeygyaum/ uJ awmfawmfawmh wkd;vm
NyD; a&SUqufprf;ygtHk;}} [k rdefY>rufawmfrlNyD;vQif? q&mawmf
OD;MuufwlaG;onf ab;odkY cGgxm;aom {uoDjzifh ,yfcyfaeav
\/
OD;ok"Zu ...
]]ygVdawmh NyD;ygNyDbk&m;/ teufuawmh b,fvkd[mudk Gwf&
rvJbk&mh/ udk,fawmfwdkifay;xm;wJh teufrsm;vJ rprSbJ bk&m;/
wynfhawmfwdkYawmh udk,fydkif rwwfEdkifbl;bk&m; ...}} [k avQmuf
xm;av\/
]][dkpmtkyfpifrSm te*om&rO&D,yfvSJ w&m;pmtkyf&Sdw,f/
awmfawmfav;aumif;wJh teufygw,f/ tJ'gbJ tm*Hkaqmifwm
aygh/ wynfhawmfawmh tcsdefr&vdkY a&;ray;Edkifawmhb;l /}}
16
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
OD;ok"Zonf/ te*om&rO&D,yfvSJ w&m;pmtkyfudk ,lcJhNyD;/

q&mawmfodkY vSrf;ay;av\/ q&mawmfonf teufudk &SmaepOf
OD;ok"Zonf olYvuf oifhjzL;&muav;rsm; xifaeonfudk od
vufuav;rsm;udk oem;pdwf aygufaeav\/
]]uJ ... a[m'DrSm bwfprf;ygtHk;/ kd;dk;bJ bwfoGm;wmaygh/
NyD;awmhrS wynfhawmfu toHxm;udk &Sif;jyr,f}} [k rdefYMum;&if;/
q&mawmf OD;MuufwlaG;u pmtkyfudk OD;ok"Z a&SY0,f csvdkufav
\/
b0aEm? oHo&mbHkaMumrSm/ pkefarsmum 'vufvuf?
vufpbG,f NiD;wvsuf/ [D;csum rdIifai;/ 'kua&; pkaygif;MuwJh
tkdolawmfaumif;wdk/Y ba0ba0? BudrfBudrfzefcg/ uHMurmESi/fh
oHo&m'DvdIif;/ jzpfav&m b0wdkif; b0wkdif;/ yd,H ly?H aumif;
jcif; ig;jzm/ Mueft*FgESif/h nDnmajzmifhpif;/ ESpfoufp&m kyf
tqif;udkif;? yd,H rkc?H qef;jynfhpef;,ke?f yef;y'kHo/dkY vS*kPfwdk;
wuf/ ESpfoufp&m cspfrsufESmrsKd;udkif;/ ap-ap,sKH? ylyif
aMumifhMu/ rajzmifhvSb/J awmifhwNidp/GJ tvdk&Sdonf jzpfukefjim;
tH/h ({0H? odkY wwrf;ww? vdkcsifMuukefonf&Sdaomf)/ 'kre?H
a'gom? pdwfrormESi/fh tbdZmqdk;/ w&m;rsKd;ud/k y&d0
aZ,sKH? udk,fwGif;qufq/H bufrcHb/J y,fvSefqkwfcGg/ a&Smif
MuOfMuukef &mownf;/ okreH? olYtjypfcGg/ tcspf&Smonf/h
arwm yl;aygif;/ txl;aumif;aom pdwfu/dk o'g? wwfEdkiforQ/
umvrqdkif;/ tcsdefwdkif;yifvQif/ bma0,sKH/ owdwref/ OmPf
ajruwkw/f cRef;udktky f / tm;xkwfavhvm yGm;rsm;Muukef&m
ownf; ... wJ/h
]][kwfuJh r[kwfvm;/ teufay; awmfawmfacsmwmbJ/ 'Djyif
vJ oHk;xm;wJh pum;awGuvJ/ w,f,Ofw,f OD;yOif;&JY/ ckumv
17
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
BuD;[m/ ,Ofaus;wJh umv? odrfarGUwJh umvBuD;rd/kY ,OfwmrS

oHk;&r,f/ EkwmrS ,l&r,f/ teufuav;u Ek,Ofajyjypfovd/k
GwfbwfwJh toHuvJ Ek,Ofajymhaysmif;&r,f OD;yOif;&J/Y yvkw
oH *DwoHqdkwm 3-rMwmxuf &SnfwJh toHw/Jh 'ghaMumifh 'DCoH
vJ ru? *DwoHvJ rus? rQNyD; toHxm;EdkifbdkYudk tNrJrSwfxm;/
Munfhygvm; ... pdwfjcL;Mumanmif/ oif;ysHUat;Munf ... pwJh
abmv,fawG[m/ pum;rSmawmh ,Of&efaum .../ Ek&efaum .../
wynfhawmfwdkY ausmif;awmifbufu a&xrf;orm; xGef;az qdk
awmh ypfvdkuf&wmbJ/ tqkdawmf r{rdwdk?Y rMunfatmifwkYd qkd
awmh/ em;axmifvdkY rNiD; nifom ajymhaysmif;vdkufwm/ 'DvdkbJ
*gxmudkvJ teuf Gwf&mrSm pum; vSyoavmuf/ toHae toH
xm; csKdygapaemf/ [dkem;uaxG;cH vSrf;vdkufprf;yg ...}} [k q&m
awmfu axG;cH vufdI;xdk;jy av\/
OD;ok"Zonf axG;cHudk,lNyD; dkaopGm qufNyD;aemuf 'l;wkyf
vsuf aeav\/
]]'Dawmh- av,lavodrf; toHxm;udk MuyfMuyf*kjyKaemf/
b0aEm- qdkwJhtcgrSm (awm)udk qGJqdk&r,f/ toHu jrifhwuf
oGm;ayap/ NyD;awmh (tdk) qdkwJh pum;usawmh ta&;BuD;w,f/
(tdk) qdkwJh tmvyeyk'fudk tqdkrSmrSjzif/h wa&muav; nKae&m/
ywfrBuD; 0ifwD;wmvdk &Sdvdrfhr,f/ uJ- wynfhawmfvdk qdkprf;/
tdk ...
tdk .....
eJeJvSJUqdk&w,f/
tdk .... [kwfNyDvm;bk&m;/
eD;vmNyD/ tdk ....
tdk .....
18
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]edyfygNyD/ yD,H rkc/H qef;p jynfhpef;,ke/f yef;y'HkodkY vS*kPf

wdk;wuf- qdkwJhae&mrSm (,kef) udkqGJ&if- rJZmawmifajc &wkxJ
rSm/ bdk;pdefBuD; ]]aTeef; aTb/Hk tvHk;pHku/dk tmHkrsufjrif}} qdkwJh
toHudk wkNyD;om qdkayawmh/ 'DvdkrSwfrS vG,fw,f OD;yOif;&J/Y }}
]]wifygbk&m;/ wynfhawmf 'D&wkawmh cP cP Mum;bl;
om;bJ}}
]]aumif;w,f ... 'Dvdk "ruxdu vkyfcsif&if/ uAsmudkvJ
acgufrd&w,f/ *DwrSmvJ A[kokw jynfh&r,f/ uJ- em;axmif/
wynfhawmf teufudk Gwfjyr,f/ aoaocsmcsmrSw/f NyD;awmh
jyefqdk&r,f udk,fawmf}} [k trdefYjyefNyD;aemuf/ q&mawmf Muuf
wlaG; OD;avmuonf/ toHae toHxm;jzif/h *gxm usL;&if h
jyav\/ aemufwBudrf xyfr H qdkjyaomtcg/ OD;ok"Zonf
vnf; cwfwdk;wdk; vdku f bwfav\/
'DavmufESifh tNyD;owfcsifvJ owfvdkufEdkifwmbJ/ 'DvdkrS
r[kwf&if/ aZ,sm0wD OD;0dZmwdkYvdk ]]aMomf}} qdkwmxnfhcsifvJ
xnfhEdkifw,f/ ]]aMomf}} qkdwmu tqGJ& odyfcufw,f/ cufo
avmufvJ tqdkus&if em;axmifvkdY tifrwefaumif;wmudk;/
ba0,sKH ... aMomf ... tbefbef owdNrJ? tBuHOmPf toduJvdkY
rd?kY tNrJbJ tm;xkwfMu&mownf; ... vdkY qdkNyD;? uGefYcscsifvJ cs&
yg&J?Y wrsKd;aumif;wmayghav/ (t[rf; ... xGD) uJ-ygVdGwfwwf
NyD? teufay;wwfNyD? toH,-l avodrf;vJ &NyDxm;/ 'DavmufESifh
"ruxdu rjzpfao;bl;/ rxrqHk; 'Dw&m;udk b,fol[m
tBudKufqHk;jzpfrvJvdkY pOf;pm;&w,f/ BudKufrJh y&dowfa&SUrSmrS 'D
w&m;udk a[m&w,f/ uJ ... b,fol tBudKufqHk; xifovJ
udk,fawmf}}
19
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
OD;ok"Zonf pmGufuav;udk [kdzufvSef onfbufvSefvkyf

awGaeav\/ twefMumrS ]]aumvdyfausmif;om;awG tBudKuf
qHk; jzpfaerSmayghbk&m;/}}
]]bmaMumifhvJAsm/ [m; ... [m; ...}}
]]olwdkY awmfawmfvScsifwJh vlawGbJ bk&m;/ aygif'gvJ vl;
w,f/ tvSqDvJ oHk;w,f/ t0wftpm;vJ trsKd;rsKd; 0,f0wf
w,f bk&m;/}}
aMomf ... [kwfoavmufawmh [kwfrSmaygh/ odkYaomfv/J
tm;vHk; r[kwfbl;/ vScsifwm acsmcsifwmu rdef;rawGrSm trsm;
qHk;aygh OD;yOif;&J/Y "ruxduvkyfr,fh yk*dKvf[m/ 'DavmufbJ t
ae&ovm; udk,fawmf/ rdef;rawG[m vS&r,fqdk&if/ olwdkYudk,f
udk aGabmfESifh xkd;ygqdk&if xkd;rSmbJ/ 'Dawmh 'Dw&m;udk rdef;rrsm;
wJh y&dowfrSm a[m&r,f/ pum;xJu Mum;jzwfNyD; nKvkHk;awGvJ
rsm;rsm;xnfh&r,f ukd,fawmf/ vSwm[m- b,favmuf aumif;yHk
awGayghav/ 'gwGif rNyD;ao;bl; udk,fawmf/ tm0Zef; Tif&r,f/
&,fp&mawGajymwdkif; tm0Zef;aumif;NyD rrSwfe/JY pum;[m TifvJ
Tif&r,f/ txpftaighvJ r&SdapESifh pum;vHk; rsm;Edkif&r,f/
csJUwwf&r,f/ b0aEmud-k teufyifudk,frSmawmh? oHo&m
bHkaMumrSmpkefarsmum 'vufv,f? cufpzG,f nnf;wvsuf?
[D;csrdIifai;/ 'kua&;pkaygif;MuwJh tdkolawmfaumif;wkdY ... vdkY qkd
r,f r[kwfvm;}}
]]rSefygbk&m; ...}}
]]aMomf ... b0oHo&mc&D;BuD;[m tifrwd tifrwef &Snf
vsm;w,f/ tJ'D &Snfvsm;wJh c&D;BuD;rSm ... txufqefvdku?f
atmuf pkefvdkufESifh w0Jv,fv,f aeMu&wwf/ b,fawmhrS
vwfajrmufcGifh eD;yghrvJvdkY wwrf;wwESifh aeMu&yguvm;/
20
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
xGufcGifh r&Edkif tvdIifvdIif'kuESifhom IyfvSpGm ae&yguvm; ...

vdkY nnf;nLaeMu&w,fw/Jh wcsKdUuvJ? [,f ... wwfEdkifygbl;
av? rrSDwJhyef; wHk;ckvdkYvSrf;qdkwmvd?k tvGefcufcw J Jh vGwfajrmuf
a&;vrf; edAmefeef;rSm pHjref;bdkY rBuHawmhygbl;vdYk vufrdIifcs
nnf;nLNyD; aeMuw,f/ oHo&m 0#fw&m;u uif;vGwfatmif
rBudK;pm;MubJ tBudKufuav;awG udk,fpDxm;vdkY touf&SnforQ
cHpm;aeMuvdrfhr,f/ 'Dvdkaeav epfrGrf;avaygh/ 'Dvdk vlrsKd;udk
&nfNyD; ...
]]usD;euf rdkufacgif? qifaoaumifxuf? aomifudkrvSrf;?
urf;odkYrwuf? tykyfruf? pD;vsufpm;um? vdkufavygu? ork'
&ma&mufqdku?f vdIif;0Jdku f ? a&rGrf;epf? ig;pmjzpfodk?Y pifppfrSwf
aqmif? vlwdkYabmif0,f? tdrfaxmif0#fx?J aoatmifp GJ ? tNrJae
jim;? om;r,m;ESi?fh cHpm;umr? vlxdkrQud?k bm*ynm? usD;yrm[k?
r[m0dok'?f jrwforK'fw?dkY aTEkwfvSpfacR? a[mcJhay\ ... [k?
r*a'0ysKdUrSm rmefvnfq&mawmf a&;pyfawmf rlcJhwmy/ tJ'Dvkd
oHo&m0#ftwGif;u rvGwfuif;EkdifwJh vltaygif;wkdYvdkY OD;yOif;u
ac:vkdufjcif;ayghaemf ...}} vdkY csJUNyD; ajym&vdrfhr,f/ 'DxufcsJUcsif
csJYwmaygh}}
]]wifyghbk&m; ... 'guawmh pmwwfovdk csJUayghbk&m; ...}}
]][kwfw,f ... [kwfw,f? NyD; ... tJ'Dpum; jzwfxm;cJhNyD;...?
yd,H ly/H aumif;jcif;ig;jzm? Mueft*Fgjzif?h nDnmajzmifhpif;? ESpf
oufp&m kyftqif;udkif;/ 0g-jrifolwum ai;ai;Munfhavmuf
atmifvSwJh tqif;udk if;/ 0g- NrdKUtkyfavmif;? 0efaxmuf
avmif;awG? tdkifpDtufawG? tpdk;&ynmawmfoifawGuawmif irf;
irf;wuf BudKufavmuf cspfavmufatmif kyfrsKd;udk if;? yd,Hrkc/H
qef;jynfhpef;,ke?f yef;y'Hkod?kY vS*kPfwdk;wuf? ESpfoufp&m cspf
21
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rsufESmrsKd;udk if;/ 0g- vqef;yurSm? vrif;[m waeYxuf

waeY wdk;vdkYom Muufoa&&Sdovd?k aeYpOfESifhtrQ tvSwdk;wJh
tjzpfrsKd;udk if;/ vjynfhaerSm wdrfwdkufuif;pifwJh vrif;BuD; vS
wmvd?k {vJ{ jrvJjr MunfvJMunf yvJy wJh rsufESmrsKd;udk if;/
0g- yGifhopfp yef;rsm;vSovd?k Tef;Tef;vSy Tifvef;wJh kyfrsKd;udk
if;/ 0g- vrif;udkMunf&wm tm;r&wmvd?k rovJw omvJw?
aMomf ... vrif;ES,f ay:vmygawmh? oifhta&mif aiGpEmjzifh urm
udk wefqmqifygawmhvdkY vray:vmawmh w&wmvd?k aMomf ...
ray:vm jrif&EdkifESifh ajrmfvdkuf&wm ajrmfawmfaZmESifh armygaygh?
rsufESmvrif; yy0if;udk b,fawmhrS jrif&awmhrSmvJuGJUvdkY wap&
rJh kyfrsKd;udk if;/ vrif;BuD;[m urmol urmom;rsm;udk rdr\ d
{jrMunfvifaom ta&mifjzifh ay;aeaomtcg? tdk ... pEm&J?Y
b,fcgrqd?k rsufESmawmf rndKbJ? 'DvkdbJ xGef;aeprf;yg/
b,f0,f b,fodkY uG,fvdkYvJroGm;vdkufygESifhvdkY wrf;wwmvd?k
jrifae&awmhv?J tNrJwrf; jrifMunfhawGUqHk; aevdkapwJhkyfrsKd;udk
if;aygh/ 'Dae&mrSm OD;yOif;u xnfhvdkufprf;yg&ap/ a,musfm;&JY
Opmu ynmwJ/h rdef;rwdkYOpmu kyf&nfw/Jh 'Dawmh rdef;rOpmu
kyf&nfw/Jh 'Dawmh rdef;rOpm jrwfkyf&nf&SdrS jzpfr,f (tdk ... tdkuf
vdkufwm udk,fawmf)}}
]]qufNyD;awmhom oGefoifygbk&m;? wynfhawmf ,yfcyfvkdY
ay;yghr,f}} qd k ? OD;ok"Zonf ayGuf,yfBuD;jzifh OD;avmuudk
{jrapav\/
]]kyfacsmatmif awmifhw&r,f/ kyf&nflyum,r&SdvQif rpGefY
vdkYtysKdBuD;jzpfaewmrSjzih?f zG[Jh ... vGJap z,fap/ wdydaom-
rcufao;bl;vm;}}
22
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
azmfrqHk; ukd,fudk,f[mrd?kY tvkdvdkylqm? tysKdwdkY rl,mud?k

olwumrod/ &ifat;vdkY txJylw,f? i&Jol EIdif;pdkYwE/d /qdkwJh
aw;xyfudk qdkNyD; nnf;aeMu&vdrfhr,f/ wumrav;&J/Y a[m'Du
"ruxdu q&mawmfu jrefrmjynfBuD;[m? wdoedygwf/ wd@K
uZwfawmfrSm ygwJh Ow& yOmvjynfvdk rjzpfapcsifbl;aygh/ tJ'D
jynfrSm tysKdBuD;awG w,faygqdkb/J 'gtwGuf urmu 0dik f;uJh&JY
w,fw?Jh NyD;awmh kyfr&SdvdkY tysKdBuD;jzpfvdkY oem;rJhvlawmh r&Sdbl;/
uJh&JUrJhvlawGcsnf;bJ rsm;aer,f/ ajymMuvdrfhr,f? pdwfBuD;u0if?
txifBuD;rm;? rSef;xm;olrsuf? awmxGufcsifa&mif? acsmifrSmcdkrSD;?
ylwD;vufp?GJ pdwfxJ wrsKd;? wGif;qdk; jyifacsm? rufarm rNyD;?
tysKdBuD; ponfjzifhayghav/ uJh&JYMurJhjzpfcsif; OD;yOif;jzifh pOf;bJ
rpOf;pm;0Hhawmhbl;/ taz:pHkolawGu bk&m;oGm;wlw?l ausmif;
oGm;wlw?l armfawmfum;pD;awmh twlw?l vufxyfyGJxkdifawmh
twlw?l wGJMuwmudkjrif&awmh? wGJMuwmudk jrif&awmh tysKdBuD;
rsm;rSm [D; .... igwdkYuawmh uHacvdkY 'DvdktabmfrJh&w,fvdkY
nnf;&&Smvdrhfr,f/ 'ghaMumifh b,folrS tysKdBuD; rjzpfapcsifbl;/
tysKdBuD;rjzpfatmif yxrqHk; kyfacsmbdkY BudK;pm;? kyfacsmbdkYuvJ
m tbdZm w&m;awGy,fNyD; arwmur|mef; pD;jzef;MubdkYb/J
'DvdkvkyfrS trSef kyfacsmrSmbJ ponfjzifh a[m'gaygh/ [J ... [J ...
w&m;emwJhtxJrSm tysKdBuD;wa,mufa,mufyg&if aMomf ... igwdkY
tysKdBuD;rsm; tusKd;udk aqmifayw,f/ awmfygayw,f/ igwdkY
tm;udk;&mBuD;ayghvdkY pdwfpGJNyD; txl;bJ MunfndKNyD; rSDcdkvmawmh/
'Dvdkvkyfwmaygh}} [k a[mNyD;onf\ tqHk; q&mawmf
MuufwlaG;onf jyif;xefpGm toufIvdkufav\/
23
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 2 /
r Zd r e E 0 ef a usm if ;
OD;ok"Zonf w&m;pmwwfNyD;aemuf rdrdaexdkif&mausmif;odkY

jyef<ucJhav\/ OD;yOif;wdkYausmif;rSm ESpfxyfwdkuf jzpf us,f0ef;
aomfvnf; ausmif;xkdifq&mawmfrSm wynfhrsm;rsm; vufcaH vhr&Sd
acs/ ,cktcg wynfhOD;yOif; q,fyg;rQom &Sdavonf/ ajcmuf
yg;rSm e,frSvm pmoifaeMujcif; jzpfavonf/ xdk udk,fawmf
rsm;rSm toD;oD; rdrdwdkY wum wumr rsm;xHrS vpOfaMu;aiG
taxmuftyHh&ojzifh qGrf;cH rbkef;ay;&bJ/ ausmif;xkid f bkef;
BuD;udkom wv &SpfusyfpD qGrf;bdk; vIMu&avonf/ q&mawmf
u aiGay;xm;aom uyd,BuD;u qGrf;csuf auR;&avonf/
usef OD;yOif;rsm;um; &efukefNrdKUay:rSjzpf/ rdrdwdkYwum wumr
rsm;u qGrf;tkyfudk,fpD ydkYMuavonf/ q&mawmfBuD; udk,fwdkifu
rl? OD;yOif;uav;rsm;ESifh twlwl qGrf;rbkef;ay;bJ wcgw&H
ausmif;awmifbuf Z&yfaeaom oDv&Sif auomxH qGrf;bkef;
ay;\/ wcgw&H taemufbuf Z&yf&Sif rpEm\ qGrf;udk oHk;
aqmifawmfrlav\/
24
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ausmif;emrnfudkum;? rZreE0ef[l trnfrSnfhxm;av

onf/ eE0ef[laom trnfESifh qDavQmfpGm? ausmif;0ef;w0ef;vHk;
ajrvyf[ l r&Sdoavmufjzpfatmif yef;yif? iSufaysmyif trsKd;rsKd;
wkdYjzifh jynfhESufaeav\/ ausmif;0ef;udk tkwfwHwkdif;jzifh rumrl
? ykP&dyfyifrsm;udk xlxyfaom wHwdkif;tjzpfjzifh wnfapav
onf/ ESifhqDyef;rsm;rSmvnf; ta&miftrsKd;rsKd;? arNrdKUyef;rsm;rSm
vnf; taoG;trsKd;rsKd;? ZGe?f py,f? pvyf? ESif;yef;? aeMum? Guf
vS? pHkaeawmh\/ vloGm; vrf;Mum;uav;rsm;udk azG;aeatmif
azmufvkyfxm;? ab; tkwfcJuav;rsm;udk a'gifvdkufaxmif
pDwef;um xm;avonf/ xdktkwfwef;uav;rsm; ab; vrf;
avQmufyifrsm;udk pdkufysKd;xm;avonf/ ausmif;udk t*FawjzLjzifh
roGwfb?J jymvJhvJh t*Fawjzifh okwfxm;aomaMumif?h pdrf;vef;
aom opfyifuav;rsm; tv,f jymvJhvJh wdkufuav; wnf&Sd
aeonfrSm? pdrf;aeaom yifv,fa&aemufaMum? jymvJhvJh rdk;ukyf
puf0dkif;BuD; ay:aeouJhodkY &Sdav\/ ausmif;qif0if;\a&SY "gwf
rD;wkdifuav;onf cHkjrifhuav;ay:wGif rm;rm;&yfvQuf&Sdav\/
ausmif;awmifbuf opfwdkyifBuD;&S\ d / xkdopfyifBuD;um;
t&yfr&SnfvSaomfvnf; tukdif;rsm;um; tkyfaeawmh\/ opfwdk
yifatmuf opfom;p&yf waqmif&S\ d / t*Fvdyf tkyf<uyfrk;d ESifh
jzpf\/ jyifaxmifudk a*GUeDESifh a&eHacs;&m okwfxm;ojzifh
eDndKUndKU aeav\/ xdkZ&yfuav;um; ao;i,faomfvnf;
vGefpGm tcsKd;us\/ tcef;ESpfcef;ESifh crf;rBuD; wcef;&Sd&m? crf;r
BuD;twGif; aumfaZmtjynfh cif;xm;\/ taemufajrmufaxmifh
wGif aumfaZmuav; wxyfcif;xm; uwDyg rSDtHk;BuD;rsm;
&Sdao;av\/ aumfaZmuav; eHab; uGrf;tpf? axG;cH? a&csKdifh
25
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rsm; &S\ d / xdkae&mum; ausmif;q&mawmfvmvQif xdkif&efae&m

jzpf\/ q&mawmfrSm rnfonfhtcsdefrqdk vmwwf&um;/ toifh
ae&m jyifqifxm;&avonf/
Z&yfaeaom oDv&if rauomum; toufav;q,frQ
&SdNyD;jzpf\/ if;\cifyGef;onf uGefvGefNyD;aemuf eE0efausmif;odkY
pdwfajyvufaysmuf OD;ykof&uf&Snf vmapmifh&m/ q&mawmf\
ya&m*jzifh tuRwfw&m;&NyD;aemuf oDv&if 0ifvkyfaeonfrSm
8-ESpfrQ MumNyDjzpfav\/ om;wa,muf&Sdaomfvnf; om;rSm
taxmuftyHhrjzpfb/J awavuav;jzpf? aemufkyf&SifZmwfvdkuf
jzpfoGm;av\/ xdkZmwfvdkuf om;awmfarmifrSm rdrdarGordcifudk
rvkyfauR;onfhjyif? ,ckxufwdkif axmufyHhauR;arG;vmaom
aus;Zl;&Siftppf q&mawmfudkyif rsufESmrMunfhcsifbl;? rac:csif
bl; [k cPcP ajymaeao;\/ rauomum; kyf lyumaumif;
rGe\ f / ]]kyfuav;uacsmygbdoeJY bmvkyf oDv&ifvkyfvdrhfrvJ}}
[k kyfqdkrS oDv&if0wf&awmhrvk?d jrifolrsm;u ajymMuav\/
ausmif; ajrmufbufwGif r&rf;yifBuD;&S\ d / r&rf; aumif;
aumif; roD;aomfvnf; t&dyfaumif;aumif; &av\/ r&rf;yif
atmuf Z&yfuav;&S\ d / xdkZ&yfwGifvnf; tcef;oHk;cef;&S\ d /
wcef;wGif oDv&if tdy\ f / wcef;wGif tdrfaxmifypnf;xm;aom
tcef;jzpf\/ wcef;url? aumfaZmtjynfh cif;xm;aom {nfch ef;
BuD;jzpf\/ wae&mwGif uwDygae&mxkdifwck cif;xm;\/ yef;yGifh
yef;EG,frsm;jzifh cs,fvS,fxm;aom rSDtHk;BuD;rsm;vnf; &S\ d /
q&mawmf <uvdkaomtcg <uvmaexdkif&ef jzpfavonf/
oDv&Sif oDvpm&Dum; emrnfuav;ESifh qDavQmfpGm oDv
orm"djynfh0[efwlay\/ tNrJ vnfyif;rSm qifpG,fykwD;pGyfvsuf
xm;\/ nnwGifvnf; toHuav; wpmpmESifh arwmydkYavh&\ Sd /
26
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
w&m;pm bwfavh&\ Sd / oHaygufusufavh&\ Sd / olY twKywdum;

odkYwnf;/ r,foGi\ f touf q,fhajcmufESpfrQ&SdvQifyif? rdcif
bcifESpfyg; uG,fvGefc\ Jh / taxmuftcH cdkudk;&mrJh jzpf&&Smav
\/ rdbrsm;vnf; qif;&JYMuojzifh tarGtESpf wjym;rS rcsefcJhEdkif
jzpfav\/ r,foGifrSm twd'kua&mufaecdku?f rif;BuD;uawmf
a':vSu tdrfrSmac: cdkif;apxm;\/ kyf&nflyum& vSo
avmuf t0wftpm; aumif;pGm qifjref;xm;av\/
rif;BuD;uawmfrSm eE0efq&mawmfudk udk;uG,faom t"dywd
wumrBuD; wOD;jzpf&um ausmif;odkYoGm;wdkif; r,foGif ygavh&Sd
\/ xdktcdkuf rif;BuD;uawmf\ om;ESifh r,foGif tvGeftMuL;
cspfBudKufMuav\/ a':vSodojzifh r,foGifudk tdrfrS ESifxkwfav
\/ r,foGifrSm vdkudk;&mrJh jzpfojzif?h q&mawmftm; idkavQmuf
av&m? q&mawmf w&m;a[maumif;ojzif?h roDvpm&Djzpf
Z&yfudk tyfESif;jcif; cH&avonf/ q&mawmfum; oDvpm&Dudk
awmfawmf ta&;ay;\/ wcgw&H {nfhcrf; rSDtHk;BuD;wGif rSdef;&if?
oDvpm&D bwfjyaom pmoHuav;rsm;udk em;axmifavh&Sd\/
ausmif;ta&SUbufwGi?f iSufaysmyifrsm;om &S\d / xdkiSufaysm
yifMum; wxyfwdkuf Z&yfuav;&S\ d / avSum;rS wuf
csufjcif;a&mufaom tcef;um;? oifjzL; tjynfhcif;xm;aom
tcef;jzpf\/ a'gifhwa'gifhwGif aumfaZmcif;xm;\/ BuD;rm;
vSyaom acgif;tHk;BuD;ESpfvHk; &S\
d / ,yfawmif? axGc?H uGrf;tpf?
a&csKdifhrsm;vnf; &Sday\/ q&mawmftwGuf oDoefYxm;aom
ae&mjzpfaMumif; tvG,fwul odEdkifay\/
p&yfudk BuD;Muyfol em,q&mav; r0PrSm tawmfyif
vSyol jzpfav\/ toufrSmvnf; ESpfq,frQom &Sdao;\/ trd
tbrsm;um; qif;&JvSaom awmol awmom;rsm;jzpfMu\/ NrdKUrS
27
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
yGJpm;tdkBuD;wa,mufudk ydkufqH&SdrnftxifESifh ay;pm;vdkuf&m

&efukefa&muf rMumrDyif yGJpm;BuD; aoqHk;av\/ yGJpm;BuD;um;
ypnf;Opm rGJjymusonfhjyif? a<u;awGvnf; xlao;onfukd
odaomaMumifh r0Pavmif;uav;rSm 'kua&mufaepOf/ rMumrD
b,fvkdb,fenf;jzifh odkYZ&yfydkif r0Pjzpfvmonfudkyif
&mZ0if &Sm rawGU&awmhacs/ r0PrSmq&mawmfu olYZ&yfvm
&,fp&m ajymaomfvnf;odyfr&,f/ q&mawmfudkvnf; odyfrBudKY
rc,/ qGrf;uyfprf;[Jhqdkvsif qGrf;xuyf? a&,lchJprf;[Jhqdku
zvfcGufESifh a&,lay;/ bmay;prf;[Jh qdku bmay;jzifhom
rysKiSgbJ trlt&meJY aeav\/ ]][J-h 0P&}JY } [kac:vQif rxl;bJ
armhom Munfhae&m ]][J-h 0P&JY .... bkef;bkef;ac:wm xl;ygtHk;
uGJU}} [k qdkrS ]]bk&m; .... bmwHk;bk&mh ....}} [k ar;avh&\
Sd /
]]a[m'D vufqGJrD;tdrfxufvif;wm bmvJuGJU ..../}}
]]"gwfrD;ayghbk&mh/}}
]]"gwfrD;xuf vif;wmaumuG,f ..../}}
]] aTvrif;ayghbk&m;/}}
]] aTvrif;xuf vif;wmaumuG,/f }}
]]rodbl; bk&m;/}}
]][m; .... [m; .... cyfIyf Iyf cyfaemufaemuf yk*dKvfawGu
awmh/ ukd,fhcspfoluav; TifTifysysaewJhrsufESmvdkY ajymrSmbJaemf/
[m; ... [m; .... [D; .... [d .... [d .... }} [k q&mawmf tm;&
yg;& &Daomfvnf; r0Pum; r&,f/ vufoJjzifh oifjzL;udkom
jcpfaeav\/
]]bkef;bkef;u 'Dpum;rsKd; ajymr,fvdkrsm; xifaeovm;
uG,/f }}
]]rajymwwfbl;udk,fawmf .... b,fodrvJ/}}
28
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]at;- 'Dvdkrajym&ifv/J jrwfpGmbk&m; omoema&mif[m

vrif;xuf xGef;w,fvdkY ajymbdkYayghav ... [J ... [J}} [kajymum
pum;jzwfvdkuf&av\/
taemufbuf Z&yfodkY oDv&Sif a&mufonfrSm ...
rMumao;onfhjyif? rpEmrSm touf oHk;q,frQ&S d vHk;BuD;ayguf
vS kyfacsmolwa,mufbJ[k ajym&efrSwyg;? tjcm;taMumif;rsm;
udk ajymEdkif&ef bmrQ pHkprf; rod&ao; jzpfav\/
xdkrQ yef;yif? opfyif? oDv&if? OD;yOif;wdkYEiS fh jynfhpHkaom
ausmif;um; vGefpGmh vGefpGm tvGefw&m aysmfbG,faumif;av\/
ausmif;aeolwdkif; ypnf;Opm awmifhwif;Muolrsm; jzpf&um;/
bkef;BuD;ausmif;um; b,fausmif;ESifhrQ rwl jzpfav\/
uyd, OD;ausmufvHk;rSmrl? wynfhwa,mufESifh aps;oGm;0,f&
qGrf;csuf&? vbuf&nftdk; wnf&eJ?Y tawmfyif tvkyfrsm;av
\/ xdkYjyif eHeufpOf r,foDvrsm; cl;xm;aom yef;yGirfh sm;udk
aps;odkY azmufonf vufum;qdkifrsm;udk oGm;ydkY&ao;onfh tvkyf
wm0efvnf; &S\ d / naewGif yef;yifuav;rsm; ysKd; yef;tdk;
uav;rsm;wGif ul;pdkuf&onfh tvkyfum; tNrJrjywf &Sdao;\/
tvkyfrsm;kHjzifhrNyD; qGrf;[if;raumif;onfhtcg OD;yOif;rsm;\
tBudrf;tarmif;udk cH&av\/ aps;0,fjyef wjym;wcsyf vpf
[if;onfhtcg q&mawmf\ tqJtqdk cH&&Sm\/ OD;ausmufvHk;
um; OD;ok"ZESifhrl awmfawmf avay;ajzmif\ h / OD;ok"Zudk cifrif
MunfndK\/
rZsdr eE0efausmif;wGif "ruxdu tausmftarmfwyg; &Sday
\/ bGJUawmfum; "n0wD OD;aZmwdu jzpf\/ "n0wD[k bGJU,l
onfrSm &cdkifwdkif;bGm; jzpfr[kw/f &cdkifjynfodkY a&mufbl;aom
aMumif?h bGJUawmfyif&if;wGif "n0wD tjrpfwyfxm;jcif; jzpfav
29
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
onf/ OD;ok"Zonf "ruxdujzpfvdkaom qE&SdvmonfrSm?

"n0wD q&mawmfuav;udk tm;usaomaMumifh jzpf\/
"n0wD q&mawmfxHrS enf;edoQudkrl tawmftwef,lNyD; jzpf\/
OD;ok"Zonf ausmif;ay:odkY a&muf MunfhvdkufvQif tcg
wdkif; wHcg;ydwfxm;aom q&mawmfBuD;\ Muufoa&cef;onf
yGifhaeonfudk awGU&av\/ yGifhaeaom wHcg;rS q&mawmf usdef;
aomukwifudk jrifEdkifay\/ ukwifrSm aTa&mifawmufaeaom
aMu;ukwif jzpf\/ tdpufarmufrdkYaom avarGU&mBuD;um;/ um;
,m;BuD; wnfvQuf&\ Sd / xdkarGU,mBuD;ay:wGif uwDyg 0gvJhvJh
apmifudk cif;xm;ay\/ rwifxm;aom ZmjcifaxmifrSm
avuav;aoG;jcif; cHvkduf&ojzifh vIdif;uGufuav;rsm; <uae
\/ acgif;&if;u bD,dkBuD;rsm;rSm? csdwfaq;a&mif wzdwfzdwf
xaeawmh\/ q&mawmfum; ukwifab; om;a&aowmBuD;udk
zGifhvsuf? rdIif;vHk; aumfaZmBuD;rsm;udk aphaph ppfaq;aeonfudk
awGU&av\/ OD;ok"ZrSm rdrdtcef;wGif;odkY kwfw&uf r0ifao;bJ
tcef;wGif;odkYom pdkufMunfhaerd\/ &efukefol &efukeo f m;wdkYonf
eHeuf tdyf&mx rHkU[if;cg; [if;tdk;BuD; taiGUwaxmif;axmif;ESifh
tzHk;zGifhxm;onfudk jrifvQif oa&,dkvmouJho?dkY tcef;wHcg;zGifh
xm; tcef;0if ypnf;rsm;udk jrif&aom OD;ok"ZrSm? vdkcsifaom
qEawG wzGg;zGg; ay:vmav\/ tif; ... w,faumif;wJh
ukwifygvm;/ Munfhy- 0if;aewmbJ/ arGU,mBuD;u armufv/kYd
tdyfvdkuf&Zdrfb,favmuf awGUrvJv/dkY [kdbufem;u ukvm;xdkif
BuD;uvJ zwfpuvyfyguvm;/ [dk tdyuf tdyuf tcif;rsKd;
cif;vdkYaemf ... 'grsKd;ay:xdkifNyD; w&m;aumif;aumif; a[m&&if/
xdkif&vdkY zifZdrf&Sdwmu wrsKd;/ tdk .... b,fawmh 'Dtajca&mufygh
rvJaemf .... MunfhtHk;? bD,dkBuD;xJrSm ydk;ouFef;awG ouvyf
30
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ouFef;awG &SdrSmbJ/ odyfa|;wJh udk,fawmfBuD;bJaemf/ aumfaZm

awGuvJ 50d-wef 100d-wefawGESifh wlw,f/ [m- [dkrSm
yxdkru(pf)qdkwJh "gwfrD;BuD;awGygvm;/ aMomf .... bkef;BuD;vkyf
&vJ? 'DtajctaersKd;a&muf&rS bkef;BuD;vkyf&usKd; eyfrSmygbJaemf
[k .... tqufrjywf awG;awm tHhMoNyD;aemuf/ rdrdtcef;wHcg;udk
zGifhav\/
aomhuav; ]]Muvpf}} ceJ jrnfoGm;aomtcg? [m- aeao;
oy-csKHxJu/ *sKdaoG;oy- wjrjraygh/ igvJ 'Dvkdpnf;pdrfawmh
cHpm;&vdrfhraygh/ "ruxdujzpfvdkY emrnfBuD;w,f qdk&ifb/J
vmbfoyumqdkwm 0ifpNrJbJ[k awGaeaomaMumif/h yGifhaeaom
aomhcavmufudkyif qGJr,lrdbJ aeao;\/ aemufrS aomhudkqGJ,l
NyD; tcef;wHcg;udk ajz;ajz;uav; wGef;vdkufav\/
tcef;wGif; rdr\d opfom;ckwifudk jrifaomtcg/ awmf
awmfyif pufqkyfoGm;\/ rqDrqdkif vqef; 5- &ufaeYwke;f u
csoGm;aom romwckudk trSwf&rd\/ xdkromwHk;u oHk;aom
ukwifESifh rdrdukwif rsm;pGmwlonf[k atmufarhr\ d / aemuf
pmtkyfuav;udk pmyGJ0dkif;ay:wGif bHk;ueJ ypfcsNyD;? vdyfwifxm;
aom jcifaxmifudk qGJcsvdku\ f / jcifaxmifum; npfay\/
tkyfqdk;\/ OD;ok"Zonf jcifaxmifwpudk udkifNyD; yGwfacs&if;
awGaeavonf/
31
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 3 /
{ u oD r yg t wG if; a cR; cH r yg
]]a[h .... ok"Z ... ok"Z? a[h armifok"Z}} [k wbufcef;rS

ac:oHudk OD;ok"Z Mum;&ojzifh v,fwDy@dw a&;om;xm;aom
om"kokNED,yfvSJ w&m;pmtkyfudk vufdI;oGif;ydw f vufr
vufcv,fjzifh udkifwG,fum tcef;tjyifbufodkY xGufcJhav\/
]]a[hvl .... bmvkyfaeovJ ... vmygtHk; ... }} [laom trdefY
udk aemufxyfMum;&vQif rdrdudk ac:olum; "n0wD OD;aZmwdu
jzpfaMumif;od&rS aES;uef ysif;,daeaom ajcrsm;udk puftm;ukef
EdI;vdkufav\/
]]bmvJudk,fawmf/ ta&;wBuD; ac:vSacsuvm;}} ajymajym
qdkqkd *smyef wbufvS zJptpdrf; crf;pD;BuD;udk ab;z,fNyD;
"n0wDcef;odkY 0ifvdkufav\/ OD;aZmwduum; {uoDryg/
twGif; acR;cHryg/ ukwifay:wGif wifyvifacG xdkifaeNyD;/ pmyGJ
ajcwdkuav;ay:wGif pma&;aeavonf/ qHk;oGm;awmh pmGuu f dk
puLuyfrS cGg&if;/
]]udk,fawmf tm;&JY r[kwfvm;}} pk ar;vdkufav\/
]]wifyg .... b,fhES,f .... a&;xm;wJhpmawG rsm;vSyguvm;/
32
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]][J .... [J ... rsm;qd-k rsm;wmudk; udk,fhvl&JY ....}} ajym&if;?

yg;cGuf rsufvHk;uav;rsm; arS;oGm;atmif NyHK;av\/
]]'DpmrsKd;u 'Dvkda&SrSudk;/ 'Dvrf; 'Dyef;ESifhrS awmfr,f/
'Dtcsde-f 'DxrdefESifhrS awmfr,fqdkwJh rif;om;BuD;pum;vd/k
'Dae&mrSm 'DpmESifhom awmfoudk;? udk,fhvl&/ [m; .... [m; ...
'g xm;ygtHk;/ tm;&if ukef;awmfay: wuf&atmif}}
]]wufwmaygh .... udk,fawmf/ wynfhawmf pmbwfMunhfcsif
w,f/ b,fudka&;wJhpmvJ udk,fawmf}}
]]udk,fawmfuvJ odcsif&efaum/ odrfBuD;aps;xJu bdeyf
a&mif;aewJh udk,fh[muav;udk odw,fr[kwfvm; .....}}
]]wifyg .... odygw,fbk&m;/ t&ifwcg udk,fawmfbJ
wynfhawmfudk ac:oGm;NyD; jyao;w,f/ [kwfNyD cP cP pma&;
&ovm;bk&m;}}
]]EdkY .... olYqDu pmu cP cP &wmudk;}} [k ajymum vuf
aemufypfNyD; orf;aeav\/
OD;ok"Zvnf; ukwifay: wifyvTJxkdifNyD; a&;xm;aom
pmGufrsm;udk ,lonfwGi/f
]]jyefpmudk aemufrSbwf? olYqDuvmwJh pmMunfhprf;ygtHk;}}
[k q&mawmf OD;aZmwdu-u a'gifhwa'gifhwGif a&;xm;aom
pmGufudk vSrf;ay;vdkufav\/
]][if .... udk,fawmhfpmuvJ tcspfawGyguvm;/ Munfhy ....
udk,fawmf/ 'Dyef;uav;ab;uawmif 0dkif;NyD; cspfxm;wmudk;}}
]][dk .... xdyfu pmoHk;aMumif;bwf .... udk,fawmf/ 'grS
teufokyf xifrSm}} [k ajymNyD; oGm;BuD;NzJ Munfhaeav\/
]]aMom .... aMom ... bkef;bkef; bk&m;wJ/h [D; ... [D;/
wyhJawmfrwdkYrSmawmh ... wJh ... bkef;bkef;wdkYvdk "ruxduvJ
33
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
r[kwf .... wJ/h pmvJ rwwfawmh zGJUum EGJUum .... wJ/h

wDwDwmwm wJ/h [d- [d- [d/ tawmfvmyguvm; udk,fawmf
(tdrf; ... vmqdk ... vqef;udk; [m;[m;/) yvDyvmawG csJUNyD; ....
[d ... [d ... cspfaMumif; BudKufaMumif; ra&;wwfbl;bk&m;h/
odkYayr,fh cspfw,f .... [d- [d/ awmuf .... w,fZdrf&Sdoudkaemf/
(a&SUqufbwfyg/ udk,fhvluvJ pmjrif&wmESifh *sKd<uaeNyD) BudKuf
w,f pHkrufw,f? o'gw,f/ tif; .... o'gvGef;vdkY cufMuwm
aygh/ uJav .... wdkwdkbJ bkef;bkef;udk cspfw,fqdkwhJtaMumif;/
a[m'Dvdk cspfjyvdkufr,f bk&m;/ [m; .... [m; ... odNyD;/ &Sif;ayh
bk&m;/ cJwHESifh jcpfjywm- 'gbJaemf ....}} [k vufcyk fvuf0g;
wD; OD;ok"Zu thHMoav&m/ OD;aZmwdurSmum; wcpfcpf
rsufESmeD&Jvmatmif &,fav\/
]]udk,fawmh [muav;u w,fOmPfoGm;yguvm;/ aMomf
.... rdef;r rdef;r/ rdef;rOmPfeJw,f qdkwm[m tvum;
pum;aygh}}
]]uJ .... jrefjrefvky/f udk,fhpmudkbwf/ NyD;&if csmcsDvrf;
pmwdkuf oGm;xJhtHk;r,f/ NyD;awmh ukef;awmfay: wuf&r,f}}
]]v0gqdkqef;? jrnmndKvef;ygvd?kY yef;aTykef;nufay:cgud?k
vaomfwm wdrfwdrf,SufonfhES,?f BudrfBudrfcsuf abwlvw S mrd?kY
a0bljruHk;woG,fv?dk bef;tvG,fNyDNyDodatmif? pDpDvGef;pmacGESi?fh
cGefomacRo vdkufygawmhr,fv?dkY a&S;u q&mh q&mrsm; rSmwrf;
a&;Muovdk a&;NyD; ac:aer,fqdk&if? acwfBuD; zDvmqefYusifMu
vdrfhr,fvdkY armifarmifxifrdw,f? aemufudk bkef;bkef;vdkY rac:yg
ESifhaemf? armifarmifvdkY xD;qefqef eef;qefqef ac:yg [kwfvm;/
acwfBuD; av,mOfysHacwf? armfawmfum;acwf? jrefEdkiforQ
jrefv?dkY wkdwdkESifh vdk&if;a&muf&if NyD;wmaygh? 'Dawmh ...
34
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
jra& .... om/ csKdomomESifh vdk&mac:r,faemf .... 'Dvkdac:

vdkuf&ifb/J rjrwifqdkwJh jr&JY emrnfvJ yga&m/
]]vrif;xuf ESpfav;om {jrvdkufwm/ jrif&olY azoufom
w,f/ aTrsufESm MunfvGef;vdkYav;}} qdkwmvdk td-k toifpEm
vrif;/ ig[mjzifh urmavmu wcGifrSm/ t{qHk; tjrqHk;
tMunfqHk;vkdY r<um;vdkufygESi/fh toif pEma&mif0ef;/ {jrvdkY
xGef;aomfv/J vSuGef;,Ofeef;/ armifh cspfyef;uav;rsm;ESifh NydKif
Mu&if toifpEm tEdkifr&vd/kY vufrdIifcsae&rSmayghvd/kY vrif;udk
awmif tEKvdkY rmefckEdkifatmif {vJ{ MunfvJMunf jrvJjrwJh
jrygbJvdkY qdk&mvJ a&mufyga&m .... aomufusKd;enf;udk,fawmf ...
wynfhawmf 'Dpmuav; ul;awmif ,lxm;csifw,f/ pma&;wJhvl
udk wynfhawmfawmif cspfvmNyD/
tdk .... aemufxyf qufprf;ygtHk;[k rdrda&;NyD;pu oabmus
Tifysonfxuf/ rdrdpmudk wa,mufu bwfjy em;axmif&rS/
tvGeftMuL; oaabmus Tifysaeaom OD;aZmwdu rdefYawmfrlav
\/
OD;ok"Zvnf; ukwifjcifaxmifwdkifukdr SD bwfjyef\/
]]armifarmifwdkY aexdkifMuwJh ZrL'DygawmifuRef;ukd jra&mif
xGef;wJhuRef;vdkY usrf;pum;&Sdw,f/f 'Dusrf;pum;awG[m rSmw,f
vdkYxm;? wabmifoufouf a&S;uxGufwJh pum;vdkYxm;awmh
'Dwabmif[m ckawm rSefawmhr,hf edrdwfbJaygh/ b,fvdkvJqdk
awmh jr&JY vSwJh *kPfa&mif acsmwJhta&mif ,OfwJhta&mif vdrmwJh
ta&mifawG[m ZrL'DygrSm xGef;vdkYaewmrdkY jra&mifxeG f;wJh
uRef;ZrLqdkwJh pum;[mjzifh rrSm;ygbl; qdkwmvJyga&m (atmif
r,fav;As) usrf;awGvJ y,fwefy,fxifyghaemf/ w,fv-J w,f
35
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
vJ avmubJ[k ajym&if; qufbwfjyefav\/ twefMum bwfrd

vQif/
armifarmifudk "ruxduBuD;rd?kY ynm&Sd pmwwfBuD;rdkY jrudkcspf
yHkawG BudKufyHkawG zGJUzGJUEGJUEGJU a&;Edkifvdrfhr,f rxifvkdufygESifh
jr&,f/ ewf&Sifaemif? &SifoHc?dk aZ,s&Erdw?f jr0wD0ef OD;p?
OD;ykn? tcsKyfwef;q&mab? bdk;0ZD&? v,fwDy@dw OD;armifBuD;?
rpwm armifrdIif;wdkY OmPfynmrsKd;udk tm;vHk; NcHK&aomfv?J jrudk
cspf&yHkawG BudKuf&yHkawG jrwfEdk;&yHkawG? jra& ... armifwkdYjzifh
b,fvkd cspfygw,f/ jra& armifjzifh b,favmufbJ BudKufyg
w,f/ jra& b,fbJ jrwfEdk;ygw,fvdkY ukefatmif vHk;pd ywfpd
a&;Ekdifb,f rjrifawmhygbl; jr&J/Y [m; .... [m; ... [m; ... rjzpf
Edkifwmawmh tawmfajymwJh udk,fawmfbJaemf}} [k ajymum
vufId;uav;udk ykwfoifndK acgif;qwfovdk vIy f OD;aZmwdu
udk xkd jyav\/
aemufpmxJwGif ul;a&;xm;aom ]]umVK'gax&f}} tpcsD
]]ul;vS,f arwm? qufpdrfhiSgonf/ pdEmnDouf? |&uf}} tqHk;
owfaom &wk? bdk;0ZD&\ ]]aTusD;jrifh bk&m;wdkif&wk}} rsm;udk
bwfNyD;onf\ tqHk; ed*Hk;urwf tqHk;owfvdkufav\/
OD;ok"Zonf vufESpfbufudk ajrmuf ausmaumhNyD; tysif;
awG tukefxkw f ]]uJ .... oGm;MupdkY udk,fawmf}} [k awmif;yef
av\/ ]]vkyf .... ouFef;av; bmav;rsm; oGm;vJtHk;av/ ukef;
awmfay:wufwm bmxifaevkdYv}J } [k ajymrS owd&um? tcef;
xJodkY jyef0ifoGm;av\/ twefMumaomf ESpfyg;pvHk; ausmifay:rS
qif;MuNyD;vQif ausmif;0if;wGif yef;cl;aeMuaom oDv&ifrsm;udk
awGUjrif&av\/ oDv&ifrsm;xHodkYoGm; ta&m0ifum pum;ESifh
uvufMurnf BuHrdaomfvnf; ]][Jh .... r,fpEm bk&m;wifbdkY
36
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
yef;wpnf; ausmif;ay:,lcJhprf;}} [laom trdefYoHudk Mum;&?

qif0if jywif;ayguf Munfhaeaom q&mawmfudk awGUMu&aom
aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom tBuHESifh qEudk ESvHk;tdrfwGif;rSmyif
aomcwf kyfodrf;xm;&av\/
]]aeprf;ygtHk; udk,fawmf .... t&Sifbk&m;rSmawmh ... onfhjyif
bkef;BuD;awGxuf xl;uJNyD; rdef;rawG&JY tMunfndKcH&wm? BudKufrJh
rdef;raygwm .... bmhaMumifhvJ bk&m;/ yD,aq;aumif;rsm; &Sda&m
vm;}} [k OD;ok"Zonf vrf;ab;&Sd xduHk;yifuav;rsm;udk
ajcESifh&rf;uefoGm;&if; ar;av&m/
]]tkd .... bmyD,aq;vJ udk,fhvl&/ yD,aq;qdkwm vlt vle
rS aqmifwm? yD,aq;aqmifrJh kyfvm;/ Munfhprf;ygtHk;}} [k
aigufqwfqwf jyefajymav\/
]]EdkYr[kwf&ifvJ wynfhawmfwdkY odyg&apbk&m; .... }}
]]'Dvkdudk;? bkef;BuD;ESifhvl rdef;rydk;bdkY b,folu ydkNyD; vG,f
r,fxifovJ ....}}
OD;ok"Zonf xkdar;cGef;tajztwGuf tawmfpOf;pm;&av\/
tajz&Sm&if; aTwd*Hk apwDawmfBuD; Munfhvdkufav\/ naeapmif;
aea&mifonf bk&m;BuD;\ MumarSmuf MumvefrS txufudk
qGyfvQuf &Sdojzif?h xkdtydkif;um;? wdrfeDawmufouJYodkY awmufy
aeav\/ atmufydkif;um; pu0gaoG;xGufae\/ ab;ywfvnf
opfyifrsm;um; pdrf;ndKUndKU aq;a&mifjzihf aemufcH jymvJhvJh
aumif;uifjyifBuD;udk cs,fvS,fxm;av\/ xdktcsdefum; aTwd*Hk
apwDawmfBuD;\ Muufoa&t&SdqHk; toyg,fqHk;aom tcsdef
wcsdef jzpfav\/ OD;aZmwdu tar;um; ta&;BuD;\? cufc\ J ?
odkYaomf xdktar;\ ta&;BuD;rI cufcJrIonf bk&m;BuD;udk
ajrmfMunfhaecdku?f wefbdk;a&mhoGm;av\/ OD;ok"Zonf tajzudk
37
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
r&SmbJ twefMum bk&m;BuD;udkom ai;pdkufMunfh&if; avQmufvm

av\/ OD;aZmwduu-
]]b,fhES,fq&mBuD;? rajzEdkifbl;vm;}} [k xyfrHaMumhjyefr?S
kwfw&uf tajz&Smav\/
]][m .... udk,fawmhfES,f vlawGu vG,fwmaygh? tcgtcGifh
ydkwmaygh? vl- vlcsif;ubJ ....}}
]][m; .... [m; ... 'Dvkdajzr,fvkdY xifom;? q&mawmfBuD;
xifovdk r[kwfbl;AsKdY rSwfxm;? bkef;BuD;u omvG,fw,f?
bmaMumifhvJw?Jh rdef;uav;awG&JY rdbawG tudkawG apmifa&Smuf
wJhvlawGu? bkef;BuD;bJ bmrS vltvkyfawG vkyfrSmr[kwyf gbl;
vdkY xifNyD;? olwdkYoD;wd?kY ESrwdkYESifh eD;eD;uyfuyfaewmudk rouFm
r&SdMubl;? ESpfa,mufxJ ae&pfcJhvJ bmrSjzpfrSm r[kwb f l;vdkY pdwf
csMuw,f? vl vlcsif;qdkawmh bmjzpfrvJ? apmifhMuyfwJhvlawGu
pGef0J&if MuufrBuD;u Muufuav;awGMunfhwmvdk rsufajcrjywf
MunfhaeMuwmuvm;/ OD;yOif;wdkY bkef;BuD;wdkYESifhqdkawmh? tzsif;
qHk; cPwjzKwf jzifhawmh pdwfcsMuwmbJ? 'Dawmh pmay;csifawmh
pum;uav; eJeJajymcsifawmh vG,fwmaygh? NyD;awmh bke;f BuD;rSm
awmh &r,ftrsKd;rsKd;&SmNyD;? tysKdjrifwJh wum- wumrtdrfudk 0if
Edkif xGufEdkifwmudk; ok"Z&J?Y wcgwavrsm;? vlBuDrdbawGu oD;
awGudk oN*Kvfoifay;ygbk&m;? avmueDwd wufay;ygbk&m;?
owdy|mef csay;ygbk&m;eJY tyfMuao;oAsm;/ 'g[m yxr
tcsufaygh? aemuf- 'kwd,uawmh .... [k w&m;qufawmfrlpOf?
OD;ok"Zu bdeyfcRwftHk; udk,fawmf? apmif;wef;twuf a&mufvm
NyD[k owday;vdkufrS cP&yfoGm;av\/
]]'djyif tvGefYtvGef odyfvGefatmif aumif;wmu? wum
wa,mufu? wumrav; wa,mufudk pmay;w,fqdkygawmh?
38
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rBudKufwmESifh awGUrSjzif?h tartaz wdkifwmESi?fh olwdkYubJ

