Thuy Khi Co Ban PDF

Thuy kh ky thut ng dung Huynh Vn Hoang
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Li ta
Giao trnh "Thuy kh ky thut ng dung" c bin soan theo cng giang day
cho sinh vin cac nganh ky thut cua trng ai hoc Bach khoa a Nng nhm muc ch
giup cho sinh vin co tai liu tham khao trong hoc tp cung nh trong tnh toan thit k cac
h thng thuy - kh.
Tai liu c bin soan khng th tranh khoi sai sot trn moi phng din.
Rt mong c gia vui long gop y kin xy dng tai liu c hoan chnh.
Xin chn thanh cam n.
a nng 8 - 2005
Tac gia
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Chng 1
M u
$1 - Muc ch, i tng va phng phap nghin cu
Thuy khi ky thut ng dung nghin cu cac qui lut cn bng va chuyn ng cua dong cht
long, nghin cu lc tac dung cua cht long ln vt ngp trong cht long tnh hay chuyn ng va
nghin cu ng dung cac kt qua trn vao san xut va i sng.
i tng nghin cu la cht long con goi la cht nc. Cac kt qua nhin cu c ap dung
cho cht kh. kim loai nong chay va hn hp thuy lc, c goi chung la cht long Nui-tn. Cac bai
toan cua cht long trang thai tnh c trnh bay trong phn tnh hoc cht long, cac bai toan
chuyn ng cua cht long c gii thiu trong phn ng lc hoc cht long.
Trong qua trnh nghin cu thuy kh ng dung phai kt hp cht che gia nghin cu ly
thuyt va thc nghim.
Vic nghin cu ly thuyt bt u t quan sat hin tng va m ta bng m hnh c hoc, vt
ly va toan hoc. Khi nghin cu mt vn , chung ta phai vn dung cac nguyn ly c ban cua c
hoc va vt ly, ngoai ra phai kt hp cht che kin thc toan hoc, c ly thuyt, vt ly va nhit ng
ky thut ... . i khi phai kim tra kt qua nghin cu ly thuyt bng thc nghim trn m hnh.
Vic nghin cu bng thc nghim ong vai tro ht sc quan trong v no b sung cho ly
thuyt.Trong mt s lnh vc no la phng phap chu yu lam c s cho ly thuyt, v du nh nghin
cu dong ri, ... .
n gian cho vic nghin cu ly thuyt ngi ta thng bt u t cht long ly tng,
sau o m rng ra cho cht long thc. Ngha la phai xet n anh hng cua tnh nht, tnh nen, ...
cua cht long. Trong nghin cu ly thuyt ngi ta tach khoi cht long mt phn t long co hnh
dang tuy y va co cac tnh cht c - ly nh toan b cht long. Cn lu y rng mi phn t long du
nho n u cung co kch thc ln hn rt nhiu so vi kch thc phn t va no cha mt khi
lng rt ln phn t. Mi trng cht long c coi la gm v s nhng phn t long phn b lin
tuc. Vi khai nim phn t long cho phep chung m rng mi trng cht long nh trng vt ly
co th ng dung cac qui lut ng hoc va ng lc hoc cua c hoc nghin cu chuyn ng
cua cht long. V th nhng ai lng c trng ng hoc va ng lc hoc cua cht long co th
biu din bng cac ham lin tuc i vi toa khng gian va thi gian, ng thi nhng ham s
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o la nhng ham kha tch, kha vi. Cac phng phap c s dung trong nghin cu trong thuy kh
ky thut :
- Phng phap th tch hu han, trong o s dung nh lut gia tr trung bnh cua tch phn
va cac biu thc lin h gia tch phn mt va tch phn khi.
- Phng phap tng t thuy kh-in t, trong o mi trng vn tc c thay bng th
hiu cua mi trng.
- Phng phap phn tch th nguyn d trn c s ng nht cua h phng trnh vi phn
ao ham ring.
- Phng phap thng k thuy ng thng c dung khao sat chuyn ng trung bnh
cua dong ri.
$2 - Lch s phat trin
Nhng nm trc cng nguyn (tr.CN) Arixtt (384-322 tr.CN) nha trit hoc Hy lap a m
ta va giai thch cac hin tng chuyn ng cua nc va khng kh. Gn 100 nm sau Asimet (287
-212 tr.CN) nha vt ly bac hoc Hy lap a tm ra nh lut y ln cua cht long va no tr thanh c
s cho nganh ong tau thuyn. Nm 1506 LnadaVanxi (1452-1519) da kt qua cua Asimet a
nghin cu tac dung tng h gia vt chuyn ng va mi trng cht long. ng a phat hin ra
lc nng va a thit k may bay kiu canh di. Xtvin (1548-1620) a a ra "nguyn ly thuy
tnh". Nm 1612 Galil (1564- 1642) a phat hin lc can mi trng cht long ln vt chuyn
ng va no ty l vi vn tc. Nm 1643 Trixeli (1608-1647) tm ra cng thc tnh vn tc cht
long chay ra khoi l voi. Nm 1650 Pascan (1623 - 1662) nghin cu s truyn ap sut va chuyn
ng kha d cua cht long. Da trn c s o cac may ep thuy lc, b tng ap a ra i. Huyghen
(1629-1695) a chng minh lc can cht long ln cac vt chuyn ng ty l vi bnh phng vn
tc. Trong "Nhng nguyn ly c ban cua cht long" Nuitn (1642-1727) a tach c hoc cht long
ra khoi lnh vc c hoc vt rn vi gia thuyt nht cua cht long thc. Mai n th ky 18 - thi ky
phuc hng cac cng trnh nghin cu cua le (1707-1783), Bernoulli (1718-1813), ... a hoan
chnh c s ng lc hoc cht long ly tng. c bit phng trnh "tuc bin - bm" cua le la c
s cho vic thit k cac may thuy - kh canh dn. Phng trnh Bernoulli a c s dung rng rai
e giai cac bai toan ky thut.
Cui th ky 18 u th ky 19 cac cng trnh nghin cu hng vao cac bai toan dong hai
chiu, chuyn ng xoay, ly thuyt dong tia, ... . Lagrng (1736-1813) a giai cac bai toan phng
khng xoay bng ham bin phc. Hemhn (1847-1894) a chng minh cac nh ly c ban cua
chuyn ng xoay trong cht long. No tr thanh c s cho vic thit k canh dn theo ly thuyt
dong xoay va vic ngin cu chuyn ng cua gio bao trong khi quyn.
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Cui th ky 19 do yu cu phat trin ky thut cac cng trnh nghin cu hng vao giai
quyt cac bai toan v cht long thc. Tn tui cac nha bac hoc, ky s gn lin vi cac cng trnh,
V du nh : ng Venturi (1746-1822) dung o lu lng. Cng thc tnh tn tht nng lng
mang tn hai nha bac hoc cxi (1803-1858) va Vyxbac (1866-1871). S Rynn (1842-1912)
phn bit hai trang thai dong chay. Phng trnh Navi (1785-1836) va Stc (1819-1903) la
phng trnh chuyn ng cht long thc co xet ti vn tc bin dang. Phng trnh vi phn lp
bin cua Prn a t c s ly thuyt cho cac bai toan tnh lc can cua cht long thc ln vt
chuyn ng,... Tuy nhin do tnh cht phc tap cua cht long thc nn bn canh cac cng trnh
nghin cu ly thuyt co cac cng trnh nghin cu thc nghim. Cac kt qua thc nghim a gop
phn khn nh s ung n cac kt qua nghin cu ly thuyt. Cac bai toan chay tng trong khe
hep cua Cuet a c s dung trong bai toan bi trn thuy ng. n nm 1883 cac thc nghim
cua Ptrp a khn nh s ung n cua ly thuyt bi trn thuy ng. n nm 1886 Jukpxki va
hoc tro cua ng la Traplgin a b sung va hoan chnh ly thuyt bi trn nay. Do yu cu thit k
tuc bin hi nc, tuc bin kh va ky thut hang khng vic nghin cu ng lc hoc cht kh a
c quan tm ti. Nm 1890 Jukpxki a tng quat hoa bai toan chay bao vt co im ri va xac
nh cng thc tnh lc nng trong chay bao prfin canh dn. Trong thi gian nay nha bac hoc
ngi c la Kuty cung a cng b kt qua tng t. Dong vt m c hai anh em ngi Ao
la Mc nghin cu. Jukpxki nghin cu ch tao ra ng kh ng va thanh lp phng trnh chuyn
ng cua an ao phan lc co khi lng bin thin.
Vic nghin cu chuyn ng cua cht long thc ma c bit lam sang to nguyn nhn xut
hin dong ri va cac tnh cht cua no ang la vn e nan giai. Ap dung phng phap thng k thuy
lc va gia tr trung bmh theo thi gian cua cac thng s dong ri chung ta a co nhng kt qua
gn ung v cac bai toan dong ri.
Trong thi ai c gii hoa va t ng hoa cac nganh ky thut vic ng dumg cac thanh tu
nghin cu cht long vao cac lnh vc o tr thanh nhu cu. cac trng ai hoc, cac nganh ky
thut mn hoc thuy kh ky thut ng dung a c a vao giang day mt cach co h thng trong
chng trnh ao tao.
$3 - Nhng tnh cht vt ly c ban cua cht long
3.1- Cu tao phn t
Cac cht c cu tao t phn t. o la nhng phn t nho be nht. Gia chung co lc
tng tac tac dung. Gia cac phn t co khoang cach. Nu khoang cach nay nho hn 3.10-10 m th
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cac phn t y nhau, con nu no ln hn 3.10-10 m th chung hut nhau. Nhng nu khoang cach
o ln hn 15.10-10 m th lc tng tac gia cac phn t rt nho, cac phn t c coi la khng
tng tac nhau na. Cac phn t chuyen ng khng ngng. Theo thuyt ng nng th vn tc
cua chung phu thuc vao nhit cua vt th. Tuy theo s so sanh gia lc lin kt va ng nng
cua phn t do chuyn ng nhit vt cht c phn ra ba loai cht rn, cht long va cht kh.
Cac phn t cht long chuyn ng quanh v tr cn bng, ng thi cac v tr cn bng nay lai di
chuyn, nn cht long co hnh dang theo vt cha va khng th chng lai s bin dang v hnh
dang. Do con b anh hng ang k lc tng tac gia cac phn t nn cht nc khng chu nen,
khng chu ct va chu keo. Tuy theo nhit va ap sut cua mi trngng cht long co tnh cht
nh cht rn hay cht kh.
oi vi cht kh lc lin kt gia cac phn t nho hn ng nng chuyn ng do nhit. Cac
phn t chuyn ng hn loan, t do. V th cht kh khng co th tch va hnh dang nht nh.
Cac phn t kh co kha nng in y th tch ma no co mt. Khi co s thay i ap sut, nhit
th th tch cht kh thay i ln. Tuy nhin trong iu kin ap sut nhit kh tri va vn tc
dong kh nho th vn co th coi cht kh la cht long khng nen c. Ngha la co th ap dung cac
qui lut cua cht long cho cht kh. Cht long va cht kh c coi la ng tnh ng hng.
3.2 - Lc tac dung ln cht long
Tt ca cac lc tac dung ln cht long u co th phn ra lam hai loai la lc khi va lc mt.
Lc khi ty l vi th tch cht long (con goi la lc th tch). Lc khi gm co trong lng, lc
quan tnh,... . No c biu din bng biu thc :
FR = R. .dV
(V )
Trong o V la th tch hu han cua cht long chu tac dung bi lc khi,
la khi lng ring cua cht long,
R la gia tc khi (hay lc khi n v).
Nu cht long ch chu tac dung bi trong lc th gia tc khi la gia tc trong trng. Nu
cht long chuyn ng vi gia tc th gia tc lc khi gm gia tc trong trng va gia tc quan tnh
cua chuyn ng.
Lc mt ty l vi din tch b mt cht long. Lc mt gm cac lc nhu lc ap, lc ma sat, ...
Lc mt c tnh theo cng thc:
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F p = p.dS
(S )
Trong o p la lc mt tnh trn mt n v dn tch. Nu Fp thng goc vi mt cht long th

p la ap sut. Nu Fp tac dung theo phong tip tuyn vi mt S th p la ng sut tip.
Bang 3.1
n v Pa (N/m2) bar at (KG/cm2) atm torr (mm Hg)
Pa 1 10 1,01972.10-5 0,98692.10-5 7,5006.10-3
bar 105 1 1,01972 0,98692 7,5006.102
at 0.98066.105 0,98066 1 0.96784 7,3556.102
atm 1.01325.105 1,01325 1.03332 1 7.60.102
torr 1.3332.102 1,3332.10-3 1,3995.10-3 1,31579.10-3 1
Ap sut la lc trn mt n v din tch. Nu cht long cn bng goi la ao sut thuy tnh con
cht long chuyn ng th goi la ap sut thuy ng. Ap sut tai mt im c tnh theo :
dF
p = lim
dS 0 dS
n v cua ap sut la Patxcan,k hiu la Pa - tng ng vi N/m-2 . Cac n v o lng khac

vi quan h tng ng c trnh bay trong bang 3-1.
3.3 Khi lng ring
Khi lng ring la khi lng cua mt n v th tch cht long, ky hiu la , n v la
3
kg/m . Cng thc tnh la :
m dm
= hay = (3.1)
V dV
Trong o m la khi long (tnh theo kg) cha trong th tch V (tnh theo m3).
Khi lng ring thay i khi nhit va ap sut thay i. Nu nhit tng th khi lng
ring giam. i vi cht long s thay i nay khng ang k .V du khi lng ring cua nc
thay i theo nhit c trnh bay bang 3.2. Khi nhit tng n 4oC th khi lng ring
tng (do tnh cht co th tch cua nc) va khi nhit tip tuc tng th khi lng ring giam
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giam. Tuy nhin s thay i nay khng ang k. Trong ky thut ngi ta thng ly khi lng
ring cua nc la 1000 kg/m3.
Bang 3.2
O
t ( C) 0 4 10 30 60 80 100
(kg/m3) 999,9 1000 999,7 995,7 983,3 971,8 958,4
i vi cht kh s thay i khi lng theo nhit va ap sut c biu din bng
phng trnh trang thai. Trong bang 3.3 la s thay i khi lng ring cua khng kh theo nhit
va ap sut.
Bang 3.3
o
t ( C) -3 27 100
5 6 5
p (Pa) 10 10 10 106 107
106
(kg/m3) 1.33 13,3 1,127 11,27 112,7 0,916
Khi long ring cua mt s cht long thng gp :

nc bin : 1030 kg/m3,
thuy ngn : 13546 kg/m3,
grixerin : 1260 kg/m3 ,
du : 800 kg/m3.
Trc y chung ta hay dung khai nim " trong lng ring". Cht long co khi lng m
trong th tch V th no chu sc hut trai t vi gia tc trong trng g va trong lng cua no la G =
m.g va trong lng ring (trong lng cua mt n v th tch cht long) la :
G
= = .g (N/m3 ) (3.2)
V
V gia tr cua g thay i theo v a ly va cao v tr tnh toan so vi mc nc bin

nn co gia tr thay i. Trong tnh toan ky thut chung ta thng ly gia tr g = 9,81 m/s2.
Trong ky thut con dung khai nim ty trong (ky hiu ). o la ty s gia trong lng ring
cua cht long va va trong lng ring cua nc 4oC

= (3.3)
H O,4 o
C
2
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i vi cht kh chung ta con dung th tch ring ky hiu la v, n v m3 / kg va tnh theo
cng thc :
1
v= (3.4)

3.4 - Tnh nen va tnh dan n
Kha nng thay i th tch cua cht long khi co s thay i ap sut goi la tnh nen, con do
s thay i nhit goi la tnh dan n cua cht long.
3.4.1 Tnh nen
Tnh nen c c trng bi h s nen p (m2/N). o la s thay i th tch tng i cua

cht long khi ap sut thay i mt n v :
V 1 dV 1
p = hay p = (3.5)
Vo p V dp
Trong o : V = V-Vo la s thay i th tch ,

Vo la th tch ban u cua cht long.
p = p - po la s thay i ap sut.
V s thay i th tch va s thay i ap sut ngc nhau nn trc biu thc co du" -".
T (3.5) suy ra :
o
V = V0 (1 p p) hay = (3.6)
1 p .p
Trong o , o la khi lng ring cua cht long ng vi ap sut p va po.

ai lng nghch ao cua h s nen la m un an hi cua cht long, ky hiu la E, n v
2
la N/m :
1
E= (3.7)
p
Nu ap sut cht long khng lam giam i qua mt na so vi th tch ban u cua cht long
th E khng thay i va no co y ngha nh m un an hi cua cht rn.
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Tnh nen cua cht long phu thuc vao ap sut va nhit . Nhng s thay i nay khng
ang k. V du nh nc :
Khi p = 10 5 Pa va t =0oC th Enc = 2,01.109 N/m2.
Nu nhit tng ln 20oC th Enc = 2,20.109 N/m2.
iu nay cung giai thch c kha nng hp thu cht kh va kha nng hoa tan mui trong nc khi
nhit tng.
Nu ap sut tng ln t 105 n 400.105 Pa con nhit khng thay i th khi lng ring
cua nc tng ln khoang 2%. V vy nn cht long c coi nh khng nen c. Tuy nhin trong
cung mt iu kin p=105 Pa, t=10o C th Enc = 2.109 N/m2 con Ethep = 2.1011N/m2, ngha la
mun an hi cua thep ln gp 100 ln so vi nc. Vy tnh khng nen c cua cht long ch
so sanh vi cht kh.
Trong ky thut thng co th bo qua tnh nen cua cht long. Nhng nu co s thay i ap
sut ln, t ngt va c bit i vi nhng th tch cht long ln chuyn ng th khng th bo qua
tnh nen c, v du nh trong va p thuy lc ... .
Trong qua trnh nen cht long th khi lng cua no khng thay i nn chung ta co th vit
m =.V = const.
Ly ao ham biu thc nay ta co :
dV + V d = 0
hay :
dV d
=
V
Kt hp vi cng thc (3.7) tnh mun an hi cua cht long :
E dp
=
d
n v cua biu thc la bnh phng cua n v vn tc. Nn chung ta co th vit :
dp E
a= = (3.8)
d
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Theo Vt ly th a goi la vn tc truyn m trong cht long va cung la vn tc truyn song ap
sut ; trong nc a = 1414,2m/s ; trong cht long khng nen c a .
i vi cht kh qua trnh nen kh xay ra rt nhanh chung ta co th coi la qua trnh oan
nhit va vn tc truyn m c tnh theo cng thc :
p
a = k .r.T = k (3.9)

Trong o k la ch s oan nhit,

r la hng s cht kh.
Nu cho M trong lng phn t cht kh th :
RT
a= k (3.10)
M
Trong o R = 8314 J.kmol/oK la hng s tng quat cua cht kh.

