Wave Theory

! " # $
% &' & !
& ( ' )
! * (& & $
+&
! " , -! *
& & - ,
-! ' - .
! * & /0001
( 2 !
" & 3 '
! + ' 4
/
1 2 ' &
! " (& ! "
& &! +
& ( . & ! "
& & &
& &! " &
& !
&
2 & 5 3 '
& ! + &
(& ! '
& & (& ! +
& &
( , &' (

3 ! 2 & ' &
& ! + !
" . 6 . 7 '
( 8+ 2& ! '
' & , -'
!

" $ 9 6& : & 6
: "&' & ; "&! 8 &
& !
9 8<

+ 6 :
! 8 $ 3
6 : !
" $ . + = ! "
6 6 ! 8 ' ! "
7 : +
' :$' "$! " 8+ 2& &
( . > ;
":+ & !
$ $ 6 ! = " & & : $ ! 9
* $ $& & &!
$ $ " $&
#! : +4 > $ $' 3 +
' 8 8 7? 7' + @# $&!
: & & A +&$$! 8 &
!

! $& ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! 9 $ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
!B A ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!C :# .& ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!
! 2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! " . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!! > ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!!B > & ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!!C ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
!B @ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
!B! " $ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!C 6 6 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
" #

B! D ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
B! $ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
B!! D $ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
B!B 9 & $ ! ! ! ! ! !

B!B! : & & & ! ! !
B!B! 7 &
& ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
B!C ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
B! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
B! >( & - , - ! ! C0
B! >( & ( &
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! C
$ #

%
C! D& 8&& 4 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
C! 3 & & ! ! C
C!! = ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! C
C!! & ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
C!B & . & /*+/11 !
C!B! D$ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
C!B! *+/1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0
% #

&"
! : & ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!! 3 &
!B 6 & & ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
' (
!"
! 6 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
B
!! 6 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
B
!! 7 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

!!B D 8+ 2& ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 00
! + & & ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0
!! + 6 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0
!! + 7 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0
!!B + ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
!B + & ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0
!B! 2 & 6 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0
!B! 2 & 7 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
!B!B 2 & ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
!C + ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
!C! 2 6 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
!C! 2 7 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! C0
!C!B 2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! C
&

%%
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! + $ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

( %!
)

(
'&
*! " & +& ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
*! * +& ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
* )
+

,

&
-

,

&!
=! $ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
=! >( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0

."
6! = $ ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! B
6! = ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
6!B = ( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
/ )

0 1
.&
>! " & 2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
>! * 2 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
2 )

3
.!
! " 3 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
! > ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
3 )

4 3
!
3! :( $ & 5 3 ! ! ! ! !

5

!"
8! = ( & & ! ! ! ! !
B
8! = ( & ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

8!B + ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
8!B! + 7 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
8!B! + ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 00

&! 8 ' &
(!
:

$

' E ' '

E
$ ,
&

5& D& 8&& /
B1
5& " /
01
' 5& " /
B1
& 5 3
&

=F G
(

>F G (
/ 1 & $
'

' ,
F G

FG

/ % % 1 &

,

H /1 $
' & &
&

&. &
&. &
&. & IB &

&
J
5& &

E & &
&
&
3
. 5
(
7
$
/ 1 & . $

& $
J &
J &
$

( &
&

( &

9/ 1

, (
/ 1

! /" 1
! /0001
# &

5 &
(

$
5 &
=K
/
1
$
$
$E &
%J ;
% ; /0001
%
&
( &
L F G

' &
' &
(
6
( 5
( /$1

5
M &
N / ) ) ) 1
5
*
+ ) ) ) +

,

-

. 2
. ' . =K
/
1
. &
/ 2
/ &
O &
0 & 5 3
0 $ 7A2*9
1
1
1/$1 5 3
2
3
3
3 &
3 &
3 &
3J
3H )&
3
&

P $
4 & 5 3
4 &
5 (
5 &
5
5 " /
B1
5 ( & &
6 & 5 3

7 ) ) ) 7 & *+
8
8
8 $
8 $

8 4 /
1
8
Q (
Q
( & &
9

9 " /
B1
9 & &

J 5&
R 3
R
:
:
; , &
; ., ;

S 3

<
<M
T ,
" ,
" & ,
"
J ,
" $ ,

&

& /0001
&
4 /
1
,
$ &

U $

& - &
! "
' !&!' &' ' & ! "
' . &
& & !
. & #
& !
' '
$ ' !&!' &
+& ! 8 ' '
& ' - &.' , !
* ' ' $
$ & & ' & !
> & (& & &5
& -
' !&!' & $ .( - !
& ' &! +$ $
&
' !&!' @ /
'
1!

& !V ! " ! # $%! &! " ! "'(
!") ( !#*+
2& $ & ) ' !
* & & (' &' (
$ ! "' , ! & !
( ! A
00 ! & &
2 /00B1'
$ ! " !
& (
' & $! " & ! "

& !V !! ! % " !!,! # $+ %! ) # $ +
%!#! ! ) -' ) $-+ %! # $%! " !, " .!"( //+
0 1 . 2
& $ $'
$ $ ! 3 & & !
9 & ! A&
/00B1 &
&! 3 $ '
$ ! & ! 9A &
! " ( /1
' /1 /1 !
= # $& '
!&!' $ (& . & &
( &! ( &
&! " $ #
' !&!' 2 ! $ #
&'
! " &' ' (
' !&! * >5 /
1! >(& (&
& ' '
2 $! * !
" (
!
& !
$ & &!
# & ! "
5 ! =
' !&!' $
& & & ( & ! " !&!
& ! & (
(
& (& ' ! /00B1!

& . 0
! D& 8&& /
1 .
+& !
= & D& 8&& /
1 . +&
& !
" & & - ! D& 8&&
/
1' 8 /
1 >& /
B1
3
& ! * ' @ /

01'
& : $ ' &
& +& ! ' ,
: $ ' &
2 ! " /
1
& ! * &
& D& 8&& /
C1!
A /
1 & # '
& 3 ! : /
1
!
* & $! D& 8&& /

B1
$ . ! &
& $ $ ' !&!' 7 2 /0001!
* !
8 ' ! /
01
! " 3 '
' ' - &.! 6-
& 5 : /00B1!
& & ' &
! * & & '
! -
$ ! " /
01' * 9 /
1 "& 8& /
1
. +& $
- ! @ 6 /
1 .

! " $
' ( ! "
( . @ 6 /
B1! 2 $

, -' 9 ! /0001
- , -! /
1 .
' /0001 && &
! 5 9 /
'
1 3
' & $ (
' ( & ( &! *
9 /001!
* 3 = ! D& 8&& /
B1
& &
3 ! " >& ( / !&!
- =('

1! " ( ,
( ! * 8 ! /001 " /
C1

3 = ! "
! * - & $5 /
1'
0 1 . 4
9 /9 /

1' 7 @5 /
011
$ !
$!
' . '
! * . ! *&
3 :(
! * &
/ 000 1 3 :( /
1'
2 . & ! "
5 8 & ! /
1! L# /

1 # .
' & ! '
& ! : & /
1 5

&& . = ' & B!B '
. # ! "
5 5 9 /
1'

( & ( &!
6 /

1
D& 8&& /
B1 . !
" ( ! "
, - , -! +
6 /
1! :
2 /
1 & /
B'
1! " &

$!
&'
& D& 8&& /
1!
D& 8&& /
01 4 /
1' & ' . &
. ! * &
L# /

1!
" &
/

1! 8 & ,
' +& ! D& 8&&
/
'
B1 & '
#
! " D& 8&& /
1
' D& 8&& /
B1
! =K
! /
1 #
& ! " /
B1
# &
& & ' & &! " &
3 . !
: (' D& +$
5
/
1 # &
! 8 ' ( '
& , ! +$ ! /
1

& 3 !
" & $
+ K
W&5 3 &
' 7A2*9 /3 '
C1! *
& /+ K
W&5 !' 001' /+ K
W&5
3 ' 0001 & /+ K
W&5 3 '

1!
# ! @
/
01 2
! : & + /
B1

/

1 ! * & : &
+ /
1! : & /
1 #

! " .
&& . = ! " B
! A &
' : & ! /0001!

" ' & !
= ) & &
! 6.
( & ' !&!' $ ' & ! *
( & 6 .
= ' & = !C!
" ' &' &
= B ! (& '
. ( (& ! "
. 6 .!
= - ' & '
&' & ! . '
! " !
' && $ & = !

3 6 %7 8

2 & & & ' -
! -
, - , -' . ! *
& & :
2 /
1 ,

- , -! " - . ! " &
!
" ' 3
' & ! " &
! + 2 &
& &' & 5 3 &
& ! "
& '
( $
& !
+ ' &
' ( . & /*+/11 '
& ! ' : $ ' !!'
& &
& ! "' !
' & &
& . & & ! "
& &
,! " '
& & & 5 3 '
!
2 & & & (
& & ' !&!' &. & &'
3 ! "'
' &
& !
" (& &
&
& !
& ( *+/1
! * ( . '
! = !
9

" & & &
! & & '
( & ' ! 6.
&! ' 6 .
= B !

" '
!&!' &. &' ' &
! "
5 & ! " , !
" & ! /" 1' " &
,! " ' ' &

N " ! /" 1 " % N 0 ) /!1

: %

:(
/
7
: % %

&
' & .!
" 5 & .

N 7 /!1

'

N 7 /!B1

5 & ! 5 &
' !
" (' ' .

N 7 ) /!C1

" &. &'

' .

NC ) /!1
2 5 & ' & IB
& ' !
" & ' #' .

#N /! 1
7
$ !

: % %

!

"

/
B1 2 /
01 & & $& !

! &
! * '
&' ! A !
" . &!

" .( ' ( /$1'
( 5 9 ! *& ' $' '

! D N / ) ) ) 1
.( ! " 5 ( /$1!
" '

5N J N
/!1

9
N

/
J 1 ) /!1

" , 5 !
" , $
5
8 N /!
1
/5 1
$

5
8 N /!01
5
5 (' !!'
5 N >F/( >F( G1 G% N ) ) ) ) /!1
" $ $ '
$ $ )! 3 8 N 0 8 N B!
& ! - $ !
& ! /1 3 5 ! "
/1 & & $ &'
/1 & $ ! "
: %
:(

7
: % %

0.5 0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4 0.4

Probability density function

0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1
0 0 0
5 0 5 5 0 5 5 0 5
X X X

& !V $+ *! - ! " $ ; /+( "! 7 " &! * " * "- "
$ ; 2+( ! &' " $ 2+( &' " $ 2+ $ +
! " '# ) ! ,) $ /+ $-+ ! " '# ) $ /+ )
" " - ) "
$ 5 ' &' &
' $ & $ ' ! & ! /1
- $ ! A $
3 /8 = B1' $ 3
/8 > B1!

* #

/ ) ) ) 1 N

/ ) ) ) 1 /!1
& ?! >,! /!1 ' ! *
$ ' . (
.!
* 3 , . ! "
$ , 3 !

* & &' !!' &
5 ' , &' !!'
5 ! " &
2 .
: 2
! &' .
& 5 !

* &
,!
" ,
1 1 & /& ( .1

1 N /!B1

1 N ) /!C1

" 0 1 1 ' 1 1 0'

' 1 1 ' !
* !
" & ,!
"' & - ,
& / + /
1 + /
11! 6
' 1
! " - - & 1
3 /
01!
#

!
6 & & !
! "
& ! " & !
8 ' & & )
& & ! * &
' !&!' , ! * &
/
1!
* $ ' .

+
H /1 N /!1

: %
:(
3
7
: % %

' + ) ) ) + ' &
! " $ .

/1 N ) /! 1

; ' !&!' 3 ! "
' $ XX
! " & $ &

& !V .!" " * )# ", " '!" " !* ", ) ", &!! &<

; / 3= <
; / = ><
; / 9 $%! !"( ?95+
2 .
: 4
& ! & ! $ ! "
$ ' $ & $
! A $
! " - .& - & & !
' $ $' &'
! " & &
& X X! 8 ' '
/
1! " )
& !
$ ! " $ >$
$ />$'

1 &

/1 N /!1
0 !
" $
! A 5 ( &
, ' !!' 5 ( (

> H/1 /1 ) /!1
" & >$ $ !
!

" $ .

H / 1 N

/!
1

'

))) !
.

" $ .
N )
/ 1 /!01

" >$ $ &

/ 1N

/ U 1 > /!1
0 '
' !!' N ' N 7' !
: %
:(
5
7
: % %

$
$

' . ! "
= B 6
.! + ' . '
= ! * 6 . &
!
" 6 =
B 6
C 0 7
! & !B

! $ .'
( 0 $ 6 !
! "
' !
& & & !
/
1 & & 7 '
! *
$ ! /0001!
" $& 6 #$ '
( ) !
8 ' . 0 - ' -
&.! " $ & !
: & 0 B ' & ,
!BBB 85!
* C '
62
61
Norway
60
59 Sleipner
58
57 Draupner
56 Scotland
55
54
4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
& !BV
& ) "! !) # ) ) !&"! &! 488 ( 5 ( " )

&"! &! 493 ( ?
3 % %
8
12
20
10
Spectral density [m2 s/rad]
Spectral density [m s/rad]

15
8
2
6
10
5
2
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Frequency [rad/s] Frequency [rad/s]

& !CV $+ &-! " ) 39 " ! $ + ) &-! " * @
$ += 61 &-! # )

; ? $ !'"+= ' !A"-* @ ; /45 !B
$+
" !V 6 6 . ' 0
!
: :I:( !
FG !B !0I!
0!
FG !
!I
!0 0!B
FG
!0 !C I0!0 0!B
FG C!B B!IC! 0!BC
FG !
!0IB!C 0!
J F IG 0!0
0!0C
I0!0
0!00CC
J F IG 0!0C

0!0C0CI0!0 B 0!00C
FG !B !BI! 0!
9 FG ! !0I!00 0!
8 F G 0!C 0!0I0!B0 0!0
8 F G !
!IB!
0!
1 F G 0!CB 0!BBI0!0C 0!0
1 F G 0!0 0! I0!

B 0!0B
# F G 0!0B 0!0CI0!0C 0!00

: %
:(
9
7
: % %

16 16
14 14
12 12
FG
FG
'
10 10

8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50
"
& !V ) &!! ( " ! ) " ! = =
) " " - ) "
J'
& " !! " J &

' & ' / , 1
' ! " . = B!
" &! !C /1 & $!
"& ' && & &
! 2 &' . ' &
& ! & !
' ! "
&. & & ! "&
&! !C /1 (
& C !
" & B ' & B00 5 &

! 5 & ' I0
5 &! & !C /1
' $ ,! " .
7A2*9 $ 0 )
' 7A2*9
.& ' $ ! "
& " !' &
" !! $ $ B!
3' - (! & !
& 3 5

, /!
1 !
3 % %
?
9000
8000
7000
Number of observations
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Surface elevation [m]
& ! V ,! ) !- " ) " " - 7 " ! " # ) C!

" " ! "- A $5? +
" !V 6 6 . ' !
FG !
FG !B
FG
!0
FG C!CC
FG !B
J F IG 0!0
J F IG 0!0C
FG !B
9 FG !
8 F G 0!
8 F G B!0
1 F G 0!C
1 F G 0!C
# F G 0!0B
: %
:(
/
7
: % %

%
!
*
3 ! " .
&
& , , ,
' + /
C1 D& 8&& /
1! " & &
(
3 N J
3 /$1 /"$ J U /$11 /B!1
3 /$1 & /$1 & !
' "
J ,' J &

"
J N J
J /B!1
& ' ! 2 '
& +& /+& /01' D&
8&& /
11' !!'
&
3
/1 N ( % N 0 /B!B1

2 6 > % 0 10 7
0 10 7

N / 1
/ , 1 3 ! *
! J $ &
!
"
' & +&! "
/D& 8&&'
1

C U 3 3
/ 1 N ( % N N /B!C1

. 5 &

/- 1 N @ A) /B!1
7
>, B!C +& ' @
/
01! ' ' 8 '

/ 1
/ 1 / 1
8 8 N

/B! 1

/ 1 / 1 & . $' !
9 +&
. & *( *!
&
& !
D ! 8 ' '
& ' +& &' &
- $ !
* ( $ /C1 &
, 3J
& !&! 6 6
/
C1! * , & ' &
& *( !
" & & , : D ,
: N 0) /B!1
A 6 6 ' !!' &

N :! " ( 3 J

! * , & & -
J ! " &
, 3
2 . : 2
.
3 J/ U - 1
: N J
/"$ J 1 /B!1
"
J
J
3 N J
3 /"$ J 1 /B!
1

"
J N J )
J /B!01
"
B 3 "
J
J / U -1
: N /"$
J
J 1 /B!1

J J

3 J / U
3 J 1
3 N J
U J
J
/"$ J 1 /B!1

! " .
' !!' & >,! /B!01!
" ! ' , 5 '

3 N 3
JU3
H /B!B1
3
J ' 3
H )& ' 5
$& &! " 3
J - 5
! " & ( 3
J 3
H
3
3J N J
/B!C1

J / U
J 1
3H N 3 J
/"$
J
J 1) /B!1

' . ' &&
3
N ) /B! 1

J
" 5 ' 3

H !
" - &! B! B!!
& ! "
: N : U 3
J :

/B!1
3 J/ U - 1 B
J 1 3"

J/ U - 1
N J
/"$ J J
/"$ J 1
"
J
J
J

2 6 > % 0 10 7
3 0 10 7

& B!V ) >!" -""

A C!( #) -) " ) D ; D $+ ) E!"
-&"" ) -" !! -&"" ) !- " $ + ) ! ") & #" )
-" !! -&"" ) !- "( " #! " )

3 N J 3
3 U 3
J / U
J 1 /B!1

N J
3 /"$
J 1U J
3 J
/"$
J
J 1)

A $ , -'
= B!! " -

& B!V ) >!" -"" @" " A
$25+( #) -) " ) D ; /

) ;
2 . : 4
1 1

0 0
1 1
2nd order Stokes 1st order part
linear theory 2nd order part

& B!BV $+ 1 !- &!@= -" !! ' #( "! # $ + % ! !!
$+ " -" !! $ + -&"" ) -" !! ' #
$ . . &! B!B!
" $ & &
.! 8 ' & ' , 3 ! " '
!!' 5 & 5 &'
$ ' & ' !!'
5 & 5 &' & !
"

" $ .! ' &
:' .
'
3
J :
B 3
J

J
N N
) /B!
1
: J
J
' . , &!
" & &'
J

3
J
> J / U
J 1
) /B!01

$ ' $&
.!
2 6 > % 0 10 7
5 0 10 7
0.6
0.4

0.2
0 7

0
0
& B!CV

E!" -! ! ! D "- " D = -"!,"- -! ! "( -! ! " ! "
& " ) !,)( # &" -! ! "
' .

