Ging vin: Tin s ng Quc Vng

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B Mn Thit B in in T
11
Vin in Trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni
 MY IN I

Ni dung
Chng 1. My bin p
Chng 2. Nhng vn chung v M quay
Chng 3. My in khng ng b
Chng 4. My in ng b
Chng 5. My in mt chiu

2
Chng 2. Nhng vn chung v M quay

Ni dung

I. Nguyn l bin i in c
II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
III. Sc in ng ca dy qun M xoay chiu
IV. Sc t ng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

3
 I. Nguyn l bin i in c

1. i Cng
1.1 Kt cu: My in quay gm 2 phn chnh mch t v dy qun,
din ra s bin i in c:
Mch t l 2 khi ng trc cch nhau mt khe h m bo c th
chuyn ng tng i vi nhau.
- Khi ng yn gi l phn tnh hay stato
- Khi quay gi l phn quay hay rotor
C hai u c mch t v mch in (tc l li thp v dy qun)

1.2. Nguyn l lm vic: Da vo 2 nh lut chnh l:

nh lut cm ng in t
nh lut v lc in t

4
 I. Nguyn l bin i in c

1. i Cng (tip)
1.3. Phn loi:
Ty theo cch to ra t trng, kt cu mch t v dy qun ngi
ta chia my in quay lm 4 loi:

My in khng ng b
My in ng b
My in mt chiu
My in xoay chiu c vnh gp

5
 I. Nguyn l bin i in c
1. ai Cng (tip)
1.4. Nguyn l lm vic ca MKB
To ra mt t trng quay trong li thp Stato vi tc :
60.f f tn s
n1
p p s i cc
T trng ny qut qua dy qun nhiu pha t ngn mch ca Roto
v cm ng trn cc s v dng in.
T trng do dng in roto to ra kt hp vi t trng Stato to
thnh t trng khe h.
Dng in roto tc dng vi t trng khe h to ra m men quay,
ko r to quay vi tc n n1

6
 I. Nguyn l bin i in c

1.4. Nguyn l lm vic ca MKB (tip)

Trong phm vi tc khc nhau th ch lm vic ca my cng
khc nhau
S sai khc gia hai tc c biu th bng h s trt s

n1 n
s
n1
Ch lm vic ca MKB ph thuc vo quan h gia tc n v n1

- 0 < s < 1 : Ch ng c in
- s < 0 : Ch my pht in
- s >1 : Ch hm

7
 I. Nguyn l bin i in c

1. Tng quan v my in quay (tip)

1.5 Nguyn l my in ng b
Rotor vi cc cc t c t trng Ft quay vi tc n1 cm ng ln
dy qun 3 pha stato cc sc in ng xoay chiu eA eB eC vi
tn s f = p.n1/60.
Cc dng in iA iB iC trong day qun stator sinh ra t trng quay F
c tc n1 = 60f/p
Do n = n1 nn gi l my in ng b
 I. Nguyn l bin i in c

1.6 Nguyn l my in mt chiu

Thc cht l my in ng b m trong cc s xoay chiu c
chnh lu thnh mt chiu nh vnh gp.

1.7 Nguyn l my in xoay chiu c vnh gp

Thc cht l my in khng ng b. Vnh gp c s dng a
vo cc s nhm ci thin h s cng sut v iu chnh tc quay.
 I. Nguyn l bin i in c

2. Tng quan v bin i in c

Nng lng khng t nhin sinh ra v cng khng t nhin mt i, n ch
bin i t dng ny sang dng khc
Mt my in quay thc hin nhim v bin i nng lng t in sang
c hay ngc li tng ng vi ng c hay my pht in

tn hao in
tn hao in trng tn hao c

h thng trng in h thng

in t lin h c

ng c
dng chy nng lung
my pht

Th hin trn 2 nh lut c bn e B.v.l V f B. i .l
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu

1. Khi nim
chung
Dy qun l phn mch in, l phn khng th tch ri ca cc my in
ni chung v my in quay ni ring
Trong my in quay, dy qun l mt b phn kt cu m thc hin
vic bin i nng lng in c
Dy qun c b tr t trn c phn ng (rto) v phn tnh (stato)
Ty thuc vo nhim v ca tng cun dy m ngi ta gi mt dy qun l
:dy qun phn cm - cn dy qun cn li gi l: dy qun phn ng
Trong a s cc loi M quay, dy qun phn cm c nhim v to ra t
trng khe h khng kh lc khng ti. Trong nhng trng hp , dy
qun phn cm cn gi l dy qun kch t. Dng in mt chiu chy
trong cun dy qun quanh cc cc lm n b t ho to nn cc cc t
phn b xen k
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu

