1-2 ‘There is good evidence that the deuteron ground state is primarily 1s (nei, J-0). First, the lowest energy state in practically all the model potentials is an s state. Secondly, the magnetic moment of w 4s approximately the sum of the proton and the neutron moments, indi- cating that s, |] $, and no orbital motion of the proton relative to the neutron; this 1s also consistent with the total angular momentum of the ground state, I=1. We therefore consider only the =O radfal wave equation, 4 dius) = Eur) = Ne Vue) = Ear) de® ~€ where u(r) = rR(r) and m is the neutron (or proton) mass. Notice this equation is mathematically equivalent to the 1-D wave equation except for the B-C., u(0) = 0. Solutions: : “ike Me ae) = ae 4 ne rer, , Ke Lm EI /K ws ae eve ro , kya me /K Applying the boundary conditions (uO) = 0, so R(O) is finite (i) u(rae) = 0 since we are dealing with a bound state (444) continuity of u and first-order derivative at rr, one obtains utr) = csinKe ret, kt fue te ree ano, KatKr,= -K, this 1s a relation between VE, and x, K or tiankr,s- = =~ (4S Ke Es Suppose V, 3 Ey, then RHS is large and Krow Wa(we will see below that V, ~36 Mev as compared to Ey ~ 2.23 Mev),11-3 Es a3 PF then Kw wi. 5 a aa 2 nt tam. o Vy LE) Ew 1 Mew HV, {dese ter We see from this result that a knowledge of fy allows us to only determine the produce Vat, From np ecattering (discussed below) we vill find x, «+ 2F, thus we obtain V, ~ 36 Nev. Since the interior wave function, sinkr, must match with the exterior wave function, exp(-Ks), the quantity Kr, must be slightly greater than %y (more accurate estimate gives 116° instead of 90°), so if we write K = an/y ~ Tare then the ‘effective wavelength') 4s approximately 4r, which suggests that much of the wave function is mot in the interior region. qr) We can estimate the relaxation constant (or decay length) in the exterior region, r >, ave This weans that the two nucieons in H” spend a large fraction of their eah--- time at r > r,, the classically forbidden refon of negative kinetic energy. We can calculate the root-mean-square radius of the deuteron wave function, 5 fines gus (a Pety _ [rar Fete rms, = Sa Re) J{rarke) Tf we put R(x) wef for all r which should result in an overestimate, one gets A hi es oS 33 Rims Name, a vhichean be compared with 2 Be Cnn eS ao Cae k) ~ 2204 Asa B. Neutron-proton Scattering one can also obtain information about the neutron-proton interaction by studying the scattering of neutrons by # hydrogen sample. To de~ scribe the scattering process we imagine the incident neutrons are represented by a plane wave of the formIII-4 ilkz-wt) Eave in where RaNTET/K , [ee the reduced sass of the incoming particle. Ts the kinetic energy in center-of-mass coordinates (CHCS). * — Incident flux Jy, = TGP B = oly[", vis relative speed. We look for the scattered wave in the form of a spherical outgoing 2 wave, ickr-ut) = b #4 B= fore ean r where £(@) is called the scattering amplitude. R an = (9,9) Raa No. particles scattered into area 40. per unit tine. do _ aN/ao > angular differential mt Me = Ifo] scattering crore total scattering & = fan ifr rons section The quantity we want to calculate is £(B). Stating the problem in another way, ve want to solve the wave equation 2 -RTY +Vob -TY subject to the B.c. © : ake ike . ym ole +fule J foo r We proceed by considering « partial wave analysis: Since V(r) is spherically symetric it is most conveninet to Aiscuss the solution in spherical coordinates. We already know that 5 Pe Ban) which, because the potential does not depend on J, reduces to R,(r)P, (cos8). Thus we expand L © Yer) = Z, Yo ease) the general solution is of the form11-5 il ier ces coe can hv that Oe Oe EL then Er) = sink /er [ror arbitrary , one finds Roi (ats!) sagt, Furthermore, we will write £(8) “St R Pluat) - when Berl Meee y ier + = aie [oath - 5 J eRe a ceatgoing incoming For r > r,, the wave equation 1s 42 dig “aoe =Tuy , | R= Qapt/« Ug= Asincert &) s-wave phase shift zie ae ai i alae ca piso a) cee) Comparing (*) and (#4) one