J = 7' &
J
N B@ 3 /B!1
&

3
J
> ) /B!1

8 ' $&
7
3
J
> /B!B1

! 0)00' &
.! $ .!
' .

J > 7B0' &
J
B 3
N
J
/B!C1
/1
&
J 1
/

3
J
> ) /B!1
B
" ! ; ' %

J '

7 3 7
J

%
J
N > ) /B! 1
/
J 1 B
22 >>
: > 7 .:

: 8
" $& & : / !&!
/
11

J
3
J
> 7 0)C ) /B!1
7
. & .! & B!C
J
- 3 J J
! A 3
& ! 8 '
J 0! *' 3
J
' !!'
. ( ! $

' ' 5 &
!
'' ! '

& "
!

!
# $ $

" /
01' "& 8& /
1 @ 6 /
1 ( -

$ ! @
6 /
B1 ( /
1 . ! " &

$ '
+& #
&! A , - ! *
, - , -
= B! ! *& & , & &
' &
! " 2 ! /001'
6 .' 2 ! /001'
!
" .(

$ . ' !!'

3 /$1 N 3 /$1 F"$ J /$1 /
J U /$1G U 3 J 1 F"$
J U /$1G /B!1

J / U
J 1
/
J 1N
J
/B!
1

- . ! " &

"
J N J )
J /B!B01
2 6 > % 0 10 7
9 0 10 7
/

J 1 N ' "
J

N
J!
* /"$

J U /$1 N 01 &' 3 ' >,! /B!1

3 N J /
3 U 3 J 1) /B!B1

& ' ' .
N
J /
J 1 /B!B1
&' ' N 3 B ' (

' N U ) /B!BB1

" , ,'

U '
N ) /B!BC1

" & ' ' '
, ! 2 " /
01 "& 8& /
1
( >,! /B!BC1' @ 6 /
B1 (

, ' !!'

' ' ) /B!B1

" C ! "
' ' &

! /' 1 N //' 11
'
/B!B 1
&

/ U ' 1 / U ' 1
! /' 1 N ( % ' 0 ) /B!B1
'

U
" ( &

/ U ' 1
9/C = ' 1 N
! /' 1 N (
) /B!B1

>, /B!B1 +& >,! /B!B1 ' !!'
0! N N /"J B 1 ! * ( >,! /B!B1
J
& (

B
! /' 1 ' ' U ' ( ' ' /B!B
1

22 >>
: > 7 .:

: ?
0
1 10
2nd order Stokes exact 2nd order Stokes exact
0.9 2nd order Stokes approx. 2nd order Stokes approx.
Rayleigh Rayleigh
0.8
Probability of exceedance
1
0.7 10
0.6
0.5
0.4 2
10
0.3
0.2
0.1 3
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

& B!V ) E!"- #" ", ) - " " ) &&! " " )
!"! " ) # -! ) ,) $+ ! * " * "- " $ + ! * -"-

$ ; / 29( ! !&"! +
@ 6 /
B1! A

( & ! 8 ' ' =
' $
>

' *( =! ! "
' >

>
! * ( & 2 ! /001'
. 6 . !
& B! - & ( ' >,! /B!BC1'
( ' >,! /B!B1' '
6 . / " B!' & BB1! " +&
! > & - ( (
& /1' & '
( /1!
' & /"$

J U /$1 N 71 & ' 3 '
>,! /B!1

3 N 3 3
J /

J 1) /B!C01

" & ' ' N 3 B ' &

' N /B!C1

'
N ) /B!C1

2 6 > % 0 10 7
2/ 0 10 7
= & $ = B!!'
& ! >,! /B!B1

" 3
J
> > > ' *( =!

!
! & >,! /B!1
J
' !!' 3 >
' >
!
' " >
& , >,! /B!C1' !
, ' ' '
!
C &

/ ' 1 / ' 1

! /' 1 N ( % ' 0) /B!CB1
'

6 $ ' ' >
'
& , !
;& ( ' !!'

' U ' /B!CC1

( C

B
! /' 1 ' U ' U ' ( ' U ' ) /B!C1

& B! - & ( ' >,! /B!C1'
( ' >,! /B!CC1' !
" - $ & & &
>,! /B!B1 /B!CB1 +& >,! /B!B1 &! B! /1
' /1 (!
$ +&
$ ! " & $ &
$ +& '
! 6 6 . ! "
$ +& ! "'
' & $ ! $
, -' - , -!
6 /001 . +& & . $
! * . $ $#
8 $ /
01' ! " &
& / & 1
@ 6 /
1! &
. ,' ( '
22 >>
: > 7 .:

: 2
0
1 10
2nd order Stokes exact 2nd order Stokes exact
0.9 2nd order Stokes approx. 2nd order Stokes approx.
Rayleigh Rayleigh
0.8
1
0.7 10
0.6
0.5
0.4 10
2
0.3
0.2
0.1 10
3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
$ $

& B! V ) E!"- #" ", ) - " " ) &&! " "
) !"! " ) # !,) &) $+ ! * " * "- " $ + ! *
-"- $ ; / 29( ! !&"! +
0
1 10
2nd order Stokes crest 2nd order Stokes crest
0.9 2nd order Stokes trough 2nd order Stokes trough
Rayleigh Rayleigh
0.8
1
0.7 10
0.6
0.5
0.4 10
2
0.3
0.2
0.1 10
3
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
$ $

& B!V $+ ! * " * "- " " $ + &! * -"-( ) -" !!
' -! ) ,) " !,) &) ( ) * ,) ! " " ! ) !&"!
@< -! ) ,) ( !,) &) $ ; / 29+

2 6 > % 0 10 7
2 0 10 7
( & ( ! . $
' ( .
! " &
& & & +&
$ ! 8 ' ( & $
$' ,
-! " - & , - &
, - , - &.' = B! !
* & &
$ !
% $ $

$ $
" &
& >,! /B!B1 /B!CB1! *
+& >,! /B!C1 & ! D N 3 B N 3 B
N N ' !
' ' N 3 B ' N 3 B
& ' N ' ' N ' ' ! "' >,! /B!BC1 /&
, 1

U U ' U U '
N N ) /B!C 1

" &

" "
! ! /' ' 1 N / /' 1 /' 11 N "
"
"
"

/B!C1
" "
& C C

C/ U ' 1/ U ' 1
! ! /' ' 1 N

/ 1
U ' U '

( / U ' 1
U/ U ' 1
/B!C1

/ 1

/ U ' 1/ U ' 1 )

/ 1
" ' 8 ' C C

U U U
U
U D / 1
8 8! ! N
) /B!C
1

U U
22 >>
: > 7 .:

: 22
*( 6! !
' & ' ' N 3 B ' N 3 B
& ' N ' ' N ' ' ! >,! /B!C1
/& & , 1

' '
N N ) /B!01

+& '
C
C

C/ ' 1/ ' 1
! ! /' ' 1 N
/ 1 ' '

( / ' 1
U/ ' 1

/ 1

/ ' 1/ ' 1

/ 1
/B!1
' 8 ' C C

U

U
U
U D / 1
8 8! ! N
/B!1

U
" 8 ' 8 ' &! B!!
! "' &
& ' . 8 8
>,! /B!C
1 /B!1 . & ' !
" B! 6 . !
* , ' !&!' $
& ! "
C & C
! ! /' ' 1

! ! /' ' 1 N ) /B!B1
! /' 1
" B!V = 6 . !
F G 0!B 8 F G 0!
F G 0!B0
/
J 1 F G !00B 8 F G 0!B0B F G 0!B
2 6 > % 0 10 7
23 0 10 7
0.8
0.6
$
0.4
0.2
$
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
$
& B!V !! " -- " " "- " ) &!! " $
; / 29(
! !&"! +
"
! ! /' ' 1

! ! /' ' 1 N
! /' 1

/ U ' 1
N
/ 1 U '

/B!C1

( / U ' 1 U / U ' 1

/ 1

/ U ' 1/ U ' 1 )

/ 1
" C & C

/ ' 1
! ! /' ' 1 N
/ 1 '

(
/ ' 1
U/ ' 1

/B!1

/ 1

/ ' 1/ ' 1 )

/ 1
23 %
> 24
( '
/0001 && & &
! " 6 /
1'
= B!! " ,
- , -! " & /61
/B61 ! * 2
#
#
/ ' '
! /' 1 N ( /B! 1
. . .
. ! " 2 . /
. ' ' ! ' ; ' % ' .
7
! N /B!1

% N /B!1
J

J &
! !

. >,! /! 1' %

J 3

J . ; >,!
/B! 1!
" ; 5 &
. ! * 5 ; .
+& ' !!' . N 0)BB / N ! " &
6
.$ N 0)BB U 0)

! U 0)0 0%
/B!
1
/$ N )
! U 0)0
%
B6
.$ N 0)BB U 0) ! U 0)000%

/B! 01
/$ N )
! 0)B0% U 0)C% )
" B! 6 . ! A
; & -
! " ' 6
, B6 ! " 6 '
= !C' 0 '
! * ; ( & !
2 6 > % 0 10 7
25 0 10 7
0
1 10
Rayleigh Rayleigh
0.9 2nd order Stokes crest 2nd order Stokes crest
Forristall 2Dmodel Forristall 2Dmodel
0.8 Forristall 3Dmodel Forristall 3Dmodel
1
0.7 10
0.6
0.5
0.4 2
10
0.3
0.2
0.1 3
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

& B!
V $+ ! * " * "- "( " $ + &! * -"- ) %!! -!
) ,) $ " 2+( ) -" !! ' -! ) ,) " ) * ,) ! "
-! ) ,) ! !&"! @ $ ; / 29 $ ; / 28 $ ; 998 $
; / 259 $ ;

?/+
& B!
/1 ' 6 B6 '
+& $ &! "
+& $ !
" - 6 B6 ' 6 & &
-! " & 6 . !
& B!
/1 (' -
! " & , !
" C C
2 / *( >1' & &
" B!V = 6 . !
! F G 0!0C .$ F G 0!B
% F G 0!00B /$ F G !
0
.$ F G 0!B0 %$ F G 0!BB
/$ F G ! %$ F G 0!BB

23 %
> 28
0.8
0.6

0.4
0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

& B!0V !! " -- " ) -" !! ' -! ) ,) " % )
%!! -! ) ,) $ " 2+ "- " ) &!!

" % (

!&- *

$ ; / 29 $ ; / 28 $
; 998 $ ; / 259 $
; ?/( ! !&"! +

/ '# '# '# U '#
! ! /' ' 1 N (
/ .1# / % 1 .1# / % 1

/
# #
/B! 1
% ' '
)
/ .1# / % 1
" % ' 8% ' C
C &

O

#
8% N %
U U %
/
C/
/
/ O
#

O

# /B! 1

U U U % U D / % 1
B /
/ /
O & ! *( 6! ! & B!0
& /6
B61 % $ & ! "
- 6 B6 &' &
! " - $ !
2 6 > % 0 10 7
29 0 10 7
" C & C

/'# ' # U '#
! ! /' ' 1 N ( %
/ .1# / % 1 / .1# / % 1
# #
/B! B1
% ' '
)
/ .1# / % 1
) &
!
" D& 8&& /

B1
. ! D ( . 6
/
1!
D& 8&& /
B1 $
! : 2 /
1 &

& & $
. ' & .
!
* : 2 /
1
& ! = B! &
& & !
"
$ *( ! "
&
3 N 3 U 3 ) /B! C1
" . & (

3
3 N @& /B! 1

< N " $ ) /B! 1
" &

3 N

3 3 /< U < 1 U 3 3 /< < 1 /B! 1

24 10 : 2?
0.1
Quadratic transfer function

0.05
0.05
0.1
0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0.2

& B!V ) A! - !"! "- " ! @ !A"-* F
; !B
< !A"- $ + , < E!"- !A"- $ +

& #!= ; 8/ = ; 3 = ; 2 = F ; 5

N N /B! 1
N N /B!

1
' '
' '

/ "

U " U " " 1 U

' ' ' '
N

/ U 1 C" "
' '

U /" U " U " " 1) /B!01
C
" , , ! "
&

'
'

U '

N N /B!1
' '

" / 1

N N U /B!1
'' " "

& !
& B! , .( , " U " N )
I' ! *& " " N 0' " N " N 0)
I' $ , 6 . !
$ ,

! .&
- & ! " - ,
2 6 > % 0 10 7
3/ 0 10 7
- ' '
&.' & , ! -
, &' & &
>,! /B! 1! " , - " "
' #.! ' '
- , &. & - " " ! "
: & ! /001!
A ( - 5 ! ;&
( &

3J N /" " 1! /" 1 " /B!B1

&

9 N ! /" 1 ") /B!C1

" $ &

8 N /" " 1 U /" " 1 ! /" 1! /" 1 " " ) /B!1
9
* +,

"

-
! .
>,! /B! 1 /B!01 &

J / U
J 1
/"
J "J1 N J J
/B! 1

F
J U
J /
J 1G
/"
J "J1 N J J F J /
) /B!1
C
J J U J 1G
" ( $ & >,! /B!B1 /B!1

3J N 9 /"
J "J1 /B!1

8 N 9 /"
J "J1 U /"
J "J1 ) /B!
1
A /"

J "J1 0' - , & &
$! &
& = B!B B!C'
5 !
25 G

7 %%
% H: %% 3
" .( &

3 /$1 N 3 F"$ J /
J U /$1G U 3 J U /$1G 3
J 1 F"$ J
/
J 1 U J
/
J 1 /B!01

J / U
J 1
/
J 1 N J
/B!1

F
J U
J / J 1G
/
J 1 N
J F J /
) /B!1
C
J J U J 1G
" >,! /B!01 5 (
! 8 ' $ & ! "
9 ! /0001' & !
J 1 0' >,! /B!01 >,! /B!1! & &
/
*( =!!
" .& &
= B!B! * &' 3 ' &

3 N 3 U J /
J 1 J 1
/ 3 U J
J 1 )
/

/B!B1

" ' ' .
J 1

N
J
/ /
J 1 ) /B!C1

& N NC ' .&

J
N J 1
/ /B!1

&

' N U U ) /B! 1

"
U /' 1
N /B!1
, ' !
0' ' ! " & +& &
C

U /' 1 1 / U /' 1 1

/
! /' 1 N (

% ' ) /B!1
U /' 1
2 6 > % 0 10 7
3 0 10 7
' & ' 3 &

3 N 3 J /
J 1 /
J 1 3
J /

J 1
/B!
1

& &

' N ) /B!
01

"
/' U 1
N ) /B!
1
* & $ & >'

& , ! *( =! ! "
& C

/' U 1

!
/ /' U 11
! /' 1 N ( % ' ) /B!
1
/' U 1

"
& B! - $ ' & ,
- ' ( ' & , - ,
-! " +& ! 6 6 .
! " B!B 6 .!
" ( & & ( &
& ( & ! "
- , ! " - , & &
' &! " - , 5
. ' - (
$ & ! 6 /1
J
/
J 1 ' ' - ,
& ! " ( &
6 . $ !
" B!BV = 6 . !
F G 0!
F G 0!00

J 1
/ F G !00B J 1
/ F G 0!BC
F G 0!B
F G 0!B0
25 G

7 %%
% H: %% 32
0
10
2nd order Stokes
Extended model
Rayleigh
1
10
2
10
3
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

$
& B!V ! * -"- ) " ( ) -" !! ' " )
* ,) ! " ) " ) ! ,) ) * ,) ! " ! ! ) -! ) ,)( "
) ! ! ) !,) &) -! ) ,) " !,) &) ! !&"! @

$ ; / 29( ; /?( ; ///?+
= & &' # C C
+& ' &&

C/ U /' 1 1/ U /' 1 1
! ! /' ' 1 N
/ 1 U /' 1 U /' 1

( / U /' 1 1

/ 1
/B!
B1
U / U /' 1 1

/ U /' 1 1/ U /' 1 1 %

/ 1
' '
$ . >,!
/B!C
1' N / *( 6!B1! " 6 .
& " B!B! = $
& " B!' - & -
!

