Giáo Trình An Toàn Lao Động - Lưu Đức Hoa - Tập 1

1 - lu c ho - gio trnh an ton lao ng
chng 1
nhng khi nim chung v khoa hc k thut bo

h lao ng
1.1. Mc ch, ngha, tnh cht ca cng tc BHl
1.1.1 Mc ch ca cng tc BHL

L thng qua cc bin php v khoa hc k thut, t chc, kinh t, x hi loi
tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi c pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut; t ci
thin iu kin lao ng hoc to iu kin an ton trong lao ng, ngn nga bnh ngh
nghip, hn ch m au lm gim st sc kho cng nh nhng thit hi khc i vi
ngi lao ng; nhm bo v sc kho, m bo an ton v tnh mng ngi lao ng v
c s vt cht, gp phn bo v v pht trin lc lng sn xut, tng nng sut lao ng.
1.1.2. ngha ca cng tc BHL

Bo h lao ng (BHL) trc ht l phm tr ca lao ng sn xut, do yu cu
ca sn xut v gn lin vi qu trnh sn xut. Bo h lao ng mang li nim vui, hnh
phc cho mi ngi nn n mang ngha nhn o su sc. Mt khc, nh chm lo sc
kho ca ngi lao ng m cng tc BHL mang li hiu qu x hi v nhn o rt
cao.
BHL l mt chnh sch ln ca ng v Nh nc, l nhim v quan trng
khng th thiu c trong cc d n, thit k, iu hnh v trin khai sn xut. BHL
mang li nhng li ch v kinh t, chnh tr v x hi. Lao ng to ra ca ci vt cht,
lm cho x hi tn ti v pht trin. Bt c di ch x hi no, lao ng ca con
ngi cng l yu t quyt nh nht. Xy dng giu c, t do, dn ch cng l nh
ngi lao ng. Tr thc m mang cng nh lao ng (lao ng tr c) v vy lao ng l
ng lc chnh ca s tin b loi ngi .
nc ta, trc cch mng thng Tm, trong thi k khng chin vng tm
chin ca Php v min Nam di ch thc dn mi ca M tnh cnh ngi lao
ng rt iu ng, tai nn lao ng xy ra li cng nghim trng.
Cc nh l lun t sn lp lun rng: Tai nn lao ng trong sn xut l khng
th trnh khi, khi nng sut lao ng tng th tai nn lao ng cng tng ln theo. H
nu ln l l nh vy nhm xoa du s u tranh ca giai cp cng nhn v che du tnh
trng sn xut thiu cc bin php an ton.
Thc ra, s tai nn xy ra hng nm cc nc t bn tng ln c nhng nguyn
nhn ca n. Chng hn, cng nhn phi lm vic vi cng lao ng qu cao, thi
gian qu di, thit b sn xut thiu cc c cu an ton cn thit. Ni lm vic khng m
nng - 2002
bo c iu kin v sinh, cha c ch bi dng thch ng i vi ngi lao ng

v.v...
Di ch x hi ch ngha, khi ngi lao ng c hon ton gii phng v
tr thnh ngi ch x hi, lao ng tr thnh vinh d v ngha v thing ling ca
con ngi. Bo h lao ng tr thnh chnh sch ln ca ng v nh nc. V.I. LNin
vit: Sau nhiu th k phi lao ng cho ngi khc, phi lao ng n l cho bn bc
lt, ln u tin con ngi c th lao ng cho mnh v c th da vo tt c cc thnh
qu ca k thut v ca vn ho hin i m lm vic. Di ch x hi ch ngha,
khoa hc k thut pht trin nhanh chng lm iu khin lm vic c v sinh, hng
triu cng nhn thot khi cnh khi, bi v bin i cc xng bn thu, hi hm thnh
nhng phng th nghim sch s, sng sa, xng ng vi con ngi.
nc ta, cng tc bo h lao ng c ng v Nh nc c bit quan tm.
Ngay trong thi k b mt, ng ku gi cng nhn u tranh i ngy lm 8 gi,
phn i vic bt ph n v thiu nhi lm vic qu sc, i ci thin iu kin lm vic.
Thng 8 nm 1947, sc lnh s 29 - SL c ban hnh trong lc cuc trng k khng
chin bc vo giai on gay go. y l sc lnh u tin v lao ng ca nc Vit
Nam Dn Ch cng ho, trong c nhiu khon v bo h lao ng. iu 133 ca sc
lnh quy nh Cc x nghip phi c phng tin bo an v gi gn sc kho cho
cng nhn...
iu 140 quy nh: Nhng ni lm vic phi rng ri, thong kh v c nh sng
mt tri. Nhng ni lm vic phi cch hn nh tiu, nhng cng rnh, trnh mi hi
thi, m bo v sinh mi trng lm vic. Ngy 22-5-1950, Nh nc ban hnh sc
lnh s 77/SL quy nh thi gian lm vic, ngh ngi v tin lng lm thm gi cho
cng nhn.
Sau khi khng chin chng Php thng li, ton dn ta bc vo thi k khi phc
v pht trin kinh t. T mt nc nng nghip lc hu, s lng cng nhn t i, tin
thng ln mt x hi ch ngha c cng nghip v nng nghip hin i, vic o to
mt i ng cng nhn ng o l mt nhim v cp bch. Trong tnh hnh , cng tc
bo h lao ng li tr nn cc k quan trng.
Hi ngh ban chp hnh Trung ng ng ln th 14 (i hi III) vch r: Phi
ht sc quan tm n vic m bo an ton lao ng, ci thin iu kin lao ng, chm
lo sc kho ca cng nhn. Tch cc thc hin mi bin php cn thit bo h lao
ng cho cng nhn.
Ch th 132-CT ngy 13-3-1959 ca Ban B Th Trung ng ng c on vit:
Cng tc bo v lao ng phc v trc tip cho sn xut v khng th tch ri sn xut.
Bo v tt sc lao ng ca ngi sn xut l mt yu t quan trng y mnh sn
xut pht trin, xem nh bo m an ton lao ng l biu hin thiu quan im qun
chng trong sn xut .
Trong nhng nm chin tranh ph hoi ca quc M, ta vn trin khai cng tc
nghin cu khoa hc v bo h lao ng. B phn nghin cu v sinh lao ng v bnh
ngh nghip ca Vin v sinh dch t c thnh lp v t nm 1961 n nay hon
nng - 2002
thnh nhiu cng trnh nghin cu, phc v cng nghip c gi tr. Nm 1971, Vin
nghin cu khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng trc thuc Tng Cng on Vit Nam
c thnh lp v ang hot ng c hiu qu. Mn hc Bo h lao ng c cc
trng i hc, trung hc chuyn nghip v cc trng dy ngh a vo chng trnh
ging dy chnh kha.
Ngy nay, cng tc bo h c nng ln mt tm cao mi. Hng tun cng
nhn ch phi lm vic 5 ngy, cc cng xng, x nghip phi c kim tra cng tc
bo an nh k v cht ch. Tng cng on Vit nam c cc phn vin BHL ng
cc Min kim tra v n c vic thc hin cng tc bo an.
1.1.3. Tnh cht ca cng tc bo h lao ng

BHL C 3 tnh cht ch yu l: Php l, Khoa hc k thut v tnh qun chng.
a/ BHL mang tnh cht php l

Nhng quy nh v ni dung v BHL c th ch ho chng thnh nhng lut
l, ch chnh sch, tiu chun v c hng dn cho mi cp mi ngnh mi t chc
v c nhn nghim chnh thc hin. Nhng chnh sch, ch , quy phm, tiu chun,
c ban hnh trong cng tc bo h lao ng l lut php ca Nh nc. Xut pht t
quan im: Con ngi l vn qu nht, nn lut php v bo h lao ng c nghin
cu, xy dng nhm bo v con ngi trong sn xut, mi c s kinh t v mi ngi
tham gia lao ng phi c trch nhim tham gia nghin cu, v thc hin. l tnh
php l ca cng tc bo h lao ng .
b/ BHL mang tnh KHKT

Mi hot ng ca BHL nhm loi tr cc yu t nguy him, c hi, phng v
chng tai nn, cc bnh ngh nghip... u xut pht t nhng c s ca KHKT. Cc
hot ng iu tra kho st phn tch iu kin lao ng, nh gi nh hng ca cc
yu t c hi n con ngi ra cc gii php chng nhim, gii php m bo
an ton u l nhng hot ng khoa hc k thut.
Hin nay, vic vn dng cc thnh tu khoa hc k thut mi vo cng tc bo h
lao ng ngy cng ph bin. Trong qu trnh kim tra mi hn bng tia gamma (), nu
khng hiu bit v tnh cht v tc dng ca cc tia phng x th khng th c bin php
phng trnh c hiu qu. Nghin cu cc bin php an ton khi s dng cn trc, khng
th ch c hiu bit v c hc, sc bn vt liu m cn nhiu vn khc nh s cn
bng ca cn cu, tm vi, iu khin in, tc nng chuyn v.v...
Mun bin iu kin lao ng cc nhc thnh iu kin lm vic thoi mi, mun
loi tr vnh vin tai nn lao ng trong sn xut, phi gii quyt nhiu vn tng hp
phc tp khng nhng phi c hiu bit v k thut chiu sng, k thut thng gi, c
kh ho, t ng ho v.v... m cn cn c cc kin thc v tm l lao ng, thm m
nng - 2002
cng nghip, x hi hc lao ng v.v...V vy cng tc bo h lao ng mang tnh cht

khoa hc k thut tng hp.
c/ BHL mang tnh qun chng

Tt c mi ngi t ngi s dng lao ng n ngi lao ng u l i tng
cn c bo v. ng thi h cng l ch th phi tham gia vo cng tc BHL bo
v mnh v bo v ngi khc.
Bo h lao ng c lin quan n tt c mi ngi, tham gia sn xut, cng nhn
l nhng ngi thng xuyn tip xc vi my mc, trc tip thc hin cc qui trnh
cng ngh v.v... Do h c nhiu kh nng pht hin nhng s h trong cng tc bo
h lao ng, ng gp xy dng, cc bin php v k thut an ton, tham gia kin v
mu mc, quy cch dng c phng h, qun o lm vic v.v... m cn cn c cc kin
thc v tm l lao ng, thm m cng nghip, x hi hc lao ng.
Mt khc d cc qui trnh, quy phm an ton c ra t m n u, nhng cng
nhn cha c hc tp, cha c thm nhun, cha thy r ngha v tm quan trng
ca n th rt d vi phm.
Mun lm tt cng tc bo h lao ng, phi vn ng c ng o mi ngi
tham gia. Cho nn BHL ch c kt qu khi c mi cp, mi ngnh, quan tm, c
mi ngi lao ng tch cc tham gia v t gic thc hin cc lut l, ch tiu chun,
bin php ci thin iu kin lm vic, phng chng tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh
nghip.
BHL l hot ng hng v c s sn xut v con ngi v trc ht l ngi
trc tip lao ng. N lin quan vi qun chng lao ng, bo v quyn li v hnh phc
cho mi ngi, mi nh, cho ton x hi. V th BHL lun mang tnh qun chng su
rng.
Tm li: Ba tnh cht trn y ca cng tc bo h lao ng: tnh php l, tnh
khoa hc k thut v tnh qun chng c lin quan mt thit vi nhau v h tr ln nhau.
1.1.4. Thc trng cng tc BHL nc ta hin nay

ng v Nh nc ta c nhiu ch th, ngh quyt, hng dn v cng tc
BHL. Cc ngnh chc nng ca nh nc (Lao ng v TBXH, Yt, tng lin on
LVN, ... ) c nhiu c gng trong cng tc BHL. Tuy nhin nhin c quan, doanh
nghip cha nhn thc mt cch nghim tc cng tc BHL; coi nh hay thm ch v
trch nhim vi cng tc BHL.
H thng t chc qun l v BHL t trung ng n a phng cha c cng
c. Cc vn bn php lut v BHL cha c hon chnh, vic thc hin cha nghim
chnh. iu kin lm vic cn nhiu nguy c e do v an ton lao ng; iu kin v
sinh lao ng b xung cp nghim trng.
Tnh hnh tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip cn l thch thc ln i vi nc
ta.
nng - 2002
1.2. Nhng khi nim c bn v BHL

1.2.1. iu kin lao ng
L tp hp tng th cc yu t t nhin, k thut, kinh t x hi c biu hin
thng qua cc cng c v phng tin lao ng, i tng lao ng, qu trnh cng ngh,
mi trng lao ng, v s sp xp b tr cng nh cc tc ng qua li ca chng trong
mi quan h vi con ngi to nn nhng iu kin nht nh cho con ngi trong qu
trnh lao ng. iu kin lao ng c nh hng n sc kho v tnh mng con ngi.
iu kin lao ng nn xt c v hai mt: cng c lao ng v phng tin lao
ng. Nhng cng c v phng tin c tin nghi, thun li hay gy kh khn nguy
him cho ngi lao ng, i tng lao ng cng nh hng n ngi lao ng rt a
dng nh dng in, cht n, phng x, ...
Nhng nh hng cn ph thuc quy trnh cng ngh, trnh sn xut (th
s hay hin i, lc hu hay tin tin), mi trng lao ng rt a dng , c nhiu yu t
tin nghi, thun li hay nghc li rt khc nghit, c hi, u tc ng ln n sc
kho ca ngi lao ng.
1.2.2. Khi nim v vng nguy him

L khong khng gian trong cc nhn t nguy him c nh hng trc tip hay
lun e do i vi s sng v sc kho ca ngi lao ng.
Vng nguy him c th l:
Phm vi hot ng ca cc c cu truyn ng: B truyn bnh rng, mm cp, ...
Phm vi chuyn ng ca cc b phn my nh u bo (theo phng ngang), u
my ba (theo phng thng ng) v.v...
Phm vi hot ng ca cc b phn quay, bn knh quay nh ba khi rn , ...
Phm vi m cc vt gia cng, phoi, bt mi v.v... c th vng ra, phm vi m cc
ngn la hn, git kim loi lng bn to v.v...
Phm vi m cn cu ang hot ng, xe, cu trc chuyn ng qua li...
Khu vc in cao th, cc thit b in. Khu vc c vt d chy, n v.v...
1.2.3. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi

Trong mt iu kin lao ng c th, bao gi cng xut hin cac yu t vt cht c
nh hng xu, nguy him, c nguy c gy tai nn hoc bnh ngh nghip cho ngi lao
ng, ta gi l cc yu t nguy him v c hi. C th l:
Cc yu t vt l nh nhit , m, ting n, rung ng, cc bc x c hi, bi.
Cc yu t ho hc nh ho cht c, cc loi hi, kh, bi c, cc cht phng x.
nng - 2002
Cc yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt nh cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng,

cn trng, rn.
Cc yu t bt li v t th lao ng, khng tin nghi do khng gian ch lm vic,
nh xng cht hp, mt v sinh.
Cc yu t tm l khng thut li... u l nhng yu t nguy him v c hi.
1.2.4. Tai nn lao ng

Tai nn lao ng l tai nn khng may xy ra trong qu trnh lao ng, gn lin
vi vic thc hin cng vic hoc nhim v lao ng lm tn thng, lm nh hng sc
kho, lm gim kh nng lao ng hay lm cht ngi.
Tai nn lao ng cn c phn ra: chn thng, nhim c ngh nghip v bnh
ngh nghip
Chn thng: l tai nn m kt qu gy nn nhng vt thng hay hu hoi mt

phn c th ngi lao ng, lm tn thng tm thi hay mt kh nng lao ng vnh
vin hay thm ch gy t vong. Chn thng c tc dng t ngt.
Nhim c ngh nghip: l s hu hoi sc kho do tc dng ca cc cht c xm

nhp vo c th ng lao ng trng iu kin sn xut
Bnh ngh nghip: l s lm suy yu dn dn sc kho hay lm nh hng n kh

nng lm vic v sinh hot ca ngi lao ng do kt qu tc dng ca nhng iu
kin lm vic bt li (ting n, rung,...) hoc do thng xuyn tip xc vi cc cht
c hi nh sn, bi ,... Bnh ngh nghip c nh hng lm suy yu sc kho mt
cch dn dn v lu di.
nng - 2002
1.3. Nhng ni dung ch yu ca khoa hc k

thut bo h lao ng
1.3.1. Ni dung khoa hc k thut

Ni dung khoa hc k thut chim mt v tr rt quan trng, l phn ct li loi
tr cc yu t nguy him v c hi, ci thin iu kin lao ng.
Khoa hc k thut bo h lao ng l lnh vc khoa hc rt tng hp v lin
ngnh, c hnh thnh v pht trin trn c s kt hp v s dng thnh tu ca nhiu
ngnh khoa hc khc nhau, t khoa hc t nhin (nh ton, vt l, ho hc, sinh hc ...)
n khoa hc k thut chuyn ngnh v cn lin quan n cc ngnh kinh t, x hi, tm
l hc ...Nhng ni dung nghin cu chnh ca Khoa hc bo h lao ng bao gm
nhng vn :
a/ Khoa hc v sinh lao ng
Mi trng xung quanh nh hng n iu kin lao ng, v do nh hng
n con ngi, dng c, my mc thit b, nh hng ny cn c kh nng lan truyn
trong mt phm vi nht nh. S chu ng qu ti (iu kin dn n nguyn nhn gy
bnh) dn n kh nng sinh ra bnh ngh nghip. phng bnh ngh nghip cng nh
to ra iu kin ti u cho sc kho v tnh trng lnh mnh cho ngi lao ng chnh l
mc ch ca v sinh lao ng.
Cc yu t tc ng xu n h thng lao ng cn c phat hin v ti u ho.
Mc ch ny khng ch nhm m bo v sc kho v an ton lao ng, ng thi to
nn nhng c s cho vic lm gim s cng thng trong lao ng, nng cao nng sut,
hiu qu kinh t, iu chnh nhng hot ng ca con ngi mt cch thch hp.
Vi ngha th iu kin mi trng lao ng l iu kin xung quanh ca h
thng lao ng cng nh l thnh phn ca h thng. Thuc thnh phn ca h thng l
nhng iu kin v khng gian, t chc, trao i cng nh x hi.
- Cc yu t ca mi trng lao ng: c c trng bi cc iu kin xung quanh v

vt l, ho hc, vi sinh vt (nh cc tia bc x, rung ng, bi ...). Chng c nh gi
da trn c s:
+ Kh nng lan truyn ca cc yu t mi trng lao ng t ngun.
+ S lan truyn ca cc yu t ny thng qua con ngi v tr lao ng.
Ngun truyn Phng tin bo v Ni tc ng

