nl Pee Onc Pee eo meen for precast and prestressed concrete construction Pe te agar Cree tratteny Dc eRe CutsPCI Connections Manual for precast and prestressed concrete construc o o i 7 | Prepared by PCI Connection Details Committee Latbi Sonnour, PhD, P-E,, Chair Rashid Ahmed, P-E. Looi Bacreddino, PE, S.E, Lyle Bowman, P.E., S.E. Thomas Camp, P.E, Harry A, Chambers: Thomas J. DiAtcy, PE, SE Paul M. Douglas," P.E. James R. Gerla P-E. Robert Grosz, PE Pot Connections Manual Mohammad §. Habib, P-E, X, (Sharon) Huo, PhD, P.E, Hussam Faik Kakish, PhD, P.E, Kovin Kirkloy, PLE, Kenneth 8. Kowall,P.E., S.E, Fagjar |. Kusumo-Rahardjo,” Karen Laptas,* PLE, David Larsen, SE, “Jason P. Lien, PE ‘Andrew EN, Osborn, PE Gordon Samuelson," P.E, ‘Jerald A. Schneider, PE, SE ‘A Fatlah Shaikh, PhO, PE Kim Sorenson," PE. Sergio G. Lozada, PE, ‘Charles Magnesio, P.E. Todd G. McCoy, P.E, Barry N. McKinley, PE. Bradley E. Means," P.E. David Nasser," PE Irwin J. Speyer, PLE. Scott Winch, P.E. ‘Jagdish C. Nijnawan, PE ‘Michael G. Ova, PAD, PE David W. Omdortt, PE. ~ Past Chair *onaptr Chairo'o MINE 138-08 Copyright © 2008 By PrecasyPrestressed Conerete Institute All eights reserved, ‘This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form without the writen ponnission of the PrcastPrestressed Concrete fate ‘Susana effort has been made to ensue that all data and information in this manual are accurate. However, PCI cannot accept esponsibility for any errs or oversights a the use of material or in the proparation of engineering plans. This publication is intended For use by personne! competent to evaluate the significance and linitations a ts contents and able to accept responsibility for the aplication of the material it contain. Special conditions on a project may equire more specific evaluation of practical engineering Judgement. While every effort has been made to prepare this publication asthe national standards for the industry, iti possible that dhere may be some conflicts between the material herein and local pructices. First Editon, 2008, ISBN 978.0.937040-76-8 Printed in the United States of America PI Connostions ManualTable of Contents CHAPTER 1—Introduction to Connections Ll to 1-22 1.1 Scope of Repott 3 TE I Gar eserere-e 484444 EAEEEEEEE E18 EOEE 9g EESEREE CEE SEnEE CEE SSS SPEECH cxeveo ace: mh a O 1.2 Standardization 13 1.3 Organization of Connections 13 1.4 Format 13 1.6 Connection Design Criteria 1.7 Erection Considerations 1.8 Protection of Plates 9 Connection Materials 1.1.9.1 General 1.1.9.2 Mechanical Couplers 1.1.9.3 Dowels 1.1.9.4 Welded Headed Studs and Deformed Bar Ai 1.1.9.5 Bolts and Threaded Connectors 1.1.9.5.1 Standard Bolts 1.1.9.5.2 High-Strength Bolts 1.1.9.5.3 Threaded Steel Rods 1.1.9.5.4 Coil Bolts and Rods 1.1.9,5.5 Post-Tensioning Rods 1.1.96 Iaserts (1.9.6.1 Primary Inserts 1.9.6.2 Secondary Inserts 1.1.9.7 Expansion Inserts 1.1.9.8 Resin Capsule Inserts 1.1.9.9 Structural Steel 1.1,9.9.1 Welding of Structural Steel 1.1.9.9.2 Galvanized Steel 1.1,9.9.3 Stainless Steel 1.19.94 Reinforcement 1.1.9.9.5 Welding Electrodes 1.19.10 Post-Tensioning Steel 1.19.11 Bearing Pads 1.1.9,12 Other Lond Transfer Materials 1.1.9.12.1 Cast-la-Place Concrete 1.1.9.12.2 Grout 1.1.9.12.2.1 Sand-Cement Grout Dry-Pack 1.1.9,12.2.2 Flowable Grout 1.1.9.12.2.3 Non-Shrink Grout 1.1.9.12.24 Epoxy Grouts 1,1.9.12.2.5 Epoxy Compounds 1.1.10 Structural Integrity [.2 Referenced Organizations 1.3 Referenced Standards 1.4 Quality Assurance LS Materials 1 L L 1.1.5 Limitations, IL 1 1 1 PCI Connections Manual 0-3eects ah *Q CHAPTER 2—Foundation Connections 2.1 Column to Footing Connection (Pinned/Partial Fixity) 2.2 Column to Footing Connection (Moment) 2.2.1 Mechanical Splice Connection 2.2.2 Socketed Connection 2.3 Double-Tee Wall to Continuous Footing 24 Double-Pee Wall to Stem Wall 2.5 Solid Wall Panel to Continuous Foundation 2.6 Solid Wall Panel to Stem Wall 2.7 Spandtel Wall to Continuous Foot 2.8 Spandret Wall to Continuous Footing (Moment) 2.9 Double Tee to Foundation Wall (No Topping) 2.10 Douible Tee to Foundation Wall (With Topping) CHAPTER 3—Beam to Colum, Double Tee to Spandrel Connections. 3.1 Inverted-Tee Beatn to Column (No Corbel) 3.2 Inverted-Tee Beam to Column (Corte) 3.3 Spandrel to Column (Loadbearing or Non-Loadbearing) 3.4 Column to Column (Splice Steeve) 3.5 Column to Column (Anchor Bolted) 3.6 Double Tee to tnverted-Tee Beum Connection (With Topping) 3.7 Protopped Tee to Inverted-Tee Beam (With Topping) 3.8 Double Tee to Steel Beam Connection 3.9 Double Tee to Spandrel (Loadbearing) 3.10 Double Tee to Spancrel (Bolted and Non-Loadbearing) 3.11 Double Tee to Spandire! 3.12 Double-Tee Flange to Flange CHAPTER 4—Double Tee to Wall Connections 4.1 Double Tee to Solid Wall (Londbearing/Welded), 4.2 Double Tee to Solid Wall (Non-Loadbearing/Sloted) 4.3 Double Tee to Solid Wall (Non-Loadbearing/Welded) 4.4 Double Tee to Double-Tee Wall 4.5 Double Tee to Masonry Wall (Loadbearing/Grouted) 4.6 Double Tee to Masonry Wall (Non-Loadbearing/Stotted) 4.7 Double Tee to Solid Wall With Pockets CHAPTER 5—Wali Pane! to Wall Panel Connections 5.1 Precast Concrete Wall to Wall (Inside Comer, Recessed Angie) 5.2 Precast Concrete Wall to Wall Inside Comer, Recessed Plate) 5.3 Precast Concrete Wall to Wall (Vertical Joint) 5.4 Precast Concrete Wall to Wall (Recessed Flat Plate Embed) 5.5 Precast Concrete Wall to Wall (Recessed Angle Embed) 5.6 Precast Conerete Double-Tee Wall to Double-Tree Wall (Inside Cornet) CHAPTER 6—Architectural Connections 6.1 Knife-Bage Support at Concrete or Steel Beam 6.2 Conerete Corbel at Concrete or Steel Beam 46.3 Adjustable Beating (Inverted Angle) at Concrete or Stee! Beam 644 Adjustable Bearing (Gusseted Angle) at Concrete or Steel Beam 6.5 Bolted Tieback to Concrete or Steel Beam 6.5.1 Bolted Tieback to Concrete 6.5.2 Bolted Tieback to Steel Beam 66 Steel Corbel at Conerete or Steel Beam 2-1 t0 2-108, 417 427 35 441 447 5-1 t0 5-68 S17 5.27 5.35 5-43 5-59 6-1 to 6-44 63 69 IS 6-21 6.27 6.29 633 637 ‘Pct Connections tanvalCHAPTER 7—Miscellancous Connections TA to 7-42 7.1 Double Tee to Double Tee (Steel/Conerete Beam Bearing) 13 7.2 Double Tee to Cast-in-Place Ramp ng 7.3 Double Tee to Masonry Wal 7.4 Grouted Dowel to Foundation Sleeve 723 7.8 Steel Joist 19 Double-Tee Wall 3.29 7.6 Expansion Joint, Pretopped Double-Tee-Flange Support 737 CHAPTER 8—General Design Information 81 0 8.68 8.1 Design Information 8.1.1 Dead Weights of Floors, Ceilings, Roofs, and Walls 8.1.2 Recommended Minimum Uniformly Distributed and Concentrated Live Loads 8.1.3 Beam Design Equations and Diagrams 8.14 Camber (Deflection) and Rotation Coefficients fer Prestress Force and Loads 8.1.5 Momtents in Beams with Fixed Ends 8.1.6 Torsion Diagrams, Reactions, and Rotations 8.1.7 Moving Load Placement for Maximum Moment and Shear 8.1.8 Moments, Shears, and Deflections in Beams with Overhangs 8.2 Material Properties 8.2.1 Table of Concrete Stresses. 8.2.2 Concrete Modulus of Elasticity as Affected by Unit Weight and Strength 8.2.3 Properties and Design Strengths of Presiressing Strand and Wire 8.24 Properties and Design Stronaths of Prestressing Bars 8.2.5 Typical Stress-Strain Curve, 7-Wire Low-Relaxation Presiressing Strand 8.26 Transfer and Development Lengths for 7-Wire Uncotted Strand 8.27 Reinforcing Bar Data 8.2.8 Location of Reinforcement Confined by Stirrups or Ties 8.2.9 Required Development Lengths for Reinforcing Bars 8.2.10 Common Styles of Structural Welded-Wire Reinforcement 8.2.11 Wire Used in Structural Welded-Wire Reinforcement 8.2.12 Bar Area Equivalents in a One-Foot-Wide Section 8.2.13 ACI Required Minimum Reinforcement Areas Fer Foot Width of Section 8.3 Standard Bolts, Nuts, and Washers 83.1 Dimensions of Nuts and Bolts 8.3.2 Dimensions of Standard Washers 8.4 Welding Information 8.4.1 Weld Symbols Commonly Used in Precast Conerete Construction 8.4.2 Typical Welded Joints in Precast Concrete Construction 8.4.3 Properties of Weld Groups Treated as Lines 8.5 Section Properties 8.5.1 Properties of Geometric Sections 8.5.2 Plastic Section Moduli and Shape Factors 8.6 Metric Conversion 8.6.1 Metric Calculations and Example 8.6.2 Conversion from U.S. Customary Uni 8.6.3 Preferred SI Units and U.S, Custom 8.6.4 Concrete Stress Cocfficients 8.7 Design Aids 8.7.1 Allowable and Desiga Stress for Fillet and Partial Penetration Welds 8.7.2 Strength of Fillet Welds for Building Construction 8.7.3 Minimum Length of Weld to Develop Full Strength of Bar Weld Parallel to Bar Length 8.7.4 Size of Fillet Weld Required to Develop Full Strexgth of Bar, One Side 8-65 8.755 Sice of Fillet Weld Required to Develop Full Streigth of Bar, Both Sides _ 8-66 8.7.6 Strength of Bolts and Threaded Fasteners 8-67 suico ones a sO to International System ry Equivalents Pi Connaatons Manuel 0-8wecctmene mh 8.7.7 High-Strength Coil Bolt and Coil-Threaded Rod Selection Chart 8.7.8 Strength of Connection Angles 8.7.9 Strength of Connection Angles 8.67 8-68 8-68 Pot conn tons MenuChapter 1 Introduction to Connections LL Scope of Report 1.1 General so 13 1.1.2 Standardization : 13 1.1.3 Organization of Conneetions 1.14 Format 1.15 Limitations i \ 1 1 1.6 Connection Design Criteria 1.7 Brection Considerations 1.8 Protection of Plates 1.9 Connection Materials 1.1.9.1 General oe 1.1.9.2 Mechanical Couplets «0 16 L193 DOWE!S eran eee 16 1.1.9.4 Welded Headed Studs and Deformed Bar Anchors 7 sew 1.9.5 Bolts and Threaded Connectors : ‘ \7 1.9.5.1 Standard Bolts : ia a La 1.1.9.52 High-Strength Bolts ee la 1.19.53 Threaded Steel Rods a o seowl-T 4 Coil Bolts and Rods La 1.9.5.5 Post-Tensioning ROWS wren sen sntinninnnnnninanenenel 1.1.9.6 Insests : : senntnnnnnnnmnane 1.1.9.6.1 Primary Inserts ... 7 1.1.9.6.2 Secondary Inserts -enenanan aa le aetna 1.1.9.7 Expansion Inseris 18 1.1.9.8 Resin Capsule Inserts nnn — 19 1.1.9.9 Structural Steet : re ee dD 1.1.9.9.1 Welding of Structural Stee! 19 1.1.9.9.2 Galvanized Stel .. eet teeaeeas 1-10 1.1.9.9.3 Stainless Steet 1 [1.9.9.4 Reinforcement Siren 12 1.9.9.5 Welding Electrodes ee ete 1-13 [1.9.10 Post‘Tensioning Steel 116 L911 Beating Pads... See eee penn AAT 1.9.12 Other Load Transfer Materials... LT L.9.12.1 Castin-Place Concrete sesyinnsnnnnn a ns 17 1.6.9.12.2 Grout Sete 7 7 Lit 1.1,9.12.2.t Sand-Cement Grout Dry-Pack Lay 1.1,9.12.2.2 Plowable Grout .. ny i i wna tHT 1.1,9.12.2.3 Non-Shrink Grout Lis 1.1.9.12.2.4 EpOKY GrOUS snnnnnin 7 118, 1.1,9.12.2.5 Epoxy Compounds 18 [1.10 Structural Integrity 19 1.2 Referenced Organizations 1.3 Referenced Standards 1.4 Quality Assurance 1.5 Materials Connections Manvel O.m sup1n9009 «4 vouCO. Pcl Connections ManuIntroduction to Connections LL Scope of Report 1.1.1 General Conneotions ave fundamental to all building and construction ‘ng matter what material is used. The purpose of a connection is to transfer load and provide stability, which means the design of connections is one of the most important steps in tho engincoring of precast/prestressed concrote structures, Standard precast concrete connections are the subject of {his report. Although the connections are noted as “typical precast concrete connections,” the manual does not limit ‘the designer or precast concrete producer to using oaly the connections shown in this report as long as the alternate connection satisties the objective of the design. ‘The designer must be well versed in all of the Factors that influence the determination of applied Joads and thus in the design of various connections. This roport takes a typical connection and establishes a nominal connection capacity. It is the responsibility of the designer to verify that the applied Toauls do nat exceed the given connection capacity under the given design assumptions, This report should be used by ‘an engincer who is familiar with structural mechanies ancl ‘who uses engineering judgment in applying these standard ‘connections to a specific structure. Note the term “designed by others” means designed by the engineer of record oF the ‘contractor—not the precaster. A typical desiga example is presented with each connection detail table in order to iMlostrate the design method used to arrive at a particular connection capacity. The capacities shown are maximum for the direction shown and the etfect of interaction should be considered where appropriate, jtandardization During the evolution of the precast/prestressed concrete \dustry, certain approaches for making connections have been found to satisfy the objectives of owners, contracto! precast/prestressed concrete manufacturers, and designers, ‘The objectives of a good connection combine practicality ‘and economy with sound desiga and therefore require an understanding of factors such as strength, serviceability, ductility, production techniques, erection techniques, aesth “This report categorizes and deseribes connections that the Committee believes have satisfied all the noted objectives ver several years of construction and use, ‘The connections shown in this epott perform well in seismic design categories A, B, and C. Special detailing and design C1 Connections Manual considerations will be required in seismic design categories D, E,and voscujoccoss am a mh 1.1.3 Orgai jon of Connections ‘The connections presented in this report are given in the following general categories: + Foundation Connections + Beam-Column, Double Tee-Spandret + Double Tee-Wall Connections + Wall Pane!