DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES we hans e wy % Fe c ¥ - iT ie Re bares ot ced Mashhour Ghoneim dette mol Concrete Structures Cairo University Volume 1 Mahmoud EI-Mihilmy PNT) Brel ao Concrete Structures Cairo UniversityREINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS Photo 6.1 Skeleton reinforced concrete structure 6.1 Introduction This chapter presents the analysis and design of reinforced concrete beams. It starts with introducing the reader to the statical system of R/C beams. Types of loads on beams and method of calculations of such loads are presented. Design of R/C beams to withstand ultimate limit states of failure by flexure, shear, or bond is illustrated. Reinforcement detailing is also presented. The chapter also contains numerous illustrative examples. 185en 6.1 Statical Systems of R/C Beams Depending on the conditions at the supports, R/C beams may be classified as: a Simple beams, which can be monolithically cast with columns or supported on masonry walls (Figs. 6.1a and 6.1b). Masonry | wall RIC column | | L (a) (b) ¢- Continuous beams, which can be monolithically cast with columns (Figs. 6. le and 6.1f) or supported on masonry walls (Fig. 6.1g) Hi masonry wall uy i 7} (g) Fig. 6.1 Statical systems of reinforced concrete beams 1866.2 The effective span The span used in the analysis of a reinforced concrete beam is referred to as the effective span, Le. The value of the effective span may be taken as follows: For simply supported beams, (refer to Fig. 6.2), the effective span equals to the least value of: ‘© The distance between the center-lines of the supports (L) © 1.05 times the clear span(L.) between the supports * The clear span between the supports plus the depth of the beam (L,+d) For cantilevers, the effective length equals to the lesser value of: * The length of the cantilever measured from the center of support * The clear projection of the cantilever plus its largest depth For continuous beams monolithically cast with supports, the effective span may be taken equal to the lesser value of: ¢ The distance between the center-lines of the supports * 1.05 times the clear span between the supports For continuous beams supported on masonry walls, the effective span may be taken equal to the lesser value of: ° The distance between the center-lines of the supports + The clear span between the supports plus the depth of the beam Fig, 6.2 Calculation of the effective depth 1876.2 The effective span The span used in the analysis of a reinforced concrete beam is referred to as the effective span, Lay. The value of the effective span may be taken as follows: For simply supported beams, (refer to Fig. 6.2), the effective span equals to the least value of: © The distance between the center-lines of the supports (L) * 1.05 times the clear span(L,) between the supports * The clear span between the supports plus the depth of the beam (L,+d) For cantilevers, the effective length equals to the lesser value of: The length of the cantilever measured from the center of support * The clear projection of the cantilever plus its largest depth For continuous beams monolithically cast with supports, the effective span may be taken equal to the lesser value of: © The distance between the center-lines of the supports * 1.05 times the clear span between the supports For continuous beams supported on masonry walls, the effective span may be taken equal to the lesser value of: * The distance between the center-lines of the supports * The clear span between the supports plus the depth of the beam Fig. 6.2 Calculation of the effective depth 1876.3 Loads Acting on Beams A reinforced concrete beam carries the followi ing loads: © The own weight of the beam. * The loads transmitted to the beam from the slab. © The wall loads ¢ Any other loads that can be directly transmitted to them 6.3.1 Own weight of beams The own weight of a beam is usually calculated per unit meter of its length as shown in Fig. 6.3. Own weight of thebeam(ow.) = 7, bt (6.1) where b = beam width t= beam thickness Yc= density of reinforced concrete (for normal weight concrete =25 kN/m‘) 1.0m Fig. 6.3a Calculation of the own weight of rectangular beams For slab-beam systems in which the slabs are cast monolithically with the beams, the own weight of the beam is calculated as follows ow.=Y,XDX(E=1,) 6.2) where t, = slab thickness 3b Calculation of the own weight of T- beams 188.2 Slab loads ‘The slab load (kN/m*) consists ofa dead load 8, and a live load p,. The dead load or the slab consists of its own weight and the Weight of the flooring above. Dead load of she slab g, is calculated from: ove (6.3) {he Moor cover (flooring) is usually taken 1.5 to 2,5 KN/m? depending on the materials used. The live loads p,on the slab depend on the usage of the structure as given in Chapter 1. 8.=1.XY, + Flooring . 1m cases, where the slab is supported on all four sides and the ratio of length to width is larger than 2 (Fig. 6.3), the short direction of the Slab is stiffer than the long one. In Such case, the slab carries the load in its short direction and acts as a one-way slab. Accordingly, only the beams (AB and CD) of long spans support the loads from the slab. Le (orp) xL,l2 km L Fig. 6.3 Loads on beams supporting one-way slabs L/L,32 189In cases where the slab is supported on all four sides and the ratio of length to width is smaller than or equal to 2 (Fig. 6.4), the load is carried by all the beams surrounding the slab and the slab is called a two-way slab. For two-way slabs supported on relatively similar beams on the four sides, the lines defining the slab area associated to each beam bisect the corner between the two edges and are inclined 45° to either edge. Such distribution means that the loads on beams supporting two-way slabs are either triangular or trapezoidal. Ws, 8s OF Ps Wy By Or Ds x x {___Span= Ly I span =L Fig. 6.4 Loads on beams supporting two-way slabs 1< L/L, <2 In case where the triangular or the trapezoidal load satisfies the following conditions: © The triangular or the trapezoidal load has a symmetrical distribution with the maximum intensity at the mid-span of the beam. * The triangular or the trapezoidal Ioad covers the span and vanishes at the supports. Then, the triangular or the trapezoidal load can be replaced by uniformly distributed loads along the span of the beam, except for cantilever beams. Referring to Fig. (6.5 the following definitions are recalled: 190Equivalent uniform load for shear (gy or py): a uniform load that replaces the triangular or trapezoidal loads and gives the same maximum shear. 