(ch lm vic)
nng - 2002
Mc ch ch yu ca vic nh gi cc iu kin xung quanh l:

m bo sc kho v an ton lao ng.
Trnh cng thng trong lao ng, to kh nng hon thnh cng vic.
m bo chc nng cc trang thit b hot ng tt.
To hng th trong lao ng.
- Tc ng ch yu ca cc yu t mi trng lao ng n con ngi: l cc yu t

mi trng lao ng v vt l, ho hc, sinh hc nh hng n con ngi. Tnh trng
sinh l ca c th cng chu tc ng v phi c iu chnh thch hp, xt c hai mt
tm l v sinh l.
Tc ng ca nng sut lao ng cng nh hng trc tip v mt tm l i vi
ngi lao ng. V vy khi ni n cc yu t nh hng ca mi trng lao ng, phi
xt c cc yu t tiu cc nh tn thng, gy nhiu ... v cc yu t tch cc nh yu t
s dng.
Mt iu cn ch l s nhn bit mc tc ng ca cc yu t khc nhau i
vi ngi lao ng c cc bin php x l thch hp.
- C s v cc hnh thc v sinh lao ng: Cc hnh thc ca cc yu t nh hng ca

mi trng lao ng l nhng iu kin ch lm vic (Trong nh my hay vn phng
...), trng thi lao ng (lm vic ca ngy hay ca m ...), yu cu ca nhim v c
giao (lp rp, sa cha, gia cng c hay thit k, lp chng trnh ...) v cc phng tin
lao ng, vt liu. Phng thc hnh ng cn ch n cc vn sau:
Xc nh ng cc bin php v thit k cng ngh, t chc v chng li s lan truyn
cc yu t nh hng ca mi trng lao ng (Bin php u tin).
Bin php chng s xm nhp nh hng xu ca mi trng lao ng n ch lm
vic, chng lan to (Bin php th hai).
Hnh thc lao ng cng nh t chc lao ng.
Bin php ti u lm gim s cng thng trong lao ng (Thng qua tc ng i
khng).
Cc bin php c nhn (Bo v ng h hp, tai ...).
b/ C s k thut an ton
K thut an ton l h thng cc bin php, phng tin, t chc v k thut nhm
phng nga s tc ng ca cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng sn xut i vi
ngi lao ng.
Phn tch tc ng: l phng php m t v nh gi nhng s c khng mong
mun xy ra. V d: tai nn lao ng, tai nn trn ng i lm, bnh ngh nghip, n
v.v...
Nhng tiu chun c trng cho tai nn lao ng l:
nng - 2002
S c gy tn thng v tc ng t bn ngoi.
S c t ngt.
S c khng bnh thng.
Hot ng an ton
Phn tch tnh trng: l phng php nh gi chung tnh trng an ton v k
thut an ton ca h thng lao ng. y cn quan tm l kh nng xut hin nhng tn
thng. Phn tch chnh xc nhng kh nng d phng trn c s nhng iu kin lao
ng v nhng gi thit khc nhau.
c/ Khoa hc v cc phng tin bo v ngi lao ng

Ngnh khoa hc ny c nhim v nghin cu, thit k, ch to nhng phng tin
bo v tp th hay c nhn ngi lao ng s dng trong sn xut nhm chng li
nhng nh hng ca cc yu t nguy him v c hi, khi cc bin php v mt k thut
an ton khng th loi tr c chng. Ngy nay cc phng tin bo v c nhn nh
mt n phng c, knh mu chng bc x, qun o chng nng, qun o khng p, cc
loi bao tay, giy, ng cch in... l nhng phng tin thit yu trong lao ng.
d/ Ecgnmi vi an ton sc kho lao ng

Ecgnmi l mn khoa hc lin ngnh nghin cu tng hp s thch ng gia cc
phng tin k thut v mi trng lao ng vi kh nng ca con ngi v gii phu,
tm l, sinh l nhm m bo cho lao ng c hiu qu nht, ng thi bo v sc kho,
an ton cho con ngi.
Ecgnmi tp trung vo s thch ng ca my mc, cng c vi ngi iu khin
nh vo vic thit k. Tp trung vo s thch nghi gia ngi lao ng vi my mc nh
s tuyn chn v hun luyn. Tp trung vo vic ti u ho mi trng xung quanh thch
hp vi con ngi v s thch nghi ca con ngi vi iu kin mi trng.
Ngi lao ng phi lm vic trong t th g b, ngi hoc ng trong thi gian
di, thng b au lng, au c v cng thng c bp. Hin tng b chi lo do chiu
sng khng tt lm gim hiu qu cng vic, gy mt mi th gic v thn kinh, to nn
tm l kh chu.
S khc bit v chng tc v nhn chng hc cn c chu , khi nhp khu hay
chuyn giao cng ngh ca nc ngoi c s khc bit v cu trc vn ho, x hi, c th
dn n hu qu xu.
- Nhng nguyn tc Ecgnmi trong thit k h thng lao ng:

C s nhn trc hc, c sinh, tm sinh l v nhng c tnh khc ca ngi lao ng.
C s v v sinh lao ng, v an ton lao ng.
Cc yu cu v thm m k thut.
- Thit k khng gian lm vic v phng tin lao ng:
nng - 2002
Thch ng vi kch thc ngi iu khin

Ph hp vi t th ca c th con ngi, lc c bp v chuyn ng
C cc tn hiu, c cu iu khin, thng tin phn hi.
- Thit k mi trng lao ng:

Mi trng lao ng cn phi c thit k v bo m trnh c tc ng c hi
ca cc yu t vat l, ho hc, sinh hc v t iu kin ti u cho hot ng chc nng
ca con ngi.
- Thit k qu trnh lao ng:

Thit k qu trnh lao ng nhm bo v sc kho an ton cho ngi lao ng, to
cho h cm gic d chu, thoi mi v d dng thc hin mc tiu lao ng.
1.3.2. ni dung xy dng v thc hin php lut v BHL

mi quc gia cng tc BHL c a ra mt lut ring hoc thnh mt
chng v BHL trong b lut lao ng, mt s nc, ban hnh mt vn bn di lut
nh php lnh iu l.
Vit nam qu trnh xy dng v pht trin h thng lut php ch chnh sch
BHL c ng v Nh nc ht sc quan tm (xem chng 2).
1.4. Mi quan h gia BHL v mi trng

Vn mi trng ni chung hay mi trng lao ng ni ring l mt vn
thi s cp bch c cp n vi quy m ton cu.
Cc nh khoa hc t lu bit c s thi cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh c
th lm tri t nng dn ln. Hiu ng nh knh l kt qu hot ng ca con ngi
trong qu trnh s dng cc loi nhin liu ho thch (du m, than , kh t ...) thi
ra bu kh quyn mt khi lng rt ln cc cht c hi (trong s quan trng nht l
CO2). Nhng kh c ny c xu hng phn x nh sng, lm tri t nng dn ln. V
trong vng 50 nm na s pht thi lm cho nhit tng ln t 1,50 n 4,50.
Gi y cc dng sng bng Alaska v Bc Xiberie ang bt u tan chy. iu
ny s dn n mc nc bin dng cao, nhn chm mt s min duyn hi v nhng hn
o, l mm mng ca nhng trn bo lt th k v nhng nguy c ca thm ho sinh
thi. Trong nm 1997, hin tng En Nino lm nhit trung bnh ca bu kh quyn
tng 0,430C.
Mi nm, con ngi t nht 7 t tn ccbon vo bu kh quyn, vng b nhim
nhiu nht l khu vc bin Ban tch.
Nu con ngi hm nay khng thc hin cc bin php hu hiu gim bt s
nng ln ca tri t, th khng ch hm nay m c th h mai sau s phi hng chu hu
nng - 2002
qu to ln ca thin nhin. c c mt gii php tt to nn mt mi trng lao ng

ph hp cho ngi lao ng i hi s tham gia ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc, da trn 4
yu t c bn sau:
Ngn chn v hn ch s lan to cc yu t nguy him v c hi t ngun pht sinh
(s dng cng ngh sch vi cc nhin liu v nguyn liu sch, thit k v trang b
nhng thit b, dy chuyn sn xut khng lm nhim mi trng).
Thu hi v x l cc yu t gy nhim.
X l cc cht thi trc khi thi ra khng lm nhim mi trng.
Trang b cc phng tin bo v c nhn.
1.5. S pht trin bn vng

1.5.1. nh ngha v s pht trin bn vng
Pht trin bn vng l cch pht trin tho mn nhu cu ca th h hin ti m
khng nh hng n kh nng tho mn nhu cu ca th h mai sau
Pht trin bn vng c th c xem l mt tin trnh i hi s tin trin ng
thi 4 lnh vc: kinh t, nhn vn, mi trng v k thut.
1.5.2. Cc gii php i vi 4 lnh vc

a/ Lnh vc kinh t
Gim n mc tiu ph nng lng v nhng ti nguyn khc qua nhng cng ngh
tit kim v qua thay i li sng.
Thay i cc mu hnh tiu th nh hng n a dng sinh hc ca cc nc khc.
i u v h tr pht trin bn vng cho cc nc khc.
Gim hng nhp khu hay c chnh sch bo h mu dch lm hn ch th trng cho
cc sn phm ca nhng nc ngho.
S dng ti nguyn, nhn vn, k thut v ti chnh pht trin cng ngh sch v
dng t ti nguyn.
Loi b ngho nn tuyt i
Ci thin vic tip cn rung t, gio dc v cc dch v x hi.
b/ Lnh vc nhn vn
n nh dn s nng cao t l ngi bit ch.
Gin di c dn n cc thnh ph qua chng trnh pht trin nng thn.
Ci thin phc li x hi, bo v tnh a dng vn ho v u t vo vn con ngi.
u t vo sc kho v gio dc ph n, khuyn khch s tham gia vo nhng qu
trnh phc li x hi.
nng - 2002
c/ Lnh vc mi trng
S dng c hiu qu hn t canh tc v cung cp nc.
Trnh dng qu mc phn ho hc v thuc tr su.
Ci thin cht lng nc v hn ch rt nc b mt.
Bo v a dng sinh hc bng cch lm chm li ng k v nu c th th chn ng
s tuyt dit ca cc loi, s hu hoi ni cng nh cc h sinh thi.
Trnh tnh trng khng n nh ca kh hu, hu hoi tng zn do hot ng ca con
ngi.
Trnh m t nng nghip trn t dc hoc t bc mu.
Lm chm hoc vic s dng CFC trnh lm tn thng n tng zn bo v tri
t.
Nhanh chng ng dng nhng k thut c ci tin cng nh nhng quy ch ca
chnh ph c ci thin v vic thc hin nhng quy ch .
d/ Lnh vc k thut
Chuyn dch sang nn k thut sch v c hiu sut hn gim tiu th nng lng
v cc ti nguyn thin nhin khc m khng lm nhim khng kh, nc v t.
Gim pht thi CO2 gim t l tng ton cu ca kh nh knh v sau cng l gim
nng ca nhng kh ny trong kh quyn.
Cng vi thi gian, phi gim ng k s dng nhin liu ho thch v tm ra nhng
ngun nng lng mi.
Loi b vic s dng CFC trnh lm tn thng n tng zn bo v tri t.
Nhanh chng ng dng nhng k thut c ci tin cng nh nhng quy ch ca
Chnh ph c ci thin v vic thc hin nhng quy ch .
chng 2
nng - 2002
lut php,ch chnh sch bo h

lao ng
2.1. H thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL

ca Vit nam
Trong thp nin 90 nhm p ng nhu cu ca cng cuc i mi v s nghip
cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc chng ta y mnh cng tc xy dng php
lut ni chung v php lut BHL ni ring. n nay chng ta c mt h thng vn
bn php lut ch chnh sch BHL tng i y .
H thng php lut BHL gm 3 phn:
Phn I: B lut lao ng v cc lut khc c lin quan n ATVSL.
Phn II: Ngh nh 06/CP v cc ngh nh khc lin quan n ATVSL.
Phn III: Cc thng t, Ch th, Tiu chun qui phm ATVSL.
2.1.1. B lut lao ng v cc lut php c lin quan n ATVSL
a/ Mt s iu ca B lut lao ng c lin quan n ATVSL

Ngoi chng IX v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng cn mt s iu lin
quan n ATVSL vi ni dung c bn sau:
iu 29. Chng IV qui nh hp ng lao ng ngoi ni dung khc phi c ni
dung iu kin v an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng.
iu 23. Chng IV qui nh mt trong nhiu trng hp v chp dt hp ng l:

ngi s dng lao ng khng c n phng chm dt hp ng lao ng khi
ngi lao ng b m au hay b tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip ang iu tr,
iu dng theo quyt nh ca thy thuc.
iu 46. Chng V qui nh mt trong nhng ni dung ch yu ca tho c tp th

l ATL, v sinh lao ng.
iu 68 tit 2. Chng IIV qui nh vic rt ngn thi gian lm vic i vi nhng
ngi lm cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him.
nng - 2002
iu 69 quy nh s gi lm thm khng c vt qu trong mt ngy, mt nm.
iu 284 Chng VIII qui nh cc hnh thc x l ngi vi phm k lut lao ng
trong c vi phm ni dung ATVSL.
b/ Mt s lut, php lnh c lin quan n ATVSL

Lut bo v mi trng (1993) c cp n vn p dng cng ngh tin tin,
cng ngh sch, vn nhp khu, xut khu my mc thit b; nhng hnh vi b
nghim cm ... c lin quan n bo v mi trng.
Lut bo v sc kho nhn dn (1989) c cp n v sinh trong sn xut, bo qun,
vn chuyn v bo v ho cht, v sinh cc cht thi trong cng nghip v trong sinh
hot, v sinh lao ng.
Php lnh qui nh v vic qun l nh nc i vi cng tc PCCC (1961).
Lut Cng on (1990). Trong lut ny trch nhim v quyn Cng on trong cng
tc BHL c nu rt c th trong iu 6 chng II, t vic phi hp nghin cu
ng dng KHKT bo h lao ng, xy dng tiu chun quy phm ATL, VSL n
trch nhim tuyn truyn gio dc BHL cho ngi lao ng, kim tra vic chp
hnh php lut BHL, tham gia iu tra tai nn lao ng...
Lut hnh s (1999). Trong c nhiu iu lin quan n ATL, VSL nh iu
227. Ti vi phm quy nh v ATL, VSL...; iu 229. Ti vi phm quy nh v
xy dng gy hu qu nghim trng; iu 236, 237 lin quan n cht phng x;
iu 239, 240 lin quan n cht chy, cht c v vn phng chy...
2.1.2. Ngh nh 06/CP v cc ngh nh khc c lin quan

Trong h thng cc vn bn php lut v BHL cc nghj nh c mt v tr rt
quan trng c bit l ngh nh 06/CP ca Chnh ph ngy 20/1/1995 qui nh chi tit
mt s iu ca B lut lao ng v ATL, VSL.
Ngh nh gm 7 chng 24 iu:
Chng I. i tng v phm vi p dng.
Chng II. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng.
Chng III. Tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.
Chng IV. Quyn v ngha v ca ngi s dng lao ng, ngi lao ng.
Chng V. Trch nhim ca c quan nh nc.
Chng VI. Trch nhim ca t chc cng on.
Chng VII. iu khon thi hnh.
Ngoi ra cn mt s ngh nh khc c lin quan n ATVSL nh:
Ngh nh 195/CP (31/12/1994) ca Chnh ph qui nh chi tit v hng dn thi

hnh mt s iu ca B lut lao ng v thi gi lm vic, thi gian ngh ngi.
nng - 2002
Ngh nh 38/CP (25/6/1996) ca Chnh ph qui nh v x pht hnh chnh v hnh

vi vi phm php lut lao ng trong c nhng qui nh lin quan n hnh vi vi
phm v ATVSL.
Ngh nh 46/CP (6/8/1996) ca Chnh ph qui nh pht hnh chnh trong lnh vc
qun l nh nc v y t, trong c mt s quy nh lin quan n hnh vi vi phm
v v sinh lao ng.
2.1.3. Cc Ch th, Thng t c lin quan n ATVSL
Ch th s 237/TTg (19/4/1996) ca Th tng v vic tng cng cc bin php thc

hin cng tc PCCC.
Ch th s 13/1998/CT-TTg (26/3/1998) ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng

ch o v t chc thc hin cng tc BHL trong tnh hnh mi.
Thng t lin tch s 14/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN hng dn vic

t chc thc hin cng tc BHL trong doanh nghip, c s sn xut kinh doanh.
Thng t s 10/1998/TT-LTBXH hng dn thc hin ch trang b phng tin

bo v c nhn.
Thng t s 13/TT-BYT (24/10/1996) ca B y t hng dn thc hin qun l v

sinh lao ng, qun l sc kho ca ngi lao ng, bnh ngh nghip.
Thng t s 10/1999/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT hng dn thc hin ch bi dng

bng hin vt i vi ngi lao ng lm vic trong iu kin c yu t nguy him,
c hi.
2.2. Nhng ni dung v ATVSL trong b lut lao

ng
nng - 2002
Nhng ni dung ny c quy nh ch yu trong Chng IX. An ton lao ng,

V sinh lao ng ca BHL v c quy nh chi tit trong Ngh nh 06/CP ngy
20/1/1995 ca Chnh ph.
2.2.1. i tng v phm vi p dng

i tng v phm vi c p dng cc qui nh v ATL, VSL bao gm: Mi
t chc, c nhn s dng lao ng, mi cng chc, vin chc, mi ngi lao ng k c
ngi hc ngh, th vic trong cc lnh vc, cc thnh phn kinh t, trong lc lng v
trang v cc doanh nghip, t chc, c quan nc ngoi, t chc quc t ng trn lnh
th Vit nam.
2.2.2. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng

Trong xy dng, m rng, ci to cc cng trnh, s dng, bo qun, lu gi cc loi
my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v cc bin php bo m
ATL, VSL, cc ch u t, ngi s dng lao ng phi lp lun chng v cc
bin php m bo ATL, VSL. Lun chng phi c y ni dung vi cc bin
php phng nga, x l phi c c quan thanh tra ATVSL chp thun. Phi c th
ho cc yu cu, ni dung, bin php m bo ATVSL theo lun chng c
duyt khi thc hin.
Vic thc hin tiu chun ATL, VSL l bt buc. Ngi s dng lao ng phi
xy dng qui trnh m bo ATVSL cho tng loi my, thit b, vt t v ni quy
ni lm vic.
Ni lm vic c nhiu yu t c hi phi kim tra o lng cc yu t c hi t nht
mi nm mt ln, phi lp h s theo di ng qui nh; phi kim tra v c bin
php x l ngay khi c hin tng bt thng.
Quy nh nhng bin phpnhm tng cng bo m ATVSL, bo v sc kho cho
ngi lao ng nh: trang b phng tin c nhn, khm sc kho nh k, bi dng
hin vt cho ngi lao ng.
2.2.3. Tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip

Ni dung ny c quy nh trong b lut lao ng v c c th ho trong cc
iu 9, 10, 11, 12 chng III Ngh nh 06/CP nh sau:
Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi b tai nn lao ng: S cu, cp
cu kp thi; tai nn lao ng nng, cht ngi phi gi nguyn hin trng v bo
ngay cho c quan Lao ng, Y t, Cng on cp tnh v cng an gn nht.
Trch nhim ca ngi s dng lao ng i vi ngi mc bnh ngh nghip l phi
iu tr theo chuyn khoa, khm sc kho nh k v lp h s sc kho ring bit.
Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng bi thng cho ngi b tai nn lao ng hoc
bnh ngh nghip.
nng - 2002
Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng t chc iu tra cc v tai nn lao ng c s

tham gia ca cc i din BCH Cng on, lp bin bn theo ng quy nh.
2.2.4. C ch 3 bn trong cng tc BHL

