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2 Design of Reinforce Concrete Beams PDF
2 Design of Reinforce Concrete Beams PDF
9c
By
SPRING 2004 Dr . Ibrahim. Assakkaf
1
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 2
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
d
y h
2
h d
Plastic
Centroid
b
Figure 6a. Stresses and Forces in Columns
Cs Cs
a e
c Cc Cc
e
N.A.
d d
Ts Ts Geometric
s
Strains : Internal forces : Centroid
Stresses :
d c f s = Es s f y Cc = 0.85 f cba
s = 0.003
c f s = Es s f y Cs = As f s
c d Ts = As f s
s = 0.003
c
Figure 6b. Stresses and Forces in Columns
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 4
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 6
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since
Cc = 0.85 f cba
Cs = As f s (21)
Ts = As f s
4
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 8
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 10
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 12
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 14
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 16
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 18
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 20
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 22
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 24
Stress Limits
1) Tension-controlled limit case (t > 0.005)
c c 0.003
= = = 0.375 (31)
d t c + t 0.003 + 0.005
a = c = 0.375 1d t (32)
d d
s = 0.0031 = 0.0031 2.67
c dt (33)
d
f s = s Es = 87,0001 2.67 f y (34)
dt
Stress Limits
1) Compression-controlled limit case (t = 0.002)
c c 0.003
= = = 0.60 (35)
d t c + t 0.003 + 0.002
a = c = 0.60 1d t (36)
d
s = 0.0031
0.60d t (37)
d
f s = s Es = 87,0001 1.67 f y (38)
dt
13
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 26
Stress Limits
Transition zone for limit strain with
intermediate behavior
This characterizes compression members in which
the tensile reinforcement As has yielded but the
compressive reinforcement As has a stress level
less than fy depending on the geometry of the
section.
Intermediate values change linearly with t from
= 0.90 when t > 0.005 to = 0.65 for tied columns,
or = 0.70 for spiral columns when t 0.002.
Stress Limits
Transition zone for limit strain with
intermediate behavior (contd)
It should be noted that for nonprestressed flexural
members and for nonprestressed members with
axial load less than 0.10 f c Ag, the net tensile strain
t should not be less than 0.004. Hence, in the
transition zone of Fig. 8, the minimum strain value
in flexural members for determining the value is
0.004.
This limit is necessitated, as a value can
otherwise become so low that additional
reinforcement would be needed to give the
required nominal moment strength.
14
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 28
15
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 30
Pu Figure 9
e
Pu Pu
e e Pu e
Pu
= =
(a)
(b) (c) (d)
16
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 32
17
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 34
C
fx = C
fx + C fx
f x = ( f x )centric + ( f x )bending
18
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 36
Mx = 192 kNm
m
m y
120 mm 80
Mz = 120 kNm
x
z
35 mm
19
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 38
Example 7
Find the design axial load strength Pn for
the tied column for the following conditions:
(a) small eccentricity, (b) pure moment, (c)
e = 5 in., and (d) the balanced condition.
The column cross section is shown.
Assume a short column. Bending about
the Y-Y axis. Use f c = 4000 psi and fy =
60,000 psi.
Example 7 (contd)
20
6#9 bars
Y
X X 14
Y
14
20
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 40
Example 7 (contd)
(a) Small Eccentricity:
Ag = 14(20 ) = 280 in 2
Ast = 6 in 2 (area of 6 #9 bars)
Pn = Pn (max)
[
= 0.80 0.85 f c(Ag Ast ) + f y Ast ]
= 0.80(0.70)[0.85(4)(280 6 ) + (60)(6 )]
= 723 kips
Example 7 (contd)
(b) Pure Moment:
The analysis of the pure moment condition
is similar to the analysis of the case where
the eccentricity e is infinite as shown in
Figure 12.
The design moment Mn will be found
since Pu and Pn will both be zero.