-Wall Connections + Architectural Claddings Connections + Miscellaneous Connections + Scismic Connections Refer to the Table of Contents for a more detailed breakdown, within these groups. Although these categories are very broad, the members of the committes believe that the general layout of the text should be familiar to most readers. 1.1.4 Format ‘The connections depicted in this report show a simplified graphic schematic of the connection in the middle of a typical page with design assumptions on the upper left hand side, followed by the connection capacity table. Sample problems are presented with examples. 1.1.5 Limitations Some of the most important considerations in building design, such as building layout, configuration, and selection of types of precast members, are discussed in the PCI Design Handbook (6th edition). This report shovld be used as @ roference for the reader in determining which approaches to cerain connections are considered standaed by the ‘Committee. For any particular project, the designer should analyze the conditions specific to that project and determine if the standard connections shown in this report are desirable ‘or applicable, There may be several successful solutions to each connection problem, and the design methods and ‘examples included in this report are not the only acceptable ‘ones. The connections presented inthis repost, however, hhave satisied the noted objectives over several years of constiuetion and use Disclaimer: The Committee wants fo reiterate that this report is intended for use by those with an understanding of ‘engineering mechanics and structural design, and in no case should it replace good engineering judgment.ahh ‘Scape ot epact 1.1.6 Connection Design Criteria ‘The PCI Design Handbook (6th edition) is an aid for designing, fabricating, and constructing precast! prestressed concrete structures. Chapter 6, titled “Design of | Connections,” contains the following notable topics: + Loads and Load Factors + Connection Design Criteria + Connection Hardware and Load Transfer Devices: + Headed Conerote Anchor Design + Structural Steel Design + Welding Precast conerete connections must meet a variety of design and performance criteria, and not all connections are required to meet the same criteria, These criteria are: 1, Strength: A connection must have the strength to transfer the forces to which it wil be subjected during its lifetime, ineluding those caused by volume change and those required to maintain stability. Connections are usually designed with factored loads determined from the building analysis, Starting with the 2002 edition, ACI 318 has adopted load factors from ASCE 7, Chapter 2. Additionally, it is recommended that bearing connections be designed for a minimum horizontal tensile force acting parallel to the span of 0.2 times the factored dead load transferred at the bearing, unless a smaller value can be justified by using, properly designed bearing pads. To ensure that the overall safety of the connection is adequate, additional Over Load Factors (OLF) have historically been used by the industry. ‘The overload factors range trom 1.0 to 1.33. The need and magnitude of the overload! factor depends on the engineer's judgment and consideration of the mode of failure, the consequences of failure, sensitivity of the ‘connection to tolerances, and the requirements of focal codes. These overload factors are typically employed ‘on the welds and embeded anchors. Sirengrh reduction factor @ shall be as follows: Except for concrete anchorages and conerete corbels @ actors from ACI 318-02, seetion 9.3, are used: ‘Members designed as: Flexural controlled sn 0.90 Compression controled. 0.65 Shear and torsion, 0.75 Beating one 0.65 Strut-and:-tie models and struts, ties, nodal zones, and bearing areas in such models. son 05 ‘The phi factor for conerete corbels designed by the cantilever beam method as specified in ACI 318-02 section 11.9.3.1 sence OFS Conerete corbels designed in accordance with the ACT 318-02 section 119 vaso 095 ‘The phi factors for concrete anchorages are specified in seetion D4.4 of ACI 318-02, Headed Studs Tension nnnns OTS Shears 0.65 Post-installed anchors are required to be designed with phi factors that range from 0.45 to 0.75 ‘depending on sensitivity to installation and reliability ‘The phi factors for steel construction are specified in the AISC Manual for Steel Construction-Load and Resistance Factor Design (3rd edition). Structural Steel Sections: ‘Tension and Shear..n.n 0.90 Welds sn OTS, ‘Bolts and Threaded Fasteners... 075 Ductlity: This is the ability to undergo relatively large inelastic deformations prior to failure. In steuctures, ductility is usually measured by the amount of Adcformation between first yield and failure. Duetilty in the overall structure may result from the ductility of the stoctural members and/or their connections. In precast/ prestressed concrete structures, connection ductility ‘can be effectively used to contribute to the overall structure ductility. The connection ductility is achieved ‘by ensuring that various load transfer elements —such a deformed bar and headed stud anchors, welded ‘wire reinforcement, and other inserts—are adequately anchored in the concrete. In certain situations, such. as where member depth is limited, where inserts are located close to concrete member edges, and/ for where inserts ae located close 10 each other, ‘concrete failure may precede insert material failure. In such cases consideration should be given to provide supplementary reinforcement around the inserts, ‘Connection failures resulting From failure in concrete are typically britle and, as a general rule, should be avoided. Regarding calculations, capacity governed by concrete must be greater than capacity governed by steel when ductile connections are required Voiume Change Accommodation: Restcaint of ereep, shrinkage, and temperature change strains can cause large stresses in precast concrete members and their cornections, Much of the creep and sbrinkage will hhave typically taken place prior to making the final connection of precast concrete members; however, temperature change can also be pavticularly damaging in exposed structures such as parking structures, AU of| these Formations must be considered in the design. It is preferable if the connection allows some movement take place, thus relieving the stresses. Connections Manuel5. Durability: When exposed to weather, or used ‘corrosive environment, steel elements should be adequately covered by concrete oF be painted, epoxy coated, or galvanized, Stainless steel is sometimes used in corrosive environments, 6. Fire Resistance: Connections that could jeopardize the structure's stability if weakened by fire, should be. protected to the same degree as that requived for each, of the members they connect 7. Constructability: Phe following procedures should be followed when designing connections: + Standardize products or connections. + Avoid reinforcement and hardware congestion. + Check material and size availability + Avoid penetration of forms where possible. + Reduce post-stripping work. + Be aware of material sizes and limitations. + Consider clearances and tolerances. + Avoid non-standatd production and erection tolerances. + Use standard hardware items and as few different sizes as possible. + Use repetitive details. + Plan forthe shortest possible hoist hook-up time. + Provide for field adjustment. + Provide accessibility. + Use connections that are not susceptible to «damage in handling. + Consider how to to prevent shims or pads that transfer loads from “walking.” + Allow for adjustment after product is unhooked trom the crane, + Minimize weld heat buildup in the surrounding conerete, or allow for embed expansion, + Determine if special inspection is required For the ‘material and welding process 8. Acsiheties: The final appearance of the connection ‘must be kept in mind when designing. Designers should incorporate a visually pleasing final product into the design by keeping in mind production practices and erection methods, 9. _Seixmie Requirements: Connections located in regions ofthe structure where large inelastic displacements will develop during aseismic event are classified as seismic connections. Seismic design procedures assume enetgy dissipation by the formation of plastic mocha ‘When these mechanisms occur at inter-element joints connected by seismic connections, energy nustbe dissipated through inelastic deformations of these connections. Seismic engineering of structures may even be necessary in regions of low seismic mensity because the mass ofthe concrete stuctuees Pt Connections Manus! can generate significant lateral forces. Proper design of seismic conncetions is requiced to ensure the satisfactory performance of commonly used lateral loud resisting systems, 10. Tolerances: Tolerance may be defined asthe permitted variation from a specified dimension or quantity Tolerances are specified to allow controlled leeway in the fabrication of products and their installation due to economical and practical production, erection, and interfacing considerations. The designer must realize that normal fabrication, erection, and interfacing tolerances proclude the possibility ofa perfect fit in the field. The connection must satisfy structural integrity conceras to atccommodlte the specified project tolerances. 