Phan 1 PDF

Gio trnh: cng ngh hn
Hn v ct kim loi
Chng 1: Khi nim chung
1.1. Thc cht v c im ca qu trnh hn
1.1.1. Thc cht ca qu trnh hn
Hn l phng php ni hai hay nhiu chi tit kim loi thnh mt m khng
th tho ri c bng cch nung nng chng ti vng tip xc n trng thi nng
chy hay do, sau khng dng p lc hoc dng p lc p chi tit hn dnh cht
vi nhau.
Khi hn nng chy, kim loi b nng chy, sau kt tinh hon ton to thnh
mi hn.
Khi hn p lc, kim loi c nung n trng thi do, sau c p to
nn mi lin kt kim loi v tng kh nng thm thu, khch tn ca cc phn t vt
cht gia hai mt chi tit cn hn lm cho cc chi tit lin kt cht vi nhau to thnh
mi hn.
1.1.2. c im ca qu trnh hn
- Tit kim kim loi: so vi tn ri v tit kim t 1020 %, so vi phng php c
c th tit kim c t 3050 % lng kim loi ...
- Gim c thi gian v gi thnh ch to kt cu nh dm, gin, khung v.v...
- C th to c cc kt cu nh nhng kh nng chu lc cao.
- bn v kn ca mi hn ln.
- C th hn c hai kim loi c tnh cht khc nhau.
- Thit b hn n gin, vn u t khng cao.
- Trong kt cu hn tn ti ng sut nhit ln, nn vt hn d b bin dng v cong
vnh.
- T chc kim loi gn mi hn b dn nn kt cu hn chu xung lc km.
Hn c s dng rng ri to phi trong tt c cc ngnh kinh t quc dn,
c bit trong ngnh ch to my, ch to cc kt cu dng khung, gin trong xy
dng, cu ng, cc bnh cha trong cng nghip.
1.2. Phn loi cc phng php hn

1.2.1.Theo trng thi hn
a. Hn nng chy:
Hn h quang, hn kh, hn in x, hn bng tia in t, hn bng tia laze, hn
plasma ... Khi hn nng chy, kim loi mp hn c nung n trng thi nng chy
kt hp vi kim loi b sung t ngoi vo in y khe h gia hai chi tit hn, sau
ng c to ra mi hn.
b. Hn p lc
Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 1
Hn tip xc, hn ma st, hn n, hn siu m, hn kh p, hn cao tn, hn

khuch tn ... Khi hn bng p lc kim loi vng mp hn c nung nng n
trng thi do sau hai chi tit c p li vi lc p ln, to ra mi hn.
c. Hn nhit
Hn nhit l s dng nhit ca cc phn ng ha hc pht nhit nung kim loi
mp hn n trng thi nng chy ng thi kt hp vi lc p to ra mi hn
1.2.2. Theo nng lng s dng
a. in nng: Hn h quang, hn in tip xc ...
b. Ho nng: Hn kh, hn nhit ...
c. C nng: Hn ma st, hn ngui ...
1.2.3. Theo mc t ng ho
a. Hn bng tay.
b. Hn bn t ng.
c. Hn t ng.
1.3. T chc kim loi mi hn v vng ph cn

Sau khi hn, kim loi lng vng hn s ngui v kt tinh to thnh mi hn.
Do nh hng ca tc dng nhit nn c s thay i t chc v tnh cht ca vng mi
hn. Quan st t chc kim loi vng mi hn hnh ch V c th phn bit ba vng
khc nhau: vng vng hn (1), vng vin chy (2) v vng nh hng nhit (3).
1.3.1. Vng mi hn
Phn phi kim Vin chy
Trong vng ny, kim loi
nng chy hon ton, thnh phn
bao gm c kim loi vt hn v
kim loi b sung t ngoi vo,
lp bin c ht nh mn, lp tip
Vng KL kt tinh Vng KL kt tinh
theo c ht hnh nhnh cy ko di c ht ln Vng KL chy c ht nh
v vng tm c ht ln v c ln khng hon ton
cht phi kim (x v.v...).
H.1.1. Vng kim loi mi hn
1.3.2. Vng vin chy
Trong vng ny kim loi nng chy khng hon ton, do s thm thu qua li
ca kim loi vng vng hn v kim loi vt hn nn vng ny c thnh phn trung
gian gia kim loi vng hn v kim loi vt hn. Chiu dy ca vng ny rt hp.
Vng chy
1.3.3. Vng nh hng nhit
Vng chy khng ho n 00C
1
1500
Trng i hc bch khoa Vng
- 2006qu nhit 2 2
1100
Vng thng ha 3
Kim loi vt hn trong

vng ny b nung nng sau
ngui cng mi hn. Do
nh hng ca nung nng v
lm ngui, t chc kim loi
trong vng ny thay i, dn
n c l tnh thay i theo.
Tu thuc vt liu hn, nhit
nung nng, trong vng
ny c th nhn c nhiu
t chc khc nhau.
Xt trng hp khi hn thp cc bon, t chc ca vng nh hng nhit c th
chia thnh nm min (t lp gip vi vin chy) :
a. Min qu nhit 2: st vi vin chy, c nhit trn 11000C kim loi b qu
nhit mnh, cc ht stenit bt u pht trin mnh, vng ny c ht rt ln c dai
va chm v tnh do km, bn thp v tnh dn cao l min yu nht ca vt hn.
b. Min thng ha 3: l min c nhit 9000 11000C, kim loi c t chc
c cc ht ferit nh v mt s ht peclit, n c c tnh rt cao.
c. Min kt tinh li khng hon ton 4: l min c nhit 7200 9000C c
t chc ht ln ca pherit ln vi ht stenit nh, v th c tnh khng u.
d. Min kt tinh li 5: l min c nhit 5000 7000C. Min ny t chc
ging t chc kim loi vt hn, nhng nhit ny l nhit bin mm lm mt
hin tng bin cng, cc sai lch mng c khc phc, do kim loi phc hi.
. Min dn xanh 6: l min c nhit < 5000C t chc kim loi trong vng
ny hon ton ging vi t chc ban u nhng do nh hng nhit nn tn ti ng
sut d nn khi th mu hn, min ny thng b t.
Vng nh hng nhit c chiu rng thay i tu thuc rt ln vo chiu dy
vt hn, ngun nhit hn, iu kin thot nhit khi vng hn.
Chng 2: Hn h quang tay

2.1. Khi nim v h quang hn
2.1.1. Thc cht ca h quang hn
Hn h quang l phng php hn nng chy dng nhit ca ngn la h quang
sinh ra gia cc in cc hn. H quang hn l dng chuyn ng ca cc in t v
ion v hai in cc, km theo s pht nhit ln v pht sng mnh.
Trong cc iu kin bnh thng, khng kh khng dn in, gia 2 in cc ca
cc loi my hn h quang c in p khng ti nh thua 80 vn, v vy khng c s
phng in gia chng. gy h quang, ngi ta gy ra hin tng on mch lc
mt dng in ti ch tip xc ca 2 in cc rt ln, theo nh lut Jun-lenc th
Q = 0,24 RI2t, nhit lng ny c cc in t t do mt u catt hp th. Sau khi

nhn c nng lng di dng nhit cc in t ny c th nng ln v bt ra khi
qu o ca mnh v phng v ant, trn ng i chng s bn ph ln cc nguyn
v phn t cht kh bo ho cho hoc ly i ca chng mt vi in t (tu theo
ho tr ca chng) v bin chng thnh nhng ion. Mi trng ion l mi trng dn
in rt tt cho nn qu trnh gy h quang ch xy ra giai on ban u. Nh vy
h quang hn l dng chuyn dch ca cc ion dng v catt; ion m v cc in t
v ant. Cc ht ny s bn ph ln cc vt cc, c nng s bin thnh nhit nng
lm nng chy hoc hao mn cc in cc.
Qu trnh gy h quang khi hn xy ra ba giai on:
- - -
+ + +
H.2.1. Qu trnh gy h quang khi hn
a. Giai on chm mch ngn (a): cho hai in cc chm vo nhau, do din
tch tit din ngang ca mch in b v in tr vng tip xc gia cc in cc ln
v vy trong mch xut hin mt dng in cng ln, hai mp in cc b nung
nng mnh.
b. Giai on ion ho (b): Khi nng mt in cc ln khi in cc th hai mt
khong t 25 mm. Cc in t bt ra kh qu o ca mnh v chuyn ng nhanh
v pha ant (cc dng), trn ng chuyn ng chng va chm vo cc phn t kh
trung ho lm chng b ion ha. S ion ho cc phn t kh km theo s pht nhit ln
v pht sng mnh.
c. Giai on h quang chy n nh (c): Khi mc ion ho t ti mc bo
ha, ct h quang ngng pht trin, nu gi cho khong cch gia hai in cc khng
i, ct h quang c duy tr mc n nh.
Khi hn, in p cn thit gy h quang khong t 3555 V i vi dng
in mt chiu, t 5580 V i vi dng in xoay chiu. in p duy tr h
quang chy n nh khong 1635 V khi dng dng in mt chiu v t 2545 V
khi dng dng in xoay chiu.
2.1.2. S chy ca h quang
S chy ca h quang ph thuc vo: in th gia 2 in cc khi my cha lm
vic, cng dng in v khong cch gia chng. Quan h gia in th vi
cng dng in gi l ng c tnh tnh ca h quang.
Khi h quang chy n nh, nhit trong ct h quang t ti 6000oC, ca-tt
khong 2400oC v a-nt khong 2600oC.

