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GT PhuongPhapTinh PDF
GT PhuongPhapTinh PDF
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BI GING MN
PHNG PHP TNH
(Dnh cho sinh vin khoa Cng ngh thng tin)
( TI LIU LU HNH NI B )
NNG, NM 2007
MC LC
2
CHNG V GII H PHNG TRNH
I S TUYN TNH .................................................. 26
5.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................................. 26
5.2. Phng php Krame................................................................................. 26
5.3. Phng php Gauss.................................................................................. 27
5.3.1. Ni dung phng php...................................................................... 27
5.3.2. Thut ton.......................................................................................... 27
5.4. Phng php lp Gauss - Siedel (t sa sai) ........................................... 28
5.4.1. Ni dung phng php...................................................................... 28
5.4.2. Thut ton.......................................................................................... 30
5.5. Phng php gim d .............................................................................. 31
5.5.1. Ni dung phng php...................................................................... 31
5.5.2. Thut ton.......................................................................................... 32
CHNG VI TM GI TR RING - VECT RING........................... 34
6.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................................. 34
6.2. Ma trn ng ng.................................................................................... 34
6.3. Tm gi tr ring bng phng php anhilepski .................................... 35
6.3.1. Ni dung phng php...................................................................... 35
6.3.2. Thut ton.......................................................................................... 37
6.4. Tm vect ring bng phng php anhilepski..................................... 38
6.4.1. Xy dng cng thc .......................................................................... 38
6.4.2. Thut ton.......................................................................................... 39
CHNG VII NI SUY V PHNG PHP
BNH PHNG B NHT........................................... 41
7.1. Gii thiu.................................................................................................. 41
7.2. a thc ni suy Lagrange ........................................................................ 42
7.3. a thc ni suy Lagrange vi cc mi cch u ..................................... 43
7.4. Bng ni suy Ayken ................................................................................. 44
7.4.1. Xy dng bng ni suy Ayken.......................................................... 45
7.4.2. Thut ton.......................................................................................... 46
7.5. Bng Ni suy Ayken (dng 2).................................................................. 46
7.6. Ni suy Newton........................................................................................ 48
7.6.1. Sai phn ............................................................................................. 48
3
7.6.2. Cng thc ni suy Newton................................................................ 49
7.7. Ni suy tng qut (Ni suy Hecmit) ........................................................ 51
7.8. Phng php bnh phng b nht .......................................................... 53
4
CHNG I NHP MN
1.2. Nhim v mn hc
- Tm ra cc phng php gii cho cc bi ton gm: phng php (PP)
ng v phng php gn ng.
+ Phng php: ch ra kt qu di dng mt biu thc gii tch c th.
+ Phng php gn ng: thng cho kt qu sau mt qu trnh tnh
lp theo mt quy lut no , n c p dng trong trng hp bi
ton khng c li gii ng hoc nu c th qu phc tp.
- Xc nh tnh cht nghim
- Gii cc bi ton v cc tr
- Xp x hm: khi kho st, tnh ton trn mt hm f(x) kh phc tp, ta c
th thay hm f(x) bi hm g(x) n gin hn sao cho g(x) f(x). Vic la
chn g(x) c gi l php xp x hm
- nh gi sai s : khi gii bi ton bng phng php gn ng th sai s
xut hin do s sai lch gia gi tr nhn c vi nghim thc ca bi
ton. V vy ta phi nh gi sai s t chn ra c phng php ti
u nht
5
+ Kh thi
- Xy dng thut ton: s dng ngn ng gi hoc s khi (cng mn
cng tt)
- Vit chng trnh: s dng ngn ng lp trnh (C, C++, Pascal,
Matlab,)
- Thc hin chng trnh, th nghim, sa i v hon chnh.