8u=B gx (64) Pn =B DP, Xo (6.5) where g, is the slab dead load given by Eq. 6.3 and p, is the live load. Equivalent uniform load for bending (gy or ps): a uniform load that replaces the triangular or trapezoidal loads and gives the same maximum bending moment at midspan. oo (6.6) och EY 8: OF Ds x loads for bending Sa=B Bx Py =B px span =L, loads for shear 85 OF Ps So=48,% p= a p.x x loads for bending x x Bn =B g,x Po = B p,x ppan=L eA So loads for shear Fig. 6.5 The concept of equivalent uniform loads 191In order to show the way in which this is done, consider the case of a beam supporting @ triangular load with maximum intensity w, at the middle as shown in Fig. 6.4. The values of o and B for a triangular load can be easily derived. Consider a slab load of an intensity w,, then: ‘The maximum shear force due to the triangular load at support. = w,L,/4 The maximum bending moment due to the triangular load at midspan = w, £,2/12 If the triangular load is replaced by a uniform load of intensity we, that gives the same value of maximum shear, then: web Hp hy or ade ae or wy = 05 w, B=05 If the triangular load is replaced by a uniform load of intensity wg, that gives the same value of maximum bending moment at mid-span, then: wl Wg Le 12 8 or We = 0.667 w, a= 0.667 In case of trapezoidal loading, it can be easily shown that: 1 a=(I-s) ( 3? (6.8) 1 b=(-5) where p= Lenedirection LL sy Short direction LL 2x The coefficients @and f for are given in Table 6.1 for different values of L/2x. Table 6.1 Coefficients of equivalent uniform loads on beams Hex|10 fit 12 fis fia fas fire far lis tio }oo (oa 0.667 | 0.725 | 0.769 | 0.803 | 0.830 | 0.853 | 0.870 | 0.885 | 0.897 | 0.908 | 0.917 B 0.500 | 0.554 | 0.582 | 0.615 | 0.642 | 0.667 | 0.688 | 0.706 | 0.722 | 0.737 | 0.750 192In case one of the conditions mentioned before is not met, as shown in Fig. 6.6, one should not use the coefficients cand /. In such a case, the non-uniform load could be approximated to an equivalent uniform Joad for calculating both the shear and the bending moments. The intensity of this load w is given as: sooo (6.9) w=w, (loaded areafloaded length) Loaded area Loaded Length | Loaded area Loaded Length Loaded area Loaded Length Fig. 6.6 Examples of cases where coefficients @ and / can not be used 1936.3.3 Wall loads Figure 6.7 shows an elevation of a skeletal concrete structure in which the simple beam with cantilever (beam B) supports a masonry wall having a clear height fy... For the wall panel bounded between two columns, only wall loads bounded by 60° tines from columns cause bending moments and shearing forces in the beam (Fig. 6.7.b) This is mainly due to arching action of the wall. ‘The trapezoidal wall load can be replaced by an equivalent uniform load giving the same maximum internal forces. The coefficients 0 and Bdepend on the ratio L, /2x where x=h,/¥3 and can be determined from Table 6.1. It should be mentioned that for walls supported on cantilever beams no arching action occurs and the total wall load is transmitted to the beam. 8, =%eXt, + plastering weight ..- (6.10) where + Y_ = Specific weight of wall material ranges between (12-19) kN/m* 1, = thickness of the wall plastering weight can be assumed (0.8-1.0) KN/m? wee eH (c) Fig. 6.7 Wall loads 194For calculating wall load on beams we consider the arch action of the wall by considering a triangular part of wall Joad to be carried by the column while the remaining part of the wall load (trapezoidal part) is carried by the beam (refer to Fig. 6.7b). Hence, when calculating loads on columns the triangular part of the wall load must be added to columns loads. wall load for bending(gy4)=@h, &. + .. (6.11) wall load for shear(g,.) = Bhy 84 « nn (6.12) Referring to Fig. 6.7, assume that the /,,=2.4 mand the clear distance between the supports is 5.0 m and the own weight of the wall, g,,. equals 4.75 kN/m” For x=, /V3 = 2.4/-¥3=1.39 m L, [2x =180 @= 0.897, =0.722 Wall load for calculating bending moments for the part of the beam between the supports = @xg,, xh, = 0.897%4.75x2.4 = 10.23 kKN/m Wall load for calculating shearing forces for the part of the beam between the supports = fxg, Xh,= 0.722 4.75% 2.4 = 8.23 KN/m ‘The weight of the part of the wall supported on the cantilever beam is totally transmitted to the beam and is used for calculating the shear and the moments = g, xh, = 4.75x2.4=11.4 KN/m wall load for bending = 2/3 (L, /2 tan60) g,, wallload for shear = 1/2 (L, [2 tan60) 8, Note 1: Figure 6.8a shows a case in which the wall dimension results in triangular load ‘on the beam. In such a case, the equivalent wall load is calculated as follows Note 2: In case of walls containing openings, the arch action is not fully developed and the total value of the wall load should be transferred to the beam (see Fig. 6.8b). T,/2 tan 60° a, Short span walls , Walls with openings Fig. 6.8 Calculation of wall loads for some special cases 84 Slenderness limits for beams The compression zone of a reinforced concrete beam is normally laterally restraint against sidesway buckling. This lateral restraint is maintained by floor slabs attached to the compression zone ( see Fig, 6.9). Figure (6.9b) shows a case in which the compression zone of the beams is not laterally supported against sidesway buckling by the floor slabs. In such a case, and in other cases where the floor slabs does not exist. the code sets the following limits on the clear distance between point of inflections in the lateral direction: (a) _ For simply supported or continuous beams, the lesser of 40 b ot 200 b/d (b) For cantilever beams with lateral restraint only at support: 20 b or 80b%d whichever is less: Compression “zone \ Compression zone B ne Seo. 1-1 Seo. 2-2 (a): Laterally supported beam (b): Laterally unsupported beam Fig, 6.9 Lateral restraint against sidesway buckling 1966.5 Linear Elastic Analysis of Continuous Beams The ECCS 203 adopts linear elastic analysis for the determination of bending moments and