c tnh tnh V-A ca h quang hn Uhq(V)

c ba vng c trng: vng in p gim (I),
vng in p khng i (II), v vng in p
tng (III). in p khng i ca ct h Uh
quang c th xc nh theo cng thc: I II III
U hq = a + b. Lhq Ihq(A)
Trong : a - l tng in th ri trn 2
cc, i vi que hn nng chy a = 1520 v; H.2.2. ng c tnh tnh
ca h quang hn
vi que hn khng nng chy a = 3035 V
b - in th ri trn 1 n v chiu di h quang ly b = 15,7 v/cm. Lhq - l chiu
di ct h quang.
2.1.2. Tc dng ca in trng i vi h quang hn
Ct h quang c th xem nh l mt dy dn mm v di tc dng ca in
trng ct h quang cng b chuyn dch, hnh dng b thay i.
Khi hn, lc in trng tc dng ln h quang gm c lc in trng tnh ca
mch hn v lc in trng sinh ra bi st t lm h quang b lch i rt nhiu do
lm nh hng xu n qu trnh hn.
i vi dng xoay chiu do cc thay i, do chiu ca in trng cng thay
i theo v hin tng lch h quang khng ng k. Chng ta ch quan tm n nh
hng ca dng mt chiu n h quang hn.
a. nh hng ca in trng tnh
in trng tnh pht sinh khi c dng in chy qua dy dn, que hn v ct
h quang. Chng lm cho h quang b thi lch i ph hoi qu trnh hn bnh
thng. C 3 trng hp c th xy ra khi ni mch hn:
- -
-
+ + +
a/ b/ c/
H.2.3. nh hng ca in trng tnh n h quang hn
- H quang b lch do tc dng ca in trng khng i xng (a): t pha

dng in i vo mt ng sc dy hn, th in trng mnh hn. Do h
quang b x y v pha in trng yu hn.
- in trng i xng xung quanh h quang (b): h quang cn bng khng
b thi lch.
- nghing ca que hn (c): Chn gc nghing que hn thch hp c th thay
i tnh cht phn b ng sc v c th to ra ddin trng ng u khc phc
c hin tng thi lch h quang.
b. nh hng ca st t
Vt liu st t t gn h quang th tng t
thm ln hng ngn ln so vi khng kh. T thng
i qua st t c tr khng nh s lm cho h
quang b thi lch v hng .
V vy khi hn gc, hn n on cui cn
ch n v tr ca que hn cho ph hp. H.2.4. nh hng ca
st t n h quang
2.1.3. Tc dng nhit ca h quang
a. Nhit v nhit ca h quang hn
H quang hn l mt ngui nhit tp trung rt ln, in nng bin thnh nhit
nng. Nng lng ny pht ra t cc dng, cc m v trong ct h quang dng
nung nng chy que hn, vt hn gn ct h quang. Nhit vng cc dng, cc
m xp x bng nhit si v nhit bc hi ca vt liu in cc.
Nhit cao nht l trung tm ct h quang do s ion ho cc cht kh; cn
nhit cc vt cc l do s bn ph ca cc in t v ion to nn, cn vng ln
cn nhit thp hn v kim loi b qu nhit. Nhit do h quang sinh ra s phn b
qua mi trng, vt hn, que hn, kim loi mi hn.
b. Qu trnh chuyn dch kim loi lng t que hn vo vng hn
Kim loi t que hn vo vng hn dng nhng git nh c kch thc khc nhau.
Khi hn, bt c v tr no trong khng gian kim loi lng bao gi cng chuyn t
que hn vo vng hn nh cc lc sau y:
- Trng lc ca git kim loi lng: lc ny c kh nng chuyn dch kim loi
lng vo vng hn khi hn sp v c tc dng ngc li khi hn trn.
- Sc cng b mt: lc ny sinh ra do tc
dng ca lc phn t. Lc phn t lun lun c
khuynh hng to cho b mt cht lng mt nng
lng nh nht, nn cc git kim loi c dng hnh
cu. Nhng git ny ch mt i khi ri vo vng hn
v b sc cng b mt ca vng hn ko vo thnh
dng chung ca vng hn.
Sc cng b mt gi cho kim loi lng ca vng hn khi hn trn khng b ri v
hnh thnh mi hn.
- Cng in trng: dng in i qua que

hn sinh ra xung quanh n mt in trng p ln
que hn, lc ny ct kim loi lng u que hn
thnh nhng git. Do sc cng b mt v cng P P
Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 + 6

in trng, ranh gii nng chy ca que hn b

tht li, tit din ngang gim xung, mt dng
in tng ln. Mt khc y in tr cao nn nhit
sinh ra kh ln v kim loi lng t n trng thi
si to p lc y git kim loi chy vo vng hn.
Mt dng in gim dn t que hn n vt hn,
nn khng bao gi c hin tng kim loi lng
chuyn dch t vt hn vo que hn c.
- p lc trong: kim loi u mt que hn b qu nhit rt ln, nhiu phn ng

ho hc xy ra v sinh ra cc cht kh. nhit cao th tch ca cac cht kh
tng ln kh ln v gy nn mt p lc mnh y cc git kim loi lng tch khi que
hn. V d khi c phn ng hon nguyn xyt st s to ra kh xyt ccbon (CO).
2.2. Phn loi hn h quang tay

2.2.1. Phn loi theo dng in hn
a/ Hn bng dng in xoay chiu
Hn bng dng in cho ta mi hn c cht lng khng cao, kh gy h quang
v kh hn song thit b hn dng xoay chiu n gin v r tin nn trn thc t hin
c khong 80% l my hn xoay chiu.
b/ Hn bng dng in mt chiu
Hn bng dng in mt chiu tuy my hn t tin nhng d gy h quang, d
hn v cht lng mi hn cao. Hn bng dng in mt chiu c 2 cch ni dy:
- Ni thun: l ni que hn vi cc m ca ngun in, cn vt hn ni vi cc
dng ca ngun. Do nhit vt hn ln nn dng hn thp c chiu dy ln.
Khi dng in cc khng nng chy th nn dng cch ni ny in cc b mn.
- Ni nghch: que hn ni vi cc dng, vt hn ni vi cc m ca ngun
in. Cch ny thng dng khi hn vt mng, kim loi mu hoc gang bng que hn
thp.
2.2.2. Phn loi theo in cc
a. in cc hn khng nng chy
in cc hn khng nng chy c ch to t cc vt liu c kh
nng chu nhit cao nh grafit, vonfram. ng knh que hn dq = 15
mm i vi que hn vonfram v dq = 612 mm i vi que hn grafit,
chiu di que hn thng l 250 mm, u vt cn.
Que hn khng nng chy cho h quang hn n nh, b sung kim loi cho
mi hn phi s dng thm que hn ph.
b. in cc hn nng chy

in cc hn nng chy (que hn) c ch to t kim loi hoc hp kim c

thnh phn gn vi thnh phn kim loi vt hn.
Li que hn c ng knh theo l thuyt dq = 612 mm. Trong thc t thng
dng dq = 16 mm. Chiu di ca que hn L = 250450 mm; chiu di phn kp l1 =
305 mm; l2 < 15mm; l3 = 12 mm.
1 2
Que hn nng chy

l3 1- li kim loi
l1 l2
2- thuc bc
L
H.2.6. Kt cu ca que hn in
Lp thuc bc c ch to t hn hp gm nhiu loi vt liu dng dng bt,

sau trn u vi cht dnh v bc ngoi li c chiu dy t 1-2 mm. Tc dng ca
lp thuc bc que hn:
Tng kh nng ion ha d gy h quang v duy tr h quang chy n nh.
Thng thng ngi ta a vo cc hp cht ca kim loi kim.
Bo v c mi hn, trnh s xy ho ho tan kh t mi trng.
To x lng v u, che ph kim loi tt gim tc ngui ca mi hn trnh
nt.
Kh xy trong qu trnh hn. Ngi ta a vo trong thnh phn thuc bc cc
loi phe-r hp kim hoc kim loi sch c i lc mnh vi xy c kh nng to
xyt d tch khi kim loi lng.
2.2.3. Phn loi theo cch u dy cc in cc khi hn
a- u dy trc tip b- u dy gin tip c- u dy 3 pha

H.2.7. Cc cch u dy in cc hn
2.3. Ngun in v my hn
2.3.1. Yu cu chung i vi ngun in v my hn