6
CHNG II SAI S
n
ln f
Sai s tng i: y =
i =1 x i
x i
7
n
f
x i
= 1 i suy ra y =
i =1
xi
ln f 1 n
x i n
= i => y = = x i
x i xi i =1 xi i =1
Vy y = x
i =1
i
y2 = (a3 ) + (b c) = a3 (a3 ) + b c (b c)
3 a b 1 c
y 2 =3a + b c( + )
a b 2 c
8
CHNG III TNH GI TR HM
3.1.1. t vn
Cho a thc bc n c dng tng qut :
p(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + ... + an-1x+ an (a#0)
Tnh gi tr a thc p(x) khi x = c (c: gi tr cho trc)
9
+ X l: t p = a0
Lp i = 1 n : p = p * c + ai
+ Xut kt qu: p
3.2.1. t vn
Cho a thc bc n c dng tng qut :
p(x) = a0xn + a1xn-1 + ... + an-1x + an (a0 # 0) (1)
Xc nh cc h s ca p(y + c), trong y: bin mi, c: gi tr cho trc
10
Xc nh bn
Xt y=0, t (2) => p(c) = bn
Xc nh bn-1
p(x) = (x-c) p1 (x) + p(c) (1)
Trong p1(x) : a thc bc n-1
p( y + c) = y( b 0 y n 1 + b1 y n 2 + ... + b n 2 y + b n 1 ) + b n
t x=y+c ta c:
p( x ) = ( x c)(b 0 y n 1 + b1 y n 2 + ... + b n 2 y + b n 1 ) + b n (2)
ng nht (1) & (2) suy ra:
p1(x) = b0yn-1 + b1yn-2 + ...+ bn-2y + bn - 1
Xt y = 0, p1(c) = bn-1
Tng t ta c: bn-2 = p2(c), , b1 = pn-1(c)
Vy bn-i = pi(c) (i = 0-->n) , b0 =a0
Vi pi(c) l gi tr a thc bc n-i ti c
S Hoocner tng qut:
a0 a1 a2 .... an-1 an
p0*c p1*c .... pn-2*c pn-1*c
p0 p1 p2 ... pn-1 pn= p(c)=bn
p0*c p1*c .... pn-2*c
p0 p1 p2 ... pn-1 = p1(c)=bn-1
...
11
p dng s Hoocner tng qut :
p(x)
\ 2 4 0 0 -1 1 2
-2 -2 2 -2 3 -4
p1(x) 2 2 -2 2 -3 4 -2
-2 0 2 -4 7
p2(x) 2 0 -2 4 -7 11
-2 2 0 -4
p3(x) 2 -2 0 4 -11
-2 4 -4
p4(x) 2 -4 4 0
-2 6
p5(x) 2 -6 10
-2
2 -8
Vy p(y-1) = 2y6 - 8y5 + 10y4 - 11y2 +11y- 2
12
BI TP
13
CHNG IV GII GN NG PHNG TRNH
14
V d 1. Tch nghim cho phng trnh: x3 - x + 5 = 0
Gii: f(x) = x3 - x + 5
f(x) = 3x2 - 1 , f(x) = 0 <=> x = 1 / 3
Bng bin thin:
x - 1/ 3 1/ 3 +
f(x) + 0 - 0 +
yC<0 +
f(x)
- CT
y = 2x
4
2 y = -x + 4
1
1 2 4
15
* nh ly 2: (Sai s)
Gia s la nghim ung va x la nghim gn ung cua phng trnh
f(x)=0, cung nm trong khoang nghim [ a,b] va f '(x) = m 0 khi a x
f (x)
b. Khi o x
m
V du 3. Cho nghim gn ung cua phng trnh x4 - x - 1 = 0 la 1.22.
Hay c lng sai s tuyt i la bao nhiu?
Gii: f (x) = f (1.22) = 1.224 - 1.22 - 1 = - 0,0047 < 0
f(1.23) = 0.588 > 0
nghim phng trnh x (1.22 , 1.23)
f '(x) = 4 x3 -1 > 4*1.223 - 1 = 6.624 = m x (1.22 , 1.23)
Theo nh ly 2 : x = 0.0047/6.624 = 0.0008 (v |x - | < 0.008)
16
Cho phng trnh (1), xet cac a thc:
1(x) = xn f (1/x) = a0 + a1x + ... + anxn
2(x) = f(-x) = (-1)n (a0xn - a1xn-1 + a2xn-2 - ... + (-1)nan)
3(x) = xn f(-1/x) = (-1)n (anxn - an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 - ... + (-1)na0)
Gia s N0, N1, N2, N3 la cn trn cac nghim dng cua cac a thc f(x),
1(x), 2(x), 3(x). Khi o moi nghim dng cua phtrnh (1) u nm
trong khoang [1/N1, N0] va moi nghim m nm trong khoang [-N2,-1/N3]
V du 5. Xt phng trnh
3x2 + 2x - 5 = 0 N0 = 1 + 5 / 3 (nh ly 4)
1(x) = 3 + 2x - 5x2 N1 khng tn tai (a0 < 0)
2(x) = 3x2 - 2x - 5 N2 = 1 + 5/3 (nh ly 4)
3(x) = 3 - 2x - 5x2 N3 khng tn tai (a0 < 0)
Vy: moi nghim dng x < 1+ 5/3
moi nghim m x > - (1 +5/3) = - 8/3
an bn a n + bn
f( )
2
1 2 +
1.5 -
1.25 -
1.375 +
1.438 +
1.406 +
1.391 -
1.383 +
1.387 -
1.385 -
1.386 1.387
lim a n = lim b n = 1.386
n n 11
b. ngha hnh hc
C
y y
y=x y=x
B
y = g(x)
A
A
B
C
x2 x1 x0 x x 0 x1 x2 x
Hnh a Hnh b
19
- Trong trng hp tng qut, nhn c xp x xn vI chnh
xc cho trc, ta tin hnh php lp cho n khi 2 xp x lin tip
tho mn:
1 q
x n +1 x n
q
x g(x) = 3
x +1
1 1.260
1.260 1.312
1.312 1.322
1.322 1.324
1.324 1.325
1.325 1.325
x4 - x5 < = 10-3
Nghim phng trnh x 1.325
c. Thut ton
- Khai bo hm g(x)
- Nhp x
- Lp: y= x
x = g(x)
trong khi x - y>
- Xut nghim: x (hoc y)
20
4.4.3. Phng php tip tuyn
a. tng
Chn x0 khong nghim (a, b)
Tip tuyn ti A0 (x0, f(x0)) ct trc x ti im c honh x1,
Tip tuyn ti A1 (x1, f(x1)) ct trc x ti im c honh x2, ,
Tip tuyn ti Ak (xk, f(xk)) ct trc x ti im c honh xk,
C tip tc qu trnh trn ta c th tin dn n nghim ca phng trnh.