2 6 > % 0 10 7
33 0 10 7
4 4
Rayleigh Rayleigh
Extended model crest Extended model trough
Data crest Data trough
3 3

2 2

1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4

& B!BV "! & ) # " " &! * " * "- " ) " (
) * ,) ! " " ! ) !&"! @ $+ # -! ) ,)( $ + # !,)
&) !-" ) , " -"! " "- ! /( 2/( 4/( 8/( ?/( ?4( ?? " ??? $ ; /?(
; ///?(
; / 2( ; / 2?(
; / 2/+
' # &

C/ /' U 1 1/ /' U 1 1
! ! /' ' 1 N

/ 1
/' U 1 /' U 1

( / /' U 1 1

/ 1
/B!
C1
U / /' U 1 1

/ /' U 1 1/ /' U 1 1 %

/ 1
' '
>,! /B!1' N ! "
6 . & " B!B!
& B!B /1
& /1 & +&
25 G

7 %%
% H: %% 34
! " $ ' -
! 8 ' -
& ! " +& &
& ' & ! "
) & &! B!! 6 6 .
! " ( & &
+& ' & & & !
'
( & ( & $ !
" & !
3 = ' ' = ' ( &
9/C = C = ' 1

9/C = ' C = 1 N
9/C = 1
# # /B!
1
! ! /' '
E 1' '
E
N )

! /1
& B!C ( &
' &' ( ' 6 .! " (
& , +& !
" ( & & & &

>FC C N ' G N ' ! ! /' ' 1 ' /B!
1
(
! ! /' ' 1 '
& >,! /B!B1!
' ( & & & &

>FC C N ' G N ' ! ! /' ' 1 ' ) /B!
1
(
& B! ( >FC C N ' G ' '
( >FC C N ' G ' ! 3 '
& ( &'
' ' /' ' )1! & ,
' ' ! A '
!
2 6 > % 0 10 7
35 0 10 7
0
10
Rayleigh
Extended model crest
Extended model trough
1
10
2
10
3
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5

$
& B!CV " " &! * -"- ) # & , " ) ) &!
# & - ( ( -! ) ,) " !,) &) !
$ ; /?( ; ///?( ; /2( ; /2?( ; /2/+

!&"! @
2.5
Rayleigh
2
1.5

0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
$
& B!V " " &- " ) # & , " ) &! # &

; I ; J= ; J=
; I ; I ; J= -! ) ,) =
! !&"! @ $ ; /?( ; ///?( ; /2( ; /2?( ; /2/+

!,) &)
28 G
% 7 G
%
7 1
0
38
/ +,

,

* & & !
( & & ! A& /00B1
+& &!
* & (
! " . # A& /00B1 & &
& !
: & 7 $ &
% /" 1 ) /" B1! :
& & ! " &
& & &' .
$! " & & '
$ ! " B!C &
! &' ' &
' $!
" ( & '
' (
&' 3
' (

N .) 8 /3
1 /B!
1
.) ' 8 ! &
B! 3
!
& 3
& +& '

.) 8 U

/
1 N ( ) /B!
1
.) 89
" B!CV 9 & /1
/ &1!
: " " B
FG ! C! .) F G 0!C 0!BC
FG ! 0!
/) F G 0!B 0!
FG !B 0! 9 FG ! !

F G C!
0!
2 6 > % 0 10 7
39 0 10 7

(

& B! V ! " ) ! ") & #"

" ) " " - ) "
#! $ 1
+
" ! & B!
& ' &
$' (! " A& /00B1 / 1
" " B & !
*

& (
&! & 3
N ' '
'

.) 8 U

' N ) /B!001
.) 8
"
& >,!
/B!1
$

U /
* +
1
!
+

/
1 N ( ) /B!01

"
" ( ' J 1

/ N J 1 N 0' &&
/
N 0! B! ! ' ' &&
N J
N 0) ! A A& /00B1 &'
! 8 ' '
J J
,!
" ( &! B! / $ 1! "
" " B & ! (
A& /00B1 & & '
!
" ( & ' &
' 3

(
&
N /) /3
1 /B!01
28 G
% 7 G
%
7 1
0
3?
0 0
10 10
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
4 4
10 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
(

(

& B!V " ,!" #! &!! $+ !, *&( $ + !, *&2 ,# $//2+
)( " -" !! = *&= *&2
/) !
' &

&

/) U &

, /&
1 N ( ) /B!0B1
/) 9
& B! & &'
& $'
(! " A& /00B1 / 1 "
" B & !
& ' (
&
! " &
' &

/) U &

' N ) /B!0C1
/)
&

$

U / ,
* #
1
!
#

, /&
1 N ( ) /B!01

"
" ( &! B! / $ 1! " & ,
2 6 > % 0 10 7
4/ 0 10 7
0 0
10 10
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
4 4
10 10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
( (

& B!V " ,!" #! ) ,) $+ !, *&( $ + !, *&2 ,# $//2+ )(
" -" !! = *&= *&2
& & " " B &
' & & &!

%
"0

12
* & D& 8&& /
1 &' 3 ' +&
' !!'
3
- /1 N ( % N 0 /C!1

J
&! " 5& '
J ' &

, 3 ' &
J N
N / 1 ! D 3 /
C1'
8 & ! /
1 /
1 & '
7 3 :(' ' 5&
&!
/
1 5 & 3 :('
. 2 ! D D& 8&& /
01
+& >,! /C!1'
J N )/ 1 ! "
5& J (

. . ' & /
1!
4 /
1 - ( & '
3 ! * & !
& ' (

4 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7
( , ! " (
& & &
B &

N M M M
/ M 1
M
M /C!1

M
M & &'
! ( /$1 3 ' # &

/ 1N
/7

1 7

(

7

% N F M M G
/C!B1
% (
/01 /01 / 1
/
/ / 1
& . . . . )
& )
& . /01 . /01 . / 1 . / / 1
/ )
7 N && / ))
) /C!C1
& . / 1 . / / 1 . /01 . /01 )
' *
/ / 1 / / 1
.
/01 /01
. . .
" ' . / 1' 3 &

. / 1 N >F( /$1( /$ U 1G N ! /" 1@'/ " /C!1

! A . /01 N ! >, /C!1

N ( ) /C! 1
. /01 / / 1
( /
& . /01 N .& 8 N ( ' (&

&

9/3 = 1 N N ( ) /C!1
/ 8 1
& ' & (&
&

9/3 = 1 N ( ) /C!1
C / 8 1
"' 4 /

1 +& & >,! /C!1'
J N // 8 11 / 1 )

/C!
1

" D& 8&& /

01 8 N 0)' 6
& 8 N 0)
!
3
777
K
42
0
10
Rayleigh
LonguetHiggins 1980
Nss 1985
Draupner data
1
10
2
10
3
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

& C!V ! * -"- $

; / 59?( ! !&"! +
&' & 5 ! 2
4 &

C

- /1 N ( ) /C!01
8 8
& C! - +&
D& 8&& /
01 4 /
1! +&
& & D& 8&& /
01 4 /
1 ! "
& , ! + 6 . ! "
+& 4 /
1 ' &
' 4 /
1 & !
L# /

1 '
# . ! * ( 4 /
1
!
" # & &
+& & >,! /B!C1

C U 2 2
- - / 1 N ( % N N /C!1

' 8 '
/ 1
/ 1 / 1
8 8- - N

) /C!1

8 & >,! /B! 1!
43 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7
4 /

1 & &

/ U 1 C

- - / 1 N ( ) /C!B1
/ 1/ 8 1 / 1/ 8 1 / 1/ 8 1
3
'
"

1

2 & & +& 2 ' (
& ! "' -
# &! " 3
! "
. 3 !
&

& $' #
& ! * # &
/
1! $ .

! 8 ' K
/
1
& #! *
5 /
1!
" & !

8,9
:
( *

0

0

0 / + 1 N /
/1
0 /+ 11 ) /C!C1

0
@/
1 @/
0 1

0
0
!"!# $

0
" ( !

3 7 > % 0 10 7 7 %
% 44

8,9

:
( ( ) ) ) (

) ) )
%

%

/ ) ) ) 1 N
/ 1
/ 1 ) ) )
/ 1 ) /C!1

) ) )

@/
1 @/
1 @/
1

%

) ) )

!"&# %
$

) ) )

" ! * &
! 6 &
&' . , !

%

'(")
" $ @/
1

/$1

/
/$11 N $ /C! 1
* $ @/
1

/$1 N
/1 $ N
/1 $ /C!1

&' , ,'
!
"

/E E ) ) ) E 1 N

/E 1

/E 1 ) ) )
/E 1 /C!1
E F0'G' N ) ) ) !
45 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7

$ $
" 3 ! " (
( , ! "
3 &
/ !&! D 6 @ &'
1' & /
1
& !
" & # & .
' ( ! *
3 &

/E E 1 N R R /E 1 R /E 1 /C!
1
3 &

R/- 1 N @ $
7
/C!01
-
N U

F G / *( 1! " R/- 1 &

R

/E1 1 N FE1 G /C!1
%1 N R/, 1 F0'G!
" &
& / >,! /C!C11

- - / 1 N /
- / 1
- / 11

/C!1
NR R F
- / 1G R F
- / 1G

-
- !
" - ! ' 4 /
1

- /1 N ( /C!B1
8
& &! '
. 3 ' 2
#

- /1 N ( /C!C1
.
! A 2 )( .
4 /
1 ! " 2 . /
( $ !
3 7 > % 0 10 7 7 %
% 48
0.99999 0.99999
0.999 0.999
0.99 0.99
0.9 0.9
0.75 0.75
0.5 0.5
0.25 0.25
0.1 0.1

0.05 0.05
0.02 0.02
0.01 0.01
0.003 0.003
0.001 0.001
2 1 0 1 2 1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

& C!V 1 &! * & # ) ,) ! ) !&"! @ = L
$?94+ # ) ; / 59?= @ 1 ! " # ) ; /?89(

; /2?
& C! /1 2 5 & 6
.! " &! C! /1'
& ! 4 /
1
2 . N 0)
/ N )0B
!
& C!B /1 4 /

1 ' 2
+& 6 .! "
( &! C!B /1! " 4 /
1 $
' +& &
! " .& 2 & &
0) ' & !
" %- N

- /1 F0'G! & 4 /
1

.& S- /1 N R /E- 1' &

>,! /C!1

S- /1 N ( ) /C!1
8
" >,! /C!1

- - / 1 N R S- / 1 S- / 1 /C! 1
49 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7
1 0
10
Weibull Weibull
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
Rayleigh Rayleigh
0.8
1
10
0.6
2
0.4 10
0.2
3
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& C!BV $+ ! * " * "- " " $ + &! * -"- ! # ) ,)
! !&"! @ $ ; /?89( ; /2?( ; / 59?+
&

S- / 1S- / 1
- - / 1 N $
7 8
/C!1

(
S- / 1 U S- / 1

8 S
- / 1S- / 1
/ 8 1
8
S- / 1 S- / 1! " S-
& / *( 1

7

C
S- /1 N ( ( ) /C!1
8 8 8
!
(' 2 ! 6.& S- /1 N R /E- 1

%- N
- /1 >,! /C!C1' >,! /C!1
+ # ,
!

S- /1 N ( /C!
1
.
/ *( 1

+ # ,
# # !
! /

S- /1 N 7 ( ( ) /C!B01
.# . . "
3 7 > % 0 10 7 7 %
% 4?
0.5
0.4

0.3
0.2
0.1
0
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& C!CV ! * " * "- " !"! # ) ,) = '!" " *

M ( '!" " * M
!( "! 7 " " * "- " $ ; /?89(
; /2?(
- -
; /59?+
" & >,!
! !
/C!1' S- & S- S- & S- ! " 8
! !
8! ' S- / 1 S- / 1!
" & 6 .
" C!! '
& ! "
5 & ! " ,
&!

& C!C $ & S-
!
S- 3 ! " .&
( 3 ! "
& 2 & 3
' & 4 /
1
! !
" C!V = S- / 1 S- / 1 S- / 1 S- / 1'
5 & 8 ' N B C' 6 !
8 F G 0!B
8! F G 0!BC 8 F G 0!C
8 F G 0! C 8! F G 0! 8 F G 0!
8 F G 0!0 8! F G 0!0 8 F G 0!0

5/ 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7
4 4
Nataf Weibull KDE data
Nataf Nss Nataf Weibull
Nss 1985 Nataf Nss
Rayleigh Nss 1985
3 3

2 2
1 1
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4

& C!V "! & ) # " " &! * " * "- " ) "
) L $?94+ ! -&! # ) $+ ) * ,) ! " $ + '!" " *
) !&"! @ !-" ) , " -"! " "- ! /( 2/( 4/( 8/( ?/( ?4( ?? "
??? $ ; /?89(
; /2?( !
; / 299(
; / 59?(
; / 29?(
; / 325+
& $ /8 > 01!
& C! /1 ' &
2 ' 2' 4 /
1 ' 4'
! " +& ' &
>,! /C!1 N 0)CB ' 4 /
1 ! "
- +& 4 /
1 ! &
' 4 /
1
+& ! * $'
, ! *& & / N 1' 2 +&
' 4 /
1 & !
A &' 2 +&
! *& & 4 4 /
1
' & !
" $ 6 &!
C! /1! " 4 /
1 ! & '
& , ' &' &
! $ '
2 & & $ 4 !
A ' 2 & & !
3 7 > % 0 10 7 7 %
% 5
4 4
3 3
2 2

1 1
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& C! V ! & ) !"! # ) ,) M

#" $+ " ( $ + " (
-
-&! # ) -"! & "! 7 " ! " $ ; / 59?(
; / 29?(

; / 5+ !-" ) , " -"! " "- ! /( 2/( 4/( 8/( ?/( ?4( ?? " ???
2 & ' & # &! 8
' ( !&! ! & C!

& S- /1 /1 ! "
3 ! " .&
, 3 '
$ ! *
!
& S- &! C! /1 /1
! 8 ,
3 !
5 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7
4 4
3 3
2 2

1 1
0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& C!V ! & ) !"! # ) ,) M

! #" $+ " ( $ + " (
-
-&! # ) -"! & "! 7 " ! " $ ; /?89( ; /2?( ! ; / 299(
!
; / 5+ !-" ) , " -"! " "- ! /( 2/( 4/( 8/( ?/( ?4( ?? " ???
& 2 !
" ( '
5
N F ) ) ) G &
-
!

/ 1N
S- / 1
/7 1
(
7

!
S- / 1

7 !
S- / 1 /C!B1
(' 7' &

% (
8! 8!
& 8! )
7 N &&' 8!!!!
!!
!
)
!!
!
))
*
/C!B1
8!
3 7 > % 0 10 7 7 %
% 52
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& C!V ! * -"- ! "! C # ) ,) $ +< 1
= = $ +< 1 = = +<

$
1 = ) " " - ) "! C ," @-" # ) ,)
3 $ ; /?89(
; /2?( !
; / 299( !
; / 5 ! !&"! @ +
& C! 2 >,! /C!B1 (
N B! " 6 .! .&
& (&
! " 2 & ,
.& !
"' & '
& 3 ! "
3 &'
( !&! !
* , ( & &
&! " &

>F N G N - - / 1 /C!BB1

- - / 1 >,!
/B!B1!
53 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7
2.5

1.5

1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

& C!
V " " &- " ) # ) ,) , " ) &! # ) ,)
1 = L $?94+ = * ,) ! "= $

; / ?89(
; /2?(

! ; / 299(
; / 59? ! !&"! @ +
& C!
( >F N G ! " 2
4 /
1 +& ! 6 6
. ! " &' 2
& & & ' 4 /
1
& & !
( &
& & ( & ' !&!
! "
( & & (
E &
9/ E =
= E = 1

9/ = =
E =

E1 N
9/ E =
= E1

### /C!BC1
- - - / 1
E E

N # #
)

- - / 1
" & 3 >,! /C!B1!
32 0 10 7
% 7 0
$ $++
54
& "

4564 77
& & &
& ! " . & &
( /$1!
" ( /$1! A & /*+1
! " & & /:*1 '
! ! "
*+ :* & 2 /
01!
*+ ' ( $ '
! * *+ 5
( /$1 N 7 ( /$ 1 U U 7 ( /$ 1 U 1/$1 /C!B1
7 ) ) ) 7 & 1/$1 5 3 !
- 5 ' ! " &
' 8 ' ' : !
' 5 8
: ! " /*=1 ( /$1 ( /$ U ? 1

=F( /$1 ( /$ U ? 1G
8 N /C!B 1
L F( /$1G L F( /$ U ? 1G

.
.
/ J 1/ J 1
8H N

/ J 1

) /C!B1
" /9*=1 ( /$1 ( /$ U ? 1
& ( /$ U 1 ) ) ) ( /$ U ? 1
' !!'
= F( /$1 ( /$ U ? 1 ( /$ U 1 ) ) ) ( /$ U ? 1G /C!B1

. H
8H : 8H
:H N .
/C!B
1
H
: 8
H
:H N :H :H :H N ) ) ) ?) /C!C01

55 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7
0.5 0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3

0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0 0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

& C!0V $+ & -!! " "- "( " $ + & &! -!! " "- "
M
! ! !&"! ) " " - $0!I N J+

-
; & ' :
H

(

H G
L F: ) /C!C1

"' 7 ) ) ) 7 8
H :
H
!
" . & /*+/11
8 N 8 ? ) /C!C1

8 N 7 ? N
: N /C!CB1
0 ? )
* *+/1 : $
9/( /$ U 1 N ( /01 N ) ) ) ( /$1 N 1 N 9/( /$ U 1 N ( /$1 N 1) /C!CC1
"' ( /$1 $& ( /$ 1!
*+/1 '
.!
!
" *= 9*= 5 & S- 6
' &! C!0 /1 /1' ! "
*= ( (! " 9*= $ ? N '
32 0 10 7
% 7 0
$ $++
58
0.5 0
10
Draupner data 2param Weibull
Simulated AR(1) Nss (1985)
Draupner data
0.4 Simulated AR(1)
10
0.3
0.2 2
10
0.1
3
10

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& C!V $+ .!" " * M

! $ + ! * -"- "! C #
-
) ,) $ ; / 299( ; /?89( ; /2?(
; / 59?+
? & ! "
*+/1 ! * . *+/1 = C!B!!
"' &
!
S- /$1 N 8 S!
- /$ 1 U 1/$1% $ N ) ) ) /C!C1
1/$1 3 5 ,
!
/ 8 1L FS- G N 8 ! " !&! ' !!'