BHL l mt vn quan trng thuc phm tr lao ng, n c lin quan n
ngha v ca cc bn: Nh nc, ngi s dng lao ng, Ngi lao ng (i din l t
chc cng on), mt khc BHL l mt cng tc rt a dng v phc tp, n i hi
phi c s cng tc, phi hp cht ch ca 3 bn th mi t kt qu tt.
2.2.5. Ngha v v quyn ca cc bn trong cng tc BHL
a/ Ngha v v quyn ca Nh nc. Qun l nh nc trong BHL

(iu 95, 180, 181 ca B lut lao ng, iu 17, 18, 19 ca N06/CP)
Xy dng v ban hnh php lut, ch chnh sch BHL, h thng tiu chun, quy
trnh, quy php v ATL, VSL.
Qun l nh nc v BHL: hng dn ch o cc ngnh cc cp thc hin lut
php, ch , chnh sch, tiu chun, quy trnh, quy phm v ATVSL; kim tra n
c, thanh tra vic thc hin. Khen thng nhng c nhn, n v c thnh tch xut
sc v x l cc vi phm v ATVSL.
Lp chng trnh quc gia v BHL a vo k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi v
ngn sch Nh nc; u t nghin cu khoa hc k thut BHL o to cn b
BHL.
B my t chc qun l cng tc BHL trung ng, a phng:
Hi ng quc gia v ATL, v sinh lao ng gi tt l BHL c nhim v t vn
cho Th tng Chnh ph v t chc phi hp hot ng ca cc ngnh cc cp v
ATL, VSL.
B LTBXH thc hin qun l nh nc v ATL i vi cc ngnh cc cp trong
c nc, c trch nhim: Xy dng, trnh ban hnh hoc ban hnh cc cc vn bn
php lut, ch chnh sch BHL, h thng quy phm nh nc v ATL, tiu
chun phn loi lao ng theo iu kin lao ng. Thanh tra v ATL, hp tc quc
t trong lnh vc ATL.
B Y t thc hin qun l Nh nc trong lnh vc v sinh lao ng, c trch nhim:
xy dng, trnh ban hnh, ban hnh v qun l thng nht h thng quy phm v sinh
lao ng, tiu chun sc kho i vi cc ngh, cng vic. Thanh tra v v sinh lao
ng, t chc khm sc kho v iu tr bnh ngh nghip cho ngi lao ng. Hp
tc quc t trong lnh vc v sinh lao ng.
B khoa hc cng ngh v mi trng c trch nhim: Qun l thng nht vic
nghin cu v ng dng khoa hc k thut v ATL, VSL. Ban hnh h thng tiu
chun cht lng, quy cch cc phng tin bo v c nhn trong lao ng.
nng - 2002
B gio dc v o to: c trch nhim ch o vic a ni dung ATL, VSL vo

chng trnh ging dy trong cc trng i hc, cc trng k thut, qun l v dy
ngh.
U ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng c trch nhim thc hin qun
l Nh nc v ATL, VSL trong phm vi a phng mnh. Xy dng cc mc
tiu m bo an ton, v sinh v ci thin iu kin lao ng a vo k hoch pht
trin kinh t x hi v ngn sch a phng.
b/ Ngha v v Quyn ca Ngi s dng lao ng

Ngi s dng lao ng c ngha v sau:
Hng nm khi xy dng k hoch sn xut kinh doanh ca x nghip phi lp k
hoch, bin php ATL, VSL v ci thin iu kin lao ng.
Trang b y phng tin bo h c nhn v thc hin cc ch khc v BHL
i vi ngi lao ng theo quy nh ca nh nc.
C ngi gim st vic thc hin cc quy nh, ni dung, bin php ATL, VSL
trong doanh nghip; phi hp vi Cng on c s xy dng v duy tr s hot ng
ca mng li an ton v sinh vin.
Xy dng ni quy, quy trnh an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng ph hp vi tng loi
my, thit b, vt t k c khi i mi cng ngh theo tiu chun quy nh ca nh
nc.
T chc khm nh k cho ngi lao ng theo tiu chun, ch quy nh.
Chp hnh nghim chnh quy nh khai bo, iu tra tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh
nghip v nh k 6 thng, hng nm bo co kt qu, tnh hnh thc hin ATL,
VSL, ci thin iu kin lao ng vi S LTBXH ni doanh nghip hot ng.
Ngi s dng lao ng c quyn sau:

Buc ngi lao ng phi tun th cc quy nh, ni quy, bin php ATL, VSL.
Khen thng ngi chp hnh tt v k lut ngi vi phm trong vic thc hin
ATL, VSL.
Khiu ni vi c quan nh nc c thm quyn v quyt nh ca Thanh tra v
ATL, VSL nhng nghim chnh chp hnh quyt nh .
c/ Ngha v v Quyn ca ngi lao ng trong cng tc BHL
Ngi lao ng c ngha v:
Chp hnh cc quy nh, ni quy v ATL, VSL c lin quan n cng vic, nhim
v c giao.
Phi s dng v bo qun cc phng tin bo v c nhn c trang cp, nu lm
mt hoc h hng th phi bi thng.
nng - 2002
Phi bo co kp thi vi ngi c trch nhim khi pht hin c nguy c gy gy tai
nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip, gy c hi hoc s c nguy him, tham gia cp cu
v khc phc hu qu tai nn lao ng khi c lnh ca ngi s dng lao ng.
Ngi lao ng c quyn:

Yu cu ngi s dng lao ng m bo iu kin lm vic an ton, v sinh, ci
thin iu kin lao ng, trang cp y phng tin bo v c nhn, hun luyn,
thc hin bin php an ton v sinh lao ng.
T chi lm vic hoc ri b ni lm vic khi thy r nguy c xy ra tai nn lao ng,
e do nghim trng tnh mng, sc kho ca mnh v phi bo ngay ngi ph trch
trc tip, t chi tr li lm vic ni ni trn nu nhng nguy c cha c khc
phc.
Khiu ni v t co vi c quan Nh nc c thm quyn khi ngi s dng lao ng
vi phm quy nh ca Nh nc hoc khng thc hin ng cc giao kt v ATL,
VSL trong hp ng lao ng, tho c lao ng.
d/ T chc Cng on
BHL l mt mt cng tc quan trng ca Cng on. T chc Cng on phi c
trch nhim v Quyn sau:
Tham gia vi cc cp chnh quyn, c quan qun l v ngi s dng lao ng xy
dng cc vn bn php lut, cc tiu chun an ton v sinh lao ng, ch chnh
sch v BHL, k hoch BHL, cc bin php m bo an ton, v sinh lao ng.
Tham gia vi cc c quan nh nc xy dng chng trnh BHL quc gia, tham gia
xy dng v t chc thc hin chng trnh, ti nghin cu KHKT BHL. Tng
lin on qun l v ch o, cc Vin nghin cu KHKT BHL, tin hnh cc hot
ng nghin cu v ng dng KHKT BHL.
C i din tham gia vo cc on iu tra TNL; phi hp theo di tnh hnh TNL,
chy n, bnh ngh nghip.
Tham gia vic xt khen thng, x l cc vi phm v BHL.
Thay mt ngi lao ng k tho c lao ng tp th vi ngi s dng lao ng
trong c cc ni dung BHL.
Thc hin quyn kim tra gim st vic thi hnh lut php, ch , chnh sch, tiu
chun, quy nh v BHL.
Cng on doanh nghip c 5 nhim v sau:
Thay mt ngi lao ng k tho c lao ng tp th vi ngi s dng lao ng
trong c cc ni dung BHL.
Tuyn truyn vn ng, gio dc ngi lao ng thc hin tt cc quy nh php lut
v BHL, kin thc KHKT BHL; chp hnh quy trnh, quy phm, cc bin php
lm vic an ton, u tranh vi cc hin tng lm ba, lm u, vi phm qui trnh k
thut an ton.
nng - 2002
ng vin khuyn khch ngi lao ng pht huy sng kin ci tin thit b, my
nhm ci thin mi trng lm vic, gim nh sc lao ng.
T chc ly kin tp th ngi lao ng tham gia xy dng ni quy, quy ch qun
l v ATVSL, xy dng k hoch BHL.
Phi hp t chc cc hot ng y mnh cc phong tro m bo ATVSL.
Quyn ca Cng on cc doanh nghip:

Tham gia xy dng cc quy ch ni quy v qun l BHL, ATL v VSL vi
ngi s dng lao ng.
Tham gia cc on kim tra cng tc BHL do doanh nghip t chc, tham gia cc
cuc hp kt lun ca cc on thanh tra, kim tra, cc on iu tra tai nn lao ng.
Tham gia iu tra tai nn lao ng, nm tnh hnh tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip
v vic thc hin k hoch BHL v cc bin php m bo an ton, sc kho ngi
lao ng trong sn xut.
2.3. Nhng vn khc v BHL trong b lut lao ng
2.3.1. Quy nh v thi gian lm vic v thi gian ngh ngi
a/ Thi gi lm vic
Thi gian lm vic khng qu 8 gi trong mt ngy hoc 40 gi trong mt tun.
Ngi s dng lao ng c quyn quy nh thi gi lm vic theo ngy hoc tun,
nhng phi thng bo trc cho ngi lao ng bit.
Thi gi lm vic hng ngy c rt ngn t mt n 2 gi i vi nhng ngi lm
cc cng vic c bit nng nhc, c hi, nguy him.
Ngi s dng lao ng v ngi lao ng c th tho thun lm thm gi, nhng
khng c qu 4 gi/ngy, 200gi/nm.
Thi gi lm vic ban m tnh t 22 n 6 gi sng (t Tha thin - Hu tr ra pha
Bc) hoc t 21 n 5 gi sng (t nng tr vo pha Nam).
b/ Thi gian ngh ngi

Ngi lao ng lm vic 8 gi lin tc th c ngh t nht na gi, tnh vo gi lm
vic.
Ngi lm ca m c ngh gia ca t nht 45 pht, tnh vo gi lm vic.
Ngi lm vic theo ca c ngh t nht 12 gi trc khi chuyn sang ca khc.
Mi tun ngi lao ng c ngh 48 gi.
nng - 2002
Ngi lao ng c ngh lm vic, hng nguyn lng nhng ngy l sau y: Tt
dng lch; 1 ngy; Tt m lch: 4 ngy; Ngy chin thng: 1 ngy (30/4 Dng lch);
Ngy quc t lao ng: 1 ngy (1/5 Dng lch);Ngy Quc khnh: 1 ngy. Nu
nhng ngy ngh ni trn trng vo ngy ngh hng tun th ngi lao ng c ngh
b vo ngy tip theo.
Ngi lao ng c 12 thng lm vic ti mt doanh nghip hoc vi mt ngi s
dng lao ng th ddc ngh php hng nm, hng nguyn lng theo quy nh sau
y:
12 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm cng vic trong iu kin bnh
thng.
14 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm vic nng nhc, c hi, nguy him
hoc nhng ni c iu kin sng khc nghit v i vi ngi di 18 tui.
16 ngy ngh php, i vi ngi lm vic c bit nng nhc, c hi,
nguy him.
Ngi lao ng c ngh v vic ring m vn hng nguyn lng trong nhng
trng hp sau y: Kt hn ngh 3 ngy; con kt hn, ngh mt ngy; B m (c bn
v v bn chng) cht, v hoc chng cht, con cht, ngh 3 ngy.
2.3.2. Quy nh v an ton - v sinh lao ng
a/ Lp lun chng an ton - v sinh lao ng

Vic xy dng mi hoc m rng, ci to c s sn xut, s dng, bo qun, lu
gi v tng tr cc loi my, thit b, vt t, cc cht c yu cu nghim ngt v an
ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng, phi c lun chng v cc bin php m bo an ton
lao ng, v sinh lao ng i vi ni lm vic ca ngi lao ng v mi trng
xung quanh theo quy nh ca php lut.
Vic sn xut, s dng, bo qun, vn chuyn cc loi my, thit b, vt t, nng
lng, in, ho cht, vic thay i cng ngh, nhp khu cng ngh mi phi c
thc hin theo tiu chun an ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng. Phi c khai bo,
ng k v xin cp giy php vi c quan thanh tra nh nc v an ton lao ng
hoc v sinh lao ng.
b/ Bi thng tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip

Ngi s dng lao ng phi chu ton b chi ph y t t khi s cu, cp cu n khi
iu tr xong cho ngi b tai nn lao ng hoc bnh ngh nghip. Ngi lao ng
c hng ch bao him x hi v tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip.
Ngi s dng lao ng c trch nhim bi thng t nht bng 30 thng lng cho
ngi lao ng b suy gim kh nng lao ng t 81% tr ln hoc cho thn nhn
nng - 2002
ngi cht do tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip m khng do li ca ngi lao
ng. Trng hp do li ca ngi lao ng, th cng c tr cp mt khon tin t
nht bng 12 thng lng.
2.3.3. Quy nh ring i vi lao ng n, lao ng v thnh

nin, lao ng tn tt
a/ i vi lao ng n
Nghim cm ngi s dng lao ng c hnh vi phn bit i x vi ph n, xc
phm danh d v nhn phm ph n. Phi thc hin nguyn tc bnh ng nam n v
tuyn dng, s dng, nng bc lng v tr cng lao ng.
Ngi lao ng n c ngh trc v sau khi sinh con l 6 thng. Khng c s
dng lao ng n c thai t thng th 7 hoc ang nui con di 12 thng lm thm
gi, lm vic ban m v i cng tc xa. Trong thi gian nui con di 12 thng c
ngh mi ngy 60 pht.
Ni c s dng lao ng n phi c ch thay qun o, bung tm v bung v sinh
n.
Trong thi gian ngh vic i khm thai, do sy thai, ngh chm sc con di 7
tui m au, ngi lao ng c hng tr cp bo him x hi.
b/ i vi lao ng cha thnh nin

Lao ng di 18 tui gi l cha thnh nin. Ni c s dng ngi lao ng cha
thnh nin phi lp s theo di ring, ghi y h tn, ngy sinh, cng vic ang
lm, kt qu kim tra sc kho nh k.
Nghim cm nhn tr em cha 15 tui vo lm vic, tr 1 s ngh do B Lao ng
- Thng binh v X hi quy nh.
Thi gian lm vic ca ngi lao ng cha thnh nin khng c qu 7 gi mt
ngy v lm nhng vic ph hp vi sc kho ca ngi lao ng.
c/ Lao ng l ngi tn tt
Nh nc bo h quyn lm vic ca ngi tn tt v khuyn khch vic thu nhn, to
vic lm cho ngi tn tt.
Thi gi lm vic ca ngi tn tt khng qu 7 gi mt ngy v lm cc cng vic
ph hp vi sc kh ca ngi tn tt.
nng - 2002
Cm s dng ngi tn tt suy gim kh nng lao ng t 51% tr ln lm thm

gi, lm vic ban m.
chng 3
K thut v sinh lao ng
nng - 2002
3.1. i tng v nhim v ca v sinh lao ng

V sinh lao ng l mn khoa hc d phng, nghin cu iu kin thin nhin,
iu kin sn xut, sc kho con ngi, ngng sinh l cho php v nhng nh hng
ca iu kin lao ng, qu trnh lao ng, gy nn tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh
nghip. Trong v sinh lao ng (VSL) ch yu i su nghin cu cc tc hi ngh
nghip, t m c bin php phng nga cc tc nhn c hi mt cch c hiu qu.
Mi trng sn xut c kh v nh hng ca n n sc kho ca ngi lao ng
c th k n cc yu t: vi kh hu, ting n, rung ng, nhit nng lnh ni lm
vic, bc x ion ho, bi, nhim do ho cht, m, nh sng, thng gi v.v...
3.2. Vi kh hu trong sn xut
3.2.1. Khi nim v nh ngha

Vi kh hu l trng thi l hc ca khng kh trong khong khng gian thu hp
gm cc yu t nhit khng kh, m tng i ca khng kh, vn tc chuyn ng
khng kh v bc x nhit. iu kin vi kh hu trong sn xut ph thuc vo tnh cht
ca qu trnh cng ngh v kh hu a phng.
V mt v sinh, vi kh hu c nh hng n sc kho, bnh tt ca cng nhn.
Lm vic lu trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh v m c th mc bnh thp khp, vim
ng h hp trn, vim phi v lm cho bnh lao nng thm. Vi kh hu lnh v kh
lm cho ri lon vn mch thm trm trng, gy kh nim mc, nt n da. Vi kh hu
nng m lm gim kh nng bay hi m hi, gy ra ri lon thng bng nhit, lm cho
mt mi xut hin sm, n cn to iu kin cho vi sinh vt pht trin, gy cc bnh
ngoi da.
Tu theo tnh cht to nhit ca qu trnh sn xut ngi ta chia ra 3 loi vi kh
hu sau:
Vi kh hu tng i n nh, nhit to ra khong 20 kcal/m3 khng kh mt gi
(trong xng c kh, dt v.v...).
Vi kh hu nng, nhit to ra khong hn 20 kcal/m3 khng kh mt gi (trong xng
c, rn, cn, luyn gang thp v.v...).
Vi kh hu lnh, nhit to ra di 20 kcal/m3 khng kh mt gi (trong xng ln men
ri bia, nh p lnh, ch bin thc phm v.v...).
3.2.2. Cc yu t vi kh hu
a/ Nhit khng kh
Nhit l yu t kh tng quan trng trong sn xut, ph thuc vo cc ngun
pht nhit: l nung, ngn la, nng lng in, c bin thnh nhit, phn ng ho hc
nng - 2002
sinh nhit, bc x nhit ca mt tri.v.v...chng c th lm cho nhit khng kh ln

n 50 - 600C.
Khi nhit tng c th ngi c cc hin tng: tng s mt mi, gim kh
nng lao ng, tim p nhanh, huyt p tng, gim hot ng cc c quan tiu ho, tng
s phn b mu da, tng s bi tit m hi. iu l quy nh nhit ti a cho php
ni lm vic ca cng nhn v ma h l 30 v khng c vt qu nhit bn
ngoi t 350C. Ni sn xut nng nh c, luyn cn thp, ... nhit khng qu 40oC.
Khi nhit cao hn s sinh ra cc bin i v sinh l v bnh l.
Lao ng nhit lnh d gy bnh thp khp, vim ng h hp (vim ph
qun...) kh nim mc gy cm lnh...
b/ m
m tuyt i l lng hi nc (tnh bng gam) cha trong mt m3 khng kh.
m cc i l nhit nht nh l lng hi nc bo ho (tnh bng gam) trong 1
m3 khng kh. m l nhn t ngoi cnh nh hng n sc kho ca cng nhn.
m tng i l thng s ca m tuyt i ca khng kh v m cc i ng vi
cng nhit .
Khi m qu cao, lng xy m c th ht vo phi b gim do hm lng hi
nc trong khng kh tng, lm cho c th thiu xy, sinh ra u oi, phn x chm, d
gy tai nn. Khi m cao cn lm tng s ng nc, lm cho vic i li trn nn xi
mng b trn, d ng. m cao cn tng kh nng truyn dn in, d chm mt i
vi mch in ca cc my in v truyn in vo mi trng m, gy ra tai nn in
git.
Khi m thp, khng kh hanh kh, da kh n, nht l nhng ngi tip xc vi
du m, lp m trn da b du m ho tan cng lm mt da kh cng, cng d b kh nt.
Cc vt nt n trn da lm cho chn tay b au n, gim linh hot v cng l
nguyn nhn xy ra cc tai nn lao ng. m tng i thch hp khong 7585 %.
Khi m qu cao c th b tr h thng thng gi vi lng khng kh kh thch hp
iu chnh m.
Ti thnh ph nng theo thng bo ca phn vin BHL th:
Khi nhit T = 350C m: 50% th dung m D = 18g/kg khng kh;
Khi nhit T = 350C m: 90% th dung m D = 29g/kg khng kh;
Khi nhit T = 200C m: 50% th dung m D = 7,2g/kg khng kh;
Khi nhit T = 200C m: 90% , dung m D = 13,4g/kg khng kh;
c/ Vn tc chuyn ng khng kh: Tiu chun cho php vn tc khng kh
khng qu 3 m/s; trn 5m/s c th gy kch thch bt li cho c th.
d/ Bc x nhit
Bc x nhit l nhng ht nng lng truyn trong khng kh di dng dao ng
sng in t bao gm tia hng ngoi, tia sng thng v tia t ngoi. Khi nung cc vt
th kim loi ti 5000C ch pht ra tia hng ngoi, nung ti 18000-20000C cn pht ra tia
sng thng v tia t ngoi, nung tip n 30000C lng tia t ngoi pht ra cng nhiu.
nng - 2002
V mt v sinh, cng bc x nhit c biu th bng Cal/m2.pht v c o