shear forces in continuous beams. Critical load arrangement normally requires that alternate spans are loaded and adjacent spans are unloaded. The ECCS 203 permits the calculation of bending moments and shear forces based on the assumption of rigid knife-edge supports. This assumption may lead to very conservative values of the bending moments especially when the columns are stiff and beam to column joints are monolithic. It should be mentioned that for exterior columns moments induced by column restraint must be taken into account. A further simplification is offered by the Code for continuous beams of nearly equal spans and depths under uniformly distributed loads, provided that variations in spans do not exceed 20% of the longest span, bending moments and shear forces may be estimated as shown in Fig. 6.10. The bending moments obtained using the coefficients of Fig. 6.10 should not be redistributed. For cases of particularly heavy live loads, the coefficients of the figure may not be applicable; an analysis of the continuous beams as being supported on knife-edge supports would be required. T- Moment = w x L/kn, “24 3 “24, ‘Two spans & 1 ca 11 a e “24 10 412 ‘Three spans or more = 12 as 16 ca Fig. 6.10a Moment coefficients (k,,) for continuous beams Il- Shear = kx wx L ‘Two spans 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 ‘Three spans or more 0.45 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 SSE Fig. 6.10b Shear coefficients (k,) for continuous beams 1976.6 Reinforcement Detailing in R/C Beams The effective depth, d, of a beam is defined as the distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the longitudinal tensile reinforcement (see Fig. 6.11). Fig. 6.11 Effective depth for a reinforced concrete beam 6.6.1 Concrete Cover It is necessary to have a concrete cover (a) between the surface of the beam and the reinforcing bars (refer to Fig. 6.12) for three reasons: 1. To bond the reinforcement to the concrete so that the two elements act together. The efficiency of bond increases as the cover increases. A cover of at least one bar diameter is required for this purpose in beams. 2. To protect the reinforcement against corrosion. In highly corrosive environments such as beams constructed near ocean spray the cover should be increased. 3. To protect the reinforcement from strength loss due to overheating in the case of fire. In this text, the amounts of clear cover will be based on the recommendations of the ECCS 203. 1986.6.2 Bar Spacing ‘The arrangement of bars within a beam must allow: 1. Sufficient concrete on all sides of each bar to transfer forces into or out of the bars. 2, Sufficient space so that the fresh concrete can be placed and compacted around the bars 3, Sufficient space to allow a vibrator to reach through the bottom of the beam. Referring to Fig. 6.12, the Egyptian code requires that the distance b should be Largest used bar diameter Qu. potagerot{ L.Smax aggregate size Fig, 6.12 Spacing between individual bars 6.6.3 Egyptian Code Recommendations Figure 6.11 summarizes the requirements of the Egyptian Code regarding the spacing and arrangements of the bars in beams. It should be mentioned that when bars are placed in two more layers the bars in the top layer must be directly over those in the other layers, to allow the concrete and vibrators to pass through the layers. If the depth of the beam exceeds 700 mm, longitudinal skin reinforcements (shrinkage side bars) are to be provided along both side faces of the beam. The area Of this reinforcement should not be less than 8% of the area of the main reinforcement; the spacing should not exceed 300 mm (see Fig. 6.13). Beam flange should be built integrally with or effectively connected to the web to justify the design of the beam as having a flanged section. Also, top reinforcement (normal to the beam axis) should be provided in the flange as a condition of utilizing the monolithic action between flange and web. The area of suchreinforcement should not be less than 0.3% of flange’s cross section. It should be extended to cover the total width of the effective flange. This transverse reinforeement shall be space not farther apart than 200 mm. Stirrups in the web should extend to the top of the flange to ensure monolithic action between the flange and web. t t ___ shrinkage side bars t<700 mm t> 700 mm Fig. 6.13 Provisions for shrinkage reinforcement Photo 6.2 Typical Slab-beam structural system. 200Example 6.1 Figure (EX. 6.1) shows a_ plan and two sectional elevations of a reinforced concrete structure. Itis required to calculate the loads acting on the simple beam B1, Live Load = 2.0 kN/m’, Flooring =1.5 kN/m? and own weight of brick wall = 4.5 KN/m’. Assume the thickness of the slabs = 150 mm. B) tt «© 5500mm___|___ 5500 mm_ peo. 1 I Ir tG BL (a) Plan @ te BL I (b) Sec. A-A 800 ~~ (c) Sec. B-B Fig. EX. 6.1 Skeletal structure 201Solution 1. Statical System of the Beam Simply supported beam having a span of 7.0 m A L 7.00 m Statical system of the beam 2. Calculation of Loads 2.1 Own weight of the beam ‘The width of the wall on axis (B) is 250 mm, accordingly the width of the beam is taken as 250 mm. For simply supported beams, it is reasonable to assume the thickness of the beam as (span/10). Thus the cross sectional dimensions of the beam = 250 mm x 700 mm Own weight of the beam = width x (beam thickness ~ slab thickness) x , = 0.25 x (0.70-0.15) x 25 = 3.44 kN/m 2.2 Loads transmitted to the beam through the slab Dead load of slab, g, = Own weight of the slab + Flooring = 0.15 x 25 + 1.50 = 5.25 kN/m? Live load of slab, p, = 2.0 KN/m* The slab load distribution is shown schematically on the plan. Slabs $; and $, are Classified as two-way slabs. Slab 3 is a one way slab that transmits its load to the long span beams located on axes 2 and 3. Slab S, is a cantilever slab that transmits its load directly to the beams on axis (1). The slab load is transmitted to beam Bl in two parts; the first part is transmitted directly and is composed of a trapezoidal load and a triangular load while the second part is transmitted indirectly as a concentrated load through the beam on axis (2). 