[m;wdkufvTwfwmESi?fh wcgw&H qJvTwfwmESi?fh wum iwdav;
awGrSm? tomMunfhNyD; idkifaeMuwkef; q&mawmfwkdYuawmh Zdk;ueJ
ZyfueJ pmay;vdkufwmbJ rBudKufvJ tomNidrfaewmbJ? qJjcif;
bmjcif; b,fawmhrS r&Sdbl;? tar tazvJ rwdkifbl;? olwdkY
rBudKuf&if qGrf;ravmif;Hk ausmif;udk rvmHkbJ&Sdw,f? qGrf;
ravmif;bl; qdkwmuvJ udk,fwdkifom xGufravmif;wm 0rf;xJ
u ]]wPSml; vl0g;0wJh bkef;BuD;? i&Jtdk;rsKd;udk oGm;avmif;prf;}}
qdkwJh pl,SvSaom apwemESifh wjcm;vludkawmh tavmif;cdkif;&
ao;wmbJ/ ([m; .... [m; ... [m; ... oHNydKif&,fMu\/) oli,f
csif;csif;vJ ajymjycJhom;? bmjyKvdkYvJqdkawmh? oli,fcsif;awGu
]]a[h - bkef;BuD;uawmif tBudKufcH&wJh vlu?G a[h olv Y ifu
bk&m;xl;cHuGJU? ([m; .... [m; ... [m; ... oHNydKif) eJY pMu
avSmifMurSm rcHcsifwmeJY NrHKaewmbJ}}
]]wdk;wdk;udk,fawmf .... [kdu tnmom; qDo,fawG Mum;ukef
rSjzifh tmus,fBuD;eJY ajymaeMutHk;r,f/}}
]]tnmom;udk ESdrfhESdrfhcscs rajymESifhudk,fawmf? usKyfu tnm
om;? 'Dvkdqdk&if a[mae&if; w&m;udk ed|dwHvdkufr,f odvm;}}
]]&SdBuD;BuD;cdk;yg&JY udk,fawmf? 0pDuH xGufaomfvJ raemuH
rygygbl;? tnmom; raumif;aMumif; aemufb,fawmhrS rajym
ygbl;? wkd;wdk;om qufawmfrlyg}} [k ODok"Zu anmifememESi?fh
ra&Smifomatmif awmif;yefjyefaomaMumifh ....}}
]]NyD;awmh pmua&;awmh w,fuGmwmudk;? rdef;rawGusatmif
a&;Edkifwmu? udk,fwdkYvufrsKd;? q&mawmfawGvufbJ? t*Fvdyf
ausmif;om;uav;awG? aumvdyfausmif;om; awGuawmh? rdkif'g
vifawG tdka*ghawGESifh ujym;ArmpmawGESifh &D;pm;qD a&;Muw,f/
39
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ArmpmrS El;El;nHhnHh r&;wwfbJuvm;? twdkuvJ BudKufygbdoeJ?Y

cifhxHpma&;vdkufygonf/ cifhudkBudKufaeonfrSm MumNyD? ,ckawmh
ratmifhEdkifvdkY zGifhNyD; ajymvdkufygonf? (vuf0g;wbufudk pma&;
puL uyfxm;ovdkxm; nmbufvufjzifh jcpfjyNyD;aemuf? vuf
udk txufodkY qGJvdku\ f /) bmnmESifh wdkwdka&;Muwmud;k ?
aumvdyfrSm Armpm*kPfxl;qdkvm; .... tJh'Dtwef;rSmoifwJh vlawG
uawmh a&;Muyg&JY zGJUzGJUEGJUEGJU? rif;ok0Pfw?dkY aZmf*sDwdkY qdkwmawG
[mrsKd;aygh? at;- &Sdao;? armifoefYpifwdkYaygh? a&;Muyg&JY &D;pm;pm
awG? uAsmawG? awGU&yghAsm? r*Zif;awGxJrSm? cufwmu tay;
cH&wJh aumifrawGu 'DuAsmawGrS em;rvnfawmh uRJyg;apmifwD;
usaewmaygh? tJh'Dawmh olwdkYrSmvJ a&;&wmarmvd?kY bwf&wJh
vlrvJysif;vd?kY 'djyif avmu"mwfausmif;rSm oifaewJh [muav;
awGuawmh jrrsKd;vGifwdkY yDrdk;eif;wdkY ajymwm a&;wm twkcdk;NyD;?
av,mOfysHacwfrdkYav;? armfawmfum;acwfrdkYav;? pmvJ wdkwdkbJ
a&;r,fvdkY todOmPf aygufaeMuawmh urmed,mrESifh qefYusif
aewmaygh? wcsKdUvJ twD; twESifh udk,fwdkif ra&;wwfvdkY
bkef;BuD;awGqDvmNyD; &D;pm;pm ta&;cdkif;Mu&m? bkef;BuD;awGu
udk,fa&;rSr[kwfbJ awmfatmif a&mfatmif a&;vkdufMuwmaygh?
pdwfrygbJ a&;&awmhvJ b,fenf;ESifh aumif;tHk;rSmvJ? [kwfp
(rSefyghbk&m;/) earmwu &D;pm;pmpNyD; aMomif earmAk'H OKH ....
'la& ... 'la&vdkY rqHk;&if uHaumif; rSwfayawmh/}}
]]t&Sifbk&m;wdkY yef;rsm; ,loGm;MuygtHk; bk&m;}} [laom
qHaxmufuav; aumhaeatmif zD; rsufESmudk oeyfcg;ywfMum;
rdkufxm;aom ,k0wDruav;\ om,maom toHonf? tvGef
w&m pdwf0ifpm;bG,faumif;aom "ruxduavmif;\qHk;rpum;
udk &yfvkdufavownf;/ rD;a&mifvm&modkY jyL;MunfhaeMuaom
40
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ydkzvHuav;rsm;\ rsufpdrsm;vd?kY toHvm&m (0g) toHjzpfay:&m

t&yfj'yfqDodkY OD;yOif;ESpfyg; rsufpdrsm;onf jyL;MunfhaeMuav
\/
"n0wDu NyHK;wJhNyD;? "ruxdu toHcRJuav;jzifh ]]om"kyg
wumrav;&J/Y awmfygao;NyD}} [k jyefMum;NyD;oumv r'l&o?
ysm;rQcsKdNrde?f okcrdefMo0g'udk wavmwcgx a[mcgjyjyefonf
um; .....
]] udk,fwdkY bkef;BuD;rsm;cRJyHkawmh odNyD;bJ/ aemufvJodvwHh
bJ/ wynfhawmfrdwfaqGawG a&;MuwJh pmawGvJ jyao;wmy/ pm
uvJ wyef;omw,f udk,fawmh/ w&m;oHayoH usrf;pum;awG
vJ Mum;nyfxnfhMuawmh rdef;rqdkwmu odyfrpOf;pm;bl;/
usrf;*efu 'Dvdkqdkyguvm; qdk&if? bk&m;pum;rSwfNyD; taotvJ
,HkawmhwmbJ/ NyD;awmh w&m;ESifhpyfajym&if ydkvG,fwmbJ/
yxrqHk; udk,fhudk,fudk apwem&Sdvmatmif ukodkv?f 'ge? oDv
a&;u pqG,/f apwem&Sdvmawmh o'gaygufatmifquf/ o'g
vGefawmh bmjzpfowJhvJ udk,fawmf/
cd .... cd .... cd .... [k &,faeqJyif/
]]uJ .... bk&m;/ za,mif;wkdifuav;rsm; ,loGm;Muygbk&m;}}
[k tkyfvHk;odrf;cgp vSvStysKduav;u ac:avvQif OD;ok"Zu ..
]]awmfygao;NyD- wumrav;&J/Y aemufrsm;rS}} [k NyHK;peJYeJYESifh
pum;vHk; EGJUEGJUudk oHk;avownf;/
]]atmkdu}f } .... tJh'Dawmh tbufbufuMunf?h bkef;BuD;awG
wyef;omaew,f r[kwfvm;/ uJ- &Sdao;/ "ruxdueJY dk;dk;
udk,fawmf .... b,folYudkydkNyD; ....}}
]]t&Sifbk&m;wkdY uGrf;bkef;ay;oGm;MuygtHk; bk&m;}} [laom
wckvyf qHxHk;BuD;BuD;xHk; cifarBuD;vdk qH&ifcsavh&Sdaom yef;
41
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
onfu cyf&J&Jac:vdkufvQif OD;yOif;wdkYrSm ,cifu &J0Hh owd

aumif;cJhrdoavmuf? &Sufovdkvdk aMumufovdkvdk jzpfvmMuav
\/ a&SUwqifhudkyif vSrf;wuf&ef ajcrsm;u awGa0aeMuav\/
]]<uygbk&m; ..... uGrf;oHk;aqmifawmfrlMuyg/ t&Sifbk&m;wdkY
'Dwacguf &efukef<uvmwm b,favmufMumygNyDvJbk&m;}} [k
ajym&if; &aohavsmif;ay:wGif cif;xm;aom oifjzL;udk ykqdk;pkwf
jzifh yHkykwf&if; yef;onfu ac:jyefav\/
]]wumrav; vlvGJaeygvdrfhr,f/ OD;yOif;wdkYu &efukefudk
'DwacgufbJ a&mufbl;wmyg}} [k OD;aZmwdu jyefMum;avvQif ..
]]odkYayr,fh wynfhawmfr t&Sifbk&m;awmh jrifbl;ygw,f
bk&m;/ b,frSmvJom rrSwfrdw,f/ uJ- bk&m; .... xkdifMuyg
bk&m;/ uGrf;rsm; bkef;ay;awmf rlMuygtHk;}} [k ajymajymqdkqdk
uGrf;tpfudk csjyefav\/
OD;yOif;rsm;rSm rxdkifcsif rae&awmhbJ xdkifaeMu&av\/
OD;aZmwduum;? olYudk olrSef;rodonfhtwGuf (0g) olYukd
"ruxdutausmf "n0wD OD;aZmwdurSef; rodonfhtwGuf ]]ig
ukef;awmfay:rSm w&m; cPcPa[mwmudk oif;rawGUa&mh
ovm;}} [k a'goyGm;rdonfhtjyif? ighavmuf ausmfwmawmifrS
vlodyfrod ao;avjcif;pk 0rf;enf;rdavawm\/ qdkifrSyef;rsm;?
za,mif;wdkifrsm; 0,fcJhMuNyD;aemuf jrefjrefyifxGufc
Jh ukef;awmf
udk ywfMuav\/
]] "ruxdu tcGifhomrSmaygh udk,fawmf/ NydKifydk;vJ ydpk Grf;rSm
aygh}} [k OD;ok"Zu pvdkufav\/
]]'gaygh? "ruxduqdkwm pmtrsKd;rsKd;? ,doJhoJhESifh NidrJhpm
uav;awGvJ & &w,f/ tajymuqdkawmh aeYpOf usifhBuH&wm
uvm;/ tajymaumif;&w,f/ tajymtqdkcsKdMuw,f vltrsKd;rsKd;
42
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
pdw?f aumifrawGpdwfudk odMuw,f/ w&m;a[m&if; a[m&if;u

nKvHk;awG? c&mvHk;awG xnfha[m&ifvJ a[mEdkifw,f/ olwdkYpdwf
xJrSm cspfpdwf BudKufpdwfawG ay:aeatmifvJ a[may;&r,f/
udE&DarmifESHZmwfw?dkY ukoZmwfw?dkY pEukrm&DZmwfwdkYvdk [mrsKd;udk
a[mvdkufw,fqdk&if rdef;rawG[m b,fvlYBudKufcsifovdkv?dk
b,folY cspfcsifovdkvdk jzpfaewmaygh? 'Dawmh tidkufbrf;Hkb/J
em;v,fvm;/ (rSefvSyg? a[morQ w&m;tppfudk aomwem;rSm
qifaMumif;yg bk&m;) aumif;vSNyD/ NyD;awmh rdef;rqdkwm *kPfod&f
vdkcsifw,f/ emr,fBuD;wJhv?l *kPf&SdwJhvludk odyfrufw,f/
jrwfEdk;w,f ..... / "ruxdu emrnfausmfvdkY *kPfxifay:&if
odyf todvkyfcsif odyftuRrf;0ifcsifvmwm/ udk,fawmf ta&m
r0ifcsifbl; qdkawmif r&bl;/ olwdkYu ta&m0if tuRrf;0ifcsifMu
wmbJ/ 'Dawmh tem;yGwfoD;yGwfoyf vkyfMuwmbJ/ pum;twlwl
ajym&wm emr,fausmfwJhvlu ta&;,lwm cH&wmudk tom;,l
csifMuwmbJ/ 'gaMumifh wG?H ok"ZqdkwJh bolYurS rpGefao;wJ?h
wGHuav;onf "ruxdaum? tvSwynfhacsmwdkYudk t&trdapm
MuwJh w&m;a[myk*dKvfwdkYonf tumvdaum? aeYrSmvJra&Smif? n
rSmvJ ra&Smif? arSmifw,fvdkYvJr&S?d vif;w,fvdkYvJ r&S?d rnfonfh
tcsdefrSmrqdk 'd|mwd'da|m? ouFmarSmifuif; rSefa&mifvif; bGif;
bGif;BuD; aocsmpGm? pGefr,fwDw?d olYar"m&S?d udk,fhar"m&S?d qdkbd
pum;? xif&Sm;yrm? armifharwmud?k r,frSmyGg;wdk;? qwydk;jzif?h
trsKd;rsKd; tcspfjyefrnfu?dk *PSm[d? vlxGu f om;&onfh wdkif
atmif? em;0rSm rvGwfraysmufap [l tvGwfawmufavQmuf
rSwfrdapownf;/
]][D; .... [D; ... om"k-uJ- bk&m;&Sdcdk;MutHk;pdkY&JY udk,fawmf ..}}
43
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]Moumo- Moumo- tpdaE,s .... twkv-}} ponfjzifh

OD;aZmwdurSm yef;pnf;uav;udk udkifum bk&m;&Sdcdk; Gwfqdkae
aomfvnf; OD;ok"Zum; rsufpdpHkrSdw f Nidrfaeav\/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;
GwfrnfBuH\/ bk&m;&Sdcdk;awGum; ray:vm/ rdrd&ifcGif acgif;u
av;ESifh acGUumaeaom ZeD;ysKduav;udk Munfh&pOf rdcifbcif
wdkYtm; trSwfr&EdkifouJhodkY rawmfwq rdbrsm;taMumif;uav;
pdwfxJ ay:vmacsuvnf; wpuefYtwGif;wGif aysmuf&bdouJh
odkY OD;ok"Z&ifxJ rdrdbkef;BuD;jzpfcJh&ojzifh rde;f rydk;&m vlxuf
rsm;pGm wyef;omae aMueyfjcif;? a&SU"ruxdujzpfu 0ifvm
rnfh vmbfawG twGuf tljrL; Tifaysmfjcif;wdkYonf jynfhaeaom
aMumifh bk&m;&Sdcdk;uav;rsm;rSm wvHk;p ESpfvHk;p uHaumif;
ay:vmaomfvnf; pkyfceJ jrKyfoGm;Muav\/ OD;ok"Zonf rdrda&SY
w&m;yvi?f a'gif;awmif,yf? w&m;emcHvl a,musfm;qJhav;
ig;a,muf om"k .... om"k ... [k om,mpGm oDqdkMuaom
w&m;em trsKd;orD; oHk;av;&m? rdrdESifh pum;ajymcGih&f &ef tBudwf
te,f BudK;pm;aeMuaom ,k0wDacsm w&m/ oN*K[f oHcdy?f rdrd
a&SUarSmuf bwfaeaom tysKdrwa,muf &D;pm;pm? yef;xdk;
vufudkifyk0g? Zmjcifawmif? wdkufausmif;? ponfrsm;udk jrifae&
av\/ rsufpdudk ememrSdwfav- yd k jrifav jzpfav&m ... aMomf
]]"ruxdu}} [laom pum;wvHk;om xGufEdkifavownf;/
44
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 4 /
v if qdk w cg bl; rS r w cg bl; a om

t ysKd BuD; r a pm G efY
rapmGefYum; ypnf; vGefpGm csrf;omonf/ ol\bcifrSm

a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm; vufxufawmfu NrdKUolBuD;jzpf uG,fvGefaom
tcg wOD;wnf;aom orD; rapmGefYtwGuf aTUajymif;&aom
ypnf; av;odef; wefbdk;rQESifh v,f{u waxmifausmfrQ tarG
ay;cJhavonf/ rapmGefYrdcifrSm rapmGefY i,fi,fuyif uG,f
vGefaomfvnf; NrdKUolBuD;rif; OD;bdk;vlonf aemufxyf tdrfaxmif
rjyKbJ vuf&Sdtvkyfjzpfonfh csdwfukefwdkuf ukeful;jcif;? ig;yd
avSmifjcif;? aiGwdk;ay;jcif;? ajrrSef;aiGwdk;ay;jcif;? ajraygif
tdrfaygifcHjcif; wkdYudkom qufvuf vkyfudkifaeav\/ csdwfukef
wdkuf ukeful;jcif;ESifh ig;ydavSmifjcif; tvkyfudkrl rapmGefYudk
vHk;0vTJxm;cJh&m orD;jzpfolrSm bcifu aiG&atmif &Smwwfaom
tpGrf;ESifh rdcifxHrS ap;eJppfpDaom tavhudk tarGcH,lNyD;jzpfojzifh
tvkyfrsm;rSm qxufwydk; wdk;om vmav\/ OD;bdk;vl vlYajy
rae pkawoGm;onfh aemufrSmvnf; wm0ef tvkyfrsm;udk
45
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
auR>yefpGm aqmifGufvmonfrSm MumjrifhavNyDjzpf&um; ckae

tcg rapmGefYonf odef;aygif;rsm;pGm ydkifqdkifxkduNf yD[k trsm;u
,lqMuav\/
NrdKUolBuD; OD;bdk;vlrSm ppfudkif;NrdKUwGif bGm; rEav;NrdKUawmf
wGif vlvm;ajrmuf ynmwwfol jzpf&um; bmomw&m;udk udkif;
dIif;onfhjyif bk&m;pm w&m;pmrsm;udk tNrJ avhvmolwOD; jzpf
avonf/ if;\orD;udkvnf; oDv&if a':ar"mxHwGif pmoif
apNyD;aemuf if;udk,fwdkif avmueDw?d oN*K[fudk;ydkif;? ZmwfBuD;
q,fbGJU? udk;aMumif; *Pef;wGufenf;rsm;udk a&S;a&S;u xHk;pHt
wdkif; oifay;av\/ rapmGefYrSm pmwwfwa,muf jzpfonfhjyif?
tusihfpm&dwaumif;ol rdef;rvdrmwOD; jzpfavonf/ rapmGefY
bcif uG,fvGefaomfvnf; oDv&ifrsm;udk tdrfyif h pmwufavh&Sd
\/ nnwGifif;? reuf qdkifrzGifhrSDwGifif;? qdkifaps;0,fyg;cdkuf
wGifif;? OykofaeYrsm;wGifif; pmtrsKd;rsKd; bwfavh&\ Sd / ykawm
0g'? avmuom& paom qHk;rpmrsm;vnf; yg\/ oN*K[foHcdy?f
"rpMum tar;tajz? ausmif;oHk; jrefrmo'g? udk;cef;ysKdU? a'oem
rO&D,yfv?SJ om"kokNED,yfv?SJ yOoDc,yfv?SJ te*om&rO&D
,yfv?SJ ax&Dbmomjyef? "ry' paom pmtkyfBuD;
pmtkyfi,fawGudk awGUwdkif; tm;wdkif; bwfavh&\ Sd / a'oemrO&D
,yfvSJESifh om,m0wD OD;an,s\ ,yfvSJ w&m;rsm;udk tBudKuf
qHk; oabmtusqHk; jzpfojzifh tBudrfBudrf tacgufacguf bwf
av\/
OykofaeYwdkif;vnf; tdrfrSmjzpfap? zdk;OD;awmifoGm;jzpfap?
edAdEacsmifudkoGm;jzpfap oDwif;oDv apmif\ h / tvItwef;
udkum; tBuD;tus,fray;/ tzdwfaeYrsm;wGif oDv&ifrsm;udk
aMu;ZGef;BuD;ESifh qefwZGef;pD avmif;\/ ESpfpOf yxrjyef pmar;yGJ
46
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
wGif wBudr?f bcifBuD;uG,fvGefaomaeYwBudr?f rdrdarG;aeYwBudr?f

aygif;oHk;Budrf oHCmawmfrsm;udk qGrf;auR;avh&\ Sd / ypnf;rQ
csrf;omaomfvnf; tdrfaumif; wkdufaumif; aqmufraeacs/
vGefcJhaomf tESpf ESpfq,favmufu taygifqHk;aom wdkuw f vHk;
wGif ,ckwdkif aeavonf/ xkdYaMumifh jynfNrdKU aTvufvSvrf;wGif
&Sdaom tdkrif;rpGrf;&S d ab;eH&HwdkY a&ndpdrf;rsm; wufaeaom
t*Faw tzgtax; trmGwf aygrsm;aom oHwdkifwxyf?
opfom;wHcg;wxyf? oGwfjym; uyftyfaom wHcg;wxyf?
oHk;xyf oHk;wHcg; ydwfvsuf&Sdaewwfonfh taygufrsm;jzifh jynfh
aom refusnf;yifBuD;rsm; tkyfvsuf&Sdaeaom wdkufblwmBuD;um;?
rapmGefYaexdkif&m a*[mBuD;jzpfavonf/
rapmGefYonf jynfNrdKUwGifomru? aygufacgif;? aygif;wnf
ykwD;ukef;? tmvH? o&uf? rif;wHk;wdkY yif emrnfausmfMum;\/
ypnf;aygaomaMumifh if;? pmwwfaomaMumifh if;? tusifhoDv
jynfhpHkaomaMumifh if;? acRwmppfpD aomaMumifh if; bufr&Sd[k
qdk&avmufatmif owif;vGifhaeav\/ xdkYjyif ,cktouf av;
q,fhav;(44) wdkifatmif tdrfh&SifcifyGef; r&Sdao;aomaMumifhvnf;
xif&Sm;\/ ]vifq dk wcgbl;rQ rwcgbl;} onfhjyif? &D;pm;xm;
onf [lvnf; rnfolrQ rMum;bl;Muay/ xdkYaMumifhyif ausmf
ausmfyavap/
rapmGe\ fY owif;rSm? onfrQjzifh r&yfao;/ tqdkyg *kPf
t&nftjcif;awGxuf xl;uJ xGufaom t&nftjcif;um;?
rapmGe\ fY kyfyifjzpfavonf/ rapmGefYum;- ykykysyfysyf? 00
xdkif;xdkif;? tom;rJrJ jzpf\/ rsufvHk;um;? rsuf&pftumt&H
r&Sdaom wGif;0rSm vlaMumufwwfonfh ,kefoli,fuJhodkY tvif;
a&mifavmu"mwfudk aMumufbdonfhtvm;? rxGuf0Hh xGuf0EHh Sifh
47
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
jyLjyLuav; xGufaeav\/ ezl;um;armuf? ESma,mifum;

aumuf? rnf;eufaom yg;rsm;rl azmif;rdkYrdkYyif jzpfyg\/ eHeufpOf
rD;aoG;ESifhwdkufaomaMumifh jzLqGwfaom oGm;um; &Sdyg\/ wdk
awmif; rSnfhrsm;jzifh jynfhtyfaom vnfwefonfum; tqdkyg
vuPmwd\ kY cdkatmif;&m acgif;ESifh udk,fcEmudk qufoG,fxm;
av\/ xdkYaMumifh tkyfqdk; tusnf;wef&mfum; rapmGefYonf
rnfolYudkrQ yxr rxm;ay/
tqif tjyifrSmrl vScsifaompdwfxuf acRwmcsifaompdwfu
tm;BuD;aeojzifh tnmu&aom oeyfcg;udk cdrf;? wcgw&H oGm;
p&m vmp&m&SdygrS rdIif;a0a0 aygif'gudkwd?kY tHk;qDudkvdrf;om
ae&um; olESifh rsm;pGm zDvmqefYusifusrnfh rsufcHk;a&mif? aq;eD
a&mif? aygif'ga&mif? qDarT;eHYwdkYrS uif;vSay\/ qHxHk; xHk;u
vnf; cyfao;ao;yif? pOfhtdk;ay:wGif ausmufumcGuf wifxm;
ovdkom xHk;avh&\ Sd / t0wfcHaom aTawmifvHkcsnf? a,mxrD
rsm;udkom qifay\/ wcgw&H yef;xdk;tusrsm;udk 0wfavh&\ Sd /
oma& *Gif;xdk;bdeyfrSm oltBudKufqHk;aom bdeyfjzpfay\/
jrpfa&uvnf; BuD;? rdkCf;uvnf; onf;pGmGmonfudk tajc
jyK pOf;pm;aomf? rdkCf;Gmonfyif jrpfa&BuD;jcif;\ taMumif;
&if;[k ,lqbG,f&SdouJhodkY toufav;qJhav;ESpf wdkifatmif
tysKdBuD; jzpfaejcif;ESifh tkyfqdk;jcif;onf wcku tusKd;? wcku
taMumif; jzpfonf[k qHk;jzwf&ef vrf;&Sdayonf/ odkYaomf rdkCf;
GmkHjzifh jrpfa&rBuD;? jrpfzsm; tvQifu rdkCf;rsm;rSom jrpfa&BuD;
EdkifouJhodkY rapmGefYwGif tysKdBuD; jzpf&Sm&aom tjcm;taMumif;
awGvnf; &Sdayao;\/
tysKdjzpfonfu p toufESpfq,fhoHk;ESpftG,f bcifBuD;
aovGefonfhwdkifatmif OD;bdk;vludk dkao aMumufGHUMuojzifh
48
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rapmGefYudk ydk;csifolwdkYu rydk;&J? rapmGefYuvnf; cwfwnf

wnf aecJhaomaMumifh b,folb,f0gESifhrS &D;pm;rjzpfchJbJ &S\ d /
vlBuD;rdb pyfvm [yfvmMuolawG tawmf rsm;ay\/
OD;bdk;vlum; vkvif\ trsKd;tdk;udk ppfaq; y,f\/ rapmGefY
u vifavmif;\ kyf&nf t&nftcsif;udk Munfhy,f\/ wcgu
rEav;NrdKUae OD;bdk;vl\ ausmif;aebuf oHawmfqifhrif;
OD;jrwfxGef;\ om;ESifh taMumif;aphpyfav\/ OD;jrwfxGef;u rdrd
om;udk bdvyfaTNrdKawmfodkY ynmoif vTwf&rnf[k ta&;qd\ k /
OD;bkd;vlu abmufrJh ynmoifvTwfrvJ oHawmfqifhrif;&,f?
ynmwwfvJ bmxl;wmrSwfv?dkY b,ftvkyfrS rvkyfapcsifbl;?
NyD;awmh oli,fcsif; .... dk;dk;ajym&rSmjzifh awmfawmfMum udk&ifh
om;u bdvyfNrdKUu jyefvm&if wjcm;rdef;r ,loGm;&if usKyfwdkYrSm
&ifrusKd;aybl;vm;/ usKyforD;rvJ aumvd?kY usKyfrvJ [efrus
ygbl; oHawmfhqifhrif;&,f [k jiif;y,faomaMumifh taMumifhaph
qGJaomfvnf; aygif;rwGJ&bJ if;aeYu uGJMuav\/
OD;bdk;vl r&Sdonfhaemufvnf; rapmGefYrSm pOf;pm;wwfaom
tG,fa&mufNyDjzpfojzifh pmay;pm,l csdef;qdkpum;ajym vlvTw f
vufaqmifay; .... paomtrIrsm;udk rvkyfc/Jh t&Sdefu BuD;vS
ojzifh awmfawmhvluvnf; ruyf0/Hh tcsKdU ynmwwf vlBuD;
vlaumif;om;rsm;udk rapmGefYuvnf; oabmus/ owdkYom;
rdbrsm;uvnf; axmufcHaomfvnf; um,uH&Sif owdkYom;u
ararwdkY acR;rudk *rDkyfpGyfay;&ifjzifh ,lEdkifrvm; rajymwwfbl;
[k pnf;urf;csuf xkd;jyefojzifh rapmGefYrSm vifvdkcsifpdwfudk
ykwD;pdyf&if; rsKdodyfxm;&jyefav\/
wcgu pufydkif&Sif rkqdk;zdkwa,mufu vm aphpyfvm\/
xdkpufydkifrSm rkqdk;zdk jzpfaomfvnf; rapmGefYxuf ig;ESpfrQom
49
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
BuD;\/ vl&nfvJ oef\ Y / orm"d& Sd dk;om;\/ tBuHBuD;ol

wa,mufjzpf? rapmGefY ypnf;ESifh bDpuGwfrkefY pufwvHk;
wnfcsifom rapmGefYudk csde\ f / rapmGefYum; xdkpufydkif&Sifudk
awmfawmfyif vdkvm;\/ ]]aumif;awmh aumif;yg&JY .... olYr,m;
BuD;u uav; 5-a,muf usef&pfw,fqdkyguvm;? uav; 5-
a,muf wm0efqdkwm eJwmr[kwfbl;? orD;uav;awGudk qif&
rSmawG? om;uav;awG ausmif;xm;&rSmawG wm0efBuD;om;
uvm;}} [k pOf;pm;rdjyefojzifh xdkwcsufvnf; vGJjyefav\/
rapmGefYum; .... avmuwGif a,musfm;ayg vif&Sm;
onfudk aumif;pGmodaeol jzpfav\/ olvdkcsifaomvifum; ....
yxrOD;pGm kyfacsmbdkY ta&;BuD;\/ udk,fwdkifu tkyq f dk;
oavmuf kyfacsmoludk ruf\/ raomufrpm;? rupm;wwfol
vnf; jzpf&OD;rnf/ tusifhpm&dw vGefpGmaumif; dk;om;&rnf/
tG,fuvnf; olYxufBuD;&if eJeJom BuD;ap&rnf/ ypnf;vnf;
toifhtwifh &Sd&OD;rnf[k rapmGefYonf vdkvm;awmifhw
tyfaom viftwGuf t&nftjcif;rsm; jy|mef;av\/ xdkvifrsKd;
r&u r,lbl;[k pdwfxm;jzifh vifaG;cJhonfrSm tESpf ESpfq,f
ausmfNyDjzpfaomfvnf; uHray:Edkifao;ojzifh pdwfavQmhpyif jyKvm
awmhavonf/
50
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 5 /
t ysKd BuD; r a pm G efY ES ifh xG ef; &Sd ef x if jr if cs uf
]]rrGefY .... uRefawmfvmNyDav? bmvkyfrvkdY rSmwmvJ}} [k

armifxGef;&Sdefu aemufuae ar;av\/ rapmGefYonf Budrf
yufvufuvm;xdkifay:wGif um;um;BuD;xdkif&if; ykwD;pdyfaeav
\/ olYa&SUu udk,fvHk;ay: rSefwGif;? ydwf&Syftus rEav; r[m
EG,f ydk;ykqdk;udk 0wfqifxm;aom t&yfcwf&Snf&Sn?f tom;ndKndK?
EGJUEGJUaESmif;aESmif? [efaumif;aumif;ESifh nifompGm vrf;a&Smufvm
oludk aumif;pGm jrifEdkifvm\/
]]xGef;&Sdefvm; .... vmavuG,?f udp&SdvdkY rrGefYu rSmwm
aygh}} [k ac:&if; vufxJu,yfawmifjzifh olYukvm;xkdifab;&Sd
oltdyfaom ckwifay:odkY vufndK;Tefjyav\/
xGef;&Sdefum; aygufacgif;rSvm jynfNrdKU tpdk;&txufwef;
ausmif; q,fwef; pmoifaeoljzpf\/ xGef;&SdefESifh rapmGefY
onf aqGrsKd;eD;pyf awmfMu\/ xGef;&Sde\ f rdcifESifh rapmGefYrSm
nDtr oHk;0rf;uGJawmf\/ rapmGefYwGif xGef;&Sdefavmuf&if;aom
trsKd;yif &Sm;av\/ ydkrdk&if;aom aqGrsKd;rsm;um; OD;bdk;vl
vufxufuyif roifhrwifhMuaomaMumifh tqufroG,fjywf
51
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
aecJ\ h / xGef;&Sdefum; vdrfrm\? OmPfaumif;\/ qJhckESpfESpf

q,fwef;a&mufae? twef;xJwGif tawmfqHk;jzpf\/ tajym
tqdkuvnf;? uspfvpfojzifh rapmGefYonf rdrdwluav;wGif
bmrS tjypf&SmrawGU&Sdav\/ rapmGefYonf xGef;&Sdeftm; cspf\/
om;udk rdcifu tm;udk;ouJhodkY tm;udk;,HkMunf\/ ta&;wBuD;
wdkifyifp&mrsm;&Sdu xGef;&Sdefudk ac: wdkifyif\/ rapmGefYu cspf
oavmuf xGef;&Sdefuvnf; cspf\/ tm;udk;\/ ajrmfvifh\/
xGef;&Sdefonf ukvm;xdkifay:xkdifNyD; .....
]]bmuddpvJ rrGefY&JY .... uRefawmftck tm;NyD? pmar;yGJ;vJ
NyD;NyD}} [k ajymav\/
]]ajzEdkif&JYvm;a[h}} [k ykwD;udk ukwifay:wif&if; ar;av\/
]]ajzEdkifygw,f .... odyfvG,fwmbJ? 'DavmufvG,fwJh ar;cGef;
awG wcgrS rawGUbl;bl;}}
]]atmifrm .... zifacgif;us,fwJhaumifav;? rif;uawmh
ajzEdkifvdkY ajymtm;&Sdwmaygh/ rajzEdkifwJhvlawGawmh b,fhES,fvkyf
rvJ? vG,fw,fvdkY ajymrSmr[kwfbl;}} [k ,yfajymav\/
]]rajzEdkif&if olwdkYudku nHhv?dkY pmrusufv/dkY tifrwef vG,f
wmbJ rrGefY&,f/}} ajym&if; wGJvGJcsxm;aom ajcudk &rf;aeav
\/
]]rif;xrif;pm;cJhNyDvm;/}}
]]pm;NyD;NyDAs/}}
]]bm[if;ESifhvJ ....}}
]]ig;[if;ESifh ....}}
]]oGm; .... rD;zdkxJrSm zGg;oifudk xrif;jyifay;cdkif; .... rrGefY
csefxm;w,f? [dkrSm 0ufom;csuf odyfaumif;w,f/ iydaMumf&,f?
52
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tnmu vufaqmif&wJh ydk;aumifaMumf&,f/ oGm;pm;acstHk;? NyD;rS

ajymr,f/}}
]]rqmbl; .... rrGefY&/JY }}
]]tdk .... rqmayrJh oGm;pm;tHk;}} [k ajymjyefojzifh xGef;&Sdef
onf xrif;oGm;pm;&jyefav\/
xGef;&Sdefonf xrif;pm;&if; bmrsm;ta&;BuD;wJh udprdkYygvdrfh
rvJ[k awG;\/ a<u;awmif;vTwfbdkY udpvm;/ odkYr[kwf w&m;pGJ
bdkY[mrsm;vm;[k tajz&Smav\/ aemuf xrif;rSm pm;aumif;
ojzif rapmGefYonf olYtay: *kpdkufy?Hk cspfyHkudk awG;awmrd
\/ rapmGefYonf olYudkcspfvSojzifh trsm;u wlt&if; [kwf
r[kwf ar;onfudkyif rcHEdkifyHkudk pOf;pm;rdav;\/ okdYaomf
rapmGe\ fY cspfjcif; vuPmrsm;um; .... oGm;av&m&m ac:jcif;?
tjcm;olrsm;a&SY rdrdtwGuf *kPf,ljcif;? usrwluav;u b,f
avmufawmfwmbJ? b,favmufvdrfrmwmbJ[k csD;usL;
ajymjcif;? [if;aumif;&if xrif;csefxm;jcif;? wcgw&H pm;aumif;
aomufaumif;&Sdu ac:auR;jcif;wdkYjzifhom xif&Sm;rl? xdkxuf
vGefjcif; bmrQr&Sdacs/ aiGaMu;udk &uf&ufa&ma&m b,fawmhrS
ay;urf;avh r&S/d vludkcspfaomfvnf; aiGjzifhrcspfao;onfrSm
aMueyfbG,f r[kwfao;[k xGef;&Sdef awGrdonfESifh wNydKifeuf ZGef;
udk yk*HxJodkY vTwfcsvdkufNyD; awGaerd\/ aemufrS tnm
ydk;aumifuav; ac:aom wGif;ydk;udk pm;aejyefav\/
trsm;url rapmGefYonf xGef;&Sdefudk om;tjzpfjzifh arG;pm;
tarGcHxm;rnf[k xifMuonf/ xGef;&Sdefuvnf; ajrmfvifhpjyKvm
av\/ odkYaomf xkdrQ ap;eJjcif;udkawGU&ojzifh ajrmv f ifhcsufrSm
ydk;pkef;MuL;uav;uJhodkY rSdwfwHkU rSdwfwHkYjzifhom wnfaeav\/
53
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]ighudk 'Dxdatmif rMunfhawmifrS aiGoHk;av;axmifawmh igh

twGuf tukefcHrSmbJ ....}} [k atmufarhrdjyefav\/
xdkodkY xGef;&Sdefudk rapmGefYu ta&;pdkufonfudk awGU&vQif
xGef;&Sdefudk remvdkolawG ay:vmvdkufao;\/ txl;ojzifh
rapmGefYESifh jyefvnfqufoG,faeMuaom aqGrsKd;wcsKdUwdkYyif jzpf
av\/ rapmGefYudk pmcsaeaom oDv&ifBuD;wyg;onfvnf;
tygt0ifjzpf\/ xGef;&Sdefudk awGUaomtcg cufcJaom w&m;rsm;
pmrsm;udkar; rajzEdkifu ]]rif;wdkYumv aumifuav;awG[m
vlnHhuav;awGbJ 'Davmuf[muav;awGrS rajzEdkifbl;}} [k ESdyf
pufaom pum;qdkb\ d / raumif;ajym\? uJh&\ JY / tjypf&Smwwf
av\/ rapmGefYu OD;BuD;[kac:aeol vbufyGJpm;BuD;um;
xGef;&Sdefudk tdktaor&S?d t,Oftaus;r&Sd[k tjypfajymavh&\ Sd /
if;\ rdef;r a':axG;onf rapmGefYESifhtwl aexdki f rapmGefY
udk apmifha&Smufonf[kq\ dk / rapmGefYuG,f&m ]]rif;ES,f vmEdkif
&efaum? tm;wdkif;vmwmbJ/ vrf;rSmvJ rifhajc&mcsnf;}} [k qdk
avao;\/ xGef;&SdefrSm xkduJhodkY tjiLpl tapmif;ajrmif;rsm;udk
Mum;&aomtcg trJdk;ckwfaeaom vlBuD;teD; acG;rsm;onf
waumifhwaumif oGm;NzD;jyvdku/f nnf;vdkuf udkufvdkuf
[def;vdkufESifh 0dkif;aeonfudk owdoGm;&av\/
wcgw&H rapmGefYxH vmae&onfudkyif &Sufovdkvdk
xGef;&Sdefxifrdav\/
]]pm;aumif;&JYvm;a[h}} [k rapmGefYonf arS;aomrsufvHk;
onf ydwfoGm;atmif NyHK; ar;av\/
]]aumif;w,f .... ydk;aumifaMumfuav;uvJ pm;vdkY odyfqdrfh
wmbJ/ uJ .... bmudpvJ qdkprf;ygtHk; .... rrGefY&,f}} [k ajym
NyD;aemuf xGef;&Sdefonf ukwifay:wGif xdkifjyefav\/
54
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]][J .... [J ... wjcm;r[kwfbl;uG/ [dk .... rMumao;cifu

a&mufwJh ,pfrsKd;0efaxmuf udkvSrif;qdkwm od&JYvm;}} [k ar;&if;
arS;aomrsufvHk;onf ydwfoGm;atmif NyHK;av\/
]]eJeJawmh odyg&JY .... tJ'g bmjzpfovJ}}
]]at;uG,f .... olaomufwwf upm;wwfovm;}}
]],pfrsKd;0efaxmufqdkawmh ygemwdygwm ... tdk ... [kwfaygif
... ol&mar&rZESifhawmh eD;wmbJ/ t&ufwdkY xef;a&wdkY vdkcsif
oavmufvJ &rSmbJ? odkayrJh aomufawmh raomufwwfygbl;wJ
Asm}}
]]upm;aum upm;wwfovm;}}
]][kwfw,f- upm;w,f}} [k pum; tqHk;rowfao;cifyif
rapmGefYonf ]][if;}} ceJ pufjyif;csNyD; cyfaeaom,yfudk
&yfvdkufav\/ olYOD;aESmufwnf;[laom vdku,fblwmHkuav;
a&SUwGif jrif;avmif;jcif;wJ?G zJdkufjcif;wJ?G uvyfwufjcif;wJ?G
ydkufMuL;wJ?G aiGawG,laqmifoGm;aomwG?J pdefvufaumuf em;uyf
awG jzKwfoGm;aomwG?J aemufqHk;wGif rD;eDuav;ESifh ]]jzpfygbl;
av- rGJr,f}} [laom wGJrsm;onf tajy;ckwfarmifoGm;av\/
]][if- 'DvdkjzifhuG,}f } [k ygpyfu xGufoGm;av\/
]]bmvJ olupm;w,fAsm/ wcgw&H abmvHk;uefw,f/ wif;
epfdkufw,f/ atmifrm waeYursm; jcif;cwfw,f/ awmfawmf
awmh upm;wJhvl- [m; ... [m; ...}} xdkpum;rsm;onf rapmGefY
\ arS;aeaom rsufpdrsm;udk ydwfoGm;ap\/ [if;[if;ESihf &,f\/
&,fNyD; tusudk cgav\/
]]uG,f .... raemufprf;ygESif/h rif;u 'Dvkdaemufawmh rif;rSm
awmh &,f&NyHK;& Tif&w,f/ rrGefYrSmawmh &ifudk zdkzdkoGm;w,f}}
55
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]xdkaemuf tb,fodkYaom taMumif;rsm;udk pHkprf;vdkyg

oenf; wumrBuD;}} [k wnfwnfBuD; vkyfaerS rapmGefYonf
xGef;&Sde\ f aygifudk vufjzifh wGef;vdkufav\/ xdktcdu k f
tdrfaemufab;ujyifrS a':axG;jrifvQif xrif;csuf zGm;oiftm;
]]a[h aumifr .... nnf;rru olYya&m[dwfuav;udk bmrsm;
wdkifyifaeygvdrfhrvJ}} [k ar;vkdu\ f / zGm;oifu ]]rajymwwfbl;
ta':&J}Y } ajzvQif ....
]]at; .... 'Dya&m[dwfpum;udk em;axmif&if rSmukefrSmbJ}}
[k qdkNyD; rD;zdkwHcg;udk twif;eif;ydwfvdkufav\/
]]olYrSm rdef;r&Sdovm;a[h- [d ... [d ....}}
]][d ... [d .... rdef;rBuD;&Sdw,fAs ...}} [k toHcyfajymif
ajymifESifh ajymvdkufvQif rapmGe\ fY rsufvHk;rsm;onf 'ifjynfh
jyL;oGm;Muav\/
]]EdkYuG,f .... olYtwGuf vmajymwJhvluawmh rde;f rBuD; r&Sdyg
bl;vdkY qdkyguvm;}}
]]tJh'DvkdajymvmwJhvl b,folv/J rrGefY uRefawmfhajymprf;/
bmvdkY nm&wmwJhv/J b,fwkef;u vmajymovJ}}
]]ESpf&ufavmuf &Sdao;w,f ... toufawmh wdkYrsm;ESifh twl
wlavmufbJw/Jh rkqdk;bdkw/Jh r,m;aowm q,fESpf&SdNyDqdkudk; ...
om;orD;vJ rusefygbl;wJ/h taotcsm rif;odovm;/ rdef;r&Sd
ovm;}}
]]aMomf .... rrGefYuvJ r,Hkbl;vm;/ rdef;rBuD;&SdwmrS
ESpfa,mufawmifb/J wa,mufu xrif;csufvkyfwJh rdef;rBuD;?
wa,mufu olYwynfh awmvdkufjymwm jrwfaz&JYr,m; rdef;rBuD;
Asm;/ wcgwav rdef;rav;awGawmifvmao;/ olYtrsKd;awGqkd
xifyg&J}Y }
56
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]tif; .... awmfao;&J/Y wdkYrsm; ar;wmu olYrSm r,m;BuD;&Sd

ovm;vdkY ar;wm}}
]]aMomf .... r,m;vm;/ uRefawmfu olYrSm rdef;rBuD;r&Sd
bl;vm;qdkawmh olYtdrfrSm rdef;rBuD;awG &SdvdkY&Sdw,f ajymwmaygh/
r,m;awmh r&Sdygbl; .... }} [k ajymNyD;aemuf onf;xefpGm &,f
armav\/
]] kyfawmh wcgxJ jrifbl;w,fuGJU ....}}
]]vlacsmbJ r[kwfvm;/ rdkCf;usaTudk,f vewfom;uav;
r[kwfvm;Asm ....}}
]]tJh'gawG a&SraeESi/fh ypnf;aum&Sd&JYvm;? tusifhoDv
aumif;&JYvm;? 'godcsifw,f}} [k qEudk az:avvQif xGef;&Sdef
onf tHaMomoGm;jyefav\/
olYvkd aiG&Sdolwa,mufu ypnf;&Sdr&Sd bmvkyfar;aeygvdrfh
rvJaemf/ NAdwdoQ tifyg,mBuD;udk pdk;rdk;aewJh vlawGu e,fcsJU
csifwmvdk jzpfaeygyaumvm;/ 'gavmufZDZmaMumifvdkY vifr&
wmbJ/ olYrSm kyfracsmoavmuf aiGrufarmaewmbJ[k pOfpm;
aerd\/
]]r[kwfygbl;? rrGefYrSmvJ ypnf;'Davmufayg&ufESifh
bmaMumifh aiGr&SdrSqdkwJhpum; ar;jyefwmvJAs .... }}
]]tdkr&Sd&if b,faumif;rvJ/ odwfawmh &SdbdkYqdkwmr[kwf
ygbl;/ udk;axmifcif; waomif;cif; aiGajymwyguG,}f }
]]td-k 'gr&Sdawmh bmjzpfovJv}dkY }
]]wjym;rS rygbJESifhvmvdkY vHkcsnfbJ qD;qif&awmh rvm;
uG,f .... awmif;bdkY&rf;bdkY tcbJ pdkufay;&rvm;}}
]]aeygtHk;/ rif;pdk;&mZmqdkwm tckumvrSm vcuvGJ aiG&SdcJ
om;/ cifAsm;vlu b,frSm udk;axmifcif; waomif;cif; &SdEdkifrvJ
57
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
As/ roum rrGefYubJ t0wftpm; qD;qif&vdrfhr,f/ awmif;

bdkY &rf;bdkY aiGtukefcH&r,f}}
]]BuHBuHpnfpnfuG,f .... vlMum;vdkYrSraumif;atmif r[kwf
wmawG rajymprf;ygESi}fh }
]]tdk ... ckacwfBuD;rSmrrGefY vlwdkif;bJ 'DvkdvkyfaeMu&w,f/
avmuESifh t0Srf;bJ}} .... xGef;&Sdefonf tenf;i,f a'gojzpfvm
\/
]]at; .... olrsm;vkyf qdkwmu vlysKdppfuav;awGrdkY vkyfvdkY
wifhw,fw,fuG,/fh oluawmh .... }}
]]oluawmh bmjzpfovJ/ rkqdk;bd/k olYrSm &mxl;&Sdw,f? kyf&Sd
w,f/ tusifhoDv&Sdw,f/ ypnf;r&SdwJh csKdU,Gif;csufwckb/J
rrGefYvJ pOf;pm;Munf/h rrGefYrSmvJ kyfr&SdwJh csKdU,Gif;csufESihf
bJ}} [k ajymvdkufrS pum;aemufxyf rqufbJ rapmGefYonf
rdIifaejyefav\/ udk,fvHk;ay:rSefxJ&Sd rdrd kyfudkom pdkufMunfhr\
d /
&SufaoG;rsm; wufvm\/ xdkrQqdk;aomkyfudk zefwD;vdkufaom
uHudkom tjypfqdkaeawmh\/
]]at;av- aemufrSwm xyfajymwmaygh}}
]]pOf;pm;av/ uRefawmfvJ xyfNyD; tJ'DvltaMumif; pHkprf;
xm;vkdufr,f}}
]]rif; pmar;yGJ;atmifr,f r[kwfvm;}}
]]atmifrSm aocsmygw,f}}
]]atmif&if ausmif;qufaer,f r[kwfvm;}}
]]b,faeEdkifrvJ rrGefY&,f}} [k ajymNyD; ukwifay:wGif
ab;apmif;tdyfvdkufav\/
]]tdk .... aeEdkifatmif BudK;pm;rSayghuG,f .... toufuvJ i,f
i,fav;&Sdao;wmbJ}}
58
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]][m .... rjzpfbl; rrGefY&,f/ uRefawmfh rdbawGuvJ

ypnf;u ysufaew,f/ olwdkYudk 'kuodyfray;csifbl;/ olwdkYvJ aiG
axmufEdkifbdkY cJ,Of;w,f/ rrGefY odom;bJ ....}} 0rf;enf;oH
uav;jzifh ajymvQif rapmGefYonf oufjyif;BuD;cs awGae\/
]]tdkufvdkufwm}} [kajymum xGef;&Sdefonf acgif;vSJUae&mrS
xxdkifjyefonf/ rapm GefYonf xGef;&Sdeftm; ,yfcyfay;aeav
\/
]]rifhtdrfu wvb,favmuf ay;EdkifrwJhvJ olwdkY twwfEdkif
qHk;ayghav .... }}
xGef;&Sde\
f ajzmhawmhaeaom pdwfonf ajrmfvifhjcif; taiGU
"mwfjzifh oefpGrf;vmjyefav\/ [mvm[if;vif; jzpfaeaom
raem[', 0xKtdrfonf ajrmfvifhjcif;jzifh jynfhvmjyef\/ ]]tJ ..
[efNyD ck ighudkaejzpfatmif BudK;pm;bdkYvJ cdkif;w,f/ NyD;awmh tdrf
u b,favmuf ydkYrvJvdkYvJ ar;w,f/ vdkwmudkawmh tif; .... ol
ubJ pdkufay;rSmbJ xifw,f/ ukodkvfayghaemf tdrfuoufom
atmifawmh 20d-avmufbJ ydkYEdkifw,f ajymrSbJaemf .... olu 30d-
avmuf 40d- avmuf wvpdkuf&ifawmh [efwmbJ rpdkuf&if ol
pdkufcsifatmif ydkajymrSavvm;? tdrfu 30d- ydkYr,fqk&d if olu
20d- avmufqdkawmh vG,fvG,fululESifh pdkufrSmavvm;? [m ....
[kwfbl;av? igh ol 'DavmufcspfaewmbJ? 30d- avmufawmh ....
axmufbdkY rcJ,Of;ygbl; ....}} ponfjzifh wGufcsufNyD;rS ..../
]]tdrfuawmh 20d- avmufawmh axmufEdkifw,f ...}} [k vuf
udkifyk0gjzifh rsufESmokwf&if; ajzav\/
]]30d- avmuf raxmufEdkifbl;vm;}} [k rapmGefYu
ar;onfwGif .... ]]tif; olaps;qpfwmbJ ol 20d- avmuf 30d-
avmufawmh axmufcsifwJh vuPmygbJ? ajymr,fav .... tdrf
59
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
u 30d- avmufawmh axmufEdkif&JYv}dkY } [k pOf;pm;OmPf uGefYrdjyef

rS ..../
]][kwfuJh 30d- avmufawmh BudK;pm;&if jzpfaumif;yg&JY
rrGefY&,f ....}} [k nnf;nLpGm ajymav\/
]]'Davmufqdk ravmufao;bl;vm;}} [k cyfaeaom,yfudk
&yf&if; ar;vdkufvQif vrf;oGm;ae&m aemufuum;rS uyfay;
vdkufaom [Gef;oHudk Mum;&oluJhodkY tvGefvefYoGm;av\/
ar;cGef;rSm rapmGe\ fY rodaMumif; jyonfhjyif axmufyhH&ef
odyftmom rjyif;vSaMumif;udkvnf; oufao xkwfvdkufao;\/
]]b,frSm avmufrvJ rrGefY&,f .... xrif;vcu 25-
usyf? ausmif;vcu 9- usyf? 'g'ifbJ 34- usyf rrGefY&JY teJ
qHk; 50d- ukefr,f}}
]]a[ .... w,fukefygvm;uG,f .... ausmif;vcwdkY .... xrif;
vcqdkYuvJ BuD;vSacsuvm; ....}} ,yfudk jyefcyfae\/
]]BuD;w,f avsmhatmifqdkNyD; oydwfarSmufMuyg&JY tpu
avQmhr,fwJ?h ausmif;om;awG jyef0ifawmh ckxufxd ravQmhbl;
rrGefY&JY uRefawmfwdk 'DuaeNyD; arSmuf&wmawG emwmbJ ....? ig
wdkY[m wuodkvfynmudk aps;aygaygESifh aeEdkifa&mbJ? ightaz igh
tar b,favmuf qif;&J .... qif;&J? ighvdk vlawG[m b,f
avmuf qif;&J qif;&J aumvdyfynmudk oif&awmhrSmbJvdkY awG;rd
cJhw,f ..../ oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;uvJ uRefawmfwdkYukd tJ'DvkdbJ
... ajymMuwmbJ? NyD;awmh .... aumvdyfausmif;awG uRefawmfwdkY
jynfNrdKUrSmawmif jzpfawmhrvkdudk; rrGefY&?JY olwkYu
d b*Fvm;rSm
aumvdyf ig;q,fausmf&SdyHkawG? a'vDe,frSm q,fhajcmufausmif;
&SdyHkawG? a[mjyMuawmh .... jynfNrdKUrSm tzsif;qHk; .... aumvdyf
wckawmh jzpfawmhrSmbJ .... tJ'Dausmif; &Sdvm&if ig[m wv 9-
60
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
usyfay;Edkif&if aumvdyfynm &rSmbJvdkY xifrdwmaygh.... 'gaMumifh

uRefawmfwdkY oydwfarSmufw,f? tepfemcHw,f? ckawmhAsm w,f
r[efygbl; .... acgif;aqmifBuD;awGu 0if&r,fw?Jh epfemcsufawG
jyef&w,fwJ?h uRefawmfawmh bmrS&wm rjrifao;bl; ....? odkYayrJh
av uRefawmfwdkYu olwdkYvdk ynm&SdvJ r[kwfbl; ....? Ou|awG
bmawGvJ .... r[kwfbl; ....? tJh'Dawmh olwdkYydkem;v,fvdkY jyef0if
w,fvdkY oabmxm;&awmhwmaygh NyD;awmhAs? rEav;u ausmif;
om;awGurS jyef0iftHk;awmh .... Oya'jyifbdkYawG bmawG qlMu
ao;w,f ...? &efukefu ausmif;om;BuD;awGuawmhAsm orm"dBuD;
wa,muf ausmif;tkyfjzpfvdkY aysmfyGJusif;yw,f ..../ awmif;wm
awG &NyDw?Jh q&mawGudk [dk oydwfarSmufwkef;u pGyfpJw G mawG
jyef,kwfodrf;Mu&r,fw?Jh tpnf;ta0;vkyfNyD; qHk;jzwfMuwmudk
rrGefY&?JY NyD;awmh tpnf;ta0;vkyfNyD; vlBuD;awG wa,muf
wa,muf wdkif;a&;jynfa&;qJyGJudk em;axmifMuw,f/ emr,f
ausmfBuD;awGudk tifrwef ta&;wBuD; a,musfm;rsm;[m ydk;xkduf
rydk;xdkufqdkwJh jyemudk aqG;aEG; qHk;jzwfapw,fAs? uRefawmf
wdkYudkawmh arhaeygNyDAsm ....? uRefawmfwdkYESifh wuodkvfESifhawmh
a0;ygao;w,f/ ydkufqH&SdwJh vltcsKdUuvJ q,fwef;atmifvdkY at
vpfuratmif&if wuodkvfroGm;&jyefbl;wJh rrGefY&/JY uRefawmf
wdkYawmh qif;&JvdkY rrSDwJhyef; wHk;ckNyD; rvSrf;0efYbl;}} [k 0rf;enf;pGm
ajymav\/
]]uG,f .... pdwfrysufygESifh BudK;pm;yg .... oGm;Edkifatmif BudK;
pm;rSaygh .... rif;tarudk wdkYrsm; MunfhajymtHk;r,f}} [laom pum;
udk Mum;&aom xGef;&Sdefonf aumif;uif&Sd rSdwfwkwf rSdwfwkwfESifh
aeaom Mu,fuav;udk Munfhae&ouJhodkY &Sdavownf;/
61
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 6 /
" r u xd u a vm if ; OD ; ok " Z um r *k Pf bGJU

a v ; csKd ; o jz ef /
unmarysKd ,kZeyef;&,faMumif?h igaTudk,f tEkorP

&[ef;rSmjzif?h trIrvSwJh pcef;&,fu xdwfp&mobG,f (wumr
uav;a& .... roDva& .... pm&Da& ... at) vlYb0vSrf;r,fvdkYvJ
pdwfuG,/f /(wdrf .... ylwdrfajAmif) bm0empdyfykwD;&,fESi?fh
tcgcg wqdwfurS rrSDEdkifwJhjyif? ZeD;cdkif to0g tysKdacsm&,f
aMumif?h tNyD;wdkif igtudk rapmEdkifb?k a'got&SdygudkaemfuG,?f
avm .... a[m ... a[m ... a[m bNidwG,/f (wdrf ... wdrf ...
wdrf ...) unmvHk; ykvJto0g tedyfu,faMumif?h umr*kPf
pGJvmwJh pdwfu,fESi?fh vTJumtdyfayrJh atmif;arhw,f? raumif;
"avh wG,fwmawGu aMumufp&m ta&;? (oDvpm&Da& ....)
ausmif;tauGU tv,frSmjzifh arSmufcgai;/ (w,fylwJhawmif)
b0wGif tvSpy,fwifaMumif?h r&vQif wu,faovdr/fh rbG,f
rao umr*kPfoabm&,fESi?fh wtmHk &m*Hka&m&ifv? oabm
tus rax&fwql onfvdkraqG;cJhygbk? (oDoDa&) wavmuwGif
jzifh onftylrat;/
]]awmuf .... awmuf ... OD;ausmufvHk;a&}}
62
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]bk&m;} udkufxm;aom aq;wHudk ypyfrS xkwfypf uyD,