bng nhit k cu. (Tiu chun v sinh cho php 1 Cal/m2.pht). cc xng rn, c,
cn cng bc x nhit ln n 5-10 Cal/m2.pht.
nh gi tc dng tng hp ca cc yu t nhit , m v vn tc gi ca
mi trng khng kh i vi cm gic nhit ca c th con ngi, ngi ta a ra khi
nim v Nhit hiu qu tng ng k hiu l thqt.
Nhit hiu qu tng ng ca khng kh c nhit t, m v vn tc
chuyn ng gi v l nhit ca khng kh bo ho hi nc c = 100% v khng c
gi v = 0 m gy ra cm gic nhit ging ht nh cm gic gy ra bi khng kh vi t, ,
v cho. Da trn thc nghim, Hi Si m v thng gi Hoa k lp ra biu xc
nh nhit hiu qu tng ng sau y:
m tng i ca khng kh c
th xc nh bng nhit kh v t, trn
biu c 2 trc nhit kh v t. Trn
biu ngi ta v chm ng cong vi
cc tr s khc nhau ca vn tc gi chng
ct nhau ti mt im tng ng vi nhit
kh 36,50C tc l nhit bnh thng
ca con ngi. Hai ng cong bin tng
ng vi vn tc gi v = 0 m/s v v = 3,5
m/s. Ngi ta ghi cc tr s ca nhit
hiu qu tng ng trn cc ng cong
bin. V d: ta bit nhit kh bng 200C
(im A) t = 150C (im B). Ni 2 im A
v B, ng AB ct ng cong v = 0 m/s
ti im C. im C cho tr s thqt = 18,30C.
Nu khng kh c tk v t nh trn nhng v
= 0,5 m/s th thqt = 17,50C. Theo biu ,
chng ta thy trc nhit kh ct cc
ng cong biu din vn tc gi. Trong
vng nm pha tri ca trc tk khc vi cng
pha bn phi l c th con ngi cm thy
lnh hn nu khng kh c m cao hn.
i vi c th ngi Vit nam c th ly vng n ho d chu v ma h l thqt =
23 270 v ma ng l thqt = 20 250.
3.2.3. iu ho thn nhit ngi
C th ngi c nhit khng i trong khong 370C 0,50C l nh 2 qu trnh
iu nhit do trung tm ch huy iu nhit iu khin. duy tr thng bng thn nhit
trong iu kin vi kh hu nng, c th thi nhit tha bng cch gin mch ngoi bin
v tng cng tit m hi. Chuyn mt lt mu t ni tng ra ngoi da thi c khong
nng - 2002
2,5 kcal v nhit gim c 30C. Mt lt m hi bay hi hon ton thi ra c chng
580 kcal. Cn trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh c th tng cng qu trnh sinh nhit v
hn ch qu trnh thi nhit duy tr s cn bng nhit. Thng bng nhit ch c th
thc hin c trong phm vi trng iu nhit, gm 2 vng: vng iu nhit ho hc v
vng iu nhit l hc. Vt qu gii hn ny v pha di c th s b nhim lnh,
ngc li v pha trn s b nng (H.3.2.).
a/ iu nhit ho hc
iu ho nhit ho l qu trnh bin i sinh nhit do s xy ho cc cht dinh
dng. Bin i chuyn ho thay i theo nhit khng kh bn ngoi v trng thi lao
ng hay ngh ngi ca c th. Qu trnh chuyn ho tng khi nhit bn ngoi thp v
lao ng nng, ngc li qu trnh gim khi nhit mi trng cao v c th trng
thi ngh ngi.
b/ iu nhit l hc
iu nhit l hc l tt c cc qu trnh bin i thi nhit ca c th gm truyn
nhit, i lu, bc x v bay hi m hi v.v...Thi nhit bng truyn nhit l hnh thc
mt nhit ca c th khi nhit ca khng kh v cc vt th m ta tip xc c nhit
thp hn nhit da. Khi da c nhit cao hn nhit mi trng s xy ra qu
trnh truyn nhit ngc li.
H.3.2. ng cong chuyn ho cc nhit khc nhau

3.2.4. nh hng ca vi kh hu i vi c th ngi
a/ nh hng ca vi kh hu nng
Bin i v sinh l: Nhit da c bit l da trn rt nhy cm i vi nhit
khng kh bn ngoi. Bin i v cm gic ca da trn nh sau:
nng - 2002
28 290C cm gic lnh; 29 300C cm gic mt;

30 310C cm gic d chu; 31,5 32,50C cm gic nng;
32,5 33,50C cm gic rt nng; > 33,50C cm gic cc nng.
Thn nhit ( di li) nu thy tng thm 0,3 10C l c th c s tch nhit.
Thn nhit 38,50C c coi l nhit bo ng, c nguy him, sinh chng say nng.
Chuyn ho nc: lng nc cn cung cp hng ngy cho c th khong 2 3lt
(k c phn thc n). Nc thi ra qua thn t 11,5 lt, 0,2 lt qua phn, lng cn li
theo m hi v hi th ra ngoi. Nu nhit qu cao, c th phi tit m hi h
nhit , lng nc c th b mt nhiu (c khi ti 5-7lt) lm cho c th gim st trng
lng (0,44 kg th trng sau 8 gi lao ng). Khi thot m hi c th mt theo mui
khong: K, Na, It, st, cc vi tamin C, B1, B2 v cc vi tamin PP. Do mt nc nn t
trng mu tng ln, tim phi lm vic nhiu thi lng nhit tha ca c th lm cho
ngi mt mi. Khi ra m hi nc bi tit qua thn gim ch cn li 10 - 15 % so vi
lc bnh thng lm cho chc nng hot ng ca thn b nh hng. Trong nc tiu
xut hin anbunin v hng cu. Lc ny nu ung nhiu nc, dch v s b long nn
mt cm gic thm n, n khng ngon, kh nng dit trng ca dch v gim st lm
ng rut d b vim nhim.
Trong iu kin vi kh hu nng, cc bnh thng tng ln gp i so vi lc bnh
thng. Ri lon bnh l do vi kh hu nng thng gp l chng say nng v chng co
gt, lm cho con ngi b chng mt, au u, bun nn v au tht lng. Thn nhit c
th ln cao ti 39 400C, mch nhanh, nhp th nhanh. Trng hp nng c th b
chong, mch nh, th nng.
b/ nh hng ca vi kh hu lnh
Lnh lm cho c th mt nhit nhiu, nhp tim, nhp th gim v tiu th xy tng.
Lnh lm cc mch mu co tht sinh cm gic t cng chn tay vn ng kh khn.
Trong iu kin vi kh hu lnh thng xut hin mt s bnh vim dy thn kinh, vim
khp, vim ph qun, hen v mt s bnh mn tnh khc do mu lu thng km v sc
khc ca c th gim.
c/ nh hng ca bc x nhit
Trong cc phn xng nng, cc dng bc x ch yu do cc tia hng ngoi c
bc sng n 10 m, khi hp th tia ny to ra nhit, bc x nhit ph thuc vo di
bc sng, cng dng bc x, thi gian chiu x, din tch b mt b chiu, vng b
chiu, gin on hay lin tc, gc chiu, lung bc x v qun o.
Tia hng ngoi c bc sng ngn (c bit l loi c bc sng khong 3 m) ri
su vo di da n 3mm, gy nn bng da, rp phng da ngoi ra cn gy ra bnh c
nhn mt.
nng - 2002
Lm vic ngoi tri nng, im gi, oi bc, tia bc x nhit c th xuyn qua hp
xng s vo t chc no, hun nng t chc no, mng no gy ra cc bin i quan
trng m ta gi l say nng.
Tia t ngoi c 3 loi:
Loi A c bc sng t 400 315 nm.
Loi B c bc sng t 315 280 nm.
Loi C c bc sng nh hn 280 nm.
Tia t ngoi loi A xut hin nhit cao hn thng c trong tia la hn, n
dy tc, n hunh quang; tia t ngoi B thng xut hin trong n thu ngn, l h
quang v.v...Tia t ngoi lm bng da, ph hu gic mc th lc gim, au u, chng
mt, ung th da.
3.2.5 Cc bin php phng chng vi kh hu xu

a/ Bin php k thut
p dng cc tin b KHKT nh iu khin t xa, c kh ho, t ng ho cc qu
trnh sn xut, thc hin thng gi tt iu ho khng kh, m bo thng thong v mt
ni lm vic.
Cch ly ngun nhit i lu v bc x ni lao ng, bng cch dng nhng vt
liu cch nhit bao bc quanh l, quanh ng dn; dng mn nc hp th cc tia
bc x trc ca l.
b/ Bin php v sinh y t

Trc ht cn quy nh ch lao ng thch hp cho tng ngnh ngh thc hin
trong iu kin vi kh hu xu. Khm tuyn khi nhn ngi, khm kim tra sc kho
nh k kp thi pht hin bnh v iu tr.
c/ Bin php t chc

T chc lao ng, m bo ch n ung bi dng, ngh ngi hp l nhanh
chng phc hi sc lao ng. Trang b y cc phng tin BHL nh o qun chng
nng, chng lnh, khu trang, knh mt v.v....
3.3. Chng ting n v rung ng trong sn xut
3.3.1. nhng Khi nim
nng - 2002
a/ Ting n
Ting n l tp hp nhng m thanh khc nhau v cng v tn s khng c
nhp gy cho con ng cm gic kh chu. V mt vt l, m thanh l dao ng sng
ca mi trng n hi gy ra bi s dao ng ca cc vt th, khng gian trong c
sng m lan truyn gi l trng m. p sut d trong trng m gi p sut m p n v
l dyn/cm2 hay l bar.
Cng m I l s nng lng sng m truyn qua din tch 1 cm2 vung gc vi
phng truyn sng trong mt giy (erg/cm2.s hoc w/cm2). Cng m v p sut m
lin h vi nhau theo biu thc:
p2
I= (erg/cm2); l mt ca mi trng, g/cm2.
. C
Trong khng gian t do cng m t l nghch vi bnh phng khong cch r
n ngun m:
Ir
I= ; I l cng m cch ngun im mt khong r.
4 . r 2 r
Tai chng ta tip nhn m nh dao ng ca p sut m, p sut m t l vi bin
i cng m nhng trong khi cng m I bin i n ln th p sut m bin i
n ln. nh gi cm gic nghe, ch nhng c trng vt l l cha v tai chng ta
phn bit cm gic nghe khng theo s tng tuyt i ca cng m (hay p sut m)
m theo s tng tng i ca n.
Cng v th ngi ta khng nh gi cng m v p sut m theo n v tuyt
i m theo n v tng i v dng thang logarit thay cho thang thp phn thu hp
phm vi tr s o. Khi ta c mc cng m o bng xiben (dB):
I
LI = 10 lg (dB).
I0
Trong : I - cng m; I0 - cng m ngng nghe c gi l mc m.
Mc khng I0 l mc cng m ti thiu m tai ngi cm nhn c tuy nhin
ngng nghe c thay i theo tn s.
Tng t ta c mc p sut m:
P
L P = 20 lg (dB);
P0
Trong : P0 - ngng quy c 2.10-5 N/m2.
Mc cng sut m:
W
LW = 10 lg (dB);
W0
Trong : W0 - ngng khng hay ngng quy c W0 = 10-12.
Mc cng sut tnh bng dB.
Nh vy khi m thanh c p lc bng 2.10-5 N/m2 hay cng I0 = 10-12 w/m2 th
c mc m bng 0 dB.
nng - 2002
Tn s m f c th hin bng Hc (Hz), bc sng , vn tc lan truyn c, bin

y. Chng c lin h vi nhau qua cng thc:
c = .f (m/s).
Vn tc lan truyn sng m ph thuc vo cc tnh cht v mt mi trng. V
d nhit 00C vn tc sng m trong khng kh l 330 m/s, trong nc l 1440 m/s,
trong thp, nhm, thu tinh l 5000 m/s, trong ng 3500 m/s, trong cao su 40 - 50 m/s.
Dao ng m nghe c c tn s t 16 - 20 Hz n 16 - 20 kHz. Gii hn ny
mi ngi khng ging nhau, tu theo la tui v c quan thnh gic.
Dao ng di 16 - 20 Hz gi l h m tai ngi khng nghe c, dao ng c
tn s trn 16 - 20 kHz gi l siu m tai ngi cng khng nghe c.
b/ cc loi ting n
Trong thc t ngi ta phn ra nhiu loi ting n, tuy nhin theo c tnh ca
ngun n c th phn ra:
Ting n c hc: sinh ra do s chuyn ng ca cc chi tit hay b phn my mc c
khi lng khng cn bng v v ting n ca my phay.
Ting n va chm: sinh ra do mt s quy trnh cng ngh, v d: rn, tn.
Ting n kh ng: sinh ra khi hi chuyn ng vi vn tc cao, nh ng c phn
lc, my nn kh.
Ting n hoc xung sinh ra khi ng c t trong lm vic...
Sau y mc n ca mt s ngun:
Ting n va chm:
Xng rn : 98 dB
Xng c : 112 dB
Xng g, tn : 113 - 117 dB
Ting n c kh:
My tin : 93 - 96 dB
My bo : 97 dB
Ting n kh ng:
Mt : 105 dB
My bay tuc bin phn lc: 135 dB
nh gi s b ting n c th dng mc n tng cng o theo thang A ca
my o ting n gi l mc m theo dBA.
c/ Rung ng
Khi cc my mc v ng c lm vic khng ch sinh ra cc dao ng m tai ta
nghe c m cn sinh ra cc dao ng c hc di dng rung ng ca cc vt th v
cc b mt xung quanh.
nng - 2002
Rung ng l dao ng c hc ca vt th n hi sinh ra khi trng tm hoc trc

i xng ca chng x dch trong khng gian hoc do s thay i c tnh chu k hnh
dng m chng c trng thi tnh.
Rung ng ca mt tn s vng no y c c trng bng 3 thng s: bin
dch chuyn , bin ca vn tc v bin ca gia tc . Mc vn tc dao ng ca
rung ng:

Lc = 20 lg dB
0
trong 0 =5.10-8 m/s - ngng quy c ca bin vn tc dao ng.
Cc b mt dao ng bao gi cng tip xc vi khng kh xung quanh n. Khi b
mt dao ng s hnh thnh nhng sng m ngc pha trong lp khng kh k st vi n.
Mc to ca m ny c o bng p sut m hnh thnh.
3.3.2. nh hng ca ting n v rung ng i vi sinh l

con ngi
Cng ti thiu ca ting n c th gy ra tc dng mt mi i vi c quan
thnh gic ph thuoc vo tn s ca n. i vi m tn s 2000 - 4000 Hz, tc dng mt
mi s bt u t 80 dB, i vi m 5000 - 6000 Hz th t 60 dB.
Ting n gy mt mi thnh lc, au tai, mt trng thi cn bng, ng chp chn
git mnh, mt ng, lot d dy, tng huyt p, hay cu gt, gim sc lao ng sng to,
gim s nhy cm, u c mt tp trung, ri loi c bp...
Ting n gy ic ngh nghip vi c im l ic khng phc hi c, ic
khng i xng v khng t tin trin khi cng nhn thi tip xc vi ting n. Ting n
tc dng vo cc c quan chc phn ca c th, lu ngy lm cho c quan ny mt trng
thi cn bng. Kt qu l c th b suy nhc, mu lu thng b hn ch, tai b , u c
b cng thng, kh nng lao ng s b gim, s ch ca con ngi cng b gim st v
t c th gy ra tai nn.
Nhng c th khc nhau th tc hi ca ting n cng khc nhau. Con ngi c
kh nng thch nghi vi iu kin lm vic c ting n nhng mc thch nghi ny ch
gii hn trong khong nht nh.
Khi lm vic lu trong mi trng c ting n th kh nng nghe s b ri lon,
mt kh nng nghe nhng m thanh c tn s cao, thanh bng, kh nng phc hi thnh
gic rt thp.
Ting n ln hn cng 70 dB ( xi ben) th khng cn nghe ting ni ca
ngi vi nhau na v mi s thng tin bng m thanh ca con ng tr thnh v hiu.
Phm vi dao ng m ta thu nhn nh rung ng m nm trong gii hn t 12
n 8000 Hz. Theo hnh thc tc ng, ngi ta chia ra chn ng chung v chn ng
cc b. Rung ng chung gy ra dao ng cho ton c th, cn chn ng cc b ch
lm cho tng b phn c th dao ng. khi chu tc dng ca rung ng, thn kinh s b
suy mn, ri lon dinh dng, con ngi nhanh chng cm thy u oi v th , lnh
nng - 2002
m, tnh thng bng n nh b tn thng. Chn ng cng gy ra bnh khp xng,

lm ri lon h thn kinh ngoi bin v trung ng.
3.3.3. Cc bin php phng chng ting n v rung ng