202Sts [ee | Crm Direct slab load on beam B1 | The trapezoidal load has its maximum value at the mid-span and vanishes at the supports. Thus, it can be replaced by uniform loads covering the whole span and | giving the same maximum value of the internal force under consideration. The | coefficients cand f are obtained as follows: @=0.793 and 8=0.605 Equivalent uniform dead load for bending 5 x 0.793 x 2.75 = 1145 kN/m’ Equivalent uniform dead load for shear 5 x 0.605 x 2.75 | Equivalent uniform live load for bending = 2.00 x 0.793 x 2.75 73 KN/m’ 36 kN/m’ 203Equivalent uniform live load for shear = 2.00 x 0.605 x 2.75 3.33. kN/n’ The slab triangular load does not have its maximum value at the middle of the span and it does not vanish at the support. Hence, it will be considered with its average value both for calculating the bending moments and shearing forces. Equivalent uniform dead load for the loaded part of the beam = 28% ladedarea loadedlength x (0.5x4.5x 2.25) = 5.9 kN/m 45 Equivalent uniform live load for the loaded part of the beam = Ps loadedarea loaded length = 2.00 (05x 2.25. kN/m 4: 2. 3 Wall-Load L 700m __ | | Direct wall load on the beam | Height of wall = floor height ~ beam thickness = 3.50 0.70 = 2.80 m In order to simplify the analysis, the trapezoidal wall load is transformed into equivalent uniform loads for calculating the maximum bending moment and the maximum shear force. L L700 2x 2(h,tan30) 2 x 2.8xtan30° =2.16 ) 20 Since L/2x > 2, the equivalent uniform wall Load for calculating the bending moment or the shear force of the beam 8 = 8m = ByXhy =4.5X2.80=12.6KN/m 2042.4 Calculation of the concentrated load In addition to the previously calculated equivalent uniform loads, beam B1 supports the reaction of the secondary beam on axis (2). The beam on axis (2) supports loads from the slab and its own weight. Assume that the dimensions of the beam are 120 mm x 700 mm. width x (beam thickness ~ slab thickness) x y, = 0.12 x (0.7-0.15) x 25 = 1.65 kN/m Own weight of the bea: The slab load is transmitted to the beam on axis (2) directly and is composed of a rectangular uniform load and a trapezoidal load. Since we are interested in the maximum reaction of the beam on axis (2), only loads for shear are calculated. ees * b 4 a= 1.22 =0.589 2x 45 8 50m 550m 25m | + = 2. Slab load on the secondary beam on axis 2 Itis clear from sec. B-B that no wall is present on the beam. Thus, wall load=0 Slab dead load = g, xX, +g, XX, x B=5.25 x 1.2545.25 x 2.25 x 0.580= 13.52 kN/m Slab liveload = p, xX, + p, XX, xf=2.0 x1.25+2.0x2.25x0.589 = 5.15 kNim Total equivalent uniform dead load gy, = O.W.+ Slab load =1.65 + 13.52 = 15.17 kN/m Total equivalent uniform live load py, = slab load = 5.15 kN/m XL _1S.1IXS.S | Reaction due to dead load (G)= £ : SE =417 kN _ Reaction due to live load (P)= _ | 205Summary Equivalent dead load for bending Part ab 1g, = 0+ slabload for bending + wall load for bending 8p = 34441145 412.6 = 27.5kN/ Part be 2g, =344 + (11.45 +5.9) +12.6 33.4 KN im The concentrated load is the reaction due to dead load as calculated from the analysis of the beam located on axis (2) 4L.TKN 27.5 kNim 33.4 kim 250m l 450m Equivalent dead load for shear Part ab g, =0.w+ slabload for shear + wall load for shear 2g, =3.44+8.73 412.6 = 24.8kN /m Part be Gy = 3:44 + (8.73 45.9) 412.6 = 30.7 KN mi The concentrated load is the reaction due to dead load as calculated from the analysis of the beam located on axis (2) 41.70 KN 24.8 KN. 30.7 kNim _ 450m 206Equivalent live load for bending Part ab $, =slabload for bending 8 =4.36kN/ m Part be $) =4.36+2.25 = 6.64N/m The concentrated load is the reaction due to live load as calculated from the analysis of the beam located on axis (2) 250m Le 450m Equivalent live load for shear Part ab g, = slabload for bending 8p =3.33KN/ im Part be gy =3.33+2.25 =S.6kNJm ‘The concentrated load is the reaction due to live load as calculated from the analysis of the beam located on axis (2) 14.2 kN 3.33 kN/m 250m _ 450m 207Example 6.2 Figure EX. 6.2a shows an architectural plan of a typical story of an office building. It is required to: a- Propose the structural system of the floor as a slab-beam type system. b- Draw the load distribution from the slabs to the surrounding beams Solution The structural engineer works very closely with the architect when proposing the structural system of the floor in order to meet the architectural requirements Generally, one provides beams at the locations of the masonry walls. The width of the beam is usually equal to that of the wall. Beams are also provided in order to get reasonable slab dimensions. According to the previously mentioned points, the structural plan of the floor is shown in Fig. EX. 6.2b. The following points can be observed: 1- There are two terraces in the floor plan. They are both cantilever slabs since the span of the cantilever is relatively small (1.2m). For spans of about 2.0m, cantilever slabs can be economically utilized. For longer spans, deflection considerations limited the use of cantilever slabs. 2 In the corridor area, no walls exist on axes 3, 4 and 5. Hence, we can either provide beams between the columns on axes C and D or leave the corridor area beam free. If it is architecturally accepted, then providing beams improves the framing action of the building 3- The slabs of the structural plan of Fig. EX. 6.2b have relatively reasonable dimensions. No need to provide beams to reduce the area of such slabs. For example, the floor slab of the meeting room has dimensions of 4.0m x 7.6m. The area of such a slab could be divided into two parts if one provides a beam on axis E, between axes 5 and 6. However, such a beam is not architecturally acceptable. Accordingly, the structural engineer should provide the required thickness and steel reinforcement of such slab of dimensions 4.0m x 7.6m in order to preserve the architectural requirements. The same observation applies to the floor slab of room (5), where a beam could have been provided on axis 7 between the columns located on axes A and C. 4-Most of the floor beams are supported directly on columns. In some cases, however, beams can be supported on other beams. For example, the beam located on axis 8 is supported on cantilevers extended from the beams located on axes A and C. The load distribution from the slabs to the surrounding beams is shown in Fig. EX. 6.2c. 2084000 ROOM (4) ROOM (1) ROOM (2) 4000 woaroo 17200 mm RITCHE! 