Assume that As is at yield, and then with
reference to Figure 13, then
21
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 42
Example 7 (contd)
Figure 12
Pu
e=
Example 7 (contd)
C1 = concrete compressive force
C2 = steel compressive force
T = steel tensile force
s 0.003 c 3
= s = 0.003 (41)
c 3 c c
Since
f s = Es s (42)
22
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 44
Example 7 (contd)
Figure 13
3 3 0.85 f c
As s 0.003
C2
c 0.85c C1
Z2
17 As Z1
M n T
y
or more
Example 7 (contd)
Substituting Es = 29 106 psi and s given
by Eq. 41 into Eq. 42, gives
c3 c3
f s = 29 10 6 (0.003) = 87 (43)
c c
For equilibrium in Figure 13d,
C1 + C2 = T (44)
23
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 46
Example 7 (contd)
(0.85 f c )(0.85c )b + f sAs 0.85 f cAs = f y As (45a)
24
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 48
Example 7 (contd)
Therefore, the forces will be
C1 = 0.85 f c(0.85c )b = 0.85(4 )(0.85)(3.62)(14 ) = 146.5 kips
C2 = f sAs 0.85 f cAs = 14.9(3) 0.85(4 )(3) = 34.5 kips
Example 7 (contd)
Figure 13
3 3 0.85 f c
As s 0.003
C2
c 0.85c C1
Z2
17 As Z1
M n T
y
or more
25
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 50
Example 7 (contd)
Therefore,
M n = M n1 + M n 2 = 188.8 + 40.3 = 229 ft - kips
and
Example 7 (contd)
(c) The eccentricity e = 5 in:
The situation of e = 5 in. is shown in Figure 14
Note that in Part (a), all steel was in
compression and in Part (b), the steel on the
side of the column away from the load was in
tension. Therefore, there is some value of the
eccentricity at which steel will change from
tension to compression. Since this is not
known, the strain in Figure 15 is assumed.
26
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 52
Example 7 (contd)
Pu Figure 14
e = 5
Y
Example 7 (contd)
Figure 15
3 0.85 f c
As s 0.003
C2
Pn c 0.85c C1
d = 17
5 As Z2
Z1
12
s T
27
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 54
Example 7 (contd)
The assumptions at ultimate load are
1. Maximum concrete strain = 0.003
2. s > y, therefore, f s =fy
3. s is tensile
4. s < y and thus fs < fy
These assumptions will be verified later.
The unknown quantities are Pu and c.
The forces will be evaluated as follows:
0.003
s
Example 7 (contd)
c
C1 = 0.85 f cab = 0.85(4 )(0.85c )(14 ) 40.46c
d
C2 = f y As 0.85 f cAs
= 60(3) 0.85(4 )(3) = 169.8 kips
s
d c
T = f s As = s Es As = 87 As s d c
c 0.003
=
c
17 c 17 c s = 0.003
d c
, and
= 87 3 = 261 c
c c d c d c
f s = s Es = 0.003 29 10 = 87
3
Pn = C1 + C2 T
17 c
= 40.46c + 169.8 261 (47)
c
28
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 56
Example 7 (contd)
From moments = 0, taking moments about T in
Figure 15d:
a
Pn (12 ) = C1 d + C2 (14 )
2 (48)
1 0.85c
= 40.46c17 + 169.8(`14 )
12 2
Example 7 (contd)
Now, the assumptions can be checked:
14.86 3
s = (0.003) = 0.0024
14.86
f 60,000
y = y = = 0.00207 < ( s = 0.0024 ) OK
Es 29 106
29
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 58
Example 7 (contd)
The design moment for an eccentricity of 5
in. can be computed as follows:
Pu = Pn = 0.65(733) = 477 kips
477(5)
M n = Pn e = = 199 ft - kips
12
Therefore, the given column has a design
load-moment combination strength of 477
kips axial load and 199 ft-kips moment.
Example 7 (contd)
(d) The Balanced Condition Case:
The balanced condition is defined when the
concrete reaches a strain of 0.003 at the same
time that the tension steel reaches its yield
strain, as shown in Fig. 16c.
The value of cb can be calculated from
87 87
cb = d= (17 ) = 10.06 in.
87 + f y 87 + 60
30
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 60
Pb
C2
cb 0.85c C1
eb
d = 17
As
y T
0.002
Strain Stress and Force
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Example 7 (contd)
10.06 3
s = (0.003) = 0.0021 > y = 0.002
10.06
Therefore, f s = fy = 60 ksi
The forces can computed as follows:
C1 = 0.85(4 )(0.85)(10.06 )(14) = 407 kips
C 2 = 60(3) 0.85(4)(3) = 170 kips
T = 60(3) = 180 kips
Pb = C1 + C2 T = 407 + 170 180 = 397 kips
31
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 62
Example 7 (contd)
The value of eb may be calculated by
summing moments about T as follows:
0.85cb
Pe (eb + 7 ) = C1 d + C2 (14)
2
0.85(10.06)2
397(eb + 7 ) = 407 17 + 170(14)
2
Example 7 (contd)
The results of the four parts can be tabulated
(see Table 6) and plotted as shown in Fig. 17.