* Xy dng cng thc lp:
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti Ak (xk, f(xk))
y - f(xk) = f(xk)*(x - xk)
Tip tuyn ct trc x ti im c to (xk+1, 0)
Do vy: 0 f(xk) = f(xk)*(xk+1 - xk)
f (x k )
x k +1 = x k
f ' (x k )
b. ngha hnh hc
y
f(x)
A0
tip tuyn
A1
x
[ ]
a x2 x1 x0 b
n lim f ( x ) = , n + lim f ( x ) = +
Phng trnh trn c 1 nghim duy nht
f(1)* f(2) = (-3)*5 < 0
Vy phng trnh c 1 nghim duy nht x (1, 2)
- Chnh xc ho nghim:
f(x) = 6x > 0 x (1, 2)
f(x) > 0 x
Tho mn iu kin hi t Furi, p dng phng php tip tuyn
Chn vi x0 = 2 ( v f(2). f(2) > 0)
x f(x)/f(x)
2 0.385
1.615 0.094
1.521 0.005
1.516 0.000
1.516
Vy nghim x 1.516
c. Thut ton
- Khai bo hm f(x), fdh(x)
- Nhp x
- Lp y= x
x = y f(y)/fdh(y)
trong khi x - y>
- Xut nghim: x (hoc y)
y f (a ) xa
=
f ( b) f (a ) b a
22
Dy cung AB ct trc x ti im c to (x1, 0)
0 f (a ) x a
Do : = 1
f ( b) f (a ) b a
( b a )f (a )
x1 = a
f ( b ) f (a )
y A
x2 x1 b x
0 a
D
C
23
Bng kt qu:
a b x f(x)
1 2 1.333 -0.447
1.333 1.379 -0.020
1.379 1.385 -0.003
1.385 1.386 -0.000
1.386 1.386
Vy nghim phng trnh: x 1.386
c. Thut ton
- Khai bo hm f(x)
- Nhp a, b
- Tnh x = a (b-a)f(a) / (f(b)-f(a))
- Nu f(x)*f(a) <0
Lp b = x
x = a (b-a)f(a) / (f(b)-f(a))
trong khi x - b>
Ngc li
Lp a = x
x = a (b-a)f(a) / (f(b)-f(a))
trong khi x - a>
- Xut nghim: x
24
BI TP
25
CHNG V GII H PHNG TRNH
I S TUYN TNH
5.1. Gii thiu
Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
a11x1 + a12x2 + ... + a1nxn = a1n+1
a21x1 + a22x2 + ... + a2nxn = a2n+1
an1x1 + an2x2 + ... + annxn = ann+1
H phng trnh trn c th c cho bi ma trn:
a11 a12 ... a1n a1n+1
a21 a22 ... a2n a2n+1
Ann+1 =
....
an1 an2 ... ann ann+1
26
5.3. Phng php Gauss
1 2 -1 3 5 1 2 -1 3 5
-2 X 2 1 0 -1 2 0 -3 2 -7 -8
1 X -1 3 2 4 8 5/3 0 5 1 7 13
1 X -2 0 5 1 4 4/3 0 4 3 7 14
1 2 -1 3 5 1 2 -1 3 5
0 -3 2 -7 -8 0 -3 2 -7 -8
17 0 0 13/3 -14/3 -1/3 0 0 13/3 -14/3 -1/3
13
0 0 17/3 -7/3 10/3 0 0 0 49/13 49/13
x4 = 1; x3 = 1; x2 = 1; x1 = 1
Vy nghim h phng trnh x = (1,1,1,1)
....
n
x n = (a nn +1 a nj x j ) / a nn ( j n )
j=1
Tng qut:
28
n
x i = (a in +1 a ij x j ) / a ii ( j i) (*)
j=1
Cho h phng trnh xp x nghim ban u: x 0 = ( x 00 , x 02 ,..., x 0n )
Thay x 0 vo (*) tnh: x 1 = ( x 10 , x 12 ,..., x 1n )
n
x 1i = ( a in + 1 a ij x 0j ) / a ii ( j i )
j=1
Tng t, tnh x 2 , x 3 ,
n
Tng qut: x ik + 1 = ( a in + 1 a ij x kj ) / a ii ( j i )
j =1
n
hoc r2 = max b ij < 1
j i =1
n
hoc r3 = b ij2 < 1
i =1 j=1
th qu trnh s hi t n nghim.
