AC-DC AC

. , . , . , .


holiastou@eim.gr

: H (AC)
,
, (DC) [1].
( AC-DC)

, . ,
AC [2],

AC-DC. ,
AC , AC DC

.

- : ac-dc, , ac

H
( , , ,
..),
(ISO)

.

(ac) (dc) ,
ac,
ac.
ac-dc.
ac-dc
(thermal voltage converter). ( 1)

.
ac ,
, (
mV) . dc,
, dc
ac . ,
dc ac
ac-dc.
(single junction thermal converter).
 1.

ac-dc,

(3d-multijunction thermal converter) [3],
250 .
,
.

Si
. ,
(planar multijunction thermal converter) [4]
: (1V
),
.
, ac mV,

.
(ac dc)

.
ac-dc
100mV 10mV,
Key comparison Euromet E.M-K11 AC-DC voltage transfer difference
at low voltages. ,
2007 22 ,
(Swedish National Testing and Research Institute)
o (Physicalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, PTB),
(Netherlands Meetinstituut) .

: 10ppm 100mV 1kHz.

Ac-dc

ac-dc :

2
 U AC U DC
outAC outDC
(1),
U DC
U AC rms ac
U DC dc ,
, U AC .

ac-dc . ,
:
, Joule
,
. :
V U k (2),
V U , k, 2
, .
(1), ac-dc
.

, ac-dc (),
(S) S ac-dc
. T ,
ac .
dc
ac.
()
, S
V X V X V S V S
X S DCX X AC DCS S AC (3) ,
k VDC k VDC
S
VDC S
, VAC dc ac,
VDCX X
, VAC
kS, kX (2)
.

,
(3). ,
S , X

V X V X V S V S
X S DCX X AC DCS S AC (4).
k VDC k VDC

, dc

dc+ dc-.

ac-dc Fluke 792A. 8
,
22mV 220mV.
ac-dc
( RMS) , 2V
.

Fluke 792A 220mV: 100mV 1kHz 20kHz 100kHz 1MHz

Fluke 792A 22mV: 10mV 1kHz 20kHz 100kHz 1MHz

.
,
Fluke 792A
1V.

:

(C) 22,4 23,2
(%) 36 59

100mV Fluke 792A

(planar multijunction
thermal converter, PMJTC),
PTB
Institut fur Physikalische Hochtechnologie e.V, Jena .
PMJTC :

PMJTC
90
NiCrSi
100
O 1V
( ) 100 mV
DC 1ppm

PMJTC ,
, 100mV,
1/10 1mV,
1/100 .
100mV 2.
dc ac
Wavetek 4808. dc ac ac/dc,
. .Kampik, Gliwice, ,
ac-dc 5msec.
Fluke 792A, 1V, P3458A 8,5

4
, PMJTC, 1mV
Keithley 182A,
.
/
, ac
.
100mV, Wavetek
4808 100mV (30), ,
1V 10:1.

2 100mV

(choke), ,
,
. guard
,
, (LO)
.
.
,
.

5
 10mV Fluke 792A
Holt 12, :

Holt 12
2 k
1
O 10 V
( ) 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 mV
DC 50 ppm

10V 7
, 10 mV.
7mV.
10mV 3.

3 10mV

Wavetek 4808
AC/DC (-pot)
10V. 10mV -pot Fluke 792A.
,
N-N. Fluke 792A, 1V,
100mV

6
P3458A -pot, 7mV
Keithley 182A.
-.
100mV 10mV
Labview.
,
ac dc ,
,
.

, 2 ,
15
.
.
Labview ,
dc, ac
,
.

.
,
: ac, dc+, ac, dc-, ac, ac
dc+ dc-

dc+ dc-. ,
60sec
.
VDCS
V AC
S
(5),
k SVDC
S

S
VDC dc+, dc- V AC
S

ac. , dc
.
( , (5)
10ppm, 10 10 6 ), 12 ,
(3) , S.
12 , S
(4) ac-dc
Fluke 792A. (4)
kX 1 (Fluke 792: ), kS 2 (PMJTC -pot:
).

100mV 10mV
.

.

7
 12 ,
.