Ngun in hn trong hn h quang tay c th l ngun in xoay chiu hoc

mt chiu. Nhn chung ngun in hn v my hn phi m bo cc yu cu chung
sau:
in p khng ti phi Hh < U0 < 80 v.
- i vi my hn xoay chiu: u (V)
1
U0 = 5580 V, Hh = 3055 V. A 2
- i vi my hn mt chiu:
U0 = 2545 V, Hh = 1635 V. B
ng c tnh ng V-A ca I (A)
my hn phi l ng dc lin tc.
C kh nng chu qu ti khi ngn H.2.8.1- ng c tnh tnh ca h quang
2- ng c tnh ng ca my hn
mch I = (1,31,4)Ih.
C kh nng iu chnh dng in hn trong phm vi rng.
My hn phi c khi lng nh, h s hu ch ln, gi thnh r, d s dng v d
sa cha.
2.3.2. My hn h quang in xoay chiu
My hn h quang dng dng in xoay chiu c s dng rng ri trong hn
h quang tay v chng c kt cu n gin, gi thnh ch to thp, d vn hnh v sa
cha. Tuy nhin cht lng mi hn khng cao v h quang chy khng n nh so
vi h quang dng dng in mt chiu.
My hn mt chiu c nhiu loi, mi loi c tnh nng v nhng c im
ring, sau y gii thiu mt s my hn xoay chiu c s dng nhiu nht trong
thc t cng nghip.
a. My bin p hn xoay chiu:
Loi my hn ny iu chnh cng dng in hn bng cch thay i in
p hn nh vo s thay i s vng dy ca cun th cp. My hn loi ny n gin,
d ch to, gi thnh r tuy nhin ch thay i dng vi c mt vi cp gi l iu
chnh th. P = U.I = U1.I1 = U2.I2
u1 u2
uh
W1 W2
H.2.9. S nguyn l ca my bin p hn xoay chiu
b. My hn xoay chiu vi li t di ng

Loi my hn ny c th iu chnh tinh cng hn (Ih) bng cch thay i

t thng mc vng vo cun W2 nh vo s thay i v tr ca li t trong khung t.
1 = r + 2
r 2 B
1 A
u1 u2
uh
W1 W2
H.2.10. S nguyn l ca my hn xoay chiu vi li t di ng
c. My hn t hp
My hn t hp l loi my thng dng nht hin nay v c th iu chnh Ih
bng t hp va th va tinh ca 2 phng php trn c trnh by nh hnh v sau:
r 2 B
1 A
u1 u2
uh
W1 W2
H.2.11. S nguyn l ca my hn xoay chiu t hp
My hn kiu ny c mt li t di ng (A) nm trong gng t (B) ca my bin

p. Khi li t (A) nm hon ton trong mt phng ca gng t (B) th t thng do
cun s cp sinh ra c mt phn r nhnh qua li t lm cho t thng i qua cun th
cp gim, do in p trn cun th cp (u2) im. Khi di ng li t (A) ra ngoi
(theo phng vung gc vi mt phng ca gng t B), khe h gia li t v gng t
tng, t thng r nhnh gim lm cho t thng qua cun th cp tng v in p trn
cun th cp tng. My hn ny c th iu chnh cng dng in hn bng 2
cch:
Thay i in p ca mch th cp bng cch thay i s vng dy W2. Cch ny
ch thay i c cng dng in hn phn cp.
Thay i v tr li t trong khung t c th iu chnh dng in hn v cp.
2.3.3. My hn h quang in mt chiu
a/ My pht hn h quang
Hnh sau trnh by s nguyn l ca mt my hn mt chiu dng my pht
c cun kch t ring v cun kh t mc ni tip.

My hn gm my pht in mt chiu (M) c cun dy kch t ring (2) c

cp in ring t ngun in xoay chiu qua b chnh lu (1). Trn mch ra ca my
pht t cun kh t (3).
Ngi ta b tr sao cho t thng (c) sinh ra trn cun kh t lun lun ngc
hng vi t thng (kt) sinh ra trong cun kch t. ch khng ti, dng in hn
Ih = 0 nn t thng c = 0, my pht c kch t bi t thng (kt) do cun dy kch
t (2) sinh ra:
W 1
kt = I kt . 2
Rk kt
Trong Ikt l dng in kch t, W
v Rk l s vng dy v t tr ca cun M
kch t. Khi in p khng ti xc nh
theo cng thc: n p
ukt = C.kt c 3
ch lm vic, dng in hn Ih
K
0 nn t thng c 0, my pht c kch
t bi t thng tng hp () do cun dy
kch t (2) v cun kh t (3) sinh ra: H.2.12. My pht hn h quang
= kt c
Sc in ng sinh ra trong phn cm ca my ph thuc vo t thng kch t:
E = C. = C.(kt c ) .
Trong C l h s ph thuc vo my.
b/ My hn dng dng in chnh lu
My hn dng dng in chnh lu c hai b phn chnh: Bin p hn (1) v b
chnh lu (2), b bin tr R (3) dng iu chnh cng dng in hn.
1 2 3 Ih(A)
R
Uh t(s)
0
a/ 2
R Ih(A)
t(s)
0
2
b/
H.2.13. a/ S nguyn l my hn chnh lu ba pha
b/ S nguyn l my hn chnh lu mt pha
My hn dng dng in chnh lu c h quang chy n nh hn my hn xoay

chiu, phm vi iu chnh dng in hn rng, h s cng sut hu ch cao, cng sut
khng ti nh, kt cu n gin hn. Nhc im ca my hn chnh lu l cng sut

b hn ch, cc i-t d b hng khi ngn mch lu v dng in hn ph thuc ln
vo in p ngun.
Ngoi ra cn mt s loi my hn mt chiu: my pht hn mt chiu Diezen,
my pht hn mt chiu ng c in v.v...
2.4. Cng ngh hn h quang tay

60-1200
2.4.1. V tr, phn loi v chun b mp hn II
0-600 120-1800
a/ V tr mi hn trong khng gian I
III
Cng ngh hn h quang tay ph thuc rt
ln vo v tr mi hn trong khng gian v kt
cu mi hn. Theo v tr mi hn trong khng H.2.14. V tr mi hn trong khng gian
gian, ngi ta phn ra cc dng hn sau: Hn I- V tr hn sp; II- V tr hn ng; III-
V tr hn trn
sp, hn ngang, hn ng v hn nga.
Hn sp: mt phng hn to vi mt phng ngang mt gc t 060o.
Hn ngang: phng hn song song vi mt phng ngang v nm trong mt phng
hn to vi mt phng ngang mt gc t 60120o.
Hn ng: mt phng hn to vi mt phng ngang mt gc t 60120o tr
phng song song vi mt phng ngang.
Hn trn: mt phng hn to vi mt phng ngang mt gc t 120180o.
b/ Cc loi mi hn
- Mi hn gip mi (a): c th khng cn vt mp khi
s 4 mm v vt mp khi s > 4 mm. a/
- Mi hn gp mp (b): dng khi s 2 mm.
b/
- Mi hn chng (c): dng khi sa cha cc kt cu
hn. c/
- Mi hn c tm m (d): dng khi sa cha cc kt d/

cu hn.
- Mi hn gc (): c th vt mp hoc khng vt
mp. / e/
- Mi hn ch T (e): dng trong cc kt cu chu un.
- Mi hn mt u (g): dng khi lp ghp 2 tm c b
mt tip xc nhau. g/ h/
- Mi hn vin mp (h): dng trong trng hp chi tit
hn khng cho php tng kch thc.
i/
- Mi hn kiu cht (i): khoan l ln 2 chi tit chng
ln nhau, sau hn theo tng l mt. H.2.15. Cc loi mi hn
c/ Chun b mp hn

Cht lng mi hn ph thuc rt ln vo vic lm sch v chun b mp hn.

Tu thuc kiu mi hn, chiu dy vt hn... c th tin hnh chun b mp hn trn
my bo hay bng m ct kh theo cc cch sau:
Kiu chun b mp Dng vt mp mi hn Kch thc
Khng vt mp a S=58
S a=12
Gp mp a b S S=13
a=01
b=S+2
Vt mp ch V v na S = 4 26
ch V a=22
S
b
a b=21
= 60050
/2
S
b
a
Vt mp ch U v na S = 20 60
R a=22
ch U
S
b=21
b
a
R = 51
S
b
H.2.16. Cc kiu chun b mp hn
2.4.2. Ch hn h quang tay

a/ ng knh que hn
ng knh que hn ph thuc vo vt liu hn, chiu dy vt hn, v tr mi hn
trong khng gian, kiu mi hn... chn c th tra theo s tay cng ngh hn hoc
xc nh theo cc cng thc kinh nghim.
i vi hn thp, ng knh que hn c xc nh nh sau:
S S
- Hn gip mi: dq = +1 [mm]
2
K
- Hn gc, hn ch T: dq = + 2 [mm]
2
Trong S l chiu dy vt hn, K l cnh ca mi hn.
b/ Cng dng in hn (Ih) K
Cng dng in hn chn ph thuc vo vt liu hn, ng knh que hn,

v tr mi hn trong khng gian, kiu mi hn...c th tra theo s tay cng ngh hoc
xc nh theo cc cng thc kinh nghim sau i vi khi hn sp:
I h = ( + d q )d q

Trong : v l cc h s ph thuc vo vt liu vt hn, i vi thp = 6;