OD;ausmufvHk;u xl;ap/
]]cufNyD .... bdkausmufvHk;&JY .... cufNyD/ 'Dtyl0ifNyDvm;qdkrS
jzifh b,ftylESifhrS rwlygbJ uvm;aemf ..... wumBuD;}} [k
OD;ok"Zonf 0rf;enf;pGm NiD;&Sm\/
tJ'gaMumifhvJ .....
lyHo'g *E&om/
azg|Amp raem&rm/
{wHavmu0d oHaCm&H/
{wavmaum 0drkpdawm/
raem&rm/ ynmwHk;olw\ dk pdwfESvHk;udk TifNyHK;aysmfarGU

apwwf ukefaom/ lygp/ puKyom"jzifh awGUjrifMuonfh
tqif;rsKd;pH-k lygHkwdkYonf vnf;aumif;/ aMomf ... OD;ausmufvHk;
iJh (bk&m;) nae .... nae ausmif;a&SUrSm yef;cl;xGufwHk; NyHK;NyHK;
Tif TifESifh jrif&aom oDoD&JY rsufESmuav;onf if;? wcgw&HrSm
usKyfwdkYq&mawmftvpf olYp&yfoGm;v,fawmh? a[m'Du ok"Z&JY
puKtMunf"mwfrSm 'dkif;ueJ .... 'Hk;ueJ .... wdk;0iftyfaom aTpif
uJhodkYaom tom;? ao;aomcg;? csDaom&if? r,SOfomaom wif .
ponfwkdYjzifh zGJUpnf;wnfaxmiftyfaom tvSt,Of tifyg&mBuD;
roDvpm&Duav;\ lygHkwdkYonf if;? (tvJh w,fvmwJh wdkY
q&mawmfyguvm;) o'gp? aomwyom'jzifh awGUxdMuonfh
om,m embG,f .... wifhw,frsKd;pH?k o'gHkwdkYonf vnfaumif;?
aMomf .... wumBuD; (bk&m;) nnusawmh Gwfbwfo&Zm,f
vdkufwJh toHuav;awG? arwmydkYwJh ... toHuav;awG? w&m;
63
ppfawGNrdKU OD;aumov a&;onfh yOoDc ,yfvSJw&m;rS ,lonf/
pmbwfwJh toHuav;awG [mav? usKyfwdkY&JY aomwmHk

Muufo a&wdkufcef;rSm tNrJwrf; cdkatmif; aeMuavNyD?
usKyfwdkY&JY q&mawmf vpfcdkufrSm olYp&yfoGm;NyD; (t[d ....) olYudk
p&yfoGm; NyD;awmh ....
]]roDvpm&Da& .... rysif;bl;vm; ...}} vdkY ar;awmh?
]]ysif;w,fvdkY NiD;ae&if tysif;avsmhrvm; bk&m;}} wJh ..../
]]ravsmhbl;aygh .... roDvpm&D&,f 'Dawmh tysif;avsmhatmif
b,fvdkvkyfovJ}} vdkY ar;jyefwmudk; wumBuD;&JY .../
]]pmuav; bmuav; bwf&wmaygh bk&m; .../ wcgw&H
OD;yOif;qDu w&m;uav; bmav; emcsifyg&J}Y } ponfjzifh wDwD
wmwm ajymvdkufaom o'gHkwdkYonf if;? cEmp Cmeyom'jzifh
awGUxdMuonfh arT;arT;xHkxHk teYHrsKd;pHkwdkYonf if;? &omp? (tdk ...
udk,fawmfav;u 'D ... *Empawmh #Dum rcsJUawmhbl;vm; [m; ..
[m; ...? csJUcsifaomfvJ rcsJUEdki?f csJUEdkif&ef udk,fawGUr&Sdao;ojzifh
&omp? ZD0Sgyom'jzifh awGUxdMuonfh tcsKdtqdrfhpaom trsKd;rsKd;
tzHkzHk &omHkwdkYonf if;?wcgw&H vbuftkyfuav;rsm; ydkvSm
w,f? wcgw&H o&ufoD;uav;rsm; uyfvSmw,f? olydkYqufwJh
o&ufoD; vbufwdkYyif wjcm;wjcm;aom o&uf? vbufwdkY
xuf 0uf0ufuGJatmif aumif;jcif;wnf;[laom &omHkonfif;?
azgwAmp? um,yom'jzifh awGUxdMuonfh odrfodrfarGUarGU
tawGU azg|AmHkwdkYonf if;? (0g) (tvJh .... 'DrSmawmif #Dum
zGJUEdkifrJh tm* Zmenfygwum;) (0g) roDvpm&Duav;ESihf t&Snf
tMum yvDyvm wDwDwmwmajym &Dp&moabmESifh ar;udk
vufuav;ESifh wdkY&onf[k tdyfruf ruf&onfrSm rQ xdkrQ Zdrf
awGUygvQif wu,fwef;awGU&u awmuf ... [D; ... b,favmuf
rsm; Zdrf&SdrvJvdkY ... awG;Edkifaom? azg|AmHk [lorQwdkYonf if;?
64
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
twdEdo? avmuwvTm;rSm xif&Sm;&SdMuavuke\ f / {wH? lygHk

u ponfcsJUyGg;? xdkig;yg;aom tmHk[lorQonf? aCm&H?
cufxefjyif;jy? Murf;MuKwfvSpGmaom avmu0do?H owavmu?
tvHk;udkysufjyKef; apwwfaom tqdyfwHk; tqdyfcJBuD;aywnf;/
{w? vla&m ewfyg jA[mr<uif;? ow0gcyiff;wdkY vGefrif;pGm
aysmfydku f aeMuaom ... avmuBuD;xJ? {aw[d? xkdqkt d yf
ukefNyD;aom umr*kPfwdkYonf avmau? vla&m ewfyg rsm;pGm
aomif;aomif ow0gtaygif;wkdYudk 0drkpdawm? nif;qJykwfcwf
owfjzwfavawmhownf; ....}}
vdkY .... a[maywmbJ[k OD;ok"Zonf w&m;a[mvdkuf&m
w&m;xJwGif pdwfygvm; rod&? OD;ausmufvHk;onf ]]tif; ...
tawmfudk tawmfwdk;aeygyaum}} [k 0rf;wGif;u Budw f yif
csD;rGrf;rdav\/
]]'Dvdk ylaqG;aevdkY rNyD;bl;udk,fawmf}}
]]ylaqG;vdkY rNyD;wmawmh odom;aygh? usKyfawmh roDvpm&Dudk
odyfBudKufw,f? kyfuvJaumif; oDvorm"dvJ &Sdjyef? NyD;awmh-
usKyf odyfoabmuswmu toHuav; aumif;NyD;awmh? ,yfvSJU
w&m;uav;awG GwfyHk tcsKd;usvGef;vdkY &&ifawmhAsm NydKifwl
w&m;a[mxGufr,f? usKyfwdkYArmjynfrSm vifr,m;twlwl w&m;
a[mxGufwm r&Sdao;bl;? usKyfwdkYu pNyD;xGifvdkufr,f}}
]]aumif;ygh udk,fawmf .... }}
]]aumif;raeESi?fh cifAsm;wm0efvJ vkyfprf;ygtHk;? cifAsm;u
ememavSmfrSaygh}}
]]avSmf Hk bmurvJbk&m;? pmawGqdkvJ ay;ygqdkorQ tukef
ay;wmbJ? ypyfuvJ avSmfwmbJ? bkef;BuD;odoGm;rSmvJ pdk;&ao;
65
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
w,f/ olodoGm;&if wynfhawmf tvkyfuxGuf&vdkY iwfaer,f}}

[k ajym&if; aq;wHudk aq;oGwfae\/
]][m ... 'gawGrylESi?fh usKyfESifhom ae&musatmifvkyfyg ... }}
]]usrSmyg udk,fawmf? uaeYn bkef;BuD; uGrf;NcHukef;oGm;&
r,f? bkef;BuD;r&Sdwkef; t&JpGefYayawmh? bkef;BuD;uvJ 'DvdkvpfrSb?J
EdkYr[kwf&if ta&;aumif; 'def;a'gif;zsufwmvdk odyfvyk fcsifw,f}}
]]uaeYnr&Sdwm aocsmovm;? aocsm&if usKyfvJaocsmNyD
rSwfayawmh? ig[Jh .... ok"ZbJ ...}} [k BuHK;0g; vufcarmif;
cwfav\/
]]uGrf;NcHukef;oGm;r,f OD;yOif; 5 yg;vJ ygoGm;r,f? tvIu
vIrJh[mawGawmh w0ufpD olYcGJay;Mu&rSmbJw?Jh tifrwef
avmbBuD;wJh bkef;BuD;bJ udk,fawmf}} aq;wHrD; ndav\/
]]olYavmbawmh rajymESi?fh oDv&ifawGtay:rSmvJ avmb
bJ? uJav ... nusawmhom}} [k ajymNyD;? apmifvsufaeaom
aeudk vufESifh qGJcs aeYudk njzpfapatmif pGrf;Edkifaom owdrsKd;
&&ef qkawmif;vsuf &Sdav\/
66
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 7 /
" r u xd u OD; ok " Z ESifh r oD v pm &D wdkY jzpf axG
roDvpm&D\ {nfhtcef; tjcm;nrsm;wGif eE0efq&mawmf

BuD; xdkifaeNrJ jzpfaomfvnf;? ,aeYnrl touf 30 rQom&Sdao;
aom bkef;BuD;wyg;onf pum; wajymajymESifh xdkifvsuf&\ Sd /
xdkbkef;BuD;um; tom;jzL\? t&yftarmif;aumif;\? rsufESmrSm
vnf; tjypfrjrifEdkifatmif oyg,fav\? toHrSm Munfvifonfh
jyif ajymaompum;rsm;rSm ajyjypf emaysmfbG,f&\ Sd roDvpm&DrSm
a&SYem;wGif; 'l;wkyfxdkifvsuf? pum;ajym&if; ykwD;pdwfaeav\/
pum;&yfaomtcg ykwD;vHk;uav;rsm;onf ajz;ajz;qif;Mu\?
pum;ajymaomtcg jrefjrefqif;Mu\/
]]EdkY yknvuPa'0D 0xKaum bwfbl;&JYvm;}} [k OD;ok"Zu
ar;av\/
]]bwfbl;w,fbk&m;}} [k ajz&if; rsufawmifuav;aumh
Munfhaeav\/
]]atmf .... OD;yOif; ESrawmfuav;u w,fNyD; pmbwfESHYpyfyg
uvm;? pmbwfESHYpyfvdkYbJ xifyg&J?Y 'Du prm&Duav;rsm; pum;
ajymoH w&m;a[moH Mum;&&ifav ....}}
67
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]][dkewfjynfu yOoDcewfom;[m aAvk0 apmif;aumufBuD;

wD;NyD; *gxmGwfwJh toHuav;vdk om,memaysmfbG,fuvJ
aumif;ygayw,f? em;0ifvJ csKdygayw,f? (OD;yOif;aemf ... vludk
ajrmufajrmufcsnf; aewmbJ) trSefawmh ajymwmbJ OD;yOif;u
ajrmuf&atmif rpm&Du uav;rdkYvm;/ *gxmuawmh onfvdkwJh
....}}
0aEwydw&Hba'?
wdrHkol&d,m0pao?
a,eZmwmoduvsmPD?
teEZeeDrr?
ol&d,0pao? aetkPfGe?fY ta&mt0Sef;od?kY ajymifvGef;pdk
ajy? udk,fae0if;y? tqif;vSayaom? ba'? aumif;jcif;jynfh
<u,f? armifhoufv,f? (OD;ok"Zonf rcdkYwdkY rsufESmxm;jzihf
roDvpm&Dudk Munfhvdku\ f ? roDvpm&Duvnf; NyHK;oa,mif
a,mifESifh uwHk;armifbk&m;udk MunfhaecdkufBuHKae&um;? uwHk;ESpf
wHk;rSm NyHK;wNyHK;NyHK; jzpfaeMuav\/ a,e? tMuifaygif;qHk
taMumif;[HkaMumif?h uvsmPD? tjyiftqif tcsKd;usord?kY trsKd;
tvSo,f jzpfayxaomrr? yOoDcac: r,fharmifawmf\? teEZ
eeD? jrifvQifESpfouf? rcGg&ufatmif pHkrufNzdK;a0 cspfrdk;apGapEdkif
aom? t[rf; .... [kwfayrSmbJaemf ... udk,fcsif;pmvdkufygbd? wGH
,Of,Ofaus;aus;? cifcifav;onf (OD;yOif;pmuvJ w,fNyD;
acwfqefygvm; bk&m;[k rSwfcsufcsav&m?) aMomf acwfqdkwm
b,fae&mrSmrS aemufusrae&bl;? ewfwdkYbm0rSmvJ .... ewfom;
u ewforD;udk cifcif 0g- cifa&vdkY ac:ayrSmbJ? ewfo;D uvJ
68
yOoDc ,yfvSJw&m;rS ,lonf/
bkef;bkef;vd?kY bGm .... bGm ... a&mifvdkY .... (aemufa&mif&if

wynfhawmfru ysm;a&vdrf;ay;vdkufr,f 'grS ykGufqdwfudkuf
ukefatmif) [m; .... [m; ... ewfom;udk udkudkwdkY armifarmifwdkY
ac:ayraygh uJ- ,Hydw&H? 0wdbHk0,f wdrHk[?k od&f*kPfjrifhausmf
tMuif crnf;awmfu?dk edom,? tMunftpk trSDjyK? Zmwmod?
ukodkvf[kefjrL; w*kPfxl;vdkY rBuHKbl;ay/ ay:ayguf vmcJhav
NyD? aw? vS"dywd jrrdr\ d ? wHydw&H? wdrHk[k od&f*kPfuJjrwf?
xdkarG;bewfud?k t[H? toGif<u<u ,Ofppudk jrif&vQifyif cspf
cifbGJUaESmif; r,fr,fh armifonf? 0aE? MuifbdkYpcef; cifysKdrSef;
vQuf Tifvef;TwfusKd;? vuftkyfrdk; &Sdcdk;vdkufygawmhownf;
wJ}h }
]]om"kygbk&m; .... om"k ... om"k ... wde-f [def- [def a0ay
... a0ay ... 0yfvdkY aMu;pnfESuf&tHk;rvm; OD;yOif;bk&m;}} [k
rsufawmifuav;udk aumh ar;NyD; OD;ok"Ztm; pdkufMunfhaeav
\/
]]aMu;pnfoH rvdkygbl; roD&,f? OD;yOif; Gwfjywm em;
aomwqifNyD; wGifwGifBuD;awG;? 'Dta&;rsKd;[m b,frSm&Sdwwfyg
vdr?fh b,fvlrSm cHpm;BuHKawGUae&ygvdrfh ponfjzifh pOf;pm;ay
a&mh/ NyD;awmhvJ roD&JY om"koHuav;onfyif aMu;pnfoHxuf
tqrsm;pGm ta&;a&mufygw,f}} [k ajymNyD; uGrf;oD;udk tpdyfpdyf
nyfaeav\/
]]tcspf tcspf? cspfwdkif;cspf? cspfavcspfav cspfrajywnf/h
qm;iHa&aemuf iwfwdkif;aomufu? aomufav aomufav
iwfrajyod?kY ayrt&m wPSmzGJU&pf? xdktcspfum; tjypfrjrif
rqifjcifbJ cspfvQifaysmfEdk;? cspfpysKd;onf cspfdk;cspfpOf cspfvrf;
69
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
wnf;/ qdkwJh rmCa'0 pum;[m w,frSefvSaywmbJ}} [k

OD;ok"Zonf ocFPf;pmopf xkwfaejyefav\/
]][kwfw,fbk&m;? yOoDc[m ol&d,0pomewfoD;uav;udk
cspfwm[m trSefb}J } [k roDvpm&Du ajymNyD; ykwD;pdyfaejyefav
\/
xkdcP pum;rajym NidrfoGm;Mu\/ roDvpm&D\ ykwD;vHk;
uav;rsm; wvHk;ay:wvHk;usoH? OD;ok"Z\ uGrf;oD;nyfoH
uav;onf? ntcg r*Fvmaqmiftdrf cJaygufoHxuf jyif;xef
av\/ ESpfa,mufpvHk;\ &ifwGif; pdpdnyfaeatmif wdk;a0SUum
aeMu&aom pum;wdkYonf &Sduke\ f / xdkpum;wdkYudk ESpfa,muf
pvHk; qGGJxkwfMuaomfvnf;? t0ao;onfh ykvif;wGif;rS ZD;oD;
q,fvHk;udk tukef vufwckyfxnf;ESifh xkwf,louJhodkY &Sdaom
aMumif?h pum;rsm;rSm rxGufEdkifbJ wpfqdkYqdkYESifh aeMuav\/
]]udk,fawmfuav;u oyg,f? toHuav;u aumif;? ighudk
vJ olucspf? ydk;vJydk; pmvJay;/ iguawmh rcspfbl;vm; ... cspf
om;bJ/ bkef;bkef; aMumuf&vdkYom ighrSmvJ bkef;bkef;aus;Zl;csnf
bJ/ bkef;bkef;eJYvJ rvGwfuif;/ odkYayrJh bkef;bkef;vdk ttdkBuD;
awmh GHwGHwGHygbJav ..../ cufw,f olydk;wmudkbJ a&ajrmif;
ay;NyD; tcspfysKd;cif; axmif&rvm;}} [k oDv&ifu awG;\/ ]]ig
onfhavmuf pvdkYrS raMueyfwmvJ rjybl;/ ightvdkvdkufom
pum;ajymaew,f .... tcGifhuvJ 'Dxufomwm r&Sdawmhbl;/
a<uwvuf MuufwckefbJ [aemf}} pk OD;ok"Zu BuHK;0g;awmfrl
av\/ OD;ok"Z\ tonf;ESvHk;onf jyif;xefpGm ckefae\/
tmacgifrsm;onf ylaeNyD; a&iwfv\ S / ypyfu wke f wke
f vm
\/ odkYaMumifh uGrf;udkom 0g;NyD; bufESpfbufjzifh nm'l;ukd
cg;ywfywfNyD; idkifaeav\/ oDv&ifrSm rsufawmifpif;vm\/
70
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rD;aexGufcgp rdef;rpdwfwGif jzpfay:vmovdk rdrdudk,f rdrd

i,fvmovdkv?dk 0efayghoGm;ovdkv?dk oDcsif; qdkcsifovdkv?dk
&,fcsifovdkvdk jzpfvmav\/ aoG;rSm w'dwf'dwf wdk;vsuf&\ Sd /
twefMumvQif oDv&ifonf rsm;pGmcsKyfwnf;aomfvnf;
rwwfomaomaMumifh ]]0l; .... 0J ...}} ceJ oef;vdkufav\/ rsuf
a&awG 0Jvmav\/
]]nOfheufNyDbk&m; .... jyef&ifaumif;vdrfhr,fvdkY wynfhawmfr
xifw,f}}
]]aMomf .... jyefapcsifNyDvm; ... bmhaMumifhv?J odyg&ap
roD&,f}}
]]bkef;BuD;r&Sdwkef; 'Davmuf nOfheufatmif vmv,fwmudk
bkef;BuD;Mum;&if raumif; .... vlawGvJ jrifw,fbk&m;}}
]]aMomf .... onfvdkudk; ... 'gjzifhoGm;r,f}} [k pdwfxJu
rygbJ ajymNyD;xav\/ ]]wifyghbk&m;}} [k pdwftmoDESihf
qefYusifbufjzpfaom pum;udk avQmuf OD;cdkufav\/ OD;yOif;
onf wHcg;0odkY oGm;cdkuf ]]aMomf .... w,fvJ ewJh OD;yOif;bJaemf
.... rdef;r rm,mvJ em;rvnfao;bl;}} [k xifr\ d / OD;ok"Zum;
wHcg;rS rxGufbJ wHcg;udk txJrS ydwfvdkufav\/
]] OD;yOif;bk&m; .... b,fhESmvkyfwmvJ bk&m;}} [k tHhMoaom
rsufESm csD;MuL;aom pdwfjzifh ajymav\/
]]b,fhESmvkyf&rSmvJ rpm&D&,f .... odwefavmufygNyD/ armifh
rSm pmtapmifapmifvJ a&;cJhaygh .... t&dyft>rufqdkwmvdk
armifcspforQudk wqdyfqdyf wbGmbGmajymcJhaygh/rpm&DuvJ
armifarmifhudk b,fvdk b,f0gvdk rjyefMum;awmhbl;vm; ...
jrifhrdk&fawmifBuD; NydKatmifapmifh&rJhyHkvm; roD&YJ .... armifqHk;jzwf
NyD;NyD/ tcsdef aESmif;atmifrapmifhbl;/ (OD;ok"Zonf xdkifaeaom
71
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
oDv&ifxHodkY vufydku f uyfoGm;av\/) roD&JY rcspfbl; ....

cspf&JYqdkwJh pum;jyefudk ,aeYn tNyD;tydkif Mum;&r,f/ Za0Z0uf
ESifh taecufvSwJhab;u a0;atmifBuHr,f/ rdIifwa0a0 ai;w
armarmESifh ta[moduH tvum; 'kuawG rcHawmhbl; ... a[m'D
u roDqdkwJh (OD;ok"Zum; BuHKUBuHKUuav; xkdifaeaom oDv&if
a&SUwGif &yfvsufiHkYMunfh&if;) w&m;olBuD; ok"rpm&Dudk armifhtrI
qHk;jzwfygvdkY ,aeYcdkif;r,f? uJ ... w&m;pD&ifygawmh}} [k acgif;
idkufpkdufcs toem;cHav\/
]] OD;yOif;bJ pOf;pm;ygbk&m; ..../ bk&m; om;awmfESifh bk&m;
orD;awmfqdkwm wPSmayr tcspfrsKd;awGESifh aq;BuD;eJY awmufwJh
vdk taygufrwJhyg bk&m; ..../ bk&m; uRefru oabmwlvdkuf&if
bk&m;uRefrrSm bk&m;om;awmfwyg;udk vZDayov umrbHkokYd
qGJcsw,fvdkY ,r rif;BuD;u w&m;wabmif pD&ifjcif; cH&rSmaygh
bk&m; ..../ b,fhavmufyif OD;yOif;udk cspfrdaomfvJ 'Dtajcxuf
a&SUwdk;bdkY&ef r0Hhaygifbk&m; ..../
]]tdk .... ESr&JY cspfjcif;om vdk&if;pGJb?J armifhtcspfBuD;udk ,r
rif;BuD;u tjypfjrLrIHrQ ay;bG,fr&Sdaybl;/ ESru pwif armifhudk
qGJonfr[kw?f ESru rm,mESifh jzm;a,mif;onf r[kw?f ESr
bmom tjypfrJhpGm oDvESifhae&m0,f .... a[m'DuarmifhrSm ]]yk&do
wd?kY rdef;r tmH?k awGUBuHKBudKufaomf? &m*rwu? owdy? arm[
rTefvsuf? qm;e,fvsufrQ? OmPfoufoufr?Jh EGm;\uJ}h } [laom
pum;t& pwifcspfBudKufrdw,f/ 'Dawmh tjypf&Sdjcif;&Sd&if armifh
rSmom &SdbdkYbJ ..../ armifh[mu 'DtjypfawGawmif raMumuf
avmufatmifBuD;wJh tcspfygbJ/ wu,fvdkY ,mrqdkwJh i&Jrif;u
tuJ wif;awmifbJ armif\w&m;OmPfvufeufawGESifh 0uf0uf
aMuatmif wdkufvdkufyghr,f .... uJ}} [kajymNyD; OD;ok"Zonf
72
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
oDv&if\ vufudkqGJum ar;av\/ vufqGJcH&olrSmrl tawGU

tBuHKrsm;NyD;rdkY tajcrysufvSaomfvnf; i,fjzLtppf jzpfBuD;
jzpfayaom OD;ok"Z rSmum; rsufpdrsm;yif jymoGm;av\/ vuf
rsm;rSmvnf; wkefvIyfaeav\/ urmavmuBuD;wckvHk;udk arh?
Moumoavmu wckvHk;wGif olwdkYESpfa,mufxnf;om ow
avmu? olwdkYESpfa,mufxnf;om ocFg&avmu[k xifrdaeav
\/
wkefaomvuf? jymaomrsufp?d zdkaom&if tNidrfr&aom pdwf
jzifh oDv&ifudk qGJr&mwGif OD;ok"ZwGif ajray:rS yef;pnf;udk
aumuf, l erf;&oavmufrQ 0efrav;onfudk awGU&avonf/
]]tdk .... ouFef;BuD;ESifh rawmfygbl; bk&m;}} [k vuf0g;
uav;ESifh umavvQif OD;ok"Zonf nmvufjzifh oDv&ifudk ayGU
xm;NyD; {uoDudk b,fvufjzifh vTifhypfvdkufonfrSm av[kefjyif;
vSaomaMumifh teD;&Sd pm;yJGwif rD;cGufuav;onf Nidrf;oGm;av
ownf;/
73
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 8 /
&D; pm; awG t *Fg 0uf avmuf

xm; vdkuf tHk; r,f
OD;ok"ZrSm "ruxdurjzpfao;rSD "ruxdupmar;yGJ 0ifpu

yif roDvpm&D\ arwmyef;yGifhudk erf;cGifh&NyD;jzpf&um; ]]ig[m ck
u 'DavmufpGef&if? aemif vlvm;ajrmufvdkY "ruxdub0 a&muf
&ifjzifh vGefpGm tvGefw&m edyfrSmyguvm;/ &D;pm;awG t*Fg0uf
avmuf xm;vdkufOD;r,f}} [k BuHK;0g;rdav\/ rGefjrwfvpS Gmaom
&nfG,fcsufudk rsufarSmufjyKNyD; BuD;rm;aom vHkUvudkxkw f
pmayrsm;? ,yfvSJw&m;rsm;udk avhvmav&m? cktcg w&m;*gxm
tyk'ftpdwfrQ EIwfiHkaqmifEdkif? teufudk om,mMunfvif ESpfvdk
bG,f&m oDqdkEdkifonfh tjyif? 0xKed'gef; ig;yk'frQudkvnf; aumif;
pGm a[mEdkifavNyDjzpf\/ w&m;OD;udk &efukefNrdKU a[mvdkaomf
vnf;? if;NrdKUwGif aTa'gif;ndK b,fol b,f0g? aTZu D Gu?f b,f
olb,f0g? aT'D;'kwf b,fol b,f0g? aTbdk b,fol b,f0g?
&wemyHk b,fol b,f0g? aendKndK b,fol b,f0gawG aygrsm;
vSaomaMumifh yOif;topfrQom jzpf&Smaom OD;ok"ZrSm w&m;
74
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rwdk;EdkifbJ &Sd&Smav\/ roDvpm&Du ]]okok bk&m; .... okok

w&m;OD;a[mawmh &D&D t&ifqHk;odyg&apaemf .... &D&D t&ifqHk;vJ
emyg&apaemf .... }} [k awmif;yefxm;ojzifh w&m;a[m&ef rsm;pGm
vdkvm;vSaomfvnf; tcGifhromvSojzifh ]]&D&D&,f tcGio fh mwJh
wnusawmhrS okoku &D&DwOD;xJudk w&m;OD;a[mr,f}} [k ajym
&av\/
wcgaomf "n0wD OD;aZmwduudk w&m;a[myg&ef jynfNrdKU
u yifhbdwfMuav\/ tNidrfhyGJrsm;rSm yGJOD;xGuf rif;orD;vdk uJho?dkY
w&m;yGJrSmvnf; yGJOD;xGuf udk,fawmfwyg; vdkae&um ]]a[hvl ....
jynfNrdKUudk vdkufcJhygvm; ....}} [k OD;ok"Zudk ac:&av\/
]]bmudpvJ .... udk,fawmf}}
]]w&m;a[maygh .... udk,fawmfESifh wynfhawmf a[mMubdkYbJ
.... udk,fawmfvJ tusifh&a&m}}
]]&efukefrSm w&m;OD;a[m&atmif wynfhawmfudk BuHpnfray;
Edkifbl;vm; bk&m;}}
]]Edk; .... Edk; .... ,lbpfbuf? udk,fhvlu rkeYyf sufovuf
tv,facgifu azgufpm;csifovm; .... awmrSm ydkufwpfvkyftHk;
.... awmu w&m;a[m A[kokw&SdvdkY awmfawmf&JrS &efukefrSm cs&
r,f}} [k qHk;rjyefojzifh rjiif;qefEdkifbJ jynfNrdKUodkY vdkuf&efom
pDpOf&av\/
jynfNrdKUroGm;cif w&m;OD;vJ a[m&ef? EIwfvJquf&ef? rSm
p&m&Sdwmrsm;vJ rSm&ef noef;acgifwGif q,fESpfem&DcefY aemuf
ab;jywif;aygufu vmcJhygrnf[k pmjzihf OD;ausmufvHk;udk
pmwdkuftjzpfjzifh toHk;jyK roDvpm&Dudk taMumif;Mum;xm;
vdkufav\/
csdef;qdkxm;aomtcsdefwGif ....
75
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
oDv&if tdyf&m acgif;&if;wGi?f acgif;tHk;rsm;udk axmifNyD;

vQif rSDumxdkifNyD; ajcqif;xm;aom OD;ok"Zudk awGUEdkifay\/
roDvpm&Dum;? olYaygif\ a&SUem; ukwifatmufajc wGJvJcG s?
b,fbufvufudk ukwifabmifay:rSmaxmuf? nmbufvufudk
olYaygif[kdbufrSm axmuf idkrJhrJh rsufESmuav;jzifh xdkifaeav
onf/ awmfwmfESifh pum;rajymEdkifbJ &Sdav\/
]]aMomf .... &D&Di}Jh }
]]bk&m; ....}}
]]yda,[d 0da,m*dwH 'ku}H } wJ?h yda,[d? rcGJ&ufom rcGgEdkif
tm;? cspfarwm tpOfyGm;vQuf? cifriftm;xm;aom olwdkYjzif?h
0da,m*dw?H a&Smifr&- rvTJEdki?f toJpdkif a<uuRrf;? aouref;
yljyif;? cGJcGg&jcif;onf? qif;&JwGif; eufvSygay\vd?Yk ynm&Sdrsm;
NiD;jiL tylBuD;cJhMuwm? w,frSefyguvm; &D&D&JU? a[m'Du- armif
armifcspfwJh oJjrnmudk cGJ&rSmcufvSao;w,f? tr,fav; ....
wyl;wygxJ tomwGJNyD; oGm;csifw,f? rjzpfvdkYomaygh? awmuf-
udE&mh udE&D armifESHwdkY[m? acsmif;&JY [kdbufurf;- onfbuf
urf;cGJvdkY wnfaeMu&wmeJ?Y tESpfrsm;pGmxifNyD; idka<u;Mu'gvd?k
jynfESifh&efukefc&D; 2-&uf 3-&uf cGJae&rSmud?k rqD;Edkif rsuf&nfpdkY
vdkYr?dkY &ifqdkYqdkYNyD;vmNyD &D&D&JU ....}}
]]rSefvSyg .... awmfawmfvJ cRJrSayghbk&m;? a&SUrSm b,favmuf
cRJcRJ? a&SUrSm b,favmuf cspfygw,f qdkq?dk oa&acw&m
NrdKUawmfBuD; a&mufrSjzif?h vrf;rawmfol ysKdtacsmuav;awGESifh
Nidrvm; wkwfwef;oluav;awGESifhbJ rdrvm; ppfuJwef;ol
uav;awGESifhbJ uvdaervm;}} [k ajymNyD;? EIwfcrf;BuD;udkplNyD;
rsufapmif;xdk;cg aeaomaMumifh ....}}
76
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
a[m .... a[m .... [m; .... [m; .... [m; .... [m; ... [d? &D
vdkuf&wm .... q&mawmfBuD; Mum;oGm;a&mhr,f? a[m'Du p&yf
truvGJ&ifav? avmuBuD;&SdwmawG? vTpmrIHUawGcsnfbJAsm; ....}}
'l;awmfESifh cg;udkuvdNyD; rdefYawmfrlrS ....
]]wuwJh 'D'l;BuD;uvJ? ydkifxdkufMuL;vGefrIUeJY axmifusukef
r,f? uJ- b,frvJ w&m;OD;a[mrSm a[mav ....}} [k avQmuf
xm;NyD;? vufoD;qkyfNyD; vufzaemifhESifh OD;yOif;\aygifudk xk
awmif;jyefav\/
]]tm;av; .... tm;av; ... a[m&efAsm;? a[m&r,f? w&m;OD;
a[mapcsif&if wckvkyf&r,f}}
]]bmvJ? [if;aemf- xrif;rygbl;}} [k vufdI;udk ykwfoif
acgif;Nidrfhovdk vIyfjy&if; Budrf;av\/
]]bmrS [if;raeESi?fh vl0wfvJNyD; em;axmif&r,f? [dkwaeYu
0wfjyovdkav}}
roDvpm&Donf aowmxJrS xrD tusrsm; 0wfqifvdkuf
ojzifh ig;rdepftwGif; r,foGifjzpfvmav\/ acgif;udk acgif;wHk;
ajymif zHk;apjcif;iSg rum;jyef aZwAm&Drrsm; acgif;pnf;ovdk
t0wfeufuav;udk pnf;xm;av\/ aemuf ukwifatmufrS
BuHKUBuHKUuav; ykwD;udki f xdkifav\/ OD;ok"Zvnf; ouFef;udk Hk
wifyvifacG rsufvTmatmufcsNyD; ukwifay: xdkifav\/
]]t[if; .... t[if; .... OD;yOif;rSm a[m'D t&yfudk wul;
wu w&m;OD;rSwfcsifvdkY vm&Smaom wumruav; r,foGifudk
wu,fcifvdkYrdkYom a[m&w,f/ tif; .... vluvJ aeraumif;?
tcsdefuvJnOfheufanmif;cJhaygh/ w&m;acgif;avmif;xdk;vdkY? tusKd;
&Edkifyghrvm;vdkY pdk;&drfrdw,f/ uJav .... wwfEdkiyf gbl;}}
]]rSefvSyg .... ed'gef;ESifhyif uefawmhyGJbdk; aMuygNyDbk&m;}}
77
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]tJ .... tJ .... odomodap rjrifapESifh qdkwJhpum;aMumifh

uefawmhyGJ rjrif&wmaMumifh trsm;csD;rGrf;bdkY aumif;ayw,f/ p
a[mr,faemf? [kwfvm; .... wumrav;&J}Y }
yOuvsm ajcmufypfuGmonf t*Fgpka0; ajcmufq,fhav;
wnf/h &ufaq;rul? ZrLaTO? odef;wefIom;? y'kre?D
bHkajcmufvnfrSm? NydKifnDr&? ol&D,0pm? rsm;pGmra0;? &nfwajy;
wnf}h } [k rHkaG;q&mawmfu ukoysKdUrSm a&;om;xm;onfxuf
yif ydk vSBuD;vS? yBuD;y? ,OfBuD;,Of? aus;BuD;aus;ayaom ....
(0g)
tomajz;ajz;? ,OfausmhaoG;onf? armifaxG; aemufrSom
vQif? vmrnfhwmud?k rMumcsufcsif;yif? oHk;awmfa&csrf;? pm;awmf
uGrf;ud?k &nfrSef;tmomjyif? wefqmqifonf? r,Of
,OfaMumif;&Sm/ /AsmqH oG,f0dkuf oHk;qifhudkufonf? tvdkufolYrl
&mvdkY OD;yOif;wdkY i,fi,fu atmfcJh[pfcJh&wJh &wkygpum;pkudk
rsm;rsm;BuD;,ck trSwfjyKapaom .....
(0g)
tacsmtEk? ykykjrifhjrif?h tcefYoifhuav;? ao;ao;oG,foG,f
oajydkUtG,?f ri,fvGef; rBuD;vGef;? ZGef;jcpfwrsKd;? txdk;cH
tkHk;oD;? bkef;BuD;BudKuf rif;BudKuf? umvom;rsm;ESifh vm;vm;rQ
rxdku/f AsmqH0dkuf AsmqH0gqdkwJh OD;yknpmayrSmygwJh tysKdrsm;
xuf qxufaxmifae? acsmayonfh ,Ofayaom ....
eef;&Hw&m yPmc? ref;rEvaAG&dyfp?H pef;pE& aiGAdrmefv?dk
yifaTxdyfyef yOfrsm;yef;? ukefqef;auavsmh wausmhrSefi,f?
ra[mhoufESH awmfav;br&mhjirf;? uydkudkU olYtEki,f? ZrLrwl
NydKifolvQrf;/ trlUtrl vdIifMuLyef;od?kY qef;qdkorQ acgifxdyfacgif?
IUav ,Ofav jrifolai;? cifav; cifcifh ,Ofav; ,Of,Of-h
78
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
,OfwwfygwJhaemif? yef;csDHI;wJh auhzkef;acgifi,f? wausmh

xHk;aESmif auoDavsmhESi?fh oHk;axmifxGm avsmhavsmhaTaucdki?f
ydwkef;rifGefYqdki?f pHyHk&Sm;wJh odMum;rIdifi,f? oem;ydkifydkif pHprf;csif
vSav; .... qdkwJh aw;xyfudk a&;pyfwJh q&m[m olY kyfudk jrifNyD;
rS a&;wmavvm;vdkY awG;rdavmufatmif wifhw,faom kyf
tqif;&Sdaom xdkoli,fr oli,frum; tb,folygenf;/
wumrBuD;&JY .... ajzygav ....}}
]]rSefvSyg? rodaygifygbk&m;/ bkef;bkef; bk&m;u b,fZmwf
a[mw,fvdkY tpurajymawmh rawG;wwfaygifygbk&m;}} [k
acgif;iHkY&if;yif ajzav\/
]]wH? .... xdkv
dk rQ? vSBuD;vS? ,Ofrsm;aMu;rH?k acsm*kPfxdyf
wif? vSvGef;Muifonfum;? roDvpma&m emarm? rMumcif ckeif
uav;u? wefqmqif jyKjyifay;rd?kY ucsemoGif vlYtjrifa0;cJhwJh
oDv&ifuav;onf? tcspfarmifarmif olZGwfcRJwmrd?kY topf
aqmifa,mif vl0wfvJ&Sm&onfh roDvpm&D trnf&Sdaom olyif
pifppf{uef? rjiif;qefEdkifatmif? twif;rSe\ f wJh .... ok"gvdkY
ac:yg wur&JY ....}}
]]td-k r[kwfwkw?f w&m;OD;uvJ [kwfbJESifh ac:aygif}} [k
ajymNyD; "ruxduudk armh rsufapmif;xdk;aeav\/
]]tdk .... w&m;OD;qdkrSb/J ac:&r,f/ rac:&if OD;yOif; w&m;
&yfr,f}}
]]ok"g ygwJhbk&m; om"k .... uJ ....}} [k ac:\/ xkdtcg
tcsdefum; eHeuf 4-em&DrQ &SdNyDjzpf "ruxdu w&m;OD;a[mae
aom ae&mESifh rdkif 200- rQuGmaom jynfNrdKUrS edAmefaqmf
tcsKdUonf ]]baEm .... oyL&dotaygif; olawmfaumif;wd}kY }
ponfjzifh qGrf;twGuf EdI;aqmfNyD;aemuf ....
79
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]if;jyif eufjzefn aTbkef;yGifhbk&m; y&0kPftwGif;?

&efukefNrdKUrS "n0wD OD;aZmwdu w&m; "ruxdu tausmfESifh
if;\ wynfh OD;ok"ZwdkYonf ]]vmygvmyg rMunf&}JY } w&m;udk
a[mMum;ygvdrfhrnf/ rysufruGuf w&m;awmfem <ua&mufawmf
rlMu&ef EdI;aqmfvdkufygonf/ oyL&dotaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkY
.....}} [k om,mMunfvif us,favmifpGm atmfoHESifh aMu;pnfoH
udk Mum;&avownf;/
80
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 9 /
odyf *s bdk; us aom bkef; BuD; rsm; /
xGef;&Sde\
f rdcif raxG;r,fonf jynfNrdKUodkY aps;0,f a&muf&Sd
vmav\/ ]]'Dwcgjzifh rrGefY&JY axmufyHhyHkudk aoaocsmcsm odcJh
&awmhrSmbJ}} [k &nfG, f if;rdcifudk rrGefYwdkufodkY tvnf0if
apav\/
]]tara& .... rrGefYuawmh odyfausmif;aeapcsifwmbJ/
tG,fvJ i,fawmh aebdkYcsnf cPcPajymw,f}} [k rdcifBuD;,l
cJhaom eHomykiSufaysm vufaqmifjcif;awmif;udk rEdkiht f EdkifqGJ&if;
ar;av\/
]]uG,f .... ighom;uvJ? rif;vJodom;eJ/Y tarwdkY b,fvdk
vkyfNyD; ydkYrvJ/ &efukefrSm xm;w,fqdkwm odyfydkufqHukefwmuGJU/
tarwkdYrSm 0ifaiG a&S;uxuf qkwfqkwfaewmbJ ....}} [k ajymNyD;
]]ay;ay; .... ighom;av;&if tarqGJcJhr,f ....}} [k qGJjcif;awmif;
udk jyefawmif;av\/
]]tkd .... aeayap/ uRefawmf Edkifw,f/ b,favmuf a0;wm
rSwfv/dkY vefcsm;vJ riSg;ygpdkYeJYvm; tar ....}}
81
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]ighom; oabmaygh vlav;&,f .... tarwdkYuvJ ighom;

ynmwwfatmif xm;csifwmaygh}}
]]odygw,f? tukefodw,f tar&J/Y odkYayrJh ckyHkMunfh&wm
rrGefY&JY tultnDbJ &rvdkv?dk NyD;awmh tarESifh MunfhajymygtHk;
r,fwJh ....}}
]]a[- olu axmufyHhtHk;rwJhvm;/ tifrwefawmh uyfap;eJ
wJh rdef;rbJuGJU/ ightrsKd;ygbJ/ odkYayr,fh rifhawmh odyfcspfw,f/
cspfoavmuf axmufraxmufawmh rajymwwfbl;ayghuG,/f ajym
prf;ygtHk;? vmvm t&dyfxJu oGm;&atmif ....}} [k ajymNyD;
rusnf;yif&dyfrS qif;oGm;Muav\/
]]'Dvkd tar&J/Y uRefawmfhudk olu cPcP ausmif;qufaebdkY
&efukefaumvdyfrSm oifbdkY ajymaeawmh uRefawmfu uRefawmfh
taztar rydkYEdkifbl;? qif;&Jw,fvdkY bl;cHaeawmh olu b,f
avmuf ukefrvJw/Jh tarwdkYu b,favmufydkYEdkifovJw/Jh uRef
awmfu ESpfq,fawmh ydkYdEdkifrSmbJvdkYajymawmh rwdk;Edkifbl;vm;wJ?h
MuyfMuyfwJwJESifh oHk;q,fawmh ydkYEdkifygvdrfhr,fvkYd ajymwmudk;/
'DaiGESifh ravmufbl;vm;wJ/h ig;q,f tzsif;qHk; ukefr,fqdkawmh
acRacRwmwmoHk;bdkY ajymw,f/ uRefawmfu ausmif;vccsnf;
30d- ukefr,f/ tdrfu rydkYEdkifbl;qdkawmh rifhtareJY MunfhajymtHk;
r,fqdkwmbJ ....}} [k rdrdpdwfxJ arQmfvifhcsufenf;aomfvnf;
xGef;&Sdefonf olYrdcifudkum; arQmfvifhcsuf tenf;i,f ay;av\/
olt&ifu arQmfvifhcsufuav;ESifh 0rf;omcJhovdk rdcifBuD;vnf;
0rf;omapvdkonfh vuPm&Sd\/ odkYaomf rdrd arQmfvifhcsufrJhawmh
0rf;eJovdk rdcifBuD; 0rf;eJaMuuGJrnfudk rawG;rdacs/
]]at;- 'Dvdkjzifh olu20d- avmufawmh vpOfaxmufygvdrfh
r,f xifyg&J/Y oluom 20d- axmuf&if tarwdkYu 30d- awmh
82
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
&SmBuHaxmufr,fuG,/f rif;uvJcRJ? iguvJ ajymay;raygh ... ay;

uG,f vlav;armaeNyD .... tarGufcJhr,fav ....}} [k iSufaysmoD;
awmif;udk awmif;jyef\/
]]udpr&Sdbl;? uRefawmf rarmbl;? uRefawmfhuHayghav ....}}
]]EdkY rif;wdkYoydwfarSmufMuwkH;u rif;ubJ tarwdkYqD pma&;
ao;w,fuG,f .... ausmif;vcawG avQmhawmhrSmwJ/h uRefawmfwkdY
ausmif;aeEdkifrSmwJ/h ckawmh b,fhES,fv/J avQmh&JYvm;/}}
ckxufxd avQmhao;bl;tar&J/Y avQmhr,fvdkY ajymNyD; ausmif;
om;awG jyefac:wm/ odyfnmMuwmbJ/ avQmhvJ oHk;av;usyf
ygbJ tar&m/ uRefawmfwdkYu ausmif;vc ravQmh&if jyefNyD;rvSef
bdkYajymMuwmbJ/ *wdudk ,HkygwJ/h aemufavQmhrSmygwJ/h acgif;
aqmifBuD;awGu 0ifygqdkawmh jyef0ifMuwmaygh/}}
]]at; .... aemuf 'gq&mayghuG,}f } [kajymNyD;? om;trd Nidrf
oGm;Muav\/ rMumrD rapmGefYqD a&mufMuav\/ rapmGefY
onf az:aGpGmEIwfqufNyD; oifjzL;ay:wGif {nfhcHav\/ iSuf
aysmoD;&wm tvGefaus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymay\/ aemufbm0,f
vmovJ? bmvJ nmvJjzifh [dkES,-fh onfhES,f ava&Saeav\/
awm v,fawG ,mawGtaMumif; ar\/ pum;rsm;rSm
vdk&if;ra&mufEdkifojzifh raxG;r,frSm pum;wGif pdwfrygvSay/
olupvnf; rajym0Hh&Smay/ tultnDqdkonfrSm ulvdkolu p
ajymrS wifhw,fonf[k xifaeonfhtjyif? ta&;rSm rapmGefY
p aqG;aEG;cJhaom ta&;jzpfaomaMumifh waMumif;? ydkufqH&Sdol
u ydkufqHr&Sdolonf tultnDawmif;&ef ypyfr&JvSonfrSm
"rwmjzpfae waMumif;? raxG;r,frSm rapmGefYtpudk apmifhae
av\/ xGef;&SdefrSmvnf; ypyfa[mif;avmif;ESifh vdk&if;w&m;pD&if
csufudk apmifhaeav\/ odkYaomf wem&DrQ Mumaomfvnf; xGef;&Sdef
83
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ausmif;pum; ra&muf&um;? xGef;&Sdefonf ]]ig&SdaevdkY rajymao;

wmbJ}} [kawG;cg aemufab;odkY 0ifoGm;av\/
aemufab;wHcg;0uaeNyD; rdrdbufudk rsufESmvSnfhaeaom
rdcifu?dk rdrdtm; ausmay;xdkifaeaom rapmGefY rjrifatmif
xGef;&Sdefonf vufdI;xdk;jy\/ ygpyfudkvnf; vufdI;xdk;jyav
\/ t"dyg,fum; .... ]]uRefawmfhtaMumif;udk ajymyg}} [k qd\ k /
aemuf xGef;&Sdef jyefxdkifaom tcgvnf; rapmGefYrSm
taMumif;trsKd;rsKd;udk a&Saejyefojzifh raxG;r,fonf x aemuf
ab;oGm;jyef\/ ,cifuvdk xGef;&Sdefudk vufId;axmifjyav\/
rapmGefYudk vufdI; Tefjyav\/ ypyfudkvnf; vufId;xdk;jy
av\/ ]]rif;ajymyguG,}f } [laom t"dyg,fudk aqmifay\/
odkYESihfvnf; vdk&if;ra&muf/ raxG;r,f olYae&mjyefxdki f
watmifhrQMumrS rapmGefYu ....
]]aMomf .... armifxGef;&Sdef pmar;yGJNyD;NyD? atmifvJatmifrSmyg
bJ? b,fhES,f ausmif;a&SUqufxm;MutHk;rSaygh .... }} [k pajym
vQif? om;trdESpfa,mufonf wa,mufrsufESmudk wa,muf
Munfhaemuav\/&ifzdkvm\/
]]a&SUqufxm;bdkY MuyfaewmbJ/ usrwdkYuvJ a&SU odyfquf
xm;csifwmbJ/ aiGa&;aMu;a&;u Muyfaew,f/ 'gaMumifh rjzpf
Edkifygbl; rapmGefY&,f}} [k pum;cif;av\/
]]olajymwmu wv 50d-avmuf ukefr,fajymw,f/ EdkY ....
abmf'grSm raebJ t&yfxJrSm tdrfjyeftdrfpm;ae&if rjzpfbl;vm;/}}
]]rjzpfbl; rrGefY&JY .... t&yfxJESifh NrdKUu odyfa0;wmbJ?
wrl;c&D; ay;&w,f? NyD;awmh eD;wJh urmGwfae&ifv?J urmGwf
udk ausmif;u oydwfarSmuf&rJh e,fajrvdkY vkyfxm;w,f}} [k
xGef;&Sdefonf acgif;iHkY ajcoJudkyGwf&if; ajym\/
84
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]][kwfNyD? wv&SifwdkYu b,favmufydkYEdkifovJ}}