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh
10 2 1 10
1 10 2 10
1 1 10 8
x1 = -0,2x2 - 0,1x3 + 1
x2 = -0,1x1 - 0,2x3 + 1,2
x3 = -0,1x1 - 0,1x2 + 0,8
29
0 -0,2 -0,1
B= -0,1 0 -0,2
-0,1 -0,1 0
g = (1, 1.2, 0.8)
3
Dor1 = max b ij = 0.3 < 1 tho mn iu kin hi t
i j=1
p dng Phng php Gauss - Siedel:
Chn x 0 = ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) thay vo c x 1 = (1, 1 . 2 , 0 . 8 )
Tng t tnh x 2 ,x 3 ...
Bng kt qu:
x1 x2 x3
1 1.2 0.8
0.68 0.94 0.58
0.754 1.016 0.638
0.733 0.997 0.623
0.738 1.002 0.627
0.737 1.001 0.626
0.737 1.001 0.626
Nghim h phng trnh: x = (0.737, 1.001, 0.626)
V x i7 x i6 < 10 3 i = 1, 3
30
xi = y i }
trong khi (t)
- Xut xi (i =1n)
x1 x2 x3 R1 R2 R3
0 0 0 0.6 0.7 0.8
0.8 0.76 0.78 0
0.78 0.92 0 0.08
0.92 0 0.18 0.17
0.96 0.04 0 0.19
0.99 0.07 0.02 0
0.99 0 0.03 0.01
0.99 0.01 0 0.01
1 0.01 0 0
1 0 0.01 0
1 0 0 0
Vy nghim h phng trnh x = (1, 1, 1)
32
for (i=1, i<= n, i++)
{ for (j=1, j<=n+1; j ++)
if (i! = j) a[i,j] = a [i,j]/a[i,i]
a[i,i] = 1
}
- Tnh r[i] ban u (i = 1n)
for i = 1 n do
{ r[i] =a [i, n+1]
for j = 1 n do r[i] = r [i] - a[i,j] * x [j] }
- Lap
t = 0 /* cho thoat*/
/* Tm rs = max {|r[i]|} (i = 1n) & tnh li xs*/
max = |r[1]|; k =1
for i = 2 n do
if (max < |r[i]| ) { max = |r[i]; k= i }
x [k] = x [k] + r[k]
/* Tnh li R[i] kim tra kh nng lp tip theo */
d = r[k]
for i =1 n
{ r[i] = r[i] - a[i, k] * d
if (|r[i]| > ) thi t =1 /* cho lap*/
trong khi ( t )
- Xut nghim: x[i] (i = 1n)
Lu :
- Phng php ch thc hin c khi aii # 0, nu khng phI i dng
- Qu trnh hi t khng ph thuc vo x0 m ch ph thuc vo bn cht
ca h phng trnh.
- Mi h phng trnh c gi tr ring 1 u hi t n nghim mt cch
nhanh chng.
- Nu cc phn t aii cng ln hn cc phn t trn dng bao nhiu th qu
trnh hi t cng nhanh.
33
CHNG VI TM GI TR RING - VECT RING
p1 p2 ... pn-1 pn
1 0 ... 0 0
P = 0 1 ... 0 0
....
0 0 ... 1 0
6.2. Ma trn ng ng
6.2.1. nh ngha
Ma trn B gi l ng dng vi ma trn A (B A) nu tn ti ma trn
khng suy bin M (det(M) 0) sao cho B = M-1A M
6.2.2. Tnh cht:
ABBA
A B, B C A C
A B gi tr ring ca A v B trng nhau.
34
6.3. Tm gi tr ring bng phng php anhilepski
1 0 ... 0
0 1 ... 0
M-1 = M-1n-1j = anj
an1 an2 ... ann
0 0 ... 1
1 0 ... 0 0
0 1 ... 0 0
M = a n1 a n2 1 a nn
a nn 1 a nn 1 a nn 1 a nn 1
0 0 ... 0 1
1
a
nu j = n -1
nn 1
Mn-1j =
a nj
nu j # n - 1
a nn 1
A1 = M-1 A M A
* Ln bin i 2: Chn M-1, M sao cho A2 = M-1 A1 M A1
v dng n-1 ca A2 c dng: 0 0 0 ... 1 0 0
A2 A1 , A1 A => A2 A (tnh cht)
.