= 20; dq - ng knh que hn ly theo mm.
Ch : - Khi chiu dy chi tit S > 3dq th nn tng cng dng in khong
15% cn S < 1,5dq th nn gim 15% so vi tr s tnh ton.
- Cng dng in hn khi hn ng nn gim 1015% v khi hn trn nn
gim 1520% so vi hn sp.
c/ in p hn: in p hn thng t thay i khi hn h quang tay.
d/ S lt cn phi hn
hon thnh mt mi hn c th tin hnh trong mt ln hn hoc mt s ln
hn. Khi tit din mi hn ln, thng tin hnh qua mt s ln hn.
S lt hn c th tnh theo cng thc sau:
F F0
n= d +1
Fn
Trong Fd - l din tch mt ct ngang ca kim loi p.
F0 - din tch mt ct ngang ca ng hn u tin:
F0 = (6 8)dq (mm2).
Fn - din tch mt ct ngang ca nhng ng hn tip theo:
Fn = (8 12)dq (mm2).
e/ Tc hn (Vh): Tc hn c xc nh bi chiu di mi hn trong mt
n v thi gian.
L
Vh = [cm/s]
t
L - Chiu di mi hn (cm).
t - thi gian hn (giy).
Tc hn ph thuc vo cng dng in hn v tit din mi hn, c th
tnh theo cng thc kinh nghim sau:
d .Ih
Vh = [cm/s]
3600 Fd
Trong : d l h s p, d = 7 11 [g/A.h]
- khi lng ring kim loi que hn [g/cm3]
Ih - cng dng in hn [A]
Fd - tit din p ca mi hn [cm2]
f/ Thi gian hn
Thi gian hn bao gm thi gian my (thi gian h quang chy) v thi gian
ph: th = tm + tp .
tm
Gd = d . I d .
3600
Mt khc G = F L. cho nn:

Fd . L
t m = 3600. . (s).
d . I h
Thi gian ph tnh ton rt kh khn v vy khi tnh ton da vo h s iu
chnh K nh sau:
tm
th =
K
- Nu t chc sn xut kh th ly K = 0,50,6.
- Nu t chc sn xut trung bnh th ly K = 0,30,4.
- Nu t chc sn xut km th ly K < 0,3.
2.4.3. Thao tc hn
Khi hn h quang tay, gc nghing que hn so vi mt vt hn thng t
7585o, que hn c dch chuyn dc trc duy tr chiu di ct h quang, ng
thi chuyn ng ngang mi hn to b rng mi hn v chuyn ng dc ng
hn theo tc hn cn thit.
Khi hn sp, nu mi hn c b rng b, que hn c dch chuyn dc ng
hn, khng c chuyn ng ngang. Khi mi hn c b rng ln, chuyn dch que hn
c th thc hin theo nhiu cch m bo chiu rng mi hn B = (35).dq. Thng
thng chuyn ng que hn theo ng dch dc (1, 2, 3). Khi hn cc mi hn gc,
ch T nu cn nung nng phn gia nhiu th dch chuyn que hn theo s (4) v
khi cn nung nng nhiu hai bn mp hn nh theo s (5).
3 4 5
1 2
H.2.17. Cc phng php chuyn ng que hn
Phng php hon thnh mi hn ph thuc vo chiu dy v chiu di ca chi

tit hn :
L < 250 L = 2501000
L > 1000
L > 1000
H.2.18. Cc phng php hon thnh mi hn

2.5.4. Hn cc v tr khc hn sp

a/ hn ng (H.2.15a)
Hn ng rt phc tp v kh khn v kim loi lng d chy ra khi vng hn, c
th hn t trn xung hoc di ln. Khi hn phi nghing que hn mt gc: =
10150, chiu di h quang phi ngn, Ih phi gim i so vi hn sp 1520%; B =
(1,52)dq; dq < 5 mm.
a/ b/
H.2.15. K thut hn ng v hn ngang
b/ Hn ngang (H.2.15b)
Khi hn ngang kim loi lng thng b chy nhiu xung mp di. Yu cu
trnh th hn phi cao, khi hn nn vt mp trn que hn d chuyn ng. Cc
thng s k thut ly ging hn ng, khi gy h quang nn t mp di chuyn ln.
c/ Hn trn (H.2.16c)
Kim loi lng c chuyn t que hn vo vng hn l nh sc cng b mt,
cng in trng v p lc kh.
Khi hn trn nn chn: dq < 4 mm; Ih gim t 1520%; chiu di h quang ngn.
Dng que hn c thuc bc dy v c nhit nng chy cao hn li que hn to
ra hnh phu ly kim loi lng vng hn.
d/ Hn gc (d)
Khi hn gc, kim loi bao gi cng c khuynh hng chy xung mp di, nn
nu vt hn nh th nghing i 450 thc hin mi hn sp. Nu vt nng th khi hn
que hn nn nm trong mt phng phn gic ca kt cu hn.
45o
c/ d/
H.2.16. K thut hn trn (c) v hn gc (d)
Chng 3: Hn h quang t ng v bn t ng

3.1. Thc cht v c im

3.1.1. Thc cht
Hn h quang t ng l qu trnh hn trong cc khu ca qu trnh c tin
hnh t ng bi my hn, bao gm: Gy h quang, chuyn dch in cc hn xung
vng hn duy tr h quang chy n nh, dch chuyn im hn dc mi hn, cp
thuc hn hoc kh bo v.
Khi ch mt s khu trong qu trnh hn c t ng ha ngi ta gi l hn
bn t ng. Thng khi hn bn t ng ngi ta ch t ng ha khu cp in cc
hn vo vng hn cn di chuyn in cc thc hin bng tay.
3.1.2. c im
Nng sut hn cao (thng gp 5 - 10 so vi hn h quang tay) nh s dng dng

in hn cao.
Cht lng mi hn tt v n nh.
Tit kim kim loi nh h s p cao.
Tit kim nng lng v s dng trit ngun nhit.
Ci thin iu kin lao ng.
Thit b hn t ng v bn t ng t, khng hn c cc kt cu hn v v tr
hn phc tp.
3.2- hn h quang di lp thuc bo v
3.2.1. Thc cht, c im v phm vi ng dng
a. Thc cht
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v cn gi l hn h quang chm, ting Anh
vit tt l SAW (Submerged Arc Welding), l qa trnh hn nng chy m h quang
chy gia dy hn (in cc hn) v vt hn di mt lp thuc bo v.
Di tc dng nhit ca h quang, mp hn, dy hn v mt phn thuc hn
st h quang b nng chy to thnh vng hn. Dy hn c y vo vng hn bng
mt c cu c bit vi tc ph hp vi tc chy ca n (hnh 1.1a).
Theo chuyn dch ca ngun nhit (h quang) m kim loi vng hn s
ngui v kt tinh to thnh mi hn (hnh 1.1b). Trn mt vng hn v phn mi hn
ng c hnh thnh mt lp x c tc dng tham gia vo cc qa trnh luyn kim
khi hn, bo v v gi nhit cho mi hn, v s tch khi mi hn sau khi hn. Phn
thuc hn cha b nng chy c th s dng li.
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c th c t ng c hai khu cp dy
vo vng h quang v chuyn ng h quang theo trc mi hn. Trng hp ny c
gi l hn h quang t ng di lp thuc bo v.
Nu ch t ng ho khu cp dy hn vo vng h quang cn khu chuyn
ng h quang dc theo trc mi hn c thao tc bng tay th gi l hn h quang
bn t ng di lp thuc bo v.

Hnh 3.1. S hn di lp thuc bo v

a. S nguyn l; b. Ct dc theo trc mi hn
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c cc c im sau:

- Nhit lng h quang rt tp trung v nhit rt cao, cho php hn tc
ln. V vy phng php hn ny c th hn nhng chi tit c chiu dy ln m khng
cn phi vt mp.
- Cht lng lin kt hn cao do bo v tt kim loi mi hn khi tc dng ca
xy v nit trong khng kh xung quanh. Kim loi mi hn ng nht v hnh phn
ho hc. Lp thuc v x hn lm lin kt ngui chm nn t b thin tch. Mi hn c
hnh dng tt, u n, t b khuyt tt nh khng ngu, r kh, nt v bn to.
- Gim tiu hao vt liu hn (dy hn).
- H quang c bao bc kn bi thuc hn nn khng lm hi mt v da ca
th hn. Lng khi (kh c) sinh ra trong qa trnh hn rt t so vi hn h quang
tay.
- D c kh ho v t ng ho qa trnh hn.
b. Phm vi ng dng
Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c ng dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc
c kh ch to, nh trong sn xut: cc kt cu thp dng tm v kch thc ln, cc
dm thp c khu v chiu cao, cc ng thp c ng knh ln, cc bn, b cha,
bnh chu p lc v trong cng nghip ng tu...
Tuy nhin, phng php ny ch yu c ng dng hn cc mi hn v
tr hn bng, cc mi hn c chiu di ln v c qu o khng phc tp.
Phng php hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c th hn c cc chi tit