1 1 i i 1.1.7 Erection Considerations Designers should consider erection procedures when designing precast concrete connections. This is best done by consultation with the erection contractor early inthe design process. If more than one connection detail satisties structural requirement, the selected detail should be the one that expedites both production and erection, Details that are best suited for erection may require compromise of some production considerations. [f possible, the same onnection methods should be used throughout the project. For example, if some spandrols are botted tothe columns, all spandrels—loadbearing and non-Ioadbeating—should be bolted, Also the numberof different sizes of field connection hardware should be minimized. Pate sizes, weld sizes, and bolt sizos should be standardized as much as possible Connections should be designed so that a member can be tunlooked from the erane in the shortest amount of time. The following procedures pertaining to erection should be kept in mind when designing connections: + Plan for the shortest possible hoist hook-up time. + Provide for field adjustment. + Provide accessibility + Use connections that are not susceptible to damage from handling. Identily proper design, location, use, and restraint of shims. + Determine when to shim and when to dry-pack.. + Consider unbalanced loading due to loading on one side of member. + Determine temporary bracing/erection stability + entify location of welds. Practice has shown that when beating plates are welded to the support, excess stresses can build up due to shrinkage, creep, or loading. If this can affect stability, one must pay tention to detailing the welded members; that is, weld alternate ends of alternate tecs if the ends have to be welded to the supportoh oh seope of Reno 1.1.8 Protection of Plates Plates exposed on the surface of precast concrete units, particularly in parking decks where deicing salts ate used, should be protected by special coatings such as epoxy, zine- enriched paints, or galvanizing, Stainless steel may also be Utilized in corrosive environments, particularly in flange t0 flange connections in pretopped double-tee systems, Note that special care should be taken when galvanized assemblies are used in conjunction with mild steel reinforcement. When galvanized assemblies used, strict adherence to the practices given in ASTM A1S3 is mandatory to avoid possible strain-age embritdlement and hydrogen embrittlement 1.9 Comnection Materials 1.1.9.4 General A variety of hardware, including deformed bar and headed stud anchors, plain wire and coil inserts, structural shapes, bolts and threaded rods, and other materials are used in connections of members in precast concrete structures. In| ‘ordec to achieve specified strength, these picces of hardware must be properly anchored in the concrete. The anchorage is Figure 1.1.9.1. Mechanical Coupl. achieved by bond and/or bearing between the embed and the adjacent concrete. Some pieces of the more commonly used connection hardware are discussed in this section. 1.1.9.2 Mechanical Couplers Coupleis are mostly proprietary in nature and are available {or use in precast conerete connections. Typical examples are shown in Figure 11.9.1, Some couplers ate suitable for compression splices, while others ean be used as tension splices as well. Designs using these deviees should be based on the manufacturer's recommendations and applicable codes. 1.1.9.3 Dowels Reinforeing bars or stecl rods are frequently used as dowels ‘o connect precast concrete components. These dowels may be cast in one member and field placed and grouted into a preformed or predrilled hole in another member, or they may be field placed in both members. tn many applications, these dewels are placed vertically and used only for alignment, o to resist nominal shear loads, and thus may not require full tensile strength development. Occasionally, 8 dowel willbe required to resist tension. Tn this ease, the bar mus be sufficiently anchored o develop the equited High Strength dn Song Grout Packing Grout-Filled Sleeve ‘Thread-Detormed Bar Coupler Cola swaged See boas - Reducer Insert Metal-Filled Sleeve ~ Li extruded Wedge-Locking Coupler Tapered-Threaded Coupler steal Soper C1 Coanestions Manualtensile stength. However, the bond of the grout to the ‘concrete may control the embedment length. For most situations, ordinary sand-cement grout in drilled holes is unreliable under ditect tension loads. Therefore, larger preformed sleeves or special grouts such as epoxy mixtures are required 1.1.9.4 Welded Headed Studs and Deformed Bar Anchors Both of these materia are welded in a semiautomatic process. This process is an efficient and economical method by which anchorage of steel shapes to concrete can be achieved. The most common type of fastener for use in this process is the headed stud. The anchorage 0 conerete is provided by conerete bearing under the head of the stud. Deformed bar anchors are made from the same type of sicel as headed studs. Anchorage to concrete is achieved by deformations on the bar similar to reinforcing bars, except that the deformations are indentations rather than projections. Bond properties of deformed bars ate those of reinforcing bars. 1.1.9.5 Bolts and Threaded Connectors rious types of bolts and other threaded connectors are used in connections of precast concrete. The primary advantage of these devices is that they facilitate quick assembly and erection. The primary disadvantage is the close tolerance required for the placement of the connector and its receptacle, ‘The majority of the connections in precast concrete structures tend to be of the bearing type, where transfer is achieved with fasteners acting essentially as ‘dowels. On the other hand, friction-type connections transfer the load by the friction between the interconnected pacts, ‘The friction resistance capability is produced by the normal compressive force, which is in cur due to tensioning of the threaded fasteners, 1.1.9.5.1 Standard Bolts ‘Standard bolts are defined as those conforming to ASTM A307 specifications. Threads comply with the "Coarse ‘Thread Series” specification of ANSI BI.1(31). 119s. High-Strength Bolts High-strength bolts (ASTM A325 or A490) have been developed primarily for frition-type connections between stevetural steel members. They have more than 1wo times. the tensile strength of ASTM A307 bolts. Their application requires controlled tensioning of the fastener to develop sufficient force to prevent slipping of the connected pars Ci Connections Manval 1.1.95.3 Threaded Steel Rods ‘Threaded steel rods of various sizes are also used in precast cconciete connections. The most common application is for anchor bolts at column bases, yesccg mh mh 1.1.95. Coll Bolts and Rods Coil bolts and continuously threaded coil rods are popular items for both temporary and permanent connections of precast concrete. The threads are designed to fit the contour ofa elically wound wire coil insert, Because the threads are very coarse, they are not easily clogged or damaged, Coil bolts and rods are available in many sizes and lengths ‘up (020 fL (6 m), Because coil bolts and rods are not covered by standard specifications, itis suggested that the manufacturer's recommendation be used in desiga. 1.1.9.5 Post-Tensioning Rods Post-tensioning rods (usually conforming to ASTM A722 specilications) are also used to connect precast concrete ‘members. They can be used simply as bolts, or preferably prestessed, to resist uplift and/or shear forces created by lateral loads 1.1.96 Inserts A large variety of inserts are commercially avaiable For use ir precast concrete construction. Their strengths and application procedures are generally well defined. For discussion in this document, these are roferred to-as primary Inserts, Other types of inserts are used for temporury conditions, such as lifting and handling, or light loads, sueh as various shelf angle inserts. These are labeled as secondary insert ie 1 Primary Inserts Basically, these inserts include a receptacle to engage a connector, such as a bolt, and an element, such as a wire loop, for anchorage to concrete. Examples of these inserts are shown in Figure 1.1.9.2 and [1.9.3 ‘These inserts use one of the following three basic types of receptacles (Figure (1.9.4): 1, Standard Coil: A helically wound coil of wire that nut” into which a coil bolt or rod is threaded. forms a 2. Tapped Coil: The standard coil may be tapped to accept standard machine bolts, Due to the difficulties inherent in the tapping process, the cost of tapped coils ‘ends to be high, thus their use is infrequent, 3. Pernule or Welded Nut; This is for use with bolts ot rods with standard threads, The nuts are weldable and are of sufficient length to ensure that design loadoh oh Seace of Repo transfer to the anchor wires, The wires provide for the anchorage to concrete ‘The anchorage of wire inserts to concrete is achieved by engagement of the Loop in concrete (loop-type wire inserts, Figure 1.1.9.2) or by bond with concrete (open wire inserts, Figure 1.1.9.3). Failure of an insect may be due to either conerete failure or insert material failure. The lesser of the toro is taken as the in-place design strength, Ifthe insert is adequately anchored into the conerete and the anchorage wires are properly welded to the receptacle, the in-place strength of the insert is governed by the strength of, the wires or the receptacle capacity. Again, itis desirable to have the bolt or the wires govern the connection strength, because such failures are more predictable and ductile. For the open wire inserts, manufacturer's data including. the recommended safety Factors should be used in design, ‘The loop-type wire inserts may also be designed by using ‘manufacturers’ data. Alternately, the loop-type wire inserts can be investigated in a manner similar to that for the welded hheaded studs, wherein the strength governed by concrete failure is based on a shear cone. 1.1.9.6.2 Secondary Inserts A variety of inserts have been devised for lifting and handling of precast concrete members, suspension of ceilings, and for attachment of shelf angles. These inserts Figure 1.1.9.2 Loop-Type Wire Inserts are intended for temporary loads or for supporting light permanent loads. Their use for structural applications in primary connections is not recommended. Because ofthe large variety of inserts available, i is not feasible to include a comprehensive coverage inthis document, Reference to insert manufacturers’ catalogues is recommended for various applications and estimating loxd camying capabilities. 1.1.9.7 Expansion Inserts Expansion inserts are devices placed into hotes drilled in. hhardened conerete. The insert develops tensile and shear capacity when expanding parts of the insert are forced against the sides of the hole. This is usually done by tightening the connector bolt into the insert. All expansion anchors are propriety and examples are shown in Figute 1.1.9.5. Manufacturers have established the tensile and shear strengths of their devices by testing. At a ‘minimum, recommended embedment depth and the tensile ‘capacity agree well with the “shear cone” concept. However, due to the slip of the anchor inthe hole, deeper embediment ‘depth does not proportionally increase the anchor’s capacity. Because the expansion inserts thrust against the sides of the: installaton hole producing lateral pressures, the spacing between inserts and location with respect to edges of the member is critical. Manufacturer's recoramendations and —} mS = SP SP ae PCI Connections ManaICC Legacy or Evaluation Service repotts should be used in this regard, 1.1.98 Resin Capsule Inserts Resin capsule anchors or epoxy anchors are also used for attachment to hardened concrete. Like expansion anchors, they are placed in a hole drilled in the hardened co Resin anchors consist of two parts: crete. 