19700 mm. ROOM (3) 4000 ROOM MEETING 4000 ROOM (5) sak TERRACE. é Fig. EX. 6.2a Architectural plan for a typical floor of an office building 209® ® © ® © 2400 mt 1500 3700 000 200. Or | O 8 T= TT? 3 @+}te ee ai a ea -— ttle Or r4-O iS 5 BS } OH lL} oe rs Os = ' 1 1 1500 00 | 2000 | 5200. | 400 | ! 14800 mm ! J ® © © b E © Fig. EX. 6.2b Structural plan (slab-beam system) 21017200 min. o Fig. EX. 6.2c Load distribution from the slab to the surrounding beamsExample 6.3 It is required to calculate the loads acting on the simple beam with cantilever B2 shown in Fig. (EX. 6.2b). Data Floor Height = 3.50 m. Specific weight of the brick wall is 14.8 kNim* Solution 1. Statical System of the Beam: Simple beam with a cantilever 5) 2) ‘B) 5.30m 1.20 Statical System. 2. Calculation of Loads 2.1 Own weight of the beam Assume that slab thickness is equal to 150 mm. ‘Assume that the thickness of the beam in the range of (span/10) (¢ = 600 mm) ‘Thus the cross sectional dimensions of the beam = 250 mm x 600 mm Own weight of beam = width x (thickness of beam-thickness of slab) x ¥, = 0.25 x (0.60-0.15) x 25 = 2.81 kN/m. 2.2 Loads transmitted to the beam through the slab Own weight of slab = thickness of slab xy, =0.15x 25. = 3.75 kN/m Dead Load, g, = Own weight of slab + Flooring = 3.75 + 1.50 = 5.25 kN/m? Live Load p. = 2.0 KN/m?The slab load is transmitted to beam B2 in two parts; the first part is transmitted directly and is composed of a trapezoidal load and the second part is transmitted indirectly as a concentrated load through the secondary beam B1. 1.30 60m. 2 530m, 1.20 Direct slab load transmitted to B2 ‘The slab trapezoidal load does not have its maximum value at the middle of the span and it does not vanish at the support. Hence, it will be considered with its average value both for calculating the bending moments and shearing forces. average uniform load ={8+2" Px) * loadedarea loadedspan 1. Between supports 2 2 loaded area = 28%258 4.9 oxiae(2 ee 12), 1.4=9.42m" g. xloaded area Thus, the uniform dead load = Toaded span and the uniform live load = 2-*laadedarea loaded span 2. Cantilever part | loaded area = =< =0.72m? | D Thus, the uniform dead load = £:%loadedarea _ 5.25 ¥(072) 9.15 ervey’ loaded span 12 and the uniform live load = 2xXloadedarea _ 2.0 (0.72) 15 grip’ loaded span 2132.3 Wall Load [ 530m _ da 0 | Wall load transmitted to B2 8 =%_ Xt, + plastering weight = 14.8x0.25 + 0.8 = 4.5kN /m? Height of the wall = floor height — beam thickness = 3.5 ~ 0.60 = 2.90 m h__ ih 29 tno Js 3 5, 21.67 = 1.67 m = 158 2x =0.867 and §=0.684 1, Between supports © Equivalent uniform wall load for bending (gs) Buy = AXR, Xi, = 0.867 X4.5X2.9= 11 31K mt ¢ Equivalent uniform wall load for shear (g,,) Bun = BXG, XI, = 0.684%4.5x2.9 =8.93KN Jin 2. Cantilever part * Since the wall load is rectangular, the equivalent uniform wall-load for bending equals the load for shear. Bue = Be = 8y XA, =4.5X2.9 = 13.05KN Im! 2142.4 Calculation of the Concentrated Load In addition to the previously calculated average uniform loads, beam B2 supports the reaction of the secondary beam on axis (8) (B1). Beam B1 supports loads from the slabs, the walls, and its own weight. When calculating its reaction, it should be analyzed for the load for shear. The slab load is composed of a uniform rectangular load and a triangular load. Direct slab loads on BL 2.90 L 5.20 m [ Direct wall load on BL Self weight Assume the concrete dimension of BI as 250. mm x 600 mm. Own weight of the beam = width x (beam thickness ~ slab thickness) x Y, = 0.25 x (0.6-0.15) x 25 = 2.81 kN/m Slab load Slab dead load for shear = load from triangular part + load from one way slab = Bee Ht 8 = 0.55.25 2.645.25x1.2 = 13.125 KN/m’ Slab live load for shear = - p,-x +P,“ = 05x2.0x264+20x12 = 5.0 kNim’ 215Wall load Height of the wall = Floor height - Beam thickness = 3.5 — 0.60 = 2.90 m 52 2x 2x16) 1.55 =0.862 and B=0.678 Yet, + plastering weight =14.8x0.25 +0.8=4.5kN/m? Equivalent uniform wall load for calculating the shear (4s) Bn = AXE, xh, = 0.678X4.5X2.9 = 8.85kNI mn! Total load Total equivalent uniform dead load for shear (gs) = £4, =0.W+ slabload for shear+ wall load for shear oy = 2.814 13.125 + 8.85 = 24.79 N/m Total equivalent uniform live load for shear (p,y)= 5.0 kN/m’ Reactions 5 Reaction due to dead load (G)= fat s Bes? 64.4 kN Reaction due to live load (P)= ae = 2022 =13.0kN 3. Total loads acting on the Beam B2 3.1 Equivalent Dead Load for bending between supports 8, = 0.04 slabload + wall load for bending 85 =2-8149.33411.31=2346KkN/ in’ cantilever part 8, = 2.81 43.15 + 13.05 = 19.04N fm 64.4 KN 23.46 kN/m’ 18.0 kN/m’ 2163.2 Equivalent Dead Load for Shear qui | between supports &y =0.W + slab load + wall load for shear 8, = 2-81+9.33+8.93 = 21.07kN/ mi’ cantilever part By =2.843.15 + 13.05 =19.04N Sm” 64.4 KN 21.07 kNim! 19.01 kNim! 0m 1.20 3.3 Equivalent Live Load for shear and bending between supports g, = slab load gy, = 3.55 NI mn! cantilever part 2, =1.2KNI mt 13.0 kN 5.30 m 1.20_ aaExample 6.4 It is required to find the loads acting on the beam B3 shown in Fig. (EX. 6.2b). Live Load = 2.0 kNim’, Flooring = 1.5 kN/m’, Floor Height = 3.50 m. Specific weight of the brick wall is 14.8 kN/m’, Solution 1. Statical System of the Beam: Continuous beam with four equal spans 400m 4.0m 4.0m 400m Statical system 2. Calculation of Loads 2.1 Own weight of the beam Assume the cross sectional dimensions of the beam = 0.12 m x 0.60 m Assume that average slab thickness is120 mm. Own weight of beam = width x (thickness of beam-thickness of slab) x Ye 12 x (0.60-0.12) x 25 = 1.44 kN/m 2.2 Load transmitted to the beam through the slab Own weight of slab = 1, x 7, = 0.12 x 25 = 3.00 KN/m? Dead Load, g, = Own weight of slab + Flooring = 3.00 + 1.50= 4.50 KN/m* ‘The continuous beam supports two-way slabs from one side and one-way slabs from the other side. The two-way slabs transmit triangular loads to the beam, while the on=- way slabs transmit uniform loads. In order to simplify the beam analysis, the tiangul= loads are transformed into equivalent uniform loads 218Slab Loads Equivalent uniform slab dead load for bending % = triangular load from two way slab + load from one way slab Sg x +8 ky = 0.67 x 4.50 x (4.0/2) + 4.50 x 2/2 = 10.53 Equivalent uniform slab