* Ln bin i th n-1
Ta nhn c ma trn An-1 A v An-1 c dng ca P.
Khi nh thc
det (P-E) = (-1)n (n - p1 n-1 - - pn-1 - pn)
det (p-E) = 0 n - p1 n-1 - - pn-1 - pn = 0
35
Gii phng trnh, suy ra
V d 1. Tm gi tr ring ca ma trn:
2 1 0
A = 1 3 1 n=3
0 1 2
ta tm:
p1 p2 P3
P = 1 0 0
0 1 0
Ln 1: Chn
1 0 0 1 0 0
-1
M = 0 1 2 M = 0 1 -2
0 1 0 0 0 1
2 1 -2
A1 = M-1A M = 1 5 -5
0 1 0
Ln 2: Chn
1 5 -5
-1
M = 0 1 0
0 0 1
1 -5 5
M = 0 1 0
0 0 1
7 -14 8
A2 = M-1A1M= 1 0 0 =P
0 1 0
Gi tr ring l nghim phng trnh: 3 - 72 + 14 - 8 = 0
(-2) (-1) (-4) = 0 = 2; =1; =4
36
6.3.2. Thut ton
- Nhp n, aij ( i,j = 1n)
- Khai bo hm nhn 2 ma trn vung cp n
n
(C = A x B => c ij = a ik b kj )
k =1
- Lp k = n -1 1 (phn t bin i : ak+1 k )
/* Tnh 2 ma trn M, M1 (M1 la ma tran nghich dao cua M) */
for i = 1 n
for j = 1 n
if i k
if i = j {M[i,j] = 1; M1[i,j] = 1 }
else {M[i,j] = 0; M1[i,j] = 0 }
else { M1[i,j] = a[k+1,j]
if (j = k) M[i,j] = 1/a[k+1,k]
else M[i,j] = - a[k+1,j]/a[k+1,k] }
/* Gi hm nhn 2 ln */
Ln 1 : vo A, M; ra B
Ln 2 : vo M1; B; ra A
- Xut aij ( i,j = 1n)
Thut ton nhn 2 ma trn
for (i=1, i < = n; i++)
for (j=1; j< = n; j++) {
c[i] [j] = 0
for (k=1; k < = n; k++) c[i] [j] + = a [i] [k] * b [k] [j]
}
37
6.4. Tm vect ring bng phng php anhilepski
p1 - p2 ... pn-1 pn y1
1 ... 0 0 y2
=0
...... ...
0 0 ... 1 - yn
38
Vy y = (n-1, n-2, ... , 2, , 1)
V d 2. Tm vect ring ca A
2 1 0
A = 1 3 1
0 1 2
Gii: Gi y l vect ring ca ma trn P A
v d 1 ta c:
1 = 2 y 1 = (4, 2, 1)
2 = 1 y 2 = (1, 1, 1)
3 = 4 y 3 = (16, 4, 1)
Tm M:
1 0 0 1 -5 -5 1 -5 5
M = M .M 1
1
1
2 = 0 1 -2 0 1 0 = 0 1 -2
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
x =M y
1 -5 5 4 -1
x1 = 0 1 -2 2 = 0
0 0 1 1 1
1 -5 5 1 1
x2 = 0 1 -2 1 = -1
0 0 1 1 1
1 -5 5 16 1
x3 = 0 1 -2 4 = 2
0 0 1 1 1
Vy vect ring ca A:
x 1 = (-1, 0, 1) x 2 = (1, -1, 1) x 3 = (1, 2, 1)
39
- Khi to B1 = E
- Lp k = n-1 1
/* Tnh 2 ma trn M, M1 */
/* Gi hm nhn 3 ln */
Ln 1: vo A, M; ra B
Ln 2: vo M1, B; ra A
Ln 3: vo B1, M; ra B
/* Gn li ma trn B1=B */
- Xut aij, bij
40
CHNG VII NI SUY V PHNG PHP
BNH PHNG B NHT
41
xi x0 x1 ... xn
yi =f(xi) y0 y1 ... yn
y'i=f(xi) y'0 y'1 ... y'n
y'i=f(xi) y'0 y'1 ... y'n
xi 0 1 2 4
f(xi) 2 3 -1 0
Tm hm ni suy ca f(x), tnh f(5)
Gii:
Cch 1: W(x) = x (x - 1) (x - 2) (x - 4)
W(0) = (-1) (-2)(-4) = -8
W(1) = 1 (-1) (-3) = 3
W(2) = 2 (1) (-2) = -4
W(4) = 4 (3) (2) = 24
2 3 1
L3(x) = x (x 1)(x 2)(x 4)( + + )
x (8) 3(x 1) 4(x 2 )
42
1
= ((x 1)(x 2 )(x 4 ) + 4x (x 2 )(x 4 ) + x (x 1)(x 4 ))
4
1
= ( x 4)(( x 1)( x 2) + 4x ( x 2) + x ( x 1))
4
1
= ( x 4)(4 x 2 6 x 2)
4
Cch 2:
( x 1)( x 2)( x 4) x ( x 2)( x 4) x ( x 1)( x 4)
L3(x) = 2 +3 1
(1)(2)(4) 1(1)(3) 2(1)(2)
1
= ( x 4)(4 x 2 6 x 2)
4
7.3. a thc ni suy Lagrange vi cc mi cch u
Gi s hm f(x) nhn gi tr yi ti cc im tng ng xi ( i = 0, n ) cch u
mt khong h.