1. A scaled glass capsule containing a premeasured amount of an aggregate suspended in synthetic resin and a separate vial within the eapsule containing the catalystinardener. AA threaded rod stud with a washer and nut. During the instalation the capsule is placed in the predrlled hole and the stud is driven into the capsule, thus breaking, it The resulting chemical reaction among resin, aggregate, crushed glass, and hardener forms a thick symthetic mortar that hones the stud to the conerete, Because the pullout strength is developed by resistance long the entire depth of the anchor, the strengths of these anchors are typically higher than those of similar si expansion anchors. Also, because of the full depth bonding, the resin capsule anchors are less likely to work loose under shock or vibration conditions than the expansion anchors. Resin capsule inserts are recommended for use as a threaded fastener only. They are not recommended for applications Figure 1.1.8.3 Open Wire Inserts where they are installed and welded to a steel shape. The hheat caused by the welding operation may cause degradation in the resin, which could affect the holding value and possibly cause the anchor to fail 1.1.99 Structural Steel Structural steel plates, angles, wide-flange beams, und other shapes are often used! in connections, 1.1.9.9.1 Welding of Structural Steet Welded connections are structurally efficient and easily adjust to varying field conditions, The strength of a welded connection depends on reliable quality and the compatibility of welding materials to the metals to be joined. Welding in temperatures below 32°F (0°C) may require preheating of materials to be joined because of the possibility of fractured welds. Surfaces to be welded, and surfaces adjacent to a Weld, should be uniform, free from fins, tears, cracks, and other discontinuities, and free from loose or thick seale, slag, rust, moisture, grease, or other foreign material that would preveat proper welding or produce objectionable fumes, Provide for expansion of cast-in plates caused by heating luring welding, ‘There are two types of group weld designs, These weld ‘group designs are described as: ‘The Flastie Vector Method (FVM) caleutates the resultant stress on a weld group due to applied loads. Typically, Figure 1 Standard Coil ‘Tapped Coll ‘Wold Nut (Ferrule) 'Pc1Conections Manual vodssjocdeag aml aahi three-dimensional configurations are evaluated against 1wo- dimensional weld geometry. The stress is calculated using a traditional mechanics of materials approach. This approach is typically used for out-of-plane loading. ‘The Instantaneous Center Method (ICM) calculates the resullant foad based on strength design. The weld stresses are functions of the rotational displacement about an instantaneous center. This analysis procedure is typically used for in-plane loading, Where deformations are a ‘concern, such as bearing, care should be used due to the nature of the analysis procedure. Depending on the geometry, the calculated capacity can be significantly greater than that provided by the EVM, “The Committee recognizes tne EVM to be conservative, and thus recommends the analysis of weld groups using this method. This recommendation should not deter an experienced designer from utilizing the ICM, as long as the designer recognizes the conditions that may cause aetual capacities to be less than calculated capacities. Refer to the PCI Design Handbook (6th edition for design methodology for both methods. 1.1.9.9.2 Galvanized Steel Galvanized metal is a material in which proper surface treatment must be used. One of the two following procedures should be used for ‘welding galvanized stec!: 1. Removal of galvanizing on mating surfaces and the use of standard welding procedures, The zine should be removed at least 2 10 4 inches from either side of the intended weld zone and on both sides of the workpiece, i possible, When galvanized stee! is welded, some of the zine is volatilized on each side of the weld and, while thin layer of zine-iron alloy remains, there is a loss in cor‘osion resistance. In the cases of zinc-rich painted stesl, welding causes decomposition ofthe paint film thal is burned off for some distance on each side of the ‘weld. The width of the damaged zone will depend on the heat input and preheat. Removal of the zine, where weld is to be placed, is the most conservative approach in welding galvanized steel. Welding procedures will then be the same as 1 Connections Mantfor uncoated steel. Zine ean be removed by burning with a carbon are or an acetylene torch while using. an oxidizing flame, by shot blasting with portable equipment, ot grinding with silicone carbide abrasive dlsks, 2. Leave the galvanized coating on the surface of the plates and weld using galvanized base metal with the thickest coating anticipated and qualified by test in accordance with ANSUAWS D1. | or AWS D1. ‘This welding procedure specification (WPS) will permit welding over surfaces with coatings equal to ‘or less than the coating used in qualification testing In general, to avoid zine penetration of the welds, this procedure should involve greater root openings in the joimts, electrodes with low silicon content, and slower welding speeds Ineither ease, the weld areas should be given a coat of zine rich pant (95% zinc) or epoxy paint immediately after welding and chipping of slag to replace the removed galvanizing. Hardware should be propesly cleaned prior to applying protective treatment, Special care shoutd be taken when welding in the vicinity of a bearing pad to avoid damage to the pad. Tn general, manual metal are welding procedures for galvanized stee! are similar to welding uncoated steel. However, welding galvanized steel generally requires that the welder receive specialized training, In addition, ‘qualifications of the welder and welding procedure using the thickest coating anticipate is strongly recommended. [Note the following points when welding galvanized steel: The welding electrode EXX10 and EXX 1S. should be applied slower than usual with a whipping action which moves the electrode Forward ‘to cinch along the seam in the direction of progression and then back into the molten pool. All volatilization of the galvanized coating should be complete before the bead progresses. This will prevent zine entrapment in the weld metal b. A short are length is recommended for welding. in all positions to give better control of the weld ‘pool and to prevent either intermittent excess penetration or undercutting. Slightly wider gaps, up 10 Ye inch, are required! in Du joints ora 15* angle on the edge of a standing. plate in order to give complete penetration. The Bap also allows for the zine and its pases to escape, and reduces cracking caused by restraint a tho coating thickness increases. Po} Connactions Manual 4. Weaving and multiple weld beads should be avoided. Heat input into the joint should be Kept 10 a minimum (o avoid undue damage to the adjacent coating. When welding galvanized steel, hydrogen-induced eracking ‘of the heat-affected rone may occur inthe base plate aujacent to the weld. The precautions necessary to avoid cracking include such measures as reduction in cooling rate ‘of the joint by the use of preheat or the use of large diameter clectiodes at high currents, The hydrogen content of a weld can be increased when it is deposited on galvanized or zine- rich primed stet, This extra hydrogen originates from the pickling process in galvanizing or from the decomposition products of primers. It may be necessary to cither remove primers from the vicinity of the joint before welding oF use higher preheating temperature than would be used on uncoated steel, vodayjoadcog muh om oath Zine-tich paints are available that have been specially Formulated such that it i not necessary to remove the coating from the weld path prior to welding. A letter should bbe obtained from the coating manufacturer stating it fo be “weldable.” Porosity will occur in certain weld joint designs in galvanized steel, depending on coating thickness, due to volatization ofthe zinc in the coating and entrapment of gas in the weld. The type of joint affects porosity formation because gases cannot readily escape from tee joints or from bute pints in thick materials In the ease of tee or butt joints, vee edge preparation or provision of a gap between the plates facilitates the escape of gases, minimizing porosity. Pore “ormation is also influenced by the thickness of the galvanized coating relative to the base material 1.1,9.9.3 Stainless Steel Wher welding stainless steel plates to other stainless steel pilates or to low-carbon steel, the general procedure For ‘welding low-carbon steels should be followed, taking into ‘account the stainless steel characteristics that differ, such as hhigher thermal expansion and lower thermal conductivity Welding of stainless steel should be done by qualified ‘welders familiar with the weld requirements of these alloys. Austenitic stainless steels are best welded without preheat ‘except to reduce shrinkage stresses on sections over If inch thick or on restrained joints. No peeleat, interpass temperature below 350° F (177° C), or a stinger-beud technique reduce the time the heat-etfected zone isin the sensitizing range (800 to 1400" F (30" C), thereby reducing the amount of carbide precipitation and warpage. Preheating will be necessary when earbon steel is to be welded or {cmperature of components to be welded is less than 32° F wo, 1-1oh "oh ‘Scope of Repo 1-12 Stainless welds are generally not as penetrating as those in ‘carbon steels and the weld metal is a bit more sluggish. This ‘means that the weld joints in stainless have to be a bit more ‘open to obtain penetration and fusion, For vertical and overhead positions, electrodes should be he in, (4mm) in diameter or less. For vertical welds on Ys in. (5 smi) thick plate or less, the weld should be vertically down using small beads; otherwise, on thicker plates, the tiangular ‘weave technique should be used welding vertically up Because of the relatively high coefficient of thermal expansion and lower thermal conductivity of austenite stainless steet, precautions should be taken to avoid weld bead eracking, minimize the distortion of stecl, and avoid cracking ofthe concrete. The following procedures may be used to minimize these problems Lower weld current consistent with sufficient penetration to reduce the heat input othe work b. Use skip-weld techniques to minimize heat concentration. Apply other cooling techniques to dissipate heat Use tack welding to hold the parts in alignment during welding &. Vary sequence of welding. 1. Keep edges of eastin stainless steel connection plates free from adjacent concrete to allow expansion during ‘welding without any spalling ofthe concrete. Surfaces to be welded should be sanded smooth, not ground, and all blue heat tint removed, Joints should be clean and diy. Moisture should be removed by heating oF by blowing with dry ai. Propared surfaces on which weld metal i 9 be deposited should be fice from organie contaminants, surface oxides or material discontinuities (for example, tears, Jaminations) that would affect the strength ofthe weldment; additionally the surface discontinuity limitations of AWS. D1. should be used asa guide In joining austenitic stainless steels to carbon steels or low- alloy steels, a stainless steel welding rod that is sufficiently high in total alloy content, such as Type 309 or 309L or other highty alloyed electrodes should be used. Buttering may he ‘an unnecessary and costly procedure. However, when joining austenitic stainless steel and carbon steel, it may be a good practice to butter the carbon stecl surface with a layer of ASTM Type 309 or other suitable stainless steel weld metal, such as ASTM Type 312, prior to actually joining it to the stainless steel. The portion of the joint where difficulties are most likely to oceuris buttered while there is little restraint ‘on the weld metal, Following the deposition and inspection of the buttered layer or layers, the joint between the stainless steel member and the buttered layer will be a conventional stainless steel to stainless steel joint. The welding electrode in this case cam be the type normally used to weld the stainless tee! member ofthe joint (.e., Type ASTM 308 iF the stainless steel membor is Type ASTM 304), Carbon steels with less than 0.20% carbon can normally be welded with austenitic fillers without