]]wv 20d- tpdwftjyifu ydkrwwfEdkifbl; rapmGeY&f }JY } [k
ajymNyD; om;rsufESmudkMunfhum &ifxJu 'kwf'kwfESifh
ckefaeav\/ rapmGefYvnf; Nidr f ai;aeav\/ om;trd ESpf
a,mufum; nDwlaom tawG;wckudk pOf;pm;rdMu\/ ]]{uE
b,favmufaxmuf&r,fqdkwm wGufaewmbJ}} [k pOf;pm;Mu\/
odkYaomf em&Dcsdefonfom wwpfwpf oGm;ae\/ rapmGefY yg;pyf
rS pum;rxGufvm/ xGef;&Sdefonf vdk Za0Z0ufESifh ae&jcif;udk
rcHEdki/f ydk;pkef;jzLvif;ovdk wcgw&Hvif;aom ajrmfvifhcsufrsKd;
udkrcHv?dk qdyfNidrfaejcif;udk rcHEdki/f odkYaMumifh t&JpGefY ....
]]uJ .... uRefawmfwdkYuawmh ab;tulr&bJESifh ausmif;rae
Edkifbl;av? rrGefYu ulrvm;? wv b,favmufaxmufrvJ/}}
rapmGefYonf 'lcsxdkifNyD; ....
]]tif; .... t&yfxJaejzpf&ifawmh wdkYtrsKd;tdrf wtdrf&Sdw,f?
tJh'DrSmaebdkYawmh tdrf&wmbJ}} [kajymNyD; tqHk;owfojzifh om;
trdESpfa,muf &ifudk'l;ESifhaqmifhvdkufovdk olwdkYcjrmrSm atmifh
oufouf jzpfoGm;Muav\/ rdrdom;onf bDatatmif 0ef
axmufBuD;jzpfvmwmudk jrifa,mifa,mifawG;cJhaom tawG;onf
taxG;r,fxHrS ajc&maysmuf ajy;av\/ 0efaxmufjzpfvmaom
tcg a,muravmif;awGu rdrdwdkYudk aiGay;NyD; om;udk0,f,laeyHk
udk jrifa,mifa,mifxifrdaom xifajcrSm raxG;r,fpdwfwiG f;rS
aysmufuG,foGm;\/
BuD;rm;aom ausmif;BuD; taz:awGESifhaeyH/k ck[dkufpul;
wkef;uvdk pmtkyfawG wyHkwacgif;BuD; rudkif&awmhb?J pmwtkyf
ESifh zdkifwckudk udkif ausmif;wufy/Hk toif;awG aqmifGuf
aeyH/k vlawGtrsm;BuD; tv,fwGif xefxefBuD; pum;ajymaeyHk
85
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
pmtkyftrsKd;rsKd; bwfaeyH/k Gmudk ausmif;ydwfjyefvmpOf thHMopGm

qD;BudKyHkwdkYonf xGef;&Sde\ f pdwfrsufvHk; Budrfbefrsm;pGm ay:
vmavh&\ Sd / xdk kyfyHkrsm;rSm txyfvdkuf rD;ESifh IdUypfvdkufovdk
pdwfrsufvHk;rsm;rS aysmufuG, f oGm;av\/ xGef;&SdefrSm wu,f
rsufvHk;jzifh jrifbdkUudk rqdkxm;bd? pdwfrsufvHk;jzifhrQ jrifcGifh
r&Sdawmhay/
twefMumrS om;trdu ]]rjzpfygbl; raeEdkifawmhbl;? q,f
wef;ESifhbJ vkyfpm;awmhr,f}} [k ajzMuav\/
]]'gxuf xGef;&Sdefa& eufzefn aTbkef;yGifhbk&m;rSm w&m;yGJ;
&Sdw,f? &efukefu udk,fawmfawGwJh ....}}
]][kwfw,f .... bmtoHk;usovJ ....}}
]]tdk .... 'DvdkrajymeJYav ....}}
]][kwfom;bJ bmrStoHk;uswmawG r[kwfbl;? w&m;a[mwm
u uvufwufwufESifh *gxmESifh teufudk aw;qdkovdk
qdkaeMuwmbJ? wumrawGvm&if nKwkwkajym? c&mwmwmvky?f
odyf*sydk;uswJh bkef;BuD;awG ....}}
]]rif;awmh "rtE&m,f oifhukefygvdrfhr,f ....}}
]]bmoifhoifh aoao? i&JBuD;BuD;? r[kwfr[wfvkyfwmawmh
ajym&vdrfhr,f? uRefawmf tmPmydkifjzpf&if 'Dvkdomoem zsufqD;
aewJh[mawG owfypfr,f .... / bmvJ bkef;BuD;wefrJh vlysKdvSJY
w,f? &D;pm;pmay;w,f? BudKufwJhvlawGuvJ tHhygh? ujrif;udk
ujrif;vGef;ygw,f vifr&wdkif; ....}}
]][Jh aumifuav; ....}} [k olYrdcifu owday;aomfvnf;
xGef;&Sdefum; wm;r&awmhay/
]]Munfhygvm; tar&,f .... a[mrJhw&m;u (vmyg vmyg
rMunf&JY w&m;) wJ?h em;axmifprf;ygAsm? oDcsif;qdkjyr,f
86
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
w&m;xJrSm vlysKdvSJU? oD;&D;pm;uGJ;aevdkY vGrf;crf;aqG;crf;awGyg

r,f? rsm;rsm;ajymbJ? 'grS w&m;emawG &D;pm;pum; ajymwwf
r,f? &D;pm;xm;wwfr,f? wPSm<ur,f? a&;wJh ZDemvuFm&udk
,aomf",mudk tcsD;rGrf;vGefw,f/ pmbwfolawGu bwf&if;
&m*pdwfyGg;aer,fqdkNyD; od[dkVfynm&SdawGu y,fw,f/ olYudk
pmul; ray;bl;wJ?h a&S;uawmh w&m;rSm &m*eJap&w,f? ckawmh
&m*wPSm <uwmawGrS taumif;wJ?h 'grS ArmawG tvGrf;rdNyD;
vlaysmh vlEHkawGjzpfr,f? w&m;a[mwmawGu toHk;ruswJhjyif
w&m;a[m yk*dKvfawGu tusifh,kwfwmu rajymESifhawmh? rdef;r
,lwmawG? wdwfwdwfykef;aewmawG owif;pmawGrSm rMum;bl;
vm;? rEav;rSmrsm; bkef;BuD;awG raumif;wmvdkufvdkY ]]rD;wcspf
wyJ ....}} qdkwmawmif bkef;BuD;awG em;v,faeMuw,f? 'g
bkef;BuD;tvkyfvm; ....? awmuf .... Arm&Sifbk&ifr&Sw d m odyfem
wmbJ? 'Dvkd bkef;BuD;rdkufawG ouFef;cRwf? Budrf'Pfay;? uRef
tvkyfcdkif;bdkYaumif;w,f/ 'DwPSmbufuwif bkef;BuD;awG ysuf
wmr[kwfbl;? wdkif;a&;jynfa&;vdkufNyD; aiGpm;Muao;w,f? rsuf
ESmBuD;&m [if;bwfygMuao;w,f? Munfhygvm; q&mawmfBuD;
awGvkyfaeNyD; bmrS *wdrwnfMubl;/ olwdkYrSm yg&mZduHudk r,Hk
bl;xifyg&J/Y awmfawmfMum 5000d-pm; rkef;jyefNyD trJvHk;ypfawmh
eefYeefYwufatmif vkpm;MuwJh acG;awGvdkY olwdkYuqJNyD; tJ'D 5000d
pm;awGu trJvHk;tyJhav;awG ay;awmh olwdkY,lpm;Muwmawmh
bmwJhv?J ajrvkr?I ausmif;vkrIawGuvJ reJbl;/ avmvcsnf;bJ?
uJ tar MumMumajymawmh vGefr,f/ oGm;MupdkY ....}}
]]tdk ... xGef;&Sdef vmawmh vmygtHk;uG,?f 'dq
kY DvmcJhyg rrGefY
*sif;okwfauR;csifvdkY ....}} [k qdkNyD; iSufaysmoD;qGJjcif;wGif
87
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
BuHoum 50d- om;avmuf xnfhay;vdkufav\/ om;trdvnf;

jyefoGm;Muav\/
]]at;uG,f .... uHaygh ypnf;aygwJhvleJY qif;&JwJhvlaygif;&if
'Dvkdcsnf;bJ? tarwdkYu iSufaysmoD; 2- usyfwefavmuf ay;
w,f/ olwdkYu a[m'Dr,f BuHoum ig;q,fom;avmuf jyefay;
w,f? &efukeftdrf tvum;ae&atmif ulnDr,fwJ?h ol[m tpm;
rygao;bl;uGJU? olYqDoGm;vdkuftHk; tvdrmbufNyD; ae&w,f ....}}
[k rdcifBuD;u vrf;wGif qHk;ronfudk xGef;&Sdefonf pum;jyef
rajymbJ .... vdkufvmav\/
88
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 10 /
w &m; a[m yGJ wGif ]] vm yg vm yg r Munf &JY oD csif; }}

NydKifwl qdk Mu yHk /
OD;ok"Zonf yD;,m;qkyf qyfjymESifh oHk;Budrf oHk;cg acs;wGef;

a&csKd;NyD;aemuf tuefYrsm;pGmygaom vufpGJtdyfudk wdkifrSjzKwf
,lavonf/ a&SYqHk;tuefYrS rSefuav;wcsyfudk xkwf,l\/ rSefukd
pmyGJay:wGif rdrda&SYuxm;NyD;rsufESmudk a&pifav\/ aemufqHk;
tuefYrS aygif'gbl;ukd qGJ,lNyD; csKdif;Mum;ESifh wudk,fvHk;udk vdrf;
usHav\/ aemufqHk; tuefYrS yif a[ZvifpEdk; rsufESmjc,fudk
xkwfjyef\/ rsufESmudk jzLazG;nufanmoGm;onfh wdkifatmif
vdrf;av\ rSefxJwGif OD;ok"Zonf jzLjzLazG;azG rsufEmS csKduav;
udkMunf h NyHK;\/ rdrdyg;udk GJU rSefxJut&dyfudk Munf\
h / NyD;vQif
rsufapmif;xdk;um rSefxJu rsufapmif; jyefxdk;yHkudk Munfhjyefav
\/ ]]vGrf;p&muav; a[m&if 'DvdkrsufESm xm;&r,f ....}} [k Id;
i,faomrsufESmudk zefwD;jyefav\/ NyHK;Munfhvdku\ f / rdrdNyHK;yHk
uav;onf olwum NyHK;yHkESifhrwl? trluGJv\ S [k atmufar\/
89
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
pum;0g yef;uav;vdk tmomief;ief;wufaprnfh rsufESm jzpf

onf[k xif\/
ydk;ouFef;udk qifjref;\? OD;ok"Zonf ydk;ouFef;udk yOif;
wufpu &cJ\ h / ,cktcgavmuf ydk;ouFef;ESifh avsmfuefaom
tcgtcGifh ray:cJhao;acs/,aeYum; olYtwGuf aeYxl; aeYjrwf
wnf;/ olwoufvHk; BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfcJh&aom vHkYv\ toD;
tESHudk csL&rnfhaeYwnf;/ tZwa*? ,aeYrStpjyK "rtEkw&m;
tpOfudk em;9if;atmif a[mjyrnf/ "ruxdu jzpf&awmhrnf
bk&m;- bk&m; .... ? yGJOD;aumif;ygrS a[m&rnfhNrdKUrSm ES,fES,fNrdKU
r[kw?f &mZ0if tapmifapmifrSm pmwGifvdkYajymcJhaom 'Gwabmif
aeEG,fpdk;cJhaom NrdKUBuD;jzpfayonf/
OD;ok"ZrSm pufbD;pD;oifol awG;ouJhodkY awG;rd\/ tif;
aemufuwGef;ay;rJh vl&Sdaomfv?J igvufudkifvGJoGm;&if vJbkdYbJ&Sd
w,f/ igxdkifckHay:rSm zifrNidrf&if? 'l;NyJbdkYjyifayawmh[k pufbD;pD;
oifolum; awG;\/ tif; .... OD;aZmwdu uawmh aemufu
wGef;ay;aerSmbJ? odkYayr,fh ig- ighw&m;ig aumif;aumif; rxdef;
Edkif&if igt&SufuGJbdkYb?J tajcvSv?S tcsKd;usus a[mEdkifbdkY odyf
vdkwmbJ[k awG;\/
]]uJav .... raMumufrGHU twif;rSdwfNyD;rS igwwfrSmbJ? rSm;
rSmawG bmawG raMumufbJ twif;ZGwfBuJNyD;a[mrS igedyfr,fav
avh igedyfr,f}}
OD;ok"Zonf em&Dudk armhMunf\ h / ajcmufem&D xdk;cgeD;rQom
&Sdao;\? w&m;a[mbdkY wem&DcGJrQ vdkao;\/
olonf pmGufuav;wck xkwfbwf\? ed'gef;ajymbdkY
w&m;pum;uav;jzpf\? OD;aZmwdu udk,fawmfu a&;ay;xm;
\? ESpfacgufrQ bwfvQifyif pdwfr0ifEdki?f olYpdwfonf rSefuav;
90
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
vdkjzpfcg? rSefwGif w&m;emy&dwfowf yvifjrifhw&m;emcH? aTbkef;

yGifhbk&m;rsm;onf ay:aeav\? rxru ukwifay:wGif apmif;
apmif;uav; tdy f pmbwf\? pmwGif pdwfudkoGif; r&rS xav
\? wpHkw&mudk owd&vm\/
tcef;jyifbufxGu f uGrf;pm;\? &Sm;oD;rsm;rsm;xnf\ h ?
&Sm;oD; owdum;? uGrf;aoG;udk ydkrdkeDap\? ausmif;a&SU jywif;
ayguf0rSm&yf uGrf;aoG;axG;\/ vlwpkonf ajrmufbufqDodkY
oGm;aeMuonfudk awGU&\? w&m;yGJ;oGm;wJhvlawGbJ[k xifrdav
\/ uGrf;aoG;oHk;cgrQaxG;NyD; tcrf;wGif;odkY 0ifvmjyef\? rSefudk
xkwfudkifjyef\? EIwfcrf;uav;rsm;eDatmif uGrf;aoG;pGyfaeaom
vQmudkxkw f yGw\ f ? rsufESmacsuav;u cyfazG;azG;? EIwfcrf;
uav;u cyfeDe?D uwHk;uav;u cyfpdrf;pdrf;? em&Dudk Munfhjyef
\/
av;q,fhig;rdepfrQ vdkao;onf/ olYpdwfum; rat;Edkif
acsmufcsm;ae\/ w&m;pmudk jyefbwfav\? aemuftdyf,may:
wGif yufvufvSe f rsufpdrSdwfNyD; w&m;jyefGw\
f ? ]]tjcm; .....
&NyD}} [k 0rf;omqJ/
]]a[hvl -oGm;Mupd}kY } [laom OD;aZmwduac:oh Mum;&ojzifh
aigufceJxNyD; vdkufoGm;av\? "n0wDu vrf;wGif pum;awG
azmifzGJUajym\/ OD;"n0wD pum;ajymonfrSm OD;okZttwGuf
cdkNiD;oHavmufrSt"dd yg,frygacs/
vrf;wGif jynfNrdKU naps;uav;udk a&SmufoGm;&&m? tnmol
rkefY[if;cg;onfwa,mufu ]]aMomf- 'Dudk,fawmfbJ xifyg&JY
w&m;a[mrSm kyfuav;u oyg,f&efaum}} [k axmremvdkuf
av&m? xdkpum;rsm;onf OD;ok"Zem;odkY aygufMum;oGm;\?
]]toHuawmh rdef;roHb?J ighudkoyg,fw,fw?Jh rSef; b,frdef;r
91
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ygvdr}hf } [k toHvm&modkY Munfhvdkuf&m? toHomoavmuf kyf

qdk;aom rkefY[if;cg;onfudk awGU&rS a'gyGoGm;\? eifhavmuf
tkyfqdk;wJh tusnf;wHru ighudk rcsD;rGrf;ESi?fh ighqJwmxuf em
ao;w,f}} [laom t"dyg,fudkaqmifonfh rsufapmif;jzifh rkefY
[if;cg;onfudk xdk;av\/ rkefY[if;cg;onfvnf; bkef;BuD;udk
Munfh&if; [if;csKdtkd;ecrf;udk ZGef;BuD;ESifh a'gufa'guf a'gufceJ
ememBuD; oHk;Budrf dkufvdkufav\/
OD;ok"Zonf bk&m;0if;xJodkY a&mufav&m? cJaeaom y&dwf
owfudk jrifojzif?h rsufvHk;jymoGm;av\/ pdwfeJeJat;&ef "gwfrD;
a&mifrsm;udk Munfhvdkuf&m? yd k rsufpdjymoGm;\/ &vmorQ
pmawGudk yk'fryg rusef arhav\/
]]uJ- OD;yOif; pifay:<u udk,fawmf odyfem;aebdkY tcsdefr&
bl;}} [l toH0J0Jjzifh &cdkif'g,umwOD;u awmif;yefvdku\ f /
]]aetHk; .... aetHk; .... OD;yOif; n*sif;okyuf av; bkef;ay;
ygtHk;? ola|;uawmf ... aMomf ... aMomf ... a&mifv?dkY ola|;r
rapmGefYaumif;rIyg bk&m;}} [k n*sif;okyf yk*Huav;udk uyfvm
jyefojzifh pdwfarmjcif;udk ajzazsmuf&ef tcsdef&av\/
aemuf pifjrifhay:odkY wufvdku\ f / yvifa&SUem; a,musfm;
BuD; ESpfq,fcefYrQ &Sdav\/ olwdkYaemufrSmum; ukrm&Dw&m;em
wdkYonf rsm;pGm&Sduke\ f / tcsKdUrSm a,m*Dwbufuav;awGESifh
jzpf\/ a':cufqdkaom aps;BuD;olum; aomufIaeaom uGrf;oD;
bufaq;vdyfBuD;udk atmufcsNyD; q&mawmfudk OD;wdku\ f ?
aTawmifNrdKUrSGefYGefYonf tem;u a,m*DrvSvSudk vufw dkY
]]OD;yOif;uav;u kyfacsmacsmbJ ydkouFef;ESifhaemf}} [kqdk\/
OD;ok"ZrSm w&m;tpudk&Sm\? &SmrawGU? ygVda&m teufa&m
tm;vHk; xGufajy;Mu\? cufavNyD? rsufpdrSdw f pOf;pm;\? r&/
92
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
zGifhjyef\? ra&r&m? rxifr&Sm;pGm y&dowfBuD;udk jrif&\?

y&dwfowfudk Munfh&onfrSm vifhpifrSae aysmif;dk;cif;udk Munfh
&ovdk xifr\ d / bmrQ uGJuGJjym;jym; rjrif&/
]]uJ .... oDv,lMupd}kY } [k atmfoHMum;&vQif omzdef;
oGm;\? aemuf y&dwfowfu ]]Moumo- Moumo}} ESifh qdkMurS?
a[- ightvSJYr[kwfao;bl;/ tif; ... tif; ... oDvay;&r,f/ uJ
[m- raMumufbl; oDvavmufawmh cP cP ay;aewmbJ}} [k
pdwfudkwif;vdkufav\/
oDvay;NyD;aemuf awmfawmfuav; ukvm;xdkifewfuyfvm
NyD;/
]]uJ .... wumBuD;}}
]]bk&m; ....}}
]]wumBuD; w&m;emcH r[kwfvm;}}
]]rSefygh bk&m; .....}}
]]wumBuD;emrnfu b,fvdkv}J }
]]ibdk;cefYyg bk&m;}} [k ar;&if;ar;&if; vQm&Jvmav\/
y&dwfowfudk *kpdkufp&mr&Sd[k pdwfudkwif;jyef\/
]]wumcef}Y }
]]bk&m; ....}}
]]aMomf ..... ODyOif;rSmawmh toufuvJi,f? 0guvJi,f? y
nmuvJ i,fao;w,f wumcefY&?JY odkYygaomfvJ jrefrmjynfBuD;
rSm&SdwJh Ak'bmom0if trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;? tudkBuD; trBuD;? nD
i,f nDri,f tm;vHk;wdkYonf w&m; "rESifh uRrf;usifMuygap/
bk&m;w&m;awmfudk ouf0if,HkMunf&ojzifh tusKd;xl; yGg;Muyg
ap? tusifhoDv jynfhMuygap/ csrf;omMuygap/ OpmpD;yGg; wdk;Mu
ygap? Muufoa& aygrsm;Muygap .... qdkwJh apwemu jyif;jyvdkY
93
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
.... t[rf; .... rwwfaomfvJ wwforQjzifh a[mr,f/ rodaomf

vJ odorQ a[mr,fqdkwJhpdwfxm;ESifh "ruxdub0udk 0ifcJhw,f
wumBuD;&J/Y (rSefvSygbk&m;) "ruxdub0udk uaeYrSpNyD;
a&mufw,f/ a[m'D Muufoa&&SdwJh aejrpfEG,fvm r[morw
rsm;&JY pdk;pHawmfrl&m? oa&acw&mNrdKUBuD;rSm w&m;OD;a[m&vdkYrdk/Y
avmurSm 'gxufMuufoa&&Sdwmawmh r&Sdawmhbl;udk ODyOif;u
xifrdw,f wumcefY&J/Y (Muufoa&&SdvSygw,f bk&m;) aumif;NyD
aumif;NyD/ 'Dawmh ODyOif;rSm ynmuvJ r&ifhvSao;? A[kkwu
vJ rrsm;vSao;/ "ruxduqdkwmvJ tptOD; arG;cgpuav;rdYk
ODyOif;a[mvdkY ajymvdkY trSm;ygcJhaomf/ wum wumr nDi,f
nDri,frsm; ,k0wDukrm&D a,m*Drusefayghav/ ODyOif;udk tjypf
cGifhvTwfMuyg qdkwmudk awmif;yef&w,f wumBuD;&JY/ (wifygh
bk&m;) tckwcgrSm;&if aemufwcgrSefr,f/ tckawmfawmfaumif;
&if aemufwcg 'gxufaumif;r,fvdkY awG;Mu ,lMubdkY ODyOif;u
arwm&yfygw,faemf}} [kqdkNyD; cP&yfae\/ tpudk pOf;pm;\/
]]wynfhawmfwdkY jynfNrdKUol jynfNrdKifom;awG[m rdkif;ygbl;
bk&m;/ rSm;vdkY cJESifhraygufaygifbk&m;? roum twif;ajymHkyg
bk&m; .... }} [k qdkvdkuf&m ]]a0g}} ueJ &,fvdkufMu\/
wumruav;rsm;onf ]]aMomf .... 0guvJ i,fi,fqdkb/J
NyD;awmh w&m;uvJ ckrSpa[mowJ/h oem;p&m uav;bJaemf}} [k
wD;wdk;ajymMuav\/
]]tJ'gaMumifh wumcefYa&}}
]]bk&m; .... rdefYawmfrlygbk&m;}}
]]pvdkufMupd}kY }
rEkp "avmau? avm*rraem&rm?
tem*aw 'kuoaEm? ed&a,pedrkOw/d /
94
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
qdkwJh .... *gxmonfyif .... ArmoHESifh bmomjyefvdkufawmh?

vmygvmyg rMunf&JY qdkwJh oDcsif;vdk jzpf&w,f wumcefY ....
]]bk&m; ....}}
]]vmygvmyg rMunf&JYqdkwJh oDcsif;rsm; r&bl;vm; ....}}
]]&yg&JY bk&m; .....}}
]]uJ .... wumcefY qdkjyprf;yg}} (a0gueJ &,fMu\)
]]&ygaomfvJ rqdk0Hhaygifbk&m; ....}}
]]a[ .... wumcefY bmvefYovJ? oDcsif;qdkwm bmudkvefY&r
vJ/ NyD;awmh 'DoDcsif;udk ujrif;aMumxcsifvdkY qdkwmr[kwfb/J
bm&Suf&rvJ/ oDcsif;uyif w&m;udkjyvsuf&SdaMumif; xif&Sm;
atmif qdk&wmudk &Sufwmrsm; tHhMoyg&JY wumcefY&,f/ uJ ....
b,fol qdk&JYMuovJ}} [kar;NyD; y&dwfudk aphaphpyfpyf Munfhrd
\/ vloluGJjym;pGm jrif&av\/ tMuif,k0wD a,m*Dr a,m*DxD;
blwmBuD; blwmr wckvyf wNcHausmf ponfjzifh yg0ifzGJUpnf;
tyfaom y&dwfowf\ pnfum;yHkudk odavawmh\/ wumr
uav; wZkbufqDodkY &J&JBuD;yif Munfh0Hhavawmh\/ rsufpdjym
onfrSmvnf; vHk;vHk;aysmufc\ Jh / y&dowfum; bmrQrajzMu/
awGom aeav\/
OD;ok"Zonf a&SUem;u ykwD;tBuD;ESifh tbdk;tdktm; vufId;
Gef r&bl;vm; wumBuD; ... [k ar;\/ ]]r&ygbk&m;}} [k ajz
\/ aemuf aq;vdyfBuD;ESifh rSdef;aeaom a':azsmhudk ar;jyef&m?
]]w0ufwAsufbJ &ygw,fbk&m;}} tajzudk &av\/
]]rjzpfao;bl; wumrBuD;&J?Y uJ .... b,fhES,fvJ [dkbufu
ESrBuD; ESrav;rsm; uaum? taysmftyg;rsm; qdk&ifjzifh? b,f
ausmif;yGJ; 0ifqkd&wmESif?h nm ausmif;yGJ qdk&wmESi/fh 'ifemygwD
rSm qdk&wmESi/fh aMomf ..... "ruxdu ubJ aca&mvm;/ omo
95
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
emBuD; uHuyif acava&mhvm; rajymwwfawmhbl;/ omoem

pnfyifvdkY pcef;wckjzpfwJh ae&mrSmawmh oDcsif;udk qdk0Hhol ray:
Muawmhbl;wJhvm;/ 'DoDcsif;[m a&S;u w&mwef&if tck wuka#
wefrSmbJ/ 'DoDcsif;qdkvdkY a&S;u ukodkvfr& i&JyifBuD;apcJhMuaomf
vJ? ckqdk&if ukodkvfyGg;rsm;vdkY w&m;&EdkifMur,f/}} xdkodkY rdefYawmfrl
vQifyif wumruav;rsm;rSm bkef;BuD;udk oem;ovdkvdk tm;em
ovdkvdk jzpfvmMu\/ w&m;twGufawmh r0Hhqdkwm[m
tHhp&maumif;w,f[k xifvmMu\/ owduav;rsm; 0ifvmMu
NyD; wa,mufudkwa,muf MunfhMujyef\/ ]]uJygAsm .... 'DrSm
w&m;em<uvmMuwJh wynfhrESifh ESrBuD;rsm;uawmh 'djyif rdef;
uav;awGESifh rwlbl;vdkY ODyOif;t,l&Sdw,f/ ukodkvfa&;vkyf&m
rSm r&Sufbl; raMumufbl;vdkY t,l&Sdw,f/ uJAsm .... qdkMuprf;yg
wa,mufxJ rqdk0Hh&if trsm;0dkif;qdkMuaygh ....}} [kajymNyD; NyHK;NyHK;
BuD; Munfhawmfr\ l /
rdef;uav;rsm;onf q&mawmfudk Munfhvdku?f tcsif;csif;
Munfhvkdu?f aemufNyD; acgif;iHkUvdku?f vufwdkYMuvdu k f ESihfaepOf ...
]]uJ .... qdkMurvm; ....}}
twefMumoumv .....
]]wifyghbk&m; .....}} [k avQmufMurS ....
]]om"k .... om"k .... om"k? uJ .... BudK;pm;Muyg}}
]]t[ef; .... t[ef;ESifh toHjyifMuNyD; ]]vm}} [laom pum;
wcGef;wnf; wa,mufxnf; ay:vmojzifh 0dkif;&,fMuav\/
aemufrS oDcsif;qdkMurnfh a,m*DtcsKdUESifh ,k0wDtcsKdUonf ndNyD;
toHjyifMuav\/ olwkdYonf vufuav;axmuf? rsufESm
atmufcs ]]uJ .... qdkMupd}kY } [k oHNydKifqdkMuav\/
96
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
(vmyg vmyg rMunf&?JY wu,fapmifhwJhtcsde?f rvG,fayguf

ESifhtdr?f 0ifawmfrlyg uvdef uvde?f BudrfBudrfysKdajymvd?kY bBuD;
om;oabmu (apmapm aTOmPf rcsdefrcsdef) rMunfu cspf&uf
ESifh w,ftwJh ewJh uvde?f rtdyfEdkif wvdefvde?f rpm;EdkifysKdyde?f
udkuvdef OD;awmfcsvdkY ESdr/f )
]]uJ .... uJ .... awmfavmufygNyD? om"kAsm ... om"k?
bkef;BuD;vdkY oufa&SMuygap? tJ'DoDcsif;udk pOf;pg;Munfhvdkufawmh
urmavmuBuD;[m wu,fapmifhcg csefMuwJh rvG,faygufEiS fh
tdrfESifh wlayw,f/ avmuBuD;[m tm*raem&arqdkwJh *kPyf k'f
BuD;ESifh jynfhaomaMumif?h vmyg vmyg rMunf&?JY 0g- b,fol&JY
vdkYac:ovdkbJw?Jh 0ifrdjyef&ifvJ ]]0ifawmfrlyg uvdefvdef Budrf
BudrfMunfysKdajymvd}kY }/ tMuifolonf 0ifrdonf jzpfjim;tH?h vGwf
ayguf xGufayguf rjrif&avmufatmifbJw/Jh uvdefqdkwmu
awmh .... uvdefa'goHua&mwDwd uvDurmqdkwJh 0dN*dK[ft&?
r[kwfr[wf vkyfZmwfqifNyD; wGifwGifBuD; tvTwfqlayGMuonfh
oAGwftlawG- ow0gawGudk uvdefBuD;vdkY ac:jcif;bJjzpfw,f/
rpm;Edkif wvdefvde?f raomufEdkif ysKdydefqdkwmuawmh? avmuBuD;
0ifrdwJhaemuf ow0gawGrSm uvdefr?I ayGvDrIwdkYaMumifh aemiftcg
xlajymvSwJh 'kuwGif jrKyfMu epfMuavw,fw/Jh Mum;vm;
wumBuD;/}}
]]rSefvSygbk&m; ..../}}
]]'gvdk w&m;ESifh ,SOfwmaMumif?h a[m'DoDcsif;&JY wefbdk;[m
tbdk;rjzwfEdkifatmif wufoGm;NyD; raMumufrGYH ukodkvfa&;rdkY BudK;
pm;&Sm&wJh wumrrsm;rSm? uJ .... ckcsufjcif; ukodkvaf wG b,f
avmuf yGg;oGm;ovJa[h/ ukodkvfqdkwm ,lwwfr/S ukodkvjf yKMu
&wJh a[m'Du wumrav;wdkYrSmjzifh ypnf;Opm wdk;wuf? Muuf
97
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
oa&wdk;wuf? onfhxufonf ydkrdkvSMuvdkY kyf&nfvJ wdk;wufrSm

bJaemf/ kyfydkvdkY acsmMuawmhom ODyOif;rarhMuygESifhvdkY qdkawmif;
&wmbJ/ tJ- 'gaMumifh ......
"avmau? aumif;jrwfwJhw&m;awG z,fumxm;?

raumif;wJhw&m;awG wG,fwmvdkufpm;? rdkufrSm;vdkufpm;
rdMuygojzifh x,fx,f0g0gorm;awG aqmifhum csdefMu
wJh rvG,fayguftdrfBuD;ESifh tvm;wlayxaom avm
uBuD;xJ? tm*rraem&rm? tm*rraem&rm? vmr,f
vmr,fqdk&if b,furS rvGwf&ygbJ Gwf GwfuRwfuRwf
wtm;cJ? trsm;bJ ESpfoufukefxaomavmrm? qGwf
qGwf jzLauomusaomfvJ oAGwftlraoGyrmPygbJ
ta&Sxm0& txl;taxG csdefMuwmaMumifh ow0gawGrSm
av OD;aTuvdefBuD;ESifh tvm;wlayxaom rEkp? olY
udkvJignm ighudkvJ olnm tcgcgtxl;ajymif;umvdkufcJh
MuwJh ow0gAl;awmif;odkuf qdkwJh vltrsm;wdkYonf? 0g?
&wemt&Sdefa0;MuwJh ow0guvdefuav;wdkYonf tem
*aw? onfb0rSwzef [dkb0odkY ajymif;jyefonf&Sdaomf
'kuoaEm? rpm;EdkifvdkY udk,frSmyde?f udkuvdeftjyif;pGJrd
wmaMumifh qif;&JBuD;a&mufMu&av ed&a,p? olYudkvJ
igru,fEdki?f ighudkvJ olru,fEdkif ESpfoG,fNydKif tNrJNiD;
Mu&wJh i&JBuD;qdkwJh bHkXmeBuD;vnf; edrkOw?d u,fyg
,lyg wpmpmESifh tcgcg b,fvdkyif awmif;yefMuaomf
vJ wajymif;jyefjyef b,fcgrS rvGwfMuygbJ? aMomf-
wu,frcRwf epfjrKyfMuavawmhownf;/
98
ppfawGNrdKUOD;aumova&;onf/
om"k ..... om"k [k rdk;nif;q&mawmf aus;Zl;aMumif?h a,m*D

rrsm;rSm om,mpGm om"kac:wwfMuav\/
OD;ok"Zum; vrdkif;uyfNyD;jzpf&um;? tm0Zef;Tif TifESifh Zmwf
0xKuav;rsm; xnfhcga[maomaMumifh tvGefESpfNcdKufMuav\/
wcsKdU tysKduav;awGu ]]ckyGJp a[mw,fqdkwm ,Hkaygif}} [k
ajymMu\/ w&m;oHk;yGJ aemufxyf xyfa[m&efbdw\ f / w&m;
csnf;a[m&ef avQmufMu\/ aemufqHk; OD;ok"Zonf if;a[m
aom ]]vmygvmyg rMunf&}JY } w&m;wdkYrSm rsm;pGm acwfpm;vm&
um; OD;ok"Zudkyif ]]vmygvmyg rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z}} [k ....
ac:Mu\/ aemuf twdkcsKH; ]]rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z}} [k wGifjyefav
\/
99
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 11 /
r Munf &JY OD; ok " Z udk,f awmf ESifh

t ysKd BuD; r apm GefY
rapmGefYrSm ,yfvSJYw&m;rsm;udk udk,fwdkifwcgrQ a&S;u rem

bl;acs/ om,m0wD OD;an,s,yfv?SJ om"kokNED,yfv?SJ yOoDc
,yfv?SJ te*om&rO&D,yfvSJ ponfh xkd,yfvSJ ,yfvSJwdkYudk
bwf&pOfuyif vGefpGmyif ESpfNcdKuf&um; wcgw&H ,yfvpSJ mtkyf
rsm;udk tBudrfBudrf tjyefjyef bwf\/ wcgw&H oHaeoHxm;ESifh
bwfprf;\/ bwf&onfyif pnf;pdrfwrsKd; awGUcJ\ h / ,ckum;
pmawGUrSm vufawGUjzpfcJ\ h / a&S;u ,yfvSJw&m;rsm;udk bwf&
aomtcg pum;,Ofaus;jcif;? vuFmoGm;acsmjcif;? t"dyg,fvG,f
uljcif;? bwfaumif;jcif;wdkYonf rapmGe\ fY pdwfESifhawGU\/
,ckrl t&omawGtjyif a[mol\ toHom,mjcif;? kyf
oyg,fjcif;? oHaeoHxm; aumif;jcif;? rsufjrif OyrmawGESifh EdIif;
100
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
jcif;? a[monfh udk,fawmfrSm 0rf;enf;&rnfhae&m rsufESmdI;

jcif;? 0rf;om&rnfhae&mrSm rsufESmTifjcif;? a[monfh ZmwfuGuf
ESifhqDavsmfatmif rsufESmxm;wwfjcif;? vltrsm;ESifhpk nDwl nm
wl tm;BudK;rmefwuf w&m;em&jcif;? oabmusvSaomtcg aysmf
aysmfyg;yg; om"kac:&jcif;? w&m;yGJodkY vGwfvGwfvyfvyf aysmf
aysmfyg;yg; oGm;&jcif; ponfwdkYum; .... ]]csKd&m oumavmif;}}
ouJhodkYyif udk,fpmt&omudk q,fqwydk;wdk; t&om&Sdaeap
avonf/ xdktaMumif;rsm;aMumifh rapmGefYrSm ]]rMunf&JY
OD;ok"Z}} w&m;udk ESpfESpfumumBuD; BudKufvSaomfvnf;
bmaMumifh rQ oabmus rQpGJonfudk taMumif;pHk orm&
y&dap'vkyf aowKrcswwf jzpfav\/ olYtwGufum; pum;
wvHk;&S\d / ]]w&m;a[modyfaumif;wmbJ ....}} a&S;u olrjiif;bl;
aom tvkyfwckom&S\ d / aiG&rnfhtvkyfudk olrjiif;/ ,ckwvkyf
wdk;vm;\/ w&m;yGJ&Sdu oGm;emrnfh tvkyfudk olrjiif;/
]]w,fawmfwJh yg&rD&SIifygaybJ/ [if; .... aumif;ayh ....
aumif;ayh tqDtESpfawGcsnfbJ a[mw,f/'dkYrsm;awmh yg&rDenf;
&efaum/ twkvdkufNyD; *gxmudkqdkwmawmifwl wlatmifbJ qdkEdkif
w,fr&Sdbl;/ yg&rDpHkygayw,f/ kyfawmfu oyg,fygbdoeJ?Y 'Dvdk
yg&rD&SifrS rMunfndK&if b,folYudk MunfndKp&m &Sdao;ovJ? 'Dvdk
yg&rD&SifrS rylaZmf rvI'gef;&if b,folYylaZmf vI'gef;rvJ/ uJ ....
ighrSm ypnf;awGvJ onfavmufaygaeu ]]vomwHk; Adkif;iif}h } qdk
wmvdk tvIcHykyk*dKvfjrwf yg&rD&Sif&Sdwkef; vIr,f/ ukefayap ....
oHk;av;q,f bmta&;vJ/ vIr,f ..... vIr,f [k pOf;pm;NyD;
Budrfyufvufukvm;xdkifay:wGif pefYpefYBuD; xdkifjyefav\/ b,f
vdkvI&yghrvJ pdwful;\/
101
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
xdkYaMumifh rMunf&JY OD;ok"Zudk yifhbdwfcg qGrf;auR;\/

OD;aZmwduvnf; twlygvm\/ ouFef;wpHkpD vI\/ tdrfrSm
a&mif;aom vufbufajcmufESifh ykZGefajcmufudk yHk;awGESifhxnfhNyD;
ouFef;yGJab;u &Hvdkufao;\/
]]aMomf ..... vufOD;n OD;yOif;wdkY aTbkef;yGifhbk&m;rSm w&m;
a[mwkef;u n *sif;okyf uyfvSmwm wumrBuD;qDubJaygh}} [k
OD;ok"Zonf 0ufom;[if;udk EdIuf&if; ar;\/
]]wifyghbk&m; .... bkef;awmfBuD;rsm; n*sif;okyfuyfvdkY vlawG
udk *sif;okyfESifh vbuf auR;ygw,fbk&m;}} [k rapmGefYonf
avQmufxm;vdku\ f /
]]om"k .... om"k ... wumrBuD;&,f .... tJh'Dnu *sif;okyf
uav; pm;vdkuf&ayvd?kY tpjzpfaomfvJ toH rSefrSefxGufNyD;
w&m;a[mEdkifayw,f/ 'Dawmh OD;yOif; jzpfjzpfajrmufajrmuf a[m
Edkifwm[m wumrBuD;&JY aus;Zl;rd?kY OD;yOif;&JY yg&rD jznfhayw,f
vdkY aus;Zl;wifvSygw,f}} [k ajymNyD; qGrf;vkyfBuD;udk ypyfwGif;
oGif;vdku\ f /
]]0rf;omvSygw,fbk&m; .... wyJhawmfr *sif;okyf[m t&Sif
bk&m;udk w&m;a[mEdkifatmif vkyfay;w,fqdkwmawmh wyJhawmfr
,HkEdkifaygifyg bk&m;}} [k ajymaomfvnf; rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z\
ygpyfwGif qGrf;awGu rsm;aeonfESifh pum;rqdkEdkif&Sdav\/
twefMumrS bJom;aygif;EdIuf&if; .....
]]aMomf .... 'gxuf wumBuD; wa,mufvJ rjrifygvm;}} [k
[dknu &cdkifwumBuD;u ola|;r [k jyifajymonfudk rSwfr\ d /
rapmGefYrSm tysKdBuD;jzpfonfudk odaomfvnf; rod[efaqmif
ar;av\/
102
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]wyJhawmfr wa,mufxJygbk&m; .... tdrfaxmifvJ rusbl;

yg bk&m;}} [kajymNyD; NyHK;aeonfrSm rsuf&pfr&Sdaom rsufcGHrsm;
onf rsufvHk;uav;rsm;udk zHk;oGm;av\/ qGrf;pm;NyD;aemuf ....
]]awmfygayhAs ..... awmfayh/ wumrBuD;wdkYvdk jynfhpHkwJh yk*dKvf
rsm;&SdayvdkY OD;yOif;wdkY qGrf;aumif;aumif; bkef;ay;&? ouFef;rsm;
&ayw,f .... avmurSm jynfhpHkcJayjcif; ..... vIcsifwJh apwem &Sd
ayw,fvdkY ..... Opmypnf; jynfhpHkOD;rS ypnf;Opma&m? apwema&m
jynhfpHkayr,fh tvIcHyk*dKvfaumif; &SdOD;rS jzpfajrmufEdkifwmuvm;
... 'Dawmh ckxm;wJhapwemudk b,fawmhrS rysufapESifh ... tusKd;
ay; oefygvdrfhr,f ..... vdkw &ygvdrfhr,f ....]]yxrH 'geyg&rD}}
vdkY Ak'0if ygVdawmfBuD;rSm a[mawmfrlw,f ... NyD;awmh
t'EreH'geH/
'geHoAwom"uH/
'gaeeyd,0gpm,/
OErE/d erEdp vdkY a[mawmfrlw,f}} [k ygVdudk rMunf
&JY OD;ok"Zu aumif;pGm Gwfjyav\/
]]wifyg .... ygVdudk wyJhawmf &ygw,fbk&m;}}
]]om"k .... om"k ... b,fu&ovJ avsmufprf;ygtHk;}} [k
NyHK;NyHK;BuD; ar;awmfrlrS .....
]]wifyg .... [dk te*om&rO&D ,yfvSJw&m;xJu &ygw,f
bk&m;}} [k rapmGefYu uGrf;tpfudkuyf&if; avQmufav\/
xdkpum;udk Mum;&aomtcg OD;ok"ZrSm cdk;xkyfcdk;x,fESifh
trdcH&aom olcdk;uJhodkY rsufESmxm; Muyfaeav\/ &Sufwufwuf
jzpfvm\/ odkYaomf rsufESmudk jyif[efaqmifNyD;/
103
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]tif; .... w,fawmf .... w,fawmf? wumrBuD; pmESHYpyfay

w,faemf/ wumrawGxJu wumrBuD;vdk pmayESHYpyfwmvJ rawGY
bl;ygbl; udk,fawmf}} [k OD;aZmwduudk vSrf;ajymjyefav\/
rapmGefYum; xdkcsD;rGrf;pum;udk ylaomrsufESm/ xlaomem; Tifjy
aompdwfjzifh vufcHav\/
]] OD;yOif;wdkYuawmh ygVdawmfrsm;rSm oifcJh& rSwfcJh&wmygbJ/
odkYaomfvJ tJ'Dpmtkyfawmh bwfbl;&J/Y awGUbl;yg&J/Y teufuav;
awmif &ao;w,f}}
]]wynfhawmfrvJ &yg&JYbk&m;/ odkYayrJh ..... tydkif; tqpf
usus toHusus rGwfwwfvdkY emvdkygw,f bk&m;}} [k avQmuf
xm;&m/ OD;ok"ZwGif 0efxkyfBuD; ayghoGm;\/ tpu xdkygVdudkyif
te*om&rO&D teufay;twdkif; ay;rnfBuHae&m/ cdk;,lxm;onf
udk wpGef;wp rdaeojzifh &SufoGm;NyD; ygVdudk teufray;awmhbl;
[kqkH;jzwfc\ Jh / tjcm;enf;jzifhvnf; teufray;wwfaomaMumifh
tBuHMuyfaeqJ pum;udk Mum;&ojzifh tawmfoufom&m
&oGm;&Smav\/
'geH? apwemxufxuf? o'gaumif; vufeufjzifh &uf&uf
a&ma&m? ESajrmrwGe/fY BuJpGefYay;urf;? vI'gef;&jcif;onf t'EreH?
tajymur,Of/ toGifu dkif;dkif;? jrifolwdkif; atmholvdk? acsmhjrL
um ,Ofaus;atmif? enf;ay;TefaMumif;? aq;0g;aumif;BuD;
wckygaywnf;/ 'geH ypnf;udk rcifwG,/f pifMu,fwJh b0ifESvHk;
jzifh TifNyHK;vIMu? jrwf'geonf? oAwom"uH? abmukwfESifh
avmuD? aZmtMunf tusKd;qdkufb?dkY tbdk;xdku?f tbdk;wefawGudk
{uefyif NyD;apEdkifav\/ 'gaee? ,ckaemifcg? oHo&mrSm jrefpGm
tusKd; zGHUNzdK;apaMumif;/ vmbfmaumif; Tifaq;? tvIay;jcif;
aMumifh if;? yD,0gpm,? em;yom'? Mum;umrQjzif?h [',ESvHk;?
104
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
TifNyHK;apaMumif;? cspfbG,faumif;onf? ajymhaysmifnufanm?

ajyacsmaom pum;udk ajymqdkjcif;aMumifh if;? OErE?d olwyg;
tay:? rarmfrarmuf? tvdkvdkajrmuf xGef;awmufay:vGi?f
aysmfTifum xD;tqifhuJho?dkY BuD;jrifh&avuke\
f / erEdp/ tvI
wum? bolyg[k? jrLumtBudKuf/ Twfudkif; vdkufMu&av
ukefawmhownf;/
w&m;NyD;qkH;vQif vIbG,f'gersm;ukd odrf;ydkufawmfrlNyD;vQif
wnf;cdk&mausmif;odkY <ucJhav\/
105
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 12 /
a yg if 'g vd rf ; w ,f ? oD cs ifif ; qdk w ,f ?

rd ef ; r ydk ; w ,f/
pmar;yGJ atmifpm&if;rsm; xGufvmav\/ ]]rSef;csufESifh ESrf;

xGufruGm}} onfhtwdkif; xGef;&SdefrSm oHk;bmomwGif *kPfxl;&
atmifav\/ wuodkvf0ifcGifh &olrsm;wGifvnf; xGef;&Sed fygav
\/ uHum; rvdkwrm EdkifvSacs\/ xGef;&SdefESifh wef;wl rGJolawG
wGif wuodkvf0ifcGifh &olomrsm;\/ atmifwifwdkY az0if;wdkYvdk
Opm ypnf; awmifhwif;olrsm;um; 0ifcGifhr&Mu/ ]]&Sif;&Sif; vif;
vif; &SdoGm;atmif rGJwJhvl wuodkvfrvm&vdkY Oya' xm;ygawmh
vm;}} [k pmar;yGJ;atmifolawGu awG;prSwfxm;Mu\/ xGe;f &Sdef
u tpuwnf;u raeEdkif[k odNyD;jzpf raeEdkifonf rSefaom
tcgvnf;? odyftHhaMom 0rf;enf;jcif; r&Sdv/S a*;Zufukd
wacgufavmuf a&SmufbwfNyD; aemufxyfrMunfhawmh? rdrdemrnf
rSwfvdkufaom ca&yGifhum; taMumif;rxl;awmhNyD/
rdrdatmifrnfudk BudKwif odaeESifh&um;? a&SUa&;udkvnf;
tawmfawG;NyD;jzpf\/ rdrdrSm r[kwfrcHcsifpdwfu &Sdae? trsKd;om;
pdwfuav;u&Sdae? vGwfvyfcsifpdwfu&Sdaeojzif?h kH;jyif uEm;odkY
ruyfv?dk rESpfNrdKUaom pma&;tvkyftwGuf acR;wpufrS rxGufap
vd?k bdeyf wwdkrS ryGef;apvd?k NydKifwlvkaeMuonfh tvkyfvufrJh
ynmwwfuav;awGudk wa'gifESifhwGufNyD; pma&;abmifodkY r0if
vSv/kd xkdYaMumifh aiG&if;uav; tenf;i,fjzifh qdkifi,fuav;
106
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
pwnfv\ dk ? qdkif wnfcif;a&mif;csygu rdrdrSm t&if;rsm;pGm

rwwfEdki/f ukef0,fxm;bdkYuvnf; cufc\ J / odkYaomf jzpfEdkifaom
taMumif;wck&\ Sd / rapmGefYxHrS vbufajcmuf uGrf;oD; iyd i&HY
ajcmuf paomukefrsm;udk ,l a&mif;Edkifayvdrfhrnf/ jynfNrdKU qif
ajczHk;awme,frS xGufaom opfoD; opfESHuav;rsm;udk rdbrsm;
xHrS wqifhaomfif;? rdwfaqGrsm; xHrSaomfif;? ta<u; &Edkifay
vdrfhrnf/ ewfarmufbufqDrS aqmif;cgwGif aumfzDxkyf aumfzDyGifh
rHkvmO rHknif;Guf c&rf;csOfoD; paom [if;oD;[if;Gufrsm;udk &
Edkifayrnf/ olY oli,fcsif;wa,muf\ tazonf O,smOfydkif&Sd
onf/ olY oli,fcsif;\ bcifrSm xGef;&Sdefudk rsm;pGm cspfcifae
avonf/ odkYaMumifh ewfarmufukefrsm;udkvnf; xGef;&Sed f ul;rnf
[k pdwful;rdonf/ 'efY'vGefoD; 'efY'vGef Gufrsm;udkvnf;/ 0ufxD;
uefu OD;bdk;bxHrS &Edkifavrnf/ OD;bdk;brSm a&S;u xGef;&SdefwdkY
ausmif;wGif jymwmvkyfaeonf/ aemuf aiGpkrdNyD;? rdrd GmodkYjyefcg
O,smOfvkyfaeavonf/ jynfNrdKUteD; emrnfBuD;aeaom OD;bdk;cif
NcHrS toD;tESHrsm;udkvnf; &Edkifavonf/ if;rdbrsm;ESifh OD;bdk;cif
NcHydkifrsm;onf rsm;pGm oifhjrwfMuonf/ xdkYaMumifh olYqdkifa&SYwGif
vdarmf a&Smufyef; uRJa*goD; oHyk&m a&SmufoD;rsm;udk yHkxm;onf
udkvnf; xGef;&Sdef jrifa,mifa,mif &SdvSavonf/ xGef;&Sdefonf
rdrdtBuHudk tBudrfBudrf ppfaq;\/ ppfaq;NyD;wdkif; NyD;wdkif;
trSwf yd k ay;vk\ d / pmar;yGJa*ZufxGufNyD; 2- &ufrQMumaomf
rapmGefYxH oGm;av\/
]]atmifr,f .... vmrS vmayao;uG,f waeYu "ruxdu
q&mawmfawG qGrf;auR;wkef;u rifhtac:vTwfxmawmif rvm
bl; bmjzpfaewkef;}} [k rapmGefYu qD;ar;\/
107
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]rvmcsifvdkYbJ cifAsmh "ruxduawGMunfh&wm rsufpd

pyg;arG;pl;vGef;vd}kY } [k ajymNyD; zsmay:wGif xdkiaf v\/ rapmGefY
u vbuf&nftzefxnfhay;&if;/
]][Jhaumifav; *dkPf;oifhukefygvdrfhr,f rawmfwa&mfawG
a&SmufajymaejyefNyD}} [k qdkav\/
]]tdk ..... [kwfxmajymwmbJ [kwfxmajymvdkY *dkPf;oifhNyD;
i&Jusayap uRefawmf raMumufbl; Munfhygvm; bkef;BuD;wefrJh ..
aygif'gawGvl;vd}kY }
]][Jhaumifav; r[kwfygbl; e*dk&fuudk tom;jzLvdkYyguG,/f
BuHBuD;pnf&m ajymawmhr,f?}}
]][kwf Hkrubl; aygif'gvdrf;w,f? oDcsif;qdkw,f? rdef;rydk;
w,f? rsufESml;w,f? aygif'gvdrf;'guawmh dk;aeygNyD? bkef;BuD;
awG .... "ruxduawG vl;wm bm[kwfao;vJ a'gufwmbarmf
a&m *VKefOD;apma&m tukefvHk; aygif'gvl;aeMuwmbJ? odkYayrJh
bkef;BuD;awGuawmh? rmvm*E 0davye qdkwJhyk'fawG aeYpOfoHk;NyD;
aygif'gwdkY tvSqDwdkY vdrf;'g[m oDvusKd;ae'gaygh? rsufESmuvJ
l;vdkufwJh udk,fawmfawG olwdkYrsufvHk;uvJ oHvdkuf"gwf rdae
ovdkb/J [dka&SUem;u tysKdawGqDrSmcsnfh pdkufaew,f/ w&m;awG
*gxmawGudk oDcsif;vdk vkyfqdkaeawmh *gxmay; aw;jzpfqdkwJh
pum; tckrSbJ xifxif&Sm;&Sm; oufaooum,ESifh rSefaew,f?
om,memaysmfbG,f&Sdatmif vltrsm; w&m;emcsifatmif ]]ysm;&nf
ESifh 0rf;csL}} qdkwmvdk vlYtBudKufudk vdkufa[mw,fvdkY qifajcay;
csif ay;csifMur,f/ [kwfygw,f awmfHk wefHk*gxmudk *gxmvdk
Gw?f bk&m;&Sdcdk;udk bk&m;&Sdcdk;vdk omom,m,m MuL;&ifhMu&if/
em;axmifvdkYaumif;NyD; pdwf0ifpm;MurSmaygh/ ckawmh vdkwmxufydk
NyD; qGJvdkuf iifvdkuf bdk;pdefav-atmifarmif;av-&wemjrpfav
108
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
awGESifhqdkawmh w&m;em&if; w&m;xJrSm pdwfr0ifawmhbJESifh awm