Nm 1880 Robert Koch mt nh y hc ca nc c cnh bo v ting n nh
sau: Mt ngy no con ngi s phi u tranh vi ting n nh tng u tranh
chng li bnh dch t hay dch hch.
Mt nh chuyn mn khc ni: Nu chng ta khng tiu dit ting n th ting n
s tiu dit ta. V vy chng n l nhim v rt quan trng. Cc bin php ch yu c th
l:
a/ Lm gim hay trit tiu ting n ngay t ni pht sinh

y l bin php chng n ch yu bao gm vic lp rp c cht lng cc my
mc v ng c, sa cha cc my mc c hay b r. Gim ting n ti ni pht sinh
c th thc hin theo cc bin php sau:
Thay i tnh n hi v khi lng ca cc b phn my mc thay i tn s dao
ng ring ca chng trnh hin tng cng hng.
Thay thp bng cht do, tecxtolit, fibrlit, v.v...m crm hoc qut mt cc chi tit
bng sn hoc dng cc hp kim t vang hn khi va chm.
Bc cc mt thit b chu rung ng bng cc vt liu ht hoc gim rung ng c ni
ma st ln nh bitum, cao su, tn, vng pht, aming, cht do, matit c bit.
S dng b gim rung bng l xo hoc cao su cch rung ng.
Dng phng php ht rung ng bng cch dng cc vt liu n hi do nh cao
su, cht do, si tm bitum, matit v.v...c mun n hi 104 - 105 N/cm2 (Lp ph
cng) bng 103 N/cm2 (lp ph mm) c tn tht trong ln ph cc mt cu kin
dao ng ca my mc.
T ng ho qu trnh cng ngh v p dng h thng iu khin t xa.
B tr cc xng n lm vic vo nhng bui t ngi lm vic.
b/ Gim ting n trn ng lan truyn Ef

Et
p dng cc nguyn tc ht m v cch m.
Nng lng m lan truyn trong khng kh th
mt phn nng lng b phn x mt phn b vt
liu ca kt cu ht v mt phn xuyn qua kt Eh
cu bc x vo phng bn cnh (H.3.3). Ex
S phn x v ht m ph thuc vo tn s v gc ti caH.3.3
sng m, n xy ra do s
bin i c nng m cc phn t khng kh mang theo thnh nhit nng do ma st nht
nng - 2002
ca khng kh trong cc ng nh ca vt liu xp, hoc do ma st trong ca vt liu ch

to cc tm mng chu dao ng di tc dng ca sng m.
Vt liu ht m c cc loi: vt liu c nhiu l nh; vt liu c nhiu l nh t
sau tm c l; kt cu cng hng; nhng tm ht m n.
cch m thng thng l lm v bc ng c, my nn v cc thit b cng
nghip khc.
V bc lm bng kim loi, g, cht do, knh v cc vt liu khc. gim dao
ng truyn t my vo v bc, lin kt gia chng khng lm cng. V bc nn t trn
m cch chn ng lm bng vt liu n hi.
chng ting n kh ng ngi ta c th s dng cc bung tiu m, ng tiu
m v tm tiu m
1 2 2
3
4
1
3
H.3.4. ng tiu m H.3.5. Tm tiu m
1. v ng; 2. vt liu ht m 1. thnh tm; 2. vt liu ht m;
3. ng c l hoc li st 3. tm c l; 4. ng dn hi
c/ Dng phng tin bo v c nhn

Cn s dng cc loi dng c nh ci bt tai lm bng cht do, ci che tai v bao
p tai chng n. chng rung ng s dng cc bao tay c m n hi, giy c
chng rung.
3.4. Phng chng bi trong sn xut

3.4.1. nh ngha v Phn loi bi
a/ nh ngha
Bi l tp hp nhiu ht c kch thc ln, nh khc nhau tn ti lu trong khng
kh di dng bi bay, bi lng v cc h kh dung nhiu pha gm hi, khi, m; khi
nhng ht bi nm l lng trong khng kh gi l aerozon, khi chng ng li trn b
mt vt th no gi l aerogen.
nng - 2002
b/ Phn loi
- Theo ngun gc: bi kim loi (Mn, Si, g st,... ); bi ct, bi g; bi ng vt:
bi lng, bi xng; bi thc vt: bi bng, bi gai; bi ho cht (grafit, bt phn, bt
hn the, bt x phng, vi ...)
- Theo kch thc ht bi:
Bi bay c kch thc t 0,001-10 m; cc ht t 0,1 - 10 m gi l m, cc ht t
0,001 - 0,1 m gi l khi chng chuyn ng Brao trong khng kh.
Bi lng c kch thc >10 m thng gy tc hi cho mt.
- Theo tc hi: Bi gy nhim c (Pb, Hg, benzen...); bi gy d ng; bi gy
ung th nh nha ng, phng x, cc cht brm; bi gy x phi nh bi silic,
aming...
3.4.2 Tc hi ca bi
Bi c tc hi n da, mt, c quan h hp, c quan tiu ho, cc ht bi ny bay
l lng trong khng kh, khi b ht vo phi chng s gy thng tn ng h hp.
Khi chng ta th nh c lng mi v mng nim dch ca ng h hp m nhng
ht bi c kch thc ln hn 5 m b gi li hc mi ti 90%. Cc ht bi kch thc
(25)m d dng theo khng kh vo ti ph qun, ph nang, y bi c cc lp
thc bo bao vy v tiu dit khong 90% na, s cn li ng phi gy nn bnh bi
phi v cc bnh khc (bnh silicose, asbestose, siderose,...).
Bnh phi nhim bi thng gp nhng cng nhn khai thc ch bin, vn
chuyn qung , kim loi, than v.v...
Bnh silicose l bnh do phi b nhim bi silic th khoan , th m, th lm
gm s, vt liu chu la v.v...Bnh ny chim 40 - 70% trong tng s cc bnh v phi.
Ngoi cn c cc bnh asbestose (nhim bi aming), aluminose (bi boxit, t st),
siderose (bi st).
Bnh ng h hp: vim mi, vim hng, ph qun, vim teo mi do bi crm,
asen.
Bnh ngoi da: bi c th dnh bm vo da lm vim da, lm bt kn cc l chn
lng v nh hng n bi tit; bi c th bt cc l ca tuyn nhn gy ra mn; l lot
da; vim mt, gim th lc, mng tht.
Bnh ng tiu ho: Cc loi bi sc cnh nhn vo d dy c th lm tn
thng nim mc d dy, gy ri lon tiu ho.
Bi hot tnh d chy nu nng cao, khi tip xc vi tia la d gy chy, n rt
nguy him.
Bi cn gy ra chn thng mt: bi kim, axit c th gy ra bng gic mc lm
gim th lc.
nng - 2002
3.4.3. Tiu chun nng bi cho php

a/ Bi khng cha Silic
Loi bi Nng bi
(s ht/m3 ) (mg/m3 )
Xi mng, t st, bi v c v hp cht khng c silic, 6
Thuc l , ch, ... 3
Bi khc 1000
b/ Bi cha SiO2
- Vi nng ti a cho php bi ht:
Hm lng Nng bi ton phn Nng bi 5 m
silic (ht/cm3 ) (ht/cm3 )
% Ly theo ca Ly theo Ly theo ca Ly theo
thi im thi im
> 50 - 100 200 600 100 300
> 20 - 50 500 1000 250 500
> 5 - 20 1000 2000 500 1000
5 1500 3000 800 1500
- Nng ti a cho php trng lng:

Hm lng Nng bi ton phn Nng bi 5 m
silic (ht/cm3 ) (ht/cm3 )
% Ly theo ca Ly theo Ly theo ca Ly theo
thi im thi im
100 0,3 0,5 0,1 0,3
> 50 - 100 1,0 2,0 0,5 1,0
> 20 - 50 2,0 4,0 1,0 2,0
> 5 - 20 4,0 8,0 2,0 4,0
1-5 6,0 12,0 3,0 6,0
<1 8,0 16,0 4,0 8,0
3.4.4 Cc bin php phng bi
a/ Bin php k thut

Bao kn thit b v dy chuyn sn xut.
C kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh sn xut sinh bi cng nhn khng phi tip
xc vi bi.
Thay i phng php cng ngh: lm sch bng nc thay cho vic lm sch bng
phun ct.
S dng h thng thng gi, ht bi trong cc phn xng c nhiu bi.
nng - 2002
b/ Bin php y hc
khm v kim tra sc kho nh k, pht hin sm bnh cha tr, phc hi chc
nng lm vic cho cng nhn.
Dng cc phng tin bo v c nhn (qun o, mt n, khu trang).
3.4.5. Lc bi trong sn xut cng nghip

cc nh my sn xut cng nghip lng bi thi vo mi trng khng kh rt
ln nh cc nh my xi mng, nh my dt, nh my luyn kim v.v...
lm sch khng kh trc khi thi ra mi trng, ta phi tin hnh lc sch bi
n gii hn cho php. Ngoi ra c th thu hi cc bi qu.
lc bi, ngi ta s dng nhiu thi b lc bi khc nhau v tu thuc vo bn
cht cc lc tc dng bn trong thit b, ngi ta phn ra cc nhm chnh sau:
Bung lng bi: qu trnh lng xy ra di tc dng ca trng lc.
Thit b lc bi kiu qun tnh: li dng lc qun tnh khi khi thay i chiu hng
chuyn ng tch bi ra khi dng khng kh.
Thit b lc bi kiu ly tm - xiclon: dng lc ly tm y cc ht bi ra xa tm
quay ri chm vo thnh thit b, ht bi b mt ng nng v ri xung di y.
Li lc bng vi, li thp, giy, vt liu rng bng khu s, khu kim loi
v.v...Trong thit b lc bi kiu ny cc lc qun tnh, lc trng trng v c lc
khuyt tn u pht huy tc dng.
Thit b lc bi bng in: di tc dng ca in trng vi in p cao, cc ht bi
c tch in v b ht vo cc bn cc khc du.
Thit b lc bi kiu Xi lon

Xi lon l thit b lc bi, trong nh lc ly tm tch bi ra khi khng kh.
Trn H.3.6. l s cu to ca loi Xiclon n gin nht.
Khng kh mang bi c a vo phn
trn ca xiclon bng ng 1 lp theo phng tip
tuyn vi v ngoi hnh tr 2 ca xiclon. Nh th
dng khng kh s c chuyn ng xon c bn
trong v hnh tr v h dn v pha di. Khi gp
phn y hnh phu 3 dng khng kh b y
ngc tr ln, trong khi n vn gi chuyn
ng xon c, cc ht bi chu tc dng ca lc ly
tm lm cho chng c xu hng tin dn v pha
v hnh tr hoc y hnh phu ri chm vo
thnh thit b v ri xung di. Di y phu
ca xiclon ngi ta c lp van x 5 x bi vo
thng cha. H.3.6. S cu to ca xiclon
nng - 2002
Thng thng di y phu c p sut m, do khi m van 5 khng kh bn

ngoi s b ht vo xiclon t di ln trn v c th lm cho bi lng ng y phu
bay ngc ln trn v theo khng kh thot ra ngoi ng 4 lm mt tc dng ca vic lc
bi. trnh tnh trng trn ngi ta dng van kp, trc khi x bi ta ng kn van 5a
ri m van di 5b.
3.5. Chiu sng trong sn xut

3.5.1 Mt s khI nim v nh sng v sinh l mt ngi
a/ Mt s khi nim v nh sng
L nhn t ngoi cnh rt quan trng i vi sc kho v kh nng lm vic ca
cng nhn. Trong sinh hot v lao ng con mt i hi phi c chiu sng thch hp.
Chiu sng thch hp trnh mt mi th gic, trnh tai nn lao ng v bnh ngh nghip.
nh sng thy c: l nhng bc x photon c bc sng trong khong 380 m
n 760 m ng vi cc di mu tm, lam, xanh, lc, vng, da cam, hng, ...
Mt chng ta nhy vi bc x n sc mu vng lc = 555 m. nh gi
sng t ca cc loi bc x khc nhau, ngi ta ly sng tng i ca bc x vng
lc lm chun so snh.
Quang thng (): l i lng nh gi kh nng pht sng ca vt, l phn cng
sut bc x c kh nng gy ra cm gic sng cho th gic ca con ngi. n v o l
lumen.
Nu gi cng sut bc x nh sng n sc ca vt l F, th quang thng do
chm tia n sc gy ra l: = C.F.V (trong V - sng t tng i ca nh
sng n sc ; C - hng s ph thuc vo n v o, nu quang thng c o bng
lumen (lm), cng sut bc x F o bng watt th hng s C = 638).
Quang thng ca mt vi ngun sng:
n dy tc nung 60 w = 850 lm.
n dy tc nung 100 w = 1600 lm.
Cng sng (I):

Quang thng ca mt ngun sng ni chung phn b khng u theo cc phng
do c trng cho kh nng pht sng theo cc phng khc nhau ca ngun ngi
ta dng i lng cng sng.
Cng sng theo phng n l mt quang thng bc x phn b theo phng
n . Cng sng In l t s gia lng quang thng bc x d trn vi phn gc khi
d theo phng n:
d
s
d
nng - 2002
d
In = .
d
n v cng nh sng l candela (cd).
- gc khi
ri (E):
ri l i lng nh gi sng ca mt b mt c chiu sng. ri
ti mt im M trn b mt c chiu sng l mt quang thng ca lung nh sng
ti im :
d lumen
EM = ; c n v l lux = . My o nh sng l luxmet
dS m2
Nng gia tra: 100.000 lux.
Tri nhiu my: 1.000 lux.
c sch: 30 lux
lm vic tinh vi: 500 lux.
li xe: 0,5 lux.
chi (B):
chi nhn theo phng n l t s gia cng pht sng pheo phng n
trn din tch hnh chiu mt sng xung mt phng thng gc vi phng n:
dI n
Bn = . dIn
dS cos
candela
n v o chi l nt: nt = .
m2
N
chi ca mt vi vt:
i chi nh nht mt ngi c th nhn bit: 10-6 nt (nit).
Mt tri gia tra: : 2.109 nt.
Dy tc ca bng n : 106 nt.
n neon : 1000 nt.
b/ Quan h gia chiu sng v s nhn ca mt

nh sng yu cu va phi, khng qu sng lm lo mt, gy u c cng thng;
hoc qu ti, khng sng, nhn khng r cng d gy tai nn. Nhu cu nh sng i
vi mt s trng hp c th nh sau: Phng c sch: 200 lux; xng dt: 300 lux; ni
sa cha ng h: 400 lux.
S nhn r ca mt lin h trc tip vi nhng yu t sinh l ca mt, cn phn
bit th gic ban ngy v th gic hong ban m.
nng - 2002
Th gic ban ngy:

Th gic ban ngy lin h vi s kch thch ca t bo hu sc. Khi ri E ln,
vi E 10 lux (nh sng ban ngy) th t bo hu sc cho cm gic mu sc v phn bit
chi tit ca vt quan st. Nh vy khi ri E 10 lux th th gic ban ngy lm vic.
Th gic ban m:
Th gic ban ngy lin h vi s kch thch ca t bo v sc. Khi ri E 10 lux
(nh sng ban m) th t bo v sc lm vic.
Thng thng 2 th gic ng thi tc dng vi mc khc nhau, nhng E
0,01 lux th ch c t bo v sc lm vic. Khi E = 0,01 10 lux th c 2 t bo cng lm
vic.
Qu trnh thch nghi

Khi chuyn t ri ln qua ri nh, t bo v sc khng th t ngay hot
ng cc i m cn c thi gian quen dn, thch nghi v ngc li t ti sang trng
sng mt cng cn thi gian nht nh, thi gian gi chung l thi gian thch nghi.
Thi gian khong 15 - 20 pht t trng sng qua ti cn ngc lI th khong 8 - 10
pht.
Tc phn gii ca mt
Qu trnh nhn bit mt vt ca mt khng xy ra ngay lp tc m phI qua mt
thi gian no . Tc phn gii ph thuc vo ci v ri sng trn vt quan st.
Tc phn gii tng nhanh t ri bng 0 n 1200 lux sau tng khng ng k.
Ngi ta nh gi kh nng phn gii
ca mt bng gc nhn ti thiu ng m mt
c th nhn thy c vt. Mt c kh nng
phn gii trung bnh ngha l c kh nng
nhn bit c 2 vt nh nht di gc nhn
ng = 1 trong iu kin chiu sng tt.
a/ tng phn gia vt quan st v nn

T l chi gia vt quan st v nn ch mc khc nhau v cng sng
gia vt quan st v nn ca n.
T l ny biu th bng h s tng phn K:
Bv Bn B
K= =
Bn Bn
Trong : Bn - chi ca nn; Bv - chi ca vt.
Gi tr K nh nht m mt c th phn bit c vt quan st gi l phn bit
nh nht Kmin v gi l ngng tng phn v bng 0,01. Nghch o ca n gi l
nhy tng phn Smin c trng cho nhy ca mt khi quan st.
nng - 2002
nhy tng phn ph thuc vo

mt v vi mc kh ln, ph thuc vo
chi ca nn (xem hnh bn).
chi ca nn b, tng phn
tng kh nhanh v t cc i khi Bn = 103
nit, Bn tng ln na nhy tng phn
gim v gim nhanh, v khi chi
gy ra hin tng lo mt.
3.5.2. k thut chiu sng

Trong sn xut ngi ta thng dng hai ngun sng: nh sng t nhin v nh
sng in. nh sng mt tri v bu tri sinh ra l nh sng c sn, thch hp v c tc
dng tt v mt sinh l i vi con ngi, song tht thng ph thuc vo thi tit thin
nhin.
ri do nh sng tn x ca bu tri gy ra trn mt t v ma h t n
60.000 - 70.000 lux; v ma ng cng t ti 8.000 lux.
Dng in th c th iu chnh c nh sng mt cch ch ng nhng li rt
tn km.
a/ Chiu sng t nhin

nh sng mt tri khi chiu xung mt t i xuyn qua lp kh quyn b cc ht
trong tng khng kh hp th nn cc tia truyn thng (trc x) mt mt b yu i, mt
khc b cc ht khuyt tn sinh ra ng sng tn x lm cho bu tri sng ln.
Bc x trc tip l nhng tia truyn thng xung mt t to nn ri trc x Etx.
Trong vm tri thng xuyn c nhng ht l lng trong kh quyn lm khuych tn v
tn x nh sng mt tri to nn ngun nh sng khuych tn vi ri Ekt. Ngoi ra c
s phn x ca mt t v cc b mt xung quanh ta c ri do phn x Ep. Nh vy
1 ni quang ng v mt im bt k no ngoi nh ri s l:
Eng = Etx + Ekt + Ep
ri Eng thay i thng xuyn theo tng gi, tng ngy, tng thng, tng nm
v theo tng v tr a l tng vng, theo thi tit kh hu v th nh sng trong phng
cng thay i theo.
H thng ca chiu sng trong nh cng nghip thng dng l ca s, ca tri
(ca mi), ca s ca tri hn hp. Ca s chiu sng thng dng l loi ca s mt
tng, ca s nhiu tng, ca s lin tc hoc gin on. Ca tri chiu sng l loi ca
tri hnh ch nht, hnh M, hnh thang, hnh chm cu, hnh rng ca v.v...
Do iu kin kh hu nc ta, thch hp nht l kiu mi hnh rng ca l tt
nht.
nng - 2002
Thit k chiu sng t nhin cho phng phi da vo c im v tnh cht ca n,

yu cu thng gi thot nhit vi nhng gii php che ma nng m chn hnh thc ca
chiu sng thch hp.
Cn tnh ton din tch ca ly nh sng y , cc ca phn b u, cn chn
hng b tr ca Bc-Nam; ca chiu sng t v hng bc, ca thng gi m rng v
pha nam trnh chi lo, phi c kt cu che chn hoc iu chnh c mc chiu
sng.
Din tch ca chiu sng tnh theo sch K thut bo h lao ng.
Bc Bc
Ca chiu sng tt Ca chiu sng tt, thng gi tt
b/ Chiu sng nhn to