preheat; but when the carbon is greater than 0.30%, temperature control is necessary. As alloy content increases, like, in the case of | ow-alloy steets, preheat control is usually essential, ‘The deposition of carbon steel or low alloy stee! weld metal ‘on stainless can result in hard, brittle weld deposits that frequently crack when deposited and woul likely fail in service. Weld procedure qualifications should be conducted ‘on all proposed combinations of base metal and electrodes to termine the extent to which this is a problem. When welds are made using tick electrodes (SMAW method), some spatter is normal, However, its easily removec by light grinding (alurinum oxide) or wire brushing, Spatter resistant compounds applied before welding reduces this annoyance. Cleaning time is reduced ot climinated when welding is dane using the inert gas process Welds and the surrounding area on stainless steel should be cleaned 2f weld spatter, lus, oF scale to avoid impairment ‘of corrosion resistance. Most welding flux or slag ean be chipped off, but itis beter to grind the ux off using lean grinding wheels. Sandblasting with clean silica sand is also an effective and economical way to remove slag. Stainless steel brushes and clean grinding wheels (wheels not contaminated with earbon stecl particles) should be used to clean stainless steel welds. A small piece of carbon steel), scale, copper, or foreign material lodged on stainless steel may become sufficient to destroy passivity atthe point of contact and eause rust staining and increased corrosion. Slag shal also be cleaned off to ascertain proper weld size and quantity 1.1.9.9.4 Reinforcement ‘When welding of reinforcement is used to make a connection, weldabilty characteristics of the reinforcement shouldbe considered, Ifrequied, minimum preheating and interpass temperatures for welding of reinforcing bars should consider the highest carbon equivalent numberof the base metal. The weldablity of stool established by its chemical analysis determines the applicable welding procedure and sets prea and iterpass temperature requirements. Staking an are outside ofthe weld area ofthe einfreing bar should be awoided, One practical method of preheating reinforcing bars and insert plates is to use an oscillating torch while measuring the preheat with a temperature level or heat-sensitive chalk. By using the torch, a localized preheated area can be obiaired simplifying the welding process. The entire plate or bar does nat need to be heated. Heat-sensitive Pt Connections Manualchalk is designed to change color or melt when the desired temperature is reached, If preheating is required, the reinforcing bar should be heated until the eross section of the bar is at or above the siniwum temperature for atleast 6 in. (150 men) on either ide ofthe joint. Surfaces of reinforcing bars to be welded and surfaces. adjacent to a weld should be free from loose or thick seale, slag, rust, moisture, grease, epoxy coating, or other foreign ‘material that would prevent proper welding or produce objectionable fumes. Mill scale that withstands vigorous wire brushing, «thin rust inhibitive coating, or anti-spatter compound, may remain, The ends of reinforcing bars in dlitect butt joints should be shaped to Form the weld groove by oxygen cutting, air carbon are cutting, sawing, or other ‘mechanical means. Bars for difect butt joints that have sheared ends should be trimmed back beyond the area deformed by shearing. Welding galvanized reinforcing bars, without prior removal of the coating, should be performed in accordance with AWS D4. Welding of galvanized metal may also be done after removing all coating from within 2 in, (50 mm) of the ‘weld joint. The galvanized coating should be removed with oxyfuel gas flame, abrasive shot blasting, or other suitable ‘When welding or preheating epoxy-coated base material, the epoxy coating should be removed from the surfaces to be heated. After welding, suitable protective coating (zine rich oF epoxy paint) should be applied to the finished joint to restore the corrosion resistance properties of the coated bars When reinforcing steel is welded to structural steel ‘members, the project specification for structural steel should apply. When joining different grades of stee, the filler metal should be selected for the lower streneth base metal Reinforcing bars shall not be welded within two bar diameters of the beginning point of tangency of a cold bend, ‘Typical reinforcing bar welds are shown in Figure 1.1.9.6, and improper and proper methods of welding reinforcing boars are shown in Figure 1.1.9.7. 1.1.9.9.5 Welding Electrodes Electrodes for shielded metal are welding (SMAW) should conform to the requirements on ANSVAWS DI.1, Section 4 or AWS DI, Seotion 5 (AWS A5.1 of AS.5). All clectrodes should be of a type suitable for the chemistry of the steel being welded. ‘The electrodes and the shielding for gas metal arc welding, (GMAW) or ux-cored are welding (CAW), for prod ‘weld metal with minimum specified yield strengths of 60 1% PC Connections Manus! ksi (415 MPa) or less should conform to the requirements of AWS A5.20 oF A5.29. Weld metal having a minimum specified yield strength ‘greater than 60 ksi (415 MPa) should conform to the following requirements: 1. The electrodes and shielding for GMAW for produ weld metal with a minimum specified yield strength ‘greater than 60 ksi (415 MPa) should conform to AWS 5.28, ng 2, ‘The electrodes and shiclding gas for FCAW for producing weld metal with a minimum specified strength greater than 60 ksi (415 MPa) should conform 1 AWS A5.20 and A5.29. Electrodes similar to those used for are welding uncoated steel san be used for welding galvanized steel, along with the same electrode size and eurrent. The major difference ‘when manval are welding galvanized steel compared 10 uncoated stel arises from the need for higher heat input to remove the zine from the weld pool and lower welding speed to bum oft as much ofthe zine coating as possible in ont of the weld pool. All low hydrogen electrodes conforming to AWS AS.1 should be purchased in hermetically sealed containers or should be cred for at least 2 hours at temperature between 500" F (260" C) anc 800° F (430° C) before they are used, if the container is damaged. Storage temperatures for 66010 and E6011 (high cellulosic type) electrodes are not critical but temperatures exceeding 125" # (52° C) should be avoided because these electrodes depend on a high percentage of moisture (6 to 7%) for favorable are characteristics. Over-baked or dried-out cellulosic electrodes result in low are force, low penetration, incomplete slag coverage, and porosity Of the various standard electrode covering types, low- hhydregen coverings are the most resistant to hydrogen induced cracking. These types of organic electrodes are produced with a minimum moisture content in theie coatings and ae given a high-temperature bake before packaging in hermetically sealed containers designed to provide adequate protection ftom exposure under normal conditions. Electrodes that have been in physical content with water, _gfease, or oil should not be used, and itis not recommended to re-bake these electrodes. These electrodes should be scrapped, ‘Condensation on covered electrodes will occur when cans ‘or cartons are opened prematurely ina relatively warm area after removal from storage in a welatively coo! atea ‘Containers should be allowed! to warm up to ambient temperature before opening in the welding location, Cartons, vodeycedoss mlb mahsooe ot Revert gull aah Figure 1.1.9.8 Typical Reinforcing Bar Welds — e2y__y¢ INS iO BAL ye oy aot Single-V-Groove Weld Double-V-Groove Weld Full Penetration Welds Note: AAs shown for no. 9 and larger reinforcing bars, no. 8 and smaller bars require appropriate backing, 1" = 1 in, = 25.4 mm AX Som Fillet Welds, eA Flare-V-Groove Welds 0.28, Section Flare-Bevel-Groove Welds PI Connections ManualFigure 1.1.9.7 Improper and Proper Methods of Welding Reinforcing Bars, Note: 1" = 1 in. =25.4mm, Pol of Ctatzabon Reinforcement Bar —/- r ZZ. (A) Improper 2x Bar Diameter | 2" Minimum (3" Preferred) Reinforcement Z Bars | |-— Point of Tangency (8) Proper ‘wil require more time than cans to equalize temperature due to the insulating effect of the cardboard. Welding with moist low-hydrogen electrodes leads to hydrogen-induced cracking, increased arc voltage, spatter loss, undescutting, and poor slag removal, in addition 19 porosity, underbead cracking, and general rough welds. ‘Therefore, all low hydrogen and stainless stool SMAW electrode coverings should be protected from moisture pickup. Electrodes packaged in hermetically sealed containers can be stored for several months without deterioration. However, electrodes should be dried as specified prior to use ifthe hermetically-sealed containers are damaged, improperly stored, ot for any reason the clectrodes are exposed ta high moisture conditions. Immediately after removal from hermetically-sealed containers or rom drying ovens, electrodes should be stored Jn holding ovens and held at emperatures of 250° F (120° C), Redry £70 electrodes that are not used within 4 hours, ERO series within 2 hours, E90 series electrodes 1 hour, or E100 series within 's hour, after removal led containers or from a deying or storage oven, in a drying oven before use. The manufactures of electrodes may warrant longer exposure periods based on tests, Blectrodes should be dried only once for any reason. Blectrodes that have boon wet should not be used, witi ‘When drying clectrodes, stack them in a maximum of three layers. The following methods of reconditioning works best: 1. Load electrodes into a preheated oven that does not exeeed 200° F (93° C). 1 Connsetions Manual 2. Increase to recommended temperature for conditioning (see Table 1.1.9) and hold for about ‘one hour. When oven temperature exceeds 500° F (260° ©), the heating rate should not exceed 300° F (150° ©) per hour, 3, Cool the oven to 150 to 200" F (66 10 93°C) before unloading electrodes. Table 1.1.9.4 Store as follows: Storage of Electrode Contents, we CPOeen | Reconditioning Cartons TMi Stool Diy atroom | Not (6010,6011) temp. Recommended ile Steel 100-175 F | 250-800" F (60°2,6013, (98-80"0) | (121-149" c) 7014,7024), ‘Milg Stee! 215-450" F | 700-800" F (Low Hydrogen, Low | 102-233" 0) | (371- 427° C) Alloy, EXX15,EXX16, Exx18) Stainless Steel AG! | 215-260" F | 400-600" F DO|AWS-16), (102-127° ¢) | (205-16" c) DC Lime(AWS-15) Steling(AWS-17) | 215-260" F | 350-425" F (102-127" cy | (177-219" 6) ‘The bond between the covering of the electrode and th wire can loosen if electrodes are loaded or unloaded at, or core 1 1 g :mh oh Seone of Report 1-16 close t, the baking temperate or ifthe baking cyel repeated indefinitely Only low hydrogen welding rods (EXX-X5, 6, or 8) should be Kept in an oven once removed from their air-tight container. Although they must not get wet, the coating of other rods (60-11) will be damaged if heated All tainfess steel SMAW electrode coverings are of the Jow-hydrogen type and must be protected from moisture Electrodes should be purchased in hermeticaly-sealed containers, which can be stored for several months without deterioration. ‘The hazacd of moisture pick-up isnot as great with cored wites as i is with covered electrodes. The low-hydrogen fill ingredients of cored wires are toa considerable extent protecied from nir by the tight wrapping ofthe steal sheath Novertheles, it is possible to damage the low-hydrogen character of cored wires by excessive exposure to moisture laden air. This is most likely o occur by overnight exposure to high humidity, Returning the partially used coil or spool of wire to its plastic bag when the wire will not be used for a period of time (for example, 8 hours oF more) is