c chiu dy t vi mm cho n hng trm mm.
Bng 3-1 ch ra cc chiu dy chi tit hn tng ng vi hn mt lp v nhiu
lp, c vt mp v khng vt mp bng phng php hn t ng di lp thuc bo
v.
Chiu dy chi tit hn tng ng vi cc loi mi hn Bng 3-1
Chiu dy chi tit (mm)
Loi mi hn 1,3 1,4 1,6 3,2 4,8 6,4 10 12,7 19 25 51 102
Hn mt lp khng vt mp -- -- --
Hn mt lp c vt mp -- --
Hn nhiu lp -- -- --
3.2.2. Vt liu, thit b hn h quang t ng v bn t ng di lp thuc bo

v
a. Vt liu hn
Cht lng ca lin kt hn di lp thuc bo v c xc nh bng tc ng
tng hp ca dy hn (in cc hn) v thuc hn. Dy hn v thuc hn c la
chn theo loi vt liu c bn, cc yu cu v c l tnh i vi lin kt hn, cng nh
iu kin lm vic ca n.
- Dy hn: Trong hn h quang t ng v bn t ng di lp thuc bo v,
dy hn l phn kim loi b sung vo mi hn, ng thi ng vai tr in cc dn
in, gy h quang v duy tr s chy h quang. Dy hn thng c hm lng C
khng qu 0,12%. Nu hm lng C cao d lm gim tnh do v tng kh nng xut
hin nt trong mi hn. ng knh dy hn h quang t ng di lp thuc t 1,6
6 mm, cn i vi hn h quang bn t ng l t 0,8 2 mm.
- Thuc hn: c tc dng bo v vng hn, n nh h quang, kh xy, hp
kim ho kim loi mi hn v m bo lin kt hn c hnh dng tt, x d bong.
b. Thit b hn h quang di lp thuc bo v
Thit b hn h quang di lp thuc bo v rt a dng, song hu ht chng
li rt ging nhau v nguyn l v cu to mt s b phn chnh.
- C cu cp dy hn v b iu khin gy h quang v n nh h quang
(u hn).
- C cu dch chuyn u hn dc theo trc mi hn hay to ra cc chuyn
ng tng i ca chi tit hn so vi u hn.
- B phn cp v thu thuc hn.
- Ngun in hn v cc thit b iu khin qu trnh hn.

Ty theo tng loi thit b c th, cc c cu ny c th b tr thnh mt khi

hoc thnh cc khi c lp. V d trong cc loi xe hn hnh 3.2 th u hn, c cu
dch chuyn u hn, cun dy hn, c cu cung cp thuc hn v c h thng iu
khin qa trnh hn c b tr thnh mt khi. Nh vy xe hn c th chuyn ng
trc tip theo mp rt linh ng, n c th chuyn ng
theo cc qu o khc nhau trn kt cu dng tm, thm
ch c th thc hin c cc mi hn vng trn cc mt
trn v ng ng c ng knh ln.
i vi my hn bn t ng di lp thuc bo
v th u hn c thay bng m hn hay sng hn nh
gn, d iu khin bng tay. C cu cp dy hn c th
b tr ri hoc cng khi trong ngun hn vi cc c cu
khc. Ngun in hn h quang di lp thuc bo v
phi c h s lm vic lin tc 100% v c phm vi iu
khin dng in rng t vi trm n vi ngn ampe.
My hn bn t ng di lp thuc
Dy hn c cp t ng t c cu cp dy (3), qua ng mm (4) ti tay cm
(5). Thuc hn c cp qua phu (6).
1 2 3 4 5 6
MPH
7 8
H.3.3. S thit b hn bn t ng di lp thuc hn

1/ My pht dng in hn, 2/ T iu khin in, 3/ Thit b cp dy hn
4/ ng dn dy hn, 5/ Tay cm, 6/ Phu cha thuc hn, 7/ Cng tc, 8/ Vt hn
Trn tay cm c cng tc ng ct dng in hn v c cu cp dy. My pht

hoc bin p hn (1) cp dng in hn, cn t in (2) iu khin vic cp dy v
kim tra ch hn.
3.2.3. Cng ngh hn h quang di lp thuc bo v
a. Chun b lin kt trc khi hn

Chun b vt mp v g lp vt hn cho hn h quang di lp thuc bo v
yu cu cn thn hn nhiu so vi hn h quang bng tay. Mp hn phi bng phng,
khe h hn u cho mi hn u n, khng b cong vnh, r...
Vi hn h quang di lp thuc bo v, nhng lin kt hn c chiu dy nh
hn 20 mm khng phi vt mp khi hn hai pha. Nhng lin kt hn c chiu dy ln
c th vt mp bng m ct kh, my ct plasma hoc gia cng trn my ct kim loi.
Trc khi hn phi lm sch mp trn mt chiu rng 50 60 mm v c hai pha ca
mi hn, sau hn nh bng que hn cht lng cao.
b. Ch hn
c Dng in hn: Chiu su ngu ca lin kt hn t l thun vi dng in
hn. Tuy nhin khi tng dng in, lng dy hn nng chy tng theo, h quang
chm su vo kim loi c bn nn chiu rng ca mi hn khng tng r rt m ch
tng chiu cao phn nh ca mi hn, to ra s tp trung ng sut, gim cht lng b
mt mi hn, x kh tch. Nu dng in qu nh th chiu su ngu s gim, khng
p ng yu cu (hnh 3.3). Thng chn 100 A/mm.
B B B
e e e
Dng in qu nh Dng in hp l Dng in qu ln chiu cao

khng ngu mi hn tng
Hnh.3.3. nh hng ca dng in hn ti hnh dng mi hn.
d in th h quang: H quang di th in th h quang cao, p lc ca n

ln kim loi lng gim, do chiu su ngu gim v tng chiu rng mi hn. iu
chnh tc cp dy th in th ct h quang s thp v ngc li.
e Tc hn: Tc hn tng, nhit lng h quang trn n v chiu di
ca mi hn s gim, do su ngu gim, ng thi chiu rng mi hn gim.
Theo cng thc kinh nghim, khi hn thp vi chiu dy vt hn s = 814 mm c
xc nh theo cng thc sau:
25.000
Vh = (m/h)
Ih
f ng knh dy hn: Khi ng knh dy hn tng m dng in khng

i th chiu su ngu gim tng ng. ng knh dy hn gim th h quang n su
hn vo kim loi c bn, do mi hn s hp v chiu su ngu ln.
g Cc yu t cng ngh khc ( di phn nh ca dy hn, loi v cc tnh

dng in hn...): di phn nh ca dy hn tng ln th tc dng nung nng ca
kim loi in cc trc khi vo vng h quang tng ln.
sVn tc cp dy hn (Vd):
4. Vh . F
Vd = (m/h)
. d 2
Trong F l tit din ngang mi hn, d l ng knh dy hn.
Vi cc loi hn ang dng hin nay, khi i t ni thun sang ni nghch,
chiu su ngu s tng ln. Hn bng dng xoay chiu c chiu su ngu mc trung
bnh so vi khi hn bng dng mt chiu ni thun v ni nghch.
C ca ht thuc hn c nh hng nht nh n ngu ca mi hn. Thuc
hn c c ht nh s lm gim bt tnh hot ng ca h quang v lm tng chiu su
ngu.
c. K thut hn
Khi hn gip mi mt lp, trnh chy thng, c ngu hon ton v c
s to hnh tt mt tri ca mi hn ta c th p dng cc bin php nh: hn lt
pha di, dng m thp, m thuc, dng kho chn hoc tm m.
2 1
n
3 4 bn
a) b)
c) 5 d) 6 e)
Hnh 3.5. Bin php chng kim loi chy khi khe h hn
n = (0,3 0,5); bn = 4 + 5
1. Chi tit hn; 2. mi hn; 3 mi hn lt; 4. m thp;
5. m ng; 6. m ng + thuc hn
Nu chiu dy vt hn tng i ln, c th hn lt bng phng php th

cng, ri sau mi hn chnh thc (hnh 3.5a). Trong trng hp khng th hn lp
lt c, c th dng m thp c nh c th hn ngu hon ton (hnh 3.5b).
Kho chn (hnh 3.5c) tng t nh hn vi m thp. Kho chn hay dng
cho mi hn ca cc vt hnh tr nh ng, bn cha, ni hi...
C th dng tm m ri bng ng hoc m ng kt hp vi thuc nh
hnh 3.5e. Khi hn h quang t ng hoc bn t ng di lp thuc bo v, tt nht
nn dng m thuc ngn kim loi lng chy khi khe h hn.
3.3. hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v
3.3.1. Thc cht, c im v phm vi ng dng

a. Thc cht v c im
Hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v l qu trnh hn nng
chy trong ngun nhit hn c cung cp bi h quang to ra gia in cc nng
chy (dy hn) v vt hn; h quang v kim loi nng chy c bo v khi tc dng
ca xy v nit trong mi trng xung quanh bi mt loi kh hoc mt hn hp kh.
Ting Anh phng php ny gi l GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding).
Hnh 3.6. S hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v

a. S nguyn l; b. S thit b
Kh bo v c th l kh tr (Ar; He hoc hn hp Ar+He) khng tc dng vi
kim loi lng trong khi hn hoc l cc loi kh hot tnh (CO2; CO2+O2; CO2+Ar...)
c tc dng y khng kh ra khi vng hn v hn ch tc dng xu ca n.
Khi in cc hn hay dy hn c cp t ng vo vng h quang thng qua
c cu cp dy, cn s dch chuyn h quang dc theo mi hn c thao tc bng tay
th gi l hn h quang bn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v. Nu tt c chuyn
ng c bn c c kh ho th c gi l hn h quang t ng trong mi trng
kh bo v.
Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh tr (Ar; He) ting
Anh gi l phng php hn MIG (Metal Inert Gas). V cc loi kh tr c gi thnh
cao nn khng c ng dng rng ri, ch dng hn kim loi mu v thp hp
kim.
Hn h quang bng in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh hot tnh (CO2;
CO2+O2...) ting Anh gi l phng php hn MAG (Metal Active Gas). Phng php
hn MAG s dng kh bo v CO2 c pht trin rng ri do c rt nhiu u im:
- CO2 l loi kh d kim, d sn xut v gi thnh thp.