dead load for the shear Sr BBN TB = 0.5 x 4.50 x (4.0/2) + 4.50 x 22 =9.0 Equivalent uniform slab live load for bending Poo FOP MTP, = 0.67 x 2.0 x (4.0/2) + 2.0.x 2/2 = 4.68 Equivalent uniform slab live load for the shear sh Bop mt Pt =0.5x 2.0 x (4.0/2) + 20 x 22 =4.0 kN/m’ kN/m’ N/m! KN/m’ 2192.3 Wall Load 8, = Xt, + plastering weight = 14.8x0.12 + 0.8 = 2.58kN tm? Height of the wall = Floor height - Beam thickness = 3.5 = 0.60 = 2.90 m - 28-167 m BB Equivalent uniform wall load for bending (gw») 0.766% 2.58% 2.9 =5.73KN Jim” Buy AK SL %A, Equivalent uniform wall load for shear (845) BX g, Xh, = 0.581X2.58X2.9 = 4.34 kN mi Wall load 220| | 3. Total loads acting on Beam 3.1 Equivalent Dead Load for bending g, =0.w+slabload + wall load for bending 5.73 =1T.7ANI mn! | g, =144+1053 gu=17.7 Kim 400m 400m 4,00 m 3.2 Equivalent Dead Load for Shear 8 =0.w + slab load + wall load for shear g on = 1444+9.04 4.34 = 14.87 AN fin’ 8oi= 14.78 kKNim’ Jet 1 I 400m 400m 4.00 m 4.00m | 3.3 Equivalent Live Load for bending P= slab load =4.68 KN/m’ o=4.68 kN/m” 4.00m 4.00 m 4.00. m 3.4 Equivalent Live Load for shear Psi = Slab load=4.0 kN/m’ a4. kNim’ } 0 1 I 4.00 m 4.00 m 400m | 4.00m 221Example 6.5 It is required to carry out an integrated design for the simple beam shown in Fig. EX. 6.5a. The beam is arranged every 5.0 m. The beam carries a uniformly distributed unfactored dead load (including its own weight) of a value of 20 kN/m and unfactored live load of a value of 15 kN/m. This uniform unfactored load could be considered for the bending and shear designs, The characteristics compressive strength of concrete fa, = 30 N/mm’, The yield strength of the longitudinal steel fy = 360 N/mm’ and for the stirrups = 240 N/mm’. w kN/m’ { {240 6.60 m 0.40 | | Fig. Ex-6.5a Simple beam Solution | Step 1: Flexural design 1.1 Calculation of maximum moments 14D.L.+16LL. 1.4x 20+ 1.6 x 15 =52 kN/m For obtaining the maximum moments, one needs to calculate the effective span. Assume a concrete cover to the C.L. of the steel of 50 mm d= 700-50 = 650mm Factored design load, wy Lor = The smallest of: * distance CLL. to C.L. between the support = 7000 mm © clear span +d = 6600 +650 =7250 mm © 1.05 x clear span = 1.05x6600 =6930 mmThe bending moment diagram is shown in the figure below 104 KN. I 312 kKN.m Bending moment diagram Maximum positive bending moment at mid-span 312 kN Maximum negative moment at the support (due to partial prevention of beam rotation) 6.93 M, 52.0x=—— = 104 kN 24 1.2 Design of Critical Sections | The critical sections are shown below Section at mid span (Sec 1):- T-section Ps Bey = The smallest of: ue TT =a © L6t, +b =16x1204 250 =2170mm | L 7000 9 tb = + 250 =1650mm * CLL. to CL. between the beams on plan = 5000 mm Beg= 1650 mm | span | Assume beam thickness (t) = | Assume beam thickness (1) = 7PaT =700 mm cover = 700~50 = 650 mm Assume that the neutral axis is inside the flange (a | | owe 22922085 FL 98g (s1eq dn-uag jo asv0) a axl qf tuvaq 10} sleep juauNooroJUIay peg “KA “BL ee pe eS o0z8E 8 0268S 8 8B ap zope zie ee zepe oe 2 T BBE mee WURDE ry 230Example 6.6 It is required to carry out an integrated design for the simple beam with cantilever shown in Fig. (EX. 6.6a). The beam is arranged every 5.0 m. The unfactored dead and live loads acting on the beam are also given. The cube compressive strength of concrete f,, = 30 N/mm? and the yield strength of steel f, = 360 N/mm?, fi j U | | OS 0.59 2.75 m 2.75 m | a) Simple beam with cantilever 4 kN 20 kN 20 kN 1. 80m 80m 2.0m ‘b) Unfactored dead loads 44kN 40 kNim c) Unfactored live loads Fig. EX. 6.6a Simple beam with cantilever Solution Step 1: Flexural design 1.1 Calculation of maximum moments At mid-span Since the live loads is less than 0.75 D.L., the ultimate factor of 1.5 may be used. For obtaining the maximum moment at mid-span, the full live load is applied between the support, while only 0.9 D.L. (minimum dead load required by the code) without live loads are applied at the cantilever part.‘The calculations of the loads are carried as follows: Between the support w, =15x(D.L.+ LL) 90% D.L. w, = 1.5 (20.0+10.0) = 45.0 kV /m w, = 0.90%20.0 = 18.0 kNJm P, = 15x (34.04 14.0) = 72.0 kV P, = 0.90%20.0 = 18.0 kV Cantilever loads: 18 kN Load case 1 =274.5kKN.m 2 2 Mace A5x6 | 12x6 2 4 At the cantilever For obtaining the maximum negative moment at the support and the maximum shear force the following loads are applied. Between the support Cantilever loads: w, =1.5X(D.L+ LL) Sx(D.L+LL) Ww, = 1.5% (20.0+10.0) = 45.0 kN /m P, =1,5X(34.0414.0) =72.0 kN 5x (20.0+10.0) = 45.0kN/m 1.5x(20.0+ 8.0) = 42.0 kN 72 kN 42kN 45 kN/m 3.0m Jj. 3.0m 20m <4 Load case 2 Myre) = 42x24 43%?" agg ogwm 2321. 2 Design of critical sections The critical sections are shown in the figure below 6.0m L 20m ral | M 274.50 kN.m Bay = The smallest of: © 16¢, +b =16x120+250=2170mm 0 ayy = 9856000 955 210mm 5 5 ° CL. to CLL. between the beams on plan = 5000 mm | Note: The factor 0.8 is used because the span is continuous from one end. Beg 1210 mm span 10 | d =t-cover = 700 ~50 = 650 mm Assume that the N.A. is inside the flange (a < t) | d=¢, |} feuB | osc, | eSeIO" C=747 & 301210 Assume beam thickness (t) =700 mm | The point is outside the curve -. 7 < ein Take | | C=0.125*650 = 81.25 un @=0,80%81.25= 65mm < t=120 mm (as assumed) c =()min = 0.125 (Pain d 233(Ag)mrin = the smaller of: + = Fh %250%650 = 497 mm? 1.3 A(required) =1.3x1420=1846 mm (Amin =497 mm? << (Addrsined Choose A,=6018 Axichosen = 1524 mm” Arcctasen) M,=M,x—— = 294.6 kNam reir) Section 2 Rectangular section b= 250 mm M,=174.0 kN.m M, d=C Vou b a tt 650 =c, [1240%10 b 30x250 Cy =4.26 & J=0.95 My Z jd 174.00 10° 1600.75 65 Choose 418 Acehosen)= 1016 mm” A, M,=M,x—" = 174 oxtgie =178.4 kNan screed) Section No. 3: b= 250 mm At the simple support, the Code requires a design for the moment that develops due to partial prevention of the beam rotation. For a beam that carries a uniformly distributed Rectangular section load kN/m, the Code gives the moment at the simple support as wx Z?/24. This value equals to half the fixed end moment, Extending this concept to our case, one could assume that the moment that shall be developed is equal to half the value of the fixed end moment developed for a beam that carries a uniformly distributed load plus a concentrated load at mid-span. 234Fixed end moment at simply supported span = 189kNan PxL _435x6? , 72x6 Rn 8 2 8 M atsection3= 0.5x189=94.50 kNm C,=5.79 & J=0.826 94,5%10° = 489 mm? 360%0.826% 650 Choose A.