Vn tc truyn m trong khng kh vi T= 288oK ; M=28,96 Kmol va k=1,4 th a= 341 m/s.
3.4.2 Tnh dan n.
Khi nhit d thay i th th tch cac cht u thay i. S thay i nay c biu din
mt cach tng quat bng ham s mu theo nhit :
V = Vo (1 + 1 t + 2t2 + ... ) (3.11)
Trong o Vo la th tch cht kh nht ban u. i vi cht long ch cn s dung mi

quan h bc nht :
V = Vo ( 1 + t t ) (3.12)
t la h s dan n cua cht long. o la s tng th tch tng i khi nhit cua cht long
tng ln 1oC. n v cua h s dan n la -1. T (3.12) suy ra :
V 1 dV
t = hay t = (3.13)
Vo t Vo dt
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Tnh dan n cua cht long phu thuc vao nhit va ap sut. V du nc :
khi nhit t=4oC dn 10oC va ap sut p=105 Pa th t = 0,000014 -1,
khi t= 10oC n 20oC (tng 10 ln , p=105 Pa ) th t = 0,000150 -1
Nu ap sut tng ln n 107 Pa th t = 0,00043 -1 (tng gp 3 ln).
Nu nhit thay i t t, chnh lch nhit khng ang k th chung ta cung co th
bo qua s dan n th tch cua cht long. Nhng khi s thay i nhit ln th phai xet n s thay
i th tch cht long. V du trong h thng si m th s thay i th tch do nhit lam cho
nc chuyn ng.T cng thc trn chung ta co th suy ra cng thc tnh khi lng ring cua
cht long nhit t :
o
= (3.14)
1 + t .t
Ring i vi cht kh h s banh trng th tch c tnh theo cng thc :
1 dp
V = (3.15)
p o dt
i vi cht kh ly tng th t=V=1/273,15 -1.
3.5- Tnh nht
Nm 1686 Nuitn khao sat chuyn ng n nh lp cht long trn b mt tm phng theo
phng x (hnh 3-1). Trn b mt tm phng cac phn t cht long co vn tc bng khng.
khoang cach y tnh t b mt tm phng vn tc la v, lp cht long y+dy co vn tc v+dv. Nh vy
vn tc cht long doc theo phng y co gia tr khac nhau. Ngha la gia cac lp cht long co lc
tng tac hay noi cach khac gia cac lp cht long co lc ma sat lam thay i vn tc chuyn ng
cua cac lp cht long. Theo Nuitn ng sut tip cua lc ma sat ty l thun vi grain vn tc va
phu thuc vao cht long :
dv
= (3.15)
dy
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Trong do h s ty l phu thuc vao loai cht long, goi la nht ng lc hoc cua cht
long, n v la [ ] = Pa.s hay N.s /m2.
Ngoai ra h s nht ng lc hoc con o bng n v Poaz (ky hiu P).
dyn.s 1 N .s
1P = =
cm 2 10 m 2
n v nho hn centipoaz (cP ) : P=100 cP
dy v+dv
y v
x
Hnh 3 - 1
Ngoai h s nht ng lc hoc trong ky thut hay dung h s nht ng hoc (ky hiu la ) .

= (3.16)

nht ng hoc cua cht long c o [ ]: m2/s ;

Stc (ky hiu la St) : 1St = 1 cm2/s.
n v nho hn la centiStc (cSt) :
1cSt = 1mm2/s ; 1St = 100 cSt
Thng nht du bi trn c ghi kem theo mac du v du du AK15 la du bi trn

dung cho t may keo co nht 50=15 cSt nhit 50oC...
Ngoai ra mt s nc co n v o nht ring ,v du nh : Nga dung Engle (o E),
Anh dung giy Reut ("R), Phap dung Bacb (o B), My dung giy Sbn ("S).... gia cac n v
nay co cng thc chuyn i :
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0,0631
=0,0731
o E o
(St)
E
1,72
=0,00260
'' R (St)
'' R
1,80
=0,00220
'' S (St)
'' S
48,5
= o (St)
B
Cung cn lu y rng khi so sanh d nht cua hai cht long phai dung cung mt khai nim la
h s nht ng hoc hay h s nht dng lc hoc va cung nhit . V du so sanh nc va khng
kh :
Khi nhit 20oC h s nht ng lc hoc cua khng kh kk = 18.10-5 Poaz
h s nht ng lc hoc cua noc nc = 1.10-2 Poaz (ln hn 57
ln so vi khng kh )
Nhng h s nht ng hoc cua khng kh kk = 15.10-2 Stc (ln hn 15 ln so
vi nc; h s nht ng hoc cua nc nc = 1.10-2 Stc )
nht cua cht long phu thuc vao nhit va ap sut mi trng lam vic. Khi nhit
tng nht cua cht long giam, con cua cht kh th lai tng (Hnh 3-2). Tuy theo phm vi nhit
lam vic cn chon du bi trn cho phu hp. Trong cng nghip thng ly nht ng hoc
50oC lam chun.
Anh hng cua ap sut n nht khng ang k. Nu p<200.105 Pa th khng cn xet
ti s thay i cua nht khi ap sut thay i. S thay i nay c m ta bng phng trnh sau :
p =(1+k.p)
nht khi ap sut bng ap sut kh tri
k h s phu thuc loai du : du nhe k=0,002 ; du nng k=0,003 (thng dung trong
truyn ng thuy lc)
p ap sut tnh bng at
H s nht ng hoc () cua mt s cht long :

nc : 1,01.10-6 m2/s ; ( 20oC) ;
xng = 0,83.10-6 m2/s ; ( 20oC) ;
thuy ngn = 0,116.10-6 m2/s ( 18o C) ;
du may = 60.10 -6 m2/s ; ( 18oC) ;
khng kh = 14,9.10 -6 m2/s ( 30oC); ...
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

(St) cht long
cht kh
t (oC)
Hnh 3 - 2
3.6 - Sc cng b mt cua cht long
Tnh cht nay cua cht long th hin ro nhng b mt gia cht long nay vi cht long
khac (gia nc vi thanh rn, ...) ma gia chung khng thc hin phan ng hoa hoc. cac mt
tip xuc nay cht long tao ra mt mang mong bao quanh b mt cht long. Nguyn nhn xut hin
sc cng b mt la lc hut gia cac phn t. Cac phn t long trong cht long chiu tac dung moi
pha nh nhau. Con cac phn t trn b mt tip xuc hoc lp ngoai co b day nho hn 10-9 m
th cac lc tac dung ln chung khng bng nhau. Cac phn t nay chu tac dung mt lc tng hp
hng vao trong cht long va tao nn mt mang mong trn b mt tip xuc goi la sc cng b mt
(hnh 3-3a). H s sc cng b mt (ky hiu C) la lc tac dung ln mt n v dai b mt thng
goc vi dai va nm trong b mt cua cht long (hnh 3-3b) :
l

F
Fc Fc
Fr F
F Fr
a/ b/
Hnh 3 - 3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
dF
c= (3.17)
dl
Trong o F la lc tac dung,

l la chiu dai b mt tip xuc cua cht long.
H s sc cng b mt cht long (hoc goi la h s mao dn ) o bng N /m. Trong bang 3.3 la
h s sc cng b mt cua mt vai cht long 20o C
Bang 3.3
cht long nc du thuy ngn cn
C(dyn/cm) 72,5 27 460 22,5
Khi nhit tng h s sc cng b mt cht long giam theo qui lut tuyn tnh. V du h
s sc cng b mt cua nc thay i theo nhit t=100oC th c=55 dyn/cm ; t=200oC th c=27,5
dyn/cm.
h d h
Hnh 3 - 4
Da vao tnh cht sc cng b mt cua cht long khao sat cac vn sau:
- Sc b mt gia cac lp cht long vi nhau.
- Hin tng dnh t.
- Hin tng mao dn : Khi cht long trong ng co ng knh nho (goi la ng mao dn)
nu lc dnh t (Fr) ln hn lc keo cac phn t long (Fc) th cht long dng ln trong ng cao
hn mc nc bn ngoai. cao nay goi la cao mao dn (cht long la nc). Con nu nh
Fc>Fr th cht long trong ng tut xung so vi mc cht long bn ngoai. Hin tng nay goi la ha
mao dn (cht long la thuy ngn) (hnh-3.4).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
cao mao dn c tnh t iu kin cn bng gia trong lng ct cht long va lc cng

b mt: .d .c = d 2 h. .g
4
4c
Suy ra: h=
.g.d
Cng thc nay thng dung tnh h s sc cng b mt. tranh hin tng mao dn
trong cac dung cu o bng cht long (o ap sut, nhit ) phai chon ng knh ng o ln hn
10 mm.
3.7 - S si cua cht nc
S si cua cht nc la qua trnh bay hi cht long c xay ra khng nhng t mt thoang
ma con xay ra bn trong cht long, cac bot kh c tao thanh trong toan b cht nc va v ra.
Luc o ap sut bay hi bao hoa trong bot kh pbh> po . Nhit ng vi pbh goi la nhit si.
Nhit si cua cht nc ap sut po la khng i. Nhit lng cung cp tip cho cht nc
ang si dung sinh cng tach cac phn t ra khoi pha long va chuyn chung sang pha hi.
3.8 - S hp thu kh cua cht long
S hp thu kh trong cht nc c biu th bng hoa tan cht kh trong cht long, ky
hiu la * :
V
* = k (3.18)
V
Trong o Vk la th tch cht kh c hp thu trong V th tch cht long.

Th tch cht kh nhit t (Vk ) c tnh theo th tch kh nhit t = 0o C (Vok ) :
VK = VOK ( 1 + t .t )
H s hp thu kh cua cht long nhit t = 0o C ; T=273oK la :
Vok Vk * 273 273 Vk

= = = = * = (3.19)
V V (1 + t .t ) 1 + t .t T T V
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
H s hp thu kh cua nc trong iu kin 0oC va ap sut kh quyn la :

Oxy : 0,0489 ;
Nit : 0,0231 ;
OxytCacbont : 1,7130 ;
Amnic : 1300 .
H s hp thu kh giam khi nhit tng nhng luc u th giam nhanh sau o chm hn.
Chn han nh oxy va nit 40oC th h s hp thu trong nc giam i mt na.
Khi lng cht kh c hp thu vao cht nc c tnh t phng trnh trang thai :
p.Vk * . p
P.V K = m.r.T suy ra m= = V (3.20)
r.T 273.r
Ngha la nhit xac nh khi lng cht kh c hp thu vao cht long ty l vi ap
sut trn mt thoang cht nc.
By gi chung ta xet trng hp hp thu hn hp cht kh vao cht long. Trong trng hp
nay ap sut ring phn cua tng cht kh la :
m1 .r1 .T1 m 2 .r2 .T2

p1 = ; p2 =
V hh V hh
p1 m1 .r1
suy ra =
p 2 m 2 .r2
Trong o m1 , m2 la khi lng cht kh trong hn hp.

Vhh la th tch hn hp cua cht kh,
T1=T2.
Bi v mi cht kh co kha nng in y th tch khng gian trn mt thoang cht nc
va nu tach hn hp kh ra thanh nhng th tch ring re th mi cht kh se chim th tch :
m1 .r1 .T V1 . p
V1 = suy ra m1 .r1 = ;
p T
m .r .T V .p
V2 = 2 2 suy ra m 2 .r2 = 2
p T
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Trong o p = p1+p2 (theo nh lut antn ).
T la nhit hn hp.
T cac phng trnh trn chung ta suy ra :
p1 V1
= = (3.21)
p 2 V2
Ngha la ty s ap sut ring phn cua hn hp chat kh bng th tch ring phn cua chung.
Khi hn hp nay c hp thu vao cht long th ty l hn hp se phu thuc vao h s hp thu
cua mi cht ngha la :
V1h p .
* = = 1 1 = 1 (3.22)
V2 h p 2 . 2 2
V du :Trong khng kh co 21% Oxy va 79% Nit.
V0 0,21
Ty l hn hp nay la : = = = 0,265 .
V n 0,79
0,21.0,0489
Khi dc hp thu trong nc 0o C th ty l nay la : * = = 0,563 .
0,79.0,0231
Nh vy lng xy c hp thu trong nc gp hai ln trong khng kh.
Khi cht long giai phong cht kh hp thu c do s thay i ap sut (giam) hoc nhit
(tng) lam anh hng n tnh toan thuy lc va gy ra s gian oan chuyn ng cua cht long.
3.9 - S trao i nhit va khi lng
Hin tng nay c xay ra trong mi trng cht long trang thai tnh ln chuyn
ng. Nhit c truyn qua cht long tun theo nh lut Furi. S khuych tan khi lmg tun
theo dnh lut Fch. H s dn nhit va h s khuych tan phu thuc vao nhit [1].
3.10 - Cac ai lng trang thai cua cht kh
3.10.1 - Phng trnh trang thai cua cht kh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Cac thng s trang thai cua cht kh ly tng co lin quan cht che vi nhau trong phng
trnh trang thai Clapeyrn (1884) :
p
p.v = r.T hay = r.T (3.23)

Phng trnh trang thai vit cho m kg khi lng cht kh :
pV=mrT (3.24)
m
cho n=m/M mol cht kh : pV = R.T (3.25)
n
Trong o M la trong lng phn t cua cht kh ,
r hng s cht kh (vi khng kh r=287 J/kg/0K)
R la hng s tng quat cua cht kh,
la khi lng ring cua cht kh ,
p la ap sut cua cht kh.
Phng trnh trang thai ch c s dung khi cht kh trang thai cn bng.
3.10.2 - Ni mng, cng th tch cht kh
Theo nguyn ly th nht cua nhit ng hoc cht kh th nhit truyn cho h trong mt
qua trnh co gia tr bng bin thin ni nng cua h va cng th tch do h sinh ra trong qua trnh :
dq = du + da (3.26)
Trong o q la nhit truyn cho h (J/kg) ;

u la ni nng cua cht kh (J/kg) ;
a la cng th tch cua cht kh (J/kg).
Ni nng c xac nh theo thuyt ng lc hoc phn t., du = cv.dT. Ni nng la ham
trang thai n v nn no co vi phn toan phn bi v bin thin cua no khng phu thuc vao qua
trnh .
Cng th tch c sinh ra khi cht kh b tac dung bi ap sut p lam thay i th tch cht
kh dv la da = p dv ; ( y v la th tch ring ). ln cua cng phu thuc vao qua trnh lam thay
i trang thai cht kh, nn cng khng phai la ham cua qua trnh.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
3.11 Cht long ly tng
Vc nghin cu cht long c bt u t cht long ly tng, trn c s o chung ta m

rng cho cht long thc. Cht long ly tng co nhng tnh cht sau :
- Khng co tnh nht
- Di ng tuyt i
- Hoan toan khng chng c lc keo va lc ct
Cht long trang thai tnh hoan toan tun theo cac qui lut cn bng cua cht long ly tng.
V du 1: Nc nhit d 20oC chay qua ng co tit din thay i. Ngi ta lp mt ap k

thuy ngn nh hnh 3-5 o chnh ap sut hai tit din. Hay tnh chnh lch ap sut ? Cho
bit o=13600 kh/m3 0oC. H s dan n cua thuy ngn t=1,815.10-4 -1 va h1=350 mm ;
h2=150 mm va n=1000 kg/m3.
p1 p2
o
nc 20 C
h1 h2
Thuy ngn
Hnh 3-5
Khi lng ring cua thuy ngn 20oC la
1 13600
tn = o = = 13515 kg / m 3
1 + t .t 1 + 1,815.10 4 .20
T iu kin cn bng hai nhanh ap k ch U ta co
p1 + n g (h1 h2 ) = p 2 + g (h1 h2 )
Suy ra :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
p = p1 p 2 = g (h1 h2 )( tn )
= 9,81(0,350 0,150)(13515 1000) = 24554,43 Pa
V du 2 : Tnh lng nc cn thit ma bm phai cung cp th thuy lc ng ng.

ng knh ng d=350 mm ; ng dai l=50 m ; ap sut th p=5.106 Pa (ap sut d) ; m un an hi
cua nc En=2.109 Pa.
T cng thc tnh h s nen ta tnh c lng nc cn phai cung cp th ap lc
d 2 0,3 2
l. p 50.5.10 6
V .p
V = = 4 = 4
9
= 8,83.10 3 m3
En En 2.10
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Chng 2
Tnh hoc cht long
2.1- Khai nim c ban
1. Trong chng nay chung ta nghin cu iu kin cn bng cua cht long trang thai
tnh, qui lut phn b ap sut va tnh lc cht long tac dung ln vt tip xuc hay ngp trong cht
long. Trong tnh hoc cht long chung ta co th coi cht long nh cht long ly tng v anh hng
tnh nht khng th hin.
2. Cn phn bt trang thai tnh tuyt i va tnh tng i. Nu cht long khng chuyn
ng so vi h toa gn vi qua t th cht long trang thai tnh tuyt i (v du nh nc
trong ao h...). Trong tng hp nay lc khi ch la trong lc. Nu cht long chuyn ng so vi h
toa tuyt i nhng gia chung khng co chuyn ng tng i, ngha la cht long chuyn
ng lin mt khi th goi o la tnh tng i (xe ch nc chuyn ng co gia tc...). Lc khi
gm trong lc va lc quan tnh. H toa nghin cu cac bai toan nay c gn vao bnh cha
cht long.
3. Ap sut tnh cua cht long
ng sut trong cht long tnh khi co ngoai lc tac dung vao goi la ap sut thuy tnh. Ap sut
thuy tnh co cac tnh cht :
-Ap sut tnh tac dung thng goc va hng vao mt tip xuc (hnh 4.1a). Tnh cht nay
c suy ra t nh ngha ap sut: v cht long trang thai cn bng nn khng co thanh phn ng
sut tip tuyn chng lai s trt cua cac phn t long vi nhau va cht long ch chu lc nen.
z
p0 C
p
py dz px
p
dx O dy
A
B
x pz y
a/ b/
Hnh 4 - 1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Ap sut tnh tai mt im theo moi phng co gia tr nh nhau.