a siraple but effective means of preventing excessive exposure. When joining different grades of steel, the electrode should be selected for the lower strength base metal If the weld joint in @ low carbon, unalloyed steel cannot be ‘completely cleaned of scale, rust, paint, moisture, or dirt, an 6010 oF E601 | electroce should be used, except for steels having yields strengths in excess of 70 ksi. The E6010 and ODI electrodes are sources of large amounts of hydrogen and in high-strength steels, hydrogen-induced cracks may occur. ‘When welding stainless stel, itis necessary to select a welding rod that provides weld filler metal having corrosion resistance properties as nearly identical to the base metal as possible, or better. The characteristics of the weld metal are primarily dependent on the alloy content ofthe filer metal and to a lesser extent on the degree to which the molten weld ‘metal is protected from the environment, This protection is provided by the shielding gasses used in certain welding processes or by the action of chemical fluxes applied to welding rods. The greater amount of chromium and nickel in certain alloys, Type 308 for example, is useful in welding ‘Types 302 and 304 base metals and hence is standard for all the lower chromium-nickel base metals, While the same principal applies to Type 316, in thatthe miniryumn chromium is higher in the weld metal than the base metal, the designation of the filler metal isthe same, ‘The maxinwum diameter of electrodes should be + qin. (8 mm) for all welds made in the flat position, except root passes. + ‘Win. (6 mm) for horizontal fillet welds, + ‘Win. (6 mm) for root passes of fillet welds made in the flat position and groove welds made in the flat position ‘with backing and with a root opening of in. (6 mm) + ‘pin. (4 mm) for welds made with low hydrogen electrodes in the vertical and overhead positions. + fein, (5 mm) for root passes of groove welds and for allother welds not included above. DC electrodes (EXXX-15) operate on DC only, have good. penetration, produce fillets with a slightly convex profile, and are -ecommended for + Vertical and overhead welding and all-position applications such as pipe. The slag has a fast Jreeze characteristic, Root passes on heavy plate. ‘The larger throat section of the convex bead helps prevent cracking, + Austenitic stainless welds that cannot contain any ferrite. AC-DC electrodes (EXXX-16) ae always used on DC ‘when this type of power is available, The fillet profile is flat to slightly concave, the weld surface is smoother, and the penetration i less than with EXXX-15 (DC only) electrodes. ‘The larger amount of slag requires more care to avoid slag, inclusions. These electrodes are recommended for horizontal fillets and forall fat position welding. EXXX-16 electrodes te also used in all positions by skilled welders If ASTM Type 304 stainless stels are thick enough to require multiple pass welds, carbide precipitation, which can cause intergranular corrosion, is likely to occur. Extra low-carbon plate (less than 0.03%) ASTM 304L., and electrodes such a5 308L should be used to minimize carbide precipitation, One of the most common dissimilar metal weld ‘combinations is Type 304 stainless to a low carbon or mild steel. High alloy filler metal such as Type 309 or Type 312 should be used so as to resist cracking or fissures. Electrodes for welding copper silicon (silicon bronze) ancl ‘copper aluminum (aluminum bronze) should conform to AWS AS.6 0F AST, 1.1.9.10 Post-Tensioning Steel Post-tensioning is often used in connections, particularly those that are subjected fo high tensile Forces, such asthe ‘comections in moment resisting frames. Post-tensioning, is accomplished using either 7-wire sand (ASTM A416) cor bars (ASTM A722). Typically, a 15 to 20 f length is desirable for this purpose, although shorter lengths can be Pet Connections Manus!cused where anchor set is well defined ancl consicered in the loss calculations. 1.1.9.1 Bearing Pads Bearing pads are used to provide a more uniform distribution of loads over bearing azeas, to allow limited horizontal and rotational movements, and to provide stress relief. Their use hhas proven beneficial and is often necessary lor satisfactory performance of precast concrete siructures Soveral materials are a beating pads. Some are: + AASHTO-grade chloroprene pads ane made with 100 percent chloroprene (neoprene) as the only elastomer and conform to the roquirements of the AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges. While allowable compressive stresses are somewhat lower than other pad types, these pads allow the greatest freedom of movement at the bearing + Pads reinforced with randornly oriented fibers (ROP) have been used successfully in recent years, The reinforcing fibers increase the vertical load earrying. capacity; however, dese pads offer somewhat greater resistance to rotations and horizontal movement than the chloroprene pads. There are no national standard specifications for this material. Nevertheless, ‘manufacturers have developed appropriate design and performance documentation. lable and commonly used in + Coltonduck-fabrie reinforced pads are generally used where a higher compressive strength is required. These pads are reinforced with closely spaced horizontal layers of fabric bonded in the elastomer. + Chlosprene pads laminated with alternate layers of | bonded steel or fiberglass are used in bridges, but seldom in building construction, + A multimonomer plastic bearing strip is manufa expressly for bearing purposes. This material has higher compressive strength than that of concrete used n precast construction. + Tempered hardboard strips are also use for bearing of hollow-core stabs. These pads should be used with caution witen moisture conditions ave present. addition to the progressive deterioration ofthe pad, staining ofthe procast units may occur + TRE-conted (trade name teflon) materials are often used in bearing areas where large horizontal ‘movements are anticipated, for example at “slip” joints ‘or expansion joints, The TRE is normally reinforced by binding to an appropriate backing material, such as steel. Figure |, |.9.8 shows a typical bearing detail using TRE, and Figure 1.1.9.9 shows the range of the P| Connections Manual friction coefficient that may be used for design. Typical allowable stress is about 1000 psi for virgin TPE and ap 10 2000 psi for filled material with reinforcing agents such as glass fibers. 1.1.9.12 Other Load Transfer Materials voseyy2ceog ah ah 1.1.9.12.1 Cast-In-Place Conerete Many connections in precast concrete structures are completed in the field with cast-in-place concrete, As an clfective way to transfor compressive aad shear forces. ‘Tension force transfer capability can also be achieved by using properly anchored reinforcement in the connection area in conjunction with the cust-in-place concrete. This scheme enables the design of connection for ductile moment-resisting frames, diaphragm connections for lateral load tansfer and, in general, achieving composite members. 11.9122 Grout ‘Many connections require the use of grout. It may be required for fire or corrosion protection, or for cosm purposes. In other situations, it is required to transfer compressive forces (in such cases, the use of non-shrink grout is recommended) 1.1.9.12.2.1 Sand-Cement Grout Dry-Pack Most grout used in connections is a simple mixture of portland cement, sand, and water. Portions are usually 1 part e2ment (0 2 to 3 parts sand (by volume). The amount of ‘water required depends on the size of space to be filled and the mathod of placement. Ireompressive forces are to be transmitted by the grout, it should have a minimum compzessive strength equal 10 that of the concrete, Shrinkage of the grout, as it cures, ean impede the ability of the connection to transfer compressive forces. ‘Thus, the grout should be kept as dry as the placement procedures will permit Quality control ofthe grout is as important as that of the concrete. Often tis is not the case in practice. Grout mixed Cn site shouldbe male and tested at regula intervals econting 10 ASTM C1019, which parallels ASTM C39 for the testing of concrete Dry-patck is the common term fora stiff sand-cement sixture. Compaction is attained by hand tamping, with a blunt instrument. 1.1.9.12.2.2 Flowable Grout Plowable prouts are high-slump mixtures used to fill small ‘ize voids that are either cast into the precast concrete member or formed in the field. Because the water-cement 1-171-18 Figure 1.1.9.8 Typical Teflon (TFE) Bearing Pad Detail —- Polshed Sliding S Bond Surface Stainless Steel forcast with member May be provided loose packing \— Tre .9 Teflon (TFE) Friction Coefficients. Note: 1 psi = 6.895 kPa, 0.20 -— a - = 0.20 28 010 fem | BE 00 8 co 23 0.04 T ge om & cee} 0.01 | = 19 2 50 100 200 609 1000 2000 Pressure, pi ratio is relatively high (typically about 0.50), such grouts have low strength and high shrinkage except when shrinkage ‘compensating grout is used, For very small spaces in confined areas, grouting is sometimes done by pumping or pressure injecting. confinement, such as duets for post-tensioning, must be of sufficient strength to resist the pressures produced by these methods, 1.1.9.12.2.3 Non-Shrink Grout Shrinkage can be reduced, or more appropriately, ‘compensated for, by the use of commercially available non. shrink, pre-mixed grout, These mixtures expand during the initial hardening to offset the subsequent shrinkage of the ‘grout, Because non-shrink geouts are prinvaily proprietary, thei chemical composition is usually not available to study their potential effects on the interfacing materials, such as reinforcement and inserts in the connection. Thus, it is advisable that the manufacturer's recommendations be carefully followed. 1.1.9.12.2.4 Epoxy Grouts Epoxy grouts are mixtures of epoxy resins and a filling ‘material, usually sand. These aro used when high strength is, desired, or when improved bonding to concrete is necessary, ‘The physical properties of epoxy compounds vary widely. Also, ths epoxy grouts behave very differently than the saand-cement grouts. For example, the thermal expansion of an epoxy grout can be as much as seven times the normal expansion of sand-cement grout. Therefore, itis important thatthe use of the grouts be based on experience and/or appropr.ate tests. 