NrdKifv,f qdkoHMum;ovdkv?dk rJZmawmifajcoH Mum;&ovdkvdk ae
wmbJ? pdwf[mvJ *DwawGqDudk ajy;awmhwmbJ? w&m;xJ pdwf
b,f0ifEdkifrvJ bkef;BuD;a[mNyD;awmhvJ oDcsif;oHawG Mum;ae&
NyD; yGJMunfhcsifwJhpdwf"gwf pufzGifhNyD;em;axmifcsifwJh pdwfawGom
ay:aygufaew,f/ w&m;ESifh Muav a0;avaygh NyD;awmh ....
]]awmfygawmhuG,?f rif;tawG;ESifh ajymaewmawGyg? wdkYawmh
odyfoabmuswmbJ/ olwdkYa[mwmrsKd;rS em;0ifw,f? em;xJqkyf
oGif;vkdufwmvdkb/J 'gaMumifh 'Dvdkw&m;a[mwwfwJh yk*dKvfawG
udk o'gvGef;vd?kY a[m .... waeYu qGrf;auR;w,f? ouFef;vI
w,f? aiGav;ig;q,fukef vIypfvdkufw,f? rifhudkjrif&atmif ac:
wmrvmbl;}} [k ajymNyD; vbuf&nftzefudk aomufaejyefao;
\/
]]rvmrdwmbJ aumif;ygw,f? awmfawmfMum uRefawmfu
udkY dkYum;,m;awGavQmuf? olwdkYu rajzEdki/f t&Sufawmf&NyD;
trsufawmfyGrSmbJ/ EdkY o'g&if bmvdkY ouFef;omvIovJ/ ,leD
azgif;aowmBuD;awG? aMu;ukwifBuD;awG? jcifaxmifBuD;awG?
ul&Sif wawmifavmufESifh ukvm;xdkifBuD;awG vIygvm;/ NyD;awmh
..... tJ'D[mawGay:rSm ]jynfNrdKUu ola|;r a':apmGeYf aumif;rI}
vdkY a&;xm;Edkifwmaygh/}}
]]awmfawmh .... awmfawmh? rif;ajymrSjzifh abmufcsnfb/J }}
]]abmufr[kwfbl; .... tckumv vkyfaeMuyHkawG ajymwm?
vIvdkufMuwm .... tusKd;wjym;bdk;avmufrQ r&SdwJhenf;awGESifh vI
aeMuw,f? 'D'gersKd;awGaMumifh ArmawG rGJukefMuwm}} [k ajymNyD;
vbuf&nfyef;uefudk toHjrnfoGm;atmif csvdkufav\/
109
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]at;av .... rif;omrvIe?JY rvIcJhvdkYrGJ .... rGJvdkYrvI .... omrGJ

aygh}} [kajymum oufjyif;cs\/ pum;qufrajymcsif jzpfae\/
]][kwfw,f .... r[kwfwJhtvIrsKd;udk vIrJhtpm;awmh &SdorQaiG
awGudk a&xJypfcsvdkufwmu AvHk .... qdk jrnfao;/ uJ ....
ajymprf;ygtHk;? bkef;BuD;awGudk jcifaxmifawGv?I aMu;ukwifawG
vI? uwDygapmifBuD;awG vIawmh bmrsm; tusKd;&SdovJ/ Opm
o,e- r[mo,eqdkwJh oDvudk apmifhae&wJh yk*dKvfawGrmS
'DaMu;ukwifawG? jcifaxmifawG? uwDygapmifawG bmtoHk;us
ovJ/ vlawGu tJh'gawGvIMua&m .... vlawGu o'gxufvdkY vI
&Smw,f? jiif;vdkYraumif;bl;? vI'gef;ol\ apwem rysufygapESifh
qdkNyD; tvIcH&w,fvdkY ypyfuawmh bkef;BuD;awGuajymw,f/ pdwf
xJuawmh OD;BudKif;'kwfjzpfNyD; bkef;BuD;awGu 'DtvIrsKd; r&
&atmif BudK;pm;Muw,f/ bkef;BuD;awGrSm rufarmaeNyD; ukwifudk
Muufoa&cef;rSm ususeexm;NyD; usdef;yga&m/ 0if;ajymifaewJh
ukwifta&mif? tdyuftdyufaewJh ul&Sif&JY pnf;pdr?f uwDygapmif
&JY El;nHhodrfarGUwJh "gwf? jcifaxmif&JY wdwfqdwfvkNH cHKjcif;t&om
awG[ma&mNyD; olawmfaumif;pdwfudk xm;jywdkufMua&m? bkef;BuD;
awGrSm xm;jyawG'gPfudk rcHEdkifawmh ukwifBuD;ay:tdyf&if; wcsKdU
u umr&m*pdwf yGg;rsm;MurSmbJ? pOf;pm;MurSmbJ/ 'Dvdk pnf;pdrf
udkrS wyfrufvmMuw,f/ wPSmqdkwm rdef;rESifh a,musfm;
pyf&Sufwmuav;udkom ac:wmr[kwfbl;As/ 'Dvdk rufarmwm
Zdrf,lcsifwm[mvJ wPSmbJ/ 'Dvkd arGU&mBuD;? uwDygapmifBuD;?
jcifaxmifBuD;ESifh tdyf&wm? ZdrfawGUrI[m &m*&JY tpG,ftyGg;awGbJ
'ghaMumifh eduryg&rDESifh Mumav a0;avjzpfapw,f/ 'Dawmh
aMu;ukwifawG? uwDygawG vIwJhvl[m bkef;BuD;awGudk &m*e,f
wGif; oGwfoGif;ay;&m a&mufw,f/ 'ghaMumifh 'DvlawGvJ tjypf
110
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ruif;bl;/ 'D'gersKd;udk b,fvdkvkyfNyD; taumif;vdkY ajym&rvJ}} [k

ajymNyD; armao;onfESifh vbuf&nfudk wBudKufBudKufjyef\/
rapmGefYvnf; ai;ae\/
]]uJ ..... wck&Sdao;Asm;/ vIw,f wef;w,fqdk&if vkyfvdkuf
MuwJhyumoeawG? Am[D,awG? tvI&SifrSef;odatmif r@myfwdkif
wufMuwmawG aomufaomufvJoGm;wmbJ/ ]]igvIvdkufoa[h
... ,leDazmif;aowmBuD;}} vdkY owif;vTifhvdkufawmh ]][if .. w,f
&ufpufyguvm;a[h ... ,leDazgif; aowmBuD;wJ}h } [k csD;usL;
vdkufMuoHu?dk tvI&Sifu om*kpdkufaew,f/ olvIvdkufwJhypnf
[m bkef;BuD;rSm bmtusKd;&SdoGm;rvJ? b,fvkd tvdkjynfhoGm;rvJ
qdkwmawmh rMunfhbl;/ 'gavmuf vIwmwef;wm[m olrsm;
tcsD;rGrf;cHcsifv?dkY yumoe vdkcsifvdk?Y bk&m;wum tac:cHcsifv?dkY
ausmif;wum tac:cHcsifvdkYbJ r[kwfbl;vm;/ 'DtvIrsKd;
b,fawmfhtoHk;usrvJ/ aiG 300d wefw,fxm;? ckvkyfMuyHu k
emr,feJY yumoeudk aiGoHk;&may;0,f&m a&mufwmaygh/ aiGoHk;&m
trsm;BuD; tusKd;&SdEdkifaomfv?J tvIrwwfawmh oHk;&mbdk;avmuf
emrnfBuD;NyD; oHk;&mbdk;avmuf yumoe jzpfoGm;wmaygh/ tJ'g
rsKd;udk uRefawmf b,fenf;ESifh aumif;w,fajym&rvJ rrGefY&}JY }
[k ar;NyD; em;aejyefrS rapmGefYonf toufopf0ifvmNyD; ]]at;
av .... igem;rvnfbl;bJ xm;yg/ rif;vJ rif;xifovdkaygh/ EdkY
.... rif;tvIu b,fvdkv}J }
]]vIw,f wef;w,fqdkwm[m pGefYBuJwmbJ/ rdrdpGefYBuJrI
aMumifh wbufom; tusKd;&SdoGm;r,f? tvdkjynfhoGm;r,f xifvkdY
pGefYBuJwmbJ/ t*Fvdyfvdkawmh (Sacrifice) vdkYac:w,f/ pGefYBuJwJh
tcgrSm wbufom; rdrdpGefYBuJrIaMumifh b,favmuf ta&;a&muf
oGm;r,fqdkwm y|r pOf;pm;rI vdkw,f/ udk,fpGefYwmudk cHpm;&wJh
111
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ol aMueyfoavmuf udk,fvJ aMueyf&r,f/ 'Dawmh uRefawmfh

oabmu Oyrm ... rD&xm;wwGJrSm vlawGMuyfaewHk; tr,ftkd
BuD;wa,muf vmw,fqdkygawmh? olYrSm xdkifp&mr&SdvdkY &yfae&&if
uRefawmfhae&m z,fay;NyD; olYtxkdifcdkif;? uRefawmfu &yfaewmvJ
'gebJvdkY ,lqw,f/ bkef;BuD;ysHawG yGJvkyfwm[mvJ tifrwefnhH
wJhenf;bJ/ aiGawGodyfNyD; rD;eJY dIUypfw,f/ b,fawmh aumif;Edkif
rvJ/ aiGawGudk wjcm;enf;eJY oHk;ypfygvm;/ rD;eJY UdI ypf&rvm;/
tJh'gaMumifh bkef;BuD;ysHtwGuf aiGvI&if 'DaiG[m ysHawmfrlwJh
bkef;BuD;rSmjzpfjzpf? omoemrSm jzpfjzpf? toHk;0ifap&r,f/ 'g
uRefawmfhoabmt& 'gebJ/ NyD;awmh &Sdao;w,f/ udk,fhypnf
udk,fhtusKd;? udk,fhom;? udk,fhr,m;udk vIw,fqdkwm ou, 'd|d
udk jzwfrIb?J bmvJ .... igtpGJudkjzwfr?I ightpG,ftyGg;jzpfwJh igh
tusKd;? ighr,m;? ighypnfawGudk rufarmjcif;r&S?d wG,fwmjcif;r&S?d
oHa,mZOfrxm;bl; qdkwm[m igtpGJjzwfrIb?J 'Dawmh .... ygVdvdk
awmh ou,'d|dudky,frIvdkY qdkw,f/ 'ghaMumifh tvIrSef tvIppf
udkom vIcsifw,f/ NyD;awmh tvIcHyk*dKvf avQmfawmfawmf nHhwHYwHY
[mawGvJ rvIcsifbl;/ ]]tqdyfyif a&avmif;}} ovdk aer,f/
r[kwfwJh tvIcHawG vIrdawmh olwdkYudk r[kwfwJh b0u ruGJbJ
Mumaer,f/ Oyrm tusifhoDvr&SdwJhyk*dKvf? &SdwJhyk*Kd vfa&m tvIcH
twlw?l &twlwlqdk&if oDvr&SdwmawGu ]][m .... bmxl;vkdYv?J
wdkYcsOfcsOfwl;wl; rl;&ifNyD;a&m}} vdkY wGufw,f/ rdkufaevdkY xrif;
riwfygbl;/ vmbfoyum r,kwfygbl;vkdY ,lqNyD; ydkrdkuf
ydkysufpD; ydktusifh,kwfw,f/ 'gaMumifh vI&if 'Dbkef;BuD; oDvr&Sd
bl;odw,faemf/ a*smif; rvkdcsifbl; rbdwfESi?fh oDv&Sdw,f
xifwmudk aG;bdw/f 'Dawmh oDv&SdwJhyk*dKvfawGvJ tm;&SdMur,f/
twef;tpm; cGJ&r,f/ oDvysufwmawGudk a0;a0;u MuOf&r,f?
112
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
'gbJuRefawmfh'ge? waeYus rrGefYjrifrSmaygh/ tck pum;r[kwf

vm; aemuf tvkyfjzpfatmif vkyfjyr,f}} xGef;&Sdefonf 0rf;om\
rdrdpdwfwGif0efxkyfBuD;wck avsmhoGm;\/ vltrsm;udk ajymrjy&
aomfvnf; wpHkwa,mufudkum; ajymjyvdku\ f / NyHK;ae\/ nm
bufjzifh vbuf&nfyef;uefudk udkifvsuf b,fvufjzifh qHyifudk
yGwfae\/
]]aMomf .... 'gxuf uRefawmfhowif; Mum;NyDvm; rrGe}fY } [k
ar;rS rapmGefYrSm vefYovdkjzpfoGm;um/
]]a[ .... bmvJa[h .... ajymygtHk;}} [k ar;jyef\/
]]uRefawmf pmar;yGJ atmifw,fav}}
]]tif; .... EdkY bmvkyfrvJ? Hk;rSmtvkyfavQmufrvdkYvm; .....}}
]]ravQmufbl; ..... uReftvkyfvJ rvkyfcsifbl;}}
]]rif; rmeawmfawmfBuD;uGJU}}
]][kwfw,f .... q&myDrdk;eif;uawmif vli,fwdkif; rmeBuD;
&r,fwJh 'Dae&mrsKd;rSm rme xm;rSb}J }
]]bmvkyfrvdkYvJ .... Ed}kY }
]]uRefawmf qdkifzGifhr,f/ rrGeYq f Du iyd&,f? vbufajcmuf
&,f? uGrf;oD;&,f? i&HYajcmufa&maygh ,lNyD;a&mif;r,f ....}}
]]a&mif;&Jyghrvm;}}
]]bmvdkY r&JY&rvJ? olrsm; Opmcdk;wmvJ r[kw?f olrsm;vdrfpm;
wmvJ r[kw?f nif;NyD; olrsm;rsuf&nfusrS xrif;pm;&rSmvJ
vkyfwm r[kw?f &SufvJ r&Sufbl;}}
]]aumif;yguG,f .... 'Dvkdqdk&if rrGefYvJ ukeo f ,frdkY odyf
oabmusaygh/ rrGefYqDu &SdorQukefudk ,la&mif;aygh a&mif;NyD;
wvwcg &Sif;wmaygh}}
113
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
xGef;&Sdefonf twkdif;rod 0rf;ajrmufoGm;\/ ]] wuodkvfa[h

.... wuodkvf .... eifhqD igvm&ifvJ uRefuav; b0u uRefBuD;
b0 a&mufEdkif Hk&SdrJhtjyif uRefpdwfydk0ifHkaerSmbJ/ ck- rvmawmh
bl;/ ighukodkvfb?J ighudk,figtm;udk;NyD; BuD;yGg;atmif vkyfjyr,f}}
[k Budrf;0g;av\/
114
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 13 /
OD; Zif; av; odyf r &rf; ESi/fh oD v &Sif av;

udk,f av; vuf 0ef &Sd vm &if/
rMunf&JY OD;ok"ZrS 'ifajyY "ruxdu jzpfvmcJhay\/ ]]yGifhvk

iHktm? y'krm? aomfwma&mifESifhawGU}} qdkouJhodkY emrnfxGu f
wefcdk;BuD;rnfhqJqJ owif;pmrsm;uvnf;? ]] "ruxdu tausmf
q&mawmf OD;ok"Z}} [l "gwfyHkESifhwuG az:jyjcif;jzifh aomfwm
a&mif ay;vdkufav&um;? OD;ok"Z\owif; Mumy'Hkonf tmiHk
zl;yGifh txl;&ifhvmavownf;/
&efukefNrdKU aTTwd*Hk ukef;awmfBuD;vnf; tBudrfBudrf tbef
bef? Munfhjrifwdkif udk;xyfBuD;vnf; oHk;av;Budr?f urmGwf
wyfwGif;ausmifvnf; wBudrf ESpfBudr?f ykZGefawmif a&ausmf
vnf; wcgwav? &efukefwGif ESYHatmif w&m;a[mae&NyD jzpf
ojzifh &efukefNrdKU "ruxduwkdYwGif acgif;pOfu pm&if; twyfcH&
avNyD/
"ruxdu yef;wdkifodkYa&mufatmif if;tm; vHIYaqmfay;vdkuf
aom &nfG,fcsufwckrSm ]]jrm}} ydk; wGifwGifBuD; pGH&efjzpfay&m?
xdk&nfG,fcsufZufBudK;jzifh rdrdudk,fwnf;[laom jrif;udk wGifwGif
om pdkif;aeav\/ ykZGefawmif anmifwef;&yfuGuf qDrS &D;pm;
wa,muf ay:aygufcJhav\/ urmGwfu q&mr tysKdBuD;
115
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
wa,mufESifhvnf; Nidwdwd jzpfaeav\/ ]]tkd ... q&mrBuD;&JY

wynfhrsm;udk bl;oD;EkEk rcl;&bl;/ ig\'l;em\vdkY pmoifwmvdk
a[m'Du rEl;reyf pdrf;qyfqyf vldk;BuD;udkvJ vlrIa&;&m b,faGU
b,fnm? b,fvkdajym b,fvdkq?dk qkxl;yef q&mrBuD;awGYawmh
b,fvdkMunf?h b,fvdkEIwfcGef;acR&r,f qdkwmawGudk oifay;awmf
rlvSJYygtHk; q&mrBuD;&J/Y oifwJhtcgusawmh t aer,f? e aer,f
qdk&if acgif;udkvJ acgufwmaygh}} [k q&mrBuD;qDudk pma&;avh&Sd
\/
]] "ruxdutausmfrdkY wyJhawmfrudk oa&mfwmvm; bk&m;/
]]rdausmif;rif;- a&cif;jy}} wmvdk q&mynmh&Sif ocifwyg;udk
oifvm;- oGefvm; rvkyf0Hhaygifygbk&m;/ tu,fwEK vlrYrI uRrf;
vdkY vlYwrf;udk tajcjyKacsmf&if *kawmf rpdkufygESifhbk&m;/ t&Sif
bk&m; trSm;awmfudk ay,smvuH 0 uGufvdkY csefMunfhygrnf}} [l
aom jyefpmrsKd;udkMunf h NyHK;&onf? yDwdjzpf&onfrSmvnf;
tBudrfBudrf ]]OD;Zif; <uvmawmfrlr,f qdkvdkY aTvnfwdkifazghdk;
usKd;rwwf ajrmfygaomfvJ ay;rvSm awmf&mrSm pdwfawmfpGJvdkY
vrf;vTJrsm; vdkufava&mhvm;vd}kY } paom pmudkbwfNyD; oufjyif;
BuD; cs&onfum; tbefbef/
xdktysKdwdkYum;? &D;pm;rQom a&SYodkYrwufEdki/f tcGifhomatmif
apmifhaecJh&\/ oDv&Sif roDvpm&DESifhum; umrabmif yifv,f
abG avSi,fjzifh GufukefvTifhaeonfwGif uyd, OD;ausmufvHk;
BuD;0ifvmNyD; ....
]]OD;Zif;av; ..... odyfvJ r&rf;ESi/fh oDv&Sifav; udk,fav;
vuf0ef&Sdvm&if urmrD;avmifaer,f}} [k owday;&m ..
]]aMomf .... 'umBuD;u odyfacwfrrSDao;bJudk; ... y#doaEqdk
wm udk,fu aeapcsifrS aewmyg ....}} [k OD;ok"Zu ajz\/
116
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]'gxm;ygtHk; .... udk,fawmh tajcudk trsm;u tuJcyfaeMu

NyD/ awmfawmfvJ &dyfrdMuw,f/ wyJhawmfwdkY q&mawmfBuD;
odoGm;&if ]]tusKd;vdkvdkY anmifa&zsef;? ywfxrf;oif}h } qkdwmvdk
wyJhawmfyg &mZ0wfrI jzpfaerSmbJ/ eJeJawmh qifqifjcifjcifeJY
taqmifawmf ul;yg}}
]] udpr&Sdygbl; wumBuD;&,f .... q&mawmfBuD;vJ t tBuD;
yg/ odrSm r[kwfygbl;}} [k ajymNyD;onfhaemuf &ufrsm;rMumrD
urmrD;avmifav\/
eE0ef q&mawmfBuD;rSm txuftnm csif;awmifrS&vmaom
acG;rwaumif &S\ d / xdkacG;ruav;onf tvGefvSy trsKd;
aumif;\/ xdkacG;rS qif;oufaygufbGm;aom acG;rsKd;aumif;rsm;?
acG;oefYrsm; (0g) acG;jA[Puav;rsm;udk if;\wumudk ay;vdk
ojzifh acG;rudk wjcm;acG;awGESifh r*Fvmraqmifrd&ef BuD;pGmaom
0g,rjzifh apmifha&SmufNyD; 0g;Hkawm ausmif;wdkufrS ]]bl;vfa'gh}}
acG;BuD;ESifh pyfxm;cJhavonf/ xdkacG;rum; acG;bDvl;BuD;\ owd
aMumifh ,cktcg acG;uav;awG arG;cgeD; jzpfaeav\/ xdkacG;r
udk roDvpm&D\ p&yfatmufrSm ususee xm;av\/
wnaomf- wcsufwD;tcsdef q&mawmfonf acG;uav;
awG idko-H acG;rBuD; tloHaMumifh usdef;puf&mrS Edk;av\/ acG;
uav;rsm; arG;bGm;rnfhtcsdefudk &efolcsOf;uyfoHudk em;pGifhae
aom ppfom;uJhodkY tNrJem;axmifaeol jzpf&um; acG;arG;NyD[k
csufjcif; wyftyfodav\/ xdktcg vufESdyf"mwfrD; udkifNyD;
ausmif;atmufodkY tajy;qif;cJhav\/
p&yfay:vnf; ]]b,fu acG;oHawGv}J } [kar;&m ]]acG;rBuD;
arG;NyDxifw,f [J .... [J}} roDvpm&Du ajzvdku\ f / ]]qif;Munfh
&atmif}} [k OD;ok"Zu tqdkoGif;&m ]][ifhtif; rMunfheJY NidrfNidrf
117
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
aeyg}} [k uefYuGu\ f / xdktoHrsm;um; q&mawmfem;wGif;odkY

rxifr&Sm; a&mufvmav\/ q&mawmfonf pum;ajymoHudk
Mum;&aomtcg acG;rqDodkY vufESdyf"mwfrD; xkd;xm;onfudk
cvkyfydwfr\ d / p&yfay:odkY em;pGifhaebd\/ qdwfNidrfoGm;jyef\/
]]bmvdkYvJ oDoD&}JY } [laom toHonf q&mawmf\ wudk,fvk;H udk
acsmufcsm;oGm;ap\/ q&mawmfonf arT;nif;rsm;xvm &ifrSm
vnf; w'dwf'dwf jyif;pGm ckefvmav\/ if;a&SY &Sdaom p&yfeH&H
rSm cGuf0ifoGm;onf[k atmufarh\/ aemuf p&yftrdk; NydKusvm
onfxif\/ aemuf rsufpdukd yGwfMunfhr\ d / if;a&SY roDvpm&D
\ p&yfonf qdyfNidrfpGm wnfae\/ cgwdkif;uJhodkYyif r&rf;yifBuD;
onf rvIyfr&Sm;bJ p&yfay:u tkyfaeav\/ toHudk em;axmif
jyef\ acG;uav;\ toHrsm;udkom Mum;&\/ xkdtcg ]]w,fyI f
wJh acG;oHawGygvm; ....}} [k xifr\ d / rMumrDuyif acG;oHudk
Mum;&aomtcg Tifvef; ESpfodr\ fh / ,ckrl xdkacG;oH onfyif
r*Fvmr&Sdaom toH olYudk zsufqD;aom toHxifjyef\/ ajczsm;
axmufoGm; roDvpm&Dtdyfaom tcef;acgif;&if;qDodkY uyf\/
jywif;ayguf tMum;uav;awGudk uyfNyD; em;axmif\/
]] OD;yOif;oGm;r,faemf}}
]][ifhtif; roGm;eJY aMumufw,f}}
]][m; .... [m; .... a[h ... aMumufw,f}}
]][kwfNyD tppfbJ OD;yOif;wyg; olYtcef;xJ a&mufaeNyD/ bm
vkyfvm&ovJ q&mawmfonf ajczsm;axmufxm;onfudk atmuf
cs idkifoGm;\/ udk,fwqwfqwf wkefvm\/ acG;ruav; vif
aew,f/ yOif;awGESifh nm;w,f? ighrSmjzifh auR;vdkuf& arG;vdkuf&
wm axmufyHhvdkuf&wm igydkifw,f/ oif;vJ igydkifwmodw,f/
[if oDvpm&D&JY eifoufoufrJh rdkufvHk;BuD;wmaygh/}}
118
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]vTwfygoDoD&JY oGm;csifw,f 'DaeY bmvdkYrSef;rodbl; oDoDhqD

udk vmomvm&w,f/ pdwfxJuawmh roGm;ESifh roGm;ESifh eJY owd
&aewmbJ/ odkYayrJh aMomf rvm&if oDoDu rcspfbl;vdkY tjypfwif
rSmaMumifh uJygaemfvTwfyg/}}
q&mawmfum; ajczsm;axmuf em;axmifjyefav\/ olY0rf;
wGif;um;? tonf;a&m ESvHk;a&m o&ufGufa&m ausmufuyf
a&m tla&m tukef wkefaeMu\/ odMua&maygh? oif;awmh owf
ypfr,f? oif'kef;ESifh v,fvSD;r,f? aus;Zl;uef;r? 'DtoH b,folY
toHv?J b,fyOif;vJ? ighudku rSm;w,f? acG;yOif;awG arG;xm;rd
w,f? ighausmif;vJaeao;? oa&ay:tdyf oa&em;pm;? eifb,fol
vJ? rSef; .... em;axmif/
]]vTwfyg .... rvTwfbl;vm; oDoD&}JY }
]]vTwfbl; ....}}
]]uJ ... rvTwfESifhtHk; ....}} qdkNyD; jyif;jypGm toufIoHudk
Mum;&av\/
q&mawmfrSm ausmxJu pdrfhoGm;\? wudk,fvHk; at;usOf
oGm;\? toufI rrSefbJ&Sdav\/ ajcaxmufxm;&onfrSm
anmif;NyDjzpf atmufcsjyef\? ]]uvpf}} ceJ rif;wHk;zGifhoH Mum;&
av\? toufI &yfxm;vdkufr\ d ? ]uvpf} qdkaomtoHrSm ao;
i,faomfvnf; q&mawmfudkum;? rdkCf;csKef;xpfouJhodkY acsmuf
csm; wkefvIyfap\/ aemuf 0kef;ueJ toHMum;&NyD;? bdeyfoH
wzsyfzsyf Mum;&av\/ bdeyfoHonf ausmif;qDodkY oGm;\?
q&mawmfrSm bmvkyf&rnfrod ai;NyD;Munfhaerd\/ aemufrS
owd&NyD;? ]]uJ ... tckvkyf&ifvky?f wckckvky?f aemufrSqdk&if bmrS
rvkyf&awmhbl;}} [k "mwfrD;ESifh xdk;Munfhvkdu\ f / ]][,f OD;ok"Z
119
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
yguvm;? r,m;cdk; vlrdkuf acG;}} [k jrnfwrf;\/ OD;ok"ZrSm

rD;a&mifaMumifh vefYNyD; ausmif;ay:wufajy;\/
q&mawmfonf OD;ok"ZaemufodkY vdkufcsifaomfvnf; olYudk
&efrlxm;cJhrSm aMumuf\/ ajcav;ig;vSrf;rQ vdkufNyD; aemufodkY
qkwfjyef\/ ]][Jh .... oDvpm&D? oDvpm&D xprf;}} [k trdefY&SdNyD;
p&yfay:wufoGm;\/ oDvpm&Dum; ckeifuatmfuwJu bkef;BuD;
rSef; od\/ aMumufae\? wkefcsdaomvufjzifh wHcg;zGiafh y;\?
bkef;awmfBuD;onf bmrS pum;rajymEdkifb?J oDvpm&Dudkom
aMumifawmif Munfhaeav\/
]]eifw,fawmfyguvm;[if .....}} [k qd\ k /
]]u,fawmfrlygbk&m;? csrf;omay;awmfrlyg bkef;bkef;bk&m;}}
[k idkoHESifhajymNyD; roDvpm&Donf q&mawmf\ ajcudk buf
id\k ? ajcudk acgif;ESifhwdkuf\? rsuf&nfaygufrsm;onf q&mawmf
ajczrdk;ay:odkY usvmav\/
]]bmvkyf u,f&rvJ eifrdkufwm ..... acG;r}}
]]rrdkufygbl; bk&m; .... tD; .... tD; .... [D; ... wynfhawmfr
bmom aewmyg bk&m;? bkef;[kef; .... [kef; ... bkef;bkef;udkom
wynfhawmfr cspfwmyg bk&m;}}
q&mawmfonf vufydku f iHkYMunfhNyD;/
]]eif'DvkdESifh nmaewm? eifhbmomae&if bmjzpfvdkY 'Dvdkvm
EdkifovJ? igav- ajcESifhuefvdkuf&}} [kajymNyD; ajcudkraomfvnf;?
roDvpm&Donf ajcudk tNrJbuf? tD; .... tD; .... ESihf id\ k /
]]wyJhawmfrupwm r[kwfygbl;bk&m;? oluvmvmNyD;? [D;
... [D; .... tGefY .... pmay;w,fbk&m;? OD;ausmufv;Hk BuD;uvJ olY
twGuf ajymay;w,fbk&m;? olwdkYESpfa,mufvSJYwmESifh wyJhawmfr
ygoGm;wmyg bk&m;? olwdkYajymwm ,Hkrdwm rSm;wmbJ bk&m;
120
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
bkef;bkef; u,fygbk&m;? csrf;omay;ygbk&m;}} [kajymNyD; csKH;cs

idkjyef\/ q&mawmf\ csKdifh0Srf;aom rsufpdrsm;rSm pdkvmav\/
q&mawmfonf nmvufjzifh oDv&Si\ f uwHk;udk yGwfoyfay;&if;
rsuf&nfaygufBuD;rsm;onf? ta&wGefYaom yg;rsm;ay:odkY vSdr fh
qif;vmav\/
]]uG,f ... igu b,fvdk apmifha&Smufw,fqdkwm od&ufESifh
vkyf&ufavaemf? ighudk tpu ajymygawmhvm;- [if? bkef;bkef;
udk bmvkdY rwdkifovJ[if .... awmuf- bkef;bkef;ydkif ypnf;udkoHk;
wJhvlawGawmh odapr,f? tcJraMubl;? uyd, tpkwftEkwfuvJ
0ifIyfao;w,f/ ightbdk;wef;uav;udk zsufMuw,f? wdwfwdwf
.... ridke?JY oDvpm&D .... ridkeJYav}} [k acsmhrS roDvpm&Donf rsuf
&nfrsm;udk okw\ f /
aemufwaeYwGifum;? OD;ausmufvHk;ESifh rMunfh&JY OD;ok"Zudk
ausmif;rS xkwfav\/ eH&Hrsm;&Sd puLcsyfrsm;wGif (ausmif;ae
&[ef;rsm;onf rmwkumrESifh a0;EkdiforQa0;atmif ae&rnfjzpf
aomaMumif?h p&yf bk&m;&Sifh w&m;awmfwGif rDScdkaeMuaom
oDv&Sifrsm;ESif vHk;0 qufqefjcif;r&Sdap&) [k pma&;xm;av\/
owif;pmrsm;wGifvnf; "ruxdujynfausmf q&mawmf
rMunf&JY OD;ok"Zonf? ow0grsm;tm; &if0,fom;uJhodkY oem;o
jzif?h oHo&m0#frS vGwfajrmuf&mjzpfaom w&m;rsm;udk a[mjy&ef?
wumBuD; OD;ausmufvHk;ESifhtwl c&D;a'opm&D <uawmfrlrnf
jzpfaMumif;ESifh a&;om;yg&Sdavownf;/
121
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 14 /
rdef; r awG udk t wif; zrf; NyD; rk 'drf; usifh Mu o wJh
OD;ok"Zonf jynfNrdKUodkY ukef;aMumif;jzifh qefwuf&m vrf;

wGif&Sdaom NrdKUrsm; w&m;yGJrsm; usif;yavonf/ OD;ausmufvHk;
BuD;um; w&m;emcHtjzpfjzifh rsm;pGm 0w&m; aMu>yefaeav\/
oHk;q,f? om,m0wD? rif;vS? bufyHwef;? BudKUyifaumuf?
ewvif;? aygif;wnfNrdKUwdkY w&m;emy&dwfowf tvGefpnfum;
rsm;ajrmifvSay\/
OD;ok"Zonf odkY awG;rd\/ *gxmGwf&m emrnfausmf
Mum;aom "ruxdu? pum;ajy a[majym&m emrnfausmfaom
"ruxdu? oDcsif;ESifha&mpyf a[m&m emrnf ausmfMum;aom
"ruxdu tp&Sdonfjzifh olYbufESifhol *kPfydkifydkifBuD; pGrf;Mu
aom "ruxduawG ay:vSNyD/ trsKd;om;pdwf <uatmifxnf h
a[maomudk,fawmfawGum; om,m0wD OD;an,srSwyg; &Sm;vS
pGm\/ igonf trsKd;om;pdwf<uaprnfh w&m;awGudk a[mvku d f
acsu? wrsKd;tBudKufawGU igemrnfBuD;rnf/ vlMunfndKrsm;rnf
tvItwef; 0ajymrnf/ odkYaMumifh OD;ok"Zonf BudKUyifaumufNrdKY
0dZ,ukrmZmwf0xKw&m;udk a[mMum;awmfrl&m ..../
]]tif; .... rifysKd rif;vGifuav;[m nif;csifwkdif; nif;?
awcsifwdkif;awNyD;? wdkif;aejynfom;awGudk rsm;rsm;BuD; aESmuf
,SufaeowJ?h NyD;awmh olwyg;xJ apmfum;wmr[kwfbl;/ tabmf
122
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
trsm;ESifhwJh tabmfrsm;uvJ ig;&mawmif&Sdw,f/ 'Dig;&mxJu

vlysKdawmfawGuvJ owduvJaumif;ayh/ rdkufvHk;uvJ BuD;ayh?
&ufpufwJhpdwfuvJ xefvSayh qdkwJhow0gwpkaygh/ tJ ... 'Dawmh
acgif;aqmifvkyfwJh vluvJ vufeuftiftm;? aiGtiftm; rsm;
rsm;BuD; NzHK;oHk;EdkifaywmrdkY pdwfu&Sdoavmuf tBuHajrmufMuwm
aygh ..../ olwdkYwawG[m awmvuf aus;GmawGoGm;NyD; t&yfyGJ
awGudkMunfhMuowJ/h awmoltysKdacsm jzLjymrl&mawG tem;wdk;Mu
aemufuaeqdyfMu? wdkYMu? twif;tMuyf cspfpum;? BudKufpum;
ajymMuwJh t&yfol t&yfom;awGrSm "avhpdkufESifh aysmfaeMu? u
aeMu? oDqdkaewmudk ]]a[h ... atmifyGJodrf;vdkuf rMunfhcsifbl;/
rif;om;u uwm arsmufckefovd}k } bmnmESihfqdkNyD; yGJzsufMu
w,f/ t&yfom;awGu rcHEdkifvdkY &efrlMujyef&if? jyefNyD; vufeuf
ukef tpGrf;jyNyD; &rf;Mujyefw,f/ aoewfESifhypf 'g;ESifh xpfaygh/
NyD;awmh rdef;rawGudk twif;zrf;qD;? t"r rk'drf;usifhMuowJ?h
rajymESifhawmh 'g;ESifh &if0awhNyD; umrudk vk,lMuao;w,f/
wcsKdUGmrsm;rSmawmh xef;a&ESifhNrD;bdkY MuufawG bJawGudk ZGwf
twif; awmif;,lMuw,f? MuufOqdkwmvJ vdkavao;r&Sdatmif
awmol awmifom;awGu qufMu&w,fw/Jh rif;om;ESifh tabmf
taygif;rsm;[m aysmfaMumif;wrsKd;jzpfwJh awmfvdkufjcif; jyKMuwJh
tcg awmGmu vlrsm;udk t&trd ac:,loGm;Muw,f/ awmom;
BuD;awGrSm jrm;xrf;? av;xrf;? om;aumifxrf;aygh/ wcgw&H
vrf;v,frSm THUAGufrsm;awGU&if rif;om;ESifh i,fuRefrsm;udkxrf;NyD;
THUAGufudk ul;&SmMu&owJ}h }
]]wumBuD; OD;ausmufvHk; ...}}
]]bk&m; .... tem;u cpm;vsuf&SdaMumif;yg bk&m; ...}}
]]onfavmuf qdk;0g;npfpkwfwJh rif;rsm; &SdygtHk;rvm;Asm ...}}
123
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]rSefvSyg r&Sd dk;{uef rSefygbk&m; ... ,ckacwf umvrSm

tvGef,Ofaus;vSonfh t*Fvdyf tpdk;&rif;rsm; BuD;MuyfaevdkY
wdkif;awmfjynfawmf om,mvSaMumif;yg bk&m; ....}}
]]tJ r&Sdaybl;Asmh/ 'gaMumifhvJ t*Fvdyfrif; tkyfpdk;jcif;udk
tvkd&SdMuaywmayghaemf ... tJ ... tJ ... 0dZ, ukr&DwdkYqdkwm
#DumzGJU&if ukefEdkifbG,f r&Sdaybl; wumBuD;/ NrdKUBuD; jyBuD;rsm;rSm
awmh ESdyfpufyHku wrsKd;wJ?h olaX; ol<u,fawGukefonfBuD;awGu
olwdkYqDu ypnf; Opmudk acsmufvdkY vSefYvdkY awmif;wmu wrsKd;
ZGwfqGJ,lwmu wzH?k rif;wdkYwawG tvum;ae&if; ydkufqaH yg?
tvum;ae&if; tjrwfawG,laew,f/ igwdkYudk rif;wdkYjrwfwm
awGxJu a0cGJvdkYay;&r,fvdkY ,lwmu wenf;wJhAs/ "jrwdkufvdkY
,lMuao;owJ/h rif;om;qdkawmh atmifhtD;vdkY cHaeMu&wmaygh
av/ NyD;awmh trItcif;&SdvdkY NrdKUol NrdKUom;awG[m w&m;Hk;awmf
rsm; wufcJh&vdkY&Sd&if trItcif;Edkifatmif 0dZ,rif; u,fyg[k
rif;om;udk waxmifrsKd; ESpfaxmifrsKd; vmbfxdk;&oud;k ?
0dZ,ukrm[m 'DaiGawG&NyDqdkrSjzifh w&m;pD&ifrJh 0efBuD;xHoGm;NyD;
]]bdk;bdk; ..... 'DvlYtrIudk tEdkifay;vdkufyg/ usKyfbk&ifjzpfawmh
bdk;bdk;udk aus;Zl;qyfyghr,f}} qdkowJ/h w&m;0efBuD;rsm;vJ
b,frSm jiif;qefEdkifyghrvJ/ rif;om; tvdkawmfus vkyf&wmaygh
av/ rif;uav;udk tydkifpm;ay;xm;awmfrlwJh e,frsm;rSmawmh
omMuyfwmayghav/ awmifol v,fvkyfawGrSm tqrwef tcGef
awG ay;Mu&owJ/h 'DtcGefawGu &orQaiGawGudk 0dZ,ukrmwkdY
vlpk[m tukefjzKef;ypfwmbJw/Jh olwdkYbJ cGJ,lMuw,f? tcGef
aqmif&wJh olawG&JY ynma&;wd?kY usrf;rma&;wd?kY pD;yGg;a&;wdkYawG
udk bmrS*krpdkufbl;wJ/h 'D[mawG[m tcGeftxkyfxJu oHk;bdkY
r[kwfbl;/ eifwdkYusrf;rmcsif&if eifwdkYbmom q&m0efac:Mu?
124
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
aq;HkaqmufMu rac:Edkif raqmufEdkif&if aoMu/ ynmvdck sifMu

eifwdkYbmom&SmMu/ eifwkdY aiGpkMuygvm;? aiGpkNyD; ausmifw,fMu
ygvm;/ eifwdkY vrf;aumif;aumif;eJY oGm;vmcsifMu&if wtdrf
wa,mufqif;NyD; awmckwfMu? vrf;xGifMu? ausmufcif;MuvkdY
rdefYawmfrlowJh wumBuD;&J/Y wcgw&H 0dZ,rif;om; awmodkY
csD<uvQif oGm;awmfrlrJh vrf;awGudk &Sif;Muvif;Mu? ausmufcif;
MuapowJ/h 'Dawmh 0dZ,rif;om;u tJ'DvdkrSaygh/ we,fvk;H 'Dvkd
bJ aumif;Mu&JY r[kwfvm; .... ponfjzifh ar;awmh we,fvHk;
ygbJbk&m;vdkY avQmufMuowJ/h tJ'Dvdk ayghav- awmfawmfbJ
0dZ,&JY qdk;0g;csufuJaewm wp wpawmh crnf;awmf oD[Am[k
rif;BuD;\em;awmf aygufMum;yga&mwJ/h aygufMum;awmh rif;BuD;
u rSL;rwfrsm; ar;awmfrl&m? rSL;awmfrwfawmfawGu rSefvSyg?
Mum;awmfrloavmuf r[kwfygbk&m;/ bk&m;om;awmfonf r[m
aoG; r[mEG,ftppf jzpfygojzifh oDvorm"d reJygaMumif;yg
bk&m;/ oem;*kPm pdwfrsm;udkvnf; arG;jrLygaMumif;yg bk&m;/
EkysKdaom tG,?f aysmfwwfaom tG,f jzpfyg wcgw&H taysmf
MuL;rdonfudk wpdyfwtdwf vkyf aTem;awmfodkY ydkYaqmifjcif;
rSefygonfbk&m;vdkY avQmufxm;awmh rif;BuD;vJ at;oGm;jyefa&m/
aemuf vESpfMumawmh oHyk&moD;vdk ]]BuD;av csOfp&maumif;av}}
jzpfwJh 0dZ,ukrm[m Mumav csOfp&maumif;wJh tvkyfawG
vkyfa&mwJ/h tJ'Dawmh wumvHk;a& ..... }}
]]bk&m; .... [kwfawmh ausmf ykyfawmh ay:ygwJh bk&m;}}
]][kwfav wumBuD;&,f ... raumif; owif; tykyf teHYawG
[m tvGefxGufvmawmh bk&ifBuD;vJ rsm;pGm pdwfESvHk; romr,m
&Sdawmfrlwmaygh/ om;awmfjzpfvdkY cspfawmfrlwmu wzH?k trdkuf
awmfMuL;vdkY 'l;ESifhwdkufvdkufcsifwm wrsKd;udk;As/ crJawmfrsufESmrS
125
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
axmufawmfrrlbl;om;&,f? rdkufavjcif; .... [k [if;ceJ oufr

BuD; csaew,f ..../ om;awmftwGuf vlow0gtrsm;wdkY pD;yGg;
ysuf? tESdyfpufcH&/ tnif;qJcH&? wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m
wu,fbJ tdk;cif;BuD;xJrSm xJhavSmfwmvdk tylESifh awGUaeMu&
w,f? om;ysKd orD;ysKdrsm;vJ ysufpD;Mu/ vif&Sdr,m;rsm;vJ
umr*kPftvkcH&ESifh jzpfaeacsNyDvdkY trsm;aom wdkif;oljynfom;
wdkYtwGuf ylvJyl aqG;vJ aqG;rdw,f? oif;uav; r&Sd&if jynfol
jynfom;awG csrf;omayrSmbJ[k csdefqawmfrlaomfv?J aMomf ....
om;BuD; irdkufBuD; w,fqdk;yguvm;? rif;vdrmyg/ bcrJawmf
om;BuD;ESifh b,fawmhrS rcGJvdkbl;? om;BuD;udk tvdkvdkufcsifw,f?
aTxD;aTeef;udk om;BuD;armif odrf;jref;apvdkw,f .... [k bcif
\ cspfaompdwfjzifh a&vJ a&Gwfrdao;owJ/h 'DvdkeJY .... jynfolY
tusKd;ESifh om;udkcspfjcif; ppfwdkufaeMuw,f/ odkYaomfvJ
oD[Ag[k rif;BuD;[m vlnHhr[kwfbl;/ vlawG&efrlr,fxifvdkY
bcifjzpfwJh jcaoFrif;udkawmif taopD&ifawmf rlao;wJhvl jzpf
w,f/ 'Dawmh toufwckrQjzpfaom om;udk rcspfEdkif? trsm;
ow0gudkom cspfEdkifrnf/ om;udkawmh qdk;ap? trsm; ow0gawG
awmh ysufpD;epfemap qdkwm[m rw&m;bl;vdkY awG;awmNyD;
om;awmfarmifudk taz:taygif;ESifhwuG brf;NyD; uGyfrsufapvdkY
rdefYawmfrlowJh .... wumvHk;/}}
]]bk&m; .... owdrvyfrl wynfhrSwf,lae&if;yg bk&m;?
rdefYawmfrlyg}}
]]aMomf .... ruGmvm; wumBuD;&J?Y trsm;jynfol tusKd;udk
MunfhNyD;? om;awmfwyg;udk om;awmfudk cspfjcif;jzwfvsuf
owfawmfrl&ef pDrHw,f wumBuD;/ avmurSm b,folYudk tcspf
qHk;vJ/}}
126
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]tdrfu r,m;udkygbk&m;}} [k OD;ausmufvHk;u ajzvdkuf&m?

y&dwfowfwdkYonf 0g;ceJY &,fMuav\/
]]atmifrmwumBuD;? b,fwkef;ursm; ZeD;wr,feJY BuD;us,f
aeowkef;Asm/}}
]]rSefvSyg ... b,fwkef;urs r&ao;ygbk&m;}} [k ajz&m 0g;
ceJ &,foH xGufvmav\/
]]tJ .... tJ .... aumif;aumif; ajymygtHk;? avmurSm
b,folYudk tcspfqHk;vJ? udk,fh udk,fuvGJ&ifav/}}
]] OD;yOif;udk tcspfqHk;ygbk&m;}} [k ajymNyD; &,fav&m?
y&dowfrSm pyg;v,fyif avwdk;ovdk vIyf&Sm;um &,farmMuav
\/
OD;ok"Zonf wcpfcpf&,farmNyD; .....
]]jzpfao;ygbl; wumBuD;&,f? uJ .... y&dowfxJu ajzMu
prf;ygtHk;}} [k ar;av\/
]]om;orD;ygbk&m;}} [k y&dodwfxJu xGufvmrS ....
]]tJtJ .... [kwfNyD? rdrduvGJvdkY tcspfqHk;jzpfwJh om;orD;udk
awmif wdkif;usKd; jynfusKd; twGuf pGefYvTwfowfjzwf0HhwJh bk&ifbJ
OD;yOif;wdkYacwfBuD;rSm wdkif;jynftwGuf om;orD;pGefY0HYwJhvl rajym
ESi?fh aiGig;axmifawmif rpGefY0HYMubl; r[kwfvm;/}}
]]rSefvSygbk&m;/}} oHNydKif ay:vmap/
]]ckumvrSmawmh om;orD; ydk;vHkcsnf- ydk;tusajymifajymif
0wf? pdefvufpGyf pdefem;uyf0,f? r,m;ESifh armfawmfum; NydKifpD;
bdkYavmufudkom ta&;wBuD; xm;aeMuw,f/ wdkif;jynfawmh
bmjzpfjzpfqdkwJh acgif;aqmifawGom aygaewmudk;aemf/ aMomf ....
'gaMumifh 'DvkduRefb0ESifh aeMu&wmaygh/ tJ'gaMumifh wum
vHk;a& .... }}
127
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]bk&m; ..... w&m; "rpuf? trsm;twGu?f Mum;rxGuf&

atmif? tm;wuf a[mawmfrlygbk&m; ....}}
]]tJ'gaMumifh pum;tvsOf;oifhwJhtcg ,ck <uvmMuwJh
wum wumrrsm;onf om;orD;ESifh r,m;ZeD;awGudkyif pGeYEf dkif
ypfEdkif trsm;tusKd;eJY xdcdkufvm&if b0ifESpfjcrf; jzef;jzef;uGJ;ap
awmhvdkY BudK;pm;aqmifGufrJh tmZmenfrsm;udk arQmfvifhawmifhw
Mu&r,faemf .... }} ponfh EdkifiHa&;w&m;rsm;udk xnfhoGif; a[m
awmfrlrdavonf/ tjcm;NrdKUrsm;odkY oGm;a&mufaomtcg pHkaxmuf
rsm;onf OD;ok"Zudk,fawmfaemufodkY vdkufMuuke\ f / orm"d
NrdKU0efqdkol wOD;u ]]udk,fawmf r*fzdkw&m;udkom a[mwmr[kwf
bl;? t&Sif tpdk;&rif;wdkY rBudKufwJh pum;rsKd;awG rxnfhESifh
udk,fawmf? awmfawmfMum axmifusaeygtHk;r,f? t&Sifbk&m;u
0HomEkw&m;awG? tpdk;&ykwfcwfwJh w&m;awGudk a[mae&if ck-
t&Sifbk&m;udk udk;uG,faewJh rif;buf pdk;bufu t&m&SdawGuvJ
t&Sifbk&m;udk udk;uG,f0HYawmhrSm r[kwfbl;/ t&Sifbk&m;rSm wum
'ureJY vmbfoyum eJaerSmaygh}} [k vma&muf owday;aom
tcg OD;ok"Zonf vGefpGm aMumufGHUvmav\/ xdkYaMumifh
tjcm;NrdKUrsm;wGif 0dZ,ukrmZmwfudk &yfpJxm;av\/
BudKUyifaumufNrdKUrS xGufc
Jh rif;vSNrdKU w&m;wyGJ a[m&
jyefavonf/ rif;vSNrdKUu "ruxdu q&mawmfuav;tm;
u&0dwfazgif trnf&atmif puLukvm;aTwdkYjzifh rGrf;rHxm;aom
armfawmfum; pnfawmfBuD;rsm;ESifh BudKqdkMu\/ q&mawmftm;
BudKqdkonfhaeYu q&mawmfpD;awmfrlonfh u&0dwfazmifay:wGif
vdkufygEdkif&ef ae&mvkMuav&m ig;yGifhqdkiftzGJY0if OD;ausmfESifh
ig;yGifhqdkiftzGJU0ifyifjzpfaom OD;azarmifwkdYonf &efjzpfMuav
onf/ xdkaeYrSp rif;vSNrdKU ig;yGifhqdkiftzGJUrS xGufcJhNyD;vQif
128
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
OD;azarmifonf ig;yGifhqdkifudk qJav\// a'gufwmAarmf tzGJU0if

trwfavmif; OD;vSum; w&m;yGJusifhy&m a&waumif;udkukid f
a&pufcscGifh&&ef rsm;pGm BudK;pmvsuf &Sdav\/ rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z
rSm u&0dwfazgifay:wGif rwkefrvIyf ausmufkyfBuD;uJhodkY vdkufyg
cJh&aomfvnf;}} igum; tmumhig? a&S;bkef; a&S;uHaMumifh 'Dvdk
tylaZmf tyocHae&wm? [dkrSmMunfhprf; vlawGwef;NyD; ighudkzl;ae
Muw,f/ [dkbuftdrf jywif;aygufuvJ taumifr acsmacsm
uav;awG ighudkzl;ajrmfum aeMuyguvm;/ atmifrm [dkoli,fr
u w,fuJyguvm;? 0if;x&Hay:awmif wufNyD; Munfhaeyg
uvm;/ aMomf 'gvJ ighbkef;aygh ig- igedwfwJhigponfjzifh
awG;&if; tonf;ESvHk;rsm;rSm vIyf&Sm;x<u aeav\/ rifvSNrdKU
BuD;us,fcrf;em;aom ukvm;aT? aiGrif aTrif ponfwjdkY zifh
NyD;tyfaom w&m;yvifxuf xdkifawmrlNyD; ]]'getusKd;
rdkCf;odkYapG}} qdkaom w&m;bdvyf&nfawGudk wajzmif;ajzmifazguf
trsm;udk aomufapavonf/
xdkrSwzef aygif;wnfodkY qefwufcJhav&m OD;ok"Zonf
tBudKawmf qdkufEdk;Edk;jzifh ajrmfudk;cJh&if; rif;vSrS wumwOD;\
um;jzifh vmcJhay\/ aygif;wnfNrdKUqDrS um;wpD;vm&if ]]a[m ...
vmNyDxifw,f}} [k vnfwefudkqef Y Munfhvif\ h / tem;rS
0D;ueJ jzwfoGm;rS r[kwfrSef;od&ojzifh vnfwefwdkNyD; idkifoGm;jyef
\/ um;vmwdkif; vmwdkif; tBudKtqdkawG xifr\ d / odkYESifh NrdKU
xJodkYa&mufaomtcg ratmifhEdkifbJ ]]w,fdkif;wJh aumifawG vm
BudK&rSef; rodbl;}} [k NiD;awmfr\l /
w&m;a[m&aomtcgrSmvnf; yvifryg? rsufESmcsufryg?
uefawmhyGJryg? csmwmwm jzpfae&um;? OD;ok"ZrSm ,rf;yHkrD;yGm;
usouJhodkY a'gorD; awmufaeav\/ a&SY pm;yGJwck&Sd\? if;
129
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
xdkif&efum; Budrfukvm;xdkifBuD; jzpf\/ae&mwumwGif rif;vSNrdKU