Trong cht long ng yn ta trch mt phn t long hnh dang t din OABC v cung be,
co cac canh dx, dy, dz (hnh 4.1b). Phn t long trang thai cn bng bi cac lc khi va lc
mt. Trn mt ABC co ap sut p tac dung. Phng cua ap sut nay tao vi cac truc cua toa cac
goc , , . V cac mt v cung be nn co th coi ap sut tai moi im trn mt mt u bng
nhau. Trn mt OBC co ap sut px trn mt OAC co py trn mt OAB co pz . Cac cac phn t din
tch nay co lin quan vi nhau :
dSx = dS cos ; dSy = dS cos ; dSz = dS cos
lc mt tac dung ln phn t long la :
dFp = p dS ; dFx = px dSx ; dFy = py dSy ; dFz = pz dSz

va
dF px = p.dS cos = pdS x ; dF py = p.dS cos = pdS y ; dF pz = p.dS cos = pdS z
lc khi tac dung ln phn t long theo cac truc toa :
1 1 1
dFRX = R x .dx.dy.dz ; dFRY = RY .dx.dy.dz ; dFRZ = R z .dx.dy.dz
6 6 6
trong o R (R X , RY , RZ ) la gia tc khi.
Cht long trang thai cn bng ngha la tng cac lc tac dung ln phn t se bng khng.
Chiu ln truc ox :
dFx - dFpx + dFRx = 0
1 1 1
hay : px dy.dz p dy.dz + R X .dx.dy.dz = 0
2 2 6
Khi dx,dy,dz 0 (tai mt im) ta thy dx.dy.dz la tch v cung be bc ba co th bo qua

c so vi tch dy.dz la tch v cung be bc hai v th chung ta co th vit p = px.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Chng minh tng t cho hnh chiu cac lc ln cac truc con lai ta co : p = py ; p = pz.
Cui cung ta co :
px = p y = p z = p (4.1)
Vy ap sut tnh cua cht long co tnh cht nh mt ai lng v hng no khng phu thuc
vao v tr cua mt tac dung. No la ham cua toa khng gian p = p (x,y,z) .
-Ap sut do ngoai lc gy ra c truyn trong cht long theo moi phng nh nhau (nh
lut Patxcan).
F2
S2
l2
S1
p
F1
l1
Hnh 4 - 2
Xet h thng thuy lc trn hnh 4.2 gm mt bnh cha cht long va hai pttng. Khi lc F1
tac dung ln ptng 1 tao ra trong cht long ap sut p1 = F1/S1 (S1 la din tch cua ptng 1).Ptng 1
chuyn ng mt oan ng la l1 , ngha la ptng 1 thc hin mt cng la A1 = F1 l1 = p1.S1.l1
Theo nh lut bao toan nng lng th cng A1 c trao cho ptng 2 lam ptng 2 chuyn ng
mt oan ng la l2. Cng cua ptng 2 nhn c la A2 =F2.l2 = p2.S2.l2
T iu kin : A1 = A2 ta co : p1.S1 l1 = p2.S2 l2
hay : p1V1 = p2 V2
S dch chuyn ptng 1, 2 thoa man iu kin bao toan th tch cht long : V1 = V2 = V .T o ta
co :
p1 = p2 = p .
o la nguyn ly lam vic cua may ep thuy lc, kch thuy lc, hay b tng ap sut. Lc ep
tnh theo cng thc :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
S2
F2 = F1 (4.2)
S1
2.2 - Phng trnh le thuy tnh
Nm 1775 le a thit lp mi quan h gia ngoai lc va ni lc cht long trang thai tnh.
Xet s cn bng cua mt phn t cht long khi hp ch nht co cac canh la dx,dy,dz (hnh 5.1).
Cac lc tac dung ln phn t nay gm lc khi va lc mt.
Lc khi c tnh theo cng thc :
dFRx = Rx..dx dy dz ; dFRy = Ry. dx dy dz ; dFRz = Rz dx dy dz
dx
Ap sut tai trong tm phn t long la p , ap sut im M cach T mt oan + theo phng x
2
la
p dx dx p dx
p + + . Ap sut tai N mt oan : p +
x 2 2 x 2
R(Rx ,Ry ,Rz)
dz
p dx p dx
p + dx p+ +
x 2 x 2
z dy
y x
Hnh 5 - 1
Lc ap tac dung ln cac mt thng goc vi phng x la :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
p dx p dx p
dF px = p .dy.dz p + dy.dz = dx.xy.dz
x 2 x 2 x
Suy lun tng t lc ap theo cac phng y,z :
p p
dF py = dy.dx.dz ; dF pz = dz.dy.dx
y z
iu kin cn bng cua phn t long theo truc ox la :
p
dFRx dF px = 0 hay R x .dx.dy.dz
dx.dy.dz = 0
x
Tnh cho mt n v khi lng cht long va hng minh tng t cho cac truc oy, oz :
1 p 1 p 1 p
Rx = ; Ry = ; Rz = (5.1)
x y z
Vit phng trnh nay di dang vect :
.R gradp = 0 (5.2)
Phng trnh (5.1) hoc (5.2) la phng trnh vi phn cn bng cho cht long trang thai tnh ;
cht long trang thai cn bng khi lc khi bng lc ap.
2.3 - ng dung phng trnh le thuy tnh.
Chung ta bin i phng trnh (5.1) v dang ng dung nh sau. Nhn ln lt phng
trnh th nht vi dx, phng trnh th hai vi dy, phng trnh th ba vi dz ri cong lai vi nhau:
p p p
(R x .dx + R y .dy + R z .dz ) = dx + dy + dz (6.1)
x y z
V phai cua phng trnh (6.1) la vi phn toan phn cua ap sut (dp ) th v trai cung phai la vi
phn toan phn cua mt ham U (x,y,z) nao o ma chung ta goi la ham s lc th. Ngha la ( y
chung ta khng vit du m trc biu thc ao ham va cung co th goi la ham th gia tc) :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
U U U
Rx = ; Ry = ; Rz = (6.2)
x y z
U U U
dU = dx + dy + dz
x y z
R x R y R x R z R y R z
va = ; = ; = (6.3)
y x z x z y
Vy cht long trang thai cn bng khi lc khi co th :
dp=.dU (6.4)
Ngha la ap sut tai mi im trong cht long co gia tr duy nht va khng phu thuc vao
hnh dang quang ng i n dim o.
Phng trnh (6.1) c vit thanh :
dp = ( Rx dx + Ry dy + Rz dz ) (6.5)
V phai cua phng trnh (6.5) la cng toan phn cua phn t long dch chuyn doc theo
ng cheo cua phn t long . Vy (6.5) c vit thanh :
dp = .R.d s = .R.ds cos
Trong o la goc tao bi hai vect lc khi va vect quang ng dch chuyn.
Phng trnh (6.5) c dung giai cac bai toan trong tnh hoc cht long.
6.1 - Mt ng ap
Trn mt ng ap ap sut tai moi im co gia tr nh nhau , ngha la p = const hay dp = 0 .

Nu = const th t (6.5) :
R ds cos = 0
suy ra = 90o, ngha la mt ng ap thng goc vi vect gia tc lc khi .

- Kt hp vi (6.4) th mt ng ap cung la mt ng th.
- i vi cht kh ( = const) mt ng ap cung la mt ng nhit .
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
6.2 - Ap sut trong tnh tuyt i
6.2.1 Cng thc tnh ap sut.
Trong tnh tuyt i v lc khi ch co trong lc nn Rx = Ry = 0, Rz = -g. Thay cac gia

tr nay vao phng trnh (6.5) :
dp = - g dz
Tch phn phng trnh nay ta co:
p=-gz+k (a)
z
p0
h p
M z0
0 x
Hnh 6-1
Trong o k la hng s tch phn c xac nh t iu kin bin :
tai z = zo th p = po ( ap sut trn mt thoang)
k = - po + g zo .
Thay k vao phng trnh (a) :
p = pO + g (zO - z)
hay
p= pO + g h (6.6)
Trong o h = zo - z la su cua im k t mt thoang .

Chu y :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
1)T phng trnh (a) suy ra :
p
z+ = const (6.7)
g
p
Trong o z la cao hnh hoc k t mt chun (z = 0), la ct ap tnh cua cht long.
g
Vy trong cht long cn bng tng cao hnh hoc va cao ct ap la mt hng s.
Trong cht long mun tng th nng ngi ta co th a cht long ln cao hoc nen cht
long trong th tch kn vi ap sut ln.
2) Cac loai ap sut :

Ap sut c tnh theo cng thc (6.6) th goi la ap sut tuyt i, ky hiu la pt Ap sut
tuyt i co th nho hn hoc ln hn ap sut kh tri.
Nu mt thoang cht long tip xuc vi kh tri th po = pa (pa la ap sut kh tri). Ngoai gia
tr tuyt i dung lam gc o ap sut ngi ta thng ly ap sut kh tri lam gc o cac loai
ap sut.
p
pt pd
pa
pck pa
pa
pt
Hnh 6.2 Cac loai ap sut thuy tnh

pa
Ngi ta qui c ap sut kh ri pa = 1at = 98100 N/m2 ( 105 N/m2) , 10m ct nc

+ Nu pt>pa th chung ta co ap sut d, ky hiu la pd :
pd = pt - pa = .g.hd (6.8)
+ Nu pt<pa th chung ta co ap sut chn khng, ky hiu pck :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
pck = pa - pt = .ghck (6.9)
Gia tr pckmax 10 m ct nc.
Trn hnh 6.2 la biu din cac loai ap sut.
3) Biu din phn b ap sut trn b mt vt tip xuc

T phng trnh (6.6) ta thy ap sut tnh la ham s bc 0nht cua su .Trn hnh 6.3 la
s phn b ap sut d trn cac mt khac nhau (cn chu y rng biu phn b ap sut trn mt
cong c ve tng im ch khng th ve nh ng thng ).
po po
gh H
po .g.H
h h h
Hnh 6.3 Biu phn b ap sut
4) - o ap sut
Ngoai cac dung cu o ap sut bng kim loai, ngi ta con dung cac dung cu o ap sut
bng cht long theo phng trnh c ban cua cht long nh ng o ap (con goi la ng Pit). ng do
ap la ng trong sut ng knh t 10 mm tr ln ( tranh hin tng mao dn).
Mun o ap sut d hay chn khng chung ta dung ng o ap h mt u mt u thng
vi kh tri u kia ni vi im cn o. Cht long dng ln hA hay tut xung hB trong ng la
cao ct ap cn o (hnh 6.3).
Mun o ap sut tuyt i chung ta dung ng o ap kn mt u, trc khi o phai rut ht

khng kh ra, con u h th ni vao ni cn o ap sut. Ct cht long dng ln trong ng hc ch
ct ap tuyt i (v du nh phong vu biu).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
ng o ap kiu ch U, trong oan cong co cha mi cht khac vi cht long cn o thng
dung o chnh ap gia hai im (hnh 6.4). Ngoai ra ngi ta con ung ap k thuy ngn
kiu bnh o ap sut d, ap sut chn khng. Mi cht co th la thuy ngn, nc, ru tuy theo
ln cua ap sut cn o.
po = 0
po
po hC B
hA
hB
C
A pCt = .g.hC
pAd = .g.hA pBck = .g.hB
Hnh 6 - 3 Cach o ap sut d, chn khng, tuyt i

pA pB
h
l p = g.h.(l - )
Hnh 6 - 4 o chnh ap
6.3 - Bnh thng nhau
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-
Trong bnh thng nhau co hai cht long khac nhau (1>2). Khi cht long trong bnh
trang thai cn bng ngha la ap sut hai nhanh cua hai bnh phai bng nhau:
pa + 1.g.h1 = pa + 2.g.h2
Suy ra :
h1 2
= (6.11)
h2 1
Vy chiu cao cua ct cht long ty l nghch vi khi lng ring. Nu 1 = 2 th h 1 = h2.
Ngha la mt thoang cht long ng cht trong hai nhanh cua bnh thng nhau cung mt cao.
6.4 - S cn bng cua cht kh, sc hut t nhin
Ap sut cua cht kh cung c tnh t phng trnh (6.5), trong o khi lng ring c
tnh t phng trnh trang thai. Ap sut cht kh trong tnh tuyt i c tnh theo :
dp g
= dz
p r.T
tch phn c phng trnh nay cn phai bit c quy lut thay i nhit theo cao
hnh hoc. Ngi ta thng s dung quan h tuyn tnh gia T va z [ 2] :
T = TO .z (6.12)
Trong o To la nhit khng kh trn mt t,
la graien nhit , o la s thay i nhit khng kh trn 1m cao. Du "+" cho
trng hp nhit tng, du - cho nht giam. H s c xac nh theo cac yu t kh
tng. Nu chiu cao nho hn 1000m th = 0,0065 oK/m ,i vi hm lo th = 0,006oK/m n
0,01oK/m.
Thay (6.14) vao (6.13) va tch phn theo iu kin t po n p ng vi cao t 0 n H :
p H
dp g dz
p p = r 0 T .z
o
p g T + .H
ln = ln o
po r. To
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
Thay r = 284 J/(kg OK) ; g = 9,81 m/s2 vao phng trnh trn suy ra :
p
ln
po
H = 29,27(T To ) (6.13)
T
ln
To
Ap sut khng kh cao H la :
H
T 29, 27 (T To )
p = p o (6.14)
To
Trong hm lo co s khac nhau v khi lng ring nn xut hin sc hut t nhin :
p = p1 - p2
Trong o p1 , p2 c tnh theo cng thc (6.14).
6.5 - Ap sut cht long trong tnh tng i
6.5.1 - Bnh cha cht long chuyn ng tnh tin co gia tc khng i
xac nh qui lut phn b ap sut chung ta chon h toa khng quan tnh (h toa
c gn vao bnh cha cht long) ( hnh 6.5a). Thanh phn gia tc khi theo cac tru toa :
Rx = 0 ; Ry = - a cos ; Rz = - (g + a sin )
Thay cac gia tr nay vao (6.5) va sau khi tch phn ta co:
p = k - a y cos - a z sin - g z
Hng s tch phn k c xac nh t iu kin bin. Nu x = y = z = 0 th p = po, suy ra k = po.
p = po - a y cos - a z sin - g z (6.16)
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-
z
z
L
a
h
Hnh 6.5 Tnh tng i
Mt ng ap khi dp=0. Sau tch phn chung ta co phng trnh mt ng ap la :
y a coc + z a sin + g z = C (6.17)
y la phng trnh cua nhng mt phng song song va thng goc vi vect gia tc khi R. Goc
nghing cua mt ng ap so vi mt nm ngang (x,y).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
a cos
tg = (6.18)
g + a sin
Cng gia tc khi la : R = a 2 + g 2 + 2a.g sin (6.19)
Nu bnh chuyn ng theo phng nm ngang th : = 0 ; tg = - (a/g )
Khi bnh tng tc (a>0) th cht long dn v sau, khi bnh chuyn ng chm dn (a<0)
th cht long dn v pha trc.
Nu bnh chuyn ng xung th = 90o , tg = 0, R = - g + a. Bnh ri t do th a = g, R=0,
tg , mt ng ap khng co hnh dang nht nh. Nu bnh chuyn ng ln = -90o th
tg=0 , R = -(a + g).
6.5.2 - Bnh quay u (=const)
Chuyn ng quay cua bnh c truyn vao cht long. Phn t long tai r se co vn tc
chuyn ng u = r.. Lc cht long tac dung ln phn t long gm co trong lc va va lc ly tm.
Trn hnh 6.5b ta co :
Rx = x2 ; Ry = y2 ; Rz = - g
Thay vao (5.6) va tch phn ln :
1
p=
2
( )
x 2 + y 2 2 ..g.z + k
Hng s tch phn k c xac nh t iu kin bin. Khi x = y = z = 0 th p = po nn k = po. Thay

x2 + y2 = r2 chung ta co phng trnh tnh ap sut trong bnh quay la :
1
p = po + ..r 2 . 2 .g.z (6.20)
2
2 .r 2
Mt ng ap (dp=0) : z= +C (6.21)
2g
y la phng trnh cua nhng mt parabnlit. Khi C=0 chung ta co phng trnh mt thoang.
T phng trnh trn ta thy : nu cang ln th nh parabn cang tut xung, thm ch
xung di ay bnh. Trong bm li tm co vong quay ln th lc ly tm ln hn trong lc nn
chung ta co th bo qua thanh phn trong lc. Mt ng ap trong trng hp nay la mt tru i
xng vi truc quay. Ap sut c tnh theo cng thc sau:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
1
(
p = p o + . 2 ro2 r 2
2
) (6.22)
Ngha la trong trng hp nay ap sut trong cht long khng phu thuc vao v tr cua truc
quay (hnh 6.5c) .
Cac kt qua nghin cu cac bai toan tnh tng i c ng dung nhiu trong ky thut
nh cac dung cu o vn tc, uc ly tm, b nhay cam thuy lc... .
$7 - Ap lc thuy tnh tac dung ln vt
7.1 - Ap lc thuy tnh ln mt phng (hnh 7 - 1)
Mt phng c t nghing so vi mt thoang mt goc va tip xuc vi cht long v

mt pha. H toa c chon co gc nm trn mt thoang , truc z nm doc theo tm phng hng
xung di, truc x nm trn mt tm phng.
Lc cht long tac dung ln phn din tch dS cua tm phng su h la:
dF = p.dS = (po + g h ) dS
ma h = z sin
nn dF = po dS + g sin z dz
Tch phn phng trnh nay theo dn tch S ta co :
F = p o S + g sin z.dS
(S )
Biu thc tch phn chnh la mmen tnh hnh hoc cua mt S i vi truc x :MT= zT.S
trong o zT la toa trong tm hnh hoc T cua tm phng. Vy:
F = po S + .g sin zT S = po S + g hT S = (po+.g.hT).S
hay
F=pT.S va pT= po+.g.hT
Nu ap sut trn mt thoang la ap sut kh tri va pha sau tm phng la ap sut kh tri.
Lc cua ap sut kh tri ln tm phng hai pha nh nhau. Cho nn ap lc cht long tac dung ln
tm phng trong trng hp nay la :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
F = g. hT S (7.1)
p O

z
hY h p x
hD zT
F T zD
D xT T
xD D
Hnh 7 - 1 Ap lc thuy tnh ln tm phng
T cng thc nay chung ta thy rng :ap lc cua cht long tac dung ln tm phng chnh
bng tch ap sut cua cht long tai trong tm hnh hoc nhn vi din tch tm phng.
Nu tm phng t nm ngang song song vi mt thoang su H (nh ay bnh) th
hT=H. Theo phng trnh (7. 1) : F = g .H S = G ; (7.2)
G la trong lng khi long cha trn ay S su H. Theo kt lun nay th du hnh dang bnh
cha nh th nao i na nu din tch mt ay ging nhau va su nh nhau th lc tac dung
cua cht long ln ay nh nhau. No khng phu thuc vao trong lng thc cua cht long cha
trong bnh (hnh 7 - 2). y chnh la nghch ly tnh hoc cht long. ng dung nghch ly nay ngi ta
ch ra cac dung cu cha cht log theo nhu cu s dung v du tng n nh cac bnh cha hao
cht c bit bao gi cung co ay ln.
xac nh im t lc (ky hiu la ) chung ta xet iu kin cn bng mmen lc tng
hp va mmen cua cac lc phn i vi cac tru toa . i vi tru ox ta co :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
F .z D = z.dF hay z D pT S = po zdS + g. . sin z 2 .dS
(s) (S ) (S )
Trong o tch phn :

Jx = z
2
.dS
(S )
la mmen quan tnh hnh hoc cua mt S i vi truc ox . Co th tnh Jx theo truc ox i qua trong
tm hnh hocT cua mt S :
J x = J Tx + zT2 .S
po po po
H
p
S S S
Hnh 7 - 2 Ap lc thuy tnh ln ay bnh
T o suy ra
po Jx po zT2 S + J Tx
zD = zT + .g. sin = zT .g. sin
pT pT .S pT ( po + g sin .zT ).S
Nu po=pa tac dung ln hai pha tm phng th :
J Tx
z D = zT + (7.3)
MT
T phng trnh cn bng m men so vi truc oz ta co toa im dt lc xD :
J
F.xD= F .x D = x.dF hay x D = xz (7.4)
(S )
MT
Jxz la mmen quan tnh ly tm cua tm phng S i vi truc x,y. Nu tm phng i xng so vi
truc z (nh hnh tron, hnh ch nht...) th Jxz= 0.
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-
7.2 - Ap lc thuy tnh ln mt cong
Nu mt cong co hnh dang khng gian bt ky th tng hp cac lc phn t la tng hp h

lc khng gian se cho ta mt lc va mt ngu lc. Tuy nhin trong ky thut mt cong thng la
nhng mt cong n : nh mt tru, mt cu... Tng hp cac lc phn t se cho chung ta mt lc.
Lc nay c phn tch thanh ba thanh phn theo cac truc toa la Fx , Fy , Fz :
F = Fx2 + Fy2 + Fz2 (7.5)

