1.

Thinking is any mental activity that help formulate or solve a problem,

make a decision, or fulfill a desire to understand
2. Mental activities :
Careful observation
Remembering
Wondering
Imagining
Inquiring
Interpreting
Evaluating
Judging
3. Critical- kriticos / criticus ; to be able to discern or separate by
careful analysis and judgement
4. Critical thinking think clearly and intelligently
5. Critical thinking requires a person to have
An open mind listen attentively and to consider the views of
others
Rational thought
6. Ennis (1987) identified a range of abilities associated with critical
thinking :
The ability to reflect skeptically
The ability to think in a reasoned way
7. Benefits of critical thinking :
In university
- Understand the materials you are studying
- Evaluate your coursemate, lecturer,and tutor
- Develop your argument on topics
In workplace
- Solve problem
- Think creatively
- Gather and analyse information
- Draw appropriate conclusion from data
- Communicate ideas clearly
In life
- Avoid making foolish decision
- Make informed political decision
- Behave morally
- Attain personal enrichment
 8. Critical thinking standard
Clarity
Precision
Accuracy
Relevance
Consistency
Logical correctness
Completeness
Fairness

9. 5 barriers to critical thinking :

Egocentrism
Sociocentrism
Unwarranted assumption
Relativistic thinking
Wishful thinking

a. Self-interested thinking
- Accept , agree and
support beliefs
that match your
interest
- What is important:
Egocentrism
WHAT I WANT
WHAT I NEED
- Critical thinking
The tendency to
demands that we
only focus on
be OBJECTIVE and
FAIR
b. Self- serving bias
- Overrate yourself
- Critical thinking
demands that we
LOOK HONESTLY at
our personal
 Sociocentrism a. Group bias/
ethnocentrism
The tendency to - See your own group
focus on the group as being better than
(family,friends,comm others
unity etc. - We tend to therefore
despise and disfavor
-sociocentrics
outsiders
:people who follow - Cause human
whatever their conflict,intolerance,o
groups tell them ppression
b. Conformism
- Follow the crowd
- Many people do so to
be part of the ingroup
- Critical thinking

Unwarranted a. Stereotyping
- Assuming that every
assumption
person within a
Assumption: particular group is the
something we believe same
to be true without - Is arrived by drawing
proof conclusions about a
large group of people
Unwarranted from a small group
assumption: - Eg. All girls love
something taken for gossiping
granted without a - Critical thinking
good reason demands us be
ACCURATE and FAIR
Relativistic Thinking a. Subjectivism
(REAL) - Truth is a matter of
Truth is a matter of individual opinion
opinion - Whatever that person
believes, is true for
that person
- There is no absolute
truth
- Usually occurs in moral
issues
- Critical thinking
demands us to be
OPEN-MINDED and
CAUTIOUS
b. Cultural relativism
- Truth is a matter of
cultural opinion
- This also occurs in

Wishful thinking
- People are fearful of
Believe accepting the reality
something not and thus choose to
because you believe in other more
have a good comforting thoughts.
reason but
because you
wished it to be
Other barriers to critical thinking:

- Lack of relevant background information

- Poor reading skills
- Superstition
- Peer pressure
- Narrow-mindedness
- Distrust
- Denial
- Rationalization
- Scapegoating
- Selective perception
- Face-saving
- Fear of change
- Overpowering emotions