This plot is called an interaction diagram.
In the plot, any point on the solid line
represents an allowable combination of load
and moment.
Any point within the solid line represents a
load-moment combination that is also
allowable, but for which this column is
overdesigned.
32
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 64
Example 2 (contd)
Table 6
Axial load strength Moment strength
e
(Pn,kips) (Pne, ft- kips)
Infinite 0 160
12 in 278 278
Pn (kips)
8 00
Figure 17. Column Interaction Diagram
7 00 Compression Failure
6 00
Balanced condition
e=0
5 00
4 00
3 00 5 in.
e= 12 in.
2 00 e = eb =
1 00
Tensile Failure
0 e=
0 50 100 15 0 200 250 3 00
Mo me nt
Bending Strength of Member
Moment Pn e (ft - kips)
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 66
Example 7 (contd)
Any point outside the solid line represents an
unaccepted load-moment combination or a
load-moment combination for which this
column is underdesigned.
Radial lines from the origin represent various
eccentricities (slope = Pn/Pn or 1/e).
Any eccentricity less than eb will result in
compression controlling the column, and any
eccentricity greater than eb will result in
tension controlling the column.
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 68
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 70
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Figure 18. Column Reinforced with Steel on all Faces: (a) Cross-
Section; (b) Strain; (c) Forces
36
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 72
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
h 1
Pn e = 0.85 f cb1c 1c + Fsc ysc + Fst yst (50)
2 2
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 74
Circular Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
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CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 76
Circular Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
Circular Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
h hi
di = (cos bar ) (54a)
2 2
where = (h 2d ) / h
d
f si = 87,0001 i f y (54b)
c
where f si = stress in bars within compressive zone
d (54c)
f si = 87,000 i 1 f y
c
where f si = stress in bars within tension zone below N.A.
39
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 78
Circular Columns
ENCE 454 Assakkaf
h
M n = 0.85 f cAc y + f si Asi d i (55c)
2
40
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 80
As f y bhf c
Pn = + (56)
e 3he
+ 0.5 + 1.18
d d d2
41
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 82
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Circular Concrete
Columns (contd)
42
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 84
Ast f y Ag f c
Pn = + (58)
3e 9.6he
+ 1.0
Ds (0.8h + 0.67 Ds )2 + 1.18
h = diameter of section
Ds = diameter of the reinforcement cage center to center of the outer
vertical bars
e = eccentricity to plastic centroid of section
43
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 86
Example 8
Obtain an equivalent rectangular cross
section for the circular column shown in figure
20a. Assume that Ds = 15 in.
Example 9
A concrete circular column 20 in. in diameter
is reinforced with six No. 8 equally spaced
bars as show in the figure. Using Whitneys
approximate approach, compute the nominal
axial load Pn for (a) eccentricity e = 16.0 in. and
(b) eccentricity e = 5.0 in.
2.5 in.
Given :
f c = 4000 psi 6 #8 20 in.
f y = 60,000 psi
44
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 88
Example 9 (contd)
a) e = 16.0 in. with axial load 6 in. outside the
circular section. It can be assumed that the
section is tension-controlled.
Ds = 20 2(2.5) = 15 in.
Ast area of 6 No.8 4.74 4.74
g = = = = = 0.015
Ag Ag h 2
(20 )2
4 4
45
CHAPTER 9c. COMBINED COMPRESSION AND BENDING: COLUMNS Slide No. 90
Example 9 (contd)
Using Eq. 57, yields
fy 60,000
m= = = 17.65
0.85 f c 0.85(4000)
Example 9 (contd)
b) e = 5.0 in. with axial load inside the circular
section. It can be assumed that the section
is compression-controlled.
(20)2
total steel area Ast = 4.74 in ,
2
Ag =2
= 314.2 in
4
Using Eq. 58, gives
Ast f y Ag f c
Pn = +
3e 9.6he
+ 1.0
Ds (0.8h + 0.67 Ds )2 + 1.18
4.74(60 ) 314.2(4)
Pn = + = 626.58 kips
3(5) 9.6(20 )(5)
+1 + 1.18
15 (0.8 20 + 0.67 15)2
46