Chiu sng in cho sn xut phi to ra trong phng mt ch nh sng m
bo iu kin nhn r, nhn tinh v phn gii nhanh cc vt nhn ca mt trong qu trnh
lao ng.
Ngun sng: n in chiu sng thng dng n nung nng, n hunh quang,
n thu ngn cao p.
- n nung sng: Pht sng theo nguyn l cc vt rn khi c nung trn 5000C
s pht sng. Loi n ny c nhiu loi vi cng sut 1 - 1.500 W, n nung sng rt
ph hp vi tm sinh l con ngi v cha nhiu mu , vng, li r tin d ch to, d
bo qun v s dng.
- n hunh quang: l ngun sng nh phng in trong cht kh, c nhiu loi
nh n thu ngn thp, cao p; n hunh quang thp cao p; v cc n phng in
khc. Chng c u im hiu sut pht sng cao, thi gian s dng di, c quang ph
gn ging nh sng ban ngy. Tuy nhin gi thnh cao, s dng phc tp hn, li kh
nhn.
Phng thc chiu sng c bn:

Chiu sng chung: trong ton phng c mt h thng chiu sng t trn xung gy
ra mt chi khng gian nht nh v mt ri nht nh trn ton b cc mt
phng lao ng.
nng - 2002
Chiu sng cc b: chia khng gian ln ca phng ra nhiu khng gian nh, mi
khng gian nh c mt ch chiu sng khc nhau.
Chiu sng hn hp: va chiu sng chung va kt hp vi chiu sng cc b.
3.6. Thng gi trong cng nghip
3.6.1. mc ch ca thng gi cng nghip

Mi trng khng kh c tnh cht quyt nh i vi vic to ra cm gic d chu,
khng b ngt ngt khng b nng bc hay qu lnh.
Mi trng lm vic lun b nhim bi cc hi m, bi bn, cc cht kh do h
hp thi ra v bi tit ca con ngi: CO2, NH3, hi nc, ...
Ngoi ra cn cc cht kh khc do qu trnh sn xut sinh ra nh CO, NO2, cc hi
axt, baz, cho nn thng gi c 2 mc ch ht sc quan trng: l chng nng v kh
bi, kh hi kh c, m bo cho mi trng lm vic trong sch.
3.6.2. Cc bin php thng gi

a/ Thng gi t nhin
Thng gi t nhin l trng hp thng gi m s lu thng khng kh t bn
ngoi vo nh v t trong nh thot ra ngoi thc hin c nh nhng yu t t nhin
nh nhit tha v gi.
S dng v b tr hp l cc ca vo v gi ra. Cc ca c cu to l chp khp m
c lm l hng dng v thay i din tch ca. Nh vy ta c th thay i c
hng v hiu chnh c lu lng gi vo, ra.
b/ Thng gi c kh (nhn to)

Thng gi c kh l thng gi c s dng my qut chy bng ng c in
lm khng kh vn chuyn t ch ny n ch khc. Trong thc t thng dng h thng
thng gi c kh thi vo v h thng thng gi c kh ht ra.
3.6.3. Cc loi h thng thng gi

a/ H thng thng gi chung
L h thng thng gi thi vo hoc ht ra c phm vi tc dng trong ton b
khng gian ca phn xng. N phi c kh nng kh nhit tha v cc cht c hi to
ra trong phn xng. C th s dng thng gi t nhin hoc c kh.
nng - 2002
b/ H thng thng gi cc b
l h thng thng gi c phm vi tc dng trong tng vng hp ring bit ca phn
xng.
H thng thi cc b: gi l hoa sen khng kh, thng c b tr thi khng kh
sch v mt vo nhng v tr thao tc c nh ca cng nhn, m ti to nhiu kh
hi c hi v nhiu nhit.
H thng ht cc b: l h thng dng ht cc cht c hi ngay ti ngun sn
sinh ra chng v thi ra ngoi, khng cho lan to ra cc vng chung quanh trong phn
xng. y l bin php thng gi tch cc v trit nht kh c hi.
3.6.4. Lc sch bi trong khng kh

Trong cc nh m x nghip sn xut v d cc nh my ho hc, cc nh my
luyn kim v.v.. thi ra mt lng khng kh v hi c hi i vi sc kho con ngi v
ng thc vt. V vy m bo mi trng trong sch, cc kh thi cng nghip trc
khi thi ra bu kh quyn cn c lc ti nhng nng cho php. C cc phng php
lm sch kh thi sau:
Phng php ngng t: ch p dng khi p sut hi ring phn trong hn hp kh cao,
nh khi cn thng cc thit b, thng van an ton.
Phng php t chy c xc tc: to thnh CO2 v H2O c th t chy tt c cc
cht hu c, tr kh thi ca nh my tng hp hu c, ch bin du m v.v...
Phng php hp th: cht hp th l nc, sn php hp th khng nguy him nn c
th thi ra ngoi cng rnh.
Phng php hp ph: thng dng silicagen hp th kh v hi c. Cng c th
dng than hot tnh cc loi, thng dng lm sch cc cht hu c rt c.
lc sch bi trong cc phn xng ngi ta thng dng cc h thng ht bi
Xiclon. Khng kh mang bi c ht vo xiclon ti chng c lc sch bi v thi
ra khng kh sch.
3.7. nh hng ca cc iu kin lao ng khc

T th lm vic khng thun li: khi ngi gh thp m tay phi vi cao hn, Ni
lm vic cht hp to nn th ng khng thun li , lm vic t th lun ng,
lun vn ngi v mt pha no , ...
V tr lm vic kh khn: trn cao, di nc, trong nhng hm su, khng gian lm
vic cht hp, v tr lm vic gn ni nguy him nn b khng ch tm vi, khng ch
cc chuyn ng,...
Cc dng sn xut c bit: v d tip xc vi cc my truyn nhn tin lun chu nh
hng ca sng in t, lm vic lu bn my vi tnh, tip xc vi cc loi keo dn
c bit, lm vic nhng ni c in cao th, c sng v tuyn v.v...
nng - 2002
Chng 4
K thut an ton lao ng

4.1. Khi nim chung v cc yu t nguy him v bin
php phng nga
4.1.1. cc yu t nguy him gy chn thng trong sn xut

Cc b phn v c cu sn xut: c cu chuyn ng, trc, khp ni truyn ng,
g, cc b phn chuyn ng tnh tin.
Cc mnh dng c, vt liu gia cng vng bn ra: dng c ct, mi, phI, chi tit
gia cng v.v..
in git ph thuc cc yu t nh cng dng in, ng i ca dng in qua
c th, thi gian tc ng, c im c th v.v..
Cc yu t v nhit: kim loi nng chy,vt liu c nung nng, thit b nung, kh
nng, hi nc nng .. c th lm bng cc b phn ca c th.
Cht c cng nghip.
Cc cht lng hot tnh: cc axt v kim n mn.
Bi cng nghip: gy cc tn thng c hc, bi c hay nhim c sinh ra cc bnh
ngh nghip, chy n, hoc m in gy ngn mch.
Nguy him n: n ho hc v n vt l.
Nhng yu t nguy him khc: lm vic trn cao khng eo dy an ton, vt ri t
trn cao xung, trt trn vp ng khi i li.
nng - 2002
4.1.2. cc nguyn nhn gy chn thng trong sn xut

a/ Nguyn nhn k thut
My, trang b sn xut, qu trnh cng ngh cha ng cc yu t nguy him, c hi:
tn ti cc khu vc nguy him, bi kh c, hn hp n, n, rung, bc x c hi, in
p nguy him v.v..
My, trang b sn xut c thit k, kt cu khng thch hp vi c im tm sinh
l ca ngi s dng.
bn ca chi tit my khng m bo gy s c trong qu trnh s dng.
Thiu thit b che chn an ton: cc b phn chuyn ng, vng c in p nguy
him, bc x mnh..
Thiu h thng pht tn hiu an ton, cc c cu phng nga qu ti nh van an ton,
phanh hm, c cu khng ch hnh trnh.
Thiu s kim nghim cc thit b p lc trc khi a vo s dng.
Thiu hoc khng s dng cc phng tin bo v c nhn.
b/ Cc nguyn nhn v t chc-k thut

T chc ch lm vic khng hp l: cht hp, t th thao tc kh khn..
B tr my, trang b sai nguyn tc, s c trn my ny c th gy nguy him cho
nhau.
Thiu phng tin c chng cho ngi lao ng lm vic ph hp..
T chc hun luyn, gio dc BHL khng t yu cu.
c/ Cc nguyn nhn v sinh

Vi phm cc yu cu v v sinh cng nghip khi thit k nh my hay phn xng
sn xut.
iu kin vi kh hu xu, vi phm tiu chun cho php.
Chiu sng ch lm vic khng hp l, n rung vt qu tiu chun.
Trang b bo h c nhn khng m bo ng yu cu s dng ca ngi lao ng.
Khng thc hin nghim chnh cc yu cu v sinh c nhn.
4.1.3. Cc bin php v phng tin k thut an ton c bn

a/ Bin php d phng tnh n con ngi
Thao tc lao ng, nng v mang vc nng ng nguyn tc an ton, trnh cc t th
ci, gp ngi, lom khom, vn mnh.. gi ct sng thng, trnh vi chn thng ct
sng v.v..
m bo khng gian thao tc vn ng trong tm vi ti u: t th lm vic, Iu
kin thun li vi cc c cu iu khin, gh ngi ph hp.
nng - 2002
m bo iu kin th gic: kh nng nhn r qu trnh lm vic, nhn r cc phng

tin thng tin, c cu iu khin, cc k hiu, biu , mu sc.
m bo iu kin s dng thng tin thnh gic, xc gic.
m bo ti trng th lc, tm l ph hp, trnh qu ti hay n iu.
b/ Thit b che chn an ton

Thit b an ton l nhng dng c thit b nhm phng nga nhng tai nn c th
xy ra trong sn xut. Nh c thit b an ton m cng nhn c bo v khi b nh
hng ca cc nhn t c hi trong qu trnh sn xut: nh phng x, bc x,...
Thit b che chn an ton l thit b ngn cch ngi lao ng vi vng nguy
him, cch ly cc b phn quay, chuyn ng c th gy nguy him cho ngi lao ng
cng nh khng cho cng nhn tip xc hoc i vo vng nguy him. Thit b che chn
c th cc tm kn, li hoc ro chn.
C th chia thnh 2 loi: tm thi v c nh.
Thit b che chn tm thi c s dng nhng ni lm vic khng n nh. V d
nhng ni ang sa cha, lp t thit b, ...
Che chn c nh i vi cc b phn chuyn ng ca my nh dy cua-roa, cc b
truyn bnh rng, xch, vt quay, trc truyn, cc khp truyn ng,... Loi kn c cc
dng hp gim tc, hp tc , bn xe dao,...Loi h dng cho nhng c cu cn theo
di, xem xt s lm vic ca cc chi tit pha bn trong v thng c lm bng li
st hoc bng thp tm ri bt vt vo khung che chn b truyn ai, chn xch v
cc c cu con ln cp phi, ...
c/ Thit b v c cu phng nga

y l cc c cu phng s c ca thit b c lin quan n iu kin an ton
ca cng nhn. S c v hng hc ca thit b c th do cc nguyn nhn k thut khc
nhau. N c th do qu ti, do b phn chuyn ng i qu v tr gii hn, do nhit
, vn tc chuyn ng, cng dng in vt qu gi tr gii hn cho php.
Nhim v ca c cu phng nga l t ng ngt my, thit b, hoc b phn ca
my khi c mt thng s no vt qu gi tr gii hn cho php.
Theo kh nng phc hi li s lm vic ca thit b c cu phng nga c chia
ra lm 3 loi:
Cc h thng c th t ng phc hi kh nng lm vic khi thng s kim tra
gim n mc quy nh nh ly hp ma st, r le nhit, ly hp vu, l xo, van an ton
kiu i trng hoc l xo, v.v...V d: Cc loi ly hp an ton c tc dng ct chuyn
ng ca xch truyn ng, trc quay khi my qu ti, ri li t ng ng chuyn
ng ca xch truyn ng khi ti trng tr v mc bnh thng. Ly hp an ton c u
im hn cc cht ct v then ct qu ti v chng khng b ph hng m ch b trt.
Cc h thng phc hi kh nng lm vic bng cch thay th c mi nh cu ch,
cht ct, then ct...Cc b phn ny hng yu nht ca h thng.
nng - 2002
Cc h thng phc hi kh nng lm vic bng tay: R le ng ngt in, cu dao

in, v.v...
Khng mt my mc thit b no c coi l hon thin v a vo hot ng nu
khng c cc thit b phng nga thch hp.
d/ Cc c cu iu khin v phanh hm
C cu iu khin gm cc nt m, ng my, h thng tay gt, cc v lng iu
khin, v.v...cn phi lm vic tin cy, d vi tay ti, d phn bit, v.v... i vi nhng
nm quay c ng knh nh hn 20 mm, mmen ln nht khng nn qu 1,5 N.m.
Cc tay quay cn quay nhanh, ti trng t khng nn qu 20 N; cc tay gt cc hp
tc lc yu cu khng nn qu 120 N. Cc nt bm iu khin nn sn mu
phn bit. Nt bm m my nn sn mu en hoc xanh v lm tht vo thn hp 3
mm, tri li nt bm ngng my nn sn v lm th ra 3-5 mm.
Phanh hm l b phn dng cho hm nhanh nhng b phn ang chuyn ng ca
my c th ngn chn kp thi nhng trng hp hng hc hoc tai nn. Yu cu
c cu phanh phi gn, nh, nhanh nhy, khng b trt, khng b kt,... Phanh khng
b rn nt, khng t ng ng m khi khng c s iu khin.
Kha lin ng l c cu t ng loi tr kh nng gy ra nguy him cho thit b v
cng nhn trong khi s dng my nu v mt l do no thao tc khng ng cc
nguyn tc an ton. Kho lin ng c th dng in, c kh, thu lc, in-c kt
hp hoc dng t bo quang in. V d: my hn khi cha ng ca che chn, khi
qut lm mt cha lm vic th my khng lm vic c.
iu khin t xa: c tc dng a ngi lao ng ra khi vng nguy him ng thi
gim nh iu kin lao ng nng nhc nh iu khin ng m hoc Iu chnh cc
van trong cng nghip ho cht, iu khin sn xut t phng iu khin trung tm
nh my in...
/ Tn hiu an ton
L cc thit b pht ra tn hiu nhm bo trc nguy c h hng my, hay c s
trc trc khi vn hnh my sp xy ra cng nhn kp phng v thi x l. Tn hiu
c th bng nh sng (mu sc) v tn hiu bng m thanh.
Tn hiu bng mu sc thng dng trong giao thng: n , xanh, vng; thit b
in ( l c in nguy him hay mc in p cao nguy him, xanh l an ton; nhit
cao th n sng , ...).
Tn hiu m thanh thng s dng l ci, chung dng cho cc xe nng h qua li,
cc phng tin giao thng vn ti, chung bo hiu tu sp chy qua, chung bo ng
khi c s c, ...
e/ Bin bo phng nga
nng - 2002
L cc bng bo hiu cho ngi lao ng bit ni nguy him cn thn khi i
quan li hay cm qua li. C 3 loi:
Bng bin bo hiu: Nguy him cht ngi STOP ;
Bng cm: Khu vc cao p, cm n gn, cm ng in ang sa cha ,
Cm ht thuc l ...
Bng hng dn: Khu vc lm vic, khu vc cm ht thuc l, hng dn ng m
cc thit b, ...
f/ Phng tin bo v c nhn:

L nhng vt dng dnh cho cng nhn s dng nhm bo v c th khi b tc
ng ca cc yu t nguy him v c phn theo cc nhm chnh:
Trang b bo v mt: knh bo h trong sut, knh mu, knh hn;
Trang b bo v c quan h hp: khu trang, mt n phng c, mt n c phin lc,...
Bo v thnh gic: nt tai chng n, chp ta chng n.
Bo v u: cc loi m mm, cng, m cho cng nhn hm l, m chng ma nng,
m chng chay, m chng va chm mnh, m vi, m nha, m st,...
Bo v tay: gng tay cc loi, bo v chn: dy, ng, dp cc loi, bo v thn: o
qun bo h loi thng, loi chng nng, chng chy,...
g/ Kim nghim d phng thit b

Kim nghim bn tin cy ca my, thit b, cng trnh, cc b phn ca
chng trc khi a vo s dng.
Mc ch ca kim nghim d phng l nh gi cht lng ca thit b v cc
mt tnh nng, bn v tin cy quyt nh a thit b vo s dng hay khng.
Kim nghim d phng c tin hnh nh k, hoc sau nhng k sa cha, bo
dng. V d:
Th nghim tin cy ca phanh hm.
Th nghim bn, kn kht ca thit b p lc, ng ng, van an ton.
Th nghim cch in ca cc dng c k thut in v phng tin bo v c nhn.
4.2. Nhng yu cu chung v an ton khi thit k cc c

s sn xut
4.2.1. An ton khi thit k tng mt bng

a/ Yu cu v sinh
nng - 2002
Khi chn vng t x nghip, b tr cc ngi nh v cng trnh trn phi ch ti

hng mt tri v hng gi chnh, m bo iu kin chiu sng t nhin, thng gi
cc phng tt v chng bc x mt tri.
Cc phn xng trong qu trnh sn xut lm thot ra khng kh cc loi hi kh c
phi b tr v cui hng gi i vi vng dn c gn nht v cch mt khong t 50
- 1000 m tu loi x nghip.
Khong cch v sinh t cc kho vt liu nhiu bi n cc nh sinh hot khng t hn
50 m; cc ng giao thng i li trong x nghip phi b tr theo ng thng, c
mi tn ch ng, bng hng dn v tn hiu an ton.
ng phi rng cho cc phng tin vn chuyn. Dc hai bn ng phi c
va h cho ngi i, chiu rng ti thiu l 1,5 mt. Va h phi lt gch hoc b
tng v va h phi cch ng tu ti thiu l 3mt.
Cn b tr cc h thng cng thot nc i km cc ng i li trong x nghip.
Ming cc cng hm, ho thot nc cn c np chc chn y hoc cc ro ngn
cch bo v.
Cc phng v sinh, h x khng cch ni sn xut qu 100m v phi s lng theo
tiu chun. Nh tiu nam n xy ring. Cng cn c phng ht thuc ring cho cng
nhn nghin thuc. Phng ht thuc b tr khng xa qu 100 m so vi ni sn xut.
Ngoi ra, cn b tr phng ngh cho ph n. Phng ngh t xut v tm thi cho ph
n nn b tr gn trm y t v c t thuc, ging ng, vi nc v c ca cch
m.
b/ Yu cu an ton phng chy n

Khong cch an ton phng chy phi m bo theo quy phm v d khong cch
t kho cha xng du n cc cng trnh hay phn xng t 30-50 m; khong cch t
trm cc bnh cha kh chy dung tch 1000 m3 tr ln n cc phn xng t 100-
150 m; bo v cc b cha, khu vc kho cha cc cht lng chy, ngng ta o xung
quanh cc knh rng 2m, su 1m.
4.2.2. An ton khi thit k cc phn xng sn xut

Khi thit bt k phn xng sn xut no cng cn ch ti cc yu cu sau:
Kch thc, din tch, th tch, chiu cao phn xng, cu to mt bng phn xng,
b tr din tch lm vic, my mc, thit b, dng c, nguyn vt liu, v.v...phi hp l
m bo an ton. Chiu cao ca phng sn xut khng thp hn 3,2 m; tng ngm,
phng kho ln hn 2,2 m. Khong cch gia cc my > 1m, gia cc thit b chuyn
ng v nguy him ln n 1,5-2 m; khong cch gia cc hng thit b phi cha li
qua li rng t nht 2,5 m.
Cao ro, sch s, sng sa: thng gi thot hi tt, li dng c nh sng t nhin
tt.
Cch m, cch rung ng, cch nhit tt.
nng - 2002
Cc kt cu v xy dng ca phn xng phi bn chc v mt chu lc.