- Nng sut hn trong CO2 cao, gp hn 2,5 ln so vi hn h quang tay.
- Tnh cng ngh ca hn CO2 cao hn so vi hn h quang di lp thuc v
c th tin hnh mi v tr khng gian khc nhau.
- Cht lng hn cao, sn phm hn t b cong vnh do tc hn cao, ngun
nhit tp trung, hiu sut s dng nhit ln, vng nh hng nhit hp.
- iu kin lao ng tt hn so vi vi hn h quang tay v trong qa trnh hn
khng pht sinh kh c.
b. Phm vi ng dng
Trong nn cng nghip hin i, hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh
bo v chim mt v tr rt quan trng. N khng nhng c th hn cc loi thp kt
cu thng thng m cn c th hn cc loi thp khng g, thp chu nhit, thp bn
nng, cc hp kim c bit, cc hp kim nhm, magi, niken, ng, cc hp kim c i
lc ho hc mnh vi xy.
Phng php ny c th s dng c mi v tr trong khng gian, chiu dy
vt hn t 0,4 4,8 mm th ch cn hn mt lp m khng phi vt mp; t 1,6 10
mm hn mt lp c vt mp; cn t 3,2 25 mm th hn nhiu lp.
1.2.2- Vt liu, thit b hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v
a. Vt liu hn
c Dy hn
Khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v, s hp kim ho kim loi mi hn cng
nh cc tnh cht yu cu ca mi hn c thc hin ch yu thng qua dy hn. Do
vy, nhng c tnh ca qa trnh cng ngh hn ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh trng v
cht lng dy hn. Khi hn MAG, ng knh dy hn t 0,8 2,4 mm.
S n nh ca qa trnh hn cng nh cht lng ca lin kt hn ph thuc
nhiu vo tnh trng b mt dy hn. Cn ch n phng php bo qun, ct gi v
bin php lm sch dy hn nu dy b g hoc bn. Mt trong nhng cch gii
quyt l s dng dy c bc lp m ng. Dy m ng s nng cao cht lng b
mt v kh nng chng g, ng thi nng cao tnh n nh ca qa trnh hn.
Theo h thng tiu chun AWS, k hiu dng cho dy hn thp C nh sau:
ER 70 S- X
trong , ER: k hiu in cc hn hoc que hn ph.
70: bn ko nh nht (ksi).
S: dy hn c.
X: thnh phn ho hc v kh bo v.
Mt s loi dy hn thp C thng dng Bng 1-2

iu kin hn C tnh

K hiu theo bn ko Gii hn chy dn

AWS Cc tnh Kh bo v ca lin kt ca mi hn di %
(min-psi) (min-psi) (min)
E70S-2 DCEP CO2 72000 60000 22
E70S-3 DCEP CO2 72000 60000 22
E70S-4 DCEP CO2 72000 60000 22
E70S-5 DCEP CO2 72000 60000 22
E70S-6 DCEP CO2 72000 60000 22
E70S-7 DCEP CO2 72000 60000 22
DCEP l dy hn ni vi cc dng ca ngun in (u nghch)
K hiu theo Thnh phn ho hc (%)
AWS C Mn Si Cc nguyn t khc
E70S-2 0,6 0,400,70 Ti: 0,050,15; Zi: 0,02
0,12; Al: 0,050,15
E70S-3 0,060,15 0,901,40 0,450,70
E70S-4 0,070,15 0,650,85
E70S-5 0,070,19 Al: 0,500,90
0,300,60
E70S-6
0,070,15 1,401,85 0,801,15
E70S-7
0,070,15 1,502,00 0,500,80
d Kh bo v
Kh Ar tinh khit (~ 100%) thng dng hn cc vt liu thp. Kh He tinh
khit (~ 100%) thng c dng hn cc lin kt c kch thc ln, cc vt liu
c tnh gin n nhit cao nh Al, Mg. Cu...
Argon l kh tr thng cha trong bnh thp vi p sut 150 at, dung tch 40 lt.
argon khng chy, khng n v khi lm vic phi c gim p sut t 150 n 0,5 at
v duy tr khng i nh van gim p t iu chnh.
Kh CO2 dng hn phi c sch n trn 99,5%, p sut trong bnh khong
(50 - 60) at. y l kh hot tnh khi nhit cao n phn ly ra CO v xy nguyn
t, cho nn CO2 c tc dng bo v tt v CO t ho tan trong kim loi lng v c tc
dng kh xy.
CO2 c dng rng ri hn thp C trung bnh do gi thnh thp, mi hn
n nh, c tnh ca lin kt hn t yu cu, tc hn cao v ngu su.
Nhc im ca hn trong kh bo v CO2 l gy bn to kim loi lng.
Mt s loi kh bo v tng ng vi kim loi c bn Bng 3-3

Kh bo v Kim loi c bn
Ar (He) Kim loi v hp kim khng c st.

Ar + 1% O2 Thp austenit
Ar + 2% O2 Thp ferit (hn ng t trn xung)
Ar + 5% O2 Thp ferit (hn tm mng, hn ng t trn xung)
Ar + 20% CO2 Thp ferit v austenit (hn mi v tr)
Ar + 15% CO2 + 5% O2 Thp ferit v austenit (hn mi v tr)
CO2 Thp ferit (hn mi v tr)
e Thit b hn
Hnh (H.3.6) trnh by s mt thit b hn h quang trong mi trng kh
Acgng vi in cc nng chy.
2 3 4 5 6
x
8 7
MP C
1
9
MPH 10
12 11
H.3.7. S my hn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v
1. Bnh kh acgng 2. Van gim p 3. ng h o p 4. Van tit lu
5. My pht mt chiu 6. ng c quay c cu cp dy 7. Dy hn 8. C cu
cp dy 9. ng dn kh 10. Mng kh bo v 11).Vt hn 12) Bin tr
Trong qu trnh hn, kh Acgng t bnh cha (1) qua van gim p (2) v van
tit lu (4) c cp vo vng vng hn to thnh mng kh ngn cch vng hn vi
mi trng kh quyn.
Khi hn h quang t ng trong mi trng kh Acgng, dng in hn t (30 -
400) A, lng tiu th kh khong (300 - 900) lt/h.
u im ca hn kh Acgon l mi hn p khng r, khng c x, cht lng
mi hn tt, c bit chuyn dng hn thp hp kim c chiu dy S < 5 mm.
H thng thit b cn thit dng cho hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng
kh bo v bao gm: ngun in hn, c cu cp dy hn t ng, m hn hay sng
hn i cng cc ng ng dn kh, dn dy hn v cp in, chai cha kh bo v
km theo b ng h, lu lng k v van kh.
Hnh sau trnh by s thit b hn bn t ng trong mi trng kh CO2 bng
in cc nng chy. Khi hn, kh CO2 c phun vo vng mi hn, di tc dng
nhit ca ngn la h quang kh b phn hu theo phn ng: CO2 = 2CO +O2

Kh CO khng ho tan vo thp, hnh thnh mi trng bo v khi hn, trnh

s xy ha ca xy ngi ta s dng que hn ph c hm lng Mn v Si cao.
2 3 4 5
6
x 9
8 10
11
H.3.8. S thit b hn bn t ng trong mi trng kh CO2