ESifh uGmonfudk awGUae&av\/ aemuf ]]ighudk wrifoufouf
apmuf&SufcGJwm xifw,f/ bmrS tyltaZmfr&S?d tdktaor&S?d
MunfhyAsm .... awmfatmifa&mfatmif w&m;yGJvkyfxm;w,f? b,f
rvJ w&m; yvi}f } [k awG;av &Sufav .... a'gyGavjzpf&um; ..?
ra[mawmhbl;[k xdkif&mrS xoGm;av\/
xdkwGifrS wumBuD;rsm;u if;wnf;cdk&mausmif;odkY vdku f
ar;jref;Mu&m? ]]wumBuD;wdkY ... wumBuD;wdkYNrdKUum; t*g&0 BuD;
vSw,f? ylZmp ylZae,smeHvJ rodMubl; ....? OD;yOif;w&m;ESifh
wumBuD;wdkYESifh rwef[kxifNyD; jyefcJhw,f}} [k ajymvTwfrS wum
BuD;rsm;onf rsm;pGmawmif;yefNyD; yifhcJh&\/ ]][dk .... rif;vSNrdKU
uawmh ,Ofaus;Muygayw,f ....? o'gw&m; rsm;Muygayw,f/
w&m;awmfudk dkao&rSef; .... odMuygayw,f ..../ w&m;
r@yfBuD;rsm; .... [def;aeatmif aqmufvdkY ...? w&m;yvifqdkwm
vJ .... w&mwef ESpf&mwef NyD;awmh OD;yOif;wdkY vmr,fqdk&ifbJ
tBudKtqdkawG .... pnfawmfawGESifh odkufodkufNrdKufNrdKuf &Sdygay
w,f/ &yf Gm&Sd tm;vHk;aom wum wumrrsm;vJ nDnDnmnm
ESifh OD;yOif;a[morQudk aomwqifbdkY vmMuayw,f? wumvHk;
a& .....
]]bk&m; .....}} [k OD;ausmufvHk;u us,fpGmxl;\/
]]wdkY 'Du wum wumrrsm;ESifh ruGmvm;uG,f ...? odkYayr,fh
rodrvdrfrmMuvdkY *g&0vpf[if;wmudk OD;yOif;wdkYu onf;rcHMu
r,fqdk&if rSm;awmhr,f r[kwfvm;/ &Sdapawmh? trSm;udk aemuf
xyf rrSm;MuapbdkYom wdkufwGef;&wmbJ? tpuawmh aMomf .....
rdkufMuvSacsuvm;? dkif;MuvSacsuvm;vdkY ukPma'gaom jzpf
130
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
NyD; ra[mawmhbl;vdkYawmif pdwfrSmBuHrdw,f? 'gbmaMumifhvJ

wumvHk;&J}Y }
]]rSefvSyg .... aygif;wnfol .... aygif;wnfom;rsm; tay:
arwm"mwf BuD;rm;vGef;tm;BuD;vdkY tcspfBuD; trsufBuD;qdkovdk
ukPm a'gaomawGyg bk&m; ..... }}
]]tJ .... tJ ... OD;yOif;wdkY0w&m;udk aMu>yefatmif a[mMupdkY
.......}}
tpcsDNyD; w&m;udk qufvufcg a[mae&aomfvnf; dkif;jy
aom y&dowfudk aMueyfawmfrrlay/
131
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 15 /
c yf acsm acsm &Sd &m w um r a v ; rsm ; b uf odkY

pl; pdk uf Mu nfh awmf rl \/
tcsdefrSm ig;em&DrQom &Sdao;aomfvnf; aumif;uifjyif

tvHk;onf ae0ifqnf;psmtcsdefwGif jrif&aom awmifpG,f awmif
wef;wdkYuJhodkY ndKUrIdif; tHkYqdkif; aeav\/ jzLrGJrGJta&mif&Sdaom
rdkCf;wdrfrkdCf;om;wdkYonf tmumcif yifv,fBuD; Gufwdku f
oGm;aeMu\/ aerif;BuD;um; w&yfwaus;odkY xGufcGgoGm;&aom
&D;pm;o,fonf cspfoluav;tm; EIwfqufcGifhr&&Smovdk urm
ol urmom;wdkYtm; rsufESmxm;csKdcsKdjzifh aemufuRef;ndK a*g&modkY
r,Gef;cif? EIwfcGef;yif qdkygvdkaomfvnf; xdkrdkCf;wdrf aESmuf,Suf
ojzifh atmifhoufoufjzifh 0if&&Smawmh\/ ajrmufavajyuav;
onf avmu"gwfBuD;udk xdyg;&dyg;ESifh upm;wdk;a0SYvm\/
xdktcsdefum; trsm;twGuf vGrf;bdkYaqG;bdkY tcsdefjzpf\/
rapmGefYtwGufum; xlaomEIwfcrf;rsm;udk plapaom tcsdef rsuf
&pf tuGyfr&Sdaom rsufvHk;rsm;wdkYonf a'gorD;jzifh tvQHxGufap
aomtcsde?f yef;uefuGJudk ZGef;usKd;jzifh wD;aomtoH\ om,m
jcif;jzifh wufacgufapaom tcsdefjzpfay\/ rapmGefYonf
vGefpGm a'gojzpfae\/ ]]awmuf .... apmufrdkCf; zsufawmhr,f}}
[k [D;csNyD; rmefvsuf&Sdav\/ ]] Gmapcsifwkef;uawmh rGmbl;/
ck .... rGmapcsifawmhrS Gmw,f/ rdkCf;avmuf tGJUwdkufwm rdkCf;
132
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
bJ&Sdw,f/ [dkwaeYwkef;u tdkufvGef;vdkY Gmawmfrlyg rdkCf;rif;&,f

qdkawmh rdkCf;rif;b,frsm; tavvdkufw,f rodbl;/ ckawmh
w&m;yGJ&Sdygw,f/ EdkifiHausmfa[mrJh w&m;yg? rdkCf;rzsufygESifhvdkY
qdkawmh? Gmawmhrvkd Ncdrf;acsmufaew,f/ w&m;yGJrdkY zsufwmvm;}}
[k awG;&if; rdrda&SU&Sd zsmuav;udk vdyfovdk rdkCf;wdrfawGudk vdyf
NyD; ab;axmifxm;vdkay\/
]] rrGefY rdkCf;awGGmr,f/ w&m;yGJ roGm;ygESifhawmh}} [k
tapcHruav; zGm;oifu awmif;yefvQif ..../
]]tdk ..... nnf;uvJ 'DrSm jyifqifNyD;NyD/ roGm;bJaeEdkifygh
rvm;}} [k aigufqyfqyfajymNyD; rdrd0wfxm;onfh ydk;wGefYvHkcsnf
udk pGefawmifqGJjyav\/
ajcmufem&Dxdk; tdrfrSxGufaomtcgvnf; tdrfa&SYu
OD;rQm;u ....
]]b,fhES,f rapmGefY .. rdkCf;Gmr,fxifw,f/ oGm;tHk;rvm;}}
[k ar;av&m ....
]] GmvJ Gmayghq&m&,f/ rdkCfu w&m;emcsifwJh apwemudk
prf;wmxifyg&J/Y NyD;awmh ..... waeYvHk; tvkyfawGvkyfvdkY armyef;
aewkef;? 'D"ruxdu udk,fawmfuav;w&m;udk Mum;vdkuf&&if
tarmudk ajyoGm;wmbJ .....}} [k rapmGefYu jyefajymav\/
OD;rQm;rSm tHhtm;oifh om aeav\/
w&m; "rmHkum; rdkCf;vHkaom ae&mudk aG;cs,fxm;av\/
toHcsJUpufBuD;vnf; wyfxm;\/ yvifBuD;vnf; jrifhvSpGm
wnfxm;Mu\/
]]wumvHk;a& .... }}
]]bk&m; ..... a[morQ w&m;pOfudk aomw em;qifvsuf
ygbk&m;}} [k OD;ausmufvHk;BuD;u vuftkyfcsD avQmuf\/
133
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]aMomf ..... &mZ0ifwvTm;rSmjzifh xif&Sm;cJhwhJ oa&acw&m

NrdKUawmfBuD;[m OD;yOif;wdkY&JY aus;Zl;&SifBuD;tppf jzpfayw,f/
a[m'D NrdKUawmfBuD;rSmbJ w&m;tpudk trsm;rwaomfvnf; tyg;
r0w0ESifhb?J t&JpGefYa[mcJhw,f/ NrdKUawmfol NrdKUawmfom;rsm;u
OD;yOif;udk ukPmouf0ifMuygojzifh tm;ay;vm; csD;ajrmuf
vm; vkyfMuawmh? ckaecgrSmawmh jynfNrdKUrSmpdkufwJh "ruxdu
tyifBuD;[m yGg;rsm; pnfum;vmNyD;[mrd?kY jynfNrdKU[m OD;yOif;&JY
tBuD;qHk; aus;Zl;SifBuD;aygh/ aMomf .... jynfNrdKU jynfNrdKU? toa&
BudKUwJh NrdKUayudk;/ tJ'Dvdk aus;Zl;awGaMumifhvJb?J jynfNrdKUawmfol
jynfNrdKYawmfom;rsm;onf usrf;rmMuygap? csrf;omMuygap?
BuD;yGg;Muygap qdkwm? a&mufav&m&m t&yfu OD;yOif;wdkYu
arwm 0g,mvuf "gwfrsm; ydkYcJhw,f r[kwfvm; wumBuD;&JY ...}}
]]ydkYcJY dk;{uefyg bk&m;}}
]]tEdkY uvdk arwm0dkif,mvuf"gwfudk ydkYjyefawmh jynfNrdKU
awmfol jynfNrdKUawmfomrsm;uvJ OD;yOif;udk a&S;uxuf tqyGg;
arwm tm;oefMuw,faemf/ oefMuwJh twdkif; a[m- tm;ay;
csD;jrifhMuw,f/ vma&mufBudKqdkNyD tifrwef ESvHk;arGUbG,faumif;
wJh ausmif;rSm wJ&ayw,f ..../ w&m;"rmHkBuD;uvJ rdkCf;vHk av
vHkbJaemf/ 'Davmufaumif;wJ "rmHkBuD; wcgrS rawGUcJhao;bl;/
a[m- toHcsJUpufBuD;rsm;uvJ wyfay;vdkufao;w,f/ awmfMu
ygayw,f/ o'gxufMuygayw,f/ o'gt[kefaMumifh jA[mbHk
udk a&mufMurSmaygh/ vma&mufcsD;jrifhMuwJh y&dowfuvJ w,fvdkY
yif tm;BuD;vSyguvm; wumvHk;a& ..... }}
]]bk&m; .....}}
]]y&dowfBuD; b,favmufrsm; OD;a&&SdyghrvJ .....}}
134
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
OD;ausmufvHk;onf ykwD;BuD;udk vufuudkif&if; y&dowfbuf

odkY vSn fh rwfwwf&yfav\/ aemuf ....
]]rSefvSyg ..... tif;pdefaxmifawmif qefYrnf rxifygbk&m;}}
[k cefYrSef;csufay;vdkuf&m? 0g;ueJY &,foH ay:vmav\/
]]wumBuD;? w,fNyD; pum;roHk;wwfyguvm; ..... tJ-
w,fBuD;wJh y&dowfb/J [dv k rf;rSm w&m;a[mcJhwkef;uawmh?
BudKUyifaumufwdkY rif;vSwdkYrSmawmh awmfawmfbJ pnfum;vdkY
w&m;udk dkao? oHCmudk dkao&rSef; odMu&JY ... / [d-k aygif;wnf
qdkwJhNrdKUuawmh tif;- odyfNyD;r[efvSbl;/ tJ'gaMumifh ,ck
jynfNrdKUawmfBuD;udkjzifh tenf;enf;ESifh aus;Zl;qyfr,fvdkY &nfG,f
dk;7if; ESvHk;oGif;&ufygbJ/ jynfNrdKUol jynfNrdKUom;awG w&m;"r
awGudk tom;ususESifh em&NyD;? tm;&& usifhBuHvdkY edAmefayguf
Mur,f qdk&if yOif;&ifuGJvdkY OD;yOif;&if ESpfjcrf; jzef;jzef;uGJ
apawmh/ a[mr,f ajymr,f armw,fvdkY Mum;rzsufbJ ig;&uf
wdwda[mr,f}} [k rdefYawmfrlav&m? y&dowfBuD;onf om"k-
om"kESifh y|em jyKMuav\/ ]]tif; .... 'D w&m;a[m q&mrS
wdkYjynfNrdKUudk cspfwJh w&m;a[mq&m/ wdkYNrdKUtusKd;udk aqmifGufrJh
ukd,fawmfbJ .... }} [k y&dowfpdwf jzpfay:Muuke\ f / rMunf&JY
OD;ok"Zonf .....
]]jynfNrdKUawmfol jynfNrdKUawmfom;rsm;[m o'gw&m;vJ
xufoefMuvSygay&J/Y [dk ouFef;vIvdkufwJh ola|;remr,f b,f
olwJhAs ....}} [k ar;onfwGif rapmGefYonf q&mawmfukd
pdkufMunf\ h / rsufESmrSm aoG;ylawG wufvm\/ OD;ausmufvHk;u
]] rapmGefYwJhbk&m;}} [k avQmufvdkufrS .....
]]tJ ola|;r NyDNyD o'gw&m;ujzifh xufvSygayw,f .... NyD;
awmh ,dk;',m;wef;u ,leDazgif;aowmvIwJh OD;jrxGef;wd?kY tJ
135
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
aq;vdyfrsm;vIwJh cifjr&SdefwdkY vrf;rawmfu BuHa&aeYpOfuyfwJh

BuHa&qdkif&Sif ocifpdk;wd?kY aps;BuD;xJu y&du&mvIwJh a':axG;wdkY
ayghav/ trsm;BuD;ygbJ ..... tJ'D yk*dKvfrsm;ESifhwuG rsm;pGmaom
'ge&Sifrsm;aMumifhvJ jynfNrdKU[m tvItwef; &ufa&mw,fvdkY
emr,f&wmaygh}} [k a[majymrnfh w&m;udk,\ f a&SUu w&m;
tysKdawmf? w&m;ewfuawmf kyfuav;awGudk ujyav\/
y&dowfrSm rsm;pGm oavmusonfhjyif? OD;yOif;onf if;wdkY
\tusKd;udk tu,fvdkvm;ol[k ,lqMuuke\ f / aq;vdyfonf
OD;ygum; ]]aumif;w,f ..... aq;vdyf igvJvItHk;rSb/J vI&ifigvJ
emrnfBuD;r,f? ighaq;vdyfvJ aMumfjim&r,f/ ukodkvfvJ&r,f ..}}
[k awG;rd eufjzef aq;vdyfwaxmifvI&ef qHk;jzwfav\? olYvdk
qHk;jzwfolawGum; tvGefyifrsm;vS\/
a[maom w&m;um; (ig;yGifhqdkifw&m;) jzpf\/
]]ig;yGifhqdkifqdkvdkY EdkifiHa&;w&m;rsm;vdkY xifMuvdrfhr,f/
OD;baz&,f? OD;armifBuD;&,f? OD;bOD;&,f? OD;bpD&,f? OD;baT
&,fvdkYqdkwJh tmZmenfacgif;aqmifawG aumif;atmifvdkY aygif;Mu
wJh ighyGifhqdkif 0g'udk a&SUaevdkufNyD; axmufcHa[majymr,fvdkY
awG;oluvJ awG;ayvdrfhr,f ..... / y'dkif;yGifh&,f? wrmyGifh&,f?
aygufyef;jzLyGifh&,f? uswf&SmyGifh&,f? acgif&rf;yGifh&,f? aygif;xm;
wJh ighyGifhqdkifw&m;udkbJa[mr,fvdkY ,lqolu ,lqESihaf yrSmaygh/
odkYaomfvJ OD;yOif; a[majymrSmuawmh ......
Oa'gif;&ifvm;? om;vSD;"g;od?kY tzsm;aumhwGe?fY jzefYaomfvGefY
wuf? rnfeufausmvS? auompom;? rHot|d? q0d 0,? uvsm
P[k? rQtjym;? tifig;yg;ESifh [k ..... bl&d'wf Zmwfaygif;ysKdU
upum;vdk .....
136
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
1. &Snfvsm;NyD; omvSD;"g;vdk tzsm;aumhaewJh qHyifw/Jh

om;vSD;"g;vdk tzsm;aumhw,fqdkawmh OD;Zif;wdkY Armrsm;
rSm om;vSD;"g;aumhaewm r&Sdawmh t"dyg,fudk a&muf
atmif r,lEdkifaybl;/ 'Dpum;awGu ukvm;jynfu
jrefrmjynfa&mufvmwJh brf;pum;awGjzpfawmh ukvm;
OyrmawG ygwmaygh .... / ukvm;rsm; oHk;wJh"g;[m
aumhNyD;aew,f/ ArmrSmawmh "g;armufqdkwJh"g;?
xef;oD;csKdifwJh"g;/ avQmfoyfwJh "g;ESifh wlwmaygh/
2. r[mavSum;yGifhvdk aTaomtom;? (0g) 0gaomtom;
wJ/h odkYr[kwf MumndKyGifhuJhodkY ndKaomtom;wJ/h 0ufjcif
(NcH) rSJY ayG; wif;wdwf pwJh temtqmawGvJ eJ&r,fwJ/h
tJ'Dvkd tom;\ aumif;jcif;wJ/h
3. ta&\aumif;jcif;wJ/h vufz0g; EIwfcrf;wdkY[m csdyf&nf
[oFjy'g;vdk eDae&r,fw/Jh ckumvawmh reDolu eDcsif
Muawmh taemufEdkifiHtwk,lNyD; aq;eDqdk;MuwmrdkY twk
ESifh tppfcGJrjzpfbl;aygh/
4. vufqpf ajcqpfawG[m tzktxpfr&Sd nDGwf&r,fw/Jh
oGm;[mvJ jzLae&rwJ/h 'grS tdk;\aumif;jcif;wJ/h
5. om;wusdyfyif zGm;jrifaomfvJ wa,mufrdcifvdk tG,f&Sd
jcif;u tG,\ f aumif;jcif;wJ/h
xdkodkY aumif;jcif;ig;jzmudk a[mawmfrlpOf wd,*dkPf;0if

w&m;&SifwdkYonf rdrdwdkYtdrfrS rSefrsm;udk ajy; owd&Mu\/
qHyifudk prf;oluprf;rd\/ tusvufudk tay:jrifhwifum rdrd
tom;udk jyefMunfholu MunfhMu\/ rsufESmudk vufdI;jzifh
yGwfprf;olu prf;\/ cufz0g;jzefYum uodkPf;Iolu I\/
137
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
vufqpfuav;awG axmif ppfolu ppf\/ vif&&if igb,f

vdk tG,fwifrvJ[k rdrdudk,fudk ar;olu ar;Mu\/ abmaEm?
yk&dotaygif; olawmfaumif;wdkYwGif um;? rdef;rrsm; bufodkY
Munfhol MunfhMu\/ udk,fhtqufrsm;udk aumif;jcif;ig;jzm
rSwfausmufwGif yGwfMunfholu MunfhMu\/ tcsKdUvlBuD;rsm;um;
.... ]]igvcGD; .... wdkYtdrfu aumifrrsm; uav;wa,muf&Sdao;?
jzpfaevdkufwm}} [k NiD;Mu\/
tJ'Dvkd aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESifh jynfhpHkwJho/l ]],Ofrl&mi,f?
olZmewfavm? jrifolarmvd?kY EG,fausmhEkysKd? c&mydki,f? wmvdkrsm;
obif IUwdkif;om,Ofawmh? ig;tifausmhpHknDi,f? 'kreDawmhwyg;
[mrd?kY jcm;vSw,fav; .... }} qkdwJh vGrf;jcif;pum;vdk t*Fgig;yg;
ESifh &uf&ufpufpufvSwJh oli,fruav;taMumif; a[m&vdrhf
r,f/ a[mjyrJh oli,fr[m b,favmufrsm; vSygovJqdkawmh ...
eef;&Hw&m yPmc? ref;rEv aAG&dyfp?H pef;pE& aiGAdrmefv?dk
yifaTxdyfyef ,Ofrsm;yef;/ wkefqef;auavsmh wausmhrSefi,f?
ra[mhoufESH awmfav;tr&mhjirf;/ uydkY udkY olYtrli,f? ZALU
rwl NydKifolvQrf;? trlY trlvdIifMuLyef;od?kY qef;qdkorQ acgifxdyf
acgif/ Iav,Ofav jrifolai;? cifav;cifcif?h ,Ofav; ,Of,OfY
,OfwwfygwJhaemif/ yef;csDIH;wJh awmhbkef;acgifi,f? wausmhxHk;
aESmif? auoDavsmhESi?fh oHk;axmifxGmausmfh avsmhaTaucdki?f ydwkef;
rifGefYqdki/f pHyHk&Sm;wJh odMum;rdIifi,f? oem;ydkifydkif cHprf;csifvS
av; ......
[laom aw;xyfudk GwfzwfoZ,f NyD;onf\ tqHk;
tm;vHk;aom wumrwpkwdkYonf om"k ... om"kESifh ac:Muav
\
138
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
OD;ok"Zonf aMumifonf ckwftyfNyD;aom <uufudk Munfh

ovdk cwfacsmacsm&Sd&m wumruav;rsm;bufodkY pl;pdku f
Munfhawmfr\ l / q&mawmfu tpOfoem;onfudk taMumif;jyK
rdrdwdkYtxHodkY puKtmHkudk vTwfjcif;cH&onfudk odaom wumr
uav;rsm;rSm ]]'Daw;xyfESifh vdkufatmif igvSw,fvdkY qdkvdkvdkY
MunfhwmbJ}} [k ,lqrdMuav\/
]]tJ'Dvdk vGefpGmvSywJh rdef;uav;&JY trnfuawmh
u|0g[DwJh u|0g[Dqdkwm tEHknmw rxifvdkufMuESifh r,fawmf
rm,m tavmif;awmfrBuD;bJ tvSJYroifhvdkY (rSefuif;wvSJY xif;
wvSJY ) qdkwmvdk ,cka[mrJh ZmwfawmfrSm xif;acGNyD; a&mif;pm;
&wJh xif;o,fruav; jzpfae&Smw,f 'Db0rSm ig;yGifhqdkif
taumif;pm;awGaMumifh taMumif;tm; wdk;yGm;NyD; rdzk&m;BuD; jzpf
awmfrlw,f? 'Dvkd aumif;jcif;ig;jzmwnf;[laom yef;ig;yGifh ighyGifh
qdkifBuD;udk yefqifxm;&awmh 'Doli,fruav;&JY *kPfowif;[m
tvGefausmfapmwmaygh/
{om[d lyaomb*/D
'k*wm u|0g[de/D
okc0gpD wkvum,D?
axmrdwm &mZayr,d/
[d? xif;acGolruav;/ owif;*kP\ f / oif;xHkarT;ysHUyHkaomf

um;/ {aom? aygufcgp rQpfpdkYv/dk cspfbdkYrNiD; xdktrsKd;orD;uav;
onf/ 'k*wm/ a&S;ukodkvft&Sdef ta&mifrSde f / *kPford f rGJrGJ
tvGef qif;&JvSaomaMumif/h u|0g[deD awmeufawmifajc/
xif;udkacG/ taepkwfpkw/f wukwfukwf vkyf&ygaomfvnf;/
139
te*om&rO&DrS,lygonf/
lyaomb*/D *dkufBuD; qdkufBuD; wdkufBuD;ESifh aysmf/ uawmfpwdki/f

zl;cdkifxGufp/ lyusufoa&/ wifhw,fvSyygay\/ okc0gpD/
EIwfoHuajymh/ acsmharmhovdk/ csKdcsKdnif;nif;/ avjyif;ryg/ ajym
qdkwwfygay\/ wkvum,D/ *Grf;0gEkyHkraoG/ *kPfoa& txl;ysHU
atmif EI;nHhaom udk,ftom;vnf; &Sdygay\/ &mZayr,D;/
vlwdkY ao|feif;/ bk&ifrif;udk jrifvQifjrifjcif;/ &ifwGif;rSm tjrpf
rjywf&atmif/ tcspf"gwfudk ay;pGrf;Edkifonfjzpf/ axmrdwm/
avmu vlYe,frSm/ IUpbG,f oluav;[k trlaoG;,Of,OfESifh
wu,fyif csD;rGrf;xdkufvS ayawmh ownf;/
]]om"k .... om"k .... om"k ... }} oHNydKif/
]]wumvHk;a& ....}}
]]bk&m; .... rdefYqdkrnfh tmPmoHudk em;cHvsufyg bk&m; ....}}
]]uX0g[Duav;rSm/ ig;yGifhqdkifydkif&Si/f yef;ig;yGifhudk xdk;wyf
&vdkY wrsKd;j'yf&Sdaew,f/ 'Dawmh ig;yGifhqdkifwHcdk;aMumifh b,fol
vmowJhv}J }
]]rSefvSyg .... OD;Owryg bk&m;}} [k *Gajzjyefav&m? y&dowf
rSm ]]0g;}} ceJ &,f&jyefav\/ OD;ok"Zonf &,farmNyD;rS ....
]]atmifr,fav;&JY wumBuD;&YJ .... aTem;awmf avacsmfvdkY
ukefayghvm;/ ighyGifhqdkif wefcdk;aMumifh ig;yGifhqdkif&Si?f xdkyef;yif
uav;em; jA['wfrif;BuD;u csOf;uyfvmw,fw}Jh } ponfjzifh
qufvuf a[maeav\/
aps;BuD;rSm txnfqdkif oHk;qkdif&Sdaom roef;&Donf ]]tif; ...
aumif;jcif;ig;jzmESifhjynfhpHk&if tnD&Sd,ifem; qdw k mvdk umvom;
rkqdk;bdkwdkYtm;vHk; &pfMu ydk;MurSmaygh/ igwdkYudk onfavmuf ydk;Mu
wm igh ig;yGifhqdkif nDGwfa&;aMumifhbJ ayghav/ [dkpma&;q&m
udkprf;armifuawmif ig[mwJ?h ckeifuajymwJh aumif;jcif;ig;jzm
140
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ESifh tjynfhqHk;ygbJw/Jh ae&Sife,fausmif;q&m ud k eG fYuvJ pmay;

awmh ighkyfudk csD;rGrf;vdkufwm vGefv?dkY vGefygbl;av? igudku
acsmwmxifyg&JY ponfjzifh rdrdudk,fudk axmremaeav\/
]]aMomf .... 'DZmwfESifh tqifoifhvdkY owday;pum;uav;
a[mvdkufOD;r,fav? Mum;Mum;orQ wumruav;awG txl;
ojzifh tysKduav;rsm; owdxm;MubdkY OD;yOif;u a[mvdkufr,f}}
]]a[h .... aumifr oef;raeeJY aumif;cef;a&mufNyD}} [k
rMunfonf vSvSudk vufESifhykwfNyD; ajymvdku\ f / ]]wdYkudk,fawmf
u pHkvJpHkwJh ukd,fawmfb/J odvJodygayhaemf? ae&mwum}} [k
rMuLu cifcifudk wD;wdk;vdkufjyef\/
]]rdefrrm,m oJudk;zsm? rm,mwodef;? tyvdef;teE}} vdkYom
qdkMuw,f/ a,musfm;awGu ajymprSwf jyKMuw,f/ olwdkY
a,musfm;awG udk,fwdkifuawmh b,favmufrsm; rm,mawG
tyvdDOmPfawG rsm;ovJqdkawmh a[m'D {&m0wDjrpfa&awGukd
waygufpD waygufpD a&wGufvdkY &csif&r,f/ olwdkYrm,mudk
ra&wGufEdkifaybl;/ aMomf OD;yOif;[m rdef;rawGbufu a&SUae
vdkufw,fvdkY vli,fav;awGu xifcsifxifMur,f/ xifMuav?
rSefwmudk ajym&r,fqdk&if b,fvdk b,fnm xifrSmudkrS raMumuf
vSygbl;? rifhudk b,fawmhrS ypfroGm;bl;? xif;wHk;udk acgif;tHk;NyD;
twlwl tdyfyghr,f? py,fqD a&eHjzpfcgrS rifhudk ypfyghr,f/
vdyfudk,frSm qdwf*sKdaygufwmawmif pdwfndKvdkY razgufygbl;?
zdk;OD;awmifxdyf Mumaygufw,fqdkwmu jzpfaumif;jzpfygvdrfhr,f
cifhudk armif rcspfawmhbl;? rkef;pdwfaygufw,fqdkwmu vHk;vHk;
rjzpfEdkifbl;? ponfjzifhayghav? pum;wwfwdkif; [kdtysKdonftysKd
wdkYudk vdkvdk xdkvdkvdk ajymMu? tcspfyef;udk qifjref;bdkY BuHMu
141
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
w,f? a[m awmfawmfMumvdkY olwdkYvdk&m atmifyef;udkqif? atmif

*dk;awG0ifyvm;qdkrSjzifh jypfvdkjypf cGgvdkcGg pum;emxdk;vdkxdk;bJ}}
xdktcg rcifjronf rdrdtaMumif;udk owd&vmav\/
at;armifonf tpuawmh xrDyif avQmfawmhravmuf atmuf
BudKUcJ\
h / ,ckrl rdrdu jyefcspf twefMuvQifyif cyfcGgcGg vkyfcJh
\/ ola|;r rapmnGefYonf xdkyOif;ajymaom pum;rsKd;udk
wcgbl;rS rMum;bl;cJ?h udk,fawGU rBuHKcJh&onfrSm EHkv\ S [k
atmufarhawmh\/ pum;uav;rsm;udk t& EIwfiHkxm;\/ rdrcd if
onfvnf; rdrd&D;pm;udk owd&oGm;\/ 'Dpum;rsKd; ajymwJhvlwdkif;
weyfpm;OmPf BuHovm;? rBuHygbl;aemf? udkudkwdkYrsm; tJ'Dvdk
tajymuav;awGuvJ csKdw,f? yifudkuvJ csKdw,f? opmvJ&Sd
w,f? bkef;BuD;u bmem;v,fovJ? 0g;vHk;&SnfBuD;ESifh odrf;NyD;
&rf;wm}} [k bkef;BuD;udk tjypf&Sm\? rsm;pGmaom tysKduav;rsm;
um;? udk,fhta&; udk,fawG; aeMuojzifh a&SUa[maom w&m;
rsm;udk owdrjyKrd/
aygo0gpHEk0wE?d
wk&H'gedukrm&da,m?
{wm[dtm,wd H 'kum?
aompEd ywdoknum?
'ged? 'ged/ qkwfuyfBuD; acwfo&rf;rSm cspfcef;BudKufcef;

tcef;cef;jzifh tqef;xGifvm? tcg? ukrm&da,m? a,musfm;
wdkrm,mOmPfudk bmomjyef tuif;ryg;vS rpOf;pm;wwfaom
trsKd;orD;wdkYonf/ aygo0gpH? tyvdef;rm,meJ?Y tzdef;tnm
aygrsm;? oavmxm;nHhzsif;? a,musfm;woif;wd\ kY ? rjiif;om
142
te*om&rO&DrS,lygonf/
rvSJYomatmif EGJum c&mum? wDwDwmwmESifh yvDyvmajymaom

pum;aemufodkY wk&?H umr*kPfaZmrSD; tavmwBuD; rqifjcif?
vQifvQifjrefjref? pdwfoefoef? tEk0wEd cdkudk;&mwu,fbJ[k
pdwfxJrSm trSef;vGJ wef;wef;pGJ vdkufygMuavuke\ f / [d? 'ku
ta&; tawG;arQmfac: jzpf&yHkaomfum;? {wm? cspfola,musfm;?
aemufyg;ruGm; vdkufygcdkrSD;/ xkdtrsKd;orD;wdkYonf? tm,wd ?H
udk,ftcspfu tjrpfwG,fvm? aemifaomtcg? 'kum? cdkuk;d &mrJ?h
wuJhxefjyif;? qif;&JwGif;odkY usa&muf&ukefonfjzpf wdokn
um cspfvifa,musfm;? ypfcGgoGm;? tm;xm;&mrJhuif;? &ifwGif;yl
qm? wckvyfuav;awG jzpfukefMu&Smvsuf? aompEd rsuf&nfESifh
vl;? rBuHKbl;atmif txl;yifdI;rSde f ? pdk;&drfylaqG; Muavukef
awmhownf;/
aq;vdyfcHkrS waeY&Spf&musatmif vdyfEdkifojzifh emrnf&aom
tHk;cifum;? "roHa0* rsm;pGm&oGm;av\/ ]][kwfw,f a,musfm;
qkdwm tifrwef aMumufp&maumif;w,f/ OmPf&Sdwdkif; vSYaJ eMu
wmbJ/ EdkY b,fhES,fvkyfrvJ/ tNrJbJ a,musfm; auGuGi;f ae&awmh
rvm;/ b,folYudk uGif; b,foif;udk vufcH&rvJ? OD;yOif;u
a[ma&maygh}} [k vifaG;enf; jyemwGif rdrdOmPfwGif;odkY
tvif;a&mif ay;apvdkay\/ atbD,efausmif;oluav; wifwif
rSmrl ]]tdk ..... ieJu atmufBudKUNyD;ajymawmh? udk,fucspfvJ
atmdkufvkyfvdkufwmaygh/ ieJu azgufjyefoGm;&ifvJ wdkYjynfrSm
a,musfm;awG r&Sm;ygbl;/ tnHhrcHbJ topfvJjyefwmaygh}} [k olY
pdwfxJ *sif;pdrf;ESifh rdwfovifyifrsm; pdkufxm;vdkufav\/
pdefarmifwdkY umvom;wpkum; ]]ightpm,kef[efYonf ]oCFZm
taerwwf ESyfyufcH&} ovdk taerwwfwJh bkef;BuD; cJESifhayguf
rvm;? ykvif;xJoGwfNyD; ESHrvm;}} [k aqG;aEG;Mu\/ odkY
143
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
vlwudk,f tawG;wrsKd;jzifh pdwftdkufaeMucdkuf jzpfojzifh ig;yGifh

qdkifaMumifh (0g) aumif;jcif;ig;jzmaMumifh u|0g[D 'kua&mufyH/k
avmuBuD;onf rD;q,fhwyg;wdkYESifh jynfhyH/k oHo&mrS xGuf&rS
{EdkifrnfhyHkrsm;udk a[mMum;aomfvnf; OD;ok"Z\ w&m;rsm;udk
pdwf0ifpm;Edkifol vGefpGm enf;yg;aeavawmh\/
144
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 16 /
"ruxduudkarmhMunfhae\ e\ OD;ok"Zu
cyfNyHK;NyHK;uav; jyef\
I /
yxrOD; w&m;yGJNyD; aemufw&ufwGif rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z udk,f

awmfonf .... rapmGefUtdrfodkY oGm;\/ rapmGefYu yifhbdw f
r[kwfacs/ EIwfquf&ef vmjcif;oabm jzpf\/ rapmGefYonf
bdvyf&nfrsm; .... ? uGrf;rsm;jzifh .... {nfhc\ H / pum;tvGrf;
oifhMuojzifh wcsufxdk;uvm&m nae 4-em&DusrS OD;ok"Z
jyef<ujzpfawmfr\
l / wcgw&H w&m;pum;ajymMu\/ wcgw&H ..
trsKd;taqG tquftEG,frsm; ... taMumif; ar;ajzMu\/ w&H
wcg tvkyftudkif taMumif; ESD;aESmMujyef\/ jyefcgeD;wGif
rapmGefYonf qGrf;aeYwdkif; ydkYygrnfhtaMumif;? q&mawmfuav;
wnf;cdkaeaom edAdEacsmifodkY rMumrSD Oykof &uf&Snfapmifh&ef
vmrnfhtaMumif; OD;ok"Zuvnf; oN*KvfESifh yXmef;udk ususee
wufay;rnfh taMumif;rsm;udk qHk;jzwfMuav\/ rapmGefYESifh
OD;ok"ZrSm q&m&if; wur&if; jzpfoGm;av\/ rapmGefYu
145
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
bJaygif;[if;? 0uftlacsmif;? Muufjrpf? Muufo/J bvacsmifaMumf

jrLpGrf[if;csKd paom [if;aumif;rsm;udk tjrwfwEdk;csuf qGrf;ydkY
avh&\ Sd / odkYaMumifh ....
]]uJ .... rapmGefY qG,ftkyfvSefprf; .... }}
]]tJ .... rapmGefYwdkY[mrS w,faumif;? tqDw0if;0if;ESifh
qGrf;uvJ axmywfqGrf;yguvm;? aumif;vdkufwJh[if;awG? uJ ...
uJ ... ydwfvdkufygawmh ... }} [kqdkaompum;rsm;ESifh a*smif;ceJ oH
tkyfaqmif;udk tkyfoHESifh vifyef;oH yk*HoHrsm;udk edAdEausmif;
aqmif&Sd ausmif;wausmif; Mum;&\/
waeYaomaeY rGef;vGJtcsdef aeonf vGefpGmyljyif;\? avu
vnf; Nidrfv\ S / iSufwdkYrSm rdrdwdkYtodkufxJodkY0if wa&;warm
rSdef;&if; om;a&;? orD;a&;? pm;aomufa&;rsm;udk awG;aeMuav
\/ tcsKdUaom usD;rsm;um;? tdyfwef;rwufbJ tifMuif;yif
tudkif;wdkY em;aeNyD;vQif .... ]]t ... t ... t}} ESifh av;wGUJ pGm
nnfnLaeMuuke\ f / pmuav;rsm;rSm wuDuD ... wZDZD aw;
nnf;um [kdysH onful;jzifh tvkyf IyfaeMuav\/
xdktcsde\ f &moDOwkonf Oykofonfrsm;tm; Zufav;ap
wtt usD;oHonf rsufpdarS;ap\/ wuDuD .... wZDZD ... pmoH
onf tdyfaysmfap? a&tdk;rS pdrfhusaom a&aygufoHonf wacg
acgESifh a[mufap\/ rapmGefYonf orf;NyD; pmtkyfudkcsvdku\ f /
OD;ok"Zonf oN*Kvf#dumudk vSef&ufom; &ifcGifay:wifNyD;
yufvufukvm;xdkifwGif ... ausmuyfcg xdkifawmfr\ l / vufqpf
uav;awGudk csKd;NyD; .... ]]wumr ... rGefY ysif;NyDxifw,f ... }}
[k ajym\/
146
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]ysif;w,fvdkY r[kwfygbl; bk&m; ...? pmvJbJ ... tawmfwGif

NyD,aeYtwGuf zlvHkNyD xifygw,fbk&m; ....}} [k avajyxdk;jyef
av\/
]]uJ ... uJ ... rGefY rtdyfcsifatmif w&m;uav;a[m&ao;
wmaygh/ b,fw&m;a[m&&if aumifyghrvJvdkY pOf;pm;vkdufawmh
w&m;a[mrJh "ruxduwyg;? w&m;emoluvJ wOD;xJrdkY trsm;
ESifhoufqdkifwJh w&m;udka[m&if p&yfwaqmifudk aetdrt f jzpfjzifh
toHk;jyKaya&mhvdkY ay;wmvdkusaer,f ... p&yfqdkwm trsm; wnf;
cdkaeEdkifatmif tm;vHk; pDpOfxm;wJh t&yfudk;/ wa,mufu
0ifa&mufNyD;ae&awmh b,frSm yPm&rvJ/ 'Dvdkaygh? trsm;ESifh
oufqdkifwJh ]]ywfyvpfay:jyLvm}} w&m;awGudk ra[mvdkawmh
ygbl;/ wumrGefYGefYESifhom oufqdkifNyD; wumr GefYGefY&JY
wOD;wnf;aumif;usKd;ay;rJh w&m;rsKd;udk a[m&r,f .... uJ pOf;pm;
prf; rGefY .... rGefY&JY vdkaomtvdkudk jznfhEdkiw
f Jh w&m;a[mr,f
qdk&if rGefYbmvdkovJ .... }} [k ar;&m? rGefYonf pyfNzJBuD;
vkyfaeNyD; .....
]]ravQmufwwfygbl; bk&m;/ vdkr,fxifwmudkomawG;NyD;
a[mjyrS oabmus emwwfygonf bk&m; ... }} [k wifavQmuf
av\/
]]tJ .... tJ .... b,folrqdk rdrdrSmvdkwmudk od&rwJh/ jrefrm
jynf[m vGwfvyfa&;vkdaMumif; Armwdkif; od&r,f .... wuodkvf
[m ocifynmvdkaMumif; wuodkvfynmoifawG od&r,f/ odu kY
vdkbJ rGefYvdkwmudk od&r,f/ odkYrS vdkwmudk jznfhEdkifw,f?
Mum;vm;/ 'Dawmh OD;yOif;a[moGm;wmudk aumif;aumif; em;
axmifbdkYbJ .... ? rGefYvdkwmudk aumif;aumif;odNyD; b,fvdk
tvdkjynfhatmif vkyf&r,fqdkwJh vkyfenf;udkvJ Mum;&r,faygh/
147
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
wu,fvdkY OD;yOif;u tawG;rSm;vdkY vdkvm;csufudk rSm;ajym&if

OD;yOif;udk rGefYu tjypfawmf wifrvm;vdkY ....}}
]]tjypfrwifygbk&m;/ rSm;oGm;onfhwdkifatmif a[mwJhyk*dKvf
&JY apwem aumif;jrwf&if apwemudk wefbdk;,lNyD; apwem
twGuf wynfhawmfru o'gxufbdkY tqifoifhygbk&m; ....}}
]]aMomf .... aMomf ... om"k ... om"k ... 'Dvdu
k dk; ... uJ-uJ ...
OmOfriHkrdvdkY trSeftukefrod&if &efokefvdkY rxdyg;bl;qdk&ifawmh
a[mawmhr,f ....}}
e*ge'DtEk'um?
e*&|H t&mZuH?
wdyd0d'0ge*g
,yd'obmwa&m?
a0"AsHu#HKuHavmau?
0pan0&axob/
&axob? &xm;pD;jcif; rif;wumwkdYxufjrwfaom crnf;

awmf rif;jrwf? tEk'um/ a&,OfrpD; ajcmufavNyD;aom? e'D/
jrpfonf/ e*g/ arGUavsmfbG,fuif; wifhw,fjcif; r&SdEdkifyg?
t&mZuH? wdkif;vHk;vTrf;csKyf pdk;tkyfESdrfeif; rif;r&Sdaom? &|H/ wdkif;
jynfNrdKUjy[lorQonf/ e*/H toa&*kPfuif; wifhw,fjcif; r&Sd
Edkifukefyg/ ,/ kyfa&edum,f wifhw,fvSy tMuifrdef;rtm;?
'obmwa&myd? *kPfvQHxGef;awmuf armifq,fa,mufwdkY onf
vnf;? oE?d &Sdavuke\ f / omwdr/D *kPfvQHxGef;awmuf armif
q,fa,muftv,f wifhw,fpGm aexdkif&aom rdef;ronf? 0d"0g/
pdk;tkyft&Sif vifr&SdcJhaomf? e*g? *kPfa&mifvif; wifhw,fjcif;
148
yOoDc w&m;pmrS,lonf/
r&SdEdkifyg/ avmau? avmu? a0"As/ pdk;tkyft&Sif vifr&SdcJhaomf?

u#KuH? *kPfaygif;pHy,f wifhw,fjcif; r&SdEdkifyg/ wom? xdkodkY
rdef;rcyif; vifESifhuif;u wifhw,fjcif;r&SdEdkifaomaMumif/h &Zyk*H
vifjrwf&wem a0E&mrif;aemufo/dkY *pan0/ ruGmpdkufpdkuf
vdkuftHhawmhownf;/
]]tJ .... 'gvdk r'Da'0Du a,murBuD; odOnf;rif;udk avQmuf
xm;w,fw/Jh vifa,musfm;r&Sdu rwifhw,faMumif; bk&m;w&m;
awmfuawmif axmufcHaeNyDrdkY jiif;e,f jiif;uGuf tvsOf;rxGuf
vmbl;aygh/ aumif;NyD;/ urmrSm rSDwif;MuwJh rdef;raygif;rSm vif
&wemrJhu rwifhw,fbl;qdk&if urmol urmom;wOD;jzpfwJh 'dkY
wumr GefYGefYrSmaum wifhw,fygtHk;rvm; ... / r'Da'0Dvdk
t&ifhtrmrSmawmif rwifhw,f&if ... OD;yOif;wdkY wumr GefYGefY
rSmaum ... wifhw,fEdkifygawmhrvm;}} [k ar;NyD; a&aomufav
\/
rapmGefYrSm a&S;uyif rdrdrSm rwifhw,fyHkudk odc\ Jh / rD;
avmif&m a&eJjzifhavmif;ovd?k vif&wemrJ h aomujzpfaejyef
&m? bk&m;a[m taxmuftxm; tcsufawGESifh tarmufpm; ouf
aoawGudk Mum;&jyef&m a&eHqDaomurD;tm; ydkum jyefav\/
odkYaomf rdef;rwdkY &Sufjcif;onf ]]wifyg bk&m; .... }} [laom
pum;rsm;udk aomhcwf AdkufwGif;rSm avSmifxm;av\/
]]tJ .... qdwfqdwfaeawmh 0efcH&m a&mufw,fwJ/h &wemrJh
&SmwJh usKyfwdkY wumr GefYGefYrSm b,ftcsuf b,ft*Fg csKdU,Gif;
vJqdkwm &SmMu&r,f/ a[m .... 'dkYwumr[m yknorm& a&S;
taqmuftOD; uHukodkvfxl;vdkY arG;uxJu olaX;r0rf;rSm arG;&
w,f/ aTaiG tjynfhtpHkESifh tNrJbJ Opmypnf; wuf&w,f/ Zmwd
jrifhjrwfpGmvJ jzpfvm&w,f/ OmPfynmESifhvJ jynfhpHkNyD; vm&
149
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
w,f/ OmPfynmqdkwmrSm omrefa,musfm;awGxufbJ uJvGefNyD;

xufjrufayw,f/ OD;Zif;jzifhawGUcJvSaygh/ a,musfm;a&m rdefra&m
odkYayr,fh a[m'Du wumr GefYGefYwdkYvdk xufjrufwJh OmPfawmh
t&Sm;om;uvm;/ OmPf&Sd Hkjzifh rawmfao;bl;/ vHkYv0d&d,&SdvdkY
ynmA[kkw qdkwmrSmvJ xl;cRefwJh yk*dKvfwOD;vkdY qdk&rSmygbJ/
'D*kPft&nftcsif;awG[m olwdkYvdkcsnf;bJ MunfhNyD;qHk;jzwf&if
vGefpGm tbdk;xdkufwefw,fvdkY qHk;jzwf&rSmbJ/ odkYayrJh GefYGefYwdkY
udk,fwGif;rSm udef;atmif;aewJh olawmfaumif;pdw?f tvdrmpdw?f
oDvorm"dESifh tNrJwGJaewJh pdwfwdkY[m olYwudk,fvHk;udk o&zl
aqmif;vdkufwmygbJ/ 'D*kPf[m tBuD;qHk;aygh/ odkYayrJh rajymy
avmufwJh csKdU,Gif;csufuav; &Sdaew,f}} [k a[mNyD; tarmBuD;
jzifh [D;cs em;axmifav\/
rapmGefYonf q&mawmf a[mpOfurl pdwftm;xufoefpGm
ESifh em,lae&aomaMumifh [kwfr[kwf jyefrpOf;pm;Edkif/ ,ckrS
pdwfwGif rSwfxm;aom rSwfpkrsm;udk jyefvSefbwfav\/ [kwf
r[kwf pDppf\/ if;jyif bkef;BuD;ajymorQonf [kwfaeonfudk
awGU&ojzifh Tifvef;aysmfjrL;vmav\/ wuDuD wpDpDatmfaeMu
aom pmoHuav;rsm;rSm wa&moHuav;obG,f olYem ay:vm
av\/ at;pufpuf tmaeaom usD;oHonf apmif;aumufBuD;udk
wBudK;xJ ndaeouJhodkY xifvmav\/ rapmGefYonf jywif;
aygufpDodkY ajrmfMunfhvdkuf\/ urmavmuBuD; wckvHk;onf
om,maysmfTifjcif;jzifh 0if;xdefaeonf[k xifav\/ txl;
ojzifh tifMuif;yifrsm;um; pdrf;vef;om,mvS\/ aemuf rdrdtm;
rdrdtjzpftysuftrSefudk az:jyaeaom "ruxduukd armhMunfhae
\/ OD;ok"Zu NyHK;NyHK;uav;I\/ ]]jrnfjrnf}} ac: vnfyif;
yGwfay;jcif;cH&aom aMumifuav;onf yGwfo\ l &ifcGifoYdk
150
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
twif;wdk;a0SU acgif;ESifhacGUovdk rdrdtm; xdkodkYaom pum;ukd

ajymMum;ayaom OD;ok"Zudk acgif;ESifhom acGUcsifawmh\/
OD;ok"Z\ rsufESmrSm xdkrQ csKdomaomtcg r&SdcJhacs/ xdkrQ vSy
aomtcg r&SdcJhacs/
OD;ok"ZrsufESmudkMunfh&if; rdrdrsufESmudk owd&vmum? rdrd
csKdU,Gif;csufudk awGU&ojzifh &ifwkefoGm;\/
]]csKdU,Gif;csufuawmh rajymyavmuf ygbl;/ odkYayrJh avmu
BuD;u ynm&SifeJNyD;? rdkufcJawGaygwJhtcgrdkU? kyfavmufudkom *k
pdkufaeMuw,f/ OD;Zif;wdkYom vlqdk&if onfvdk b,frdkufrvJ?
tqif;xuf tcsif;udkMunfhr,f/ ynmcHu &SdaeNyD[mudk;? 'DcsKdU
,Gif;csuf[m jyif&vJ vG,fvG,fESifh &EdkifwmrsKd;bJ}}
rapmGefYonf rdrdcEmrS &SdorQ tmHkawGudk aomwmHkodkY
tukefoGif;vdkufav\/
]]a[m'D .... kyfacsmapwwfwJh *gxmudk Gw}f }
ap,sKH apyd,Hly/H
yD,HrkcH ba0ba0/
'kreH y&d0aZ,sKH/
bma0,sKH okreHo'g/
b0aEm? oHo&mbHkaMumrSm? pkefarsmum 'vufv,f?

cufpbG,fNiD;wvsuf? [D;csrIdifai;? 'kua&;pkaygif;MuwJ?h td-k
olawmfaumif;wd?kY ba0ba0? BudrfBudrfzefcg? uHMurmESi?fh
oHo&m 'DvIdif;? jzpfav&mb0wdkif;? yD,H ly?H aumif;jcif; ig;jzm?
Mueft*FgESif?h nDnmajzmifhpif;? ESpfoufp&m kyftqif;udkaomfif;?
yD,Hrkc?H qef;jynfhpef;,ke?f yef;y'Hko?dkY vS*kPfwk;d wuf? ESpfouf
p&m? cspfrsufESmrsKd;udkif;? apap,sKH? ylyifaMumifhMu? rajzmifhvS
151
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
bJ? awmifhwpGJNid? tvdk&Sdonf jzpfukeft?Hh {0H-odYk wwrf;

ww? vdkcsifMuukefonf&Sdaomf? 'kre?H a'gom? pdwfrorm
ESi?fh tbdZmqdk;? w&m;rsKd;ud?k y&d0aZ,sKH? udk,fwGif;qufq?H
vufrcHb?J y,fvSefqkwfcGg? a&SmifMuOfMuukef&mownf;/ okreH?
olYtjypfcGg? tcspf&Smonf?h arwmyl;aygif;? txl;aumif;aom
pdwfu?dk o'g? wwfEdkiforQ? umvrqdkif;? tcsdefwdkif;yifvQif?
bma0,sKH? owdwref? OmPfajruwkw?f cRef;udktky f ? tm;xkwf
avhvm? yGm;rsm;Mu&mownf;/
]]uJ .... tJ'D*gxmrSmygwJh tcsuftvufawGudk uGufuGuf
uGif;uGif;BuD; rSwfom;NyD; qkrorQudk usifhBuHvkyfaqmif&r,f?
EdkYrS kyfqif;Mueftif wdk;wufr,f? NyD;awmh txl;ojzifh bk&m;
w&m; oHCm &wem 3 yg;udk arwmouf0if&r,f? dkao&r,f?
udkif; dIif;&r,f? jrwfEdk;&r,f? oHCmawGtay:rsm; rjiLpl apmif;
ajrmif;jcif; rjyKavESi/fh
(0g)
rwwfom iwfrSmpdk;aomfaMumifh &yfGmywfcgwdk;cJh&? qGrf;

awmfAsKdU aemufuatmf? t&SdefBuD;olr?dkY tdrfBuD;&Sifrrxm;wdkYu?
oeyfcg; rSefyHkwif? rNyD;cif vmovm;&,fv?dkY rxD;&Sif ig;wyg
udk(uG,f) <um;armufvdkYaemf? vm;vm;aemf rcsrff;omrIawGaMumif?h
em;Mum;aomf yefcgomjyKcJh&? [efygbk pdwfrSmaemf? qdwfpmaomfrS
ajzrat;? odkYygaomf w&m;ESifhajzazsmfv?dkY wcgwcgaemf ykxkZOf
&[ef;wdkYrSmv? rMumrMum udk,fht&yfa'oud?k (vGrf;ygbd
rdbwdkYa&) qGrf;uwa&;/
152
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
qdkwJh oDcsif;av;csKd;rSmygwmvdk wcgwcg rsm;pGmjzpfwwf

wmu- &[ef;rsm;rSm qGrf;cHrS qGrf;0Muw,f? qGrf;cHvYdk avmif;
wJhvl&SdtHk;rS? r&SdjyefvJ tcufb?J 'gaMumifh vHkYvBuD;pGmeJY &[ef;
rsm;rSm qGrf;&atmif&,fv?dkY eHufcyfapmapm qGrf;cH0ifMua&m?
a[m- qGrf;cHtdrfa&mufawmh? (qGrf;awmfAsKdU) vdkYatmfvdkufw,f/
vm;vm; bkef;BuD;qGrf;cH0ifcdkufrSm? rdef;rysKd rde;f rvwfrsm;[m?
tdyf,mxpudk; a&;rdk;csKd;NyD; oeyfcg;vdrf;aeMu acgif;zD;aeMuwJh
tcsdefudk GefYGefY&?JY rSefxJMunfhNyD; rsufcHk;qGJwHk;? qGrf;awmfoH
Mum;&awmh? ]]w,f- 'Dudk,fawmfawGES,f apm&efaum? Iyf&efaum
'DrSm rtm;&wJhtxJ}} vdkY jiLplNyD; ]]uawmhqGrf;}} vdkY atmifhouf
ouf toHESifh jyefajymvdkufMuw,f/ a[m- &[ef;rSm tatmifh
toufcH&vdkY pdwfraumif;wmu wrsKd;? qGrf;r&vdkY 0rf;r0rSmudk
yl&wmuwzH?k tarudkwNyD;awmhom NiD;&awmhw,f/ tJh'Dvkd
tacsmqifvdkY tvSjyifwkef; BuHKBudKufMuygvQif jiLplNyD; qGrf;
ravmif;rIrsm;[m vlYtjzpf vlYtxHkrS tBuD;qHk;aom jiLpljcif;bJ/
tBuD;qHk; jiLpl&if tkyfqdk;qHk; jzpfwwfwmrdkY 'DjiLpljcif;rsKd; rjzpf
&atmif tNrJowdxm; Mum;vm; ....}}
]]wifygbk&m; ....}}
]]tJ .... tJ ... aumif;NyD? EdkY tJh'DcsKdU,Gif;csuf &SdNyD;aumvdkY pdk;
&drfp&m r&Sdygbl; GefYGefY&JY ....? tvdrm *kP?f ypnf;*kPf aqGrsKd;
*kPfawGuvJ trsm;om;rdkY ....? r[m;',m; BudKufrJhvlawG aygrSm
ygbJ? cspfrJh BudKufrJh vlawGuaygvdkY rsufpdtvdkvdkufNyD; [kdBudKuf
onfcspf qdk&ifvJ twnfrjzpfwwfbJ &Sdr,f? cspfrJh BudKufrJh
vlawGudk t&nftcsif; trsKd;rsKd;ppfaq;NyD; aG;cs,fbdkY OD;yOif;u
awmh pdwfapwem aumif;pGmESifh tBuHay;vdkufw,f/ aMomf ....
153
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
avmu avmu .... a,musfm;awG aygaomfvnf; vif;aumif;