=2018 A.genossn = 502 mam? 1.3 Calculation of the Development Length ff a hn Ys A fou Fy = 9:30, fn 0.30 & = 1.34 N/mm? Vy, 15 Noostom=1.0 Nop=h3 a=1.0 (Straight Bars) and — {=0.75 (deformed bars) Lage = (HOXQTELOBOOS), — gap 4x34 5 Iggy tL OTALIAOOMID) g - 57 4x1.34 For bars in compression:- a=1.0 (Straight Bars) and — B=0.50 (deformed bars) 1.0x0.50x 1.0% (360/1.15) }@ = 290 Ax134 Lonny = SS0x 0.50% 1.3 (360/1.15) 4x 1.34 }.@ =380 ‘diup) Or we can directly use the coefficients from Table (5.2) For Tension: Lexhaiom =600, For Compression: Liaxom)=40®, Step 2:Shear design For calculating the design shear forces, the total dead and live loads have to be placed on the beam as shown in load case 2. Maximum shear force is at d/2 from the left of the intermediate support +d5x8x4 =332 IN Q, = 332-42-45%2 = 200 kV 72 KN 42 KN 45 kN/m. LL 3.0m |. 3.0m Le 2.0m__| Load case 2 I 442 Critical | section 1 132 174;~ 200 Shear force diagram Q, = Qh - w, (d/2 + half thecolumn width) Q, =200.0-45.0x eS, 0.25)=174kN. a= “ bxd 174.00x10° 250% 650 236Gutmax) = 0-7 a [30 uo =OT Fg = 3.13, N/mm?) 3.0N Imm? essnaxy = 3-O.N J nun %w Ag minimum * 360% 0.80%550 Choose A,=3018 +3020 A =1704mmn* stchasen) Section 3 Section T-Section 85.63 KN.m. Bur = smallest of: 161, +b =16%120+250=2170mm Sy 9.78000 3 5 +250=1090mm ‘The factor 0.7 is used because the beam is continuous from both ends, 244| | Bg =1090 mm d=C Ma FewB x10 550 =, [185.6310 301090 =73 &J=0.826 The point is outside the C1-J curve «Use . nin = 0.125 C= 0.125x 550 = 68.75 mm 8068.75 =55mm < t=120 mm My fy.jd = 18610" 1135.0 mm" *360x0.826% 550 Choose A,=320 + 218 Aneto Section No. 4 Rectangular Section 250mm d=550mm M,=247.50 KN.m C, =3.0 & J=0.80 247.5 ° 2 2 2875010 1563 mm? * 360% 0.80550 Choose A,=3018 + 320 = 1704 mm* = 145 Lanm* 245Step 2: Check of Shear Shear : 0.45 0.60 _ 0.50 0.50 0.50 actors Maximum Shear force at 1“ span = 0.60xw, x/, = 0.60% 82.50x5.0 = 247.5 KN Maximum Shear force at 2™ span = 0.50%, x, = 0.50% 82.50 6.0 = 247.5 KN For the case of uniform load, the critical section is located at d/2 from the support Q, =247.5-82.5(0.55/2 + 0.25) = 204.2 KN 204.210* 250550 iy 30 =07 /= =0,7 Fata) a Futwaxy = 3-0N J mm? = 1.49 N/mm? 3.13 N/mm ) 3.0N Jum? Gu S Guna, the Concrete dimensions of the section are adequate for shear. ou = 0.24, |e fu 20.24, a2 OTN fmm? 4a > Feu "vb ae is required au = 9a ~O5 Gey = 149 = 0.50% 1.07 = 0.955 N fun? Aw 4 are Lys 5 5 w= 2%Ar 2 9955 5795 250xs 240/1.15 For¢= 10mm Ag=78.5 mm*— s=137 mm Using § 10 @ 125 mm Check for minimum stirrups According to the ECCS 203, fly, = S a = 0.00167 ~ (not less than 0.0015) y Asian.) = Hin BS Using s = 125 mm Avra = 0.00167 x 250%125 = 52.0 mm? — < 78.50 mm?....ok. Step 3: Reinforcement detailing Complete reinforcement detailing for the beam EX. 6.7.b and EX. 6.7.c for the case of straight and bent bars, receptively. 246(steq 1y8rens) sprejop qoureoIOFMEY Q1°9 “Ky “BLY IL 98g Ze 00g resorted Bi ads | WOES aie oepe+sige | aoa=——_— loede+eige cadererpe ——~ _ eerie a > woe | wog j “TTT + tT oa | ‘OT | F i OT i ¥POr L 247b=} 098g ee 90g (seq dn-yuaq) sprejap juaurasrosUIEY 9/°9 “KA “Bly albe + ee Pq aie P| WOLBS wor ds é zie Ope + BILGE 81 Be alge ® abe oz de cede Bipe eibe z1pe woe | wos wos | TTT ~ “4 ao ! ZO — re TOT t [sfor] | [sFor sfa_| | [srory | SET Py i, —_J i ial i POT woes |, Wolpe i +FOT 70 : Lz 248Example 6.8 It is required to design the continuous beam shown in Fig. EX. 6.8a. The beam is arranged every 3.25 m on plan. The characteristics compressive strength of concrete fy = 30 Nimm’, The yield strength of the longitudinal steel f, = 360 N/mm? and for the stirrups = 360 N/mm?. ‘The applied unfactored dead and live loads are also shown in Fig. EX. 6.8a. IE lo 2.00 lod 3.25m Fo.) = 80 KN P.,) = 20 KN Ly D.L.=40 kN/m, L.L. = 15.0 kN/m (Jee C _2.50 m Le 3.50 m +. 3.50m i 2.50m | Fig, Ex, 6.8a Solution Step No. 1 Flexural Design Step 1.1: Calculation of maximum moments In order to get the design bending moments and shear forces, one has to consider the cases of loading that give the maximum straining actions. Case 1; maximum positive moment at the central span In. order to get the maximum positive bending moment at the central span, one has use the following loads: Uniform load at central span =1.4D.L+1.6L.L. = 14x40+1.6x15=80 kN/m Concentrated load at central span =1.4D.L+1.6LL. = 1.4x60+1.6x20=116 kN/m Uniform load at end spans = 0.9 D.L.= 0.9x40 = 36KN/n 249The beam is twice indeterminate, however, because of symmetry only one unknown needs to be determined. My=M, Applying three moment equation at b XD my XE Pst’) 0+2(2.5+7) M, +7 M, +2(25+7) M, f 4 16 2.5% | 80x7* 24 24 16 26M, =-o( My =351.23 kN.m a, =[MeXE PRL) yy (807? _ 116x7 8 4 8 The loading and the corresponding bending moment diagram are shown in the following figure. )- 351.23 = 341.76 kN P=116kN Nim 1 SORES ATTESTED it 350m 3.50.m a Case 2: Maximum negative moment at the support In order to get the maximum negative bending moment at the support, one has to use the following loads: Uniform load at central span and one end span =1.4 D.L.+1.6 LL. =1.4%40+1.6x15=80 kN/m Uniform load at other end spans = 0.9 D.L.= 0.9x40 = 36 KN/m The calculations are carried out using a computer program. The loading and the corresponding bending moment diagram are shown in the following figure 250Pater) coe TOT TTT) L 250m | 350m 8.50m_ 250m | 344.8 KN.m ‘ 358.7 KN.m ' Note: Case 2 will also be used to get the maximum design shear forces at the internal supports. 1.2. Design of Critical Sections The critical sections are shown in the figure below 250m. 350m 3.50 m | 250m .| -estn_ + Section No. 1 T-section Be = smallest of: © 16, +b =16%120+250=2170mm _ _ . 5 2100. 950 - 1230mm . C.L to C.L, between beams = 3250 mm Bey = 1230 mm span 10-12 d =1~cover = 700-50 = 650 mun Assume beam thickness(t) =700 mmC, = 6.75 & J=0.826 é <& Cpaia Take 57 Dania = 0.125 C =0.125x650 = 81.25 mm @=0.80X81.25 = 65mm < t=120 mm M, fy-ja < A, = ex _ 170mm? 360 0,826 x 650 (Ay )min = the smaller of: Ll fy 1.3 Adequired) = 1.3x1770 = 2317 mm? but not less than OS xed =O 250% 650 = 244 mm” 100 100 (Admin, =497 mm” << (Adrequirea Choose A.