1/ Bnh kh; 2/ Thit b nung kh; 3/ Van gim p; 4/ p k; 5)Van
tit lu; 6/ ng dn kh; 7/ Thit b cp dy hn; 8/ My pht in
9/ ng dn dy hn; 10/ Tay cm; 11/ Vt hn
M hn (sng hn) bao gm bp tit din chuyn dng in hn n dy

hn, ng dn kh v chp kh hng dng kh bo v bao quanh vng h quang,
b phn lm ngui c th bng kh hoc nc tun hon, cng tc ng ngt ng b
dng in hn, dy hn v dng kh bo v.
Ngun in hn thng thng l ngun in mt chiu DC. Ngun in xoay
chiu AC khng thch hp do h quang b tt na chu k v s chnh lu chu k phn
cc ngui lm cho h quang khng n nh.
Hnh 3.9. M hn c cong, lm ngui bng kh
c tnh ngoi ca ngun in hn thng thng l c tnh cng (in p

khng i). iu ny c dng vi tc cp dy hn khng i, cho php iu
chnh t ng chiu di h quang.
1.2.3. Cng ngh hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v

a. Chun b lin kt trc khi hn

Cc yu cu v hnh dng, kch thc, b mt lin kt trong phng php hn
h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh bo v tng t nh cc phng php hn
khc. Tuy nhin, do ng knh ca dy hn nh hn so vi hn di lp thuc bo v
nn gc vt mp s nh hn (thng khong 45 600) do dy hn c kh nng n su
vo trong rnh hn.
b. Cc dng truyn kim loi lng vo vng hn
c Truyn kim loi dng cu
Git kim loi hnh thnh chm trn in cc v lu li y lu. Nu kch
thc git kim loi lng ln, git kim loi lng s chuyn vo vng hn theo cc
hng khc nhau (ng trc hoc lch trc dy hn) do trng lc hoc do s on
mch.
Kch thc git kim loi lng dng cu ph thuc vo loi kh s dng, vo vt
liu v kch thc in cc, in p h quang, cng dng in v cc tnh. Khi
in p h quang v kch thc in cc tng th ng knh git tng. Cng
dng in tng s lm gim ng knh git.
Qu trnh hn vi s truyn kim loi dng cu c ng dng ch yu cho cc
lin kt hn bng.
d Truyn kim loi dng phun
dng ny, kim loi i qua h quang dng git rt nh c nh hng

ng trc. ng knh git kim loi bng hoc nh hn ng knh in cc.
Hn h quang kiu phun rt thch hp hn cc chi tit tng i dy vi
dng in cao v hn v tr hn ng t trn xung.
e Truyn kim loi dng ngn mch hoc nh git
K thut hn h quang ngn mch hoc nh git thch hp khi hn cc tm
mng cc v tr hn khc nhau.
K thut hn truyn kim loi dng nh git s dng dy hn ng knh nh
(0,8 1,6mm), in p h quang thp (16 22V), dng in thp (60 180A). K
thut hn ny t gy ra bn to git kim loi lng.
c. Ch hn
c Dng in hn
Dng in hn c chn ph thuc vo kch thc in cc (dy hn), dng
truyn kim loi v chiu dy ca lin kt hn. Khi dng in qu thp s khng m
bo ngu ht chiu dy lin kt, gim bn ca mi hn. Khi dng in qu cao s
lm tng s bn to kim loi, gy ra r xp, bin dng, mi hn khng n nh.
Vi loi ngun in c c tnh ngoi cng (in p khng i) dng in hn

tng khi tng tc cp dy v ngc li.

d in p hn
y l thng s rt quan trng trong hn GMAW, quyt nh dng truyn kim
loi lng. in p hn s dng ph thuc vo chiu dy chi tit hn, kiu lin kt,
kch c v thnh phn in cc, thnh phn kh bo v, v tr hn... c c gi tr
in p hn hp l, c th phi hn th vi ln, bt u bng gi tr in p h quang
theo tnh ton hay tra bng, sau tng hoc gim theo quan st ng hn chn
gi tr in p thch hp.
e Tc hn
Tc hn ph thuc rt nhiu vo trnh tay ngh ca th hn. Tc hn
quyt nh chiu su ngu ca mi hn. Nu tc hn thp, kch thc vng hn s
ln v ngu su. Khi tng tc n, tc cp nhit ca h quang s gim, lm gim
ngu v thu hp ng hn.
f Phn nh ca in cc hn
l khong cch gia u in cc v mp bt tit din (hnh 1.9). Khi tng
chiu di phn nh, nhit nung nng on dy hn ny s tng, dn ti l;m gim
cng dng in hn cn thit nng chy in cc theo tc cp dy nht
nh. Khong cch ny rt quan trng khi hn thp khng g, s bin thin nh cng
c th lm tng s bin thin dng in mt cch r rt.
Chiu di phn nh qu ln s lm d kim loi nng chy mi hn, lm gim
ngu v lng ph kim loi hn. Tnh n nh ca h quang cng b nh hng. Nu
chiu di phn nh qu nh s gy ra s bn toe, kim loi lng dnh vo m hn, chp
kh lm cn tr dng kh bo v, gy ra r xp trong mi hn.
Dng in hn (A)
250
Dy hn ng
Chp kh Bp tit din 200 knh 1,2 mm
Khong cch Phn nh in cc hn 150
chp kh- chi tit Dy hn ng
Khong cch bp 100 knh 0,8mm
tit din- chi tit 50
0
Chiu di h quang 3,15 6,4 9,5 12,7 15,9 19 22,2
Phn nh in cc (mm)
a) b)
Hnh 3.10. Chiu di in cc pha ngoi m hn (a) v quan
h dng in - phn nh in cc (b)
d. K thut hn
Khi hn mt pha, cn phi c m lt thch hp di ng hn. i khi c
th thc hin ng hn chn (hn lt) bng k thut ngn mch c ngu ng
u, sau cc lp tip theo c thc hin bng k thut truyn kiu phun vi dng
in cao. Cng nh vi mi phng php hn h quang khc, gc v v tr m hn

v in cc vi ng hn c nh hng r rt ti ngu v hnh dng mi hn. Gc
m hn thng nghing khong 10 200 so vi chiu thng ng.
1.3- hn h quang in cc khng nng chy trong mi

trng kh tr
1.3.1- Thc cht, c im v phm vi ng dng
Hn h quang in cc khng nng chy trong mi trng kh tr (GTAW) l

qa trnh hn nng chy, trong ngun nhit cung cp bi h quang c to thnh
gia in cc khng nng chy v vng hn (hnh 3.13). Vng h quang c bo v
bng mi trng kh tr (Ar, He hoc Ar+He) ngn cn nhng tc ng c hi ca
xy v nit trong khng kh. in cc khng nng chy thng dng l Volfram nn
phng php hn ny ting Anh gi l TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas).
Vng h quang c ch ra trn hnh 3.14. H quang trong n TIG c nhit
rt cao, c th t ti hn 61000C. Kim loi mi hn c th to thnh ch t kim loi
c bn khi hn nhng chi tit mng vi lin kt gp mp, hoc c b sung t que
hn ph. Ton b vng hn c bao bc bi kh tr thi ra t chp kh.
Phng php ny c mt s u im ng ch :
- To mi hn c cht lng cao i vi hu ht kim loi v hp kim.
- Mi hn khng phi lm sch sau khi hn.
- H quang v vng hn c th quan st c trong khi hn.
- Khng c kim loi bn to.
- C th hn mi v tr trong khng gian.
- Nhit tp trung cho php tng tc hn, gim bin dng lin kt hn.
Hnh 3.11- S nguyn l hn h quang nng chy trong mi trng kh tr.
Phng php hn TIG c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc sn xut, c bit rt

thch hp trong hn thp hp kim cao, kim loi mu v hp kim ca chng...

Phng php hn ny thng thng c thao tc bng tay v c th t ng
ho hai khu di chuyn h quang cng nh cp dy hn ph.
Hnh 3.12. Vng h quang v vng hn.
1.3.2- Vt liu v thit b hn TIG
a. Vt liu
Vt liu s dng trong phng php hn TIG bao gm: kh bo v, in cc
Wolfram v que hn ph.
c Kh bo v (kh tr)
Ar l kh c iu ch t kh quyn bng phng php ho lng khng kh v
tinh ch n tinh khit 99,99%. Kh ny c cung cp trong cc bnh di p sut
cao hoc dng lng vi nhit di -1840C trong cc thng cha ln.
He c trng lng ring bng hong 1/10 so vi Ar c ly t kh t nhin,
thng c cha trong cc bnh di p sut cao.
Sau khi ra khi chp kh m hn, Ar to thnh lp bo v pha trn vng hn.
Do nh hn, He c xu hng dng ln to thnh cun xoy xung quanh h quang.
bo v hiu qu, lu lng He phi gp 2 3 ln so vi Ar.
c tnh quan trng khc ca He l i hi in p h quang cao hn vi cng
chiu di h quang v dng in so vi Ar. H quang He nng hn so vi Ar; He
thng dng hn cc vt liu c chiu dy ln, c dn nhit cao (nh Cu) hoc
nhit nng chy cao.
im khc bit na l Ar cho tnh n nh h quang nh nhau i vi dng
in xoay chiu (AC) v mt chiu (DC) v c tc dng lm sch tt vi dng AC.
Trong lc , He to h quang n nh vi dng in DC nhng tnh n nh h
quang v tc dng lm sch vi dng AC tng i thp. Do khi cn hn Al, Mg
bng dng AC th nn dng Ar.
Cc hn hp Ar v He vi hm lng He n 75% c s dng khi cn s cn
bng gia cc c tnh ca hai loi kh ny.