!
S- /01 N 0!
C00 & & 8 N
8! ! & C! /1 $
$ 6 ! "
*+/1 6 !
!
" 5 & S- &
& >,! /C!
1' &
#
!
N . S- /1 ) /C!C 1

& C! /1 ( 5 &
6 & *+/1 ' >,! /C!C 1! "
59 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7
4 0
10
KDE Draupner data NatafWeibull
KDE Simulated AR(1) Nss (1985)
Draupner data
Simulated AR(1)
3
1
10

2
10
3
10
0
0 1 2 3 4

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& C!V $+ "! & ) # " " '!" " * !-" ) , "
-"! " "- ! /( 2/( 4/( 8/( ?/( ?4( ?? " ??? $ + ! * -"- , "
$$ ++ $ ; /?89(
; /2?( ! ; / 299(
; / 59?(

; / 325+
2 4 /

1
! " .& & & 6 !
& C! /1 $
6 *+/1 ! "
6 ' *+/1
! " &! C! /1' (
' & ( ' !!' = !
32 0 10 7
% 7 0
$ $++
5?
"

*+/1 ' $ ! "
& >,! /C!C1'
!!' (
% (
8 8
& 8 8 )
& )
V 7 N 7 N & !!!
& !! !! )
! ! ) /C!C1
& )
' *
8
8

! *' . &

*+/1 ! ' # & '
& ! " $ &
( /7 1
( /71
PN /C!C1
$ ! 2 5 &' P (
, & ! " # &.
. P)* = ; ! #' *+/1

& ( & &. !
2 & '

!
N B ! " S-
3 ' $ &

/

/ 71 N

!
/S- /11 N /71 7

(

!
S- / 1

7 !

S- / 1 ) /C!C
1

" ( $ 7
( /

71 N /71 7H @

/C!01

7H N !

/S- / 1 J!/
S - 11/S!- /1 SJ !- /11 ) /C!1

7
D H ( (5 / 7 1! " ! "
$ &
+ ,
7 1 N 7H
( / B

!
7
!

( /71
S- / 1 H S- / 1 )
7
P N ( /C!1
H

7 2 /
1 !
8/ 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7
" & & &
6 .! " & 5 N

P)* N ) ! ; N ) '
# B! Y &. !

'()

" $ & *= 9*=
& 6 . *+/1 ! " &
! ' & >,! /C!C1
/C!C 1! " ,! '
& & & &
& / >,! /C!CC11! "'
& !
& . ' '
& C!B (! "

.& & &' ' &
F
E

E G ' &

&' ' & F E E
G

! " 6 .! 8
. ! " .&
,
! " & &
& & &! "
& , !
32 0 10 7
% 7 0
$ $++
8
0 0
10 10
!
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

B
B

0 0
10 10
""
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

B !
B !

& C!BV " " &! * -"- "! C # ) ,)
$ O O
1 = =
+<
$ O
+<
O O O
1 =
$ ; /?89( ; /2?( ! ; /299( ! ; /5 ! !&"! @ +
8 3 6 >>
: > % 0 10 7

)
'

' ' &&!
'
&!
" & $ N BJ' 5& '
J'
! &' 5
JN !
/

1
&! " &' 4 ' +& '
! " & &
, ' &&
/ N /7B 14 1' , +&

! " 5& & , ' !!'
J

N 2 /

1 ! $ N B '
&

/$1 N C $ ( $ % $ 0) /!1
2 2
D& 8&& /
1 ( 3
# ' 3 '
B
83 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
' <M ' . & /3 <M 1! " $
& <M !
&

$
/$1 N U /!1
1 1
1 & >,! /!B1! A
& , & $ ! "
& $' !!' ' >,!
/!1 ' & 5& ! " 5&
D& 8&& /
B1' &

U U 1 ) /!B1

D& 8&& /
B1 # . & /3 <M 1 #
' ' ' '
! * 5& $
! " & & &
' &

/$1 N
U ) /!C1
1 F U / U 1 1 G$ 1
=K
! /
1 # &
3 !
&
% (
!
.

'
$ *
- / $1 N
( .
U. .

/!1
C 71 / 1 1 $
1 $
"
1 & >,! /!C1

7 1

N .
N . N U 1 ) /! 1
. 1
& ' &
% (

. . $ '

$
/$1 N
. U . . * ) /!1

4 7
> % 10 84
1.5

1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !V ! * " * "- " "! C # &! '!" " * !
!&"! ( >!-)" ! $?4?+ (

", ,, " $?84+ (
", ,, "
$?92+ ( " P

$?85+ $
; ? /? (
; ? 8? (
; 4 9/ (
; / 34(
; / 938(
! !&"! +
& ! & 5 6
$ ! " - ! A
! " $ $
! " /

1 &
& ' D& 8&& /
'
B1
& ! =K
/
1 &
! 8 '
& ' ! !
& . !
: & + /
B'
1 . -

& % ; = ' 8
& " ?)$ & ! " BB
' && !
& ' : & @# /
C1! 6
@# /
1 ! " B0
& " ?)$!
& ! & /1 : & @# /

C1 /1 @#
/
1 $ 6 . !
5 2 ' $
6 - &! !! A /1 -
/1 & ! " /

1
! " : & @# /
C1 & $
85 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !V $+ ,! # &! ! *!), " .Q" $?93+ " $ + ) ,!
# &! ! .Q" $?9+ .!" " * !&"! ( >!-)" !
$?4?+ $
; ? 8? ! !&"! +
6 . ' @# /

1 $
& / B2 = B1!
& !B 2 6 . ' : & @# /
C1
@# /
1 ! " /

1 2
. 6 . ! 2
. N 0)
/ N B)C 6 5
2! " .& - @# /
1
' ' - & @# /
1
! " && . = '
: & /
1! " &&

' & !
+ K
W&5 3 /0001 (
D& 8&& /
B1 =K
! /
1 ! "
&
' &
! " . .
( 9 & = /3 = ' 00B1! " =K

! /
1 & D& 8&& /
B1
&! !! " '
=K
! /
1 + K
W&5 3 /0001 3
= /00B1!
4 6 > % 0 10 88
0.999999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
Cumulative distribution function

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1 1.5 2 3

& !BV 1 &! * & # &! ! !&"! @= ! *!),
" .Q" $?93+= ! .Q" $?9+= 1 ! " @ ! !&"!
# ) ; /?9 "
; 2 3= >!-)" ! $?4?+ $
; ? 8? ! !&"! +
) 8
'

" # ! @
/
01 2
! : & + /
B1
# /

1 ! "
@# /
1 ! : & + /
1

2 ! " : & + /
B1
" ?)$! 2
& !
D $ N B $ N B $ N $
$ N $ ' ! " 2 &

/ /$ $ 1# $# U $# / /$ $ 1
#
/$ $ 1 N ( /!1
.# / / 1 .# / / 1 .# / / 1
/ ' 8/ ' / *( >1

O

#
# # % % /
8/ 8 N ) /!
1
/ O

# O
#
A 5 ! ! 2 : & + /
1'
. 2B .
89 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
! & 2 . N 2B / N C' : & + /
B1
!
: & /
1 && .!

" B ! "
2 ' . !
" !
* $ $

" = C!
3 ! " &
& & & !
" ! '
2 ' & >,! /C!C1' ! A . N 2B
/ N C & /

1 ! 8 ' '
& & ! ' & 5 3 '
!
2 ' 3
>,! /C!
1' !!' &
+ # ,
!
$
S /$1 N ( ) /!01
.
" 2 !
& !C 2 6 .'
. & . / " !! " .&
2 ' $ '
& . !
" & 5 3 . A /
1 & &.

& & ! " & 5 3
&

/$ 0 12
$0
/$1 N ( /!1
O/416 2 6
4 ' 6 0 !
" & $' !!' ' 0 N 0! "
( $ & " ! / *(
3 1!
4 6 > % 0 10 8?
0.999999
0.9999
0.999
0.99
0.9
Cumulative distribution function

0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.01
0.005
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 1 1.5 2 3

& !CV 1 &! * & ) # &! ! ) !&"! @= ( @
1 ! " # ) ; /49 "

; 2 3
& ! /1 & $
6 . 2 & 5 3 !
" /

1 ! " .& & 5 3
& 2
/

1 ' $! " & 5 3
& & 2 ' &
!
" ( &! ! /1! &
' !!' $ & 5 3 &
! 8 ' (
& $!
" !V 9 2 & 5 3
( $ 6 !
. F G !0 4 F G 0!C
/ F G B!C F G !B
6 F G !B
9/ 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
2 0
10
1.5
1
10
1
0.5
2
10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !V $+ ) ,! ) !&"! -&! # ) &! * " * "- "( "
$ + &! * -"- ) # &! # ) &!! ! ) !&"! = '!"
" * ( 1 ! " $ ; /49(

; 2 3+( ,"! C 7
! " $ ; /34( ; 52(

; 2+( >!-)" ! $?4?+
" & 5 3

$

/$1 N 4 /!1
6
3 &
3
4 2
/4 E1 N @ ) /!B1
O/41
5
6.& S /$1 N R /E 1

% N
/$1 >,! /!1' >,! /C!1
3 &

5 $
S /$1 N 4 ) /!C1
6
5
" 3 ! " S &
2
7
$ $ $
5
S /$1 N ( 4 ) /!1
O/416 6 6 6
4 6 > % 0 10 9
0.5
0.45
0.4

0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& ! V ! * " * "- " !"! # ) ,) = . M
!( .

5
M ( "! 7 " " * "- "

!
& ! $ S
5
S 3 ! " .&
& ( 3 ! " $
&'
3 ! 3 '
3 & 3 ! 8 '
- $ '
& ' &! ! /1! ;
' )
! *
' !&!' &
& ( & ! " = !B!
& 3 !
" &
5
5

/$ $ 1 N R S /$ 1 S /$ 1 /! 1

5 5
S /$ 1S /$ 1
/$ $ 1 N $
7 85
/!1
5 5

(
S /$ 1 U S /$ 1

85 S5 5
/$ 1S /$ 1
/ 85 1

9 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
2.5 2.5
Nataf gen. Gamma KDE data
Myrhaug 1998 Nataf gen. Gamma
Myrhaug 1993
2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

& !V "! & ) # " " &! * " * "- " !-" ) , "
-"! " "- ! /( 2/( 4/( 8/( ?/( ?4( ?? " ??? $+ ) 7 -&!
# ) ) *!), " $??2+ $ ; /88( ; 3( / ; /3/3+ " ) *!), "

$??9+ $ ; /49( ; 2 3( / ; /2?+ $ + ) 7 -&! # ) '!"
" * ) $ ; /34( ; 52( ; 2( 5 ; /24+
85 5 5
S /$ 1 S /$ 1! " !
6 . ! "
5 ' &
85 !
!
& ! /1 3 ! " : &
+ /
B1 /. N )0' / N C' / N 0)C0C1 : & + /
1 /. N )0'
/ N B)C' / N 0)B
1 ! " $

$ $ 3 ! "
5 5
" !V = S /$ 1 S /$ 1'
5 8/ ' N B C' 6 !
85 F G 0!B 8/ F G 0!B
85 F G 0! 8/ F G 0!
85 F G 0!0B 8/ F G 0!0

4 6 > % 0 10 92
4 4
3 3
2 2

1 1

0 0
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& !V ! & ) !"! # &! M

5 #" $+ " ( $ + " (

-&! # ) -"! & "! 7 " ! " $ 5
; / 24( 5 ; / (

; / 34(
; 5 2
; 2+ !-" ) , " -"! " "- ! /( 2/( 4/( 8/( ?/(
?4( ?? " ???
3 & $ $ ! "
3 $ 6 &! !
/1! " $ ' & 3
& & !
& ! /1 /1 $
$ ' $ $ ' ! "
3 ! .&
3 !
"' & 3 '
3 ! " &
3'
(& ! ' 3
& ! 8 ' &
( $
!
" N F ) ) ) G &

-5

/ 1N
S /$ 1
/7 1
(
7

5
S / 1

7 5

S / 1 /!1
93 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
1.5

1

0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !
V " " &- " ) # &! , " ) &! # &!
7 $
; / 34(
; 5 2(
; 2( 5 ; / 24+= *!), " $??2+
$ ; /88( ; 3( /
; / 3/3+= *!), " $??9+ $ ; /49(
; 2 3( /
; / 2?+=
@
(' 7' &

% (
85 85
& 85 85 )
7 N &&' !!!
!!
)
!
!!
!
))
*
/!
1
85
* , ( &
! " &

>F N $ G N $ /$ $ 1 $ /!01

/$ $ 1 >,!
/B!B1! & !
( >F N $ G $ 3
: & + /
B'
1 ! "

6 .! " 3 & , (
$ : & + /
B'
1 & &

!
4 6 > % 0 10 94
0.5 0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3

0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0 0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

& !0V $+ & -!! " "- "( " $ + & &! -!! " "- "
5
M ! !&"! ) "
" - $0!I N J+

,

(8:

" 3 6 .
*+/1 = C!B! & !0 *= 9*=
5
S ! " *= ( (' 9*= $ ? N !
* $ = C!B! & P)* N B)
N 0! ; N B)'
& *+/1 /!!' & >,! /C!C11 #
0)Y &. !
" &
& & 5 3 ! "
5
& S & >,! /!C1' !
8 ' &
! & !
F$E $E G &
N /$E U $E 1B! 8 $E N 0) $E N U 0)! " 3
: & + /
B'
1 ! "

) ! " 3 & ,
& ' : & + /
1 &

!
95 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
0.3
0.2

0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !V ) &! * # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) &! #
&! # " ) "!( #)! O ;

/ " O ;
F /
$ ; $
/
F / /
F / ++
7 = *!), " $??2+ = *!), " $??9+ =
@
42 > % 0 10 %
7 10 7 98
) $ '

;' & &! "
&
& & ( & ' !&!'
'
! " ( # & &
!
D& 8&& /
1 # &
&

$
- / $1 N ( U ) /!1
71 1
" $ & (

E &
&
% (
7 E
$E

'
E 7
*
- /$ =
E1 N

U

/!1
(/
E1 71 $E @ C$E C $E

$
$E N U ) /!B1
1
& >,! /!1' &
>,! /!1 /!1 , & $ !
" # $ D& 8&& /

B1 &

C
- / $1 N ( U

/!C1
$ 1
71 U / U 1 1
&
- /$ =
E1 N % (
7
E $E
C
'
E 7
*

U

/!1
$E @ C$E C $E
71 U / U 1
1 $

$E NU /! 1
1
5& & &

C
(/ 1

N

U ) /!1

U / U 1 1 1
99 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
" /
B1 # &

& &! "
- / $1 N - /1 - /$ 1 /!1
= 5 N &! " &
& & & " /
01

- /1 N U ( % = 5 /!
1
B U
5& +&
! " & & (
3 ' & & &
&
$ 5
- /$ 1 N ( % = 5 /!B01
9
5&

5 N U 1 / U 1 1 /!B1
1
9 N ) /!B1
/ U 1 1

"' # >,! /!1

C

$ 5
- / $1 N U ( U /!BB1
B U 9
5& ! " & E
=
!
& ! & 6 .
& & & ' !!' = ' $ ! "
D& 8&& /
'
B1 " /
B1 !
" . & & ! "
$' $ ! "
& ! 8 '
$ $ !
" &! ! 3 & &
! & !B 3
' & " !B
N ! " 3 & !
"' ! " #
E '
N F ) ) ) G ' & & & (&
42 > % 0 10 %
7 10 7 9?
2.5

2
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

& !V ! * " * "- " # &! #)! ) -!!&" ", # ) ,)
!,! )" ( ( = '!" " * (

", ,, " $?84+(
", ,, " $?92+( *" $??2+
& 3

/ = E1 N

/7 1

7

(

/ 1 7 1

/
/!BC1
N F5 ) ) ) 5

G

&
E'

% (
9
=F
EG =F
EG
7 N &&' !!!

!!
!
!!
!
)
)
* /!B1
=F
EG 9

=F
EG N 8 9
9
!
" !BV = 3
E N '
6 . !

N !C 0! CC

N F!' !
G F0!' 0!G 0!C B 0

NB F!' !B' !
G F0!' 0! ' 0! G F0!' 0!0G
?/ 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
2.5

2
1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

& !BV ! * " * "- " # &! #)! ) -!!&" ", # ) ,) !,!
)" ( ( = '!" " * ( 7 " " * "- " $ !
; 3(
" ; /9+
6 '
& & &
! " " !B N N B'
'
! '
'
N F8 ) ) ) 8 G ' &!
5 &. & !C E ' '
&
! " = !C!'
!
& !C 3 >,! /!BC1 N
N ' $ 6 ! " .&
E
& !
3 &
' (' !&!' ! & !
/1 /1 $ $ ' $ $ ' ! " .&
3 !
"' &
& & ( ' !&!' '
3 ! " 3
& & &'
(!
42 > % 0 10 %
7 10 7 ?
1.5

1
0.5
KDE data
2D Gauss
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !CV "! & # -- # &! ( , " ) ) -!!&" ", # ) ,)
! !,! )" ( * ) ! 7 " &! * " * "- " " -&!
# ) '!" " * !&"! !-" ) , " -"! " "- ! /(
2/( 4/( 8/( ?/( ?4( ?? " ??? $

; I 9 ?J
( ; I/8 /8J (
; / 34+
2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !V ! & #" $+ " ( " $ + !-" ) , " -"!
"
; I9 2 ?J (

" "- ! /( 2/( 4/( 8/( ?/( ?4( ?? " ??? $
; I/8 /5 /5J (
; I/98 /4/J +
? 4 6 >>
: > % 0 10
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& ! V ) &! * # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) $+ ) &!
# &! " $ + ) # &! # &! #! " )
"!( #)! O ;
/ "
O ;
F / ) -!!&" ", # ) ,) ! !,! )"
7 " ! "= ! !&"! @
$+ ; $O O O O +

$ + ; $
O

O
+
O O O O
= !! 3
6 . *+/1 ! " : $
>,! /C!CC1 ' &
& & ! =,' &
'
& & & &!
& ! & F$E $E G & /1
/1
' N /$E U $E 1B! * & & (
! 8 $E N 0) $E N U 0)! " 3 & ,
! " , '
*+/1 !