Fx Fy Fz
cac goc hng: cos = ; cos = ; cos = (7.6)
F F F
o x
mt thoang Sz dSz
s
y
h
dSx p
Sx dS
Hnh 7 - 3 Ap lc thuy tnh ln mt cong
Mun xac nh c lc F ta phai xac nh cac lc thanh phn. Chung ta tnh lc cht
long tac dung ln mt cong ma pha kia cua mt cong la khng kh. thun tin cho vic tnh
toan chung ta chon h toa nh hnh ve ; truc z theo phng thng ng va mt oxy trung vi
mt thoang . Xet lc cht long tac dung ln din tch dS su h trong cht long (hnh 7 - 3). V
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
din tch dS nho nn ap sut trn o c coi la ging nhau va c tnh theo cng thc : p = g h.
Ap lc tac dung ln phn t long : dF = p dS. Cac thanh phn lc theo cac truc toa la :
dFx = dF cos = g h dS cos= g h dSx

dFy = dF cos = g h dS cos = g h dSy
dFz = dF cos = g h dS cos = g h dSz
trong o dSx , dSy , dSz la hnh chiu dS ln cac mt phng cua h toa . tnh cac lc Fx , Fy ,
Fz chung ta thc hin tch phn theo cac mt hnh chiu cua S ln cac mt phng toa tng ng .
Fx = dF
( Sx )
x = pTx .S x ; Fy = dF
( Sy )
y = pTy .S y (7.7)
Chung ta thy rng cac lc Fx , Fy tac dung ln mt phng Sx ,S y c tnh nh trg hp ap lc

ln thanh phng a nu. Trong o pTx , pTy la ap sut tai trong tm cac mt Sx ,Sy . Con lc Fz :
Fz = dFz = g . h.dS z =G (7.8)

Sz ( Sz )
Ngha la lc Fz chnh bng trong lng cua khi long thng ng co mt ay la nt cong va mt
ay la hnh chiu mt cong ln mt thoang. Hng cua lc Fz i ln nu mt cong b cht long
y ln, ngc lai th lc Fz hng xung. im t lc c xac dnh theo cac cosin nh hng
(7.6). Nu mt cong la mt tru, hay mt cu th lc F i qua truc tm mt tru hay tm mt cu. Cn
lu y rng vic chon h toa hp ly se giup cho tnh toan n gian.
7.3 - Ap lc thuy tnh tac dung ln vt ngp
7.3.1 - nh lut Asimet
Mt vt ngp trong cht long se b y ln theo phng thng ng vi mt lc bng trong

lng khi long do vt o chim ch . (Chung ta hay t chng minh nh lut nay theo phng
phap tnh lc ln mt cong).
7.3.2 - iu kin vt ni
Goi trong lng cua vt la G,lc y asimet la Fs .Cac trng hp co th xay ra nh sau :
Nu Fs>G th vt ni mt phn ln cht long co Fs* = G .
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-
Nu Fs=G th vt l lng trong cht long.
Nu Fs<G th vt chm xung ay.
7.3.3 - iu kin n nh cua vt l lng trong cht long
Khi vt l lng b lch khoi v tr cn bng , nu trong tm cua vt cao hn tm y th

mmen cua ngu lc se lam vt lch khoi v tr cn bng. Nu tm y cao hn trong tm vt th
mmen lam cho vt tr v v tr cn bng ban u (hnh 7.4). Nu T trung vi th vt l lng
trong cht long theo v tr t ban u cua no .
Fas G
D T
T D
G Fas
Hnh 7 - 4 Vt l lng
7.3.4 - iu kin n nh cua vt ngp khng hoan toan
Trc ht chung ta nh ngha mt s yu t lin quan (hnh 7 - 5) :

-Mn nc : la giao tuyn gia vt ni va mt nc.
-Mt ni : la mt phng ma chu vi cua no la ng mn nc.
-Truc ni : la ng thng goc vi mt ni va i qua trong tm cua vt.
-Truc nghing (hay truc lc) : la truc i xng cua mt ni (vt ni lc nghing quanh truc
nay).
truc ni
mt ni
T mm nc
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
truc nghing
Hnh 7 - 5 Vt ni
Cac nh ngha nay ng vi luc vt trang thai cn bng. Khi vt ni b nghing i th tm ay

cung thay i n v tr '. Giao im truc ni vi phng cua lc y mi goi la tm nh khuynh
M (hnh 7 - 6).
M
M hM
e T Fas
D D
Hnh 7 - 6 n dnh vt ni
Khi goc nghing cua truc ni va ng thng ng nho hn 15o th co th xem nh tm y di

chuyn trn cung tron tm la M va ban knh la M (goi la ban knh nh khuynh, ky hiu M).
Khi vt b nghing co th xay ra cac trng hp sau :
- Nu M cao hn T th ngu lc G va Fs se co xu hng lam cho vt tr v trang thai cn
bng ban u.
- Nu M thp hn T th ngu lc co xu hng lam cho vt nghing thm.
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-
- Nu M trung vi T th th khng con ngu lc na, ma hp lc trt tiu. moi v tr vt
u cn bng, ngha la sau khi nghing vt ni ginguyn trang thai ma khng quay v v tr ban
u. Trng hp nay goi la cn bng phim nh. Ban knh tm nh khuynh c xac nh theo
cng thc :
J
M = (7.9)
V
trong o : J la mmen quan tnh cua mt ni i vi truc nghing.

V la th tch ngp nc cua vt.
tng n nh cua tau thuy co th tng cao nh khuynh hm bng cach ha trong tm T
(xp hang nng xung ay) hoc nng cao M bng cach tng J nh lp thm phao man thuyn
...Trong ky thut ong tau thng chon hm = 0,3 1,5 m tuy theo hnh dang, kch thc va cng
dung cua tng loai.
Khi vt ni dao ng th no dao ng ging nh con lc toan hoc co chiu dai l :
J .g
l=
Gm
l
Chu ky dao ng : T =
g
g
Gia tc dao ng : = sin
l
1.Tnh ap sut tai ay b su 4 m , nc trong b co khi lng ring 1000 kg/m3, ap sut tuyt i
trn mt thoang la 1 at.
2 . Tnh ap sut tuy i va ap sut tai day ni hi su 1.2 m, ap sut trn mt thoang 196200 Pa,
khi lng ring cua nc 1000 kg/m3 , ap sut khng kh la 735 mm thuy ngn.
3. Ap sut tai ca vao cua bm ly tm o bng ap k chn khng la 0,7 at. Xac nh ap sut tuy
i tai o. Bit rng ap sut khng kh la 735 mm thuy ngn.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
4. Mt b cha nc co ap sut tuyt i tai M la 147000 N/m2. tnh chiu cao ct ap tai o theo m
ct du. Cho bit ap sut khng kh 1at , khi lng ring cua nc 1000 kg/m3 khi lng ring
cua du 800 kg/m3.
5. uc mt banh xe bng thep ng
knh D=1850 mm , cao h=30 mm .
Khun quay 120 vong/phut . h
Cho bit khi lng ring cua nc
thep 7800 kg/m3 . Xac nh ap sut tai A D
im A ( xa truc nht )
6.Ngi ta gn vao bnh M mt ap k p=0

thuy ngn va mt ng o ap. iu p=0
chnh v tr ap k thuy ngn sao cho
im A ngang vi mt thoang cht z1
long trong bnh. Ap sut trn mt
thoang cua ap k thuy ngn va ng z2 p0
o ap u bng khng. Xac nh ap
sut trn mt thoang bnh M va chiu
cao z1 cua ng o ap. Cho bit z2 = 0,05 m ,
khi lng ring cua thuy ngn
la 13600 kg/m3 va nc la 1000 kg/m3
7. Mt xe ch nc h sau khi khi ng

c 3 phut th vn tc at n 30 km/gi v
vi gia tc u khng i. Chiu dai xe
10 m, rng 3 m , cao 2 m , mc nc A
trong xe 2 m Tm phng trnh mt thoang.
Ap sut tai im A . dai 10 m
Mc nc dng ln la bao nhiu?
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-
8. Tnh lc tac dung va im t lc ln
canh ca cng hnh ch nht co chiu dai
la h=3 m , chiu rng la b=2 m. Mc nc
b thng lu la H1=6 m ; ha lu la H1 H2
3
H2=5 m. Khi lng ring cua nc la 1000 kg/m . h
9. Tnh ap lcc cua nc tac dung ln ca A O

cng hnh tru tron AB ban knh R=4 m,
dai 10 m ngn nc cao H-2 m. H R
Khoi lng ring cua nc la 1000 kg/m3.
B
10.Trn mt thanh nghing cua mt b

cha du mo loai trung ( co khi lng b
ring 900 kg/m3 ) ta dung mt np hnh H
ban cu y kn mt l tron ng knh
1,2 m. su tm ban cu H=4 m . a
Thanh b nghing mt goc =60o .
Tnh lc keo ln cac bu lng a,b .
11. Ni hai ng o ap vao mt bnh kn

cha nc.ng o ap bn trai co ap sut po
trn mt thoang po =0,8 at. chiu cao
nc dng ln trong ng nay la h=3 m.
Hoi ap sut trn mt thoang cua bnh. Tnh h
chiu cao nc dng ln trong ng o ap po x=?
h bn phai. Ap sut chn khng trn mt
thoang ng o ap bn trai la bao nhiu ?.
12- Ngi ta lp ap k nh hnh ve o ap sut . Hoi lp ap k nh vy o c ap sut tai im

nao gia tr o c la bao nhiu at ?. Cho bit cao tai cac v tr nh sau :
1 = 2,3 m ; 2 = 1,2 m ;3 = 2,5 m ; 4 = 1,4 m ; 5 = 3,0 m ; trong lng ring cua nc 9810
N/m3 ; thuy ngn 13600 N/m3 -
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
khng kh
po
5
3
nc 1
4
2
thuy ngn
13. Hoi chnh lch ap sut cua hai bnh A,B ? . nc

Bit cac gia tr x=1 m , y=2 m , z=1 m.
Khi lng ring cua nc 1000 kg/m3 ,
thuy ngn 13600 kg/m3 A x
B
y
z
thuy ngn
14.Tnh lc va im t lc ln hnh tru

tron ngn i mt b cha nc. Tru dai
10 m., ng knh tru 4 m, mc nc cac H1
b H1= 4 m , H2 = 2 m , khi lng ring H2
cua nc 1000 kg/m3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
15.Tnh lc cua nc va im t lc tac dung ln np hnh tron (xem hnh ve). Cho bit H=4 m ;
n knh np tron d=2 m ; khi lng rin cua nc 1000 kg/m3 ; m men quan tnh cua hnh
tron JTx =.d4/64
H d
16.Xac nh tn tht doc ng ng ng dn nc dai 20 m ; ng knh 200 mm ; lu lng

chay qua ng 100 lt/s ; nht ng hoc cua nc 0,013 cm2 /s .
- Nu giam lu lng i mt na th tn tht giam i bao nhiu ln.
17-Mt tm phng nng G=8,75 N co din tch

S=64 cm2 trt trn mt lp cht long nghing
co chiu day b=0,5 mm. Xac nh nht cua v
cht long khi tm phng chuyn ng u vi
vn tc v = 0,05 m/s . Goc nghing tm phng so G
vi mt phng nm ngang =12o . Trong lng
ring cua cht long 8820 N/m3 .
18.Tnh lc tac dung ln na np cu ban knh R=1 m

kn mt bnh cha nc. Mep trn cua np dt su H
di mt nc H=1m .
(khi lng ring cua nc la =1000 kg/m3 ). R
19- Tnh lc tac dung ln na trn np A H

cu (mt AB) ban knh R=1 m kn mt bnh
cha nc. Mep trn cua np dt R
su di mt nc H=1m (khi B
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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-
lng ring cua nc la =1000 kg/m3 ).
20. Mt may th nghim gm 3 ng

thng ng ng knh ng bng nhau
quay c quanh truc Oz cua ng gia . A
Ba ng u cha nc va khng quay th
mc nc nh hnh ve. Cho may quay h= 40 cm
116 vg/phut ; bo qua nghing cua mt
nc trong ng . Hoi : O B
1.Nu ng gia b nut kn tai A trc d= 40 cm
khi quay th ap sut d tai A, O,B la bao nhiu?
2.Hoi nh trn , nhng ln nay A h. n
21.Ngi ta dung mt hnh tru tron ng knh

trong 100 mm cha cht nc va quay quanh
truc thng ng cua no lam may o vn tc
quay.Hoi :1).Khi cht long gia bnh ha thp H
xung 200 mm (so vi luc tnh) th s vong
quay trong mt phut la bao nhiu?
2).Nu cho bnh quay 800 vg/phut ma D
khng mun can ay b can th chiu cao n
ti thiu cua bnh la bao nhiu?
cht long
22-Tnh lc thuy tnh tac dung ln ay bnh
hnh tru kn cha y cht long quay u H
vi vong quay 500 vong/phut.. Cho bit
ng knh bnh D=2 m , chiu cao H=1,5 m,
Khi lng ring cua cht long 1000 kg/m3 n
D
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Chng 3
C s ng hoc va ng lc hoc cht long
$8 - Khai nim chung
Trong chng nay se nghin cu cac quy lut c trng cua chuyn ng cht long va tac
dung lc gia cht long va vt tip xuc vi no.
Vic nghin cu cung bt u t cht long ly tng. Co th theo ng dong nguyn t hay
theo phn t long, sau o m rng ra cho cht long thc. Cht long vn c coi la mi trng lin
tuc gm v s phn t long hay cac dong nguyn t tao nn. Cac ai lng c trng cho chuyn
ng c biu din bng nhng ham s lin tuc cua khng gian va thi gian.
8.1 Phn loai chuyn ng
Nu cac ai lng c trng cho chuyn ng cua cht long phu thuc vao khng gian va
thi gian th chuyn ng o c goi la chuyn ng khng dng.
v = v (x,y,z,t) ; p = p (x,y,z,t) ; = (x,y,z,t) ,... (8.1)
Nu chuyn ng khng phu thuc vao thi gian th goi la chuyn ng dng. Ngha la :
v p
=0 ; =0 ; =0 ... (8.2)
t t t
Trong ky thut thng gp cac dong chay khng dng, nhng nu trong thi gian u ln ma
cac thng s c trng cua chuyn ng t thay i th co th coi o la dong dng trung bnh theo
thi gian va cac ai lng c trng trung bnh theo thi gian chuyn ng loai nay c xet nh
cac thng s cua bai toan chuyn ng dng.
Nu phn t long chuyn ng va quanh truc tc thi i qua chnh no goi la chuyn ng
xoay. Chuyn ng nay c m ta bng phng trnh :
rot v = 2 (8.3)
trong o : v la vn tc chuyn ng cua phn t cht long.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
la vn tc chuyn ng quay cua phn t cht long.
Nu cac phn t chuyn ng ma khng quay quanh truc i qua chnh no goi la chuyn ng khng
xoay. c trng cho chuyn ng nay la dong th vn tc. Phng trnh chuyn ng khng xoay :
rot v = 0 (8.4)
Co hai phng phap nghin cu chuyn ng cht long :

- Phng phap Lagrng nghin cu chuyn ng cht long thng qua vic nghin cu quy
ao cua cac phn t cht long. T hnh dang cua quy ao cac phn t cht long chung ta co th xac
nh c cac thng s khac. Chuyn ng c m ta bng phng trnh :
r = r (x,y,z.t) (8.5)
-Phng phap le nghin cu chuyn ng cua cht long tai cac v tr xac nh trong
khng gian. Trong phng phap nay chung ta co anh cua cac ai lng c trng (vn tc, ...). T
o chung ta xac nh c cac thng s khac. Chuyn ng c m ta bng phng trnh :
v = v (x,y,z,t ) (8.6)
8.2 c trng cho chuyn ng
-Ap sut thuy ng

Trong cht long ly tng no tac dung theo phng thng goc va hng vao mt tac dung.
Trong cht long thc th no ch hng vao
mt tac dung va la tng hp cua hai thanh z
phn ng sut trong cht long theo phng p
phap tuyn va tip tuyn. Cng cua ap px
sut thuy ng theo phng phap tuyn tai
mt im th bng gia tr trung bnh s hoc py
cua ba thanh phn ap sut phap tuyn tac
dung ln ba mt thng goc vi nhau tai in pz
o (hnh 8 - 1).
Hnh 8 - 1
1
(
p = px + p y + pz
3
) (8.7)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Vn tc. Vn tc cht long tai mt im nht nh trong dong chay goi la vn tc im

tc thi (ky hiu la v). ai lng nay thng thay i ca hng ln cng theo thi gian nn
vic xac nh no rt phc tap. Trong thuy kh ky thut chung ta thng dung vn tc im trung
bnh theo thi gian , ky hiu la v (trong phn tip theo chung ta ch ky hiu la v ) :
1
T (T)
v= v.dt (8.8)
i vi chuyn ng dng cht long thc va dong co kch thc hu han chung ta thng
dung vn tc trung bnh trn thit din t ky hiu la vtb
1
S (S )
v tb = v.dS (8.9)
i vi dong kh ngoai vn tc, ap sut chung ta phai xet n cac thng s trang thai cua
no. S thay i cua cac thng s nay mi v tr trong dong chay phu thuc vao cac qua trnh.
8.3 Cac dang chuyn ng cua phn t long
Chuyn ng phc tap cua phn t long c Hemhn phn tch thanh ba chuyn ng n
gian la chuyn ng tnh tin, chuyn ng quay va chuyn ng bin dang. Sau y se ln lt
gii thiu cac loai chuyn ng o va s lin h gia chung .
Xet vn tc cac im ln cn trong cht long (hnh 8.2). Goi vo la vn tc im A
cua phn t long. Tai im ln cn G vn tc la v c biu din bng ham iu hoa :
v v v
v x = v o + x dx + x dy + x dz
x y x
v y v y v y
v y = v oy + dx + dy + dz
x y z
v v v
v z = v oz + z dx + z dy + z dz
x y z
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
vz v
G vy
voz vo vx
vox A voy
v y v x v
v oy + dx v ox + dx + x y
x x y
v
v ox + x dx v y v y
x v oy + dx + y
x y
z
x y
Hnh 8. - 2
T phng trnh nay chung ta thy rng vn tc im ln cn cua mt im c xac nh