C th b sung H2 vo Ar khi hn cchk Ni, Ni-Cu, thp khng g.

d in cc Wolfram
Wolfram c dng lm in cc do c tnh chu nhit cao (nhit nng chy
l 34100C), pht x in t tng i tt, lm in ho h quang v duy tr tnh n nh
h quang. Wolfram c tnh chng xy ho rt cao.
Bng 3-4 Thnh phn ho hc ca mt s loi in cc Volfram
Tiu chun AWS W (min) Th Zr Tng tp cht
% % % (max) %
EWP 99,5 - - 0,5
EWTh-1 98,5 0,8 1,2 - 0,5
EWTh-2 97,5 1,7 2,2 - 0,5
EWTh-3 98,95 0,35 0,55 - 0,5
EWZr 99,2 - 0,15 0,40 0,5
Cc in cc Wolfram c ng knh 0,25 6,4 mm vi chiu di 76 610

mm. Cc in cc Wolfram c thm Thori (Th) c tnh pht x in t, dn in v
chng nhim bn tt, mi h quang tt hn v h quang n nh hn.
Cc in cc Wolfram c thm Zircon (Zr) c cc tnh cht trung gian gia
in cc W v in cc W-Th.
Mu nhn din mt s loi in cc thng dng
Bng 3-5
K hiu Thnh phn Mu nhn din
EWP Wolfram tinh khit Xanh l cy
EWCe-2 97,3% W, 2% oxit ceri Da cam
EWLa-1 98,3% W, 1% oxit lantan en
EWTh-1 98,3% W, 1% oxit thori Vng
EWTh-2 97,3% W, 2% oxit thori
EWZa-1 99,1% W, 0,25% oxit zircon Nu
EWG 94,5% W Xm
Mt s yu cu khi s dng in cc Wolfram:

- Cn chn dng in thch hp vi kch c in cc c s dng. Dng in
qu cao s lm hng u in cc, dng in qu thp s gy ra s n mn, nhit
thp v h quang khng n nh.
- u in cc phi c mi hp l theo hng dn km theo in cc.
- in cc phi c s dng v bo qun cn thn, trnh nhim bn.
- Dng kh bo v phi c duy tr khng ch trc v trong khi hn m c sau
khi ngt h quang cho n khi in cc ngui.
- Phn nh in cc pha ngoi m hn (chp kh) phi c gi mc ngn
nht, ty theo ng dng v thit b dm bo c bo v tt bng dng kh tr.

- Cn trnh s nhim bn in cc, s tip xc gia in cc nng vi kim loi

mi hn.
- Thi b, c bit l chp kh phi c bo v v lm sch. u chp kh b
bn s nh hng ti kh bo v, nh hng ti h quang hn; do lm gim cht
lng mi hn.
e Que hn ph
Que hn ph c cc kch thc tiu chun theo ISO/R564 nh sau: chiu di t
500 1000 mm vi ng knh 1,2; 1,6; 2; 2,4; 3,2 mm.
Cc loi que hn ph gm c: ng v hp kim ng, thp khng g Cr cao v
Cr-Ni, nhm v hp kim nhm, thp C thp, thp hp kim thp...
b. Thit b dng cho hn TIG
Thit b dng cho hn TIG c cc b phn chnh sau (hnh 1.13):
- Ngun in hn, bao gm c h thng iu khin kh bo v, nc lm mt,
dng in v in p hn.
- M hn; - Chai cha kh tr v van iu khin lu lng kh.
c M hn TIG
Chc nng ca m hn TIG l dn dng in v kh tr vo vng hn. in cc
Wolfram dn in c gi chc chn trong m hn bng ai gi vi cc vt lp bn
trong thn m hn.
Hnh 3.13. Cu to m hn TIG.

a) M hn TIG lm mt bng nc; b) M hn TIG c ng hi t kh.
Cc ai ny c kch thc ph hp vi ng knh in cc. Kh c cung cp

vo vng hn qua chp kh. Chp kh c ren c lp vo u m hn hng v
phn phi dng kh bo v. M hn c cc kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau ph
hp vi tng cng vic hn c th.
M hn TIG c phn lm 2 loi theo c cu lm mt:
- M hn lm mt bng kh - tng ng vi cng dng in hn < 120A.
- M hn lm mt bng nc - tng ng vi cng dng in hn > 120A.
d Ngun in hn

Ngun in hn cung cp dng hn mt chiu hoc xoay chiu, hoc c hai.

Ty ng dng, n c th l bin p, chnh lu, my pht in hn. Ngun in hn
cn c ng c tnh ngoi dc (ging nh cho hn h quang tay).
tng tc n nh h quang, in p khng ti khong 70 80V. B phn
iu khin thng c b tr chung vi ngun in hn v bao gm b contact ng
ngt dng hn, b gy h quang tn s cao, b iu khin tun hon nc lm mt
(nu c) vi h thng cnh tn nhit v qut lm mt, b khng ch thnh phn dng
mt chiu (vi my hn xoay chiu, mt chiu).
* Ngun in hn xoay chiu: thch hp cho hn nhm, magi v hp kim ca
chng. Khi hn, na chu k dng (ca in cc) c tc dng bn ph lp mng xit
trn b mt v lm sch b mt . Na chu k m nung kim loi c bn. Hin nay c
hai loi ngun xoay chiu chnh dng cho hn bng in cc khng nng chy trong
mi trng kh bo v.
* Ngun in hn mt chiu: khng gy ra vn ln W vo mi hn hay
hin tng t nn dng (nh khi hn nhm bng ngun hn xoay chiu). Tuy nhin,
iu quan trng cn lu khi s dng n l vic gy h quang v kh nng cho dng
hn s ti thiu. Hu ht my mt chiu u s dng phng php ni thun (nn 2/3
lng nhit ca h quang i vo vt hn). in cc W tinh khit nh trong trng hp
my xoay chiu t c dng hn mt chiu cc thun v kh gy h quang. Thay
vo l in cc W + 1,5 2%ThO2 hoc ZrO2 hoc oxt t him LaO...
Cc ngun in hn TIG thng dng Vit Nam l my hn TG 160 ca hng
WIM (Malaysia), my hn KEPMI 2500 ca hng Kempi (Phn Lan).

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Gio trnh: cng ngh hn

1.2. Phn loi cc phng php hn

Hn tip xc, hn ma st, hn n, hn siu m, hn kh p, hn cao tn, hn

1.3. T chc kim loi mi hn v vng ph cn

Kim loi vt hn trong

Chng 2: Hn h quang tay

Q = 0,24 RI2t, nhit lng ny c cc in t t do mt u catt hp th. Sau khi

H.2.1. Qu trnh gy h quang khi hn

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 4

c tnh tnh V-A ca h quang hn Uhq(V)

H.2.3. nh hng ca in trng tnh n h quang hn

- H quang b lch do tc dng ca in trng khng i xng (a): t pha

- Cng in trng: dng in i qua que

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 + 6

in trng, ranh gii nng chy ca que hn b

- p lc trong: kim loi u mt que hn b qu nhit rt ln, nhiu phn ng

2.2. Phn loi hn h quang tay

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 7

in cc hn nng chy (que hn) c ch to t kim loi hoc hp kim c

Que hn nng chy

Lp thuc bc c ch to t hn hp gm nhiu loi vt liu dng dng bt,

a- u dy trc tip b- u dy gin tip c- u dy 3 pha

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 8

Ngun in hn trong hn h quang tay c th l ngun in xoay chiu hoc

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 9

Loi my hn ny c th iu chnh tinh cng hn (Ih) bng cch thay i

My hn kiu ny c mt li t di ng (A) nm trong gng t (B) ca my bin

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 10

My hn gm my pht in mt chiu (M) c cun dy kch t ring (2) c

My hn dng dng in chnh lu c h quang chy n nh hn my hn xoay

khng ti nh, kt cu n gin hn. Nhc im ca my hn chnh lu l cng sut

2.4. Cng ngh hn h quang tay

- Mi hn c tm m (d): dng khi sa cha cc kt d/

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 12

Cht lng mi hn ph thuc rt ln vo vic lm sch v chun b mp hn.

H.2.16. Cc kiu chun b mp hn

2.4.2. Ch hn h quang tay

Cng dng in hn chn ph thuc vo vt liu hn, ng knh que hn,

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 13

Trong : v l cc h s ph thuc vo vt liu vt hn, i vi thp = 6;

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 14

H.2.17. Cc phng php chuyn ng que hn

Phng php hon thnh mi hn ph thuc vo chiu dy v chiu di ca chi

H.2.18. Cc phng php hon thnh mi hn

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 15

H.2.16. K thut hn trn (c) v hn gc (d)

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 16

3.1. Thc cht v c im

Nng sut hn cao (thng gp 5 - 10 so vi hn h quang tay) nh s dng dng

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 17

Hnh 3.1. S hn di lp thuc bo v

Hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c cc c im sau:

Phng php hn h quang di lp thuc bo v c th hn c cc chi tit

3.2.2. Vt liu, thit b hn h quang t ng v bn t ng di lp thuc bo

Trng i hc bch khoa - 2006 19

Ty theo tng loi thit b c th, cc c cu ny c th b tr thnh mt khi

H.3.3. S thit b hn bn t ng di lp thuc hn

Trn tay cm c cng tc ng ct dng in hn v c cu cp dy. My pht

3.2.3. Cng ngh hn h quang di lp thuc bo v

a. Chun b lin kt trc khi hn

Dng in qu nh Dng in hp l Dng in qu ln chiu cao

d in th h quang: H quang di th in th h quang cao, p lc ca n

f ng knh dy hn: Khi ng knh dy hn tng m dng in khng