&EdkifcJw,f? 'gvJ todbJr[kwfvm; wumr&JY ....}}
]]wifyghbk&m; ....}} [k jyefvSefavQmufMum;NyD; atmufem;u
twdkif; pOf;pm;\/ tb,fvdk pOf;pm;ygovJ qdkaomf ]]om"k ....
om"k .... ukodkvfuH xl;ayvdkY ....? OD;yOif;vdk OD;yOif;ESifh awGU&
w,f? ighudkjzifh apwemaumif; &SdaywmbJ? aMomf .... qGrf;&,f
uGrf;&,fESi?fh r,fr,f&& vIvdkufawmh? wumrt&if;vdk oabm
xm;NyD; owday;&Smayw,f ....? NyD;awmh .... onfavmuf ynm&Sd
OmPfus,fwJh yk*dKvfqdkawmh b,fvdkvlaG;vdkY b,fvdk[m BudKuf&
rSmudkvJ odrSmbJ}}
]]'Dawmh b,fvkda,musfm;udk tdrfom;jyK&rvJ qdkawmh ]vif
qdk;r,m; wzm;zm;} qdkwmvdk rjzpfapwJh vif ....
]vifaumif;tdrf&Sif wTif Ti}f qdkwJh [mrsKd; jzpfapwJh vif ]rxifrJh
uif;? tyfESifhOpm? rdpmrrSm;? 0wfpm;qif,if? jrwfEdk;cif? ig;tif
vifusifh&m ....} qdkwJh tusifhw&m;ESifh jynfhpHkrJh vifrsKd;udk &atmif
&Sm&r,f ....? aMomf .... ckumvBuD;rSm vifaumif;&Sm;yHkawmh
rajymESifhawmh? vlYavmuBuD; wckvHk;vJ bmjzpfw,f rodbl;? vl
olawmfaumif; &,fvdkY r&sdoavmufb?J 'Dvdk vlawG oDv orm"d
ysufMuvd?kY oDvorm"d&SdwJh yk*dKvftcsKdUuawmh .... omoemawmf
abmif0ifNyD;? vlawGqDu raumif;rIawG rul;puf&atmif aeMu
ayw,f ....? 'ghaMumifh olawmfaumif;qdk&if oHCmhabmifrSm
awGU&awmhw,f ....? vlwdkif;[m ao&nf ao&ufaomuf ....?
bdef;I? ukwfuif;yGwfESif?h ol&m ar&, uHudk MuL;vGefaeMuw,f
....? tavmif;tpm; qdkwmrSmvJ xlonfxuf xlvmaew,f?
OD;yOif;wdkY &efukefrsm;rSm omuJao; ....? jrif;avmif;wmu toJ
qHk;bJ? aiGawG odef;uka# csrf;omayrJh jrif;wvavmuf HI;&if ....
154
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ukefvdkYoGm;NyD;? vlqif;&J jzpfukef&wmbJ? 'gaMumifh ... tJ'D

tavmif;tpm; 0goemygwJh vlawGudk a&Smif&r,f ...? tavmif;
tpm;ESifh wumr GefYGefY&JY ypnf;awGudk t&rf;rJh oHk;jzKef;ypf
vdkufrSjzifh ig;rdepftwGif; rGJoGm;apEdkifw,f ....}} [kajymNyD; cP
em;\/ Z&ufwtkyfonf tifMuif;yifwyif em;NyD; kwfw&uf
atmifjrnfMu\/ rapmGefYonf oufjyif;udkcs\/
]][kwfygw,f udk,fawmf .... ? 'DvdkvlESifh rsm;awmh? b,f
awmhrS rawGU&ygapESifhvdkY qkawmif;ygw,fbk&m;}} [k avQmufNyD;?
rapmGefYonf rsufESmudk HIjyav\/
]]udk,fu BudK;pm;a&Smif&if b,frSmawGUrvJ? NyD;awmh txl;
qifjcifbdkYu &Sdao;w,f? GefYGefYa& ..... usKyfwdkYuawmh ....
aumif;apvdkwJh oabmESifh tBuHbJay;Edkifw,f ....? ay;wJh tBuH
udk ,lHkr,lb?J pOf;vJ xyfpOf;pm;&r,f? ckumv a,musfm;av;
awG[m .... raumif;wJh rdef;rawG vdkufpm;vdkufMuwmuvJ
vGefa&m? 'Dawmh .... aMumufbG,faumif;wJh a&m*gawG[m
vlwdkif;rSmvdk aew,f? 'Dvdk a&m*gawG[m bom;acsmwdrkY Smwif
aewmr[kwfbl;? olwdkYu rdef;r,l&if rdef;rudkvJ ulapw,f?
'Dawmh 'DvkdvlrsKd;udkvJ ta0;u a&Smif&r,f/ om;orD;&awmif
tEluav;awG jzpfaerSm aMumuf&w,f/ tJ'Dawmh ZeuZwfawmf
rSm aygvZeurif;BuD; ewfGmpHcgeD; orD;awmf oD0vda'0D
twGuf vifaG;bdkY rSmcJhw,f/ b,fvdk t*FgESifh jynfph HkrS viftjzpf
aG;&vJqdkawmh ... (1) tcsuf orD;awmf oD0vdESpfouf oabm
usaomol jzpf&r,fw/Jh (2) tcsuf um,AvESifh jynfhpHk&r,fwJh
(3) tcsuf ynmOmPf xufjrufjcif;*kPfw/Jh tJ'DoHk;ckukd *kpdkuf
NyD;MunfhvdkY jynfhpHkwmawGUrS ighorD;ESifh xdrf;jrm;&r,fvdkY rdefYawmf
rlw,fw/Jh 'Dawmh pOf;pm;av pOf;pm;/ tJ'DoHk;csufESifh jynfhpHkrSjzifh
155
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
trsKd;tEG,f ppfbdkYrvdkbl;wJ/h ypnf;Opm &Sdr&SdvJ pHk;prf;bdkY rvdkbl;

wJ/h 'gbk&m;a[m GefYGefY&JY/ ypnf;Opm &SdwJhvifudkrS ,lr,fqdk
wJh 0g'rsKd;[m bk&m;rdefYoHESifh qefYusifbufb}J } [k a[mNyD;vQif?
rapmGefYudk Munfhaeavonf/
rapmGefYonfvnf; iHkY awGaeav\/ Z&ufrsm;onf ydkrdk
qlnHvmojzifh Oykofonfrsm;rSm tdyf,mrS Edk;Muuke\ f / ykwD;
ukdifNyD; twif;ajymp jyKMuav\/
156
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 17 /
'Dvkd[mrsKd;&vdkYrS rxdkif&if acG;xufrdkufw,fvdkY

qkd&rSmbJ
]]AsKdU ..... wumvHk;BuD;? vmprf;ygtHk;As}} OD;ok"Zu ac:

vdkufvQif? OD;ausmufvHk;BuD;onf aq;wHBuD;udk rSdef; xGufvm
av\/ OD;ok"ZteD;rS ukvm;xdkifay:wGif xdkifav\/ xdkifNyD; pm
yGJwGif ajcwifum ....
]]bmvJ OD;ok"Z&J/Y udk,fhvl bmrsm; olcdk;aoabmfndrvdkYv}J }
[k teD;u yufvufukvm;xdkifay:wGif xdkifaeaom OD;ok"Zudk
ar;av\/
]]oGm;MuNyDr[kwfvm; .... GefYGefYwdkYav/}}
]]atmifrmav; &JYav; .... GefYGefYwJ/h olvdk kyfBuD;rsm; ....
GefYGefYwJ/h [m; .... [m; ....? emr,fu trJdk;ES,f .... [if;tdk;rS
tm;rem qdkwmvdk jzpfaebD/}}
]]tdk .... yg&rDeJ&SmvdkY kyfrvSwmudk cifAsm;u ESyd fESdyfpufpuf/
'gxm;ygtHk; .... rapmGefYu ypnf;ayg q&mausmuf&/JY pum;
awG aemufraeESifh twnfajymaewm/ usKyfcsKdif&&ifawmh odkuf
wckb}J } [k vufudk "g;ckwfovkd &rf;&if; ajym\/ OD;ausmufvHk;
onf aq;wHudk dIufaomufvkdufNyD;aemuf .....
157
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]][m .... pGef&ifawmh edyfwmaygh udk,fvl&m/ odkufrS &D;wD;

,m;wmodkufr[kwfbl;/ aMumHkawmifr[kwfbl; twnf,lxm;&
r,f/ 'Dvkd[mrsKd;&vdkYrS rxdkif&if acG;xufrdkufw,fvdkY qdk&rSmbJ/
uJ .... aumif;wmawmh rajymESifhav? pGefatmif ydk;Edkifyghrvm;}}
[k pdwftm;xufoefpGmESifh ar;av\/ OD;ok"Zu rsufESmudk
vufdI;jzifh xdk;jyNyD;/ ]]usKyfAs usKyf ... pGefbdkYawG odyfrsm;aebD?
eufjzef tcrf;avSmif&if aocsmawmhrSmbJ? tcrf;avSmif&atmif
om cifAsm; OmPfqifayawmh/ aumifrBuD;uawmh usKyfbuf
tawmfygaeNyD}} [k ajymvdkuf&m? OD;ausmufvHk;onf pmyGJay:u
ajcaxmufudk ESefYae&if; aq;wHudk jyif;pGm IIdufaeav\/
rapmGefYum; jrif;&xm;uav;jzifh edAdEacsmifrS jyefvmcJh
\/ vrf;ab;udk bmrQrMunfhEdki?f &xm;aemufNrD;om rdiI faeav
\/ vrf;Murf; &xm;vIyfaomtcg [kd,dkifonf,dkif jzpfoGm;\/
olYwGif jrif;cGgoHESifh &xm;cHkoHrSwyg;? OD;ok"Za[mvdkufaom
w&m;rsm;udkom Mum;a,mifaeav\/ jrif;cGgoHESifh &xm;cHkoH
um; t"dyg,fr&SdbJ em;wGif;odkY twif;0ifae\/ OD;ok"Z\
w&m;rsm;um; jynfNrdKUywf0ef;usif&Sd avrsm;wGif tNrJ cdk0ifae
bdonfhtvm;? tom;ygyg t"dyg,feufeufjzifh em;wGif;odkY
0ifaeav\/ olonf OD;ok"Z\ taMumif;jycsufrsm;udk vGefpGm
oabmus\/ odkYaMumifhvnf; ,aeY txl;ojzifh vifvdkcsif\
(0g) txl;vifqm\/ Oykofapmif h xrif;rqmcJhaomfvnf;
Oykofapmif h vifqmrd\/ MuufrBuD;onf ]]aumfuD aumfu}D }
ESifh atmfNyD; ajrBuD;udk ajcESifh,ufcg pyg;yHkwGif tpm&Smovdk
&Edkifaomvifrsm;udk rdrdtmHk xifapNyD;? OD;ok"Z\ w&m;
wnf;[laom ajcjzifh,ufcg aG;av\ toQKd toQKdaom vkvif
158
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ysKdwdkYonf ay:vmuke\ f / olYtmHkwGif;odkY ay:vmorQ vkvifrsm;

rSm OD;ok"ZESifh wGJ&ufom; ay:vm\/ wbef OD;ok"Z\
Mo0g'ESifh ,SO f ppfwrf;xkwfvdkufaomtcg vkvifawGaysmuf
oGm; OD;ok"Zom usef&pf\/
]]aMomf .... OD;ok"Z ... OD;Zif;av; awmfayw,f ... ightay:
rSm apwemBuD;&Smygayw,f/ olYw&m;aMumifh ighrSm ukodkvfyGm;&
ayw,f/ ol[mkyfuvJ odyfacsmwmbJ/kyfacsmoavmuf tajym
aumif;w,f? ESif;qDyGifhrsm;vdkb?J tqif;&Sdoavmuf teHY&Sdw,f?
tusifhoDvaumif;wJh yk*dKvfawGygbJ? ighudkcifwmawmh rajymESifh
awmh/ [if; ..... (&xm;onf *sKH;ueJ opfjrpfwckrS ckefvdkufojzifh
rapmGefYonf tawmfatmifhoGm;av\/ [if .... ol[m olajym
wJh um,Av OmPAvESifh jynfhpHkolyguvm;/ olajymwJh
t*Fgaumif;awGESifh jynfhpHkaeyguvm;/ ol[m aomufwwf pm;
wwfrSmvJ r[kw/f bkef;BuD;qdkawmh 'guif;wmaygh/ ol[m
tavmif;tpm;qdkawmh awmufwJhESifh aq;csD;aerSmbJ? NyD;awmh
olajymwJh aMumufp&maumif;wJh a&m*gqdkawmh a0;aewmaygh ...
bkef;BuD;udk;/ ol[m cspfp&mtaumif;qHk;yguvm;/ [kwfw,f?
vifht*FgESifh tjynfhqHk;bJ .... olYbJ igBudKuf&&if aumif;rvm;/
(jrif;&xm;onf ausmufvrf;ay:odkY a&mufNyDjzpf jrif;cGgoHonf
us,fvm\/ &xm;vnf; jrefvm\/) [m ... rjzpfEdkifwmBuD;bJ/
olu bkef;BuD;/ bkef;BuD;vlxGuf&&if b,faumif;rvJ/ olrsm;
wHawG;uGuf yufvufarsmrSmbJ/ jzpfygbl;/ [if; .... BudKuf&rJhvl
&Sm;vdkufwmaemf/ olYudkbJBudKuf& aumif;rvm;}} ponfjzifh awG;
\/ OD;ok"Zudk r,lEdkif[k qHk;jzwfum? ykpmudk pdwfwGifray:
atmif BudK;pm;aomfvnf;? ykpmrSm yk*Hjynfu Al;yifawGvdk ckwfNyD;
&if; wdk;&if; jzpfaeavawmhownf;/
159
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 18 /
rapmGefYum; kef;\ vTwfawmfrlygbk&m;

rawmfygbl;bk&m;/
,aeYrSm raeYuESifh vHk;vHk;rwlacs/ xl;qef;pGm .... {jraom

avajyuav;onf ajrmuft&yfrS .... wokefokef woGifoGif
wdkufcwfvsuf&Sday\/ tifMuif;Gufrsm;onfvnf; wGufEiS fh
wGuf xdcwfum oDqdk&if; b,f,drf; nmEGJU avodrf;wdkif;
uaeMuav\/ edAdEacsmif ywf0ef;usif awmt&yfrS csKd;uav;
rsm;onf wulul;ul oHudk Mum;&ay\/
urXmef;ausmif;[k ac:Muaom ..... taqmuftOD;uav;
um; tk|fuRwfrdk; tk|fwvTm;eH&Humjzpf\/ wbufwGifum; ysOf
axmifumjzpf\/ opfyif&dyfvnf;&S\ d / tcif;rSmvnf; oJarGU,m
jzpf\/ urXmef;0ifvmonfh yk*dKvfrsm;rSm tifMuif; ausmufzsm
rsm;ay:wGif xdkifMu&\/ xdkurXmef; ausmif;uav;rSm tjcm;
ausmif;wdkYESifh awmfawmfuav; a0;\/ ysOfaxmifumbufrSm
0ifaygufxm;\/ ,aeYrSm OykofaeY r[kwfojzifh Oykofapmifhrsm;
rvmMu? rapmGefYrSmrl &uf&Snfapmifhaeojzifh ,aeY vma&muf
\/ OD;ausmufvHk;onf rapmGefYudk {nfhc\ H ? vbufwnfay;\?
xrif;[if;xnhf&ef ausmif;rS yk*HiSm;\? rapmGefYwdkYtwGuf
aomuf&ef a&tdk;jyifay;\? rapmGefYESifh pum;azgifvaS tmif
ajym\/ em&Djyefwcsufavmuf a&mufaomf .....
160
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]rapmGefY [dkurXmef; ausmif;uav; aumif;aumif;a&muf

bl;&JYvm; ....}} [k OD;ausmufvHk;u vufId;xdk;umar;\/
]]tjyifbufuom jrifbl;w,f ..... bBuD;vHk;&J}Y } [k
OD;ausmufvHk;udkajymNyD; .... ]][Jh .... aumifrav; uG,fw,m
avmuf ,m,lcJhprf; ....}} [k tapcHudk trdefYay;\/
]]tifrwef at;wJhae&maygh .... ykwD;pdwfvdkYvJ w,faumif;
w,f .... oGm;Munfhcsif Munhfygvm; ....}}
]]taumif;om;bJ ....}} [k rapmGefYu oabmwl jyefajym
aomaMumifh tapcHruav;udk tapmifhxm;cJhNyD; urXmef;ausmif;
qDodkY OD;ausmufvHk;aemufrS vdkufygoGm;av\/
urXmef;ausmif; wHcg;rSm wGufudkydw f wGufudk zGifhxm;
\/ (rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z) onfum; tifMuif;ausmufzsmay:wGif
wifyvifacGxdki\ f / &SnfvQm;aom ykwD;udk vufESpfzufjzifhudkif
acgif;udkiHkY rsufvTmudk atmufcsNyD; ..... BuD;pGmaom um,d a`Ejzifh
ykwD;pdwfvsuf &Sday\/ OD;ausmufvHk;onf tHMoaomrsufESmjzifh
ausmif;wGif;u udk,fawmfudk vufdI;xdk;jy&if; ....
]]atmifrm .... 'DrSm b,folygvdrfh ykwD;pdwfaewm}} [k
avoHjzifh rapmGefYtm; ajymav\/
rapmGefYonf wdkawmif;aom vnfwdkifuav;udk pGrf;Edkif
orQ qef Y qifr\ Munfhjcif;jzifh Munf\ h / ]]OD;ok"Zr[kwfvm;
bBuD;vHk;&JY .....}} ar;NyD; orx bm0em tmZmenfudk Munfhaejyef
\/ xdktwGif; ajrmufavajyuav; aoG;vm\/ wwdkif;arT;eHY
uav;uvnf; ygvmao;\/ wwdkif;arT;eYHjzifh >yrf;tyfaomav
onf rapmGef\ Y OD;aESmufudk oefY&Sif;Munfvifap\/ ywf0ef;
usif&Sdaom tifMuif;yifwdkY\ {jrMunfvifaom t&dyf tudkif;
tcufwdkYwGif pmuav;rsm; aysmfaysmfyg;yg; aeMuouJhokYd
161
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rapmGe\ fY {jrMunfvifaom OD;aESmuftwGif;vnf; o'gpdw?f

MunfndKpdwfuav;rsm;onf udef;atmif;vmMuav\/
bmaMumifh[k trnfrwyfEdkifbJ OD;ok"Zudk oem;vm\/
]]tif; ..... wa,mufxJ ae&Smw,f? w&m;vdkcsifvdkY usifh&Smw,f?
oem;p&m ....}} [laom pum;rsm;onf rapmGefY raem[',
aMu;rHkjyif t&dyfxif vmuke\ f / xdktcdkuf rapmGefY\ pdwf
onf oem;pdwfjzifh El;nHhaeav\/ awmfayw,f .... w&m;usifh
ayw,f? olawmfaumif; NyDygayw,f/ xGef;&SdefqdkwJh wd&pmef
uav;u 'Dudk,fawmfawG[m tusifhr&S?d oDvr&S?d t,kwftrm
awGw?Jh oif;rodvdkYajymwm olomjrifprf;apcsifw,f? taumif
uav; rodawmhrSm;wmbJ? Munfhygvm; wdkYvmwmawmifrodb;l ?
tmHku w&m;rSmom pGJNidaeawmh ab;u bDu t&mudk bmMum;
awmhrSmvJ? om"k .... om"k ...}} ponfjzifh tawG;vHk;awGudk w0J
v,fv,f awG;NyD;aemuf xdkifum&Sdcdk;\/ rapmGef\ Y xdktcg
o'gw&m;avmuf xufjrufaom o'gw&m;jzifh vltaygif;wdYk
onf &wemoHk;yg;udk qnf;uyfavvQif vltaygif;wd\ kY awmif;
orQqkonf jynfhpHkayvdrfhrnf/
]]uJ .... oGm;MupdkY .... OD;yOif;uav; aeygap .... ykwD;pdwf
aewmudk EIwfrqufygpdkYESi}fh } [k rapmGefYu avoHjzifhajymvQif
OD;ausmifvHk;onf us,favmifaom toHjzihf ]]oGm;MupdakY v oGm;
csif&if ....}} [k jyefajymvdkufojzifh .... rMunf&JY OD;ok"Zonf
vefYjzefYoGm;av\/ rsufvTmudk reJyifhwifum ab;odkYMunfhav\
pkyfrSdwf pkyfrSdwfvky
f rapmGefYwdkYudk MunfhNyD; ...../
]]aMomf ... wumrGefYGefYwdkYvm;? yx0DuodkPf;udk I&if;
ykwD;pdyfaeawmh .... vlawGudk kyfuGJatmif rjrif&bl;/ vmMu-
vmMu- xdki}f } [k qdkNyD; ykwD;udk vufwGif ywfaeav\/
162
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]t&Sifbk&m;udk raESmuf&SufbJ jyefMupdkYvdkY ..... OD;ausmifvHk;

udk ajymaewHk;bJ wyJhawmfrwdkY aESmuf,SufwJh twGuf pdwfr&Sd
awmfrlygESifh bk&m; ....}} [k OD;wifum .... rapmGefYu avsmuf
av\/
]][m; .... [m; .... udpr&Sdygbl; .... GefYGefY&,f? OD;ykOif;vJ
ykwD;ywfaphvdkY xawmhrvdkYb?J uJ .... uJ .... xdkit f Hk; xdkiftHk;
txJvm .... 0ifav? OD;ausmufvHk; [kdbufu ESD;zsmuav;
cif;prf;Asm ...}} [k trdefYay;ojzifh OD;ausmufvHk;u zsmcif;ay;\/
]]"ruxdursm;rSm w&m;a[m&- pum;ajym&ESifh rsm;pGm
tvkyfrsm;awmh ur|mef; orxtvkyfawG vpf[if;Muw,f
wur&J/Y 'Dawmh OD;ykOif;rSm tm;wHk; tcsdefudk toH;k csr,fqdkNyD;
orx bm0emudk tm;xkwfae&wmbJ/ wumvHk; a&wcGuf
avmuf uyfprf;yg}} [k OD;ausmufvHk;tm; ajymvdkuf&m?
OD;ausmufvHk;onf ausmif;uav;jyifodkY xGufc\ Jh / ]]orxESifh
0dyemudk wbufbuf Edkifatmif&,fvkdY BudK;pm;aewmbJ/
txajrmufwJhtcgusawmh &orQtusKd;udk a[m'D wumrt&if;
tcsmjzpfwJh GefYGefYwdkYu}dk } [k rapmGefYtm; ajymaepOf
OD;ausmufvHk;onf ausmif;jyifuae ausmif;wHcg;udk tomydwf
vkdufav\/ rapmGefYrSm OD;ok"Z\ a[morQ w&m;pOfudk aom
wem;qifaeojzifh OD;ausmufvHk; wHcg;ydwfoGm;onfudk rod
vdkufay/ OD;ok"Zu pum;jzwfNyD; ......
]]raeYu OD;ykOif;rSmjzifh a[mvdkuf&wm armvd?kY toHawGvJ
em? vQmawGvJuGJb/J reufu *sif;a&uav;rsm; usKdaomuf&
w,f wurav;&Y/J tJ'g GefYGefYwOD;wnf;bdkY qdkNyD; a[m&wJh
w&m;/ 'Dvdk qif;&Jyifyef;aomfvnf;? [,f .... wwfEdkifygbl;?
wdkYwur- wdkYGefYGefYrSm raumif;aomvif? raumif;aom
163
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
cifyGef;ESifh rawGU& rBuHK&bJ? vifjrwfvifaumif;jzifh aygif;oif;&

NyD; vifaumif;t&Sif pdwf Tif Tifjzpf&if awmfNyD/ wdkYGefYGefYrSm
pD;yGg;Opmwdk;wuf? Muufoa&wdk;wuf&if awmfNyDvkdY rSef;NyD;
yef;wm armwmudk bmrSoabmrxm;bJ a[mvdkuf&wmbJ/
[,f .... &ifESpfjcrf;? Asef;Asef;uGJ;csifvJ uGJapawmh? toHawG emHk
ru 0ifoGm;csif oGm;ygap? 0ifHkruvdkY ray:vmbJaewmaMumifh
w&m;aemufxyf ra[mEdkif&ifvJ aeapawmhvdkY BudK;pm;a[mwmbJ
GefYGefYa& ..... GefYGefYrSma[morQ em,lNyD; pOf;pm;&JYvm;/
pOf;pm;NyD; b,fvdk[m ,l&r,fvdkY qHk;jzwf&JYvm;}} [k ar;vQif
rapmGefYum; jrefpGmrajzEdki/f rapmGefY&ifwGif; yxrudef;
aeaom oem;pdw?f aemufxyfwdk;vmaom oem;pdw?f MunfndK
pdw?f xdkrQ rQ rdrdaumif;usKd;udk vdkvm;ojzifh aus;Zl;wif&aom
pdw?f wdkYonf jynfhvQrf;aeav\/ 0rf;enf;vGef;aomol kwf
w&uf ridkEdkifouJhodkY aus;Zl;wifvGef;tm;BuD;ojzifh pum;jyef
rajymEdkifatmif&\ Sd /
]]b,fhES,fvJ ..... GefYGefY&JY tusKd; wpHkw&m &Sd&JYvm;?
GefYGefYrSm OD;ykOif;w&m;aMumifh tusKd;rsm;ygw,fqdk&if OD;ykOif;
tyifyef;cH&usKd; eyfygNyD/ ajzprf;ygtHk;As}} [k OD;ok"Zonf NyHK;csKd
aomrsufESm? pl;&Saom rsufaphjzifh rapmGefYudk Munf\ h /
rapmGefYum; q&mawmfudk armfhMunfhjyef\/ tcgwdkif; tMunhf
csif;qHkonfxuf tcg qHkyHkum; xl;\/ xl;jcm;aom t&om
wckudkvnf; cHpm;Mu\/
]]tusKd;trsm;BuD; xl;ygw,f bk&m;/ pOf;pm;EIdif;csdefwwfwJh
OmPfvJ wdk;vdkYrdkY t&Sifbk&m;aus;Zl;udk rarhygbl; bk&m;/}}
164
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]aMomf .... 'Dvdkqdk&if eyfNyD eyfNyD/ yef;ayap armayap/

'Dawmh awmfoifhwJh a,musfm;rsm; aG;NyD;NyDvm;}} OD;ok"Zu NyHK;\
rapmGefYum; ]]cpf}} ueJ &,f\/
]]raG;&ao;yg bk&m;}}
]]pdwfuaum rSef;NyD;NyDvm;}}
]]rNyD;ao;yg bk&m;}}
]][J .... [J ... a0h0dkufraeyg&apESifhawmh GefYGefY&,f/
&efukefrSm q&maumif;awGUvdkY "ruxdujzpf&wm/ "ruxdujzpf
vdkY csufjcif; "n0wD OD;aZmwduESifh jynfNrdKUudkvm&wm/ jynfNrdKU
udk jyefvmr,fpdwfrul;bJ &efukefrSmraeEdkifvdkY jynfNrdKU w&m;
a[m wufcJh&wm/ rapmGefYrSm cktoufa&mufatmif cspfol
trsKd;rsKd; BudKufoltzHkzHk awGYygvsufESifh a,musfm;r,ljzpfwm/
(rapmGefYpdwfwGif [if; .... b,fudka&mufvdkY b,fpum;a[mrSm
ygvdrfh[k awG;vsuf? thHMopGm em;axmifae\/) b0 b0u
yg&rDcH&SdvdkY w&m;em 0goemygwm/ w&m;udk tav;tjrwf
jyKwwfwm/ w&m;"ruxdursm;udk MunfndKwwfwm tm;vHk;
awG[m a&S;a[mif;b0uH rjyKjyif&if jzpfEdkifwJhw&m;awG r[kwf
bl;/ vludk udk,fwdkifjyKjyifzefwD;zdkY rajymESifh 'DvdkjzpfEdkifw,f
vdkYvJ rawG;Edkifbl;/ a&S;uHu zefwD;vdkY tJ'gawGjzpfvmNyD; ,ckvdk
GefYGefYESifh OD;ykOif; &if;ESD;vmMuw,f/ r&if;ESD;cifuxJu b0
b0 a&S;a&pufaMumifh GefYGefY kyfqdk;w,fvdkY ajymwmudkvJ
kyfqdk;wJhtuGufudk OD;ykOif; rjrifEdki?f cspfp&m tuGufawGom
jrifEdkifNyD; GefYGefYudk toJpGJ cspfcJhygw,f/ (rapmGefYum; wkef
oGm;\/ &SufaoG;vnf; aygufvmjyef\/ rsufESm b,fuJhoYdk
xm;&rnfrod) ck vdk&if;u bmvdkvJqdkawmh tcspfawG[m
165
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
yifv,fvdIif;awGvdk wtddtdxNyD; w<u<u wufaewmaygh}} [k

ajymNyD; NyHK;wHk;wHk;vkyfcg rapmGefYudk Munf\
h /
rapmGefYpdwfwGif &SufpdwfawGvQrf;NyD; ......
]] OD;ykOif;bk&m; .... roifhavsmfwJhpum;awG r>rufMum;awmf
rlygESifh .... wyJhawmfru vlom;? t&Sifbk&m;u &[ef;ygbk&m;/
umr*kPfbufudk r,drf;,dkifygESifhbk&m;}} [k ydw f avQmuf\/
]]aMomf .... GefY&,f? 'gawGrajymygESifhawmh/ a&S;u rMum;
bl;bl;vm;? "rapwDrif;wdkYtaMumif;rsm;? &SifapmykqdkwJh r,fawmf
BuD;[m "rapwDqdkwJh ykOif;uav;udk vlxGufap orD;ESifh
ay;pm;NyD; rif;ajrmufowJ/h Zmwfawmf edywfawmfawGrSmygwJh
tavmif;awmfrsm;awmif &aoh &[ef;b0rsm;uaeNyD; cspfoal wGU
vdkY vl0wfvJMuw,fw?Jh tavmif;tvsm rsm;rSmawmif cspfolawGU
Edkifao;&if OD;ykOif;wdkYvdk bk&m;tavmif;vJ r[kw?f &[Em
tavmif; vJ r[kw?f tEHknmwawGawmh b,frSm ajymp&m&Sdawmh
rvJ? a[m'Du cspfolwOD;awGUNyD? udk,fcspfvdkY GefYu cspfygw,f
vkdY pum;&&if bkef;BuD;qdkwJh pum;aysmufNyD; rapmGefYESifh
udkoef;jrif?h OD;ykOif;vlemrnfu udkoef;jrifhwJh cspfMuw,fvdkY
qdk&rSmaygh/ uJ .... cspfw,fvdkY ajzyg tcspfOD;BuD;&J}Y }
rapmGefYonf rsufESmatmufcsom ae\/ ajymaom
pum;rsm;udk ususee Mum;&\/ C * w # em;vnf\/ a&S;a&S;
aomtcgup ,cktG,fwdkif xdkpum;rsm;udk rMum;bl;cJ/h
oJuEm&xJ MumjrifhpGm aeolonf prf;a&pD;oHuav; Mum;&ouJh
odkY &Sdav\/ rapmGefYonf OD;ok"Z\ pum;rsm;wGif om,m
aom aw;oHudk Mum;&\/ xdkaw;oHuav;onf rif;rJhaeaom
rapmGe\ fY ESvHk;tdrf&Sd yvifxufwGif tcspfwnf;[laom
rif;uav;udk yl;0ifp jyKav\/ odkYaomf ]]&Sufp&maumif;w,f}}
166
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]bkef;BuD;vlxGufBuD;}} [laom pum; olykefESpfa,mufonf

rif;uav;udk eef;cs&ef BudK;pm;aeMuojzifh .....
]]rawmfygbk&m; ....}} [k rapmGefYu ajz\/
OD;ok"Zum; ]]yDrdk;eif;\ rdef;rpdw}f } ]]'*kPfewf&Si\ f
tcspf#dum}} ponfrsm;udk bwfxm;&um;/ 'g rm,m[kodav\/
xkdYaMumifh ausmufzsmxufrS xawmfr l rapmGefYtem;odkY uyf\
rapmGefYrSm aMumufGHwkefvIyfvm\/ olvnf; ZwfceJ&yf
wHcg;aygufqDodkY vSnfhMunfhr\ d / wHcg;ydwfxm;\/ xdktcdkuf
vufjrefaom "ruxduonf wynfhrudk trdt& brf;av\/
rapmGefYrSm ykojzifh ykcHk;udkukdi f bufxm;&\/ rapmGefYum;
kef;\/
]]vTwfawmffrlygbk&m; ..... rawmfygbl; bk&m;}}
]]cspfvGef;vdkYyg GefY&m ...}} [k qdkum rapmGefYudk wtm;ukef
zuf rdrdudk,faiGU ay;vdkufav\/ ]]cspfvGef;vdkYyg GefY&m ...}} [l
aom pum;udk ajym&m OD;ok"Zonf a[mcJhorQaom w&m;awG
xuf *DwoHrsm; a&Sajym\/ xdkpOfu OD;ok"Zajymvdkufaom
toHudk Mum;&ol taygif;onf ]]cRJonf}} qdkaom pum;\
t"dyg,fudk &Sif;&Sif;BuD; emvnfMuayrnf/ rapmGefYwGif t&Suf
aMumifh cPrQ ikwfaeMuaom oem;pdw?f MunfndKpdw?f aus;Zl;
wifpdwfwdkYonf tm;tifBuD;pGmjzifh ay:vmav\/ OD;ok"Z\
&ifaiGUonf &Sufjcif;udk ajc&maysmuf ESifxkwfvdku\ f / rapmGefY
onf armhMunf\ h / OD;ok"Zum; NyHK;csKdpGm iHkYMunf\ h / xdktcg
oem;pdw?f MunfndKpdw?f aus;Zl;wifpdwfwdkYonf jrpfvufwuf
uav;rsm;jzpfMuukefvsuf cspfjcif;wnf;[laom jrpfrBuD;twGif;
odkY aygif;qHk pD;0ifMuavukef\/
167
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 19 /
r a pm G efY o nf &D ; pm ; xm ; & o nfh t & om

t od a em uf us a v jc if ; [k
av;q,fausmfrS uHay:&aom tysKdBuD;wumwd\ kY &Sifapmyk

(0g) bk&ifr rapmGefYonf &D;pm;xm;&onfht&om tod
aemufusavjcif;[k oufjyif;csrdav\/ acwfumv wuftysKd
uav;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh touf q,fhav;ig;ESpf a&muf
vQif &D;pm;xm;jcif;\ od*Fg&o &wdbm0 Asbdpm&Dbm0? 0dbm0
tEkbm0? tm;vHk;ukefudk od&SdMuNyD; jzpfaomfvnf; rapmGefYrSm
,ck touf 44- ESpfa&mufcgrS cspfjcif;\bm0 trsKd;rsKd;udk odp
ysKd;cg&Sdao;\/ wcgwcg igbmaMumifh bkef;BuD;udkrS cspfrdygvdrfh
[kar;\/ ]] o'gvGefvdkY wPSmjzpfwmrsKd;bJ}} [k od&\ Sd / o'g
w&m;tjyif oem;pdwfay:aygufr?I tm;udk;rI?Y aus;Zl;wifrIrsm;
vnf; cspfjcif;\ taMumif;&if; 0dbm0awG jzpfaMumif; em;vnf
ay\/ wcgw&H olESifh OD;ok"Z (0g) udkoef;jrifhwdkYonf tcspf
pcef;zGi fh tcspfokyfaqmifaeonfudk awG;rd\/
]]wuJhudk cspfw,fvm; ....}} [k ar;vQif rdrdu ....
]]aTqHawmf pl;ygaph cspfygw,f/ cspfwmudk okyfay:atmif
a[m'Dvkd vkyfjy&tkHk;rSmvm;}} [k ajz&if; ]]&SJ I;}} ceJ toH&SnfBuD;
ay:vmatmif ausmufzsmudk wHyljzifh cspfjyav\/
168
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]] OD;ykOif;uawmh b,favmufrsm; cspfovJv}dkY }

]]tdk ... tdk ... OD;ykOif; .... OD;ykOif;ESifh t r*Fvm pum;BuD;ESifh
rac:ygESif?h ac:yg ..... armifarmifvd}kY }
]][J .... [J ... armifarmifu b,favmufrsm; cspfygovJv}dkY }
]]{&m0wDjrpfa&[m ukefcrf;w,frsm; &Sdao;ovm; ....}}
]]r&Sdygbl; armifarmif .....}}
]]a[m'D ..... oa&acw&m NrdKUawmfBuD;rSm ab'g&DwdkY vuf
xufwkef;u bl;uav;ESifh a&cwfwmvJ 'D{&m0wDjrpfa&bJ
r[kwfvm;/ ck ..... a[m'Du GefY GefYwdkY csKd;a& csufa& oHk;aeMu
wmvJ {&m0wD jrpfa&bJ/ {&m0wDjrpfBuD; a&ruke/f a&;a[mif;
u yifv,fxJ0if? a&opfawG jrpfzsm;u qif;wmvdk armifarmifh
toJESvHk;wnf; [laom jrpfBuD;rSm arwma&pif tpOfrjywf
pD;rSmygbJ}} ponfjzifh [dkES,f onfES,f cspfa&;qG,fMuyHkudk awGrd
wdkif; tljrL;rdav\/
pmudk cdk;bwf&onfrSmvnf; t&omawGU\/ OD;ok"ZxHrS
pmuav;&vQif toufyif rSefrSefrIEdki/f qdyfuG,f&mudkbJ awmf
awmfESifh r&Edki?f tdrfomxJ0ifbwf&? jcifaxmifwGif;ykef;bwf&?
pmtkyfMum; nyfbwf&jzifh vGwfvGwfvyfvyf bwf&onfxuf
t&omxl;yd k aejyefav\/
]]qkxl;yef GefYGefYi?JY [dkwaeYnu awGU&r,fqdkvdkY csrf;ajrU
wJhaomfwmudk taz:yrmjyKNyD;? qkxl;yefjrifh'g,lu?dk cGifhomrl
vmapaMumif;? xyfavmif;vdkY ajymygav? GefYonfwrl? GefYcspf
olrSm? ajrmf&muvGrf;? wrf; &muaqG;? ai;&mu armayghv?dkY
ajymawmh pEm? a&mifomcGg&,fv?dkY rSmayrJ?h aiGaomfwm ta&;
rpdkufwmrd?kY acR;NzdKufNzdKufom? us&awmhw,f? *arwmquf
oG,?f ta0;uvS,f&vd?kY Mu,fwm,mv pef;vd?k vufvSrf;um
*ca&yGihfaemufrSvmaom pum;rsm;um; pma&;olvuf&mr[kwf a&S;pmrS

,lxnfhvdkufonf/
csLayrif?h &,lbdkYtmom&ruf? rNidrf;wmvd?k csLygaomfvJ ta0;

BuD;? b,fawmhrSudpNyD;&rvJ? ]]tjrifeD;vsuf c&D;a0;onfhawmif}}
qdkwJh pum;vd?k teD;tem; jzpfrvdkvdkESi?fh cyfa0;&Sdaeao;awmh
wmbJ? ESrGefYGefYtwGuf pdwZESifh ]]bd Ze"arm? bdZwd}} aobdkY
&efc&D;ujzif?h eD;eD;uav; &SdawmhwmbJ? tmPmawmf wcsuf
vTwfESi?fh 0wfHkwdkif;cJrJvdkY tGJUwdkufNyD;? tawGUrcH&if? uHudkom
jypfcs? jzpforQ 0dygufu?dk r&SufEdkiftm;cJNyD;? vl;vJvdkY cH&awmh
rSmbJ? pDrHrJh zl;pmewfu?dk txyfxyfTwfawG;cH? 0w&m;uif;ap
vdkwJh taMumif;ESifh qkawmif;&if;? pmudk a&;oGif;ygonf}} [l
aom pmrsKd;udkum;? tbefbef tcgcgbwf? bwfwdkif;vnf;
oabmus? oabmuswdkif;vnf;bwf? NyD; acgif;tHk;atmuf
xm;avh&\ Sd /
wzef aMumufaomaMumifh if;? &Sufwufwufaeaom
aMumifh if;? nawGUbdkYudk tcsefqGJaecdkuf ..../
]]tdk ..... GefYGefY&?JY &ufpufvSacs&J?Y awGUbdkYta&; Munfom
pGm cGifhay;ygvdkY tcgcgawmif;yefygvsufESifh b,ftwGuf onf
avmuftNidK;BuD;ESifh wrsKd;NyD; wrsKd; ESdyfpufawmfrl&wmvJ GefY&?JY
jrifomjrif& rMuif&armifhudk,f jzpfapcsifvkdYvm;}}
qufqHaygif;oif;-cspfjcif;arwm?
aTvnfw GJ -aysmfyGJ Tifum?
waeYusawmh-awGU&awmhrSm?
b,fwGifrcG-J aysmfyGJqifum?
,k,k,,-cspfMu olYxufig/
waeYus-awGUBuHK&awmhrSm ..... qdkayrJh tJ'DaeYudk jrefjref
a&mufatmif GefYu zefwD;apvdkygw,f/}}
170
24-10-36 xkwf jrefrmhtvif;rS aumufEIwfcsuf/
ponfjzifh awGUqHkcGifhawmif;jyef&um; rapmGefYonf nwGif

tdrfjyifbuf vlrjrif&m tawGYcHjyef\/ awGUp nutjzpftysuf
udk ,ckwdkif olrarhao;/ em;axmif bmoHv?J [kwfw,f ....
[kwfw,f .... olay;wJh tcsufaygh? rapmGefYonf ajczsm;
axmuf Murf;udkeif;\/ EIwfcrf;udk udkufxm;\? avSum;xpf
rsm;udk nifompGmeif;\? xkdnu qif;oGm;aom ajcoHuav;rsm;
wGif rapmGefYonf *DwawGUae\/ ESvHk;aoG;um; tvGeftMuL;
ckefae\? ]]Munfhygvm; .... [dku rJrJ[molb?J rapmGefY onf
udkoef;jrifhteD;odkYuyf\? udkoef;jrifhu avoHjzifh ]]GefYa& vmrS
vmyghrvm;vd}kY } [k ajym\/ rapmGefYum; pum;vnf;rajymEdki?f
tarmBuD; armNyD;? ESvHk;awG 'l;awGwkefae\/ a&SUodrkY wdk; xdkpOf
tcgu udkoef;jrifhu zufac:oGm;&m a&pkef avSjzKwf&ovdk
vG,fvG,fuav; rdrdu vdkufygoGm;yHkudk jrifwa&;ESifh xifao;
awmh\/
,ckrl tBudrfBudrfawGUNyD; cspfcef;onf b,fwGifqHk;rnf
enf;[k ar;\/ rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z vl0wfv J rdrdESifh taMumif;yg
cgrQjzifh qHk;rnfavm? edAmefwdkifatmif txHkygrnfh tcspfavm?
ESpfOD;ESpf0 raygif;&cifu a,musfm;rdkY tdkifawGU&if ajcaq;wJh0g'
rsKd;udkoHk;NyD; cGJoGm;rSmavvm; [kpdk;&dr\
f / ypfcgG oGm;acsu tysKd
a&vnf;HI; vlrSmvnf;EHk;? pdwfrSmvm; csKH;avrnf/ cspfol
uav;ESifh uGJ&vQif rdrdtoufESifh cEmudk,f uGJonfxuf qdk;0g;
ayrnf/ odkYaMumifh rapmGefYonf pma&;&efjyif\? b,ftcsdef
taumif;qHk;enf;aG;\? nwGif trsm;tdyfMuaomtcg a&;\?
vlxGuf&ef olESifhaygif;oif;NyD; bGif;bGif;BuD;aeMu&efudka&;\/
OD;ok"Zonf pmjyef\ (armifarmif) oHk;ae&onfrSm dk;ae
\? &D;pm;xm;aom bkef;BuD;wdkif; armifwdkY armifwdkY bkef;bkef;wd?kY
171
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
usKyfw?dkY OD;ykOif;wdkYom oHk;aeMu\/ xdkpum;awGum; OD;ok"Z

tbdkY qGJiifaom owd r&S?d olrsm;roHk;ao;aom ]]udku}kd } [laom
pum;udk oHk;csif\/ odkYaomf rapmGefYrSm rdrdxuf &SpfESpfrQ BuD;
aeaomaMumifh ]]udku}dk } oHk;&rSm tMuyfawGUaeav\/ odkYaMumifh
r,kwfrvGef wcgw&H ]]udkjrif}h } [ka&; wcgw&H ]]udkoef;}} [k
oHk;vdku\ f / vlxGufbdkUudkrl ]]wem&D wrdepfrS rqdkif;csifygbl;?
udkjrifh[m 'D0gwmwm Murf;wrf;wrf; zdk;dk;zm;,m;t0wfBuD;udk
cRwfcsifvSygNyD}} [k OD;ok"Zu a&;\/ vlxGufNyD; cspfwJholESifh
vlodewfMum; &J&JBuD; aecsifvSaMumif;udk usrf;usdefajym\/
odkYaomf .... OD;ok"ZwGif &nfG,fcsufwck &Sdao;\/ xdk&nfG,f
csufum;? "ruxduwdkY b0wGif wefcdk;tBuD;qHk;aom tcg\
trSwfonf jzpf\/ "ruxdu taygif;wdkYonf rdrdwdkYw&m;rsm;
udk "gwfjym;oGif;vdkMu\/ "gwfjym;wGif;a[m&aom yk*dK vfrsm;
rSm yxrwef; wpf*Pef;&- xG#facgif "ruxdu jzpfonf[k
todtrSwf tjyKcH&\/ "gwfjym;wGif;rS w&m;a[m&vQif tcGifh
oifhu owif;pmrsufESmzHk;rsm;yif "gwfyHkBuD;rsm;ESifh aMumfjimyg
uke\ f / w&m;a[moHudk rem&onfxm;OD;? emrnfESifh aumif;
aMumif;udk tNrJMum;aeaom vlawGum;rsm;uke\ f / odkYaMumifh
]]&efukef wacgufavmufoGm;NyD; "mwfjym;oGif;yg&apOD;/ ukrPD
wcku refae*smESifh udkoef;rSm tvGef;oifhaeMuNyD;rdYk "mwfjym;rSm
udkjrifhw&m;udkoGif;bdkY tcGifhoifhrSmbJ/ NyD;awmhvJ &efukefrSm
&Spfvavmuf t*FvdyfbmomoifrJh q&mudkiSm;NyD; pmoifcsifw,f
t*Fvdyfpm aMu;eef;jzpfawmh bwfwwfHkwwf&if GefYGefYESifh&
awmh GefY&JYtvkyfudk trsm;BuD; tultnD&ygvdrfhrnf/ ]]udkoef;
t*Fvdyfpmwwfvm&if GefYrSmvJ *kPf&SdwmbJ}} ponfjzifh
taMumif;jyjyefaomaMumifh vlxGufa&;udk q,fvrQ qdkif;&ef cGifh
172
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ay;&jyef\/ rapmGefYrSm t*FvdyfpmoifbdkY rsm;pGmoabmwl\/

t*Fvdyfpmwwf vlxGufvmvQif tvkyftudkiftwGuf tultnD
&rnfhtjyif trsm;uJh&JYbG,f vrf;vnf; enf;ayvdrfhrnf/
odkYpDrHMu\/ rapmGefYu OD;ok"Z &efukefrSm t*Fvdyfpm

oifaeEdkifatmif wv 100d- axmuf&rnf/ t*Fvdyfpmudk &Spfv
twGif; ususeewwfatmif oif&rnf/ NyD;vQif- &efukefrSm
vl0wfESifh wvae jynfNrdKUudkvmNyD; rapmGefYudk ususee
r*Fvmaqmif,l&rnf/ r*Fvmaqmif&ef tcrsm;rSm rapmGef\ Y
wm0efjzpfap[k pDrHNyD;aemuf rsuf&nfuav; uv,f uv,fEiS fh
0wfcsaeaom rapmGefYudk &xm;ay:rSMunfh&if; OD;ok"Zonf
&efukefodkY qif;cJhav\/
173
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 20 /
[dkacG;rsKd; aZmwduvJ 0PudkrS cdk;ajy;w,f/
rZdreE0efausmif;0ef;\ ta&SUbufydkif; iSufaysmyifMum;

wnf&Sdaom p&yf\ b@mpdk; oDv&Sif r0Pudk "n0wD
OD;aZmwduu cdk;,loGm;onfrSm wvyif rjynfhao;acs/ eE0ef
q&mawmfBuD;rSm o&ufGuf a<u ESvHk;aoG; qlavmufatmif
emawmfrl\/ qGrf;bkOf;ay;csdefuswdkif; r,f0P\ rsufESmuav;
udk jrifNyD; ]]awmuf 0P 0P emrnfeJYvdkufatmif vSayw,f/
ynwfoGm;&m "mwfoufygqdkwmvdk a&S;wkef;u olYemrnfudk ,lcJh
wJh bDvl;rvdkb/J &uf&ufpufpuf ighudk ESdyfpufw,f/ [,f .....
0P&,f/ om;a&ay:tdyf om;a&em;pm;/ t&dyfaeae tcufcsKd;csKd;
[dkacG;rsKd; aZmwdu uvJ 'D0PudkrS cdk;ajy;w,f/ igh&SdwJh ypnf;
awG cdk;csifcdk;ygawmh 0Pudk bmvdkYcdk;&ovJ}} ponfjzifh wjzpf
awmufawmufESifh NiD;awmfrl&Sm\/
ausmif; yOif;uav;awGa&m oDv&ifuav;awG a&m arG;
xm;&onfrSm t*d,l;teD;- zdkcGifjyifay;xm;onfESifh wlonf[k
q&mawmf OmPftvif;aygufNyD; OD;yOif;uav;awGudk ausmif;rS
tm;vHk;ESifcsif\/ odkYaomf trsm;uJh&JYrnfudkvnf; pdk;&drf& wum
174
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
wumrrsm; rsufESmudkvnf; Munfh&ao;\/ eE0efq&mawmf

cvkyfxdonfrSm ESpfBudrf&SdNyD wBudrfum; acG;uav; arG;aomnu
roDvpm&DESifh OD;ok"ZwdkY tcspfyifv,fabG avSavSmfaeMuonf
udkawGUjcif;/ wBudrfrSm r,f0Pudk OD;aZmwdu u cdk;,lajy;jcif;
yifwnf;/ odkYaMumifh t*d,l;wnf;[laom OD;yOif;uav;rsm;udk
ta0;odkY rESifEdkifaomfvnf;? owdy|mefudk vufudkifxm; trsm;
aom wynfhruav;teD;odkY t*d,l;uav;rsm; ruyfEdkifatmif
om apmifha&Smuf&awmh\/
cgwdkif; cgxuf ,ck owdydkxm; apmifha&Smuftyf\/
jrmwdkif;jrmxuf roDvpm&Dudk vGefuJaomowdjzifh apmifhMuyf\/
q&mawmfBuD;onf "ruxduuav; rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z &efukef
vmNyD[laom owif;udk &\/ aMumufp&m aumif;vSonfrSm
OD;ok"Zonf eE0efausmif;teD; ]]axmifa&mifae}} ausmif;BuD;
aeonf[k od&\/ rsufvHk;jyL;p&m aumif;vSonfrSm OD;ok"Z
onf nnwGif rdrdausmif;0if;odkYvmNyD; roDvpm&DESifh jyefaygif;
xkyfaeonf[laompum;udk oJhoJhMum;&\/ odkYaMumifh q&mawmf
onf nnwGif roDvpm&D\ a&SUwHcg;udk aomhcwfxm;\/
rdrdudk,fudkumuG,f&ef vufeufjzifh wef;qmqifvsuf q&mawmf
onf nn tvpf ausmif;atmufqif; Munfhavh&\ Sd /
OD;ok"Zonf &efukefa&muf rMumjrifhrD roDvpm&DxH
pma&;\/ b,fawmhrS tcspfrjy,fonfh taMumif;/ ,ckrl vGwf
vGwf vyfvyf cspfMu&atmif BudK;pm;Mu&rnfhtaMumif;/ nn
awGUcGifhay;ygrnfhtaMumif;rsm;udk tnKqHk; tc&mqHk;aompum;?
jr0wDwdkY vdIifxdyfacgifwifwdkY tcRJvHk;uav;rsm;udk oHk;vdkuf
ojzifh pdwfrygbJESifh bkef;BuD;tkdBuD;udk wDwDwmwmc&m tcspf
trlt&mjyae&ojzifh rsm;pGm rauseyfaeaom roDvpm&Donf
175
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
prf;a&uJhodkY MunfvifoefYpifaom arwmjzifh cspfaeaom?