bi chn ao ham ring cua cac thanh phn vn tc tai im o. Trc ht chung ta xet bai toan
phng. Trong trng hp nay s thay i vn tc ch co 4 ao ham ring c vit di dang ma
trn:
v x v x
x y
A=
v y v y
x y
v x
1- Nu 0 va cac ao ham khac bng khng th phn t bin dang dai doc theo truc x
x
(hnh 8.4a). Vn tc bin dang dai la :
v
xx = x (8.12)
x
v y
2- Nu 0 va cac ao ham khac bng khng th phn t bin dang trt doc theo truc
x
y, ng cheo AC quay khi phn t trt (hnh 8.4b).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v y v x
3- Nu = va cac ao ham khac bng khng th phn t bin dang nhng ng
x y
cheo khng quay (H 8.4c). bin dang mt cua phn t nay
1 v y v
xy = + x (8.13)
2 x y
Hnh 8 - 4
v y v x
4- Nu = va cac ao ham khac bng khng th phn t ch quay thun tuy (hnh
x y
8 - 4d). Vn tc goc quay cua phn t la :
1 v v
z = x
y
(8.14)
2 x y
Ma trn trn c vit di dang :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v x 1 v x v y 1 v x v y
+
0 0 y 0 y x
x 2 x 2
A= + +
v x 1 v y v x 1 v v
0 + 0 x y 0 (8..15)
x 2 x y 2 y x
xx 0 0 xy 0
= + +
0 yy y 0 0
Ma trn th nht la bin dang dai, ma trn th hai la chuyn ng trt thun tuy, ma trn th ba
la chuyn ng quay.
Trong bai toan khng gian, phn t long co hnh dang la khi lp phng th bin dang dai
theo cac truc la :
v x v v x
xx = ; xx = x ; xx = (8.16)
x x x
Bin dang trt thun tuy :
1 v v y 1 v y v z 1 v z v x
xy = y = x + ; yz = zy = + ; zx = xz = +
2 y x 2 z y 2 x z
(8.17)
Vn tc quay cua cac mt phng :
1 v y v 1 v z v y 1 v x v z
z = x ; x = ; y = (8.18)
2 x y 2 y z 2 z x
Vn tc quay cua phn t long trong khng gian c tnh :
= x2 + y2 + z2 (8.19)
y cn lu y rng xy , yz , zx khng phai la hnh chiu cua vect vn tc bin dang

trt khng gian. Chung phu thuc vao hnh dang cua phn t long. Cac phng trnh (8.16),
(8.17) biu din mi quan h gia cac bin dang vi cac thanh phn vn tc chuyn ng tnh tin.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Chuyn ng quay cua mi phn t long quanh truc tc thi i qua no goi la chuyn ng
xoay. Thc nghim cho ta thy rng chuyn ng xoay co th xay ra cuc b trong cht long.
Nu = 0 va quy ao chuyn ng cua cac phn t long nay la nhng ng cong khep
knh th phn t long o chuyn ng quay vong ; ngha la cht long quay quanh truc nm ngoai
phn t long vi vn tc goc la :
T (8.16) , (8.17) suy ra :
v z v z
= zy + ; = zx + y
y x
v y v y
= y + z ; = yz + x
x z
v x v x
= xy + z ; = xz + y
y z
Thay (8.20) vao (8.10) :
v x = v 0 x + xx dx + ( xz .dz + xy .dy ) + ( y .dz z .dy )

v y = v 0 y + yy dy + ( y .dx + yz .dz ) + ( z .dx x .dz ) (8.21)
v z = v 0 z + zzx dz + ( zyz .dy + zx .dx ) + ( x .dy y .dx )
Phng trnh (8.21) chnh la kt lun cua Hemhn : chuyn ng cua phn t long trong trng
hp tng quat no gm cac chuyn ng sau: chuyn ng tnh tin, chuyn ng bin dang (dai va
trt) va chuyn ng quay.
8.3 - Khai nim cua dong cht long
Trong nghin cu chuyn ng cua cht long ngi ta thng tin hanh trn dong nguyn
t, sau o m rng cho toan dong. Cac khai nim c ban v dong chuyn ng cht long la :
8.3.1- ng dong
ng dong la ng cong ma tip tuyn cua no tai mi im trn ng nay trung vi

vect vn tc chuyn ng cua cht long (hnh 8 - 5a). nghha la vect quang ng trung vi
vect vn tc : dsxv = 0
hay vit di dang nh thc bc 3 :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
i j k
dx dx dx
dx dy dz = 0 hay = = (8.22)
vx vx vx
vx v y vz
8.3.2 Dong nguyn t
Tp hp cac ng dong ta ln mt vong kn v cung nho tao nn mt ng dong. Dong

cht long chay y trong ng goi la dong nguyn t (hnh 8 - 5b).
v1 dS
a) b)
Hnh 8 - 5
V y ngha vt ly cua dong nguyn t, no biu din phng chuyn ng cua cht long tai
mt thi im va th hin s phn b cac vect vn tc trong mt khoang khc. Cac tnh cht cua
dong nguyn t:
- Dong nguyn t cua chuyn ng khng dng co hnh dang thay i theo thi gian.
- Cht long trong dong nguyn t ch chuyn ng doc theo dong nguyn t khng co hin
tng cht long chuyn ng xin qua dong nguyn t.
- Trn tit din cua dong nguyn t s phn b cac thng s thuy ng ging nhau.
- Ch trong chuyn ng dng th quy ao va ng dong trung nhau.
ng dong trong chuyn ng phng c biu din bi ham dong
(x,y) ma :

vx = vy = (8.23)
y x
Thay (8.23) vao (8.22) :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
dx dy
= hay dx + dy = 0 ; d = 0 (8.24)
x y

y x
Ngha la doc theo ng dong gia tr cua ham s khng thay i.

Y ngha vt ly cua ham dong (8.23) la lu lng cht long chay gia hai ng dong
chnh bng hiu gia tr cua hai ng dong.
y B
B
dy ds v
vx A
-dx A
vy
x
Hnh 8 - 6
Tht vy lu lng chay gia tit din AB cua hai ng dong A , B la :
B B
B
Q = v x .dy v y .dx = dy + dx = d = B A
A A
y x A
8.4 Nhng khai nim dong thuy lc hu han
Dong chay b gii han bi cac thanh rn la dong hu han, nh dong chay trong ng tron,
trong knh .... co th ap dung cac cng thc chung ta a ra cac khai nim nh sau :
- Tit din t (ky hiu la S) la mt ct thng goc vi tt ca cac ng dong. Nu dong
u th tit din t trung vi tit din cua dong chay (hnh 8 - 7a). Nu dong khng u - dong
thay i dn th no la mt cong khng gian (hnh 8 - 7b).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Hnh 8 - 7
- Chu vi t (ky hiu la ) : ng giao tuyn gia mt ct t va thanh rn cua dong

chay (hnh 8 - 8).
R R

Hnh 8 - 8
- Ban knh thuy lc (ky hiu la Rh) la ty s gia din tch t va chu vi t:
S
Rh = (8.25)

Cn chu y rng ban knh thuy lc khng phai la ban knh cua ng tron. Tht vy :
.R 2 R d
Rh = = =
2. .R 2 4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Lu lng (ky hiu la Q) la lng cht long chay qua tit din t trong mt n v thi
gian. i vi dong nguyn t:
dQ = v.dS (8.26)
Cho toan dong :
Q = v.dS (8.27)
S
Mun tch phn (8.27) phai bit c quy lut phn b vn tc trn tit din t. Nu chung ta
dung khai nim vn tc trung bnh trn tit din t th lu lng:
Q = vtb S (8.28)
1
suy ra v tb =
S v.dS
(S )
8.5 - Khai nim v chuyn ng xoay:
Chuyn ng cua phn t long thoa man phng trnh (8.3) th goi la chuyn ng xoay.
ng cong ma tip tuyn tai mi im cua no trung vi vect vn tc goc cua phn t long tai
im o goi la ng xoay. Vy ng xoay cung chnh la truc xoay tc thi cua nhng phn t
long nm trn o (hnh 8 - 9a) phng trnh ng xoay la :
i j k
.x ds = dx dy dz = 0
x y z
hay
dx dy dz
= = (8.29)
x y z
trong o x , y ,z la nhng thanh phn vect vn tc goc theo cac truc toa d. Chung la ham cua
khng gian va thi gian .
Tp hp nhng ng xoay ta ln mt ng cong khep kn v cung nho trong mi
trng cht long tao thanh ng xoay nguyn t. Cht long chuyn ng trong ng xoay goi la si
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
xoay (H 8.9b). Si xoay co kch thc nho nn vn tc goc trn tit din co gia tr nh nhau.
tnh cng si xoay chung ta phai xac nh xircula (con goi la lu s vn tc hay lng xoay
ky hiu la ). o la tch phn theo mt ng cong khep kn cua tch quang ng tch phn va
hnh chiu cua vect vn tc ln hng cua quang ng o :
= v.ds = v.ds.cox
(k ) (k )
(8.30)
dS n
1 dS
S ds
v
Hnh 8 .- 9
Thay tch phn theo ng cong khep kn bng tch phn mt :
= 2. .dS (8.31)
(S )
Cng thc(8.31) la nh ly Stc. Nu mt S la hnh tron th vn tc chuyn ng quay doc

theo ng tron ban knh r se khng thay i va goc = 0 . Lu s vn tc la :
2
1 2
= 2. R .d = 2. . .R 2
2 0
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
=2..S (8.32)
Trong chuyn ng xoay khng gian (hnh 8 - .9d) th :
= v.ds = 2 .dS = 2 .n.dS

(k ) (S ) (S )
(8.33)
y k la ng cong khng gian khep kn gii han mt S. Trong tch phn mt th

dS = n.dS ; n la vect n v cua phap tuyn vi mt S tai im xet. Trn hnh 8 - 9b) nu
thi im xet truc cua vect thng goc vi n , ngha la khi tnh lu s vn tc theo ng cong
khep kn k se nm trn b mt cua si xoay th gia tr cua se bng khng .
= v.ds = 2 .dS = 2 .dS . cos (8.34)

(k ) (S ) (S )
Nu ng cong k bao gm cac ng cong k1,k',k2,k" trn(hnh 8 - 9a) hay trn (hnh 8 - 9b) th
lu s vn tc cung bng khng. Ta co 2,3 = 4,1 nn 1,2 = - 3,4 : ngc hiu nhau
nn chung trit tiu. Nu k1,k2 nm trn cac mt tit din cua si xoay va cac ng cong cung
chiu th:

12 = 43 (8.35)
Ngha la lu s vn tc tt ca cac tit din cua si xoay u co gia tr nh nhau. Kt hp vi

(8.32) ta co :
=2.1.S1=2.2.S2=...=2..S M = .S
(8.36)
trong o M goi la m men xoay, S la tit din cua si xoay.

T (8.36) suy ra mmen xoay co gia tr khng thay i doc theo si xoay. Cac phng
trnh (8.34) , (8.35) , (8.36) la ni dung cua cac nh ly Hemhn v chuyn ng xoay cua cht
long ly tng.
Si xoay lun lun gy ra vn tc cam ng tai cac im trong cht long bao quanh no. Noi
cach khac cac si xoay li cun mt mi trng cht long quanh no cung chuyn ng vi vn
tc cam ng (hnh 8 - 10).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-

Si xoay co vecto xoay rot v ; mmen cua no la M = . Phn t dl cua si xoay co lu
2
s vn tc tng ng la : .dl = 2..S dl gy ra xung quanh no trn mt mt cu S ban knh r vn
tc cam ng dv. T phng trnh (8.31) ta co :
.dl = S dv = 4 .r2.dv
Tai im M ban knh cua no tao vi si xoay mt goc . T phng trnh trn ta co thanh phn
sin cua phn t si xoay :
.dl
dv = sin = .d
4. .r 2
4. .r

dl
a=r.sin
r
S dl.sin=r.d d
Hnh 8 - 10
v r.d = dl.sin ; ma r = a / sin nn :

dv = . sin .d
4. .a
Tch phn phng trnh trn vi = 0 n = ta se co vn tc cam ng tai M do si xoay dai v

cung gy ra:

v=
4. .a 0
sin .d =
2. .a
(8.37)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Trong o a la khoang cach t im xet n si xoay. T (8.37) ta cung suy ra (8.32), trong o v la
vn t chuyn ng cua phn t long doc theo ng tron ban knh a. Cng thc (8.37) cung la
nh ly Bisava tnh vn tc cam ng trong chuyn ng xoay.
8.5 - Chuyn ng khng xoay cua cht long ly tng
in hnh loai chuyn ng nay la dong th vn tc. T (8.4) suy ra :

v x
v x v y v y v z v
= = = x
z
; ; (8.38)
y x z y x z
Nu tn tai mt ham (x,y,z) ma

vx = ; vy = ; vz = (8.39)
x y z
th la nghim cua (8.38). goi la ham th vn tc. Vi phn toan phn cua no la :

d = dx + dy + dz (8.40)
x y z
(8.40) la cng cua phn t do mt lc gy ra dch chuyn phn t nay trn quang ng ds. i
vi dong th phng th ham th vn tc la (x, y). So sanh (8.23) va (8.39) ta co:

vx = = ; vy = = (8.41)
x y y x
y chnh la phng trnh Csi-Riman. T phng trnh nay ta thy ng dong va
ng th vn tc trong chuyn ng th phng trc giao vi nhau (hnh 7 - 11)
dy dy

= 1 (8.42)
dx dx
By gi chung ta chng minh rng dong th vn tc la dong khng xoay.

Thay (8.39) vao (8.18 ). Ta co rot v = 0 . Thy vy :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v y v x 2 2
2 z = =
= 0
x y x.y y .x
v v y 2 2
2 x = z =
= 0
y z y.z z .y
v v 2

2
2 y = x z = =0
z x z.x x.z
Hnh 7 - 11
$9 - Cac phong trnh c ban
Cac phng trnh nay chnh la s biu din cac nh lut c ban cua c hoc ap dung cho
cht long.
9.1 - Phong trnh qua trnh
nh lut th nht cua nhit ng ky thut cho cht kh ly tng trong qua trnh thun
nghch c biu din bng phng trnh (cho 1kg cht kh) :
1 dp
dq = T .ds = du + pdv = c v dT + p.d = di (9.1)

trong o s la entrpi.
Phong trnh trang thai vit di dang vi phn :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
dp d dT dT dp d
= + hay = (9.2)
p T T p
T phng trnh (9.1) suy ra :
dT p 1
ds = c v + d
T T
dT
Thay gia tr t (9.2) phng trnh trang thai p=.r.T va r = cv (k-1) ta co :
T
dp d 1
ds = c v + (k 1). .d (9.3)
p
hay:
ds = cv [ d (ln p) - k d (ln ) ] (9.4)
p
Tch phn (9.4) : ds = c v .d ln k

p p
s s1 = c v ln k ln 1k (9.5)
1
Suy ra :
k s s1
p
= e
c
(9.6)
p1 1
Phng trnh (9.2) c vit thanh : d (ln p) = d (ln T) + d (ln ) ;. thay vao (9.4) va tch phn :
1

1 T 1
ds = c v .[d(ln T) + d(ln - k.d(ln )] = c v .(k 1)d
k
ln T ln = r.d ln
k 1

Tch phn :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
1 1
T k 1 T1 k 1
s s1 = r ln ln (9.7)
1

1
s s1
T k 1
hay : = .e r
(9.8)
1 T1
Trong cac phng trnh trn ch s 1 ch trang thai ban u.

Trong h c lp hu han bt ky qua trnh nao xay ra u theo chiu tng entrpi. V du
p
:trong qua trnh oan nhit ly tng k = const . Thay vao phng trnh (9.7) ta co :

T T T p
s 2 s1 = c v (k 1) ln 2 + ln 1 = c v (k 1) ln 2 . 1 = c v (k 1) ln 2 . 1
T1 2 T1 2 T1 p 2
Nu h c lp khng trao i nhit vi bn ngoai th (T2=T1) :
p
s 2 s1 = r ln . 1
p2
V co tn tht nn p2 < p1 suy ra s2 > s1, ngha la entrpi lun lun tng trong qua trnh thun
nghch.
9.2 - Phng trnh lin tuc
Trong khng gian bao lu ( o khng co im ngum , im hut va o khng thc hin
cac phan ng hoa hoc tiu hao hay cung cp cht long) chung ta khao sat chuyn ng cua cht
long chay qua khi hp co cac canh c nh dx,dy,dz trong h toa oxyz (hnh 9 - 1).
Sau thi gian dt khi lng cht long chay vao khi hp nay la m1 va chay ra la m2 , khi lng
cht long con lai trong khi hp nay la : m = m1- m2 .
Tnh theo phong x , khi lng chay vao m1x = .vx dy dz dt ;
chay ra :
( v x )
m 2 x = .v x + dx dy.dz.dt
x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
( v x )
vx vx + dx
x
Hnh 9 - 1
( .v x )
va dm x = m 2 x m1x = dx.dy.dz.dt
x
Tng t i vi truc y,truc z :
( .v y ) ( .v z )
dm y = dx.dy.dz.dt ; dm z = dx.dy.dz.dt
y z
Khi lng cht long con lai trong khi hp la : dm = dmx + dmy + dmz
( v x ) (v y ) ( v z )
dm = + + dx.dy.dz.dt
x y z
S thay i th tch cht long trong khi hp la do s thay i khi lng ring cua cht
long theo thi gian bi v cac canh cua khi hp c nh (theo nh lut bao toan khi lng).
Khi lng cht long trong hp :
m=.V=.dx.dy.dz
Sau thi gian dt se co s thay i :
( V )
dm = dt = dx.dy.dz.dt
t t
Sau khi n gian cac s hang ging nhau chung ta co phng trnh lin tuc:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
( v x ) (v y ) ( v z )
+ + + =0
t x y z
(9.9)

t
( )
+ div v = 0

Nu cht long chuyn ng dng ( = 0 ) th :
t
(v x ) (v y ) ( v z )
+ + =0
x y z (9.11)
( )
div v = 0
Nu cht long khng nen c ( = const) va chuyn ng n nh :
v x v y v z
+ + =0
x y z (9.12)
divv = 0
Phng trng lin tuc vit trong h toa tru (r, ,z) :
( .v r ) ( .v r ) ( .v r )
+ + + =0 (9.13)
t r r r
trong o :
dz dr d
vz = ; vr = ; v =
dt dt r.dt
Phng trnh lin tuc cho dong nguyn t chuyn ng khng dng cht long nen c :
( .S ) ( .v.S )
+ =0 (9.14)
t l
- Nu chuyn ng dng :
( .v.S )
=0 hay .v.S = const (9.15)
l
- Nu chuyn ng dng va cht long khng nen c
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
(.v.S )
=0 hay v.S = const (9.16)
l
Nu cht long la cht long thc th vn tc trong dong mt chiu hu han se la vn tc
trung bnh trn tit din t.
9.3 - Phng trnh le thuy ng
Trong cht long ly tng chuyn ng chung ta trch mt phn t long co dang khi hp
vi cac canh la dx , dy , dz (hnh 9 - 2).Cac lc tac dung ln phn t long chuyn ng gm co lc
ap, lc khi va lc quan tnh.
a R
p
p dz p+ dx
x
A
dx dy
Hnh 9 2
Ap sut tac dung ln cac mt khi hp tai im A la : px = py = pz = p ; cac mt i din ap sut
thay i mt ai lng bng :
p p p
p+ dx ; p+ dy ; p+ dz
x y z
Thanh phn lc ap theo cac truc toa la :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
p
dF px = p.dy.dz p + dx dy.dz
x
p
dF py = p.dz.dx p + dy dz.dx
y
p
dF pz = p.dx.dy p + dz dx.dy
z
Cac thanh phn lc khi cua gia tc khi R la :
dFRx = R x . .dx.dy.dz ; dFRy = R y . .dx.dy.dz ; dFRz = R z . .dx.dy.dz