1.1.9.12.28 Epoxy Compounds Epoxy compounds aro generally formulated in two oF ‘more parts commonly designated as and B. The epoxy ‘compounds can be used to bond hardened concrete or other ‘construction materials to hardened concrete, They ¢an also be used for grouting or pressure injection of cracks to restore the tensile strength of concrete and other materials Epoxies arc often considered, but sparingly used in precast ‘concrete connections, except for grouting anchor bolts oF dowels into pre-drilled holes, They have also been used for repair of modification of connections in the field. Care must bbe used for repair or modification of connections inthe field. Cate is zdvised in the use of epoxies because their propertios {neluding strength and deformation as well as fie resistance are not well established. Pt Connections Manus1.1.10 Structural Integrity It is the intent of the structural integrity provisions of ACI318 to assure the redundancy and ductility of structures and thereby reduce the risk of failure or collapse of part or all of a building due to damage occurring to a relatively small area of the building. The overall integrity of the structure can be substantially enhanced by minor changes in ing of the reinforcement. For typical precast concrete structures, improved redundancy and ductility are achieved by connecting members into a load. path fo the lateral-foad-resisting system, The load path in the lateral load resisting system shall be continuous to the Footing. For precast concrete structures, the following provisions will satisfy the requirements of ACI 318-02, Sections 7.13.3 and 6s. ‘+ Members shall be connected to the lateral load resisting system, Tension ties shall be provided in the transverse, longitudinal, and vertical directions and around the perimeter of the structure + The lateral load resisting system shall be continuous to the footing, + A iaphragm shall be provided with connections, between diaphragm ‘with tension ties around its perimeter and around openings that significantly interrupt diaphragm action. + Column splices and column base connections shall have a nominal tensile dasign strength of not less than 200A, in pounds, where A, is the gross area of the ‘column in inches. For a compression member with a larger eross section than requited by consideration of loading, a reduced effective area A, not less than one~ hha the total area, may be used. + Precast concrete walls, other than cladding panels, shall, be connected across horizontal joints by a minimum ‘of two connections per panel. Each connection shall hhave a nominal tensile strength of not less than 10 kip, ‘When design forces result in no tension at the base, these connections are permitted to be anchored into an appropriately reinforced slab on grade. + Where precast concrete elements form roof or floor diaphragens, the connections between the diaphragm and those members being laterally supported shall have ‘a nominal tensile strength not less than 300 pouncls per Tineal foot + To accommodate volume changes strains in supported bbeams (temperature and shrinkage), tie eonnecti ate typically located at the top of the member, with elastomeric pad employed at the bottom bearing surface, Such tics can be accomplished by welding, c\ Comections Manvst 1 bolting reinforcing steel in grout joints, bonded . topping, or by doweling, 2 Conneetion details that rely solely on friction caused by gravity loads shall not be used. Exceptions may be permitied for heavy modular unit structures where resistance to overturning or sliding has a large factor of safety. Acceptance of such systems should be based on the provisions of ACI 318-02 Section J.4 3 1.2 Referenced Organizations is i 1 AASHTO: Ameticun Association of State and Transportation Officials, In. 4444 North Capitol Street N.W. Suite 249 ‘Washington, D.C. 20001 swwww.aashto.ong ACI: American Concre 38800 Country Club Drive rmington Hills, MI 48331 rwvrw.aci-intorg astitute AISC: American Institute of Steel Construction, Inc. ‘One East Wacker Drive Suite 3100 Chicago, IL 60601-2001 ASTM: American Society for Testing Materials 100 Barr Harbor Drive West Conshohocken, PA 19428 wowwastm.org AWS: American Welding Society P.O. Box 351040 Miami, FL 33135 www.aWs.org CRSI: Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute N, Plum Grove Road Schaumburg, IL 60173-4758 wwwersi.org, PCI: Precast/Prestvessed Concrete Institute 209 W. Jackson Boulevard, Suite 500 Chicago, TL 60606 wwwpel.org, MIL: Naval Publication and Forms Center Standardization Reports Ores Desk 700 Robbins Avenue Building 4D Philadelphia, PA 1911-5094 SSPC: Stoel Structures Painting Council 4516 Henry Streot Suite 301 Pitisburgh, PA 15213-3278 wow sspe.org 1-19Ptomcessanics ) * ah 1.3 Referenced Standards _— 1. AASHTO: Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, 17th edition. 2. ACI L17-90, Standard Specification for Tolerances for Concrete Construction and Materials 3. ACI 318-02, Guide for Preeast Concrete Wall Panels 4. ACIS33R-93, Guide for Precast Concrete Wall Pants 5. _AISC Manual f Steel Construction, LRFD 3rd Bd. 6. ASTM A29, Standard Specification for Stel bas, Carbon & Alloy, Hot-Wrough, General Requirements for 7. ASTM A36/A36M-01, § Carbon Structural Steel Standard Specification For 8, ASTM A82.01, Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Conerete Reinforcement 9, ASTM A108-99, Standard Specification for Steel Bats, Carbon, Cold-Finished, Standard Quality 10, ASTM A123/A123M-02, Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coatings on Tron and Steel Products iL. ASTM A153/A153M-02, Standard Specification for Zine Coating (Hot-Dip) on Iron and Steel Hardware 12, ASTM A184/A184M-01, Standard Specification for Fabricated Deformed Steel Bar Mats for Conere Reinforcement 13. ASTM A185-01, Standard Specification for Stee! Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plan, for Concrete 14. ASTM A276-02, Standard Specification for Stainless ‘Steel Bars and Shapes 15. ASTM A307-02, Standard Specification for Carbon ‘Steel Bolts and Studs, 60,000 psi Tensile Strength 16. ASTM A325-02, Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength 17. ASTM A416/A416M.99, Standard Specification for Steel Strand, Uncoated Seven-Wire for Prestressed ‘Concrete 18, ASTM A493-95(2000), Standard Specification for Stainless Stee! Wire and Wire Rods for Cold Heading. and Cold Forging 19, ASTM A496-01, Standard Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete Reinforcement 20. ASTM 497-01, Standatd Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Deformesi, for Concrete 1-20 a 25, 26. 28. 29. 30, 31. 32, 33, 35. 36, 31, 38, 39, 49. ASTM A61S/AGL5M-01b, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM A666.00, Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate, and Flat Bar ASTM AT0G/A706M-01, Standard Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Deformed and Plain Bars for Conerete Reinforcement ASTM A767/A767M-00b, Standard Specification for Zine-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement ASTM ATTS/A77SM-O1, Standard Spe Epoxy-Coated Reinforcing Steel Bars ASTM A884/A884M-01, Standard Specification for Bpoxy-Coated Steel Wire and Welded Wire Fabric for Reinforcement ification for ASTM A1022, Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless Steel Wise and Welded Wire for Concrete Reinforcement. ASTM B766-86(1998), Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings of Cadmium ASTM B633-98e1, Standard Specification for Blectrodeposited Coatings of Zinc on Iron and Stect ASTM C31/C31M-00e21, Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field ASTM C33-02a, Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates ASTM C150-02a, Standard Specification for Portland Coment ASTM C260-01, Standard Specification for Air- Enitaining Admixtures for Concrete ASTM €330-02b, Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete ASTM C494/C494M.99ue1, Standard Specification for (Chemical Admixtores for Concrete ASTM C881/C881M-02, Standard Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding Systems for Concrete ASTM C979.99, Standard Specification for Pigmt for Integrally Colored Concrete ASTM E329-02, Standard Specification for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Materials Used in Construction ASTM F1554-048 L, Standard Specification for Anchor Bots, Stee! 36, 55, and 105 ksi Yield Strength AWS D1.1-02, Structural Welding Code- Steel PCI Connections Manual41. AWS DI4-05, Structorsl Welding Code—Reinforcing Steel 42. AWS D1.6-99, Structural Welding Code-Staintess Stee! 43. PCI MNI-116, PCI Manual for Quality Control for Plants and Production of Precast and Prestressed Concrete Products, 3rd edition 44, PCL MINL-117, PCI Manual for Quality Control for Plants and Production of Architectural Precast Concrete Products, 3nd edition 45. PCI MNL- 120, PCI Design Handbook, Precast and Prestressed Concrete, 6th edition 1.4 Quality Asst nce Manufacturer Qualifications: The precast concrete ‘manufacturing plant shall be certified by the Precast! Prestressed Concrete Institute Certification Program prior to the start of production, 1.5 Materi: Concrete: Portland Cement: ASTM C150, Type__, __color For exposed surface use same brand, type, and souree ‘of coment supply for the entite jb. Air Entraining Agent: ASTM C260 Water Reducing, Retarding, Acceleration, High-Range- ‘Water Reducing Admixtures: ASTM C494 “The use of calcium chloride in the conerete mix is not permitted. Coloring Agent ASTM C979 Synthetic mineral oxide Harmless to eonen e set und strength Stable at high peratures Sunlight and alkali-fast Compatible with curing compounds, form release agents, application of sealers, coatings, and seal Facing Aggregates: ASTM C33 or C330 Provide fine and course aggregates for each type of ‘exposed finish from a single source (pit or quarry) for centre job. They shall be clean, hard, strong, durable, and inert, and free of st ning or deleterious 1 Material and color. Maximum size and gradation_. Backup Concrete Aggregates: ASTM C33 or C330 Provide fine and course aggregates for exch type of ‘exposed! finish From a single source (pit or quarry) for 1 Connections Manval Water Welded Wire Reinforcement in $ centie job. They shall be clean, hard, strong, durable, and inert, and free of staining or deleterious material Potable water or water free from deleterious matter that may interfere concrete. the color, setting, or strength of the Reinforcing Steel: Deformed Steck ASTM A615, Grade__ Weldable Deformed Stes: ASTM A706 for regular stool ASTM A496 for steel wire Coated Reinforcing ASTM ATTS for epoxy coated bars ASTM A767 for galvanized bars ets 1 5S Welded Steel: ASTM A185 Welded Deformed Steel: ASTM A497 Epoxy Coated: ASTM A884 Galvani: ed Welded-Wire Reinforcing: ASTM A82 Fabricated Steel Bar or Rod Mats: ASTM A184 Prestressing Steel: ASTM A416, grade Cast-In Anchors and Connections: Materials: Rolled Steel Shapes Structural Steel: ASTM A36 AS72 GRSO, A992 Stainless Steel: ASTM A666, Type 304, grade__ ‘Carbon Steet Plate: ASTM A283, grade__ Malleable fron Castings: ASTM AT, grade__ Carbon Steel Castings: ASTM A27, grade 60-30 Bolts: ASTM A307, A325, or A490 bon Steel Studs: AWS DIL, ‘Type A or B (ASTM A29)Grades 1010 thru 1020 ‘Type C (Deformed Stoel Bars-ASTM A496) Stainless Steel Studs: AWSDI.6, Type A or B (ASTM A276, A493) Finish: Shop Primer: (FS TT-P-645 or 664) (SSPC-Paint25 or manufacturer's standard.vows Qt ak Galvanizing: (ASTM A153 or ASTM A123 hotlip galvanizing) (electroplated) (metallized) Cadmium coating: ASTM B766, Zine tich coating: MIL-P-21035, self curing, one ‘component, sacrificial organic coating Blectrodeposited zinc: ASTM B633, Grout: (Cement Grout: Portland cement, sand, and water sufficient for placement aud hydration, minimum compressive strength ‘Nonshrink Grout: Premixed, packaged ferrous and non-ferrous aggregate shrink-resistant grout. Corp of Engineers specification CRD-C621, ASTM C1107 standard specication packaged dr rout (non shrink) hydraulic coment Epoxy-Resin Grout: Two-component mineral- filled epoxy-polysulfide, ASTM C88I or A-001993, FS MMM.G-560. Bearing Pads Chiloroprene (neoprene): Conform to Division Il, Section 25 of AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, Random Oriented Fiber Reinforved: Shall support a compressive stress of 3000 psi with no cracking, spliting, or delaminating in the internat portions of the ppad. One specimen shall be tested For each 200 pads used in the project. Duck Layer Reinforced Pad: Conform to Division II, Section 10.3.12 of AASHTO ‘Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges or Military Specification, MILC_ 882C. Plastic: ‘Multi-monomer plastic strips shall be nonleaching and support construction loads with no visible overall ‘expansion. C1 Connections ManaChapter 2 Foundation Connections 2.1 Column to Footing Connection (Pinned/Partial Fix 2.2 Column to Footing Connection (Moment) sevenncne 2.2.1 Mechanical Splice Connection s.unsmnninnsnnne 213 219 2.2.2 Socketed Connection 2.3 Double-Tee Wall to Continuous Footing .. 