x x0
t t = , khi :
h
x - x0 = h*t xi - x0 = h *i
x- x1 = h(t - 1) xi = x1 = h(i-1)
... ...
x - xi-1 = h(t- (i-1)) xi - xi-1 = h
x - xi+1 = h(t -(i+1)) xi - xi+1 = -h
... ...
x - xn = h(t - n) xi - xn = -h(n - i)
t ( t 1) * ... * ( t (i 1)( t (i + 1)) * ... * ( t n )
p 'n ( x 0 + ht ) =
i(i 1) * ... * 1(1) n i * 1 * 2 * ... * (n i)
t ( t 1) * ... * ( t n )
=
( t i) * i!(n i)!*(1) n i
yi (1)n i
n
Ln(x0 + ht) = t(t -1) ... (t - n)
i =0 (t i)i!(n i)!
2
5 2
Vy L2 (x) = x 6x + 5
4
7.4. Bng ni suy Ayken
44
Khi tnh gi tr ca hm ti mt im x=c no bt k m khng cn phi
xc nh biu thc ca f(x). Khi ta c th p dng bng ni suy Ayken
nh sau
xn-x0 xn-x1 xn-x2 c-xn dn
n
yi
f(c) W(c) i=0 di
V d 3. Tnh f (3. 5) khi bit f(x) tho mn
xi 1 2 3 4 5
yi 3 2 7 -1 0
Gii Xy dng bng ni suy Ayken
2.5 -1 -2 -3 -4 60
1 1.5 -1 -2 -3 -9
2 1 0.5 -1 -2 2
3 2 1 -0.5 -1 3
4 3 2 1 -1.5 -36
W(3.5) = 1.40625
45
1 2 7 1
f(3.5) L4 (3.5) = +
20 9 2 3
y0 x0-x
L0i(x) = yi xi-x
xi-x0
Xt hm p(x) c dng:
L01(x) x1-x
p(x) = L0i(x) xi-x
xi - x1
46
L01(x0) (xi x0) - L0i(x0) (x1 x0) y0(xi - x1)
p(x0) = = = y0
xi - x1 xi - x1
y1 (xi - x1)
P(x1) = = y1
xi - x1
-y1 (x1 - xi)
P(xi) = = yi
xi - x1
Vy p(x) l hm ni suy ca 3 im x0, x1, xi
Tng qut: Hm ni suy ca n+1 im x0, x1,... xn
L012...n-2 n-1(x) xn-1-x
L012...n(x) = L012...n-2 n(x) xn-x
xn - xn-1
Bng Ni suy Ayken (dng 2)
xi 1 2 3 4 5
yi 2 4 5 7 8
Tnh f (2.5)
47
Gii: p dng bng Ayken (dng 2)
48
7.6.2. Cng thc ni suy Newton
Gi s hm f(x) nhn gi tr yi ti cc mc xi cch u mt khong h. Khi
hm ni suy Newton l mt a thc bc n c xc nh nh sau:
Ln(x) = Co0(x) + C11(x) + ... + Cnn(x) (*)
Trong : 0(x) = 1;
x x0 ( x x 0 )( x x 1 )
1 ( x ) = ; 2 (x) = ;
h h 2 2!
.
(x x 0 )(x x1 )...(x x n 1 )
n (x) =
h n n!
Lp cc hm i(x) c tnh cht sau:
- i(x0) = 0 i = 1, n
- k(x) = k-1(x)
* Xc nh cc h s Ci (i = 0, n )
...
49
V Ln(x) f(x) nn:
xi 1 2 3 4 5
yi 2 4 5 7 8
Gii
Lp bng sai phn:
1 2
2 4 2
3 5 1 -1
4 7 2 1 2
5 8 1 -1 -2 -4
Hm ni suy Newton:
x x 0 ( x x 0 )( x x 1 ) ( x x 0 )( x x 1 )( x x 2 )
L n (x ) 2 + 2 +2
1 2! 3!
( x x 0 )( x x 1 )( x x 2 )( x x 3 )
4
4!