" . !
- ! 0
( !
* $
+ , -

" 6 . & = !C!

0 & , . '
!!' B ' ! 8 0! ! "
& " !! "
& & & . & " !!
& ! /1 ! =
. &! ! /1'
, ' & $ /)0 )B 1
$ . ' N )B !

B
?3 5

14 14
12 12

10 10
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

& !V $+ &-! " ! $ + ) &-! " * @
" !V 6 ! + 0 !
: :I:( !
FG ! !
I !
0 0!0
FG !B !I!B 0!0B
FG !
!
BI
!0B 0!0B
FG ! !I!B0 0!0
FG !C !0I!B 0!0
J F IG 0!0 0!0I0!0 0!000C
J F IG 0!000 0!0C

I0!00 0!000B
FG !B
!BI!CC 0!0
9 FG !
! I! 0!0
8 F G 0! B 0!BI0! 0!00
8 F G B!0B !
IB!0
0!0C
1 F G 0!C0 0!C0CI0!C 0!00
1 F G 0!B 0!I0! 0!00
# F G 0!0B 0!0BCI0!0B 0!00

5 ?4
+ %
2
* 9 7

0! & ! 7 ' 9

B $ - Z ! &
' C 6
! "
& & B
' C
5 & ! "
&& ) ' & , 85! *
! " C ' .
- (!
& !B ! " $
,' " N 0)C I! * 7A2*9 $ 0 N
.& $ ! " 7A2*9 5
, . ! " &
- , -' -
!
" ! ! "
, 6 . / " !1!
8 ' C BI 6 .'
- ( ! " &.
& $ $ ! * &

3 5 , /! 1 &! !C!
.& $ !
48
Russia
China
44 Vladivostok
40 Japan Sea
Yura
36 Tokyo
Japan
32
130 134 138 142 146
& !V & ) 6&" ) " &! 2 ' E :!
?5 5


6
2
4
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Frequency [rad/s]
& !BV ) &-! " * @ ! 6&" $ += 61 &-! # ) ;
$ !'"+= ' !A"-* @

; / 43 !B $+
" !V 6 7 . !
FG !
FG !
FG
!C
FG !0
FG !0
J F IG 0!0
J F IG 0!0C
FG !CB
9 FG !
8 F G 0!C
8 F G B!
1 F G 0!C0
1 F G 0!0C
# F G 0!0B
5 ?8
10000
8000
Number of observations
6000
4000
2000
0
10 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
& !CV ,! ) !- " ! 6&" ) " " - 7 " !

" # ) C! " " ! "- A $8 +
" !BV 6 0 7 . !
: :I:( !
FG !
0 !I!B 0!BC
FG !C !I!0 0!C
FG
!CC
!I
! 0!
FG !CB !CIC!

B !0
FG !C !BI!0 0!B
J F IG 0!0 0!0CI0!0

0!00
J F IG 0!0C0 0!0CCI0!0C

C 0!00
FG !CC !I! 0 0!
9 FG !B !I!C 0!0
8 F G 0!0 0!CI0!C
0!0
8 F G B!0 ! IB! 0!
1 F G 0!C
0!C I0! 0!00
1 F G 0!
C 0!0 I0!
0!0C
# F G 0!0B 0!0BI0!0C 0!00B

?9 5

& '
0 /!!' 1 ! "
' (
& " !B! "
& ! &. & $
& &' & ! &
!

0 & B &
& . ' ! " 0! ! 7A2*9
. / &! !B1'
. ! 8 '
' &
5 ,! A ' &
- , '
& ,! "' .
. 0! I &
!
" & " !C! " &.
& $ & . " !! "
. ' J J
. ! " $ . !
& ! /1 !
& $ , /0! I " 0! I1 &
. &! ! /1!
5 ??
10 10
Spectral density [m2 s/rad] 8 8

6 6
4 4
2 2
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

& !V $+ &-! " ! $ + ) &-! " * @
" !CV 6 ! + 0 !
: :I:( !
FG !
! I!C 0!
FG !B !I!

0!0C
FG !
!I
!00 0!0
FG C!0 C!0IC!0

0!0
FG ! 0!

I!0 0!0B
J F IG 0!0 0!0 I0!0 C 0!000
J F IG 0!00 0!0I0!0B 0!000
FG !C !B

I!B 0!0C
9 FG !C !
I!
0!0B
8 F G 0! 0!I0!
0 0!0
8 F G B!0
B!00IB!C 0!0
1 F G 0!CC 0!BI0! 0!00
1 F G 0! 0!I0! 0!00
# F G 0!0B 0!0B I0!0C0 0!00

// 5

+ "
. /

( ;@ = + /;@=+1 8+ 2&

! : - &
. !
& '
&& ! "' & - ! A
( ) - '
) &' )& $ &
!
/

* & ;@=+ & ! /
1! " B

( 0 ! D& /61
/B61 & & & $ ' &. &
! " & !B & '
V0! &
- & $! & ! ( !
: - 5% N 0 N

' % N C N B ' &
! " /0 ' 1!
8 ' /C ' B 1 ! A & /61
! A & ( &
: /001!
* & & 7A2*9
0 N B! " $ N ) ' &. &
N
! ' V00' N '
N
!
" & V00! " & , 85
& 00 ' & 0 !
! $% !$% "% %
# # # # # # #

$#
& ! V >( 8+ 2& !
5 /
25 25 25 25
Spectral density [m2s/rad] 20 20 20 20

2
2
15 15 15 15
10 10 10 10
5 5 5 5
0 0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Frequency [rad/s] Frequency [rad/s] Frequency [rad/s] Frequency [rad/s]

& !V ) &-! " * $+ ; 9/ ( $ + ; 89 ( $-+ ; 3 ( $+ ; 2
& ! - ! " $ ,
- ' !!' " N 0)B I! " , (
& ! " ( &. &
& ' . " !!
* $ &! !! " &
- , -'
& ! 8 ' .& N 0
& $ " 0)0CC I' ! " &
, & N 0 & N
N C ! " N ( ,
N 0 ! "' N 0 N . 0! I
& ! " & &
/ 1!
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
2 2 2 2
Spectral density [m2s/rad]

2
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
Frequency [rad/s] Frequency [rad/s] Frequency [rad/s] Frequency [rad/s]

& !V
# !A"-* &! &-! " * $+ ; 9/ ( $ + ; 89 ( $-+ ; 3 ( $+
; 2
/ 5

" - " !! "
N 0 N . ! A
&. & & ' $
! " ( &.
' '
- ! " $
$ ! " $ N C N B
N 0 N ! 5 & ' I0
5 &!
$ N C N B 5 & I0
' &
& & (! " &! !
!
- ! A
N B ' , & /3
N 0)1!
" $ ' &
& >,! /B!01' 3
J
> 0)B! '
& $ ! 6
" !V 6 !
N 0 N N C N B
FG
!0 ! ! !
FG 0!BC 0!B ! !
FG 0! 0! 0!B 0!B
FG ! ! 0 ! !0
FG ! ! ! !
J F IG 0!0B 0!0B 0!0C 0!0C
J F IG 0!0B 0!0B 0!0C0 0!0CB0
FG B! B!C !

!
9 FG ! ! !0 !0B
8 F G 0!0 0!B 0!0 0!C0
8 F G B!0C B! B!C B!0
1 F G 0!C 0!B 0! C 0! 0B
1 F G 0! B 0!
0!
0!
B
# F G 0!0C 0!0C 0!0CB 0!0C

5 /2
3 3 3 3
2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5
2 2 2 2
1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5

1 1 1 1
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0 0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
$ $ $ $

& !
V ! & ) "! C # &! " ) -!!&" ", "! C # ) ,)
! ) !!* $+ ; 9/ ( $ + ; 89 ( $-+ ; 3 ( $+ ; 2
N C N B ' !
8 ' & $ &
/ ' &' & 1!

0 & B ! "
0!C ! 7 . ' .
!
" " ! ! " &.
& $ & " !'
' &! " & -
8 8 ' , -
& ! A
& !
" -! "'
- N C N B '
!
/3 5

" ! V 6 !
N 0 N N C N B
:
! !
!B !
FG :I:( ! I
!B ! I
! !0CI!C !
I!B
! 0! 0! 0! 0!

: 0!C 0!C
!
!0C
FG :I:( 0!0I0!0 0!0I0!

!0I
!C !
CI
!0
! 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0
: 0! B 0! B 0!B0 0!C
FG :I:( 0!I0!
0!I0!
0!I0!B 0!0I0!
! 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0

: !B0 !B !
B!
FG :I:( !00I!CC !
CI!B !
IB!0 B!
IB!B
! 0!C 0!C 0!0C 0!0C
: !B !B ! !

FG :I:( ! CI!0 ! CI!0 ! CI!0 !I!
! 0! 0! 0! 0!

: 0!0B
B 0!0B
B 0!0C
0!0B0
J F IG :I:( 0!0B
I0!0C0 0!0B
I0!0C0 0!0C
I0!0 0!0BI0!0C
! 0!000 0!000 0!000 0!000
: B!C B! !
C !

FG :I:( B!BIB!
B!0IB! !CI!
!I!

! 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0
: !
!C !0 !0
9 FG :I:( !I!BB !I! !0I! !
I!0
! 0!0C 0!0C 0!0C 0!0C
: 0!C 0! 0! B 0!
8 F G :I:( 0!CBI0!0 0!CI0!
0! I0!
C 0!I0!
B
! 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0
: B!0 B!0 B!0 B!0
8 F G :I:( !
0IB!B !
IB!B !
0IB!B !
IB!B
! 0!B 0!B 0!B 0!B
: 0!B 0!B 0! 0!0
1 F G :I:( 0!B0I0!B0 0!B0I0!B 0!0I0! 0!C
I0!
! 0!00B 0!00C 0!00C 0!00C
: 0!
C 0!00 0!
C 0!
BB
1 F G :I:( 0! 0I0!0 0! I0! 0!
CI0!
C 0!
BI0!
B
! 0!0B 0!0B 0!00 0!00
: 0!0CB 0!0C 0!0CB 0!0C
# F G :I:( 0!0CI0!0CC 0!0CI0!0CB 0!0CI0!0C 0!0CI0!0C
! 0!00 0!00 0!00 0!00
5
% 10 7 10 7 /4
* 6

+ , -

" , - , = B!'
& - &! B!! "
$& !
) - '
' , - , ! "
&! !0 ! &
6 . ' -
&. / = !C1! " &
& !
& !0 ! "
& &
, ! .& ,
, &.' &' & &
&! * ' - ,
-! " & , - ,
& ! "'
& & & !
& ! - !
A - &! ! /1'
, - ,
! " , ,'
& ' & &. ) $ ,
! 8 ' & ,' " '
& & &. ! &
,' " B' 5 '
, ! " - , &
,!
" - , -
= !!B!
/5 5

12
10
!"
8 ! # $ %&
$ %&
' %&
6
4
8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Time [s]
& !0V E!" -&"" ) !- " " !
0.05

0.04 !"
$ %&
0.03 ' %&
0.02
0.01
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Frequency [rad/s]
& !V E!" -&"" ) &-! " * " ! $
; / 45 !B+
5
% 10 7 10 7 /8
0 0
10 10
/.1 /1
& /.1 U & /1
/1 ! /

1 1 1
10 U & /1
10 ! / 1
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !V !, " ! "= * ,) ! "( " -" !! (
-" !! ' ( %!! ( %!! 2 ) " ) ! ,)
" ) * ,) ! " -!!&" ) -! ) ,) " !,) &)( !&- *
& ! & & &
(! /1 . '
! /1 &
,
' , ! >
0 $
0 !
" . &!
B!
/1 B!! &! ! /1 &
. ! & &
. ! " +& (
' & ! " &
. ' ( & ,
!
" &! ! /1 - &
, & & - ,
! " &! !0' !!'
& - , ! "
, +& '
/9 5

0 0
10 10
/1 /1
U & /1 U & /1

1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !BV !, " ! "= * ,) ! "( " -" !! (
-" !! ' ( %!! ( %!! 2 ) " ) ! ,)
" ) * ,) ! " -!!&" ) -! ) ,) " !,) &)( !&- * $+
" ! " # ) -"@"- "! $ + ! ) " "
$ ! A
( - , .
' !!' (' / &! B!1!
" &! !B! " 0

&! !B /1! =. & L FG '
0 ' ! & !B /1
!
& !C ' ' & ' ' ' '
(! 8 .
' ' ' ! "
&! ! /1' & & ! A '
$ ( !
.& (
& ' ' ! ) > ' ' > )0' ,
& ' ' ! " & ' '
+& ( ! "
& . ' &
& & ' ' !
5
% 10 7 10 7 /?
0 0
10 10

1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
N
N

3 3
10 N 0B 10 N
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

' ' /)00 > ' ' > )1 ' ' /) > ' ' > )01
0 0
10 10

1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
N C B N

3 3
10 N B 10 N B
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

' ' /)0 > ' ' > )1 ' ' /) > ' ' > )001
& !CV " " ! "= * ,) ! "( " -" !! (
-" !! ' ( %!! ( %!! 2 ) " ) ! ,)
" ) * ,) ! " -!!&" ) -! ) ,) " !,) &)( !&- *
/ 5

+ % -

" . 7
" !! = 6 . " B!' B!
B!B /
J 1 & ' & -
! " & - & -
, & , ! " (
' - ( & ! *
' ' ! %
! "
&' 6 . ' % B ! !
" & ! 8 ' ,
!
& ! & . & $
/1 & /1 & '
+& ' $ (
! " /1
- ! 8 '
( &! ! ' - ! "
$ ( & ! "
& & ' '
' !
& ! ( & &
! /1 . ' /1
/ 1 , ! &
& . ( (
& &' $ ! "
- 6 . '
! * ' -
$ ( & &! !! "
" !V = 7 . !
F G 0!0 8 F G 0! F G 0!C
F G 0!C 8 F G 0!C F G 0!
F G 0!0
/
J 1 F G !0C /
J 1 F G 0!B
! F G 0!0C
B % F G 0!0C %$ F G 0!CC
.$ F G 0!B /$ F G !

B %$ F G 0!CC
.$ F G 0!B0 /$ F G !

0
5
% 10 7 10 7
1 1
0.9 0.9
0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
$

& !V !, " &! * " * "- " " ) ,! ) @ $+ # -!
) ,) $ + # !,) &)= '!" " * ( * ,) ! "( "
-" !! ( -" !! '
- & , - .
- ( '
( ! " - '
+& ( ! " -
( & &!
!! " & . ' '
/' ' 1! 6 ' &
& ' ! A ' &
& ' ' 6 ! " &
!
' (!
& ! (! A
& & & '
' 00! " &! ! /1' &
! " $ ( &
' & ' ! "
& ! A
( '
& +& (
!
" ( &
*( 8!' 6 . !
5

0 0
10 10
/.1 /1
& /.1 U & /1
/1 ! /

1 1 1
10 U & /1
10 ! / 1
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& ! V !, " ! "= * ,) ! "( " -" !! (
-" !! ' ( %!! ( %!! 2 ) " ) ! ,)
" ) * ,) ! " -!!&" ) -! ) ,) " !,) &)( !&- *
0 0
10 10
/.1 /.1

& /.1 & /.1
/1 /1
1 1
10 U & /1 10 U & /1
2 2
10 10

10
3
) 10
3

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

( ( (
& !V " " ! "= * ,) ! "( " -" !! (
-" !! ' ( %!! ) " ) ! ,) " ) * ,)
! " -!!&" ) -! ) ,) " !,) &)( !&- *
5
% 10 7 10 7 2
+

" 8+ 2&
" !! A &
! " ' -
& ! " &
- , -
! A &. % & !
& ! -
- ! A '
&! !' !!' , ,'
- , & ,!
.& -
& ! > - ,
&. N 0 N B ! " &
-' !
" !V = !
N 0 N N C N B
F G 0!0 0!0
0!C 0!
F G 0!C 0! 0!C 0!0C
J 1
/ F G !0
!0B !0
!B0B
/
J 1 F G 0!
0!00 0!BC 0!C
F G 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0CB
8 F G 0!CC 0!CB 0!CB 0!C

0
8 F G 0!B
0!B
0!CC 0!C0
F G 0!C 0!C
0!C 0!
F G 0!C 0!B
0!0 0!C0
! F G 0!00C 0!0C
0!0C
0 0!0CB
% F G 0!0CC 0!0 0!0C 0!CC
.$ F G 0!B0 0!B

0!B 0!BB
/$ F G !
!
!
!
%$ F G 0!C 0!C 0!C 0!C

3 5

0.4 0.4
N 0 N
0.3 0.3


2

0.2 ,! 0.2 ,!
- ,! - ,!
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

0.4 0.4
N C N B
0.3 0.3


2

0.2 ,! 0.2 ,!
- ,! - ,!
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

& !V E!" -&"" ) &-! " * " ! $+ ; 9/ =
$ + ; 89 = $-+ ; 3 = $+ ; 2
5
% 10 7 10 7 4
& !
& & &
(! "
- ! " ' +&
6 ! " & '
& 6 ! .&
' $ ' (
& ! " &
' & $
N 0 N ! 8 '
$ N C N B ! " & &
$ ( !
" & ! "
' & & ! "
( 6
!
A 5 '
$ &!
& !0 - ,
- ! & ,
' & & &
! " & & ) -
= !!! " - & ! A '
, $ !
& ! ! ' ' & ' ' '
' (! A
' '
& & &
00! & ! A
& &
6 ! & $ .
!
" ( &
*( 8!' 6 .
7 . !
5 5

0 0
10 10

/(1 /(1
& /(1 & /(1
/1 /1
1 1
10 U & /1
10 U & /1
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 0
10 10