EkysKdaom tG,fudkaqmifaom? e0ifyD,Hjzpfaom pum;uav;
awGudk trsm;tjym; oHk;avh&Sdaom kyfacsmaom OD;ok"Zudk
qefYtyfaomvuf? NyHK;tyfaomEIw?f &m*a&mifawmuftyfaom
rsufaphjzifh vufcHavh&\ Sd /
wcgwcg rMunf&JY OD;ok"Zonf jynfNrdKU rapmGefYydkYvdkuf
aom taejyifh rEav;vHkcsnf? pdefyef;cdkif ydwftus? armfvNrdKif
a&SUxdk;uav;rsm;udk ouFef;wGif; vHkNcHKpGm xkyfcg,lvmNyD;
roDvpm&Dudk ay;\/ nwGif roDvpm&Donf vl0wfv\ J /
acgif;udk rum;jyef aZ'bm&Druav;vdk yk0geufpnf;xm;\/
rD;zdkwHcg;uvm? rD;zdkwHcg;ujyef/ p&yfa&SY wHcg;aomhcavmufBuD;
udkMunfhcg NyHK; aysmfyg;aeMuav\/
wnwGif .... OD;ok"Zonf ouFef;udk tay:u vTrf;xm;
aomfvnf;? atmufurl ydk;&Syftus vufwdk t0gEka&mifuav;
0wf? ydk;&Srf;abmif;bDudk 0wfvm\/ a&mufa&mufjcif; ouFef;
udk cRwf OD;ok"Zb0rS ukdoef;jrifh jzpfvmyHkudk roDvpm&Dtm;
jy\/ r,foGif trnf&Sdaom roDvpm&Du .....
]]tdk udkudkjrifhu odyfacsmyguvm; tom;ESifh ykd;tus odyf
vdkufwmbJ}} [k ajymNyD; tusudk vufjzifh yGwfae\/
]]tJ'Dvdk vl0wfvJawmh a[m'Du oGifoGifuav;vJ rcGgbJ
yg&r,f/ oGifoGifuav; wifhwifhw,fw,f aeEdkifatmif? udkudkY
tem;u aeESifhv aTESifhjrvdk aeEdkifatmif BudK;pm;vdkuf&wm
ckrSbJ tBuHajrmufawmhw,f}} [k ajymNyD; ukwifay:wGif wifyvTJ
xkdifav\/ vl0wfvJxm;aom oDv&Sifuav;onfvnf; teD;
uyfxdkifNyD; udkoef;jrifhaygifay:wGif acgif;tHk;vsuf tdyf&if;
nmvufjzifh udkoef;jrif\ h ar;udk yGwfae\/
176
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]oGifvJ0rf;om&atmif ajymygtHk; udkudk&JY .....}}

]]oGif[m udkoef;jrifhudk arwmppfarwmrSefESifh cspfw,faemf}}
[k udkoef;jrifhu ar;NyD; roGi\ f wifyg;uav;udk om,mpGm
(jzyf jzyf) ESifh dku\
f /
]]tdk .... topfvkyfar;aejyefNyD? 'DvlBuD;uvJ}}
]]topfvkyf&rJhtcgrdkY ar;wmyg .... ajymyg ....}}
]]udkukdu oGifhudk avmurSm tcspfqHk; qdkwm ,Hk&JYvm;}}
]],Hkygw,f .... onfuvJ tcspfqHk;aygh ....}}
]]aumif;NyD .... udkudkYtBuHu onfv?dk tck &efukefrSm w&m;
awGudk "gwfjym;oGif;? &Spfvavmuf t*FvdyfpmoifNyD;&if udkudk
vl0wfvJr,f/ vl0wfvJNyD; wvudk 100d- axmufaewJh tkyfqdk;
rBuD;- rdef;r tysKdBuD;wa,mufudk udkudk,l&r,f/ (tdk .... [k
vufjzifhum&if; roGifu tHhMo\/) aetHk; ..... qHk;rS ajymcsifwm
ajymyg/ tysKdBuD;u ypnf;av;ig;odef; &Sdw,f/ 'Dypnf;awG
udkudkYvufxJ tyfrSmbJ/ udkudk BuD;MuyfNyD; tvkyfvkyf&r,f/ tysKd
BuD;udk ypnf;twGuf BudKufwm/ cspfvdkYrS r[kwfb/J a[m'Du
wu,fcspfwmuav;udk tJ'Dtcgusawmh vm,lr,f- vmac:
r,f/ rvdkuf&ifawmh odMua&maygh}}
]]'Dvdkqdkawmh oGif[mrdef;ri,f .... tr,fav; ....}} [k
pum;rqHk;cif aygifay:rSm acgif;tHk;&mwGifrS vl;vJxav\/
]]tdk bmvJoGif&?JY udkudkajymwm oabm}} [k pum;rS vufp
rowfcif roDvpm&D pl;pdkufMunfh&mbufodkY Munfhvkduf&m eE0ef
q&mawmfudk jrif&\/
177
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 21 /
rqJESifhbkef;BuD;/ roGif b,folY ydkcspfovJ ajymajym .....
q&mawmfum; tcef;wHcg;0wGif &yfvsuf&\ Sd / oif;ydkifukd

wdkpGm 0wfxm;av\/ a'gotrsuf acsmif;acsmif;xGufaom kyf
xuf csKH;csidkvdkaomkyfu ydkay:vGifae\/ olYrsufESmwGif rkef;
onfh vuPm? raumif;rIudk MuL;vGefcsifonfh vuPmwdkYonf
ay:vmuke\ f / pum;rajym/ acgif;&rf;um cspfolESpfOD;udk Munfh
\/
armifoef;jrifhonf ukwifay:uqifNyD; rwfwwf&yfvdkuf\/
roGifum; ukwifay:rSmyif xkdif&if; udkoef;jrif\h vufwbufudk
udkifxm;av\/ udkoef;jrifhrsufESmrSm csufjcif; ajymif;oGm;\/
aMumufjcif;ESifh &Sufjcif;onf olYrsufESmudk vTrf;av\/ roGi\ f
rsufESmum; ESif;qDyef;uav;vdk ukefcJhonfh rdepftwGif;u
vyfqwfao;\/ ESif;qDyef; rD;ESifhawGU kwfw&uf Id;oGm;ovdk
taMumufESifh awGUojzifh rsufESmrSmdI; vlrSm acGoGm;av\/
q&mawmfBuD;onf olw\ kdY rsufESmaouav;awGudk jrif&m ajym
178
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
vdkufrnf? vkyfvdkufrnf[k oHEd|mefcs vmcJhjcif;udkyif

rajymEdki?f rvkyfEdkifbJ Muufao aoaeav\/ odkYaomf ....
ukdoef;jrif\ h rsufESmonf aMumufyHkrS rcefYav;pm;aomyHkodkY
ajymif;oGm;onfrS q&mawmfonf a'gopdwfay:aygufvm\/
roGi\ f rsufESm rD;&Sdef jyifu ESif;qDyef;uav; wGefYvde f
wufovdk taMumufrS q&mawmfudk rkef;vmNyD;? rsufESm
IHUoGm;jyef\/ xdk aemufqHk; ajymif;vJaom rsufESmxm;onf
]]wdkYbmomwdkY aysmfaewmudk oif; uvmvdkY Iyfw,f?
aESmifh&Sufw,f? udkudku ighudk aysmfcGifhay;ae 'gudk vmNyD;
'DblwmBuD; zsufpD;w,f? oGm;wmr[kwfbl;? Munfh ygvm;?
acG;emBuD; rsufESmrsKd;vkdbJ GHp&m? oGm;- ighudkudkeJY aysmf
aysmfaecsifw,f}} qdkaom t"dyg,frsKd;udk aqmifaeav\/
q&mawmfBuD;onf xdkrsufESmudk jrif&rS tcef;jyifbufu qHk;jzwf
vmaom qHk;jzwfcsufudk jzpfajrmufatmifvkyf&ef p\/
]]aumif;ayhuGm? rif;wdkY acG;awGvkdb?J aus;Zl;rJhw,f? t&if
wcguvJ 'DacG;ruav;u olu p&wmr[kwfygbl;wJ?h [if ....
acG;orD; eifck bmajymrvJ}}
olwdkYum; bmrSrajym? udkoef;jrifhu roGifudk iHkUMunf\ h ?
roGifu udkoef;jrifhrsufESmudk armhMunhfNyD; ]]bmvkyf&rvJ}} [k
ar;vdkaom t&dyftjcnf vTw\ f /
]]a[h .... ok"Z? rif;- ausmif;u ESifxkwfwmawmifrS
xyfvmNyD; ighudkapmfum;w,f}}
OD;ok"Zac: udkoef;jrifhu NyHKNzJNzJESifh ]]pum;awmh a&Sa&Sajym
raeeJY bkef;BuD;? a[m'Du roDvpm&Dudk cHkwif qHk;jzwfyapawmh?
olydkBudKufwJhvlaemuf vdkufwrf;bJ bkef;BuD;udk ydkcspfw,fqdk&if
179
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
wynfhawmf ckxGufoGm;r,f? wynfhawmfudk ydkcspfw,fqdk&if ckac:

oGm;r,f? tvum;pum;a&Sw,f}}
]]bmvJ acG;rsKd; r,m;cdk;}} [k oGm;usKd;rS &SdorQavawGxkwf
NyD; ajymav\/
]]uJ .... rqJESifhbkef;BuD;? roGi-f b,folYudk ydkcspfovJ ajym
.... ajym}} [k ycHk;udk ykw f ar;rS ..../
]]udkudkYudk cspfwmaygh? odyfcspfw,f? ypfrxm;cJhe?JY vm ......
oGm;MupdkYudkudk&,f oGm;Mupd}kY } [k ajymNyD; roGifu vufudkqGJav
\/ q&mawmfonf olwdkYteD;wGif cg;axmufcg oGm;av\/
udkoef;jrifhonf ]][J .... [J 'grS ighrdef;ruG? ac:&efYAsm .....
ac:r,f}} [k ajymNyD; ukef;um roGifudk erf;av\/
q&mawmfudkum; bDvl;pD;avNyD? wudk,fvHk; taMumawG
xvmav\/ q&mawmfonf ajczsm;axmufNyD; toufjyif;pGm
I tm;,l\? aemufvufudk ajrmufvdkufav&m vufwGif;u
"g;arQmifonf rD;a&mifwGif 0if;ueJ .... vufoGm;av\/ q&m
awmfonf &SdorQtm;awGudkxkw f OD;ok"Z\ ausmufukef;udk
ab;cyfapmif;apmif;rS xkd;vdkufav\/
udkoef;jrifhonf vnfvSD;cH&aom Muufuav;uJhodkY kef;uef
\/ roGifudk zufxm;aom vufuav;rsm;rSm ajymhacGoGm;\/
cg;udkaumh\? raumhEdki/f acgif;rSm a&SUpdkufcg ezl;ESifh ukwif
abmif wdkufcg acG&ufom; vJoGm;av\/ roGifonf rsufESmudk
vufjzihfumNyD; ]]tr,fav; ..... at;}} [k atmf\/
]]acG;rsKd;awG .... acG;usifhusifhawmh "g;pmjzpfwmbJ aumif;
w,f ......}} [k q&mawmfonf Budrf;armif;NyD; pdkufaeaom"g;udk
qGJEIw\ f / udkoef;jrifhonf AsKdif;atmufBuD;vdkatmfNyD; ukef;x&ef
BudK;pm;\/ 'vdefYacgufacG; vJoGm;jyef\/ q&mawmfonf rao
180
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ao;bl; t,l&Sdum "g;udkajrmuf tm;,lum atmufodkYcsvdkuf

vQif olYvufwGif av;uefaom 0efxkyfBuD;wck uyfygvmav\/
xdk0efxkyfum oDvpm&D jzpf\/ q&mawmfonf oDvpm&Dudk
ta0;odkYz,f&ef BudK;pm;\/ odkYaomf oDvpm&Dum; q&mawmf
vufudk twif;qGJxm;\/ odkY olYvifi,fudk xyfrxdk;&ef
wm;qD;ojzifh q&mawmfonf yd k a'gxum twif; oDv&Sif
vufudk jznf "g;udkifxm;aomvufudk ajrmufvdku\
f / oDv&Sif
\ eHab;rSm wtm;ukefpdkuf0ifoGm;av\/ ]]ao .... acG;oD;}} [k
tHBudwfcg atmfjyef\/ oDv&Sifonf OD;ok"Z tay:wGif vJus
oGm;av\/ OD;ok"Zonf ukef;xjyef\/ oDv&Si\ f rsufpdrSm
ryGifhwyGifhjzpfae\/ q&mawmfonf "g;qGJEIwfvdkufaomtcg
oDv&Sif toufxGufoGm;av\/
udprsm;rSm em&DcsdefoD;BuD; ]]'pf ...'pf}} ajcmufq,fjynfh

atmif rvIyfcif NyD;pD;av\/
181
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf
tcPf;/ 22 /
q&mawmfonf oDv&Si\
f tcef;wGif;usrS
ouFef;cRwf/
xGef;&Sdefonf tvkyf Iyfaeav\/ ,cktcg qdkifuav;

oHk;qdkifudkydkifvsuf udk,fwdkif qdkifrBuD; tkyfcsKyfae&\/ vrf;r
ay:wGif wnf&Sdaomqdkifum; qdkifrBuD;jzpf aps;BuD;wGif;ESifh
GmbJ&yf qdkifrsm;rSm qdkifcGJuav;rsm; jzpf\/ eHeuf qdkifrodkY
a&mufvmaom iSufaysmoD;? uGrf;? c&rf;oD;? aumfzDxkyf ponf
rsm;udk qdkifuav;rsm;odkY cGJydkY&ao;\/ rapmGefYqkid frS vbuf
ajcmuf? uGrf;oD;? iyd? i&ef?Y ykZGefajcmufwdkUudk t,lcdkif;&ao;\/
tdrfta&mufydkY&ef rSmxm;aom olrsm;\xHodkY oGm;ydkYap&ao;\/
qdkifuav;rsm;rSm aiGrsm;odrf;&ao;\/ tifOrsm;udk &efukefcs
a&mif;&ef pDrHaeao;\/ ,aeYrl tifOtwGuf txl;Am[D,
rsm;aeavonf/
erlemjyvmaom tifOrsm;udk MunfhaepOf ]]"ruxdu q&m
awmf rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z "g;xdk;cH&aom owif;ygw,fAsKdU ...}} [k
owif;pmonf\ atmfoHudkMum;\/ tHhtm;oifhoGm;NyD; ]]bmh
aMumifhygvdr}fh } [k ar;&if; owif;pmonfudk vuf&yfac:\/
182
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]owif;pma&mufwm b,favmufMumNyDvJa[h}}
]]ckbJq&m .... ckbJ&xm;qdkufw,f .....}}
xGef;&Sdefonf owif;pmudk taqmwvsif, l acgif;pOfawG
udkMunfh&if; pmGufrsm;udk vsifjrefpGm vSe\
f /
"g;'gPf&mjzifhuG,v
f eG af om
rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z
ponfjzifh q,fhESpfvdkif;jzifh dkufESdyfxm;aom acgif;pOfonf
xGef;&Sdefudk a&SUqufrvSef&ef qGJxm;av\/ owif;pm tcsyfydk
wGif ESpfrsufESmquf&uf dkufxm; ay\/ ]]"ru onfvnf;
ouFef;udk ab;rSmyH k ydk;tus? ydk;abmif;bDjzifh oDv&ifuvnf;
rEav;vHkcsD ydwftusESifh aorif;onf toufudk xkwf,El dkif
aomfvnf; olw\ dkY twGif;"gwf arwmudk rEIwfrxkwfEdkif
[laomtcsufudk "ruxdu tavmif;ESifh oDv&Siftavmif;
xyfaejcif;u oufaojyjcif;}}? ]]aoolvifi,favm ..... owfol
vifBuD;avm ....}} ponfjzifh oHk;vdkif;rsufESmrJjzifh yHkESdyftyfaom
acgif;pOfrsm;? jrifrdwdkif; rbwfcsif raeEdkifavmufatmif &Sday\/
xGef;&Sdefum; bmrStxl;taxG rpOf;pm;EdkifbJ qufvufumom
bwf\/
]]q&m .... aps;BuD;qdkifu tifOydkYygtHk;wJh .... NyD;awmh [dk ...
q&mholi,fcsif; ppfuJvrf;u [mav ... tJ'D tdrfuvJ qef
wwif;wJ?h i&efYajcmuf? vbufajcmuf? za,mif;wdkif waowm
ydkYvSJYygwJh ....}} [k om&ifu xGef;&Sdefudk ajymaomfvnf; owif;pm
rS rsufESmudk rcGgbJ ....}}
183
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
]]at;Asm ... Munfhvkyfvdkufprf;ygtHk; ....}} [k ajz\/ xGef;&Sdef

onf aoolrsm;twGuf tenf;i,f 0rf;enf;\/ odkYaomf cP
MumvQif 0rf;omvm\/ taMumif;rlum; .... olonf t&ifu
awG;Munfhcsufrsm;onf rSefae\/ "ruxdu rMunf&JY OD;ok"Z
onf vHk;0 tusifhoDvr&Sdbl;[k xifc\ Jh / olYtawG; .... olY
txifum; rSefvSpGm\/ xkdYjyif 'Dvdk vl,kwfrmawG 'Dvkad owmbJ
aumif;w,f 'g[mw&m;usw,f [k wGufudef;csNyD; 0rf;omrd\/
rapmGefYudkvnf; uvJhpm;acsvd\ k / rapmGefYum; OD;ok"Z
taMumif;ESifhywfowf xGef;&Sdefudk tenf;i,f rkef;rd\/ OD;ok"Z
raumif;wmawG ajym&rnfvm;[k rmefrJc\ Jh ? ,ckrl ]] olY yOif;u
igajymwm xufawmif qdk;ao;w,f/ oDv&SifESifh nm;aeNyD?
rrGefYu olYudk,fawmfawG t[kwfBuD; xifvdkufwmav? bmvI&
..... nmvI& ...? OykofoGm;apmifh&ESifh uJ ... ckawmh igajymwm
tukefrSefawmh olb,fvdkaeovJ ....}} ponfjzifh xGef;&Sdefonf
awG;awmum rapmGefYxHodkY aiGacs&efrsm;udk pm&if;ESifh,lcJhNyD;
owif;pmudk csKdif;Mum;rSm nyf xGufvmcJ\ h /
rapmGefYum; yufvufukvm;xdkifBuD;ay: xdkifum awG;ae
\- &Spfvaom tcsdefudkpk a&SUtbdkYudk awG;\? OD;ok"Zum;
udkoef;jrifhtjzpfjzifh jynfodkYvm rapmGefYudk r*Fvmaqmif\/
uwHk;BuD; vlrjrifatmif olonf bDattkyfaygif; acgif;aygif;
aygif;xm;\/ rapmGefYonf .... bDattkyfaygif;uav;ESifh ....
udkoef;jrifhudk tmHkwGifay:ap&efrSef;\/ tmHkwGif acgif;aygif;ESifh
um; ay:vm\/ udk,frSm ouFef;qD;vsufyif &Sdav\/ vltrsm;
u bkef;BuD;udk ouFef;cRwfNyD;,lw,f/ tysKdBuD;rsm; 'Dvdk ief;ief;
wufcsnf;bJ[k ajymMuOD;rnfudk awG; pdk;&drfr\ d / ]][efNyD rdef;r
om;csnfbJqdkawmh a<u;awmif;&wm? w&m;qdkif&wm avvHjypf
184
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
&wm odyfMuyfwmbJ/ ckawmh[efNyD/ udkoef;jrifhvkd oGufoGuf

vufvuf a,musfm;wa,muf vkyf&if bmrStcuftcJawGUrSm
r[kwfbl;/ t*Fvdyfpmuav;u wwfjyefawmh &efukefuaMu;eef;
vm&if xGef;&Sdefudkac:NyD; bmomjyefcdkif;aebdkY rvdkawmhbl;/
pmtdwfrSm yHkESdyf&atmif olYudk vufESdyfpufuav;wck 0,fay;
xm;r,f/ vif&&ifawmh 'Dtdrfa[mif;ESifh aevdkY rudkuyf gbl;/
tdrfae&m wjcm;rSm&SmNyD; aumif;aumif; aqmuftHk;rSbJ}} ponf
jzifh BuHpnfaepOf ......
a&SUu rSefBuD;xJwGif xGef;&Sdeft&dyf ay:vmav\/ xGef;&Sdef
um; ta&;BuD;aom trlt&mESifhvm\/ rapmGefYonf ausmudk
ukvm;xdkifaemufrSDrS cGgNyD;xkdi
f /
]]bmvJa[h .... armifxGef;&Sde}f } [k ar;\/
]]owif;xl; Mum;NyDvm; .... rrGe}fY } owif;pmudk vSef&if;
xGef;&Sdefu ar;jyef\/
]]bmrS txl;rMum;ygvm;}}
]]a&mh .... bwfMunf}h } [k ajymcg xGef;&Sdefonf owif;pmudk
rapmGefY&ifcGifay:wGif wifvdku\ f / rapmGefYu ]]bmvJuGJU
ajymygtkef;}} [k ar;\/
]]bwfMunfhav .... rrGefY odyfMunfndKaewJh "ruxdu
OD;ok"ZBuD; "g;xkd;cH&ygyaumAs}} [k acgif;pOfudk vufdI;xdk;jy
\/ ]][if .... bmjzpfvdkYvJ[if}} [k ar;NyD; acgif;pOfudk bwf\/
rapmGefYESvHk;aoG;onf jrefjrefwdk;vmvdkuf wcgwcg &yfoGm;
vdku?f wcgwcg aES;uefpGm wdk;vdkufjzifh azgufjyefvmav\/ olY
rsufpdtmHkwGif aoG;tdkifwGif; vl;vJaeaom "ruxduudkom jrif
a,mifa,mif &Sday\/ oltjrif rSm;ava&mhovm;[k acgif;pOfudk
tjyefjyefbwf\/ tppfrS tppfygbJ/ "g;ckwfcH&NyD? tjrifb,frSm
185
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
vGJ&rnfvJ vufonf wkefvm\/ wkefcsdaom vufdI;uav;jzifh

jcpf acgif;pOfi,frsm;udk bwfjyef\/ wacgufbwfHkESifh
pmaMumif;rsm; bmygonfudkrod xyfbwf\/ pum;vHk;ruG?J
bwfjyef\/ oDv&Sifqdkaom pum;udk awGUNyD ]]oDv&Sif t,kwf
ru xkd;owfwmayghav? vkyf&ufw,f}} [k enf;enf;omawG;NyD;
xyfbwfjyef\/ ]]ydk; tus0wfvdkY qdkyguvm;/ oDv&SifuvJ
b,fhES,fvJ rEav;vHkcsnfESifhw/Jh [if ... tif; .... xyf&uf
aoqkdyguvm;/ oDv&Sifa&maowmvm;? [kwfyg&JY oDv&SifvJ
aowmyg/ 'gbmvJ toufudk xkwf,lEdkifaomfvJ arwmudk
rEkwfEdkifwJh tif; .... b,fuarwmvJ? bmvJ'DrSmarwm? tif; ....
a[m'Dvdkjzifh udkoef;jrifhESifh oDv&Sif cspfaew,f qdkvdkovm;/
bk&m;odMum;rvdkY&Sif r[kwfygapESifh igt"dyg,f t,lvGJvdkY
jzpfygap/ udkoef;jrifhvJ ighjyif cspfwJhvl&SdrSm r[kwfygbl;/ ig
t,lvJGwm bmbJjzpfjzpf olaoNyDudk; aoNyD}} [kpOf;pm;rd\/
acgif;rSm rl;a0vmNyD; &ifqdkYvm\/ rsuf&nfusvmvd\ k / csKH;cs
um idkv\ dk / ]]idk&if awmfyghrvm; igvHk;vHk;ydkifwJh vlvJr[kwf ig
ESifh cspfBudKuaewmvJ b,folrS rodbl;/ igidkvdkuf&if axmuf
xm;wma&m ay:awmhr,f? omoemzsufrtjzpf trIxrf;cJhwm
awGvJ ay:awmhr,f? ay:vdkY ok- touf&Sifaeao;vdkY wu,f
,l&&if aumif;ao;&J?Y ckawmh ig b,fenf;ESifhrS olYudk &rSmr[kwf
bl;? r&awmhbJESifh raumif;wmawG ay:ukef&if cufawmhwmbJ?
cufcsifcuf olaoNyD? oltoufukefNyD? igcspfwJhvl aoNyD? ig
touftyfwJhvl aoNyD}} [k awG;&if; qdkYumqdkYum wufvmav
\/ ridkrd&ef xdef;xm;wdkif; &ifwGif; aqmifhum aqmifhum wuf
vmaom tvHk;BuD;um; ydkBuD;rm;vm\/ xGef;&Sdefum; vufydkufcg
tuJcwf rapmGefYukd Munfhae\/ rapmGefYrSm raewwf
186
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rxdkifwwf jymavmifcwfaeonfudk &dyfrdvdku\ f / rapmGefYonf

awG av;eufpGm pOf;pm;onfudk tuJcyfr\ d / rapmGefYonf
rsufESmrJhoGm;onfudk owdxm;rd\/ xGef&Sdefonf rapmGefYudk
rsm;pGm oem;vmav\/
rapmGefYonf avmuBuD;udk rkef;vm\/ ]]bmjzpfovJ? ig
toJpGJcspfwJhvlaovdkY idkw,f? ighbmomidkw,f? igidkvdkY eifwdkY
bmrsm; epfemoGm;ovJ[if? cspfwJholaowmrS ridk&&if b,fawmh
idk&rvJ? igidkr,f? 'gayrJh ig'DrSm ridkbl;? tm;&Sdyg;&Sd oGm;idkr,f}}
[k pdwfydkif;jzwfNyD; xav\/ idkoHygBuD;ESifh .....
]]ig 0rf;EIwfaq;pm;xm;w,f cPaetHk;}} [k xGef;&Sdeftm
ajymNyD; tayguf0qDodkY vQifjrefpGmoGm;\/ xGef;&Sdeo f nf rdrdrsuf
ESmudk rMunfhonfESifh wNydKifeuf rsuf&nfrsm;onf tuefYtowf
r&SdbJ pD;qif;vmuke\ f / bdeyfpD;&efudkvnf; owdr&bJ tajy;
qif;oGm;av/ avSum;ay: dIu f id\
k ? tD;ueJ toH xGufoGm;
\/ rMumrD tdrfomxJ tD; .... tD; .... tD; .... ESiho f m tm;&Sdyg&Sd
idkypfvdkufav\/ xdkrQao;aom rsufvHk;uav;rsm;rS rdkCf;oD;
rdkCf;aygufvdk xefaomrsuf&nfrsm; usEdkifonfrSm tHhMobdkYyif
aumif;\/ rsuf&nfwdwfoGm;\/ toHrwdwfEdkifao;? toHwdwf
oGm;\/ tdIufrwdwfEdkifao;? MumjrifhpGm apmifhaeNyD; ]]bmvdkY ao
wmwJhv?J b,folu "g;ESifh xdk;&wmvJ? ighvifudk b,fou l
"g;ESifhxdk;&wmvJ? oda&maygh? w&m;pGJr,f? ighvifaoovdk oif;
ao&r,f? b,folvJ owfwm ..... [d .....[D; (dIuf\) bmvdkY
owf&wmvJ? eifhrdef;r MumcdkvdkYvm; (dIu\ f ) owfoludk ykvdyf
brf;ygapawmf .... pufwdkifa&mufygapawmf ....}} ponfjzifh Budrf;
armif;&if; tidktawmf ukefoGm;rS rsuf&nfudk okwf&if; tdrfay:
vmcJ\ h / rsufpdum;eDvsuf&Sd\/
187
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
xGef;&Sdefonf rapmGefYidkvmcJhonfudk csufcsif;od\/ ]]aMomf

..... oem;p&mbJ? 'Dvkd twJh ewJh vldk;awGu taumif;tqdk; rcGJ
wwfbJ MunfndKaeMuvd?kY EdkifiHvdrfpm;wJh acgif;aqmifawG&,f?
ckvdk "ruxdu awG&,f aumif;pm; aewmaygh}} [k awG;NyD;
rapmGefYudk oem;vSay\/
rapmGefYonf ukvm;xdkifrSm jyefxdkifNyD; owif;pmudki f
bwfjyefav\/ pmudkzwf&rnfrSm aMumufovdkvdk &Sdaeav\/
acgif;pOfawGudkom Munfhaerd\/ pmudk,fudk bwfprf;\/ rbwf
Edki?f yifv,f0 avSuav; vIyfouJhodkY olYpdwfrSm vIyf&Sm;ae\/
]]uJ .... owif;pmudk bwfajymprf;}} [k dIufoGm;um ]]yg
uG,}f } [k aemufrSquf&if; owif;pmudk xGef;&SdefxHodkY tyfvdkuf
\/
opfyifESifhpdrf;aomausmif;0if;aoG;ES
;ESifheDaeyH/k
aTwd*Hkajc&if; opfyif yef;yifwdkYjzifh tvGefom,m pdef;vef;

onfh rZdreE0efausmif; [llaom ausmif;&S\ d / xdkausmif;onf
um; ,refaeYnu jzpfyGm;aom xl;qef;aom vlowfrIBuD;udk
Zmwfcif;jyvdkufaom ae&maywnf;/ ausmif;ajrmufbuf Z&yf
waqmif&Sd&m ..../ ponfjzifh xGef;&Sdefonf qufvufbwf\/
]]aoaeMuonfudk awGU&ol eE0efausmif; q&mawmfonf csuf
jcif; ykvdyfudk taMumif;Mum;vdkufaMumif;/ q&mawmfrSm ykvdyf
rsm;ESifhtwl vufonfay:atmif &Sm&ef BudK;pm;aeaMumif;[k
qHk;jyef\/
188
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ydk;tusESifh"r
"ruxdu
]]tjcif;jzpfyGm;onfh tcef;wGif; cRwfyHkxm;aom {uoD

oif;ydki?f oDv&SifeHi,f? oDv&Sif udk,fMuyftusudk axmufaom
tm;jzifh "ruxdu q&mawmfonf oDv&Si\ f tcef;wGif;usrS
ouFef;cRwf toifh,lvmaom ydk;tus ydk;abmif;bDudk 0wfqif
[efwlaMumif;/ oDv&Sifonfvnf; a&SUoGm;aemufvdkuf nDap&ef
vl0wfvJ[efwlaMumif;? vl0wfvJMu (udku-dk rdrd) ponfjzifh
Munfq,faeMurnfrSm awG;awmbG,fyif jzpfaMumif;}} ponfjzifh
bwfjyav&m ..../
rapmGefYonf tHoGm;Budwf em;axmifae&mrS [D;ueJ ouf

jyifBuD;csNyD; rdIifoGm;av\/ vGrf;pdw-f aqG;pdwfwdkYonf aea&mif
xdk;vdkufaom aqmif;wGif; qD;ESif;vdk aysmufuG,foGm;av\/
vGrf;a&pif- aqG;a&pif crf;ajcmufoGm;aom ae&modkY remvdkjcif;
ESifh a'gxjcif; a&ylwdkYonf pD;qif; vmuke\ f / xdka&ylacsmif;rS
a&aiGUwdkYonf rapmGe\ fY rsufESmwGif tcdk;dkufvmav\/ ]]igh
udkawmh vdrfajymw,f? &efukefrSm t*Fvdyfpm oifbdkYw?Jh "gwfjym;
oGif;bdkYw/Jh 'gt*FvdyfpmoifwJhenf;vm;? 'g[m- "gwfjym;oGif;
wJhenf;vm;? opmazgufwJhv?l opmpl;vdkYaowm ...}} xGef;&Sdefum;
qufvuf bwfae\/ xGef;&SdefbwforQonf em;xJodkYr0if
]]ighudk tNrJcspfygw,fw?Jh iguvGJ zGJESifhqefuGJw?Jh wuwJ vQm
tdk;r&Sdwdkif; ighvdrfwm? wywfkdufwm? vltrdkY vSYJpm;wm? Munfh
prf;ygtHk;/ &efukefa&mufvdkYrS wvrjynfhao;bl;? oDv&SifESifh
nm;w,f/ bmrSr[kwfbl;? t&ifuwJu nm;aewm&SdrSm 'Dwv
189
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rjynf-h tqufopfqdk&if b,fenf;ESifhrS 'Dtajcudk ra&muffEdkif

bl;/ iguawmh ,HkvdkY yHktyfcJhw,f/ olYtvdk vdkufcJh&w,f/ n
tawGUcHygqdkvdkY tawGUcH&w,f}} rapmGefYonf wnawGUMu
pOfu udkoef;jrifhu olYtm; ezl;ay:wGiferf;NyD;aemuf qHpudk
vufESifhoyfay;aeonfudk owd&oGm;\/ ESmacgif;xd&m vufwdkY
&muav;awGudk ,ckwdkif cHpm;ae&ao;onf xifr\ d / ]][D; ....
'Dtwifh&JwJh ESmacgif;[m oDv&if&JY yg;ESifh ezl;rSm usufpm;rSmbJ?
'DvufbJ oDv&if&JY uwHk;udk yGwfaerSm? ighudk cspfwmr[kwfbl;/
oDv&ifudkom cspfwm? ighudk wywfdkuf Hk BuH'g/ ighypnf; oHk;bdkY
avmufrSef;wm? igydkYwJh aiGawGESifh oleJY oDv&Sif jzKef;aeMurSmaygh}}
rapmGefY toufrIbJyif &yfaerd\/toJESvHk;wdkYudk tyfuav;
ESifh qGjcif;cHae&ouJhodkY &ifwGif;rSm atmifhvSay\/ aemuf ouf
jyif;BuD;csjyef\/ tenf;i,f dIufvmao;\/ ]]igrSm;w,f? igacG;
qefw,f/ tusifh,kwfwJhvlrS igtaumif;xifrdw,f/ ighudk
xGef;&Sdefu twefwef owday;vsufESifh igt[kwfxifaerdw,f/
avmuBuD;- tvif;a&mifr&SdwJh avmuBuD;/ ighvdk OmPfxdkif;
uHrGJwJh rdef;rrsKd;twGuf tIyftaxG;awGjrifbdkY vrf;azmfray;wJh
avmuBuD;}}
xGef;&Sdefonf ]]rZdreE0ef ausmif;odkY vma&mufMunfh IMuol
rsm;onf wdk;raygufatmif pnfum;aMumif;}} [k bwf tNyD;
owfvdkufav\/
190
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tcPf;/ 23 /
bk ef ; BuD ; 0 wf NyD ; em r nf BuD ; a tm if

" r u xd u vk yf rd ef ; r ydk ; ..... uJ ...
rapmGefYonf xdkifae&mrS x\/ bmvkyf&rnfudkrod/

aemufaz;bJ oGm;&rnfvm;/ bk&m;pifukd oGm;NyD; bk&m;bJ &Sdcdk;&
rvm;? tdrfa&SUjywif;aygufuaeNyD; vrf;rBuD;udk Munfhae&awmh
rvm;/ ajcudk r<ucsif <ucsifjzifh acgufwHkY acgufjyef oGm;a&Smuf
aeav\/
]]xGef;&Sdef .... rif;b,fhES,f xifovJ}} [k ar;vdku\f /
]]b,fhES,fxif&tHk;rvJ rrGefY&,f/ bkef;BuD;rppfwJh ow0g
vl0wfESifhae&if xrif;iwf- toHk;MuyfrSmrdkY ..... bkef;BuD;0wfNyD;?
emrnfBuD;atmif "ruxduvky?f rdef;rydk; uJ ... b,favmufrsm;
191
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tkyfqdk;ovJ? ydk;Hk yef;Hkruao;bl;? ESpfyg;oGm;awmfrlvdkufMu

ao;w,f/ ESpfyg;oGm;wmawmif dk;dk;rdef;reJY oGm;awmfrrlbl;?
oDv&ifrSwJhAs/ oDv&ifa&m aowmaxmufawmh vifBuD;u
owfwJhvufcsufb?J Munfh .... bkef;BuD;0wfESifh usL;vGefwm[m
dk;kd; yg&mZduH r[kwfbl;/ yg&mZduH oHk;xyfaMumh av;xyfaMumh
jzpfaebD/ 'Dvdk trIBuD;awGudkawmif jyK&Jawmh? 'Dxufao;wJh
trIuav;awGawmh b,favmufZuf&JrvJ? 'gaMumifh uRefawmf
t&ifu rajymbl; bl;vm; ..... rrGefYudk 'DtusifhoDvr&SdwJh
yk*dKvfawG rvIygESifhvdkY Munfhprf;/ rrGefYvIvdkY wef;vdkY rrGefY
tvIudk b,favmuf tvGJoHk;pm;vkyfovJ? &efukefjyefcgeD;u
rrGefYu aiG 50d- vIw,fvdkY Mum;&w,f/ tJ'DaiG 50d- ESifh
&efukefjyefw,f/ tJ'DaiGESifh oDv&ifudk ydk;aMu;ay;w,f/ 'DaiG
aMumifh 'Dbkef;BuD; yg&mZduH xdkufwJhtajca&muf&w,f/ aiG 50d-
aMumifh oDv&if vlpnf;pdrf,lNyD; vifi,faew,f/ 'DaiG 50d-
aMumifh vlowfrIjzpfw,f/ ESpfavmif;NydKifaoapw,f}} [k a'gyGyG
ESifh us,favmifpGm ajym\/
xGef;&Sdefonf pum;&yfNyD; rapmGefYrsufESmudk tuJcwf\/
olajymaom pum;onf rrGefYtm; pl;&Sonf rpl;&Sonfudk odvdk
\/ rapmGefYrsufESmonf t"dyg,fray:aomrsufESmjzpf ysuf
aeaom em&DBuD;udk tcsdefMunfh&ovdkom &Sdav\/ rsufEmS wGif
om t"dyg,frxifonfr[kw?f rapmGefY twGif;pdwf vnf;
t"dyg,frxif/ odkYaomf xGef;&Sdefpum; trSm;wvHk; ygonfudk
um; olo\ d / OD;ok"Z oGm;cgeD; aiG 50d- ay;vdkufonfr[kw?f
aiG 200d- ay;vdku\ f / vpOfvnf; aiG 100d- axmufyHhcJah o;\/
twefMumrQ qdwfNidrfaeNyD;aemuf ]]aiG[m roHk;wwfawmh
rD;vdk avmifwwfw,fqdkwm rodbl;vm; ....}} [k xGef;&Sdefu
192
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
ar;\/ rapmGefYum; jyefrajzEdki/f pum;ar; r&ouJhoYdk jzpf\/

xdkar;cGef;onf ysufaeaom em&DcsdefoD;udk vIyfudkifvdkufonfh
tvm; rapmGe\ fY pOf;pm;jcif;tvkyfudk rvkyfaom OmPftm;
acwrQ tvkyf0ifap\/ ]]aiG[m roHk;wwfawmh rDvdkavmifwwf
w,fqdkwm rodbl;vm;}} [k xGef;&Sde\ f ar;cGef;udk pdwfwGif
xyfa&Gw\ f / ]]igodNyD ..... igodw,f? igb,fwkef;urS toHk;
rrSm;cJhbl; bl;/ ckaiGawG toHk;rSm;w,f? 'DaiGawGudk ig toHk;
rwwfwmjzpfoGm;NyD/ vlwa,mufudk igcspfrdw,f? cspfvYdk aiGay;
rdw,f? 'DaiGupNyD; vlowfrIBuD; jzpfapw,f? tBuD;qHk;aom
rD;BuD;avmifapw,f/ [kwfwmbJ? uHayghav? rrSm;aoma&SUae
raoaomaq;orm;wJ/h 'DwcgrSm;&if aemifrSefrSmaygh}} [kawG;NyD;
ai;aejyef\/ em&DcsdefoD; &yfoGm;jyefNyD/
twefMumrS ]] rrGefY&JY .... 'gaMumifh aiGqdkwm r&Sm&bl;
r[kwfbl; .... trsm;qHk;&atmif &Sm&r,f/ tdrfrSm avSmifxm;bd?kY
odrf;xm;bdkY &Sm&wm r[kwfbl;/ aiGudk uRefvdkcdkif;bdkY &Sm&r,f/
aiG[m avmuBuD;&YJ pD;yGg;udk aqmifEdkifrS wefbdk;&w,f/ aumif;
aumif;oHk;vdkufwJh aiGwusyf[m avmuBuD;wckvHk; tusKd;pD;yGm;
jzpfxGef;apEdkifayr,f?h tdrfrSmatmif; ajrrSmjrKyfxm;wJh aiGrsm;[m
zGJwcGufom;avmufrS tusKd;rjzpfapbl;/ rawmfwq 'DaiGudk
vk,lrJhvl "m;jy ay:aygufvm&ifjzifh aiG&SifrSm touftE&m,f
om&SdEdkifw,f/ 'gaMumifh aiGudk EdkifEdkifeif;eif;&SmNyD;? EdkifEdkifeif;eif;
ESifh enf;vrf;wus oHk;Edkif&r,f}} [k xGef;&Sdefonf ajymNyD;
rapmGefYtm; qyf&ef&Sdaom aiGudk xkwfa&wGufaeav\/
rapmGefYrSm ta&SUaumif;uifjyifrS NyHK;pdpd Munfhaeaom
eHeuf vif;tm;Hkuav;udk jrif&olonf MunfTifcsrf;ajrUovd?k
,ck touf av;q,fhav;ESpf a&mufonfhwdkifatmif arSmifxkBuD;
193
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
xJaecJh&&m? ,ckwGif xGef;&Sdefajymaompum;udk Mum;&aomtcg

,cifu a&ylpD;aeaom olYraem[', ESvHk;tdrfonf ausmufppf
prf;a&uav; pD;qif;&m jzpfvmav\/ ]][kwfw,f}} olpOf;pm;
jyef\/ ]][kwfw,f .... EdkifEdkifeif;eif;ESifh enf;vrf;wus oHk;bdkY
awmh aumif;wmbJ/ ighaiGawG EdkifEdkifoHk;&rvm;/ enf;vrf;usus
tusKd;jzpfatmif oHk;rvm;/ oHk;&if aumifyghrvm;/ ajymwmawmh
tvG,fuav;bJ/ bmduk toHk;usatmif oHk;r,f/ b,fvdkoHk;rvJ
igrod/ igpOf;pm;r&bl;/ olrsm;udk ighudk,fpm; oHk;ay;ygqdkvJ
tcufb/J ckumv b,folYrS r,Hk&bl;/ vlvdrf vlaumufcsnfb/J
Munfhprf; OD;ok"Z b,fvdkvdrfoGm;ovJ/ iguawmh cspfveG f;vdkY
,Hkvdkufrdw,f/ ,Hkvdkufw,f qdk&ifbJ opmazmufw,f/ cspfwJhvl
wdkif;vJ ,HkvdkYr&bl;/ cufygw,fav/ xGef;&SdefudkbJ ,Hk&rvm;/
olYudkbJ ighypnf;yHktyfNyD; avmupD;yGg;jzpfatmif oHk;ygvdkY tyfr
vm;/ ol[m dk;vJ dk;ombJ/ igawGUcJhoavmufawmh dk;wmbJ/
igvJcspfw,f/ olYudkbJ 'Dwm0efvTJ&&if raumif;bl;vm;}} pdwf
wGif; tBudrfBudrfar;&if; xGef;&Sdefudk vSrf;Munfhvdkufav\/
toufudk rsm;pGmcspfpEdk; toufqHk;rnfudk vGefpGm aMumufGHU
pdk;&drfolonf jzpfwbufurf;odkY ul;&ef&\ Sd / avSESpfpif;onf olY
udkwifaqmif&ef toifh&\ Sd / wpif;aomavSudk armif;olum;
oefpGrf;aom udk,f&\ Sd / wa,mufum; ydefBuHKcsde\
JY / xdkolonf
ydefBuHKcsdeJYoludkMunfhNyD; ]]'Dvluawmh ydefvdkufwm tm;vJ&Sd[ef
rwlbl;? a&aMumif;uvJ oefygbdoeJ?Y a&v,facgifavSrEdkif&if?
tr,fav; igraoao;bl;vm;}} [k awG;aMumuf\/ oefpGef;
oludkMunfhNyD; ]]oluawmh oefwm pGrf;wm [kwfyg&J?Y awmfawmf
&rf;rJhvlb?J *krpdkufbJ avSudkavSmfoGm;&if NyD;yga&m .... avS
arSmufrSmbJ? MuyfwmbJaemf}} [k pdk;&drfjyef\/ rapmGefYrSm xdkol
194
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
toufudk cifwG,fvGef;ovdk? ypnf;udk cifwG,fc\ Jh / xdkolonf

wyg;aomoltm; toufudktyf avSpD;&rnf aMumufGHUouJhodkY
olYypnf;tyf avmuBuD;tusKd; aqmif&rnfudk pdk;&drfaMumufGHU
\/ odkYaMumifh rapmGefYrSm xGef;&Sde\ f dk;om;aMumif; cspfp&m
aumif;aMumif; paom tcsufuav;rsm;udk vufOD;jrif&aomf
vnf;? toufrQcspfaom ypnf;udk ,H k yHktyf&awmhrnf[k
awG;vdkufwdkif; pdk;&drfp&muav;awG awGUvmjyef\/ ]]jzpfygbl;
av ..... oluav; toufuvJ tvGefi,fw,f tawGUtBuHKvJ
r&Sdao;? ypnf;udk b,fwkef;urS azmazmoDoD roHk;cJhbl;/ aiGa&;
aMu;a&;rSmvJ em;rvnfao;bl;/ 'Dawmh b,fenf;ESifhrS rjzpf
bl;/ NyD;awmh vlqdkwm aiGESifhrawGUcifom dk;wm/ aiGESifhawGUawmh
dk;rSmr[kwfbl;/ ,HkEdkifbl; .... r,HkEdkifbl;}} [k oabmaygufvm
jyef\/ xGef;&Sdefudk Munfhjyef\/
xGef;&Sdefonf aiGudk tdyf,may:wifxm;NyD; ....
]]'DtrIMum;&wm uRefawmf odyfpdwfraumif;wmbJ/ vl,kwf
rmawGaovdkY pdwfraumif;wm r[kwfygbl;/ aMomf .... omoem
awmfBuD;[m uarmufur jzpfaeygaumvm;/ onfhavmuf
qdk;0g; aeygyaumvm;/ omoemawmf xdef;w,fqdkwJh omoemh
b@mxdef;awGubJ onfvdk ,kwfrmnpfnrf; pnf;urf;rJhae&if?
Ak'bmomudk udk;uG,fw,fqdkwJh vltaygif;awG? txl;ojzifh
uRefawmfwdkY ArmawG b,frSmajymjzpfawmhrvJ/ acgifurS rdk;rvHk
&if wtdrfvHk; TJawmhwmaygh/ tJ'Dvkd omoemrSm tvZDxGef;ae
ayrJ?h tJ'Dvkd omoemysufbdkYawG ay:aygufaeayrJ?h tJ'Dvkd omo
emuG,faysmufbdkY trIawGudk bkef;awmfBuD;awGupNyD; jyKaeMu
ayrJh uRefawmfwdkYwawGrSm wyg;uRefjzpfvdkYrdkY olrsm;csKyfcs,f&m
cHaeMu&wmrdkY ukd,fhta&;- udk,fht&m- udk,fhbmom zefwD;EdkifwJh
195
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tmPm r&SdvdkYrdkY tvZDxGef; xGef;ovdk omoemysuf ysufovd?k

aysmuf aysmufovdk vufydkufNyD; MunfhaeMu&wmbJvdkY 0rf;eJwm
ygbJ? Munfhygvm; rrGefY&,f? 'DtrIrsKd;awGudk MuL;vGefaewJh
bkef;BuD;awG[m yGJMunfhwm kyf&SifMunfhwm jrif;avmif;wm
zJdkufwmawG bmtrIxm;awmhrvJ? a[m .... t&SufvJ r&SdMubl;?
tqiftjcifvJ r&SdMubl;? vlawGESifhtwlwla&mNyD; teDaxmif0dkif;
rSmxdk;w,f? ukef;umxdk;w,f? oH*Gif;ypfw,f? bk&m;yGJ- ewfyGJawG
vkyfbdkY odyftm;ay;w,f? bk&m;yGJ- ewfyGJawGjzpfawmh olwdkYu
vlv,facgif0ifNyD; tysKdawGwdk;? vufo&rf;? tJ'gawG&daS e&if
trsKd;vJjyKwfr,f? omoemvJysufr,f? ukvm;jynfrSm Ak'bmom
BuD; bmvdkYuG,foGm;ovJ? oHCmaumif;r&S?d &SdwJhoHCmawGudk
r[mar'ifrif;awG0ifvmawmh armif;xkwfvkdY tJh'DupNyD; uG,f
oGm;wmbJ? wkyfjynfrSm omoem bmaMumifh dI;aeovJ?
bkef;BuD;awG nHhvdkYb?J 'djyif c&pf,mefbmomudk MunfhtHk;rvm;?
ydkwwfpwifqdkwJhbmomudk rmwifvl;om;up a[mNyD;wJhaemuf
tESpfw&mwdkifwdkif Oa&mywdkuf wwdkufvHk; ppfBuD;tBuD;tus,f
jzpf? vlawGtrsm;BuD; aoMuw,f? 'Dtjzpftysuf&JY taMumif;&if;
Munfh&if bkef;BuD;awG tusifhazmufjym;MuvdkY jzpfwmudk awGU&
r,f? jyifopf olykefBuD;ay:wm k&Sm;olykefBuD; jzpfvmwm[m
bkef;BuD;awGaMumifhaygh/ bkef;BuD;awGu tjypfawGodyfvky?f ,kwf
rmaeMuawmh tJ'DEdkifiHawGrSm vlawGu bkef;BuD;awGudkrkef;? yk*dKvf
cifrS 0g'rifw,f qdkwJhtwdkif;bJ? bkef;BuD;awGrkef;awmh c&pf,ef
bmomBuD;vJrkef;Mu&a&m? ckawmh c&pf,efbmom[m uG,faeNyD?
'gaMumifh omoemBuD; uG,f&if bkef;BuD;aMumifhbJom wxpfcs
,lxm;vdkufw,f? uJ .... a&mhrrGefY uRefawmfu ay;p&maiG}} [k
qdkNyD; aiGudk vSrf;ay;av\/
196
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
rapmGefYonf xGef;&SdefajymorQudk tm;vHk; emaxmif\?

odkYaomf .... pmar;yGJem;eD; tjrefpmMunfholuJhodkY xGef;&Sdefajym
orQ taMumif;wdkYonf olYpdwfxJ 0g;tpnf;ajyouJhodkY Aavmif
qefaeav\/ olonf xGef;&Sdefpum;wGif rnfonfhtydkif;udkrQ
taotcsm rrSwfr?d tpDtpOf ususvnf; owdr&/ odkYaomf ....
xGef;&Sdefpum;onf olYudk wkefvIyfap\? xdwfvefYap\? awGa0
ap\? xGef;&Sdefu vSrf;ay;onfudk ,l\/ bmudk xGef;&Sdefu
ay;onf? bmaMumifhay;onf? bmvkyf&rnfudkum; aumif;pGm
rod? olYtbdkYum; wurmvHk;onf qD;ESif;awG a0aeavownf;/
NyD;ygNyD/
197
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
tavmif;bk&m;tm;//
omoemjyKrif; trwfwdkYrnfonf/ ynm&Sdonfh v,fvkyf

a,musfm;uJhodkY usifh&m\/ ynmrJh v,fvkyfa,musfm;uJhodkY rusifh
&m/ usihf[efum;/ pyg;yifESifh tvm;wl a&m aygufa&mufaom
jrufu/dk pyg; tm;&Sdapjcif;iSg/ ynm&Sd v,fvkyfa,musfm;wdkYonf
EIw f y,fukefownf;/ y,fjcif;aMumifh pyg;tm;&S d toD;
aumif;ownf;/ toD;aumif;jcif;aMumifh pD;yGg;trsm; jzpfo
wnf;/
ynmrJh v,fvkyfa,musfm;wdkYum;/ pyg;yifESifh toGif tvm;
wlonfhjrufu/dk jcm;em;rod/ rodjcif;aMumifh pyg;yifudk EIwf
rnfcefYnm; aygif;jrufudk ry,fxm;\/ ry,fjcif;aMumifh pyg;
yifn\ Hh / tyifnHh toD;enf;\/ toD;enf; t&enf;\/ t&
enf; roHk;avmuf/ roHk;avmuf olYNrD;wif\/ olYNrD;rqyfEdkif
olYuRefjzpf&ouJhodkY omoemjyK rif;trwfqdkvsuf/ odum&Sd
onf r&Sdonf/ omoemawmf avsmfonf/ ravsmfonfudk
odatmif A[kkw r&S d / omoemawmf tnpftaMu;udk r&Sif;
vif;Edkifyacsaomf/ ynmrJh v,fvkyfa,musfm; olYuRef jzpf&ouJh
odkYwnf; ..... ponfjzif/h
r[mtwkv q&mawmfbk&m;u
avmu"rxHk;aygif;wGif
qHk;rawmfrlonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
"ry'ygVdawmf
0Z'de/H tjypfudk az:jywwfaom/ ed *,S0g'd /H ESdyfpuf

ajymqdk qkrwwfaom/ ar"g0D / ynm&Sdaomolud/k edrde/H ajr
jrKyfxm;aom aTtdk;ud/k y0wm&H0/ ajymMum;Tefjyaom oluJh
od/kY ,Hya/ tMuifIxdkuf\/ aweH/ xdkodkY IxdkufaomaMumif/h
wm'do/H xdkodkY ajymqdkqHk;rwwfaom oabm&Sdaom/ y@dwH /
ynm&Sdu/dk yaZ/ rSD0Jqnf;uyfygavmh/ wm'do/H xkdodkY ESdyfpuf
ajymqdkqHk;ravh&Sdaom ynm&Sdu/dk bZrme/ rSD0Jqnf;uyfaom
oltm;/ aoa,sm/ waeYwjcm; wdk;wufjrifhjrwfjcif;onf/
a[mwd/ jzpf\/ edygyda,sm/ ,kwfrma[mh&rf;? atmufwef;us
aom tjzpfodkY ra&mufEdki/f
t*F
t*FK wKd&fygVdawmf wduedygwf/ wdPdrmedbdua0 y@d
wvuPmed [k a[monfudk axmufaomf y@dwrSm raem
'kpdku/f 0pD'kpdku/f um,'kpdkuf oHk;yg;udk rMuL;vGefolyif
jzpfonf/
jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif
t
.ne
pid
rcu
ma
an
my
w.
ww

သိန္းေဖျမင့္ - တက္ဘုန္းၾကီး

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

သိန္းေဖျမင့္ - တက္ဘုန္းၾကီး

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.myanmarcupid.

jrefrmhrQm;ewfarmif uGefjrLewDzdk&rf;rS xkwfa0onf/

waeYo? t&Siftm'dp0Ho ausmif;wkdufo?dkY rnfaom

wif&ef r[mrdwfwdkYxH ab;tE&m,f trsKd;rsKd;udk rpd;k r&dr?f

]]wynfhawmfu EdkifiHa&; udp? urmY Nidrf;csrf;a&; udp? pmay

w&m;rsm; ydefazmif;tm;xkwfrIrsm; tNydKiftqdkif jyKvkyfvmMurS

&Sdygw,f/ tJh'D q&mawmf? oHCmawmfawG rsm;onfxuf rsm;vm

Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

[dkwaeYu ararwdkYxHuaiGudk aumif;pGm&&Sdygonf/ a&S;u

wdkYqD jyefvm&w,fvdkY tdyfruf ruf&wm odyfpnf;pdrf&dw S ,f/

omoemawmf wuf yOiftjzpfudk cPjzpfap tNrJjzpfap ,ljcif;

1. Ak'bmom jrefrmrsm;onf/ omoemudk csD;jrifhjcif;/ bm

om;rSmav? pmudkbwfNyD;/ 'gawG;av pdwf wkefvIyf ajcmuf

bkef;BuD;awGvkyfyHk Munfhprf;ygtHk;uGm vla&/ tcsdeu f sNyD[ ...

jywm[m/ arar taysmfbwfbdkY a&jywm r[kwfbl;/ omoem

rd ef ; r a wG t rsm ; qHk ; a ygh -

]]OD;yOif;u ygVdGwfwmudkbJ ... tcsKd;rusao;bl;/ xyfNyD;

t[rf; ... t[rf;/

tdk ... MuyfvSygvm; udk,fawmf&,f/ ,sKH-udk onfavmufqGJ

[k- OD;ok"Zonf GwfbwfNyD;vQif araejyefav\/ ]]atmif

OD;ok"Zonf/ te*om&rO&D,yfvSJ w&m;pmtkyfudk ,lcJhNyD;/

BuD;[m/ ,Ofaus;wJh umv? odrfarGUwJh umvBuD;rd/kY ,OfwmrS

]]edyfygNyD/ yD,H rkc/H qef;p jynfhpef;,ke/f yef;y'HkodkY vS*kPf

OD;ok"Zonf pmGufuav;udk [kdzufvSef onfbufvSefvkyf

xGufcGifh r&Edkif tvdIifvdIif'kuESifhom IyfvSpGm ae&yguvm; ...

rsufESmrsKd;udk if;/ 0g- vqef;yurSm? vrif;[m waeYxuf

azmfrqHk; ukd,fudk,f[mrd?kY tvkdvdkylqm? tysKdwdkY rl,mud?k

Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

OD;ok"Zonf w&m;pmwwfNyD;aemuf rdrdaexdkif&mausmif;odkY

ausmif;emrnfudkum;? rZreE0ef[l trnfrSnfhxm;av

rsm; &S\ d / xdkae&mum; ausmif;q&mawmfvmvQif xdkif&efae&m

w&m;pm bwfavh&\ Sd / oHaygufusufavh&\ Sd / olY twKywdum;

yGJpm;tdkBuD;wa,mufudk ydkufqH&SdrnftxifESifh ay;pm;vdkuf&m

]]at;- 'Dvdkrajym&ifv/J jrwfpGmbk&m; omoema&mif[m

onf/ OD;ok"Zonf "ruxdujzpfvdkaom qE&SdvmonfrSm?

ouFef;awG &SdrSmbJ/ odyfa|;wJh udk,fawmfBuD;bJaemf/ aumfaZm

Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

]]a[h .... ok"Z ... ok"Z? a[h armifok"Z}} [k wbufcef;rS

]][J .... [J ... rsm;qd-k rsm;wmudk; udk,fhvl&JY ....}} ajym&if;?

r[kwf .... wJ/h pmvJ rwwfawmh zGJUum EGJUum .... wJ/h

jra& .... om/ csKdomomESifh vdk&mac:r,faemf .... 'Dvkdac:

vJ avmubJ[k ajym&if; qufbwfjyefav\/ twefMum bwfrd

yef;wpnf; ausmif;ay:,lcJhprf;}} [laom trdefYoHudk Mum;&?

r&SmbJ twefMum bk&m;BuD;udkom ai;pdkufMunfh&if; avQmufvm

rBudKufwmESifh awGUrSjzif?h tartaz wdkifwmESi?fh olwdkYubJ

ArmpmrS El;El;nHhnHh r&;wwfbJuvm;? twdkuvJ BudKufygbdoeJ?Y

ydkzvHuav;rsm;\ rsufpdrsm;vd?kY toHvm&m (0g) toHjzpfay:&m

onfu cyf&J&Jac:vdkufvQif OD;yOif;wdkYrSm ,cifu &J0Hh owd

pdw?f aumifrawGpdwfudk odMuw,f/ w&m;a[m&if; a[m&if;u

]]Moumo- Moumo- tpdaE,s .... twkv-}} ponfjzifh

Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

v if qdk w cg bl; rS r w cg bl; a om

rapmGefYum; ypnf; vGefpGm csrf;omonf/ ol\bcifrSm

auR>yefpGm aqmifGufvmonfrSm MumjrifhavNyDjzpf&um; ckae

wGif wBudr?f bcifBuD;uG,fvGefaomaeYwBudr?f rdrdarG;aeYwBudr?f

jyLjyLuav; xGufaeav\/ ezl;um;armuf? ESma,mifum;

rapmGefYudk ydk;csifolwdkYu rydk;&J? rapmGefYuvnf; cwfwnf

BuD;\/ vl&nfvJ oef\ Y / orm"d& Sd dk;om;\/ tBuHBuD;ol

Commercial use of this book will be at your OWN RISK !

t ysKd BuD; r a pm G efY ES ifh xG ef; &Sd ef x if jr if cs uf

]]rrGefY .... uRefawmfvmNyDav? bmvkyfrvkdY rSmwmvJ}} [k

aecJ\ h / xGef;&Sdefum; vdrfrm\? OmPfaumif;\/ qJhckESpfESpf

tnmu vufaqmif&wJh ydk;aumifaMumf&,f/ oGm;pm;acstHk;? NyD;rS

]]ighudk 'Dxdatmif rMunfhawmifrS aiGoHk;av;axmifawmh igh