1. Khi nim chung (tip)

Tuy nhin cng c nhng trng hp do kt cu m chng to ra t trng
c cc tnh khng i
Dy qun phn ng c nhim v cm ng c mt s theo yu cu khi
c t trng phn cm chuyn ng tng i vi n. S cm ng trn
dy qun l xoay chiu hay mt chiu tuy thuc vo t trng phn cm l
loi c cc tnh thay i hay cc tnh khng i.
Yu cu i vi dy qun:
m bo s v dng in tng ng vi cng sut in t ca my

Chu c dng in tng ng vi cng sut ca my m khng b pht

nhit qu mc cho php
Ch to, lp t c thun li, m bo c bn c khi my hot
ng v tit kim nguyn vt liu
Vt liu ch to dy qun M quay thng l ng hoc nhm, tuy
nhin ng c s dng ph bin hn c
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
2. Dy qun
a. Dy qun phn cm

Dy qun rto my ng b cc li
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
a. Dy qun phn cm (tip)

Dy qun r to my B cc n
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
a. Dy qun phn cm (tip)

Dy qun cc t M 1 chiu
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
2. Dy qun
b. Dy qun phn ng

Phn u n i Phn u ni
Chiu di li thp

Chiu di li thp
Phn tc dng

Phn tc dng
Wb =2 Wb =1
y y
Bc dy qun Bc dy qun

Phn u n i Phn u n i
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
2. Dy qun
b. Dy qun phn ng (tip)
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
2. Dy qun
b. Dy qun phn ng (tip)

Dy qun v li thp
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
2. Dy qun
b. Bc dy qun v bc cc
Nu phn ng c Z rnh v my c s i cc l p thi gc in gia 2
rnh lin tip c tnh theo cng thc: o
p.360

z z
Dy qun bc : y = =
2p
Gc lch pha gia s ca 2 cnh tc dng ca mt bi dy
p.360o z
x 180 o
z 2p
Nu s cm ng trn mi cnh tc dng c biu din l mt vc t th
s ca bi dy l tng ca 2 vc t nh hnh v
Eb
a b b
a

Eb
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu

2. Dy qun
c. S pha v s rnh (tip)
i vi M xoay chiu, nu dy qun c s pha l m thi mi pha chim s
rnh l: Z/m
Vi dy qun mt lp, s bi dy ca mt pha tng ng s l Z/2m
bi
Tng t vi dy qun 2 lp, do mi bi dy c 2 cnh tc dng v mi
cnh tc dng ch chim 1/2 rnh, nn s bi dy chnh bng s rnh ca
mt pha tc bng z/m bi
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu

2. Dy qun (tip)
d. Xy dng s dy qun
S xy qun M xoay chiu vi q l s nguyn

Xt my in xoay chiu 2 cc vi s pha m =3 v s rnh

l z = 6. D thy rng mi pha s chim 2 rnh v s bi dy
ca mi pha l
z Z 6
= 1 bi Bc cc 3
2m 2 p 2.1

Dy qun bc nn y = = 3 hay y = 1 4. iu ny c
ngha l mt cnh ca bi dy t rnh 1 th cnh cn li s
t rnh 4.
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
d. Xy dng s dy qun (tip)
Z =6, 2p = 2, m = 3 , a = 1

1 2 3 4 5 6

A Z B X C Y

S trn S tri
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 1
A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Z A B C X Y
S tri dy qun ng khun n gin
II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu

Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 1
A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Y A Z B X C
S tri dy qun ng khun phn tn
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 1
A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y

A Z B C X Y
S tri dy qun ng tm 2 mt phng
II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 1
A A Z Z BB X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C YY

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

A BZ C X Y

S tri dy qun sng

 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 1
A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

A Z B C X Y
S tri dy qun 2 lp bc ngn
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu

Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 2
A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A
A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y A A Z Z B B X X C C Y Y