/(1 /(1
& /(1 & /(1
/1 /1
1 1
10 U & /1
10 U & /1
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !
V !, " ! " !!* -&! # ) * ,)
! "( " -" !! ( -" !! ' ( %!!
) " ) ! ,) " ) * ,) ! " -!!&" ) -! ) ,) " !,)
&)( !&- * $+ ; 9/ = $ + ; 89 = $-+ ; 3 = $+ ; 2

5
% 10 7 10 7 8
0 0
10 10

/1 /1
U & /1 U & /1
! / ! /
1 1 1 1
10 ! / 1
10 ! / 1
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 0
10 10

/1 /1
U & /1 U & /1
! / ! /
1 1 1 1
10 ! / 1
10 ! / 1
2 2
10 10
3 3
10 10
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !0V !, " ! " ) -&! # ) ) !A"-*
* ,) ! "( " -" !! ( -" !! ' (
%!! ) " ) ! ,) " ) * ,) ! " -!!&" )
-! ) ,) " !,) &)( !&- * $+ ; 9/ = $ + ; 89 = $-+ ; 3 = $+ ; 2
9 5

0 0
10 10
N 0 N 0

1
1

10 10

2 2
10 10
N B N 0

3 3
10 N 10 N
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

' ' /)00 > ' ' > )1 ' ' /) > ' ' > )01

0 0
10 10
N N

1
1

10 10

2 2
10 10
N B N

3 3
10 N C 10 N 00
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

' ' /)00 > ' ' > )1 ' ' /) > ' ' > )01

& !V " " ! "= * ,) ! "( -" !! ( -"
!! ' ( %!! ) " ) ! ,) " ) * ,) ! "
-!!&" ) -! ) ,) " !,) &)( !&- * $+ ; 9/ $ + ; 89
5
% 10 7 10 7 ?
0 0
10 10
N C N C

1
1

10 10

2 2
10 10
N N

3 3
10 N B 10 N 0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

' ' /)00 > ' ' > )1 ' ' /) > ' ' > )01

0 0
10 10
N B N B

1
1

10 10

2 2
10 10
N C N

3 3
10 N 10 N B
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

' ' /)00 > ' ' > )1 ' ' /) > ' ' > )01

& !V " " ! "= * ,) ! "( -" !! ( -"
!! ' ( %!! ) " ) ! ,) " ) * ,) ! "
-!!&" ) -! ) ,) " !,) &)( !&- * $+ ; 3 $ + ; 2
/ 5

* 6
+ /$ , -

" & 6 .
= C!!
! "
6 . 5 " !
! " &
" C!!
& !B /1 & 5 &
(! " & . ' &
/ 1 & . ! "
' 4 /
1
& !
- &
&' & (&
&! !B /1! " & . '
! & 4 /
1
& ! .& (
& & ' (! "
& (& !&! 5 &. &
/ 1 & F0!0
' 0!BG' &
' & & (&
F0!0' 0!0G!
" !
V = 6 . !
FG C! . F G 0!

8 F G 0!
/ F G !0B
8 F G 0!C F G 0!CB
52
% 10 7
0 0
10 10
Nataf Nataf
Rayleigh Rayleigh
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
/.1 /.1

/1 /1
3 3
10 10
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !BV $+ ! * -"- ! " " # $$ ++= $ + ! *
-"- ! # -- # $$ ++ ) "! C ," @-" # ) ,)
3 " - * ) ! - "
& !C & (!
8 . ! A
& . ' /1 . ! " &
& ( & /1! "
- ! /1 /1 +& &
4 /
1 ' /1 /1
!
5

0 0
10 10
/.1 /.1

/1 /1
*) )
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
Nataf Nataf
3 3
10 Rayleigh 10 Rayleigh
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 0
10 10
/.1 /.1

/1 /1
)
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
Nataf Nataf
3 3
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
! !

& !CV " " ! " , "

52
% 10 7 2
+ /$ % -

" . 7 & " !0! =
6 . ' '
, ! "
&' 8! ' 8! 8! ' 6 . ' !!'
& !
& ! /1 & & $
+& ' 4 /
1
' & 2 !
" +& 4 /
1 ! &
/ )1 4 /
1 & '
+& &!
& ! /1 & (! " .
' +& ' 4 /
1
! " & . '
4 /
1 !
* & & &! ! /1! "
3 ! " .& &
& $ ' & (
3! " (
& ' &! ! /1! "
3 ! " &
, 3 ! "' &! !
/1 /1 ' $
!
" !0V = 7 . !
FG C! . F G 0!

8 F G 0! B0 / F G !0
8 F G 0!B 8! F G 0!

C
F G 0!BCB 8! F G 0!0
8! F G 0!0
3 5

1 0
10
Kernel density estimate
Nataf
Nataf
0.9 Rayleigh
Rayleigh
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.8 Histogram of data
0.7 1
10
0.6
0.5
2
0.4 10
0.3
0.2 /.1

/1
3
0.1 10
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !V $+ !, " &! * " * "- " ) "! C # ) ,) $ + !, "
! " " ! &! * -"-
0.5 4
0.45
3
0.4
2
0.35

1
0.3
0.25 0
0.2
1
0.15
2
0.1
3
0.05
0 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& ! V $+ ,! ) !"! # ) ,) ) " ) "!
7 " &! * " * "- " $ + ! & ) !"! # ) ,) #" "
-&! # ) -"! & "! 7 " ! "

52
% 10 7 4
0.5 0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3

0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0 0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

& !V $+ & -!! " "- "( " $ + & &! -!! " "- "

) !"! # ) ,) ) "
" - $0!I N J+
& ! *= /1 9*= /1 &!
*= ( (' 9*= $ ? N '
*+/1 ! * $ N B = C!B!
N ' $ P)* N )!
; N )'

& *+/1 /!!' & >,! /C!C11 # C!CY
&. !
& ! & (!
A & &
00! " & . ! "
& & ! 2 4 /
1 &
/1' & /1! " +& &
/1 /1!
" ( & & &
*( 8!' 6 . !
5 5

0 0
10 10
/.1 /.1

/1 /1
* (
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10
Nataf Nataf
3 3
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !V " " ! " , " " ! &! * -"-
52
% 10 7 8
+ /$

" & " !!
" & 6 . 7
. ! " 8 & &! "
, ! A & & & & -'
' !
& !
& & $
' 4 /
1 +& -
! " & N 0 N '
- ! N C N B .&
& &! "
$ & & &
& (' = !!B &!
!
! " . 2 ' ' & $
& ! " )
&!
" & ( &! !B0! "
' ' 4 /
1
+& - ! " & ,
( & N B '
! " &' .
& & & !
" !V = !
N 0 N N C N B
FG !CB ! !C !C
8 F G 0!0 0!0 0! 0!C
8 F G 0!BB 0! 0! 0!

B
F G 0! 0 0!CB 0! 00 0!
. F G !000 0!
0!
C 0!

/ F G !0 !
! !
8! F G 0!C 0!CC 0!BB 0!
8! F G 0!0C 0! 0! 0!
8! F G 0!0 B 0!0C 0!0 0!0

9 5

1 1
Kernel density estimate Kernel density estimate
0.9 Nataf 0.9 Nataf
Rayleigh Rayleigh
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.8 Histogram of data 0.8 Histogram of data

0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

1 1
Kernel density estimate Kernel density estimate
0.9 Nataf 0.9 Nataf
Rayleigh Rayleigh
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.8 Histogram of data 0.8 Histogram of data
0.7 0.7
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

& !
V !, " &! * " * "- " ) "! C # ) ,) $+ ; 9/ ( $ +
; 89 ( $-+ ; 3 $+ ; 2
52
% 10 7 ?
0 0
10 10
Nataf Nataf
Rayleigh Rayleigh
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10

/1 /1
/1 /1
3 3
10 10
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 0
10 10
Nataf Nataf
Rayleigh Rayleigh
Nss 1985
Nss 1985
1 1
10 10
2 2
10 10

/1 /1
/1 /1
3 3
10 10
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !B0V !, " ! " ) # ) ,) " ! &! * -"-
2/ 5

0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4


0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0 0 0 0
& & & &

4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4 4 2 0 2 4

& !BV ,! ) !"! # ) ,) $+ ; 9/ ( $ + ; 89 ( $-+ ; 3 (
$+ ; 2 ) " ) "! 7 " &! * " * "- "
& !B & & - !
" 3 ! N 0
N 3 ! "
& N C N B ' &
( 3!
* & &! !B -
3 ! "
& & N C N B '
.& $ !
4 4 4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
&
&
&
&

1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
& & & &
4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& !BV ! & ) !"! # ) ,) #" " -&! # ) -"!
& ) "! 7 " ! " $+ ; 9/ ( $ + ; 89 ( $-+ ; 3 ( $+ ; 2
52
% 10 7 2
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.4 0.4
'??
'??
'?
'?
0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2
0.2 0.2
0 0
0.1 0.1
0 0.2 0 0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.4 0.4
'??
'??
'?
'?
0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2
0.2 0.2
0 0
0.1 0.1
0 0.2 0 0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

& !BBV & -!! " "- " N " & &! -!! " "- " N $+
; 9/ ( $ + ; 89 ( $-+ ; 3 " $+ ; 2 ( ) !"! # ) ,) )

" " - $0!I N J+
& !BB *= 9*= & -
! " *= ( (! N 0 N
9*= $ ? N ' N C N B 9*=
$ ? N ! " *+/1 N 0 N '
N C N B !
2 5

" $ " !! "
& *+/1 /
& >,! /C!C11 # & &. !
$ &! !BB /1 & *+/1 N B
!
& !BC !B &
(! " & ) > > )0 , '
.& ! " &
! " & $ . !
8 ' & N C N B ! "
. 2 & $ &' & &
! " ) & !
" ( & & &
*( 8!' 6 .
7 . !
" !V D$ N B &
!
N 0 N N C N B
B B
BCB BB
P)* !C B!BC !

!BC
&.
!Y !Y !Y 0Y
52
% 10 7 22
0 0
10 10

/1 /1
/1 /1
1 1
10 10
() *
2 2
10 10
3
Nataf 3
Nataf
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 0
10 10

/1 /1
/1 /1
1 1
10 10
( )
2 2
10 10
3
Nataf 3
Nataf
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !BCV " " ! " , " " ! &! * -"- $+ $ +
; 9/ ( $-+ $+ ; 89
23 5

0 0
10 10

/1 /1
/1 /1
1 1
10 10
(( )
2 2
10 10
3
Nataf 3
Nataf
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

0 0
10 10

/1 /1
/1 /1
1 1
10 10
(* *
2 2
10 10
3
Nataf 3
Nataf
Nss 1985 Nss 1985
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

& !BV " " ! " , " " ! &! * -"- $+ $ +
; 3 ( $-+ $+ ; 2
53
% 10 24
* 6
+ /$ , -

" 6 . = !
! " !B 5
6 . !
& !B $ . 0 !
" /

1 & 5 3
! .&
. !
" F$E $E G &
&! !B /1 N /$E U $E 1B! 8
$E N 0) $E N U 0)! " : &
+ /
B'
1 ! " ' &
. ! " ) '
$ 0)! 2 &
& ' : & + /
1 &

!
& !B /1 ! " 0

. & L F+ G ' + 0
! " . . ' !
" !BV = 6 . !
2 FG
!
4 F G 0!C
FG !0 F G !B
. F G ! 0 6 F G !B
. F G 0! 85 F G 0!B
FG
!0
85 F G 0!
25 5

1.5

1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !B V !, " &! * " * "- " ) "! C # &! . =
. "= >!-)" ! $?4?+ = ,"! C 7 ! "
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !BV ) &! * ) # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) &! #
&! # " ) "!( #)! O ;

/ " O ;
F / = *!),
" $??2+ = *!), " $??9+ = @ = $+
" " " $ + " "- ", -"@"- "!
$ ; $
/ F /
/
F / ++
53
% 10 28
,

1
& !B /1 F$E $E G 5 0! &
' & &
& ( ! " N /$E U $E 1B! "
& & . ! " & &
! & !B /1 '

. & L F+ G ' + 0 !
" . & &! !B /1!
" &
& &' = !B!
" F$E $E G 5 0! &
' & & &
( &! !B
/1! " , &!
!B' *+/1
= !B! " . /1!
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !BV ) &! * ) # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) &! #
&! # " ) "!( #)! O ;

/ " O ;
F/ ( " , " ) ) # -!!&" ",
# ) ,) - = @ =
$+ " " " $ + " "- ", -"@"- "!
$ ; $
/ F /
/ F/ ++
29 5

0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !B
V ) &! * ) # &! " "
"! IO O J , " ) ) # &!
# &! #! " ) "!( #)! O ;

/ " O ;
F / ( " , " ) ) )!
-!!&" ", # ) ,) - = @ =
$+ " " " $ + " "- ", -"@"- "!
1
' & (

& &. &! " 6 .
& &
& (& " !C! = " !B'
& & ( ' - 3
' &.! "'
' ' &
' = !B! 2 &
& & (& ' 6 . '
' 0 !
& !C0 /1 F$E $E G 5 0! &
' & &
& ( ! " & &
! " . /1! " .
. ' & - .
& !
53
% 10 2?
0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !C0V ) &! * ) # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) &! #
&! # " ) "!( #)! O ;

/ " O ; F/( " , " ) ) # -!!&" ",
# ) ,) - ) "! C ( 3

$ ; $
/ F / / F / 3 3++
= @ =
$+ " " " $ + " "- ", -"@"- "!
" !CV = 3
E N )C
/ 5 1' 6 . !

N ! 0!

N F!0' !BG F0!C' 0!
G 0!
NB F!0C' ! ' !G

F0!C' 0!B
' 0!0G
F0!B ' 0!
G
0
3/ 5

+ /$ % -

" 7 . " !! =
6 . ! "
& 5 3 & '
$ !
& !C & 5 . $
! " /

1 ' D& 8&& /
'
B1
=K
/
1 ! "
6 . &! !! " .
6 . ' 7 $
$ 0) ! & !C & 5 3
! " & , ' $
& ! 8 '
$!
& !C /1 & & $
3 ! "
7 . 6 .
& !
* $ $ &! !C /1
3 ! " .&
3 !
& !C !C & '
& (& ! " '
!
" !V = 7 . !
2 FG 0! 4 F G 0!C
FG !B F G !

. F G !B 6 F G !B

. F G 0!
85 F G 0!
FG
!C 85 F G 0!0
C
53
% 10 3
1.5

1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !CV ! * " * "- " ) "! C # &! 7"! C 7
! "= . 6&" = >!-)" ! $?4?+ =
", ,, " $?84+
= F
", ,, " $?92+ = " P
$?85+
0.5 4
0.45
3
0.4
2
0.35

1

0.3
0.25 0
0.2
1
0.15
2
0.1
3
0.05
0 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& !CV $+ ,! !"! # &! @ "! 7 " &! *
" * "- "= . ) !"! # &! $ + ! & ) !"!
# &! #" " -&! # ) -"! & ) "! 7 " ! "
3 5

0.5 0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3

0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0 0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

& !CBV $+ & -!! " "- "( " $ + & &! -!! " "- "
5 ! 6&" ) " " - $0!IN J+
M

& !CB *= /1 9*= /1
7 . ! " *= ( ( 9*=
$ ? N ' *+/1 ! * $
N B N ' $
P)* N ) ! ; N ) '
& *+/1 # CB!Y &.
!
" F$E $E G 5 0! &
&! !CC /1 N /$E U $E 1B!
" . $' $!
'
& : & + /
B'
1 ! & !CC /1

' . & L F+ G '
+ 0 !
" ( &
*( 8!B!' 6 . !
53
% 10 32
0.3 0.3
0.2 0.2

0.1
0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !CCV ) &! * ) # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) &! #
&! # " ) "!( #)! O ;

/ " O ;
F / = *!),
" $??2+ = *!), " $??9+ = @ = $+
" " " $ + " "- ", -"@"- "!
$ ; $
/ F /
/
F / ++
33 5

,

" ! 3
& & (& ! "
. , &
! "' & , &
& & ( ! &
! 8 ' . (
&! " ( , -
!
& !C & & $
& & & ! & !C /1 .
$ ' /1 $ ! "
D& 8&& /
'
B1 ' " /
B1 3

! " & 3 !
" " /
B1 & ' $ '
D& 8&& /
'
B1 $! " $
& $ ) & &
& (& , / *( 8!B!1! ' &
) & & !
* $ $ . &! !C /1
3 ! " '
3 !
' &!
!C /1! 8
3 !
" ! V = 3
E N '
7 . !

N ! 0!

N F!' !
G F0! ' 0!G 0!0

NB F!
' !C' !G F0! ' 0!C' 0!G F0!C' 0!0G C
53
% 10 34
3 3
2.5 2.5

2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

& !CV ! * " * "- " # &! #)! ) -!!&" ", # ) ,)
!,! )" ( ( = . 6&" = *" $??2+ =
", ,, "
$?92+ =
", ,, " $?84+ = 7 " " * "- "
2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !C V ! & #" " -&! # ) -"! & ) ! 7 "
! " $+ 6&" ( $ +

35 5

0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !CV ) &! * ) # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) &! #
&! # " ) "!( #)! O ;

/ " O ;
F/ ( " , " ) ) # -!!&" ",
# ) ,) - = @ = $+ " "
" $ + " "- ", -"@"- "!
$ ; $
/ F /
/ F/ ++
& !C /1 F$E $E G 5 0! &
' & &
& ( ! " N /$E U $E 1B! " .
& $ ! 8 ' &
. & ! " & &
! " . /1! "
, &' . !
& !C /1 F$E $E G 5 0!
& ' &
& & ( ! " , &!
!C! "' & &
& ! " .
/1! " & !
53
% 10 38
0.5 0.5
0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !CV ) &! * ) # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) # &!
# &! #! " )

"!( #)! O ;
/ " O ;
F / ( " , " ) ) )!
-!!&" ", # ) ,) - = @ =
39 5

+ /$

" " !! " &
' . . & 1 1 '
" !' &. & ! "
& 5 3 '
&. - !
& !C
/1' /1' /1 /1 & 5
$ 0 ' ' C B
' ! " /

1 ' D& 8&& /
'
B1
=K
/
1 ! " N 0
N , 6 . 7
. ! " $ N !
& &. N 0 N C B ! 8 '
(% (
! * N C N B &
! " = !!B'
$ & & &
& (! " &! !
! " =K
/
1
- &. ' 1 !
" - D& 8&& /
'
B1 & 1 ! "
/

1 '
2 - ! " .&
" !V = !
N 0 N N C N B
2 FG !B ! 0!