220mV 1kHz 20kHz 100kHz 1MHz

100mV Fluke 792A Fluke 792A Fluke 792A Fluke 792A
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
3 -10.5 21.1 22.4
8.3 -2.7 17.9 24.7
0.7 -1.6 17.2 20.7
2.8 -5.8 10.4 19.6
11.9 -0.9 14.9 23.2
7.5 -11.8 9.5 10.6
12.2 -10.8 19.8 26.7
4.9 -0.7 12.4
12.6 22.3
2.5

22mV 1kHz 20kHz 100kHz 1MHz

10mV Fluke 792A Fluke 792A Fluke 792A Fluke 792A
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
17.1 -13.9 34.2 15.1
18.1 -10.9 26.4 26.8
17 -10.6 28.4 37.2
13.7 -6.6 21.4 83.6
14.3 -12.1 24.7 21.7
3.7 -8.4 25.7 33.0
9.1 -9.9 26.5
7.7 -9.1
14.3 -12.4
17.3

S
Fluke 792A ( ):

PMJTC 1kHz 20kHz 100kHz 1MHz

PMJTC (ppm) PMJTC (ppm) PMJTC (ppm) PMJTC (ppm)
0.03 0.03 3.6 36.3
uPMJTC (ppm) uPMJTC (ppm) uPMJTC (ppm) uPMJTC (ppm)
3.5 3.5 4.5 10.0

Holt 12 1kHz 20kHz 100kHz 1MHz

Holt 12 (ppm) Holt 12 (ppm) Holt 12 (ppm) Holt 12 (ppm)
-20 3 122 1053
uHolt 12 (ppm) uHolt 12 (ppm) uHolt 12 (ppm) uHolt 12 (ppm)
43 40 43 80

PMJTC
.
100mV
Holt 11,
PTB.

8
 Holt 12
PTB Holt 12
.
Fluke 792A
ac-dc Fluke 792A .
, ,
ac-dc Fluke 792A,
. :

Fluke 792A ( 10mV)
:
100mV -
10mV.
1C
23C ,
.

, .

Fluke 792A,
Fluke 792A
. ac-dc
Fluke792A .
Fluke
792A Ri, ci ,
R0, ac-dc
1
Zi 1 (5)
2
R0
1 2 ci2 R02
Ri

Fluke 792A.
22mV Fluke792A LCR
( HP4284A) Ri=150k ci=40pF, (5)
Zi=13ppm 1MHz
. ,
ac-dc Fluke 792A.

ac-dc Fluke 792A,

:
Fluke792A S i c (6),
X
VDC VAC
X S
VDC V AC
S
X
S
(3)
VDC 2VDC
, kX kS,
Zi Fluke792A
(5)

9
c,
, .
(6)
SO Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)
:

utot u2S u2 u2Zi u2C u2 (7),

1. u S ,

2. u


3. u Zi Fluke 792A
4. u C c
5. u
Fluke 792A
1ppm/oC.

ac-dc Fluke 792A i

( k=2) :

Fluke 792A 1kHz 20kHz 100kHz 1MHz

220mV
100mV Fluke 792A Fluke 792A Fluke 792A Fluke 792A
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
7 -5 16 23
9 9 11 21
Fluke 792A 1kHz 20kHz 100kHz 1MHz
22mV
10mV Fluke 792A Fluke 792A Fluke 792A Fluke 792A
(ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm)
13 -10 27 23
86 81 86 160

10z. , 1kHz
100mV 10ppm
.

(mV)
ac-dc
Fluke 792A Key
comparison Euromet E.M-K11 AC-DC voltage transfer difference at low voltages.

10
 .
, 10ppm
100mV 1kHz.

, -
,

[1] M. Klonz, "AC-DC transfer difference of the PTB-multijunction thermal converter

in the frequency range from 10 Hz to 100 kHz," IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 36,
pp. 320-329, 1987
[2] B. D. Inglis, "Standards for AC-DC Transfer," Metrologia, vol. 29, number 2, pp.
191-199, May 1992.
[3] F.J. Wilkins, Theoretical analysis of the ac-dc difference of the NPL
multijunction thermal converter in the frequency range of dc-100 kHz, IEEE trans.
Instrum. Meas., vol. 21, pp. 334-340, 1972.
[4] M. Klonz, T. Weimann, Accurate thin film multijunction thermal converter on a
Silicon chip IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 38, pp. 335-337, 1989.

11