Lc quan tnh :
dFax = a x . .dx.dy.dz ; dFay = a y . .dx.dy.dz ; dFRa = a z . .dx.dy.dz
Phn t long cn bng theo nguyn ly almbe . Phng trnh cn bng phn t long vit theo
cac truc toa la:
p
p.dy.dz p + dx dy.dz + R x . .dx.dy.dz a x . .dx.dy.dz = 0
x
p
p.dz.dx p + dy dz.dx + R y . .dx.dy.dz a y . .dx.dy.dz = 0
y
p
p.dx.dy p + dz dx.dy + R z . .dx.dy.dz a z . .dx.dy.dz = 0
z
hay :
1 p
+ Rx . = a x .
x
1 p
+ Ry = ay .
y
1 p
+ Rz . = a z
x
Cac gia tc ax , ay , az c tnh nh sau :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
dv v dx v x dy v x dz v x dt v x v v v
ax = x = x + + + = + vx x + v y x + vz x
dt x dt y dt z dt t dt t x y z
dv y v y dx v y dy v y dz v y dt v y v y v y v y
ay = = + + + = + vx + vy + vz
dv v dx v z dy v z dz v z dt v z v v v
az = z = z + + + = + vx z + vy z + vz z
Cui cung chung ta co phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng cua cht long ly tng do le chng
minh nm 1775:
v x v x v x v 1 p
+ vx + vy + vz x = Rx
t x y z x
v y v y v y v y 1 p
+ vx + vy + vz = Ry (9.16)
t x y z y
v z v z v z v 1 p
+ vx + vy + vz z = Rz
t x y z z
hay vit di dang vect:

v 1
+ vgrad v = R grapp (9.17)
t
Nu chuyn ng dng th ta co phng trnh :
v 1
+ vgrad v = R grapp (9.18)
t
Nu cht long chuyn ng u th chung ta co phng trnh le thuy tnh. Trong trng
hp nay ap sut cung phn b theo theo qui lut thuy tnh . Phng trnh (9.16) co th ap
dung cho bai toan chuyn ng tng i. Ch cn lu y rng gia tc khi luc nay gm co gia tc
khi co th , gia tc quan tnh cua chuyn ng theo, gia tc Crilt . (9.18) se la :
1
vgrad v = R + a w + a cor grapp (9.19)

Phng trnh le thuy ng vit trong h toa tru :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v r v v v r v 1 p
+ vr r + + v z r = Rr
t r r z r
v v v v v v .v 1 p
+ vr + + v z + r = R (9.20)
t r r z r r.
v z v v v z v 1 p
+ vr z + + v z z = Rr
t r r z z
trong o Rz , R , Rr la hnh chiu cua gia tc khi ln cac truc toa . Gia tc hng knh gm co
dv r v 2
gia tc quan tnh cua chuyn ng va gia tc quan tnh ly tm :
dt r
dv v2
ar = r
dt r
Gia tc theo phng thng goc vi ban knh gm gia tc chuyn ng theo va gia tc Crilt :
dv d 2 dr d 1 d (r. ) v r .v dv
a = = r 2 + 2. . = . = +
dt dt dt dt r dt r dt
dr d
y vn tc hng tm vr = vn tc vong v = r .
dt dt
9.4 - Phng trnh Navi - Stc
Trong chuyn ng cua cht long thc xut hin ng xut tip gia cac cht long. i vi
dong mt chiu chay tng ng sut tip c tnh theo cng thc Niutn. Trong dong khng gian
vn tc phn t theo cac phng khac nhau se co gia tr khac nhau, nn ng sut tip tng ng
se c tnh :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v y v x
xy = y = +

x y
v v y
yz = zy = z +
(9.21)
y z
v y v x
xy = y = +

x y
Do xut hin ng xut tip nn trong cht long thc ap sut thuy ng ch hng vao mt tac dung
nhng khng thng goc vi no. Thanh phn phap tuyn cua ap sut thuy ng c tnh theo cng
thc (8.5). Trong o ap sut thanh phn theo ba phng thng goc vi nhau la px , py , pz c tnh
theo cng thc :
px = p + x ; p y = p + y ; p z = p + z (9.22)
trong o x , y , z la thanh phn b sung , p la "ap sut thuy ng quy c".

Xet phn t long co canh la dx , dy , ds va chiu cao la dz trang thai cn bng (hnh 9.3).
v
p
y vy v
dy
yx
dx vx
xy
x v

Hnh 9 - 3
V phn t rt nho, lc khi la tch bc ba cua ai lng v cung nho nn chung ta co th bo qua.
Lc mt tac dung ln phn t c tnh theo cac ng sut t (9.21 va 9.22). Chung ta ve thm h
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
toa ( , ) .Trong o truc song song vi canh ds truc thng goc vi ds. Phng trnh cn
bng lc theo phng (hnh 9 - 3) :
.ds dz = xy (dx dz cos - dy dz sin ) + py dy dz sin - px dy dz cos
T (hnh 9.3a) ta co dx = ds.cos , dy = ds.sin th phng trnh trn c vit thanh :
= xy (cos2 - sin2 ) + ( py - px ).sin cos (9.23)
xy c tnh theo (9.21) va cung c tnh theo graient vn tc :
v v
= +
(9.24)

v v
tnh theo vy ,vy ta cn xac nh ; theo x , y , vx ,vy . Trc ht ta xac nh dv .

v v v v
dv = d + d = dx + dy (9.25)
x y
t (hnh 9-3b) ta co quan h gia cac vn tc :
v = vx cos + vy sin ; v = vx sin - vy cos
va quan h cac toa :
x = .cos + .sin ; y = cos - .sin (9.26)
Tnh dx , dy t (9.26) ri thay vao (9.25) va thc hin phep bin i n gian ta co
v v v v
dv = cos + sin d + sin + cos d
x y x y
So sanh phng trnh nay vi (9.25) ta co :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v v v
= sin + cos
x y
v v
ly ao ham ; t phng trnh tnh vn tc v :
x y
v v v y v v y
= x cos sin sin + x cos sin cos
x x y y
(9.27)
v x v y v x v y
+
x y sin . cos
2 2
y cos sin
x
v
Thc hin theo trnh t trn tnh . ao ham toan phn dv :

v v v v
dv = d + d = dx + dy (9.28)
x y
Tnh dx, dy t (9.26) ri thay vao (9.28) va thc hin bin i.Ta co :
v v
dv = (cos .d + sin .d ) + (cos .d sin .d )
x
(9.29)
v v v v
= cos sin d + sin + cos d
x y x y
So sanh (9.28) va (9.29) ta co :
v v v
= cos sin
x y
v v
Ly ao ham ; t phng trnh vn tc v va th vao phng trnh trn :
x y
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v v y v v v y
=( cos 2 x sin 2 ) x sin . cos
(9.30)
x y x y
Thay (9.27), (9.30) vao (9.24) :
v y v x v v y
= (cos 2
sin 2 ) + ( )
cos 2 sin 2 + 2 x sin . cos
y
x y x
Kt hp vi (9.21) ta co :
v y v x
= xy (cos 2 sin 2 ) + 2 sin . cos
(9.31)
x y
Thay (9.31) vao (9.23) sau khi n gian va chng minh tng t cho cac h toa khac . Ta co :
v v y
p y p x = 2 x

x y
v y v z
p z p y = 2
(9.32)
y z
v v
p x p z = 2 z x
z x
T (9.32) suy ra ap sut thuy ng quy c (8.7) . T o suy ra cng thc tnh cac ap sut theo cac
truc toa :
2 v
px = p + .divv 2 . x
3 x
2 v y
p y = p + .divv 2 . (9.34)
3 y
2 v
p z = p + .divv 2 . z
3 z
T (9.34) ta co cac gia tr b sung cua ap sut thuy ng theo phng phap tuyn trong cht
long thc. Trong cht long thc ta trch mt phn t long co dang khi hp vi cac canh
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
dx,dy,dz va c t trong h toa Oxyz (H 9.4). Phn t long nay chu tac dung bi lc khi
lc ap sut theo phng phap tuyn, lc ma sat la lc quan tnh chuyn ng. Cac lc nay c
tnh ln lt nh sau .
Thanh phn cua lc khi :
dFRx = Rx .. dx. dy. dz ; dFRy = Ry .. dx. dy .dz ; dFRz = Rz . dx. dy .dz
Thanh phn cua lc quan tnh :
dFax = a x . .dx.dy.dz ; dFay = a y . .dx.dy.dz ; dFRa = a z . .dx.dy.dz
Lc ap :
p p
dF px = p x .dy.dz p x + x dx dy.dz = x dx.dy.dz
x x
p y p y
dF py = p y .dz.dx p y + dy dz.dx = dy.dx.dz
y y
p p
dF pz = p z .dx.dy p z + z dz dx.dy = x dz.dx.dy
z z
Lc ma sat :
y
dFx = y .dx.dz + y + dy .dx.dz z .dy.dx + z + z dz .dy.dx
y z
y z
= + dx.dy.dz
y z
xy zy
dFy = + dx.dy.dz

x z
yz yz
dFz = + dx.dy.dz

x y
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Hnh 9.4
Phng trnh cn bng chuyn ng cua phn t nay theo truc ox :
dFRx + dFpx + dFx + dFax = 0

hay :
p x y z
R x . .dx.dy.dz dx.dy.dz + + dx.dy.dz a x . .dx.dy.dz = 0

x y z
p x y z v v v v
Ly ao ham ; ; t (9.21) va a x = x + v x x + v y x + v z x th vao
x y z t x y z
phng trnh trn . Ta co :
v x
t
+ vx
v x
x
+ vy
v x
y
+ vz
v x
z
= Rx
1 p 1
+
x 3 x
( )
2vx 2vx 2vx
divv + 2 + +

(9.35.)
x y 2 z 2
Chng minh tng t cho cac truc y,z :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v y
t
+ vx
v y
x
+ vy
v y
y
+ vz
v y
z
= Ry
1 p 1
+
y 3 y
( ) 2vy 2v y 2v y
divv + 2 +
x y 2
+
z 2

(9.35)
v z v z v z v z 1 p 1
( ) vz vz vz
2 2 2
+ vx + vy + vz = Rz + divv + 2 + +
t x y z z 3 z x y 2 z 2
hay vit di dang vect :
v 1 1
+ vgrad v = R + a w + a cor grapp + .grad (divv) + .v (9.36)
t 3
H phng trnh (9.35) hoc (9.36) la phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng cua cht long
v
thc. Nu = 0 phng trnh (9.35) se thanh (9.16). Nu chuyn ng dng = 0 th du 0
t
th trong mt ct t cua dong chay ap sut thuy ng se phn b theo quy lut thuy tnh. Trong
dong chay bin i chm ng co cong khng ang k th kt lun nay vn ung. Do tnh cht
phi tuyn cua h phng trnh (9.36) n nay chung ta cha co c mt cach giai tng quat.
Trong ky thut ngi ta ap dung phng trnh nay giai mt s bai toan co iu kin bin n
gian, hoc bng mt s gia thuyt nht nh giam bt mt s s hang cua phng trnh ma
khng anh hng n kt qua tnh toan. co h phng trnh xac nh ngi ta kt hp thm
phng trnh lin tuc, phng trnh trang thai, phng trnh chuyn hoa cua cac quat trnh. Cac n
s cua h phng trnh nay la vx , vy , vz+ , p, . Chung la nhng ai lng phu thuc vao khng
gian va thi gian. Nu cht long khng nen c va chuyn ng dng th ta co h phng trnh:
v v v 1 p 2v 2vx 2vx
v x x + v y x + v z x = Rx + 2x + +
x y z x x y 2 z 2
v y v y v y 1 p 2vy 2v y 2v y
vx + vy + vz = Ry + 2 + + (9.37)
x y z y x y 2 z 2
v z v z v z 1 p 2vz 2vz 2vz
vx + vy + vz = Rz + + +
x y z z x 2 y 2 z 2
9.5. Phng trnh Hemhn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
nghin cu chuyn ng xoay Hemhn bit thc hin cac bin i phng trnh chuyn
ng, a cac ai lng c trng chuyn ng xoay vao phng trnh .
T rot v = 2. va (8.18) ta co :
v x v v x v y
= 2. y + z ; = 2. z + (9.39)
z x y z
U
Thay (9.39) va R x = vao phng trnh th nht cua (9.37) cho cht long khng nen dc
x
( = const; divv = 0) :
v x v v y v U 1 p 2v 2vx 2vx
+ vx x + v y + v z z 2. z .v y + 2. y .v z = + 2x + + (9.40)

t x x x x x x y 2 z 2
v x v y v z v2
Ta co : v x + vy + vz =
x x x x 2
F v 2 p
Ky hiu : = + U
x x 2
Phng trnh (9.40) c vit lai :
v x F 2vx 2vx 2vx

2. z .v y + 2. y .v z = + 2 + +
(9.41a)
t x x y 2 z 2
Bin i tng t cho phng trnh th hai (9.37) :
v y F 2v y 2v y 2v y
2. x .v z + 2. z .v x = + 2 + + (9.41b)
t y x y 2
z 2

Ly ao ham phng trnh (9.41a) theo y va phng trnh (9.41b) theo x, ri ly phng trinh hai
tru cho phng trnh th nht. Ta co :
v y v x z z x y v v
+ 2.v x + + 2. z x + y
t x y x
2 .v y
y
2 .v z x + y x y

v v 2 v y v x 2 v y v x 2 v y v x
2. ( x z + x z = 2
x y x y + y 2 x y + z x y
x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
z v
Cng va tr phng trnh trn vi : 2.v z 2. z z :
z z
z z z z y z v v v
+ vx + vy + vy v z x + + +z x + y + z
t x y z x y z x
y z
v v v 2 z 2 z 2 z
x z + x z + z z = + +

x y z x 2
y 2
z
V :
z z z z d z
+ vx + vy + vy =
t x y z dt
x y z 1
+ + = div rot v = 0
x y z 2
v x v y v z
+ + = divv = 0
x y z
nn phng trnh (9.42) la :
d z v z v z v z 2 z 2 z 2 z
=x +x + z + + +
(9.43a)
dt x y z x
2
y 2 z 2
Chng minh tng t cho cac truc quay y , x :
d y v y v y v z 2 y 2 y 2 y
=x + x + z + + + (9.43b)
dt x y z x 2 y 2 z 2

d x v x v x v x 2 z 2 x 2 x
=x + x + z + + +
(9.43c)
dt x y z x
2
y 2 z 2
Vit phng trnh nay theo vect :
d
= ..grad v + . (9.44)
dt
T phng trnh Hemhn chung ta thy rng: i vi cht long ly tng (=0) , nu xut
hin chuyn ng xoay th no se khng t mt i. Nu dong chuyn ng khng xoay th vn
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
xut hin chuyn ng xoay cuc b va no cung khng mt i va khng lan truyn trong cht long ,
no ch gm nhng phn t nht nh .
i vi cht long thc khi co chuyn ng xoay th cng xoay b giam do ma sat. Cac
xoay ch bt u va k thuc trn b mt phn cach gia cht long va mi trng, hoc cac xoay
tao thanh nhng vong xoay khep kn. Hnh dang si xoay co thay i th no cung ch gm nhng
phn t long a tham gia chuyn ng xoay.
9.6 Phng trnh Bernoulli
Vic giai h phng trnh vi phn chuyn ng cua cht long ly tng rt phc tap. Trong
ky thut giai cac bai toan chuyn ng cua dong chay co kch thc hu han cht long chuyn
ng doc theo chiu dong chay. Bernoulli a tch phn t phng trnh le doc theo chiu dong
chay va c mt phng trnh goi la phng trnh nng lng. Chung ta se chng minh phng
trnh o nh sau.
8.6.1 Phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong nguyn t cht long ly tng
Chung ta nhn thy trong phng trnh (9.16) cac ai lng u biu din lc n v tac
dung ln mt n v khi lng cht long ang chuyn ng. Nu chung ta nhn vi quang ng
dch chuyn th se thu c cng n v. Trc ht chung ta thc hin theo phng x , nhn
phng trnh th nht cua (9.16) vi dx:
v y v y v y v y 1 p
dx + v x + vy + vz dx = R y .dx
.dx
t x y z y
Biu thc trong ngoc n la nng lng chuyn ng cua cht long. No gm nng lng chuyn
ng tnh tin va nng lng chuyn ng quay. tach ring chung ra chung ta cng va tr vao
v y v
phng trnh nay vi biu thc : v y dx v z z dx
x x
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v y v y v y v v y v y v v
dx + v x + vy + v z z dx + v y v y vy dx + v z y z dx
t x x x y x z
x
(9.45)
1 p
= R y .dx .dx
y
Biu thc trong ngoc n th nht chnh la nng lng chuyn ng tnh tin cua phn t long
doc theo truc x, biu thc trong ngoc n th hai la 2z va biu thc trong ngoc n th ba la
2.y . Gia tc khi R c phn tch thanh hai thanh phn ; gia tc khi co th R* va gia tc
Crilt Rc . Cac thanh phn cua chung theo cac truc toa :
U U U
Rtx = ; Rty = ; Rtz =
x y z
Rcx = 2 (vy 0 - vz y) ; Rcy = 2 (vz x - vx z) ; Rxz = 2 (vx y - vy x)
Trong o la vn tc goc cua chuyn ng quay vong.