!B
FG !
! B!0 B!BB
. F G 0!
0 0!
C!
C!
. F G 0!0 0! 0! 0 0!
4 F G 0! 0!
0! C 0!BB
F G !B !B !

!
6 F G ! ! !B

!B
85 F G 0! 0!B 0!BB 0!BC
85 F G 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0

53
% 10 3?
3 3
2.5 2.5

2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

3 3
2.5 2.5
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !C
V ! * " * "- " ) "! C # &! 7"! C 7
! "= . !!* = >!-)" ! $?4?+ =

", ,, " $?84+
= F
", ,, " $?92+ = " P
$?85+ $+ ; 9/ $ + ; 89
$-+ ; 3 $+ ; 2
4/ 5

& 5 3 ! "
& '
& ! 8 ' & 5 3 '
' ) & N C N B '
*( 8!B! ! " & =
!!B & & N C N B $
& !
" N , N 0 ! "'

*( 8!B!! " & & N 0
N !
& !0 /1 & & $
N 0 3 !
" , 6 . 7
. ' &. - 3 ! "
$ $ &! !0 /1 N 0 '

3 !
"' &! !0 (
& ! 8 '
(& !
0.6 4
3
0.5
2
0.4

1

0.3 0
1
0.2
0.1
3
0 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& !0V $+ ,! !"! # &! "! 7 " &! * " *
"- "= . ) !"! # &! $ + ! & ) !"! # &!
#" " -&! # ) -"! & ) "! 7 " ! " ; 9/
53
% 10 4
0.5 0.5
$ 0.4 $
0.4
0.3
0.3
'?
'?
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
0 0.1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

& !V $+ & -!! " "- "( " $ + & &! -!! " "- "
; 9/ M
5 ! !!* ) " " - $0!I N J+

&! ! *= 9*= N 0 ! *
$ N B N B' $
P)* N )B! ; N )B
'

& *+/1 # C!Y &.
0.5

0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !V ) &! * ) # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) &! #
&! # " ) "!( #)! O ;

/ " O ; F / = *!),
" $??2+ = *!), " $??9+ = !!* =
$ ; $ / F / /
F / ++
4 5

! "' (
*+/1 & &. !
& ! F$E $E G 5 0! &
' & &
& ( ! " N /$E U $E 1B! " .
! " & $
! 8 ' &
& ! "
& '
$ 0) !
" ( &
*( 8!B!' , 6 .
7 . !
,

' & &
&! 2 & & & &
& ' & & & &
N C N B ! "
, ' ( / &! !
1!
" 3 &
(& " !! "
" !V = E N '

3
!

N 0 N B N 0 N B N 0 N B N 0 N B
N !0 ! 0!0 0! B 0 B B

N /?
5
/ /
/ /
0!0 0!0 BB

/ 3 / /? /

/?
5
/ /
/

/ /3 / /
NB

8
/ /8
/ / BB

/ /4 / 8

3
/ /?
/
53
% 10 42
5 5 5 5
4 4 4 4

3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !BV ! * " * "- " # &! #)! ) -!!&" ", # ) ,)
!,! )" ( ( = . !!* = *" $??2+ =
", ,, "
$?92+ =
", ,, " $?84+ = 7 " " * "- " $+ ; 9/ $ +
; 2
' N B ! "'
&! 8 ' N '
& . ! +
N 0 N B !
& !B /1 /1 & & $
& & & N 0
N B ' ! " D& 8&& /
'
B1 '
" /
B1 3 ! " $
& ' N B '
' (! " &
' & 3 ! "
- N 0 N B & 1 !
& !C /1 /1 $ $
3 N 0 N B ' !
" 3 '
$ . !
" F$E $E G 5 0! &
' & & & (
&! ! /1 /1 N 0 N B ' ! "
N /$E U $E 1B! " . ! 6
& ' &
! " & &
!
43 5

2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !CV ! & #" " -&! # ) -"! & ) ! 7 "
! " $+ ; 9/ $ + ; 2
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& !V ) &! * ) # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) # &!
# &! #! " )

"!( #)! O ;
/ " O ;
F / ( " , " ) ) )!
-!!&" ", # ) ,) - = !!* = $+
; 9/ $ + ; 2

/ & !

" # $
% &' & ! : &
#
!
1
' & (
&' +& ! 8 '
' & ' &
& &! "' )
! " $
! " !
+& ' # &
! A '
, - ! " . ! *
& : 2
/
1 ! " - . !
" , - , -! *
& /0001 ! "

45 8
% 0
& ' & ! *
2 . ! " (
2 ! *&
& , & & '
& !
+ - & . 6
. 7 ' ( 8+ 2&
- ! 6 '
& , - , -' !
&
& -! " ' & -
) !
" .
- ! " , -
& -' & & ' &
! " - , &
& -! " & -
, ! & -
, -' &' . !
" ' ' - &
' ( - , ! " $ '
, -' '
' - , - ! "
/0001 & , ! "
' ' , -
, -!
1
" (& & & &!
" +& 4 /
1 '
& !
3 ' '
& &! " .
( 3! 4 /
1
2 ! " 2
& ! 8 ' 2
! " 3
& &'
( & $
& ! "
8 :
48
(& ! "'
!
+ & (
. & /*+/11 ! " & # &! '
: $ ' !!' & &
& & &! '
& &
& . & & ! "
,'
!
1

( & & ! " /

1 '
D& 8&& /
'
B1 =K
/
1 !
'
/

1 & , & ! (
& ! "
2 /: & +'
1 2

/

1 /: & +'
B1!
" &
! " ' ' $
( 3! +
& 2 & 5 3
! " &
(& ! "
( *+/1 ' : $ !
8 '
& & & 5 3 '
! "' !
2 & & '
( 3 ! "
' & &
& 3 ! "
3 &
& &' (! 2
& '
& & !
"' & & !
49 8
% 0
/ 6

" & &
& & -! "'
& & !
" & (
! " ( &
2 & 5 3 &
' ! 8 '
' ! "' &
& ' -
' /0001 ! "
. !
2 & & & &'
& & (
! " , &
& !
6 . & ! "
3 & & ! "
( & !

/
1! +, ! 6
9' Z $!
! "

! # /001! 6
! $$ *- /1'

[
CB!

$ /
1! &!
$ . " /1' [!

$ % & /
1! .
! $ . ! /1' 0[!
'

%
( $ )* /

1! .
! :& % B! = 8' D
!
'
/
01! - !
. / * /1' B[B!
' & /
1! + ! 0 1%
/ 23 /= 1' C [C !
'
) + /

1! 2 & &
! > ' ;!! * = >& ! " : !
'# & (

! $ /0001! 7 &
! 4$ *3
$$' L ' ' * ' ! C[!
) (
+
!
/
1! "
( ! 4 / 5 . *63' [B!
)
,

$ /
1! *
& ! 4$ 7
8
9%5 5 ' L ' " ' ' ! BC[B 0!

5/ %
(
! /001! +& $ & !

: 4$
;.<5 *(("' L ' ' = ' ! CC[C
B!
(
$ -
$ (. /
C1! ;
$
! 9 8' >& =-' 7 !
(
$ -
" /
1!
! 5 + $$' L ' " '
' ! [!
.

# / /

1!
! "!' B[!

" /
B1! : & & ! 0 1 /%
32 /1'
BB[
B !
- 0 /
1! A & ! 0
1 / 26 /=1' BB[B!
- 0 /
1! 2 V A !
;
= > 5 4 "--2 /
5 ' 8' "(' ! B[B
!
- 0 /0001! 2 V A !
0 4 $ 6( /1'
B[
CB!

1 + 1 # " $ &
$ 2

) /00B1! * & & )
& ! ? $ !( /1' [
!
, /
1! D ( K
& K
! /

@ *&' B[C0!
- 3 /
01! ( ! /
4 + / - /B1' B[!
- 3 /
C1! > ! 4$
5 ;
? . ' L '
A ' D' ! B0[BB! *=>!
- ) /
C1! + $ ! %
$$ "" /1' [0!
- )
) /00B1! 9 &
9 & =! 0 9%
? . $$ "*&'
[0C!
!
$ $ %

+ & .
/
1! >(
! 4$ 7
$$ ' 8' 8' ! [0!
" 2
$ 1

/0001! V 9
! 4$ A?.*((( 0 $
B ? ' A ' D! A:*>000I\+ !
% 5
"

+
2 /
01! > :

' L ! 7 2 \ !
"

$
( 1 1
/
1! .
/B
!1! 9 8' >& =-' 7 !
2.
& /
1! 2 - V + (
! 4 *! 9 $ ' 8' "(' !

[ ! A"= C!
2.
& " "
1 ) 3 /
1! "

$ ! 4 "! 9 ?
. $$' L *' =&' 6 $' !
[
! *:>!
2 /
01! & ! 4$ "3
$$ ' L ' ' * ' !
[
B! *=>!
24
& /
1! 6& ! " + 8D 00' & 8
D ' " ' !
2 ( +
! (
/
1! - &

! 0 9 ? . $$ ""6 /1' C[C!
2 ( +
! (
/
B1! ! 4

* 5 ;
? . ;
@-6' A '
D' ! [! *=>!
+

-
$# /
1! 2 3
&' ! $$ - /1' C[CB!
+ & +
( 2
/
1! :
& ! 4 $$ ? " /1' 0[!
+
!
/
1! A & !
0 ? / "" /B1' C[ !
+
!
/
1! " ' & ! 4
/ 5 . *!- /
1' B[B!
+
!
/
B1! " -
! 0 7 ? "3 /B1' C
[C0!
+
!
/
1! A #
! 0 1 / 2( /1' [
C!
+
!
/
01! A & V
- . ! 0 1 / 2& /=B1'

[B!
+
!
/
B1! A #
.! 4 / 5 . 62-' C[!
+
!
/
C1! &
! 4 / 5 . 6"*'
[0!
5 %
+
!
/
1! 2 & ! )

- />!1' ; ' ! [B! 6! + 9& ='
6 !
' /00B1! 9
! $$ 6( /1' 0[00!

$ 1

/
1! A $

! 4 5 9 4 $$ ' L B'
' ;*' ! C[C!
$ /
1!
: ! *
& &% ! 2 . 9&' & !
) /001! ! 0 + / !( /B1'
[C! 2 "5' @! ]& ' @!

( /
01! . ! :3 8
=' !' Z $!
( (

! $ /
1! * 2

&! 0 9 ? . $%
$ ""3 /B1' [!
( ( ! $
% ! /0001!
& ! 5$
4$ : ? $ C !3 /C1' B[ !
(
& 24
/
C1! 9 & #
! . /%
D /C1' 0[0!
(
! $ /
B1! # !

0 5 / 63 /B1' 0[!
(
! $ /
1! 7 !

0 5 / !* /B1'
[0 !
(
% ! /
1!

! 0 9 ? . $$ "*"' [!
( )

! 1 /001! *
$! 4 ?.@(* *" 9 ? .
$$' A' ! A:*>00 0!
5 /
1! A & &! $%
$ "* /B1' [BC!
/
1! 6K
K
&
K
! / + 5E @.E 5 *&&'
C[CB!

$ ' /
1! . ! D % B

! &
L &' Z $!
% 52
$
& /
1! * 2 $ (

&! 4 5
9 4 $$
' L B' 8' ;*' ! B [B!
$
& /
1! * 2 $

( &! 0 9 4 $$ 2 /1'
0[
0!

( /
B1! .

/B !1! D&' 8 !
2 -
! ! /
1! & ! 4 4
7 9 $ ' 8' "(' ! B[ CC! A"= !
% 2 /
1! & !
$$ "--*: 4 *6 ' L ' L' ' ! [!
% 2 /
1!
! = & ; 9 ' = &!
% 3 /00B1! D& &
! 0 ? 5 $ 3' B[CC!
&
2 /
1! = ! $
& ! 4 / 5 5 . "2D' BCB[CC!
&
- 0 /001! !
! 4 ?.@(* *" 9 ? .
$$' A' ! A:*>00 CCB!
& ! 2
$
/0001! 9
( &! $$ !(' B
[B 0!
$ + /01! A &
! 4 ?$F' B[! 5 0 ;
5 8 /$' L !
' ! C
[C
! = & ; 9 /
1!
$ % /
C1! : ! 8 5 0 *!'
C [ !
$,6 -
) - /
1! " &

( ! 0 9 ? . $%
$ "*"' 0[0!
$,6 - ) - &
&, /001!
2 & ( ! 0 9 ? .
$$ "*!' BC[C0!
$,6 - $
) - /0001! 2 (
! 4$ A?.*((( 0 $ B
? ' A ' D! A:*>000I\+ B!
$# & "

$ + /
1! :&

& 3 ! ? 5 "('
B[C!
53 %
$ ! /
1! " ! $$ "'
[B0!
$ !
$ /
1! 9 .! 4$
"& $$ ' 8' 8' ! B[
!
' /
1! " ! .

$
$ ' +' ' ! B[0!
"
$ - (
/
1!
5 4 $ 0 *"'
[C0!
!

' 1 /
1! > ! :&
% ! = \ 8' D!

$ $ $ " 1 $ ( " &
& '
3 0
$ )
/
1! > ;@ = + !

@-& : $ /
$ 5 ' 3$' 9' ! [!
#4 +
" !
#
/
01! & ! 4%
$ 5
$$' 8&' ' ! C[
!
$ " /
1! = ! $%

$ *3' B[C!
$ /
1! > : . ! "
" ' D!
# /
1! * $

! 0 4 $ *2 /1' C
[!

) /
B1! &

! 4 ?.@-6 "* 9 ? .
$$' L ' 3&' ' ! CB[!

) /
1! 3 ( &

! 4 $ 9 4 $$
' L B' : K' =' ! 0B[0!

)
2
/001! 3 9A
! 4 $ 5 4 > $ 5
7$ 5 4/.>5' L ' &' =' !
B[ 0!
# - - /C1! A ! $ 4%
5 2' CC[C!

/
1! @#?& #?! <G $ , "2 /1' [B! &!

'
$ 1

/00B1! 3 &
0 $$ ? "*- /B1' B0[B0
!
)& !

/
01! ! 0 1 /%
2& /=B1' C[!
% 54

/
01! 6 & &! 0 ; 4

$$ ""D / 1' [0!

/
B1! 7 & & !
0 ; 4 $$ ""- /B1' [B!

/
C1! 6 $

! 0 $$ ? "*( /1' 00
[0!

) )
!
/
1! 9$ & !
$$ "* /B1' 0[0
!
/
4 /

1! " & ! .
/ "" /B1' CB[!
1 1 1 /
01! : H

! *
2 9& =' + =' = !
1 ! (

! $ /001!
& !
: 4$ %
;.<5 *(("' L ' ' = ' ! C C[CB!
1 ! (
! $ /001! 7
& & ! 0
5 / !D /B1' [!
1 ! (
! $ /001!
& . ! 4 *2 $
*((*' L ' = -' 2' ! 0[ B!
55 %

!

5
6! '
" +& & /+&'
01

/1 N ( % 0) /*!1
" ( &

>FG N 7 /*!1

7
L FG N ) /*!B1
C
5 5 "

6! '
" &

& >,! /*!1! * +&
& / @ /
01 D& 8&& /
11

C U
/ 1 N ( /*!C1

59 G % :
7 >
. 5
! " 8
/ 1
/ 1 / 1
8 N

/*!1

/ 1 / 1 & . $' '
. /* 5 &'
1

/ 1 N A
A /*! 1

/ 1 N A A) /*!1

" ( &
/ % % 1'

/ 1 N 7
% % /*!1

/ 1 N 7
% % /*!
1

O/1 O/ U 1O/ U 1

/ % % 1 N ) /*!01
O/1O/1 O/ U 1 ^

" 8 (

% %
8 N

) /*!1

= ( (& /:'

01

7
6
>F G N 6 7 / 1

8
C

U 8
N 6 7 (

^O/ U 1
/*!1

6 5

N / 167 O U U O U U
/^1

6 5 6 5
N / 167 O U O U
U

U % % )

1
:
7 > 5?
" & & (

>F G N >F G N 7 /*!B1

>F G N >F G N /*!C1
B
>F G N >F G N 7 /*!1
C

>F G N >F G N /*! 1

7 B B
>F G N / 1

% % /*!1
C

>F G N >F G N 7 / U 1 /*!1
C

>F G N U /*!
1
" +&
*( 6!
8/ G % :
7 >

!

"

* $ /C1 & !&! 6 6
/
C1! 8 ' & '
& & !
" & & - , /3>1 &
: N 0 /!1
/=1
F:
N 0% - N ) /!1
F-
" /6=1 &

F: F: F:
U U U U - N % - N 3 / $1 /!B1
8 F$ F F-
! " $ /@=1 &
F3 F: F3 F:
U N 0% - N 3 / $1) /!C1
F$ F F F-

8 G > > H . :
&
:
( N R N
3
"
, N - T N

3
N N
3 8

N $ N

&
/3>1 R N 0
FR
/=1 N 0% , N
F,
/!1
FR FR FR
/6=1 U 3 U /3 1 U U , N % , N 3
F F( F,
F F R F FR
/@=1 U 3 N 0% , N 3 )
F F( F( F,
" ( $' " ( 3 '
, N 3
, N 0! * N 0 !

