UEME 1122 MATERIAL SCIENCE Ql(a) Define the following terms as applied to the mechanical properties of materials. @ —_Blasticity - property of material that enables it to regain its original unreformed length once the load is removed [2] (i) —_Ductility - ability of material to undergo a lot of plastic deformation before rupture [2] (iii) Brittleness - undergoes very little plastic deformation before rupture is said to be brittle [2] (iv) Hardness - the resistance of a material to penetration [2] QU(b) Briefly explain why non-metallic materials are typically better thermal insulators than metal materials. - Metal have mobile! free electrons, which have high thermal conductivity [2] = For non-metal, phonons (the quanta of lattice vibrations) are primarily responsible for thermal conduction; phonons are not as effective as free electrons in the transport of heat energy as a result of the phonon scattering by lattice imperfections. [2] QI) Compute the resistance of an aluminium wire $ mm in diameter and 1800 m long, which experiences a voltage drop across the ends of the wire of 20 V when a current passes through it, Determine the value of current density and electric field across the ends of the wire. Given the electrical conductivity of aluminium is 3.8 x 10’ (Q.m)! 4 =" 4.24 x 108 A/m2 [2] 1.11 x 10-V/m [2] QI(@) Calculate the heat flux through a sheet of 1.5 m x 1.5 m soda-lime glass 20 mm thick if the temperatures at the two faces are 400 °C and 100 °C; assume steady-state heat flow. Given thermal conductivity of soda-lime glass is 1.7 W/m.K. What will be the heat loss per hour if the thickness of the sheet is increased to 35 mm? Heat flux,q = 2 (1.7) EB = 2.55 x 104W/m? [2] Heat flux,q = k= ~(1.7) 223 = 1.46 x 10¢W/m? [1] aa om 0 gat = " aE» Soman $2 = gat = 1.46 x 10 x (LS x 15) x (60 x = 1.18 x 10° j/h [3] This question paper consists of 3 questions on 5 printed pages.UEME 1122 MATERIAL SCIENCE Q2(@) Name the two allotropie forms of carbon. - Diamond and graphite. (2] Q2(b) List four criteria must be met for a polymer to be elastomeric, = It must not easily crystalline; elastomeric materials are amorphous, having molecular chains that are naturally coiled and kinked in the unstressed state [2] = Chain bond rotations must be relatively free for the coiled chains to readily respond to ‘an applied force [2] ~The onset of plastic deformation must be delayed. Restricting the motions of chains ppast one another by crosslinking, the crosslinks act as anchor points between the chain and prevent chain slippage from occurring [2] = The elastomer must be above its glass transition temperature. Below its glass transition temperature, an elastomer becomes brittle [2] Q2(c) What is the difference between ‘resilience’ and ‘toughness’? Explanation using diagram can be helpful. Resilience - capacity of a material to absorb energy within the elastic range [1] Toughness - capacity of a material to absorb energy without fracture [1] Pie, | agg | BxONOUTON FIGURE 3- Arca indicating resilence (A) and toushness (498) of ormatral U1 Q2() List three types of fiber phase for a fiber-reinforced composite. What are the differences between matrix and dispersed phases for a fiber-reinforced composite in terms of mechanical property? ~ Fiber phase: whiskers, fibers, wires [3] ~ Matrix phase is a continuous phase that surrounds the non-continuous dispersed phase. In general, the matrix phase is relatively weak, has a low elastie modulus, but is quite ductile. On the other hand, the fiber phase is normally quite strong, stiff, and brittle. [4] This question paper consists of 3 questions on 5 printed pages.UEME 1122 MATERIAL SCIENCE Q2(e) A 0.1 m cylindrical rod of copper with $ mm in diameter is cooled from 25 °C to -20 °C while its ends are held rigid. The linear coefficient of thermal expansion and modulus of elasticity of copper are 17.0 x 10° (°C)! and 110 GPa, respectively. If the rod is stress-free at room temperature (25 °C), determine the type and magnitude of stress that develops. Calculate the change in diameter of the cylindrical rod; assume that the change of diameter is only due to thermal contraction. (To Ty = (110 x 108) x (17.0 x 1076) x (25 — (-20)) = 84.15 MPa [2] ‘The stress will be tensile stress since its sign is positive. [1] Ad, lots (Ty — To) = (5 mm)(17.0 x 10-6)(—20 — 25) = -0.0038mm [2] Q3(a) Contrast the mechanical characteristic of low-carbon, medium-carbon and high-carbon steel. List one typical application for each subclass of steel. igh carbonsteet ‘rene Medmearbon Steet "ren Lowcatonstest Strain —> Comparison of Carbon Steels (6 Low carbon steel: automobile bodies, structural shapes, pipelines, buildings, bridges and tin cans. [1 mark each, any 1] Medium carbon steel: railway wheels and tracks, gears, crankshafts, and machine parts. [1 mark each, any 1] High carbon steel: chisels, hammers, knives, and hacksaw blades, [1 mark each, any 1] Q3(b) A cylinder bar of an alloy 8 mm in diameter is to be deformed elastically. Application of tensile force of 12500 N produces an elastic reduction in diameter of 5 x 10° mm. Calculate the modulus elasticity for this alloy if the Poisson’s ratio for this material is 0.28, 11x 10*Pa = 111GPa [4] This question paper consists of 3 questions on 5 printed pages.UEME 1122 MATERIAL SCIENCE Q3(@) A parallel-plate capacitor with dimensions of 100 mm by 50 mm using a dielectric material (6, = 3.58) has a plate separation of 2 mm. Calculate the capacitance of this capacitor. Given the permittivity of a vacuum is 8.85 x 10°? F/m. 3.58 x (8.85 x 10-12) GOD xo 7.9 x 10-'F = 79 pF [4] QB) State two functions of a transistor in an electric circuit. Briefly describe the mechanics of operation in terms of the motion of charge carriers in a p-n-p junction transistor. - A transistor may be used to amplify an electrical signal and act as a switching device | in computers. [4] - A very thin n-type base region is sandwiched between p-type emitter and collector regions. The circuit that includes the emitter-base junction is forward biased (large numbers of holes enter the base region), whereas a reverse bias voltage is applied across the base-collector junction. [2] ~ If the base is extremely narrow, most of these holes will be swept through the base without recombination, into the p-type collector. The holes now become a part of the emitter-collector circuit. [2] This question paper consists of 3 questions on 5 printed pages.