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

A Z B X C Y

S tri dy qun 2 lp bc ngn

 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu

Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

A X
S tri dy qun 2 lp bc ngn
Ch v pha A
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
Z =24, 2p = 4, m = 2 , a = 1
Dy qun 2 pha

A B X Y
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu

S xy qun M xoay chiu vi q l phn s

Z =30, 2p = 4, m = 3 , a = 1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

A X
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu

Dy qun rotor lng sc

Thng s dng cho rto ng c khng ng b, dy qun cn

hoc dy qun m my ca my in ng b.
Dy qun lng sc c to thnh t cc thanh dn c t
vo rnh.
Vt liu ch to thng bng nhm c hoc bng ng.
Hai u ca cc thanh dn c ni vi 2 vng ngn mch.
 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
Dy qun rotor lng sc
tng mmen v hn ch dng in m my, ngi ta thng lm rnh
su, rnh c hnh dng phc tp, lng sc kp hoc 2 lng sc ph
hp vi vic ng dng hiu ng mt ngoi lm tng in tr rto trong
qu trnh khi ng

Rnh su Lng sc kp Rnh c bit

 II. Dy qun my in xoay chiu
Dy qun rotor lng sc (tip)

i vi dy qun kiu ny, mi thanh dn s l mt pha v

s vng dy ca mi pha wf = 1
2
Dy qun lng sc l qun tp trung v coi nh bc .
tng cng mmen m my v hn ch dao ng mmen,
ngi ch to thm mt hoc mt s vng ngn mch nm
gia rto
 III. S ca dy qun in xoay chiu
1. S cm ng khi dy qun phn ng chuyn ng tng i vi t trng
phn cm

a. T trng phn cm c
cc tnh xen k`

- T trng l tng hp ca
cc sng c tn s c
bn (bc 1) v cc sng
bc cao
- Ch xt vi t cm bc 1
(t trng c bn)

Phn b t cm ca my in ng b cc li
 III. S ca dy qun in xoay chiu
S ca dy qun do t trng c bn (bc 1)

Etd Bx .v.l Bm .v.l sin x

x 2
Trong : v 2f
t T

Vi tc gc = 2f v t
thng tng ng vi mt
bc cc bng:
2
= Bm l

nn : etd = f sin t
V tr hiu dng bng

Etd = f = 2, 22 f
2
 III. S ca dy qun in xoay chiu
S ca mt bi dy gm 2 thanh dn

y
EVng = E E = 2Etd sin
' ''
td td
2
y
= 4, 44 f kn ; kn = sin = sin
2 2

Nu hai thanh dn c t mt bi dy gm c ws vng dy th

s ca bi dy bng:
Es = 4, 44 fwskn
 III. S ca dy qun in xoay chiu
Trng hp vi mt nhm bi dy qun ri
Gi s ta c q bi dy ni tip v c t ri trong cc rnh lin tip nhau nh
trn hnh v, s ca q bi dy l:

Eq 4,44 fqws kn .k r
Eq 4,44 fqws kdq
Trong

kdq kn .k r

tng hnh hoc cc s sin q
v kr 2
tng s hoc cc s
q sin
2
kr gi l H s qun ri
 III. S ca dy qun in xoay chiu
S ca dy qun mt pha

E f 4,44 fwkdq
Nu xt c s do t trng bc cao sinh ra th:

E E E E ...E ...
2
1
2
3
2
5
2

Trong
E 4,44 f w kdq
2 2
Bml Bml

q
sin
kn sin ; k r 2
2
q sin
2
 III. S ca dy qun in xoay chiu

a. T trng phn cm c cc tnh xen k (tip)

nh hng ca sng bc cao s lm cho s khng sin, nh hng n
hiu sut v cc c tnh ca my.
Trong thc t, ngi ta tm mi cch ci thin dng sng sc in ng,
ngha l lm cho sng sc in ng gn sin nht.