Thay tt ca cac gia tr nay vao phng trnh (9.45) va thc hin mt s bin i nho ta co :
v x v2 1 p U
dx + dx + dx dx + 2.(v y . z v z y )dx + 2.(v y . z v z y )dx = 0 (9.46a)
t x 2 x x
Tng t nh th ta co th vit phng trnh nng lng n v theo cac truc toa y,z.
v y v2 1 p U
dy + dy + dy dy + 2.(v z x v x z )dy + 2.(v x z v z x )dy = 0 (9.46b)
t y 2 y y
v z v2 1 p U
dz + dz + dz dz + 2.(v x . y v y x )dz + 2.(v x . y v y x )dz = 0 (9.46c)
t z 2 z z
Nng lng toan b cua phn t long chuyn ng la tng cac nng lng theo cac truc toa .
Sau khi cng (9.46a) , (9.46b) , (9.46c) va thc hin bin i n gian ta co :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v v 2 dp
d l + d + dU + 2.[(v y .dz v z .dy ).( x + z ) + (v z .dx v x .dz ).( y + y ) +
t 2 (9.47)
+ (v x .dy v y .dx ).( z + z )] = 0
v v2 dp
d l + d + dU +
t 2
(9.48)
v x [( z + z )dy ( z + z )dz ] + v y [( x + x )dz ( z + z )dx ] +
+ 2 . = 0
[
+ v x ( y + y )dx ( x + x )dy ]
nghin cu chuyn ng cua cac dong cht long chung ta thc hin tch phn (9.47)
hoc (9.48) theo cac iu kin cu th.
a. Tch phn doc theo ng dong

T (8.18) ta co : vx dy - vy dx = 0 ; vy dz - vz dy = 0 ; vz dx - vx dz = 0 . Thay cac biu thc
nay vao (9.47) :
v v2 dp
d l + d + dU = 0 (9.49)
t 2
Tch phn (9.49) doc theo ng dong:
v v2 dp
t 2
d l + d +

+ dU = const (9.50)
hay :
v v2 dp
t d l +
2
+

U = const (9.51)
i vi cht long khng nen c ( = const)
v v2 p
t d l + + U = const
2
Nu lc khi co th ch la trong lc (Rz= - g) ; U= - g.z
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v v2 p
t d l + 2 + + gz = const (9.52)
Phng trnh (9-52) vit cho hai im trn ng dong :
2
v v 22 v12 p 2 p1
1 t d l + + + g ( z 2 z1 ) = 0 (9.53)
2
trong o :
v
2
ghqt = dl (9.54)
1
t
goi la nng lng quan tnh n v cua dong cht long nhanh dn u hay chm dn u. No
chnh la nng lng n v b tiu hao khc phuc lc quan tnh trn chiu dai cua dong chay.
v 22 v12
S thay i ng nng gia hai im hoc con goi la nng lng lam
2
1kg cht long thay i vn tc t v1 sang v2 - goi la ng nng n v.
p 2 p1
S thay i ap nng, chnh la nng lng chuyn 1kg cht long t ap sut

p1 sang ap sut p2 - goi la ap nng n v.
g(z2-z1) Nng lng chuyn 1kg cht long t im co th nng g.z1 cua ngoai lc
sang im co th nng g.z2 - goi la v nng n v.
b. Tch phn theo quang ng bt ky

iu kin co th tch phn c la = - . y cung chnh la iu kin tn tai
dong th vn tc. Nh vy cac thanh phn cua vn tc c tnh theo cng thc (8.39) ta co :
v x v y v z
= = ; = ; =
t t x x t t y t t z t
v
d l = dx + dy + dz = d
t x t y t z t t
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
va thay vao phng trnh (9.47) :
v dp
2
d + d + dU = 0 (9.55)
t 2
Tch phn (9.55) ta co :
v 2 dp
+ + U = C (t ) (9.56)
t 2
nu = const :
v 2 p
+ + U = C (t ) (9.57)
t 2
trong o C(t) la hng s ch phu thuc vao thi gian.

Biu thc (9.56) la nng lng toan phn cua mt n v khi lng cht long. T
phng trnh (9.57) ta thy rng trong dong th vn tc cht long ly tng ,nng lng toan phn
cua mt n v khi lng cht long khng phu thuc vao toa khng gian. Tai mi im trong
cht long ch co mt gia tr nng lng toan phn. Nh vy s thay i nng lng toan phn cua
dong th vn tc khng dng se xay ra ng thi va nh nhau tai moi im trong toan min cht
long.
Phng trnh (9.57) vit cho hai im bt ky trong dong chay mt thi im xac nh
( = const) :
v12 p1 v2 p
+ U1 = 2 + 2 U 2 + (9.58)
2 2 t 2 t 1
Trong o la ham th vn tc, c tnh theo cng thc :
= v.d l (9.59)
l
v
= dl (9.60)
t (l ) t
va
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v
2
= dl
t 2 t 1 t
Phng trnh (9.58) c vit thanh (u=-g.z) :
2
v v 22 v12 p 2 p1
1 t d l + 2 + + g (z 2 z1 ) = 0 (9.61)
Phng trnh (9.61) ging (9.53) v hnh thc nhng tnh cht vt ly th khac nhau. Phng trnh
(9.53) th tch phn theo ng dong, con (9.61) th tch phn trong dong th vn tc (= - ).
c. Tch phn doc theo ng xoay

Cht long chuyn ng trong h toa tuyt i ( = 0) . T phng trnh ng xoay
(8.29) ta co :
x dy - y dx = 0 ; z.dy - y.dz = 0 ; x.dz - z.dx = 0
Tch phn (9.48) ta co kt qua nh (9.51). Nhng ban cht vt ly th khac nhau.
v
Nu chuyn ng dng th = 0 va lc khi co th ch la trong lc th U = - g z , cht long
t
khng nen c . Thay cac gia tr nay vao phng trnh (9.51) hay (9.53) :
v12 p1 v2 p
+ + g .z1 = 2 + 2 + g .z 2 (9.63)
2 2
(9.63) la phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong nguyn t cht long ly tng, chuyn ng n nh,
cht long khng chu nen va lc khi co th la trong lc.
9.6.2 Phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong nguyn t cht long tht
Thc hin phep bin i tng t nh trn i vi phng trnh Navi-Stc ta co :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v v 2 dp (v y .dz v z .dy ).( x + z ) + (v z .dx v x .dz ).( y + y ) +
d l + d + dU + 2. +
t 2 + (v x .dy v y .dx ).( z + z ) (9.64)
1
( )
.grad divv .d l + .v.d l = 0
3
Phng trnh (9.64) khac (9.47) hai s hang cui cung. Chung biu din nng lng tn tht cua
mt n v khi lng cht long khi chuyn ng trn quang ng dl. Ky hiu tn tht nng
lng o la ght :
1
( )
g.ht = .grad divv .d l + .v.d l
3
(9.65)
(l )
Thc hin tch phn (9.64) doc theo ng dong cho hai tit din cua dong nguyn t, cht long
ch chu tac dung bi trong lc :
v12 dp v2 dp
+ + g .z1 = 2 + + g.z 2 + ghqt1 2 + ght1 2 (9.67)
2 1 2 2
- i vi cht long khng nen c th phng trnh trn co dang :
v12 p1 v 22 p 2
+ + g .z1 = + + g.z 2 + ghqt1 2 + ght1 2 (9.68)
2 2
- Nu cht long khng nen c ma chuyn ng nh th :
v12 p1 v 22 p 2
+ + g .z1 = + + g.z 2 + ght1 2 (9.69)
2 2
Phng trnh c vit di dang ct ap [met ct cht long] :
v12 p v2 p
+ 1 + .z1 = 2 + 2 + .z 2 + ht1 2 (9.70)
2 g .g 2 g .g
Trong o ht1,2 la ct ap tn tht .

Biu din hnh hoc phng trnh (9.70) trn hnh 8.5 .z1 ,z2 la cao hnh hoc cua trong
tm mt ct t 1-1.2-2 cua dong nguyn t tnh t mt chun 0-0. T cac im A1 ,A2 ve cac
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
p1 p 2
oan thng A1B1 ,A2B2 bng cao ; . Cac cao B1O , B2O biu din th nng n
.g .g
v hoc goi la ct ap tnh .Ni cac im B1 ,B2 ta co ng o ap cua dong nguyn t cht long.
C1 C2 C1 C2
ng nng ly tng
B1 B1 C2
ng o ap
B2 B2
A1 A1
A2 A2
O1 mt chun O2 O1 mt chun O2
Hnh 9-5
ng o ap biu din th nng n v cua dong chay. Nu dong chay nm ngang th ng o ap

biu din s bin thin cua ap sut dong cht long. dc o ap ky hiu la ip dung anh gia
mc bin thin cua th nng n v doc theo dong chay. No la ty s gia tng cua ct ap tnh
trn mt n v chiu dai cua dong chay :
p
d + z
.g
ip = (9.71)
dl
ng nng c xac nh bng cach ve thm cac oan thng ng B1C1 , B2C2 , bng cao
v2 v2
vn tc 1 ; 2 . Ni cac im C1 , C2 ta c ng nng cua dong nguyn t long ly tng.
2g 2g
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Dng nng nay song song vi ng chun.Trong dong nguyn t cht long thc ng nng
dc xung doc theo chiu dong chay, v nng lng dong chay giam dn, tn tht nng lng tng
ln. Cac oan C1C1' , C2C2' biu din tn tht nng lng ht1,ht2 .
anh gia mc o bin thin nng lng doc theo dong chay chung ta xet dc thuy
lc, ky hiu la i, o la tn tht nng lng trn mt n v chiu dai dong chay :
dht
i= (9.72)
dl
Trong tnh toan thuy lc chung ta thng dung dc thuy lc trung bnh ky hiu la itb :
ht
itb = (9.73)
l
dc thuy lc cung la dc cua ng nng. T cac cng thc (9.71), (9.72) chung
ta thy rng dc o ap co th dng hoc m con dc thuy lc lun lun dng.Cung cn
thy rng dc o ap cua cht long ly tng khac dc o ap trong dong cht long thc. Trong
trng hp chuyn ng u ng cao ap va ng nng song song vi nhau.
9.6.3 - M rng phng trnh Bernoulli cho toan dong cht long thc
Dong cht long thc co kch thc hu han c coi la gm v s dong nguyn t c gii
han bi thanh rn (ng ng, knh dn...). Do tnh nht nn vn tc trn tit din t khng
ging nhau v th khng th ly nng lng toan phn cua dong nguyn t bt ky nao ai din
cho toan dong chay, ma chung ta phai xac nh gia tr trung bnh cua toan dong. Tuy nhin vic
m rng phng trnh Bernoulli cho toan dong chay ch thc hin c i vi dong chay u
hay dong bin i chm. n gian trong phn nay chung ta ch chng minh phng trng nay
cho cht long khng nen c.
Vit phng trnh Bernoulli cho dong nguyn t cht long thc vi khi lng cht long la
.v.dS ri sau o tch phn cho toan tit din dong chay :
v12 p1 v 22 p 2

2
( s1 )
+

+ g . z 1

. .v.dS =
2
( S 2 )
+

+ g . z 2 + ght + g .h qt
. .v.dS

Trong o dS la tit din cua dong nguyn t, v la vn tc dong nguyn t.
Tch phn dang :

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
v2 p
+
2
(s )
+ g . z . .v.dS

p
thc hin c khi + g.z = const (ngha la dong bin i chm hay bin i chm ). Nh vy ta

co :
p1 p p

( s1 )
+ g.z1 . .v.dS = 1 + g .z1 . .v.dS = 1 + g.z1 . .Q
( s1 )
(9.75a)
p2 p p

(S2 )

+ g.z 2 . .v.dS = 2 + g.z 2 . v.dS .. = 2 + g.z 2 . .Q
(S2 )
(9.75b)
Cac tch phn nay biu th nng lng th nng cua .Q khi lng cht long. Tch phn:
v2

(s )
2
. ..dQ d = E d

biu th ng nng cua dong chay. Mun tch phn c biu thc nay chung ta phai bit quy lut
phn b vn tc trn tit din t cua dong chay. Chung ta cung co th tnh ng nng cua donh
chay nay bng vn tc trung bnh trn tit din t:
1
E dtb = .Q.v tb2
2
Ro rang E va Etb khng th bng nhau.S chnh lch nay c hiu chnh bng h s hiu chnh
ng nng (h s Crilt, ky hiu la ) : E = Etb
T phng trnh nay suy ra :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
E

(s )
v 3 ..dS
= d = (9.76)
E dtb .v tb3 .S
Nu =const th
v
3
..dS
(s )
= (9.77)
.v tb3 .S
Tr s phu thuc vao s phn b vn tc trn mt ct t cua dong chay.
=2 nu vn tc phn b theo quy lut parabn (dong chay tng).

=1.01 1.10 nu vn tc phn b theo quy lut lgart (dong chay ri). i vi dong
chay ri kch thc be = 1.
Vy tch phn ng nng cua cht long trn mt ct t cua dong chay :
v12 .v 2 v 22 .v 2

2
( s1 )
. .v.dS = 1 1tb .Q

2
;
2
( S 2 )
. .v.dS = 2 2tb .Q

2
Tch phn
gh . .v.dS
(S )
t
la tn tht nng lng cua dong chay khi chay t tit din 1 n 2. Cac dong nguyn t khac nhau
se co g.ht khac nhau. S thay i cua chung khng co quy lut v th chung ta phai a khai nim
gia tr tn tht nng lng n v trung bnh. No co gia tr nh nhau cho moi ng dong nguyn t
trn tit din t va c tnh :
1
.Q (
g.htb = g .ht . .v.dS
S)
(9.79)
hay g.ht ..v.dS = g.htb . .Q
(S )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Tch phn g.h

(S )
tqt . .v.dS
la nng lng quan tnh cua dong chay khng dng. Kt hp (9.54) chung ta co th vit biu thc
tch phn trn nh sau:
v
2
1
E qt = g.htqt . .v.dS = g d l . .v.dS = g v. .v.dS .dl (9.81)
t 2 t ( S )
(S ) ( S ) (l ) 1
trong o biu thc trong ngoc n chnh la ng lng cua dong chay c tnh theo quy lut
phn b vn tc trn tit din t. Cung co th tnh gia tr nay theo vn tc trung bnh trn tit din
t :
K = v. .v.dS = .K tb
(S )
K tb = v tb . .v tb .S = .v tb2 .S (9.82)
v. .v.dS
=
(S )
suy ra
.v tb2 .S
la hiu s hiu chnh ng lng (h s Buximet). Nu = const th
v. .dS
2
=
(S )
.v tb2 .S
= 4/3 cho vn tc dong chay phn b theo quy lut parabn (chay tng)
= 1,01 1,05 cho vn tc dong chay phn b theo quy lut lgart (chay ri).
Trong tnh toan thuy lc thng chon = 1. Sau khi s dung h s chung ta co th tch
phn biu thc trn nh sau:
1 v v
( )
2
g . .vtb2 .S dl = g. ( .v tb .S ). tb .dl = .g. .Q . tb .d l (9.83)
1
2 t (l )
t (l )
t
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Trong trng hp nay chung ta cung s dung khai nin nng lng quan tnh n v trung bnh
trn tit din t cua dong chay ghdt,tb :
v tb v
E qt = g .hqt ,tb . .Q = .g . .Q . .d l = .g ..l. tb . .Q (9.84)
(l )
t t
Thay (9.75a,b), (9.78a,b), (9.79), (9.84) vao (9.74) phng trnh Bernoulli se co dang
1v12tb p1 v2 p
.Q + + g.z1 .Q = 2 2tb .Q + 2 + g .z2 .Q + ghqt1,tb . .Q + ght ,tb . .Q (9.85)
2 2
Phng trnh (8.86) tnh cho mt n v khi lng cht long ta co :
1 v12tb p1 2 v 22tb p2
+ + g .z 1 = + + g.z 2 + ghqt1,tb + ght ,tb (9.86)
2 2
Nu chuyn ng dng hqttb = 0

Chu y :
dp
Nu cht long nen c th tch phn
phai xet n quy lut bin i khi lng
ring theo ap sut.

p
V du : dong kh ng nhit ( = const ) phng trnh (9.85) se la :

1 v12tb p1 2 v 22 p2
+ ln 1 + g .z1 = + ln 2 + g.z 2 + ghqt1,tb + ght ,tb (9.86)
2 1 2 2
p
Cho dong kh oan nhit ( = const ) phng trnh (9.85) la :
k
1 v12tb k p1 2 v 22 k p2
+ . + g .z1 = + . + g.z 2 + ghqt1,tb + ght ,tb (9.87)
2 k 1 1 2 k 1 2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Nu thay phng trnh trang thai cac ch tng ng va bo qua tn tht , v nng cua cht kh
th (9.87) c vit thanh :
v12 k v 22 k
+ r.T1 = + r.T2
2 k 1 2 k 1
v 2 v12
r (T1 T2 ) = 2
k
hay
k 1 2
k 1
i vi khng kh k = 1.4 , r = 28714 J / kg/oK ; = 0,001 :
r.T
v 22 v12
T1 T2 = 0,001 (9.88)
2
T phng trnh (9.88) suy ra nhit thay i mt nu nh chnh lch ct ap

ng nng im u va im cui cua dong chay 10000m
9.6.4 M rng phng trnh Bernoulli cho chuyn ng tng i
Trong phn nay ch gii thiu hai loai chuyn ng thng gp:
- Chuyn ng tnh tin vi gia tc khng i
- Chuyn ng quay u.
Trong trng hp nay gia tc cua lc khi gm gia tc trong trng, gia tc chuyn ng
theo va gia tc Crilt. Bai toan nay c giai trong h toa gn vi bnh cha va cho cht long
ly tng chuyn ng dng.
a - Cht long chuyn ng trong ng vi vn w con ng chuyn ng vi gia tc a (hnh 9 -
6).
Cac thanh phn gia tc khi : Rx = - ax ; Ry = 0 ; Rz = - (g az)
th dU = - ax .dx - (g az). dz
U = - ax. x - (g az) z (9.89)
Thay U t (9.89) va v = w vao phng trnh (9.53) :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
w12 p1 w2 p
+ + a x x1 + ( g a z ).z1 = 2 + 2 + a x .x 2 + ( g a z ).z 2
2 2
hay :
w12 p1 w2 p
+ + ( g a z ).z1 = 2 + 2 + ( g a z ).z 2 + a x .( x 2 x1) (9.90)
2 1 2
Hnh 9 - 6
Nu ng chuyn ng theo phng nm ngang song song vi mt chun th (9.90) se la :
w12 p1 w22 p 2
+ + g .z1 = + + g.z 2 + a.( x 2 x1) (9.91)
2 1 2
T (9.91) ta thy rng : nu dong chay cung chiu vi chuyn ng cua ng th tn tht
nng lng do quan tnh chuyn ng lam giam nng lng chuyn ng cua dong cht long.
Nu cht long chuyn ng trong ng ngc chiu vi chuyn ng cua ng th tn tht nng
lng se giam. Khi ng khng chuyn ng th phng trnh tr v (9.63).
b - Nu cht long chuyn ng trong ng vi vn tc w con ng th chuyn ng quay

u (hnh 9 - 7).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Gia tc lc khi gm gia tc trong trng , gia tc ly tm va gia tc Crilt. Gia tc
Crilit thng goc vi mt phng (w,) nn khng co thanh phn tham gia chuyn ng.
Hnh 9.6
Thanh phn cua gia tc khi : Rr = r.2 ; Rz = -g ; R = 0
r . 2
th U = r. 2 .dr gdz = g .z
2
Thay U va v=w vao (9.53) :
p1w12 u12 p 2 w22 u 22

g .z1 + + = g .z 2 + + (9.92)
2 2 2 2
Chung ta suy ra phng trnh cho cht long thc :
p1 w12 u12 p w2 u 2
g .z1 + + = g.z 2 + 2 + 2 2 + g.ht1, 2, w
2 2 2 2
trong o g.ht1,2,w la nng lng tn tht cua dong chay c tnh theo vn tc tng i w.
Phng trnh (9.93) c vit thanh :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
p w 2 u 2
g ( z 2 z1 ) + + + g.ht1,3, w = 0
2 2
Chung ta cung co th bo qua chnh lch cao hnh hoc cua dong chay nu ng quay vi
vn tc ln. Ky hiu = S2/ S1 va t phng trnh lin tuc ta co w1 = .w2 , tn tht thuy lc
w2
g.ht1, 2, w = 2 . Ta co :
2
u 2 p w22
2
=

+
2
1+ 2 ( )
p
u 2 2

hay : w2 =
1+ 2
Lu lng chay qua ng quay :
p
u 2 2

Q = S 2 .w2 = S 2 .
1+ 2
T (9.93) suy ra chnh lch ap sut :
p 1 2 Q2 2

=
2
(
u 2 1 + = A B.Q
2
)
S2
Hnh 9 - 7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Phng trnh (9.94) c biu din trn th p - Q (hnh 9 - 7)