Ca ra vo ca cc phn xng phi b tr rng v thun tin phn tn cng
nhn nhanh nht phng khi xy ra cc tai nn chy, n nguy him.
Trong vic b tr hng trc ca gian nh, trnh chi nng tt nht l b tr ng
trc nh theo hng ng-Ty. thng gi c tt th ng trc nh nn b tr
mt gc 450 vi hng gi chnh trong nm ca vng t xng.
Cc phn xng c n qu 90dB phi ring hoc c lp cch m. Cc thit b
k thut sinh hi c hi c bit phi b tr ngoi nh sn xut.
Hnh lang, ng hm cho ngi qua li phi b tr ngn nht, trnh cc li ngot
v cc bc ln xung trnh va chm bt ng, bc ht gy tai nn.
4.2.3. Cp thot nc v lm sch nc thi

Nc sau khi khi s dng trong sn xut, nc thi sinh hot, nc ma ri trn
mt t thng b nhim bn, cha nhiu tp cht hu c, v c v vi trng, do phi
c thi ra khi x nghip, ng thi phi lm sch nc trc khi thi ra sng m
bo v sinh cho ngun nc v sc kho cho nhn dn.
4.3. k thut an ton c kh

4.3.1. Nhng nguyn nhn gy ra chn thng trong c kh
a/ Trong gia cng ngui
Hin nay phn ln cc i tng gia cng ngui c tin hnh sn xut th cng
l ch yu; 1 phn khc gia cng trn cc my bn t ng v t ng. Cc nguyn nhn
ch yu c th gy ra tai nn lao ng nh sau:
Cc dng c cm tay nh ca st, da, c, va chm vo ngi lao ng.
Mt phn cc my n gin (my p c nh, my khoan bn, mi my v.v...) c
kt cu khng m bo bn, thiu ng b, thiu cc c cu an ton v.v...
Do ngi lao ng dng u cc dng c cm tay nh ba long cn, cha kho khng
ng c, ming cha bin dng khng cn song song nhau.
G kp chi tit trn bn cp ( t) khng cn thn, khng ng k thut, b tr cc
bn ngui khng ng k thut, gia hai bn cp i din khng c li bo v;
mi c g lp vo my khng cn, khng c knh chn bo v hoc t th ng
mi chi tit khng n trnh c phng quay ca mi, mi cc vt c khi lng ln
li t mnh v.v...C th gy ra cc tai nn.
T th ng ca, da, c v.v...trong khi lm ngui c kh ni chung khng ng
(nh t th ng thng chn c th gy au vng tht lng v sau gy do tc dng ca
rung cng hng i vi c th. Nu ng khng ngay lng c th dn ti bnh vo ct
sng).
nng - 2002
Vic g tn mng i km cc ng tc ct, dp trc khi em g. dng gia cng

ny, tai nn lao ng thng xut hin di dng chn tay b ca t. Khi thao tc cc
my t, dp nu v c th b dp tay hoc t c vi ngn tay hoc nghin c bn tay,
c th b suy nhc th lc, gim kh nng nghe, au u, chong v.v...
b/ trong gia cng ct gt

My tin chim t l cao (40%) v my tin c s dng kh ph bin, tc cao,
phoi ra nhiu v lin tc, phoi ra thnh dy di, qun v vng ra xung quanh, phoi c
nhit cao, phoi vn c th bn vo ngi ng pha i din ngi ang gia
cng.
Do my chuyn ng quay nn n cng nhn phi cun tc gn hoc phi ct ngn.
Cc c cu truyn ng nh bnh rng, dy cu roa,... cng c th gy ra tai nn.
Khi khoan c th b trt, mi khoan lp khng cht c th vng ra,...
Bn g kp khng cht lm cho vt gia cng b ri ra
Khi mi, phoi kim loi nng c th bn vo ngi nu ng khng ng v tr ,
mi c th v, tay cm khng chc hoc khong cch ngn lm cho mi c th tip
xc vo tay cng nhn.
o qun cng nhn khng ng c, khng gn gng v.v...c th b qun vo my v
gy nn tai nn.
c/ Trong gia cng nng

Khi c nghit cao nh vy ngoi bc x nhit, nc gang thp cn pht ra tia t
ngoi c nng lng ln, c th gy vim mt, bng da.
Tai nn ph bin ca khu c l b bng do nc kim loi bn to vo c th hoc do
cc vt tip xc vi nc kim loi khng c bong kh hoc do khun c cha sy
kh nn hi m bm trn cc vt b nc thp lm cho bc hi mnh s gy bn
to lm bng ngi lao ng.
Trong vic x l cc ba via ca cc vt c cng d b xay xt chn tay do mt x x
v sc cnh ca vt c gy nn.
Trong hn kim loi:

Khi hn in c th b in git l hin tng gy nguy him nht cho tnh mng ca
con ngi khi hn in.
H quang hn thng c nhit rt cao (vi nghn ), h quang hn c bc x
rt mnh d lm chy bng da, lm au mt,...Khi hn kim loi lng bn to nhiu d
gy bng da th hn hay nhng ngi xung quanh
Ngn la h quang hn cn c th gy chy, n cc vt xung quanh cho nn cn t
ni hn xa nhng vt d bt la, d chy n. Mi trng lm vic ca th hn c
nhiu kh c hi v bi sinh ra khi chy que hn nh: CO2, F2, bi mng gan, bi
xit km,... rt c hi cho h h hp & cho sc kho ca cng nhn. Khi hn cc v
nng - 2002
tr kh khn nh hn trong ng, nhng ni cht chi, nhiu bi, gn ni m thp, khi
hn trn cao,...
Khi hn hi, trnh cc trng hp gy ra chy, n khi s dng cc bnh cha kh
nn hn. Cc vt bn, du m, cht d bt la trn cc dy dn kh, van kh, ... d
gy chy, sinh ra n bnh hoc sinh ra ho hon.
Trong gia cng p lc:

Khi rn tai nn lao ng c th xy ra do nhit cao, do dng c gia cng v phi
rn dp, ...Cc vy st nng bn vo.
Do va chm vi vt rn ang nng nhit cao (c th trn1000 oC), nhit kt
thc gia cng vn cn cao khong 700 oC nn cng nhn d v s vo.
Do cn ba tra vo khng cht nn ba d b vng ra, va chm khi quai ba. Do km
kp khng cht lm cho vt rn b ri ra khi ly ra khi l.
Trong nhit luyn, m in:

D b bng do tip xc vi vt ang nhit cao, d b nhim c do mi trng
nhit luyn: Xianua NaCN, KCN cht hay dng khi thm ccbon v nit
Khi m in do tc dng ca cc cht in phn; nh hng ca cc dung dch in
phn khi m: axit, xianua, xt (NaOH), CrO3, c th gy bng da, hu hoi da do xt
hay axit, nc nng,...Trong phn xng m cn ch tc dng ca dng in m v
ngun in m. Mi trng ho cht c nhiu ho cht c hi : xit crm, dung dch
in phn,...
4.3.2. Nhng bin php an ton trong c kh

Ngy nay my mc hin i ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong tt c cc
ngnh ca nn kinh t quc dn. Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng mt tch cc ca n th my
mc cng c th l nguyn nhn ca nhng tai nn do: my khng hon chnh, ch to
sai quy cch hoc do my c xy dng nhng v tr khng ph hp...
thc hin thit k tt, trc ht phi trang b cc kin thc cn thit v cng tc
an ton lao ng cho ngi thit k. T m c cc bin php trong khu thit k cc
c cu iu khin cho my, hay thc hin nhng quy trnh sn xut m bo an ton.
y l iu d phng v m bo an ton t gc.
a/ Cng tc an ton trong khu thit k my

Khi thit k my phi m bo my lm vic an ton, to iu kin thun li cho
ngi s dng, phi tun theo cc vn sau:
My thit k phi ph hp vi th lc v cc c im ca ngi s dng. Phi tnh
n kh nng iu khin ca con ngi, ph hp vi tm vc ngi, tm vi tay,
chiu cao, chn ng, tm nhn quan st xung quanh, kh nng nghe c v.v...
nng - 2002
My thit k phi to c t th lm vic thoi mi, trnh gy cho ngi s dng

t th g b, chng mi mt, ...
Hnh thc, kt cu my, mu sn cng nn chn cho c tnh thm m v ph hp vi
tm sinh l ngi lao ng, to cm gic d chu khi lm vic, d phn bit khi dng,
...
Cc b phn my phi d quan st, kim tra, lp rp v sa cha , bo dng,...Phi
ch b tr trng tm ca my cho chun, gi vng vng, ... m bo cho my
lm vic n nh.
Phi thit k cc c cu bao che, c cu t ngt, c cu phanh, hm. Phi c cc c
cu an ton nh n hiu, pht tn hiu m thanh (chung reo,...) hay cc ng h
bo cc ch s trong phm vi an ton. Cc c cu phi b tr thun li cho thao tc,
trnh nhm ln khi s dng.
b/ K thut an ton khi lp rp sa cha my, th my .

Khi lp rp th lin quan n vic s dng cc dng c, thit b lp rp my: my
p, my hn, cc loi ba, cc loi da, c st, cho nn cn thit phi m bo:
An ton khi di chuyn, tho lp, ch kim tra sau khi lp rp.
Vic sa cha bo dng nh k hoc t xut phi bo cho c cng bit. Ch
nhng cng nhn c in, c qua hun luyn mi sa cha, iu chnh my mc
thit b.
Trc khi sa cha, iu chnh phi ngt ngun in, tho ai truyn khi puli v treo
bng Cm m my trn b phn m my. Khi sa cha, tho d hoc lp t thit
b tuyt i khng c dng cc v ko, ct, tng nh neo, kch ko... phng
qu ti i vi cc kt cu kin trc gy tai nn sp mi, ct, tng v.v..
Sa cha nhng my cao qu hai mt phi c gin gio, c sn lm vic, cu thang
leo ln xung v tay vn chc chn.
Khi s dng cc dng c cm tay bng kh nn phi ch kim tra Cc u ni,
khng r kh, cc ch ni phi chc chn, Cc van ng m phi d dng. Cm
dng c kh nn lm vic ch khng ti. Khi sa cha, iu chnh xong, phi
kim tra li ton b thit b lp ton cc thit b an ton che chn ri mi c th
my. D khuyt tt nu cn thit sau khi lp rp hay sa cha xong.
Th my khi kim tra vic lp t my: bao gm chy th khng ti, chy non ti,
chy qu ti an ton. Khng s dng qu cng sut my, ch vn hnh ng ch dn
vn hnh v yu cu ca quy trnh cng ngh. Cm dng 2 cha vn ni u nhau
hoc dng ng di ni u ch vn khng ng quy chun; v lm nh vy d b trt
ng, d b mt thng bng hoc khng m bo chc chn cho vic tho m my.
phng cng nhn b v tnh chm cc nt iu khin in yu cu cc nt iu
khin phi lp t thp hn mp hp bo v v phi ghi r chc nng Hm, M ;
Tt ,...
nng - 2002
c/ K thut an ton khi gia cng c kh ngui

Bn ngui phi ph hp vi kch thc quy nh: chiu rng khu lm vic mt pha
khng c nh hn 750 mm v khi lm vic hai pha phi > 1300mm. Chiu cao bn
ngui l (850950) mm. Bn ngui lm vic hai pha, pha chnh gia phi c li
chn vi kch thc quy nh: chiu cao khng thp hn 800 mm v l mt li
khng ln hn 3 x 3 mm. Khi bn ngui lm vic mt pha phi trnh hng phoi bn
v pha ch lm vic ca cc cng nhn khc.
t lp trn bn ngui phi chc chn, khong cch gia hai t trn mt bn khng
c nh hn 100 mm.
Khi mi cc mi khoan v dao tin v.v.. phi mi theo ng nhng gc k thut
quy nh. Vic mi cc dng c ny ch c nhng cng nhn c qua hun luyn
mi c php lm.
Thit b phi c t trn nn c cng vng chu c ti trng ca bn
thn thit b v lc ng do thit b khi lm vic sinh ra.
Cc thit b phi c y cc c cu an ton. Nhng thit b c chuyn ng lui ti
(nh my bo ging, bo ngang) phi b tr v tr vn xa nht ca b phn di
chuyn quay vo tng, cch tng ti thiu 0,5 m hoc cch mp ng vn chuyn
ti thiu 1 m.
Ch lm vic ca cng nhn cn c gi, t, ngn bn, cha dng c v phi c ch
xp phi liu v thnh phm. Cc bn, gi, t phi b tr gn v khng tr ngi n
cc ng vn chuyn trong ni b phn xng. Tt c cc b truyn ng ca cc
my u phi che chn kn phn chuyn ng v phn in.
Cc b phn iu khin my phi b tr va tm tay cho cng nhn thun tin thao
tc, khng phi vi, khng phi ci. Cc nt iu khin phi nhy v lm vic tin cy.
i vi cc my c dung dch nc ti lm mt, x nghip phi c cng nhn s
dng my bit tnh cht, c im v mc c hi nga trc nhng nguy
him c th xy ra. Khi ht ca, cng nhn ng my phi ngt ngun in lau chi
my, thu dn dng c gn gng, bi trn nhng ni quy nh. Vic thu dn phoi phi
dng cc mc, co, bn chi, chi. Cm khng c dng tay trc tip thu dn phi.
Cng nhn lm vic my no th ch c php lau chi my v h hiu r my
mnh ang lm vic kh tt. Cm dng tay khng lau chi my m phi dng gi, bn
chi st.
d/ K thut an ton khi gia cng c kh nng
K thut an ton khi c
Khi lm khun phi chng nhim bi (bi ct, bt grafit), trnh va chm vi cc dng
c v thit b trong phn xng. Khi sy khun li cn ch khng tip xc vo
bp sy, to iu kin thng gi cho hi thot d dng.
Khi nu rt kim loi: Phi c bin php chng nng, chng chy bng v mt nc,
eo knh chng tia bc x vi nng lng ln, c th gy vim mt, bng da. Phi
c o qun v dy dp trnh b bng do nc kim loi bn to vo c th hoc do
nng - 2002
cc vt tip xc vi nc kim loi. Khng lm mt bng nc m ch cho php dng

qut gi. Ch khi lm sch vt c trnh va chm vi cc ba via ca cc vt c lm
xay xt chn tay do mt x x v sc cnh ca vt c gy nn. Phi trang b phng
h lao ng trnh bi v kh c do qu trnh nu luyn sinh ra. (bi Mn, Si, CO,
SiO2).
K thut an ton khi rn dp

Cn cc loi ba tay, ba t phi lm bng g, th dc, kh, do, khng c mt v vt
nt. Yu cu cn ba tay c chiu di t 350450 mm, cn ba t t 650850 mm.
u ba phi nhn v hi li, mp l khng c vt nt. Trc cn ba phi vung gc
vi ng trc dc ca u ba. Khi chm ba khng c cn ba c vt nt dc
trc ca cn.
Cc dng c c, mi t v.v.. phi c chiu di ti thiu l 150 mm. u nh ba
phi thng, khng b vt nghing, nt. Vi cc dng c c chui phi c ai chng
lng v chng nt cn. Nhng dng c cm tay s dng hi nn cn c li bao cc
khp ni, ba du trnh cc chi tit ny vng ra. Kha van iu khin phi nhy v
c hiu qu m tt. ng cao su dn hi nn phi ph hp vi kch thc ca khp ng
v p sut s dng.
Vic di chuyn cc phi ln phi tin hnh bng c gii ho; khng c lm th
cng d xy ra tai nn do phi tut khi km cp bng tay. Cc e rn phi t trn g
th dc, g chc, di v phi c ai xit cht v chn su xung t ti thiu na
mt. Gia cc e vi nhau phi c khong cch t nht 2,5 m trnh cc ng quai
ba ct nhau. Mt e phi nhn, nghing khng qu 2%.
Khong cch ti thiu t l nung n e l 1,5 m. Gia l v e khng c b tr
ng vn chuyn. Ca l phi chc chn, nu b tr ca l gn vng nhit cao
phi xy mt lp gch chu nhit khng ch nhit khu vc lm vic khng
nng qu 400C. Cc loi ca l ng m bng i trng phi bao che ng di
chuyn ca i trng phng cp t , i trng ri gy tai nn. Vic t cc ng
khi l nung phi m bo c cao, cao hn nhng cng trnh kin trc xung quanh
v phi c thit b chng st, c chp che ma v khng t ng khi cnh nhng
phn d bt la ca cu trc nh xng.
Khi thao tc ba my khng c ba nh trc tip ln mt e. Nu ba nh lin
hai ln ca mt ln p bn p iu khin phi ngng lm vic sa cha.
Sau khi iu khin phi nhc chn ra khi bn p. i vi cc my t dp phi
thng xuyn kim tra cc c cu an ton xem hot ng ca chng c bnh thng
khng v tuyt i khng dng mt tay iu khin cc c cu quy nh iu khin
bng hai tay.
Cc khun dp phi bt cht trn bn my. Tt c b phn ca my chu p lc ca
cht lng hay cht kh u phi kim tra nh k. i vi my t dp t ng cm
khng dng tay cp phi.
nng - 2002
Ngoi ra cn thng gi tt (chng nng), nhc nh cng nhn, trnh mt mi, bun
ng dn n nh ba khng chnh xc.
/ K thut an ton khi hn in v hn hi