=620 Agcchosen) =1884 mm* xbxd = 44 5.250% 650 = 497 mm? 360 Section No. 2 Rectangular section M,=351.23 kN.m aoe d=C Joe Fog b As 650 = Cf 291: 23%10 2, =297 & J=0.74 30x 250= 2028 mm? 360%0.74x 650 Choose A,= 3622 + 3920 A, = 2082 mm? sehosen) 1.3 Calculation of Development Length Sf aba t= o ale Fin Foy = 0.30. lfm 9.30 Ey = 134 N/mm? Vi 15 Noottom=1.0 Nop= 13 For bars in tensio .0 (Straight Bars) and =0.75 (deformed bars) re LOXO75XL0xG00N119) 5 _ ay ‘thoton| ania __ ,1.0x0.75x1.3x(360/1.15) Lay = s 4x134 1.9 =576 For bars in compression: o=1.0 (Straight Bars) and 5=0.50 (deformed bars) 1.0 0,50x1.0% (360/1.15) 4x 1.34 E, “acon }o=299 0x 0.50x 1.3% (360/1.15) 4x134 1.9 = 386 Lacon Or we can directly use the coefficients from Table (5.2) For Tension: Legvottom=600, Laqop=78O For Compression: — Lasotom=400, Letop=52Step 2: Check of shear ‘The loading and shear force diagram (obtained from the computer program) for case 2 is shown below Parent 80 kN/m, For the case of uniform load, the critical section is located at d/2 from the support Q, =Q. ~w,(d/2+0.2) Q, =340-80x(0.65/2 + 0.25) = 294 kN Q, _ 294x10° bxd 250x650 fF. 30 =0.7 ffx = 97,28 Gots) 7, OS =3.0N/ mm? =LSLN Fram? WN = 13 N/mm?) 3.0.N/mun® Gurasy Gu ¥4uinxy the concrete dimensions of the section are adequate for shear. dey = 024 |Fee Ye ea =0.24,|22 = 1.07 N fmm? Ls du >4eu Web reinforcement is required Fou = Fu ~95 dey Iq, =1.81-0,50%1.07 = 1.275 N fmm? 254Ag. sw bs fyl¥s 2x A, - 1.275 250xs 360/1.15 For®=10mm Ag=78.5 mm? s=154 mm Using 7 @ 10/m (s=142 mm ...0.k) Check for minimum stirrups ue tg, 24-24 — 0.0011 (not less than 0.0010 for high grade steel) a) Ayrevin = Hain %B XS A = 0.0011%250%142 = 39.7 mm? < (2x 78.5 mm’) 0.k Step 3: Reinforcement detailing Complete reinforcement detailing for the beam EX. 6.8.b and EX 6.8.¢ for the case of straight and bent bars, respectively. 255e208 |-} 08g (s1eq 1y3teNs) sprerp wouooIOUTY 98°9 “KA “BEE Oa Ose zide ozda a ns WYOLBL iS W/O BZ . f 3 f EI Oede + Zee alge age = aE WERE ape ’ 7 rr CEBe oGe BBE ees, wege | ape wosz woo'L wose ' tT te i age egg aoe anh | i ede * zagbe i ape | Owe + zege i i WOTBE | i 4: 256bh 08g, wu OL ze o0g ‘0Sz 1 Ose 1 zee oes9 Ly W/OLBL is W/OLBL 3 8 t t cede + zege — Zlge (sieq dn-yuaq) syrerap juaurso10yuTDy 9g°9 “XT “SET ape OBE oes ts A a zige wos wooe wose tr te age ogo zee | oee + cage __ | age oedbe + zee wo | Le 257Example 6.9 It is required to design the continuous beam with unequal spans shown in Fig. EX. 6.9a. The beam is atranged every 2.75 m on plan. The characteristics compressive strength of concrete fy = 30 N/mm. The yield strength of the longitudinal steel f, 360 N/mm? and for the stirrups = 360 N/mm:. The applied factored dead and live loads are shown in Fig. EX. 6.9a. These loads can be used for designing the beam for bending as well as for shear. Fig. EX. 6.9a Solution Step 1: Flexural design 1.1 calculation of maximum moments. w, =14DL+ LO LL = 1.4x50+1.6x15 = 94kN mn! The absolute bending moment diagram (the envelope of the bending moment) that is obtained from two cases of loading is obtained using a computer program. The results are shown below. 306.6 kN.m 301 kN.m iy me oe1.2 Design of Critical Sections The critical sections are shown below 1 6.00 600m Be, For Section 1:1 iM, (ve) = 301kN an +—™"— For Section 1-1 For Section 2-2 M,, (~ve) = 306. 6kNan = mr =| Section No. 1 T-section Section No. 1 Ber = smallest of: e 16z, +b =16X120+250=2170mm =1210mm . CL. to CL. between beams = 2750 mm Bur = 1210 mm Assume beam thickness(t) = op =600 mm d=t—cover = 600-50 =550 mm M, a=c, [Me VheuB 301x10° 550=C,/——*10" 30x1210 The point is outside the C,-J curve . S< nin Use S 6.04 & J=0.826 ¢ Spain = 0.125 C= 0.125550 = 68.75 mm 4=0.80%68.75 = 55mm < t,=120 mm My vid 301x10% = 184m? 360%0.826%550 259:(Ay) min = the smaller of: 2 bra = 4 .250%550= 420mm? 360 tf 1.3 A,required) =1.3x1832=2382 mm? but not less than OS axed =O x 250%550= 206 mm? 100 100 (Admin, =420 mm? << (Ay)reguired Choose A,=3b2243018 A iehosen) =1902 mm? Section No. 2 Rectangular section — M,(-ve)=306.6 b= 250 mm d=550mm I a=¢, [4 Vie Sue.ox1y 2C,=272 and J=0.75 30250 < A, = 3066x100" 5099 mm? 3600.75 550 Choose A,=6@22 As(eosen) =2280 mm? 1.3 Calculation of the Development Length ty apn. oO Lg = (8 ON ie Sa ~020 Ze = 0.30 R- 1.34 N/mm? Ye 15 Nootion=1.0 Noo= 1.3 For bars in tension:- a=1.0 (Straight Bars) and —B=0.75 (deformed bars) 260Legon) = eee 4x1 @ 1.00.75 x1.3%(360/1.15) ese) 4x. For bars in compression:- a=1.0 (Straight Bars) and —§=0.50 (deformed bars) 1.0% 0.50x1.0% (360/1.15) L = £:00.50%1.0X 360/115), 5 _ 99, actesum = 4x1.34 lenme 19 =570 1.0%0.50% 1.3% (360/1.15) = 38 4x1.34 ete Or we can directly use the coefficients from Table (5.2) For Tension: Latwotam)=600, Lacon 780 For Compression: — Laotom=400, Leon) =520 Step 2:Shear design The shear force diagram is shown in the following figure | 333 KN 238 KN ctitical seefion 215 KN For the case of uniform load, the critical section at d/2 from the support. Q, =Q, — wy (d/2+0.2) OQ, =333-94x(0.55/2 + 0.25) = 283. 65kN a bd 9, = IO = 2.06N I mm? 250%550 Goioasy =0-7. fs -97 8-313 Nimm? )3.0N mn? Yr. : Gutsy = 3-0.N I a™ = 2614a $ Guuoun, the concrete dimensions of the section are adequate for shear. Gey = 0.24, Lo =0.24, 130 1.07 /mm? %. 1S Gu >Geu Web reinforcement is required su = Gu ~ 95 Few Gu = 2.06 0.50% 1.07 = 1.53 KN J? = Aw. Gu bs fylYs 2x4, 153 &*950x5~ 360/115 For @= 10mm = Ag=78.5 mm? s=128 mm Using © 10 @ 125 mm (8 © 10 /m’) Check for minimum stirrups = 24.94 _ o00111 (not less than 0.0010) Ff, 360 Avgoiny = Hin OS = 0.001 11X250%125 =34,7 mim? <(2X78.5 ...0k.) Hain Step 3: Reinforcement detailing Complete reinforcement detailing for the beam EX. 6.9b and EX. 6.9¢ for the case of straight and bent bars, respectively. 262a b-L 08g Zz 00g (s1eq 1y8tens) syreyap qMOUTBOIOIMIAY 96'9 “YE “Sty ose ose clipe 2eBE + BIg w/01gs iS Wolpe iS g _B 88 8 { 22g zipe _ age _ age ase eee eeBe ade - ~ S_—O zde Bo woos woos i ebereige ape woige zberaide 263bb 08S Gers. (s1eq dn-juaq) srerap ywoursoropuray 96°9 “XA “SLL 0S2 ose zips zede + side Wolpe ig woes 3 SI _ 8 88 8 eees zipe zige sige Bee 2eBe zepe Zpe ze woos woes woos th te zeperage Zee eeperage Zee oh 4, woes 4 woe 264