Nu ng co tit din khng thay i :
p =
1
2
(
. u 22 u12 )
Phng trnh nay tng t nh trong trng hp bnh quay cua tnh tng i.
- Nu ap sut hai u ng nh nhau : p1 = p2 th : u2 = w2 , ngha la s thay i ct ap
vn tc tng i bng s thay i ct ap vn tc theo.
- Nu R1 = R2 th u = 0 khi vn tc dong chay trong ng tng ln th ap sut se giam.
Loai ng nay goi la ng Cnfus. Khi ap sut dong chay tng ta co ng difus.
Kt qua nghin cu cua bai toan nay c ap dung trong thit k cac loai may thuy kh
chung ta se nghin cu trong cac giao trnh chuyn nghanh.
- Mt s im chu y khi s dung phng trnh Bernoulli. Phng trnh nay c s dung
giai cac bai toan ky thut co lin quan n vn tc, ap sut. Khi vn dung phng trnh cn lu y.
- Lu lng khng thay i trn oan dong chay ang xet (theo chiu dong chay). Mt ct
dung vit phng trnh phai nhng ni co dong chay u hay bin i chm. i vi cht kh
cn phai bit quy lut bin i khi lng ring theo ap sut.
Vic chon mt ct, mt chun phai lam th nao trong phng trnh ch con mt n s.
Nu trong phng trnh co hai n s ma trong o co mt n s vn tc phai kt hp vi phng
trnh lin tuc.
Ap sut trong hai v cua phng trnh phai cung mt loai. Khi tnh n tn tht nng lng
cua dong chay phai bit chiu chuyn ng cua cht long. Nng lng n v tai mt ct thng
lu bao gi cung ln hn mt ct ha lu.
9.7.Phng trnh ng lng
Nhng bai toan khng th giai c bng phng trnh Bernoulli th phai dung n phng
trnh ng lng. Trc ht chung ta thanh lp phng trnh nay cho cht long ly tng va cht
long khng nen c, sau o se m rng ra cho cht long thc.
Phng trnh le thuy ng (9.16) biu din s cn bng cac lc n v tac dung ln phn
t long chuyn ng. Nu chung ta nhn no vi khi lng cua phn t th o la lc tac dung ln
phn t o. Mun xac nh cac lc tac dung ln b mt th tch V (trong h toa tuyt i) th ch
vic tch phn phng trnh le trong th tch o. Chung ta thc hin phng phap nay t cac
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
phng trnh vit cho cac truc toa . Nhn phng trnh th nht cua (9.16) vi khi lng cua
phn t .dx.dy.dz ri tch phn theo th tch V ( y ch xet bai toan chuyn ng dng):
v x v v p
v
(V )
x
x
+ v y x + v z x . .dx.dy.dz = R x . .dx.dy.dz ..dx.dy.dz
y z (V ) (V )
x
(9.95)
Mi s hang trong biu thc la lc chiu theo truc x :

Lc khi chnh la trong lc :
G x = R x . .dx.dy.dz (9.96)
(V )
lc ap :
p
F px = ..dx.dy.dz (9.97)
(V )
x
Trnh t thc hin tch phn (9.97) c trnh bay trn hnh 9.8 . Trong h toa khng
gian cht long c trch t mt th tch V va gii han bi mt S. Trong o dSx la thanh phn cua
phn t mt dS chiu theo phng x, dSxy la hnh chiu cua dS ln mt phng (xy).
Hnh 9 - 8
2
p
F px = dy.dz dx = dy.dz ( p 2 p1 ) = p.dS x (9.98)
(S ) 1
x (S ) Sx
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
tnh c lc dong chung ta bin i nh sau :
v x v v v v y v z
vx + v y x + v z x = (v x .v x ) v x x + + + (v y .v x ) + (v z .v x )
x y z x
x y z y y
( )
Biu thc trong ngoc n th hai se bng khng divv = 0 . Lc dong theo phng x c phn
tch theo ba phng:
Fdx = Fdxx + Fdxy + Fdxz

Fdxx = (v x .v x )dx.dy.dz = (v x .v x ).dy.dz = (v x .dS x )v x
(V )
x (S ) (S )

Fdxy = (v x .v y )dx.dy.dz = (v x .v y ).dx.dz = (v y .dS y )v x
(V )
y (S ) (S )

Fdxz = (v x .v z )dx.dy.dz = (v x .v z ).dx.dy = (v z .dS z )v x
(V )
z (S ) (S )
Vy
Fdx = (v x .dS x + v y .dS y + v z .dS z ).v x
(S )
Biu thc trong ngoc n (9.99) la lu lng chay qua mt dS. Thay (9.96), (9.97),
(9.99) vao (9.95) va thc hin bin i tng t i vi truc y,z chung ta co h phng trnh :
( )
v.d S .v x = G x p.dS x
(S ) (Sx )
(v.d S ).v y = Gy p.dS y (9.100)

(S ) (S y )
(v.d S ).v z = Gz p.dS z

(S ) (Sz )
Hoc vit di dang vect :
( )
v.d S .v = G p.d S (9.101)
(S ) (S y )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Ap dung phng trnh (9.101) xac nh lc cht long tac dung ln vt chay ngp trong
dong chay. i vi cht long ly tng khi chay bao vt th vn tc cua no tip tuyn vi b mt vt
can. Vt can co th tch V1 va b mt xung quanh la S1 (hnh 9.9). Mt kim tra S c ve trn
(hnh 9.9). Vit phng trnh (9.101) cho th tch V c gii han bi S va S1. i vi mt S1 v v1
thng goc dS1 nn v1 dS1 = 0.
Hnh 9 - 9
(v.d S ).v = G p.d S p.d S 1

( S + S1 ) (S ) ( S1 )
Biu thc
p.d S
( S1 )
1
la ap lc vt can tac dung ln dong chay. Con lc ma cht long tac dung ln vt can se la:
Fl ,t = p.d S
( S1 )
1 (9.103)
Phng trnh (9.102) se la :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Fl ,t = (v.d S ).v + G p.d S (9.104)

( S + S1 ) (S )
Tch phn u tin la lc do s thay i ng lng cua cht long chay qua mt kim tra.
Biu thc trong tch phn cua (9.104) co th vit :
.v..d S .v = .dS . cos .v (9.105)
Trong o la goc gia hai vect dS va v. Nu <90o th (9.105) se co gia tr dng, ngha la cht
long chay ra khoi mt kim tra. Nu >90o th (9.105) se co gia tr m, cht long chay vao mt
kim tra.
G la lc khi cua cht long trong mt kim tra. Nu lc khi co th U th
G = . U .d S
(S )
Vit theo cac truc toa :
G x = . U .dS x ; G y = . U .dS y ; G z = . U .dS z

(Sx ) (S y ) (Sz )
Phng trnh (9.104) vit theo cac truc toa :
Fl ,t , x = (v.dS ).v x + G x p.dS x

(S ) (Sx )
Fl ,t , y = (v.dS ).v y + G y p.dS y (9.106)

(S ) (S y )
Fl ,t , z = (v.dS ).v z + G z p.dS z

(S ) (Sz )
Phng trnh (9.104) hay (9.106) la lc dong chay tac dung ln mt kim tra. Trong qua
trnh tnh toan cn phai chon mt kim tra sao cho vic tnh toan c thun li.
Phng trnh (9.106) se c vit theo vect :
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
( )
Fl ,t = v.d S .v + U .d S p.d S (9.107)
( S + S1 ) (S ) (S )
Nu nh b mt S tin ti trung vi mt S1 th vect vn tc se thng goc vi vect din tch :
v.d S = 0
va lc khi cung bng khng G = 0. Vy dong chay bao vt (khi S S1) th tac dung ln vt mt
lc chnh bng tch phn phn t ap lc theo b mt vt can ( S1 ) :
Ft ,l = p.dS
( S1 )
1 (9.108)
Ap dung phng trnh (9.104) cho dong nguyn t (H 9.10); mt kim tra la ABCDA :
dFl,t+dFp+dG=.dQ.(v2-v1) (9.109)
Hnh 9 - 10
Tch phn :
(v.d S ).v
( S + S1 )
c phn tch thanh bn tch phn mt : AD, BC, AB, CD. cac mt AB va CD vect vn tc
thng goc vi vect din tch nn tch phn tng ng cua chung bng khng. Con mt AD
vect vn tc va din tch tao thanh mt goc 180o nn kt qua tch phn cho gia tr m. V vn tc
trn tit din cua dong nguyn t co gia tr nh nhau nn tch phn dQ theo din tch dS . mt
BC th 0o nn gia tr tch phn se dng.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Lc tac dung ln mt kim tra gm lc cua thanh tac dung ln cht long hai mt AB, CD.
Lc tac dung ln cac mt AD va BC chnh la lc ap .
9.7.2 M rng phng trnh ng lng ra cho cht long thc
Tch phn phng trnh Navi-Stc theo th tch V. Trc tin chung ta tin hanh theo
phng x sau o suy tng t cho cac truc con lai:
v x v v
v
(V )
x
x
+ vy x + vz x
y z
. .dx.dy.dz =

(9.110)
p

(V )
R x . .dx.dy.dz ..dx.dy.dz + v x .dx.dy.dz
(V )
x (V )
Cac biu thc th nht, th hai va th ba c thc hin tng t nh phn trc con biu
thc biu dien c ma sat cua cht long thc c thc hin nh sau. Chung ta ky hiu lc ma sat
:
F , x = v x .dx.dy.dz (9.111)
(V )
Vy (9.110) va suy ra cho cac tru con lai la :
( )
v.d S .v x = G y + F p , x + F , x
(S )
(v.d S ).v y = G y + F p , y + F , y (9.112)

(S )
(v.d S ).v z = G z + F p , z + F , z
(S )
Hoc vit di dang vect :
( )
v.d S .v = G + F p + F (9.113)
(S )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Biu thc tch phn chnh la ng lng cua dong cht long thc no c xac nh nh (9.81).
Trong o vtb la vn tc trung bnh trn tit din t cua dong co kch thc gii han. Ap dung
phng trnh (9.113) cho dong mt chiu kch thc hu han :
( )
.Q. 2 .v1,tb 1 .v 2,tb = F p + Ft ,l + G + F (9.114)
Trong khi s dung phng trnh tnh toan ngi ta thng ly =1 .Phng trnh nay
c s dung rng rai trong ky thut v no khng cn xet ti cu truc cua dong chay va nhng
bin i cua no ma ch xet t cac thng s dong chay trn mt kim tra.
9.8 - Phng trnh mmen ng lng
Mmen cua dong cht long tac dung ln vt t trong dong chay co th tch V va mt kim
tra S ( trc tin tnh mmen i vi truc z (hnh 9 - 11) :
Hnh 9 - 11
dMdz = x dFy - y dFx
Mmen cac lc cht long(lc khi va lc ap) i vi truc z:
Mdz = MRz + Mpz (9.115)

Kt hp hai phng trnh trn ta co:
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
(x.dF
(V )
y y.dFx ) = (x.dFRy y.dFRx ) + (x.dF py y.dF px )
(V ) (V )
Mmen lc khi vi gia tc khi R :
M Rz = (x.R y y.R x ).dx.dy.dz (9.116)

(V )
Mmen lc ap :
p p
M pz = x. dx.dy.dz y. dx.dy.dz = p( x.dSy y.dS x ) (9.117)
(V )
y x (S )
Mmen cua lc dong cht long :
v y v y v y v v v
M dz = . x v x + vy + vz y. v x x + v y x + v z x .dx.dy.dz

(V )
x y z x y z
v y v v y v v y v
= . v x x y x + v y x y x + v z x y x .dx.dy.dz
x
(V )
x x x x x
Mun tch phn c biu thc nay phai bin i biu thc trong ngoc tr thanh ao ham :
v y v v y v
v x x y x + v y x y x +

x x x y x x
M dz = . .dx.dy.dz
(V ) v y v x
z v x y
z x
x
Tch phn nay c chia thanh ba thanh phn :

v y v
M dz , x = v x x y x .dx.dy.dz = v x (x.v y y.v x ).dy.dz
x x x
(V ) (S )
= v x .dS x (x.v y y.v x ).

(S )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
Tng t :
M dz , y = . v y .dS y (x.v y y.v x )

(S )
M dz , z = . v z .dS z (x.v y y.v x )

(S )
Cng ba tch phn nay lai ta co :
( )
M dz = . v..d S (x.v y y.v x ) (9.118)
(S )
Biu thc (9.118) la mmen ng lng cua dong cht long. Thay (9.116), (9.117) va
(9.118) vao (9.115) ta co mmen quay quanh truc z :
( )
. v..d S (x.v y y.v x ) = (x.R y y.R x ).dx.dy.dz p( x.dSy y.dS x ) (9.119a)
(S ) (V ) (S )
quanh truc x :
( )
. v..d S (x.v y y.v x ) = (x.R y y.R x ).dx.dy.dz p( x.dSy y.dS x ) (9.119b)
(S ) (V ) (S )
quanh truc y :
( )
. v..d S (x.v y y.v x ) = (x.R y y.R x ).dx.dy.dz p( x.dSy y.dS x )
(S ) (V ) (S )
Vit di dang vect :
( )( ) ( )
. v.d S r v = r R .dV p r d S ( ) (9.120)
(S ) (V ) (S )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
y la phng trnh mmen ng lng cua dong cht long. Nu trong cht long chuyn
ng co vt can th tch V1 c gii han bi mt S1 (hnh 9.10) th mmen cua cht long tac dung
ln no se cn bng vi mmen cua dong chay :
( )
M , x = . v..d S (x.v y y.v x ) + (x.R y y.R x ).dx.dy.dz p( x.dSy y.dS x )
(S ) (V ) (S )
M ,x = . (v..d S )(x.v y y.v x ) + (x.R y y.R x ).dx.dy.dz p( x.dSy y.dS x ) (9.112)

(S ) (V ) (S )
M ,x = . (v..d S )(x.v y y.v x ) + (x.R y y.R x ).dx.dy.dz p( x.dSy y.dS x )

(S ) (V ) (S )
Vit di dang vecto :
( )( ) ( )
M c = v..d S r v + . r R .dV p. r d S ( ) (9.122)
(S ) (V ) (S )
i vi cht long thc cac phng trnh (9.119) n (9.122) se b sung thm thanh phn
mmen do lc ma sat gy ra. M men cua lc ma sat c tnh theo cng thc :
M z = (x.dFy y.dFx ) = (x.v y y.v x ).dV

(V )
M x = ( y.dFz z.dFy ) = ( y.v z z.v y ).dV

(V )
M y = ( z.dFx x.dFz ) = ( z.v x x.v z ).dV

(V )
Phng trnh m men ng lng cho cht long thc vit di dang vect :
( )( ) ( ) ( )
M c = v..d S r v + . r R .dV p. r d S + r v .dV ( )
(S ) (V ) (S ) (V )
Nu vt can V1 c gii han bi mt S th m men dong cht long tac dung ln vt can :
(v..d S )(r v ) = . (r R ).dV p.(r d S )+ (r v ).dV

(S ) (V ) (S ) (V )
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Thuy kh ky thut ng dung Huynh Vn Hoang

$2 - Lch s phat trin

$3 - Nhng tnh cht vt ly c ban cua cht long

3.1- Cu tao phn t

3.2 - Lc tac dung ln cht long

Trong o p la lc mt tnh trn mt n v dn tch. Nu Fp thng goc vi mt cht long th

n v cua ap sut la Patxcan,k hiu la Pa - tng ng vi N/m-2 . Cac n v o lng khac

3.3 Khi lng ring

Khi long ring cua mt s cht long thng gp :

V gia tr cua g thay i theo v a ly va cao v tr tnh toan so vi mc nc bin

3.4.1 Tnh nen

Tnh nen c c trng bi h s nen p (m2/N). o la s thay i th tch tng i cua

Trong o : V = V-Vo la s thay i th tch ,

Trong o , o la khi lng ring cua cht long ng vi ap sut p va po.

Ly ao ham biu thc nay ta co :

Kt hp vi cng thc (3.7) tnh mun an hi cua cht long :

n v cua biu thc la bnh phng cua n v vn tc. Nn chung ta co th vit :

Trong o k la ch s oan nhit,

Trong o R = 8314 J.kmol/oK la hng s tng quat cua cht kh.

3.4.2 Tnh dan n.

V = Vo (1 + 1 t + 2t2 + ... ) (3.11)

Trong o Vo la th tch cht kh nht ban u. i vi cht long ch cn s dung mi

Ring i vi cht kh h s banh trng th tch c tnh theo cng thc :

i vi cht kh ly tng th t=V=1/273,15 -1.

3.5- Tnh nht

n v nho hn centipoaz (cP ) : P=100 cP

nht ng hoc cua cht long c o [ ]: m2/s ;

1cSt = 1mm2/s ; 1St = 100 cSt

Thng nht du bi trn c ghi kem theo mac du v du du AK15 la du bi trn

H s nht ng hoc () cua mt s cht long :

3.6 - Sc cng b mt cua cht long

Trong o F la lc tac dung,

3.7 - S si cua cht nc

3.8 - S hp thu kh cua cht long

Trong o Vk la th tch cht kh c hp thu trong V th tch cht long.

H s hp thu kh cua cht long nhit t = 0o C ; T=273oK la :

Vok Vk * 273 273 Vk

H s hp thu kh cua nc trong iu kin 0oC va ap sut kh quyn la :

m1 .r1 .T1 m 2 .r2 .T2

Trong o m1 , m2 la khi lng cht kh trong hn hp.

V du :Trong khng kh co 21% Oxy va 79% Nit.

3.9 - S trao i nhit va khi lng

3.10 - Cac ai lng trang thai cua cht kh

3.10.1 - Phng trnh trang thai cua cht kh

3.10.2 - Ni mng, cng th tch cht kh

Trong o q la nhit truyn cho h (J/kg) ;

Vc nghin cu cht long c bt u t cht long ly tng, trn c s o chung ta m

V du 1: Nc nhit d 20oC chay qua ng co tit din thay i. Ngi ta lp mt ap k

Khi lng ring cua thuy ngn 20oC la

T iu kin cn bng hai nhanh ap k ch U ta co

V du 2 : Tnh lng nc cn thit ma bm phai cung cp th thuy lc ng ng.

- Ap sut tnh tai mt im theo moi phng co gia tr nh nhau.

dSx = dS cos ; dSy = dS cos ; dSz = dS cos

lc mt tac dung ln phn t long la :

dFp = p dS ; dFx = px dSx ; dFy = py dSy ; dFz = pz dSz

dF px = p.dS cos = pdS x ; dF py = p.dS cos = pdS y ; dF pz = p.dS cos = pdS z

lc khi tac dung ln phn t long theo cac truc toa :

trong o R (R X , RY , RZ ) la gia tc khi.

dFx - dFpx + dFRx = 0

Khi dx,dy,dz 0 (tai mt im) ta thy dx.dy.dz la tch v cung be bc ba co th bo qua

2.2 - Phng trnh le thuy tnh

R(Rx ,Ry ,Rz)

Lc ap tac dung ln cac mt thng goc vi phng x la :