Cc gii php ci thin dng sng sc in ng

T cng thc :
E f 4,44 fwkdq
Nhn thy: ci thin dng sng s cn tc ng vo 2 yu t:

- Th nht: Ci thin t trng phn cm

- Th hai: Thay i h s dy qun vi sng bc cao

 III. S ca dy qun in xoay chiu
Cc gii php ci thin dng sng sc in ng (tip)

ci thin t trng phn cm cn tc ng trc tip n kt

cu my ( cc t, khe h )
thay i h s dy qun cn p dng cc gii php nh qun
bc ngn v qun ri (tng q):

V d vi sng bc 5: E5 4,44 f 5 w 5kdq5

kn 5 sin 5 ;
2
Nu chn = 8/10 th:
8
kn 5 sin 5 sin 2 0
10 2
E5 0
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

1. Khi nim chung

Dng in chy trong dy qun to ra sc t ng v sinh ra

t trng bao quanh dy qun.
T trng gm:
+ T trng khe h
+ T trng rnh
+ T trng phn u ni

Chng ny ch xt T trng khe h.

 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Gi thit:

Khe h khng kh u
T tr ca li thp khng ng k

S phn b t trng khe h cng l s phn b ca sc

t ng (st) dy qun

St ph thuc kiu dy qun (qun tp trung ( q=1) hay qun ri (

q>1)) v vo dng in.
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Dng in mt chiu:
st khe h khng i nu t dn khe h khng i
st l p mch nu t dn khe h thay i

Dng in xoay chiu:

1 pha th st l p mch
m pha i xng ( m1) th st s quay trn
m pha khng i xng ( m1) th st s quay elip
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Biu thc ca st p mch:

F = Fm sintcos l gc khng gian

Nu t = const F = Fm1 cos vi Fm1 = Fm sint

S phn b ca F l hnh sin trong khng gian.

Nu = const F = Fm2 sint vi Fm2 = Fm cos

Ti v tr gc , F bin i tun hon theo thi gian

Vy : st p mch l mt sng ng (ngha l s phn b hnh

sin trong khng gian v bin i hnh sin theo thi gian)
IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Biu thc ca st quay trn:

F = Fm sin(t )

Xt ti mt im bt k ty ca sng st khong i th:

sin(t ) = const hay t = const
d

dt
IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Quay ngc Quay thun

Biu th bng vc t quay

 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Sc t ng p mch bng tng 2 sc t ng quay trn.

1 1
Fm sin t cos = Fm sin( t ) + Fm sin( t + )
2 2
= F1 + F2
Sc t ng quay trn bng tng 2 sc t ng p mch.

Fm sin t = Fm sin tcos Fmcos t sin

= Fm sin tcos Fm sin( t )cos( )
2 2
Lu :
Nu Fm khc nhau s khng quay trn m s quay elip. Nu gc lch nhau
cng quay elip. Nhng ngi ta mong mun quay trn v trong mt s trng
hp ngi ta thch quay elip, e.g. qut in gia nh
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Sc t ng quay elip

F Fm sin tcos F sin(t
,
m )cos( )
2 2

F Fm sin tcos Fm sin(t )cos( )
2

F Fm sin tcos Fm sin(t )cos( )
2
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

2. St ca dy qun phn cm
My cc li:

Dy qun c qun thnh cc cun dy gm nhiu vng

bao quanh cc t.
w t It
St ca mi cc : Ft
2p
Khe h khng u nn mt t thng nh cc ln hn
mm cc.
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

S phn ph ca t trng c th hin thng qua s sau:

Btm1
kt
Btm
m
m / 1 2,5
Khe h ch ln nht bng 2,5
ln ch nh nht

kt 0,951,15
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu
My cc n: Dy qun c qun ri thnh nhiu bi dy,
ng biu din st c dng hnh thang.
Khe h khng kh u.

Btm1 8sin
kt = = 2
Btm 2

kt = 1,065 0,965

/ 2 (1 ) / 2
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

3. St ca dy qun phn ng
a. St ca dy qun 1 pha
/2 /2
i = 2I sin t

b c
iws / 2 Fs1 Fs 3
i
a d Fs

Theo nh lut ton dng in St phn b hnh ch nht trong khng

gian v bin i hnh sin theo thi gian
H.dl = iw s
c phn tch theo Fourier
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu
T tr ca thp rt nh ( =) nn Hfe = 0 v st xem nh ch cn
thit sinh ra t thng i qua hai ln khe h
H = iws
1
St ng vi 1 khe h : Fs iws
2
St ny phn b hnh ch nht trong khng gian v bin i
hnh sin theo thi gian c phn tch theo Fourier
Fs Fs1cos Fs 3cos3 Fs 5cos5 ... Fs cos