50
7.7. Ni suy tng qut (Ni suy Hecmit)
xi x0 x1 ... xn
yi =f(xi) y0 y1 ... yn
...
k
m=n+ si (Si : s gi thit c cho o hm cp i )
i =1
p= m - (n + 1)
o hm cp 1:
Hm(x) = Ln(x) + W(x) Hp(x) + W(x)Hp(x)
Xt ti cc im xi:
=> Hp(xi) 0
xi x0 x1 ... xn
Hp(xi) h0 h1 ... hn
...
xi 0 1 3
f(xi) 4 2 0
f(xi) 5 -3
52
W(x) = x(x-1)(x-3) =x3 4x2 +3x
4 ( x 1)( x 3) x ( x 3)
L 2 (x ) = +2
3 2
1
= ( x 2 7x + 12)
3
2 7
H '4 ( x ) = x + ( 3 x 2 8 x + 3 ) H 1 ( x ) + W(x)H' 1 (x )
3 3
7 22
H '4 ( 0 ) = x + 3 H 1 ( 0 ) = 5 => H 1 ( 0 ) =
3 9
5 2
H ' 4 (1 ) = x 2 H 1 (1 ) = - 3 => H 1 (1 ) =
3 3
Tm hm H1(x) tho mn:
xi 0 1
22 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 16 x + 22
H1(x) = + =
9 (0 1) 3 (1 0) 9
- y = fax + b
- y = a + bcosx + csinx
- y = aebx
Phi tuyn tnh
- y = axb
53
nhng cha xc nh c gi tr ca cc tham s a, b, c. xc nh
c cc tham s ny, ta tm cch tnh mt s cp gi tr tng ng (xi,
yi), i=1, 2, ,n bng thc nghim, sau p dng phng php bnh
phng b nht.
* Trng hp: y = ax + b
Gi i sai s ti cc im xi
i = yi - a - bxi
n
Khi tng bnh phng cc sai s: S = i2
i =1
S n
= (2a 2 y i + 2bx i )
a i=1
S n
= (2bx i 2 x i y i + 2ax i )
2
b i=1
n n
na + b x i = yi
1 i =1 i =1
n n n
a xi + b xi = xi yi
2
i =1 i =1 i =1
* Trng hp y = a + bx + cx2
Gi i sai s ti cc im xi
i = yi - a - bxi - cxi2
54
n
Khi tng bnh phng cc sai s: S = i2
i =1
n n n n
S a x i + b x i + c x i = xiyi
2 3
=0
a i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
n n n n
S a x i + b x i + c x i 4 = xi
2 3 2
=0 yi
c i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1
t Y = lny; A = lna; B = b; X = x
Ta a v dng: Y = A + BX
* Trng hp y = axb
Ta a v dng: Y = A + BX
55
Gii
Ta c: y = aebx
t Y = lny; A = lna; B = b; X = x
Ta a v dng: Y = A + BX
Xi Xi2 XiYi Yi
4.35 3.93 0.92 0.89
n n n
A X i + B X i = X i Yi
2
i =1 i =1 i =1
5A + 4.35B =0.89
Suy ra: a = eA = , b = B =1
1 x
Vy f(x) = e
2
56
CHNG VIII TNH GN NG TCH PHN XC NH
f ( x ) dx = f ( x ) dx + f ( x ) dx + ... + f ( x ) dx =S
a x0 =a x1 x n 1
S1
f(x)
S Sn
x0 =a x1 xn-1 xn = b
57
1
S1 S hthang = h ( y 0 + y1 )
2
Tng t:
1
S2 h ( y1 + y 2 )
2
...
1
Sn h(y n 1 + y n )
2
b
h
Vy: f ( x ) dx 2
( y 0 + 2 y 1 + 2 y 2 + ... + 2 y n 1 + y n )
a
b x2 x4 x 2n
( x x1 )( x x 2 ) ( x x 0 )( x x 2 )
f (x) L 2 (x) = y 0 + y1 +
( x 0 x1 )( x 0 x 2 ) ( x1 x 0 )( x1 x 2 )
( x x 0 )( x x1 )
+ y2
( x 2 x 0 )( x 2 x1 )
x2 x2
f ( x )dx L 2 (x )dx
x0 x0
Tng t:
58
x4
h
f (x )dx 3 ( y 2 + 4 y 3 + y 4 )
x2
x2n
h
f ( x )dx ( y 2 n 2 + 4 y 2 n 1 + y 2 )
3
x 2 n 2
b
h
Vy: f ( x )dx 3 ( y 0 + 4 y1 + 2 y 2 + ... + 2 y 2n 2 + 4 y 2n 1 + y 2n )
a
5
dx
V d. Tnh J = theo 3 cch
1
1+ x2
Gii
Cch 1: J = arctgx 15 = arctg5 / 4 0.588
Cch 2: chia [1, 5] thnh 4 on bng nhau (h=1) vi cc im chia
xi 1 2 3 4 5
yi 1/2 1/5 1/10 1/17 1/26
Cng thc hnh thang:
J (1/2 + 2/5 +2/10 +2/17 + 1/26) /2 0.628
Cch 3: Cng thc Parabol:
J (1/2 + 4/5 +2/10 +4/17 + 1/26) /3 0.591
xi a a+h a + 2h ... b
ti 0 1/n 2/n ... 1
Khi :
b 1 1
59
1 2 2
( t )( t )...( t 1) ( t 0)( t )...( t 1)
( t ) L n ( t ) = y 0 n n + y1 n + ...