Khi hn in
H quang hn thng c nhit rt cao (vi nghn ) , h quang hn c bc x
rt mnh d lm chy bng da, lm au mt,...Cn phi c mt n che mt khi hn.
Khi hn kim loi lng bn to nhiu d gy bng da th hn hay nhng ngi xung
quanh, cho nn cng nhn cn c o qun bo h lao ng.
H quang hn c th gy chy, n cc vt xung quanh cho nn cn t ni hn xa
nhng vt d bt la, d chy n. Cn phi bao che xung quanh khu vc hn khi
nh hng n nhng ngi lm vic ln cn.
Trong khi hn bng in v bng hi cc thng kn v nh kn phi thng gi tt v
phi c ngi canh chng cng nhn khi xy ra tnh trng trng c hi hn.
Cc vt hn trc khi hn phi co sch cc loi sn, nht l sn c pha ch, lau sch
m, co sch vt hn ti thiu 50 mm hai bn ng hn. Cc n cng nhn c bnh
tim, phi khng c hn trong cc thng kn.
Tuyt i khng c hn cc vt ang cha cc cht c p lc nh hi nn , cht
lng, cao p v.v... i vi cc bnh cha cc cht d chy, n trc khi hn phi sc
sch v khi hn phi m np phng chy n.
Khi hn trn cao, cng nhn phi c y bo him. Khi ct cc x, dm phi buc
cht phn ct trnh cc vt ri xung gy tai nn.
i vi hn in, khu vc hn nn cch li cc khu vc lm vic khc. trng hp do
quy trnh cng ngh, khng ch th phi che chn bng cc vt liu khng chy.
Khu vc hn cn c din tch t my, sn phm hn v khong thao tc cho
cng nhn. Ring din tch thao tc cho mt cng nhn hn khng t hn 3 m2. Nn
nh phi bng phng, dn nhit km v khng chy. Mu tng trnh dng mu sng
hn ch s phn x nh sng, gy chi mt cho khu vc xung quanh.
V ngun in phi m bo an ton, khng xy ra s c. My hn nn t cng gn
ngun in cng tt by nhiu. Ht sc trnh khng th my b t do ma hoc
nc bn vo.
My hn phi c bao che v c cch in chc chn. My hn phi cch in tt
nht l cc my pht in mt chiu, cn ni t cc loi my hn trnh r in
gy in git. in p khng ti ca my hn in phi < 80 vn.
Trc khi lm vic cn kim tra h thng in ngun, in p vo my hn ng
cha, my hn c hot ng bnh thng khng? cc ng dy in c cch in tt
khng? cu dao c an ton khng. Kim tra v vn cht cc c vt trn my, m bo
my chy m khng rung ng nhiu, khng phng in do vn khng cht,...Khi b
tr cc dy cp hn phi gn, khng gy kh khn cho ngi khc, khng vng
ng i li d gy vp ng sinh ra tai nn v.v...
nng - 2002
Khi vn hnh my cn t cc my ng v tr, khng b vnh, nghing d b ,

...Thi sch bi, cht du m bn dnh trn my. y l nhng cht c th sinh chy,
gy n. Lm sch c th bng kh nn, lau gi kh,... Dy cp hn phi c cao su bao
bc.
Khi sa cha my hoc khi cn thay i dng in hn bng cch thay i s vng
dy, thay i in p, hay cn u li dy th nht thit phi ct in cu dao, cng
nhn phi c gng tay cch in. Khi ht gi lm vic nht thit phi ng ngt cu
dao my hn & cu dao chnh.
Mi trng lm vic ca th hn: c nhiu kh c, hi v bi sinh ra khi chy que
hn nh: CO, CO2, NO2, bi mangan, bi xit km , ...rt c hi cho h h hp &
cho sc kho ca cng nhn. Cho nn ni lm vic phi thong, mt, hoc phi c
qut thng gi.
Khi hn cc v tr kh khn: trong ng, nhng ni cht chi, bi nhiu th cn c
qut thng gi. Khi hn trn cao cn c dy an ton.
K thut an ton lao ng khi hn hi

Kim tra bnh xem c cn trong thi hn s dng hay khng. Bnh c kim nh
an ton cha.( thng cc bnh ny phi kim tra th p sut 5 nm 1 ln.)
Xem trn bnh c cc hin tng h hng nh: vt nt, vt lm, cc khuyt tt khc,...
Khi pht hin c cc khuyt tt th cn tm cch khc phc kp thi hoc phi bo
ngay cho x nghip tm cch thay th. kim tra cc van c vn cht hay khng.
Khng ln cc bnh cn kh vi cc bnh ht kh d gy nhm ln khi s dng.
Khng cc bnh cha kh nn cnh ni c ngun nhit nht l nhng ni c ngn
la nh l rn, ngn la hn hi.
Cn bit rng : khi nhit tng th p sut trong bnh tng ln :
Nhit : +10 + 20 + 30 + 40
2
p sut trong bnh KG / mm 145 150 155 160
Khi p sut trong bnh tng ln cng vi nhng khuyt tt trn bnh c th lm cho n
n, v th cc bnh ny cn cch xa ngun nhit t nht l trn 1 m v cch xa ngn
la khong trn 5 m. Bnh cha kh phi t thng ng (cho php nghing trong 1
thi gian ngn). Cn lau chi sch cc vt bn, du m, cht d bt la trn cc dy
dn kh, van kh, ... v nhng cht ny d gy chy ri sinh ra n bnh hoc sinh ra
ho hon.
Khi m van kh lu chi hay vn hnh, cng nhn khng c ng i din cc
van trn m phi ng v mt bn. Cc van kh c th m vn vo - ra d dng, khi
gp nhng van cht qu phi cn thn khi m hoc phi tr li nh my sn xut
x l. Cc bnh cha kh nh xy thng l khng gy chy, nhng khi tip xc cc
cht nh du m, th chng c th bt la & gy chy n.
Cc bnh cha kh c th pht la do s ma st khi ng m van. V th trnh khng
cho du m ri dnh vo cc bnh cha kh nh xy; khi thao tc m my phi lm
nng - 2002
nh nhng, nn trnh va p khi vn hnh, di chuyn,...trnh gy nn ma st mnh c

pht tia la...
Khng nn nhiu bnh kh xy ( >10 bnh) cng nhiu cng nhn trong 1 phn
xng. Khi c hin tng chy qut li ca ngn la, th lp tc phi kho cc van kh
li (van axtylen v van xy). Nung nng cc bnh C2H2 nguy him hn bnh xy v
khi T = 560C, ho tan ca axtylen vo axetn gim i t ngt. Axtylen s bin
i t dng ho tan trong axtn sang dng kh axtylen. Lc ny p sut c th tng
ln 11,2 ln khi 200C - 1000C.
Khi c ho hon th nht thit phi chuyn cc bnh axtylen i trc. Khi vn hnh
trong thi gian di, bt xp trong bnh axtylen c th b nh vn v nn cht li.
Lm cho lng kh axtylen trn ln pha trn, rt nguy him khi c hin tng chy
qut li ca ngn la.
p sut trong bnh axtylen :
ToC -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
P at 13,4 14 15 16 18 19 21,5 23,5 26 30
Khi hn cn li mt t kh axtylen khng kh khng vo bnh c c th gy
n & bo v lp bt xp cng axtn:
Lng kh li c th kim tra qua ng h :
T oC 0 0-15 15-25 23-35
P KG/mm2 0,5 1,0 2,0 3,0
Khi vn chuyn trnh va chm mnh, phi lm ht sc nh nhng, Khng xp chung
cc bnh cha kh ln vi bnh khng c kh. Khng cho php mang vc cc bnh trn
vai, trn lng m phi dng xe y hay cng khing,...Cho php ln y cc bnh
trong cc khong cch ngn khong 15-25 m.
Kho cha cc bnh kh nn phi cch xa cc ngn la khong trn 10 m. Cc bnh
cha b chy c th gy n, cho nn vic trc ht cn tch cc bnh gy chy ra khi
ni nguy him, tch chng khi cc bnh cha kh khc. y l vic lm kh nguy
him, thng l do cc i cha chy n chuyn nghip.
Khi hn kh cn ch khi bt u hn: M van xy trc thi bi trong m hn,
sau ng van li v m van C2H2 trc ri mi m van oxy. Khi kt thc hn: th
dng van C2H2 trc, sau mi ng van xy.
Khi s dng cc bnh cha kh axtylen cn trnh va p, phi m bo vn cht cc
van kh, khng r kh, khng nh mt tri chiu ri lu gy nng bnh, khng
trong kho cc bnh cha axtylen chung vi cc bnh xy, khi m bnh phi nh
nhng.
Khi s dng bnh sinh kh axtylen (hay bnh ch kh) th kho bo him phi lun
lun c y nc n mc quy nh, phi t bnh cch xa ni c ngn la trn 10 m,
cn kim tra cc van v kho an ton trc khi lm vic. Xem cc van an ton, ng
h c lm vic bnh thng khng,...S dng t n theo ng kch c v khi lng
quy nh cho tng loi bnh. Khng dng cc chi kim loi lm sch cc van,
kho, khng dng chi ng gt vi ra khi bnh v d gy tia la, gy chy
nng - 2002
n, khi m bnh cn nh nhng, khng ht thuc khi tip xc vi cc bnh trc khi
vn hnh,..Khi ang lm vic, cn phi c ngi thng xuyn kim tra v quan st,
Khng t n trong cc hp thng d sinh kh c th lm chy kho. Cc bnh
cha kh thng c bo qun ni c tng xy bao quanh chc chn.
e/ K thut an ton khi nhit luyn

Khi nhit luyn vic u tin l phi chng nng, trnh b bng do tip xc vi vt
ang nhit cao.
Chng nhim c do mi trng nhit luyn xianua: NaCN, KCN cht hay dung khi
thm ccbon v nit bng cch chng bi, khi, hi c t mi trng lm ngui bc
ra khi nhit luyn.
Cn s dng qut thng gi, ht bi v kh c v x l chng. Ra sch s cc
bung xianua ho bng cn tinh luyn v nhim xianua c th gy t vong. Cc b
du, nc ti phi c ro chn, phi kim tra nhit phng chy do nhit cao
v du t bc chy T = 170oC.
f/ K thut an ton khi m v sn my

phng in dt, lt nn bng cao su, kim tra nng ho cht cho php, c
bin php tch cc kh c.
Dung mi pha sn v sn l cht d chy, nn phng chy, n. Trnh nhim
khng kh ra xung quanh, phi lun kim tra nng kh c trong khu lm vic c
bin php thng thong hoc s tn cng nhn kp thi. Phi thng gi tt. Phi trang b
BHL, trnh b vim nhim ng h hp.
g/ k thut an ton trong gia cng ct gt

Bin php phng nga chung
Hng dn cho cng nhn cch s dng my thnh tho. Phi chn v tr ng gia
cng cho thch hp vi tng loi my. Phi mang dng c bo h lao ng, n mc
gn gng. Phi c knh bo h.
Trc khi s dng my phi kim tra h thng in, tip t, sit cht cc bu lng c
vt, kim tra cng ai, kim tra cc c cu truyn dn ng, tra du m, trc khi
gia cng cn chy th my kim tra. Thit b phi c t trn nn c cng
vng chu c ti trng ca bn thn thit b v lc ng do thit b khi lm vic
sinh ra nh khi t, dp, my ba lm vic,... Nhng thit b trong khi sn xut gy
rung ng ln phi b tr xa ch mt cng nhn ln v nn mng phi c ho
chng rung.
Cc thit b lm sch phi liu phi b tr bung ring, c thit b thng gi v c
cc thit b ht bi cc b nhng ni sinh bi. Tt c cc b truyn ng ca cc
my u phi che chn kn, c ca ci chc chn k c cc khp ni ma st, khp trc
cc ng. Cc b phn iu khin my phi b tr va tm tay cho cng nhn thun
nng - 2002
tin thao tc, khng phi vi tay, khng ci. Cc nt iu khin phi nhy v lm vic
tin cy.
Yu cu k thut an ton i vi my tin

Yu cu cc g cht chi tit gia cng nh mm cp, ng.v.v...phi c bt cht
ln my.
Khi tin cc chi tit my quay nhanh mi tm ca ng phi l mi tm quay. Nu
chi tit gia cng c chiu di ln phi c luy-nt phng chi tit vng ra do
lc ly tm. Trng hp phi qu di v nh ra pha sau ca hp s th phi c gi
phng phi un.
Vic dng da r cc cnh sc ca chi tit khi ang tin l khng cho php, bi v
c th trt, mt lm tay t da trt vo vt ang quay v gy tai nn. m
bo phoi tin khng n ra qu di, dao tin cn c gc thot phoi thch hp .
Yu cu k thut an ton i vi my phay

i vi my phay, tc ct gt nh hn my tin, song cng cn ht sc lu vn
an ton.
Cc u vt trn bn phay, u phn v nhng ch c th vng cn c che chn
tt. Khi tho lp dao phay cn c gi kp chuyn dng. Khi dao ang chy khng
c a tay vo vng dao hot ng.
C cu phanh hm bnh ca my phay phi hot ng tt, nhy v bo m an
ton.
Yu cu k thut an ton i vi my khoan
i vi my khoan, g mi khoan phi kp cht mi khoan v m bo ng tm vi
trc ch ng.
Cc chi tit gia cng phi c kp cht trc tip hoc qua g vi bn khoan.
Tuyt i khng c dng tay gi chi tit gia cng, cng khng c dng gng
tay khi khoan.
Khi phoi ra b qun vo mi khoan v g mi khoan th khng c dng tay trc
tip tho g phoi.
Yu cu k thut an ton i vi my mi
c im chung ca my mi l tc ln (2030) m/s. Nu mi tc cao c th
t 50 m/s. Khi mi pht sinh nhiu bi.
mi l vt liu cng, c ch to t bt mn bng cch p dnh, nhng d b v,
khng chu c rung ng v ti trng va p. m cng nh hng nhiu n
bn ca .
Vic chn mi phi cn c vo yu cu k thut ca quy trnh gia cng chn
ng loi . Sau khi lp phi cn bng ng v phi th nghim bn c hc
ca bng cch cho quay khng ti vi tc ln hn 1/2 tc lm vic trong
thi gian 5 pht; vi c ng knh t 150175mm) v 7 pht, vi c ng
knh ln hn 300475 mm l 10 pht, i vi c D > 500 mm). Nu khng bit
nng - 2002
tc quay cho php ca th phi th vi tc ln hn 60% tc lm vic

trong 10 pht.
Khi lp v iu chnh cm dng ba thp g mi. mi phi c bo
qun ni kh ro. Khng c trong mi trng c axid v c cht n mn khc.
Cm khng c xp chng ln nhau hoc chng cc vt nng khc ln
trnh rn nt.
Cc loi mi dng cht kt dnh bng magi, nu thi hn bo qun qu mt nm
th khng c s dng na v cht kt dnh khng bo m na.
mi khi lp phi c kp u gia hai mt bch kp bng nhau. Gia v mt
bch kp phi n mt lp vt liu n hi. Khi ng knh gim v khong cch
gia v bch kp nh hn 3 mm th phi thay mi. mi khi lm vic phi c
bao che chn kn v cng nhn ng my khng c ng pha khng c bao che
chn. Khi mi th, mi nhn bng phng php kh th yu cu phi c my ht bi.
Yu cu k thut an ton i vi my bo
Tt c cc my bo u cn c khng ch khong chy ca dao bo. Trong khi my
chy khng c qua li trc hnh trnh chuyn ng ca my.
Phi bao che cc c cu bnh rng, thanh rng, c cu dch chuyn. Trong khi my
ang chy tuyt i khng g lp iu chnh vt gia cng.
nng - 2002

Giáo Trình An Toàn Lao Động - Lưu Đức Hoa - Tập 1

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Giáo Trình An Toàn Lao Động - Lưu Đức Hoa - Tập 1

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1 - lu c ho - gio trnh an ton lao ng

nhng khi nim chung v khoa hc k thut bo

1.1. Mc ch, ngha, tnh cht ca cng tc BHl

1.1.1 Mc ch ca cng tc BHL

1.1.2. ngha ca cng tc BHL

bo c iu kin v sinh, cha c ch bi dng thch ng i vi ngi lao ng

1.1.3. Tnh cht ca cng tc bo h lao ng

a/ BHL mang tnh cht php l

b/ BHL mang tnh KHKT

cng nghip, x hi hc lao ng v.v...V vy cng tc bo h lao ng mang tnh cht

c/ BHL mang tnh qun chng

1.1.4. Thc trng cng tc BHL nc ta hin nay

1.2. Nhng khi nim c bn v BHL

1.2.2. Khi nim v vng nguy him

1.2.3. Cc yu t nguy him v c hi

Cc yu t sinh vt, vi sinh vt nh cc loi vi khun, siu vi khun, k sinh trng,

1.2.4. Tai nn lao ng

Chn thng: l tai nn m kt qu gy nn nhng vt thng hay hu hoi mt

Nhim c ngh nghip: l s hu hoi sc kho do tc dng ca cc cht c xm

Bnh ngh nghip: l s lm suy yu dn dn sc kho hay lm nh hng n kh

1.3. Nhng ni dung ch yu ca khoa hc k

1.3.1. Ni dung khoa hc k thut

- Cc yu t ca mi trng lao ng: c c trng bi cc iu kin xung quanh v

Ngun truyn Phng tin bo v Ni tc ng

Mc ch ch yu ca vic nh gi cc iu kin xung quanh l:

- Tc ng ch yu ca cc yu t mi trng lao ng n con ngi: l cc yu t

- C s v cc hnh thc v sinh lao ng: Cc hnh thc ca cc yu t nh hng ca

Nhng tiu chun c trng cho tai nn lao ng l:

c/ Khoa hc v cc phng tin bo v ngi lao ng

d/ Ecgnmi vi an ton sc kho lao ng

- Nhng nguyn tc Ecgnmi trong thit k h thng lao ng:

Thch ng vi kch thc ngi iu khin

- Thit k mi trng lao ng:

- Thit k qu trnh lao ng:

1.3.2. ni dung xy dng v thc hin php lut v BHL

1.4. Mi quan h gia BHL v mi trng

qu to ln ca thin nhin. c c mt gii php tt to nn mt mi trng lao ng

1.5. S pht trin bn vng

1.5.2. Cc gii php i vi 4 lnh vc

lut php,ch chnh sch bo h

2.1. H thng lut php ch chnh sch BHL

2.1.1. B lut lao ng v cc lut php c lin quan n ATVSL

a/ Mt s iu ca B lut lao ng c lin quan n ATVSL

iu 23. Chng IV qui nh mt trong nhiu trng hp v chp dt hp ng l:

iu 46. Chng V qui nh mt trong nhng ni dung ch yu ca tho c tp th

iu 69 quy nh s gi lm thm khng c vt qu trong mt ngy, mt nm.

b/ Mt s lut, php lnh c lin quan n ATVSL

2.1.2. Ngh nh 06/CP v cc ngh nh khc c lin quan

Ngh nh 195/CP (31/12/1994) ca Chnh ph qui nh chi tit v hng dn thi

Ngh nh 38/CP (25/6/1996) ca Chnh ph qui nh v x pht hnh chnh v hnh

2.1.3. Cc Ch th, Thng t c lin quan n ATVSL

Ch th s 237/TTg (19/4/1996) ca Th tng v vic tng cng cc bin php thc

Ch th s 13/1998/CT-TTg (26/3/1998) ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic tng cng

Thng t lin tch s 14/1998/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT-TLLVN hng dn vic

Thng t s 10/1998/TT-LTBXH hng dn thc hin ch trang b phng tin

Thng t s 13/TT-BYT (24/10/1996) ca B y t hng dn thc hin qun l v

Thng t s 10/1999/TTLT-BLTBXH-BYT hng dn thc hin ch bi dng

2.2. Nhng ni dung v ATVSL trong b lut lao

Nhng ni dung ny c quy nh ch yu trong Chng IX. An ton lao ng,

2.2.1. i tng v phm vi p dng

2.2.2. An ton lao ng, v sinh lao ng

2.2.3. Tai nn lao ng, bnh ngh nghip

Trch nhim ngi s dng lao ng t chc iu tra cc v tai nn lao ng c s