1,3,5..
Fs cos
/2
2
Trong Fs

/2
Fs cos d
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

V cui cng tm c:

Fs


1,3,5
Fsm cos sin t

iws
Vi Fsm 0,9

Nh vy: Sc t ng ca mt phn t c dng in xoay

chiu chy qua l tng hp ca sng p mch phn b
hnh sin trong khng gian v bin i hnh sin theo thi gian.
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

St ca dy qun 1 lp bc vi q phn t ta c

Fq


1,3,5
qFsm kr cos sin t

St ca dy qun 1 pha 2 lp bc ngn

Ff


1,3,5
2qFsm kr kn cos sin t

Lu s vng dy 1 pha w = 2pqws

Nh vy: Sc t ng ca dy qun 1 pha l tng hp ca mt
dy sng p mch
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

b. St ca dy qun m pha
Cc pha t lch nhau trong khng gian gc 2/m, dng in
m pha i xng lch nhau v thi gian gc 2/m

i1 2 I sin t
2
i2 2 I sin(t )
m
........
2
im 2 I sin t (m 1)
m
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

F1

1,3,5
Ff sin tcos

2 2
F2 Ff sin(t )cos ( )
1,3,5 m m
........
2 2
Fm Ff sin t (m 1) cos (m 1)
1,3,5 m m
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu
c st ca dy qun m pha ta ly tng ca m st p mch .
Ff Ff
F1


1,3,5
F f sin tcos
2
sin(t )
2
sin(t )

2 2
F2


1,3,5
Ff sin(t
m
)cos (
m
)

Ff 2 Ff 2
sin (t ) ( 1) sin ( t ) ( 1)
2 m 2 m
........
2 2
Fm Ff sin t (m 1) cos (m 1)
1,3,5 m m
Ff 2
sin (t ) ( m 1)( 1)
2 m
Ff 2
sin (t ) ( m 1)( 1)
2 m
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Vi = 1,3,5 c th chia lm 3 nhm:

1) = mk - t trng i xng khng nn xt

2) = 2mk+1 quay thun
3) = 2mk-1 quay ngc
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Xt nhm quay thun

Ff
F1 sin(t )
2
Ff 2
F2 sin (t ) ( 1)
2 m
........
Ff 2
Fm sin (t ) (m 1)( 1)
2 m
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu
Vi = mk
2 2 2
( 1) (mk 1) 2 k
m m m
Vi mi trj s ca k v m, st l nhng sng hnh sin quay cng
tc , cc vc t tng ng lch nhau gc 2/m lm thnh mt
hnh sao i xng v tng bng 0

Vi = 2mk+1
2
( 1) 4k
m
Vi mi tr s ca k, cc st quay thun trng pha nhau v c tr
s:
m
Ft Ff sin(t )
2 mk 1 2
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu
Vi = 2mk-1
2 4
( 1) 4k
m m
Vi mi trj s ca k, cc st quay vi cng tc v lch nhau
gc 4/m, do tng bng 0.
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu
Tng t vi nhm quay ngc:
m
Fn Ff sin(t )
2 mk 1 2

m
Tng hp ta c: F = Ff sin( t )
( m)
=2mk1 2

m w.kdq
Vi Ff = 0,45m I
2 p
3
Vi dy qun 3 pha F =
(3)
=6k1 2
Ff sin( t )

2
V dy qun 2 pha F( 2) = Ff sin( t )
=4k1 2
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Tc quay ca st quay bc
n
n

60 f
Vi n
p
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

Khi dng trong m pha khng i xng th c th phn tch thnh cc

phn lng i xng:
m
Vi dng th t thun: F1(m) = F1 f sin( t )
=2mk1 2
m
Vi dng th t nghch: F2( m ) F2 f sin(t )
2 mk 1 2
Vi dng th t khng: i01 i02 i03 ... i0 m 2 I 0 sin t

Sinh ra trong dy qun m pha cc st p mch cng pha v thi

gian v lch nhau trong khng gian gc 2/m
 IV. T trng ca dy qun M xoay chiu

F01 F0 f sin tcos

F F sin tcos 2
02 0 f m

.............................
2
F0 m F0 f sin tcos ( m 1)
m

Vi = mk cc st p mch do dng th t khng m pha

lch nhau 2k trong khng gian v cng vi nhau:
F0( m )


mk
F 2 f sin tcos