1 2 1 1 2 1
( )( )...(1) ( 0)( )...( 1)
n n n n n n
1 n 1
( t 0)( t )...( t )
+ yn n n
1 n 1
(1 0)(1 )...(1 )
n n
1 1
Khi : ( t )dt L n ( t )dt
0 0
1 i 1 i +1
1( t 0)( t ) ... ( t )( t ) ...( t 1)
i
t Pn = n n n dt
i i 1
0 ( 0)( ) ... (
i i 1 i i +1 i
)( ) ... ( 1)
n n n n n n n n
b n
f ( x )dx (b a ) y i p n
i
Vy:
a i =0
Xt n = 1 ( h = b-a )
1
t 1 1 1
t0 1
P10 = dt = ; P11 = dt =
0 0 1 2 01 0 2
b
y 0 y1 h
f ( x )dx = (b a )( 2
+ ) = ( y 0 + y1 ) Cng thc hnh thang
2 2
a
n Pni
1 1/2 1/2
60
BI TP
61
MT S CHNG TRNH THAM KHO
# include <stdio.h>
# include "conio.h"
# include "math.h"
# define PI 3.14159
float d[10];int n;
double g(double x)
{
return 1/(1+x*x);
}
double tp(double (*f)(double),float a,float b)
{
int n=100,i;
float s,h=(b-a)/n;
s=(f(a)+f(b))/2;
for (i=1; i<n;i++) s+=f(a+i*h);
return s*h;
}
double f(double x)
{
float p=d[0]; int i;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) p=p*x+d[i];
return p;
main()
{ float a,b; char tt;
62
while (1) {
printf("\n Nhap can de tinh tich phan: "); scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
2. Tim nghiem gan dung cua phtrinh da thuc bac n bang PP chia doi
# include <stdio.h>
# include "conio.h"
# include "math.h"
# define eps 1e-3
float f(float);
void nhap(float *, int );
float d[10]; int n;
void main()
{ float a,b,c; char tt;
while (1) {
printf("\n Nhap bac phuong trinh: ");scanf("%d",&n);
nhap(d,n);
printf("\n Nhap khoang nghiem: "); scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
/* printf("a= "); scanf("%f",&a);
printf("b= "); scanf("%f",&b);*/
if (f(a)*f(b)<0) {
c=(a+b)/2;
while (fabs(a-b) >= 1e-3 && f(c)!=0) {
printf("\n%.3f %.3f %.3f",a,b,f(c));
if (f(b)*f(c)>0)
b=c;
else a=c;
c=(a+b)/2;
63
}
printf("\n\n Nghiem phtrinh: %.3f",c);
}
else
if (f(a)*f(b)>0) printf(" ( %f, %f) khong phai la khoang
nghiem",a,b);
else
if (f(a)==0) printf(" \n Nghiem phtrinh: %.3f",a);
else printf(" \n Nghiem phtrinh: %.3f",b);
3. PP tip tuyn
# include "conio.h"
# include "math.h"
# define eps 1e-3
float f(float x);
float fdh(float x);
main()
{ float a,b; char tt;
while (1)
{ printf("\nNhap xap xi ban dau: "); scanf("%f",&a);
/*b=a-f(a)/fdh(a);
64
printf("\n%.3f %.3f %f",a,-f(a)/fdh(a),b);*/
do {
b=a;
a=b-f(b)/fdh(b);
printf("\n%.3f %.3f %f",b,-f(b)/fdh(b),a);
}
while (fabs(a-b) >= 1e-3 );
printf("\nNghiem phtrinh: %.3f",a);
printf("\nTiep tuc ko(c/k)?");
tt=getch();
if (tt=='k' || tt=='K') break;}
}
float f(float x)
{
return exp(x)-10*x+7;
}
float fdh(float x)
{
return exp(x)-10;
}
# include <stdio.h>
# include "conio.h"
# include "math.h"
void nhap(float *a, int n,int m);
void xuatmt(float *a, int n,int m);
main()
{ float a[10][10];
float x[10],m,s;
char tt;
int n,i,j,k;
while (1) {
printf("\n Nhap n= "); scanf("%d",&n);
67
TI LI U THAM KHO
68