obtains a+ nif, 2 ee 5 ge Mt ee *saS, a sn, Gers t ao si25, 22 22 Ga BERS, » Os AIK sin 8, ie will define the scattering length We wi the scattering length ag fiw (—f,) - Since £, can not -peo as k-vo (otherwise Te ), (4) shows that nae ears is, a Sin, 2°sinS. To a= is [- z or We can therefore obtain fim AS a a? roe aa” * alsIII-6 and kin, = Ama” RW $>0 Catactive pet.) Significance of a as an extrapolation distance: <0 Crnpsive ) Notice that a, sinker ws Asukir-a) PG sinchr+8,) ~ AkCr-a) tre a potential which can rise to a virtual stat give rise to a bound this case corresponds | fess potential can ee] state We now apply these results to n-p scattering, In this case we have the same equation as the deuteron calculation except that E > 0. ren WeCsnke , Kis buyer y"/e mr uy= Asinters§,), k= TUT, wx reduc wo Matching B.C. ak =r, = M2 K ct Kir = Ret Lor+S, ) this gives §, in terns Of Voy Fy ad TeIII-7 To simplify the calculation we will assume G@) aay x, so that kre $5 (i) T« V, 50 KITA K Be ate Sy K cat Keg = = K, efron the deuteron probien ,ky= WEG /K 4s = KS 4 1 Be RE Ay Kit dc, 2 fas a” REKT THE oe ah 023. (ee) m THE Elo] since T < Eg (2.23Mer) , O ~ 2.3 bams ' hat This does not agree with the experimental value which is »20.4 barns. Wigner (1933) has suggested that n-p scattering depends on whether the neutron and proton spins are parallel (triplet state, I=1) or anti- parallel (singlet state, 1-0); for these tuo cases the potential (ana: &) is different. Following this idea one can write aS 4 si i Soe pt esa me iplet We already know that the triplet state gives rise to the ground state of the deuteron at E = ~Ey. I£ the singlet state produces « state of energy E=E* (i could be positive or negative), then we, i » TO haat ae) with [e"L g To Kev, @ ds now in good agreement with experiment. * Since JE"| <¢ Vj» Just like E, « V, in the triplet state, the singlet wave function inside the nuclear potential is also «+ of a sine wave, z x a Ky zy z I: g 2 2 Vests % Vig Ge ~ 1.0 Mev bam,TII-8 However, using information from neutron scattering from parahydrogen (1=0) one finds a scattering length a, = -24 F, thus indicating that the singlet interaction gives rise to a virtual state (@,<0). In summary, one finds from such considerations the following results Ief. Preston, Physics of the Nucleus] Interaction Scattering lengths a[F] [Fl _v, [Mev] n-p(triplet) 5.4 2 36 n-p(singlet) -23.7 (n-p) 25 18 17 (pp) Final remark: Experimentally it is known that the total angular momentum (nuclear spin) of the deuteron ground state is Tal, here EsL+s Where L fe the orbital angular momentum and § the intrinsic spin. Tt is also known that the ground state is mostly 1s (2-0), therefore for this state $1 (n and p spins parallel). Now we have seen fron the discussions of part A that the ground state is barely bound (E,2.23 Mev), so all the higher energy states are not bound states. Example, the 1s state with S=0 (n and p spins antiparallel), is a virtual state; it is unbound by 60 kev. The significance of this is that nuclear inter- action is different for different § states, i.e., nuclear forces are spin-dependent-CC —™—C—C=C:t From 22.10 Lecture Notes by Sip, Chop Bound State of the Deuteron Experimentally it is known that the binding energy E, of the deuteron is 2.23 Mev. The deuteron is the only stable bound system of two nucleons, We will see later that the di-neutron and di-proton are not stable. The energy E, is known from the ¥ energy in the reaction ne He —> Het (298 Mew) The inverse reaction of using electrons of known energy to produce external brensstrahlung for (¥,n) reaction on H” also has been used. Besides the ground state no stable excited states of # have been found. (There is a virtual state at ~ 2.30 Mev.) Suppose we assume a square well potential (in 3-D), Var) = [ -V. ren ° roG Then we ask what is the level structure and what values should V, and r, take in order to be consistent with a bound state at energy E, = 2.23 Mev? ‘*For a general discussion of nuclear forces, see Chapter 6 of Meyerhof.