FR FR FR FR

/6=1 U 3 U U 3 U U /3 1 N % , N0
F F( F, F,F
F F R F FR F FR

/@=1 U 3 U 3 3 U /3 1 N 0% , N0
F F( F( F, F,F F,
/! 1
& 3 ( ' !! & 3 ' - ,

R N R U 3 R U /3 1 R U
N U 3 U /3 1 U
/!1
N U 3 U /3 1 U
T N T U 3 T U /3 1 T U )
82
" &

/3>1 R U 3 R U /3 1

N0
F R F R
/=1 U 3 U /3 1

N 0% , N
F, F,

F R F R F R F R
/6=1 U 3 U 3 U
F F F F,
/!1
F R
U 3 U U 3 U /3 1

N U 3 % , N 0
F,F
F F F R F F R F R
/@=1 U 3 U 3 3
F F F( F( F, F,
F F R
U 3 3 U /3 1

N 0% , N 0)
F,F F,
" . , & $& /3 1 !

/3>1 R N 0
F R
/=1 N 0% , N
F,
/!
1
F R
/6=1 U N % , N0
F
F F R
/@=1 N 0% , N0
F F,
" &

R /( , 1 N /, U 1 /T ( 1 U
E /T ( 1
/!01

E 6=!
5
' N 0'
/, U 1
R /( , 1 N /T ( 1 /!1
T
N /T (1 /!1

T N ) /!B1
.
3 /- U 1
: / - $1 N /"$ 1 /!C1
"
3 N 3 /"$ 1 /!1
" N ) /! 1

83 G > > H . :
" , & /3 1

/3>1 R N 0
F R
/=1 N 0% , N
F,

F R F R F R F R /!1
/6=1 U U U U N % , N0
F F( F, F,F
F F R F F R F F R
/@=1 U U N 0% , N 0)
F F( F( F, F,F F,
" 6= @= & & ( R

F F R F R

F F F,

F F R F R F F R F F R F R F R F
N U U U U
F F( F, F F,F F, F F, F( F(
/!1
U T
N
/T (1
T

B
N
U T /T ( 1)
T T
&
T N T U 3 T U

T N
/!
1

T T
U 3 U N 3 U
T T
.
F F R F R

F F F,

BT T
N
T /T U 3 T U 1 /T U 3 T U 1 /!01

U/T U 3 T U 1T
/T (1
BT
N /T ( 1 U /3 1)

84
A . D ,
R N /, U 1 /T ( 1) /!1
" !
F

U C T /, U 1 /, U 1 /T (1 N
F /!1
BT
/T ( 1% , N 0)

"9 "9
" /T
' ( 1' " N 0'
& N ! "
BT

C T /T (1 N /T (1

/!B1
T T BT
U N )

& >,! /!

1

BT
U U /3 1 N
) /!C1
T T
T N T 3 T ' /3 1 &
BT
N
) /!1

" &
BT
R N
/, U 1 /T ( 1) /! 1

" /6=1 . !

F R F R F R F R
N U % , N 0
F F( F, F,F

/!1
N U

CT
CT

BT

U U U /T (1

C CT CT
85 G > > H . :

N
U
CT

/!1
BT

U

U /T ( 1)
C CT

& T N U

/3 1'

T BT

T
N
U T U

U T /T ( 1 /!
1
C C C

/ U 1
N U /T ( 1) /!B01

C
" //3 1 1 &
F F R F R BT
N /T (1
F F F,
/!B1
B
U 3 T U

T /T ( 1% , N 0)

"9
" N 0' R &

F R F R B
U N 3 T U

T /T ( 1% , N 0) /!B1
F F,
"

E
/, U 1
R N /T ( 1 /!BB1
T

B

E
N 3 T U T ) /!BC1
C
>,! /!BB1 ' R .! "
E
0'
T 0! "'

T N T U /3 1

/!B1
& !
"
BT
R N
/, U 1 /T ( 1 /!B 1

/ U 1
N U /T (1 /!B1

C

T N ) /!B1
88

B 3 " /- U 1
: N
/"$ 1 /!B
1

/ U 1
3 N
E
3 U 3 /"$ 1 /!C01

" N ) /!C1
89 G > > H . :

#

$

9 &
&

' 3 >
' ! "
& & &
7
7

3 N 3 U /3 1 N U /=!1

7
7
3 N 3
/3 1 N /=!1

&
3 3 C U 7
N N ) /=!B1
3 3 C 7
" & & (
&
.
3 ' U

U

N . N N N ) /=!C1
3 '

G
% 10
.
9/ G
= & , & ( '
'
U

C U 7
N /=!1
C 7

7

N ) /=! 1

&' 3 >
' !
" & & &
B
3 N 3 U 3

/=!1
C /1
B
3 N 3 3

/=!1
C /1
&
B /3 1 /1 B /1

3 N 3 U N U N /1 /=!
1
C /1
B C B /1

B /3 1 /1 B /1

B
3 N 3 N N /1

) /=!01
C / 1 B C B / 1
" ( &
U

N /=!1

B

N ) /=!1

9 +,

" - ( $
( ! "
& !

' 3 >
' ! "

/ 1 / 1 0' $
' !!'
& >,! /=! 1!

&' 3 >
' !
"
/ 1

/ 1
/ 1

/ 1
' &
& &

3 N 3 U / 1 /=!B1

3 N 3 / 1 )

/=!C1

G
9

& N C N 3
N '
& ' >,! /=!B1 /=!C1
/1 /1

3 N U /=!1
B
/1 /1

3 N ) /=! 1
B
" N 000 B ' && )

! N '
& & &
3
N ) /=!1
3
&

3 ' U U
N N

/=!1
3 '

>,! /=!1 &
U N 0) /=!
1
" ( '

' &

U

N ) /=!01

' ( ' &&

N > ) /=!1
C C
G
% 10
.
9 G

$ 9

&

" & (

' N U ) /6!1

" +& ' ( *!
" ( C C &

7
>FC G N >FG U >F GN U /6!1

B
>FC G N >F G U >F G U >F G N U 7 U /6!B1
C C
&
L FC G N>FC G

>FC G

N >F G >FG

U >F G

>FG>F G U >F G

>F G /6!C1
C

7 7
N U U )
C C C
B
93 G
%%
= & & C C ' &
=FC C G N>FC C G >FC G>FC G

N> U U

> U
> U

/6!1
N>F G >F G>F G U >F G

>F G>F G

U >F G

>F G>F G U >F G

>F G>F G
C

7 B B 7 7
N / 1

% %

U U
C C C C
* ( &

&

B B

% %

NU U U U ) /6! 1
C C
"

7 7 7 7
=FC C G N U U U U U ) /6!1
C C 0C
" C C &
=FC C G
8 N
L FC G L FC G
/6!1

U U U U

U

N

)

U U
" & &
! " & (

' N /6!
1

( ,

7
>FC G N /6!01

7 7
L FC G N U ) /6!1
C C C
" & C C

7 7 7 7
=FC C G N U U U U /6!1
C C 0C

%% %

94
& & C C
=FC C G
8 8! ! N
L FC G L FC G
/6!B1

U

U U

U

N )

U
$ 9

(
" 2 ! " 2
& *( >! " >,! />!1
/ N / N / N % ! (& & &

O

#
8% N %
U U %
/ C/ /
/ O

# O

# /6!C1

U U U % U D / % 1 )
B /
/ /
$ 9

,

" & (

' N U U ) /6!1

= & & C C ' &

=FC C G N> U
U U U

> U
U > U
U
/6! 1

N>F G >F G>F G U >F G

>F G>F G

U >F G

>F G>F G U

>F G

>F G>F G
C
95 G
%%
$ >,! /6!1! "'
C C

U U

U
U
U / 1
8 N

) /6!1

U

U
' & ! "
& (

' N ) /6!1

" & C C
$ >,! /6!1' & &

U

U
U
U / 1
8 N ) /6!
1

U

!

%

&

+
' '
" 2 ( &

#
/#

/1 N ( % 0 />!1
.# .
. / 2 ! " ( &

>F( G N .O U />!1
/

L F( G N .
O U O
U ) />!B1
/ /

99 G % 1 1>
>
+ 5 "

' '
A 2 &
& >,! />!1 & : & ! /
1
# #
/ / #
#

/ 1 N ( U
.# .# / 1 . .
# # />!C1

)
. .
" ( (

O

# O

#
# # % %
8 N ) />!1
/ O

# O
# / O

# O #

!

'
( 3
'
" 3 6 &

/ 1N

/7 1 7
(

/ 1
7
/ 1 /!1
N / ) ) ) 1 ! " ( 6' (
7 (!

( +"

" &
4

+ N /1 N @ $ /!1
7

+ 4
N /1 N @ ) /!B1
7
" '

N /+ 1 /!C1

?/ G % % 7 >
. + N /1 + ! "

&

7

/+ 1 N ( /+ 1 ) /!1
+

!

(
'

" & 5 3 ( &

/ 0 12
0
/1 N ( % = 0 /3!1
O/416 2 6
4 ' 6 0 !
" &

0

/1 N 4 /3!1
6
F4 EG 3
3

F4 EG N $2 @
$) /3!B1
O/41
/ ' & 1
&' 0 N 0!

? G 7 % 7
R 7 >
3 ,

:
3 '
" & 5 3 ( $
! " ( $ , &

/

/

/4 6 1 N / 1 N 2
2

( /3!C1

/O/416 1

6
" (5 /4 6 1 ( $
! " . $& & &
! , 5 ! " & ,

! /1
! :/41 N 0 /3!1
4

! /1
4 ! U ! / 41 N 0 /3! 1
4

! /1
6 N /3!1
4

! N

! /1 N

0 3 0 3 /3!1

1 4 1 4
! / 41 N 2 5 2 5

2 2
F O/41
:/41 N
F4
" 4 & >,! /3!1 /3! 1!
" 6 >,! /3!1!

" !
*( 8! ( >FC C N ' G 7 .
! + !
*( 8! ( & -
!
*( 8!B ( -
! N ' N C
N B !
0 9

,

" ( & & & & >,! /B!
1'
( & & & & >,! /B!
1!
" ( 6 . &! B!!
" & &! 8!! & 8!
7 ' &! 8!B 8!
!

B
?3 G

%
2.5
Rayleigh
2
1.5

1
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
$
& 8!V " " &- " ) # & , " ) &! # &
-! ) ,) = F !,) &) ! "! - " -!!&" ", ) !&"!
@
2.5 2.5
Rayleigh Rayleigh
Extended model crest Extended model crest
Extended model trough Extended model trough
2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
$ $

& 8!V " " &- " ) # & , " ) &! # &
$+ -! ) ,) = !,) &) ! 6&" @( $ + -! ) ,) = F !,)
&) ! "! - "

G % 10 7 10 7
?4
2.5 2.5
Rayleigh Rayleigh
2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
$ $

& 8!BV " " &- " ) # & , " ) &! # &
$+ -! ) ,) = !,) &) ! !!* ( $ + -! ) ,) = F !,)
&) ! "! - " ; 9/
2.5 2.5
Rayleigh Rayleigh
2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
$ $

& 8!CV " " &- " ) # & , " ) &! # &
$+ -! ) ,) = !,) &) ! !!* ( $ + -! ) ,) = F !,)
&) ! "! - " ; 89

?5 G

%
2.5 2.5
Rayleigh Rayleigh
2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
$ $

& 8!V " " &- " ) # & , " ) &! # &
$+ -! ) ,) = !,) &) ! !!* ( $ + -! ) ,) = F !,)
&) ! "! - " ; 3
2.5 2.5
Rayleigh Rayleigh
2 2
1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
$ $

& 8! V " " &- " ) # & , " ) &! # &
$+ -! ) ,) = !,) &) ! !!* ( $ + -! ) ,) = F !,)
&) ! "! - " ; 2

G % 10 7 ?8
0 9

,

" ( >F N G 7 .
! " 6 .
= C!!' &! C!
!
& 8! 7 . ! "
&! 8! /1' /1 8!
/1' /1 N 0 ' N ' N C N B
' !
2.5
2

1.5

0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

& 8!V " " &- " ) # ) ,) , " ) &! # ) ,)
1 = L $?94+ = * ,) ! "= 6&" @ = "
?9 G

%
2.5 2.5
( 2 2
(

1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

& 8!V " " &- " ) # ) ,) , " ) &! # ) ,)
1 = L $?94+ = * ,) ! "= !!* = "
$+ ; 9/ $ + ; 89
2.5 2.5
2 2
(
(

1.5 1.5

1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

& 8!
V " " &- " ) # ) ,) , " ) &! # ) ,)
1 = L $?94+ = * ,) ! "= !!* = "
$+ ; 3 $ + ; 2
2
% 10 ??
0 6
. % -

& 8!0 & &! "
( >F N $ G $ &! 8!! "
6 . = !!' &! !
!
2.5
2

1.5
0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& 8!0V ! & ) "! C # &! " ) -!!&" ", "! C # ) ,)
! 6&" @
1.5
(

1

0.5
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& 8!V " " &- " ) # &! , " ) &! # &!
7 = *!), " $??2+ = *!), " $??9+ = 6&"
@ =

// G

%
.

" N ' N C
N B ! " & = !!B & &
N C N B $ & ! "
& = !C!B N 0 !
" ( >F N $ G $ !
0.6 4
3
0.5
2
0.4

1

0.3 0
1
0.2
0.1
3
0 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& 8!V $+ ,! !"! # &! "! 7 " &! * " *
"- "= . ) !"! # &! $ + ! & ) !"! # &!
#" " -&! # ) -"! & ) "! 7 " ! " ; 89
2
% 10 /
0.6 4
0.5 3
2
0.4

1

0.3 0
1
0.2
0.1
3
0 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

0.6 4

3
0.5
2
0.4

1

0.3 0
1
0.2
0.1
3
0 4

4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4

& 8!BV $+( $-+ ,! !"! # &! "! 7 " &! *
" * "- "= . ) !"! # &! $ +( $+ ! & ) !"!
# &! #" " -&! # ) -"! & ) "! 7 " ! "
/ G

%
0.5

0.4
0.3

0.2
0.1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4
0.3 0.3

0.2 0.2
0.1 0.1
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

& 8!CV ) &! * ) # &! " "

"! IO O J , " ) ) &! #
&! # " ) "!( #)! O ;

/ " O ; F / = *!),
" $??2+ = *!), " $??9+ = !!* =
$ ; $
/ F / / F / ++
2
% 10 /2
2 2
$ !$
1.5 1.5
(
(

1 1

0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

2 2
"
1.5 1.5
(
(

1 1

0.5 0.5
0 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 0 0.5 1 1.5

& 8!V " " &- " ) # &! , " ) &! # &!
7 = *!), " $??2+ = *!), " $??9+ = !!*
=

Wave Theory

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Wave Theory

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 

           9  8<

! "     .       ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 

C!B!    *+/1   ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0

=! >(      ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0

8!B! +  7  .  ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 

8!B! +      ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 00

:               

,       

S 3            

      &    ! *    ' @  /

*          &  $! D & 8&& /

1   .     

B1! 2      $

C1        

   9        /9   /

1 5  

1'            

   6 /

1   & /

1! "       &  

1        

B1      

1! : &   /

1           # 

'         &&      $   &  = !

1               , 

    

    : %         

"      ('  '  . 

" &.  &' 

"  &  ' #'  . 

             $     !

01 &  &  $&      !   

   

"   ,       $

  $  

5 N >F/( >F( G1 G% N   ) ) ) ) /!1

0.5 0.5 0.5

0.4 0.4 0.4

Probability density function

Probability density function

0.2 0.2 0.2

0.1 0.1 0.1

 " " - ) " 

       

       

        

"       0  1 1  '     1  1    0'     

"    &  >$  $ !

 ! 

         '  

! &  !B        

1 &         &     7  ' 

Spectral density [m2 s/rad]

Spectral density [m s/rad]

 $ += 61  &-! # ) 

: :I:( !

 FG !B !0I!

 FG C!B B!IC! 0!BC

J F IG 0!0C

FG !B !BI! 0!

9 FG ! !0I!00 0!

8 F G 0!C 0!0I0!B0 0!0 

9 8<

! " . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

C!B! *+/1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0

=! >( ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 0

8!B! + 7 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

8!B! + ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 00

:

,

S 3

& ! * ' @ /

* & $! D& 8&& /

1 .

B1! 2 $

C1

9 /9 /

1 5

1'

6 /

1 & /

1! " &

1

B1

1! : & /

1 #

' && $ & = !

1 ,

: %

" (' ' .

" &. &'

" & ' #' .

$ !

01 & & $& !

" , $

$

5 N >F/( >F( G1 G% N ) ) ) ) /!1

" " - ) "

" 0 1 1 ' 1 1 0'

" & >$ $ !

!

'

! & !B

1 & & 7 '

$ += 61 &-! # )

: :I:( !

FG !B !0I!

FG C!B B!IC! 0!BC

J F IG 0!0C

FG !B !BI! 0!

9 FG ! !0I!00 0!

8 F G 0!C 0!0I0!B0 0!0

1 F G 0!CB 0!BBI0!0C 0!0

1 F G 0!0 0! I0!

# F G 0!0B 0!0CI0!0C 0!00

" & B ' & B00 5 &

FG C!CC

J F IG 0!0C

. 5 &

.

"

" 5 ' 3

& B!V ) >!" -""

A C!( #) -) " ) D ; D $+ ) E!"

& B!V ) >!" -"" @" " A

$25+( #) -) " ) D ; /

& " ) !,)( # &" -! ! "

' .

&

' .

&

" ! ; ' %

'' ! '

1 ( -

1 . ! " &

" .(

/

* /"$

B1 (

" ( &

& (

@ 6 /