2.4 Double-Tee Wall to Stem Wall sess inuous Foundation 2.5 Solid Wall Panel to Ci 2.6 Solid Wall Panel to Stem Wall 2.7 Spandrel Wall to Continuous Footing .. (Moment) 2.8 Spandrel Wall to Continuous Fo 2.9 Double Tee to Foundation Wall (No Topping) (0 Double Tee to Foundation Wall (With Topping) .. Pc Connections Manus! aopousuncms ONND seers vterney cI Connections ManvelExample 2.1 Column to Footing Connection (Pinned/Partial Fixity) General Connection Usage: | This is a typical bolted connection between a column and footing and is designed to resist tension, compression, and shear. Typical columns are square, which are standard in the precast industry General Connection {Ris strongly recommended to use a template for setting anchor bolts and for punching Precautions: holes in the base plate to ensure proper ft in the field. It is also a good practice to set the base plate overall dimensions slighty less than the column dimensions to ensure proper placement in the form, Non-shrink grout should be used to avoid any voids underneath the Plate. Although this connection is mainly designed as a pinned connection, it can resist moment it proper care is taken to pin the plate lrmly between the top and bottom nut so there is no vertical displacement ofthe plate either on the tension side or the compression side, The shims under the base plate must be properly sized for the erection loads.The use of plastic shims should be avoided for relatively heavy loads as they have a tendency to slip and crack, Itis highly recommended to use closed ties around the anchor bol, Durability Considerations: | Because most of these connections are not exposed, corrosion resistance is not a problem, However, itis good practice to provide some concrete cover aver the plate edges In a manner thatthe plate Is not exposed drectly to any moisture that may be present in that location sjoiegpangyrosenen eovoserwuneg mm a INQ ‘Design Considerations: Aesthetic Consideration e Tolerance Considerations: | This connection is tolerance-sensitive and It is important to use a tamplato for setting both the anchor bolts and the bolt holes to ensure a proper fit Ci Connections ManuelCanto Fetoa Comarin Cheese) ad * AAD Notation: Ago = area of block out, i A, = gross area (based on nominal diameter of rod), in. A, =area of conerete section resisting shear twansfer, in A, = gross area of column, in? A, = projected concrete failure area of anchor or group of | anchors, A, = gross area of steel, in? Ay effective cross-sectional area of anchor, in? Ay = tea of shear friction reinforcement to resist tensile sess, in bay effective width of loose plate for bending, i Jock-out dimension, in enterline ¢, = distance from the center of an anchor shaft to the edge of conerete in one ditection, in; where shear force is applied to anchor, ¢, isin the direction of the shear force ©; = distance from center of an anchor shaft to the edge of ‘concrete in the direction orthogonal to, in uu = distance from anchor bot centerlines o edge of concrete, for no edge reductions, i. 4, = diameter of reinforcing bain 4 = nominal diameter of anchor, jo = distance from the inner surface ofthe shat of @ “bolt the outer tip of bol, in. {{ _ =-specified compressive strength of conerste, ksi f= yeldstength of reinforcement or headed stud ki {,=tensile strength of base metal, kst ‘le = pecifiod tenste strength of anchor, ksi { =specified yield strength of stratura tel, ksi hy ~eifeetive anchor embedment dep, i. K=-coefficient fr basic concrete breakout strength ky =cocffiient fr pryout strength 1° =1oadbearing length of anchor LG. = tong 1, = length of anchor bolt hook, in Mi, = minimum Mex. maximan N, _ ~ basic concrete breakout strength in tension of a single anchor in cracked concrete, kip Na = nominal concrete breakout strength in tension of single anchor, kip n= number of reinforcing bars or anchor bolts in group z Ss Soe = plate = distance between anchor bolt centerlines, in, = distance from edge of columa to eenterlines anchor bolt, in = thickness of base plate, in. = nominal tension strength, kip = mininoum column tension requirement for structural integrity, kip = factored tensile force, kip ~ excenticity from anchor bolt to plate anchorage, = nominal concrete breakout strength nominal shear strength, kip = shear fretion capacity basod on reinforcement ‘= shear frietion capacity limit based on concrete surface area = shear friction capacity limit based on concrete surface tea nominal steel shear strength = sirongth-reduction factor (for application in parentheses) ~ shear fiction strength-reduction factor = coefficient for use with lightweight conerete coefficient of friction = modification factor, for strength in te for anchor groups loaded eccentrically = niodifieation factor, for strength in tension, o account for edge distances smaller that 1.Shy, += modification factor, for strong inten for cracking = modification factor, for pullout strength, to account for cracking = tiodification factor, for strength in shear, to account fot anchor groups loaded eccentrically = rrosification factor, for strength in shear, to account for edge distances smaller than 1.Se, ~ modification factor, for strength in shear, to accoun for cracking angle = diameter = foot number on, to account jon, to account ‘The equation references in this manual are developed from: ACI Committee 318. 2002. Building Codes Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318-02) anid Commentary (ACI-318R-02). Farin gion Hills, MI: American Conerete Institute. Design Assumptions f= 5 ksi (preeast concrete) £ = 4 ksi Goundation conerete) £,= 58 ksi (anchor bolts) £, = 36 ksi (anchor bolts and base plate) 1, = 60 ksi (plate anchorage) ct ConnectionsDesign Assumptions (cont.) [Base plate and foundation anchors are designed for minimum tension of 200A, in pounds, where A, is the column cxass- sectional area. (ACI 318-02 seetions 15.8,3.1 and 165.1.3(a) Maximum dimension between anchor and plate anchorage = 40 in, ‘The connection is capable of resisting moment provided the connection is under compression, Condition A per ACI318-02 section 4.4 (supplementary reinforcement at potential failure surfaces slrength governs). No edge distance reductions. Anchors in uncracked concrete at service londs with supplementary reinforeement factors per ACE 318 Appendix C loud combinations. unless pullout or pryout 9° for CFT to OFT: t for CFT-3 10 CFT-6“) Plate Anchorage Nuts Snail Be zr] | | Propery Tantenea = = | / : Base Plate. -Non-Shrink Srout ° ° cr Drypack Anchor} (6000psiMin) Bohs 1 |) owe uel | s _ BS] oo £ 2min Bee 7 in Pocket a [~—Atenat deta < \ } oe ey fe Plate Anchorage Detail Note: Shims might not affect capacity. Required column stitups not shown for clarity Capacity Table for Various Component Combinations Plate Anchorages ‘Anchor Bolts Connection | Column | Plate cements ov. an ize ickness mbedment vee - Talokr Weld Size | (a) (oo be | ok rT 1a 12" w (anaxee | Yet w | 90 | 40" | 968 19.8 orr2 16" 16" we | eyaaxae | He" w |ros'| ars] sia ara cers 18" 18" wf @esxso | v | 120'| 58 | 680 36.0 orr-a 20" x 20 (9) #5 x 3 est | 86.1 45.8, oFTs 20" 20" (8) #530" | im | 150°} es | 982 546 oFr-s 24" x 24" rf @texs6t | 76 wt | res | 78 | 1273 68.9 "the etl loath of le schragew idasdon ACT 3B2 Ap err ying aster fr AC 02 1 The ets of combined eon amd sea be checked whereby. 1 The lesion fe kes ewe ge eq er abet ae a bee he so the cola 4. AaB es epitedo fevecon 7.10869 ACI STB weno eueoscivaneo amy ND duns venous) us= CEP Plate Anchorage 3 i oo fo i | & = mer : oqaate ° 3 Anchor Bat re —~J S 2 Anchorage Detal : No] o> [eo $T [Fe #4 Reinorcing Barx 24" || | Bots shat ee : | |- Properly Tightened Yew 12x 10"— aN Non-Shrink Grout or Dry Pack w/ (6) #4 Bars x24" LG J. (6000 pat Min} Wo / = i x 2 I \ a _-— Alternate Detail \ ) Note: Required column stirrups not shown for clarity Connection Capacity “WV, = 188 kip Capacity Table for CFT-1 te aT, ra Hardware tie 2 Description us i) Anchor Bolts 49 x 9" Embedmen: Depth 3nd 198 Base Plate 8x 12" 12" with (8) #424" LG bars | 86.4 50.4 C1 Connections MenusCalculate Minimum Column Tension Required Given: A, = Mdin2 (129, x 12:n, column) (ACT 318-02, section 16.5.1.3) Tuy = 200A, 200(144) = 28,800 t= 288 kip minimum tension capuity required Note: Ty isa structural integrity requirement. The designer may use = 1.0 for determination of strengths, This example does not use = 1.0. 4 Column 33" Blockout i ia ‘Assume for 12" x 12* Column : = 289" 7 Plate Anchorage atx 12" « 12" wi (Q) #4 bars x 2.0" LG Given: A, = 1.6 in2 (#4 reinforcing bat) bye =9.9 in (effective width of B at tine of bending at corner embed bars) BO =3 in. (biock-out dimension) f, = 60 ksi (reinforcement) F, = 36ksi (anchor bolt) My =4 (oumbor of anchor bolts) yar = 8 (number of reinforeing bars) X =283 in, (distance of @ of anchor bol to line of bending at corner embed bars) 4 =0.9 (AISC LRFO strength-teduetion factor) 2 = 1.0 (normalweight concrete) Tensi Capacit Anchor Reinforcing Bar Tension: oT, =OhA, 0,9(60)(1.6) =86.4 kip Connections Manval Weld Between Reinforcing Bar and Plate Por Table 6.15.4 PCT Design Handbook (6th edition) For Grade 60, #4 bar, and E7OXX weld ‘tse Yin. minimum weld thickness. Bending of Pat: (LRED 3rd ection) Tals ak, foo(aaj2m) 3.9(9.9)(36) | = 0.30 in, use 0.75 in. min t Development Length of Embed Reinforcing Bar Development Length of #4 bar, for {2 = 5000 psi Uoasercareaecoasseencia sions abe NY in tension 130) = 17in Por Table 11.2.9 of PCT Design Handbook 6th exltion, Provided 24 in, OK ‘Shear Capacity: Based on Reinforcing Bars Shear Friction per section 1,7 ACI 318-02 OV, = 50.4 kip Where: OV, is the minimum of @Vy,9Vja0 ANd OV, Wu= OVALE DU) 0.75(1.6\(60K0.7)(1) 50.4 kip Where 94 = 0.75 (per ACI 318.02 section 9,3.2.3) Ay = 1.6:in(area of einforcing bars) = 7(A) (Based on concrete anchored to as-rolled structural steel by headed studs or reinforcing bars with normalweight concrete) LOK EMAD -75(0-2\(5)(L08) fl =S ksi for preast concrete 08 in2(basod on area of the base plate minus the area ofthe blockouts)eaveioRaeg cami rewdratoo) ak * XY Anchor Bolts |~ Ancor Bolt 2" iz Given: b = [2in. (side of a square base plate) 4, = 0.75 in. (anchor bolt diameter) = shall not exceed 4.5d, = 3.375 in. (column, reinforcing bar) f. = 58 ksi (anchor boles) f= 36ksi hy =9in, Kk =24 (east in anchors) £ = 12d) = 9in. L, =4in, n= 4 (number of anchor bolts) 1, = 10 (number of threads/in., LRFD 3rd edition Table 7-4, page 7-28) Syge * LS in, (assumed) ©0.80 (ACT 318 Appendix B for ductile steel element) = 0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) 0.75 (with supplementary reinforcement) ‘Shear Capacity: Shear Friction per section 11.7 of ACI 318-02: Ay Ae Where: Ave 0.334 in? per bolt Table 7-4 LRED 34d edition ‘Area of Sheat Friction Reinforcement Vier HAF tL = 0.75(4)(0.33436)(0.55) = 19.8 kip Where: a = 0.78 governs Bw =0550) = 0.55 (per AISC LRFD Steel Design Guide 1, 2nd Ed. specification for sgrouted conditions with contact plane between grout and as-rolled stecl above the concrete surface), n= 4 (number of anchor bolts) saeco] 4 2241 in? in, x4 in, =16in? Aun ‘Therefore: A (12 Asin Anes = [44 ~ 16-241 = 125.6 in? Shear strength shall not be greater than the limits of ACI 318-02, seetion 11.75. Pie HOH AL 0.2 (.75)(4)(125.6) = 75.4 kip i. (iS e259) OV = MIN (HV y504 OV aes OF OV ed For Anchor Bolt Shear Friction Capacity: Vy 19.8 kip (before reductions if applicable) ‘The anchor bolts must be fully developed on each side ‘must be developed in the footing or the shear friction capacity will need to be reduced, (Bi )=t02210 , Reduction factor =| ae Where: N, = controlling anchor bolt PCI Connections ManualTey = Aan, 0.334(4)(36) = 48.1 kip Vu = 8V,r(Reduction factor) = 19.8(1.0) = 19.8 kip ‘Tension Capacity for Bolt Group: Stoel Capacity: (ACT 318-02, Appendix D) 9N, = 40. = 0.80(4)(0.334)(58) = 62.0 kipigroup Where: 0.9743) ry 950.9748 io ‘Conerete Breakout Strength of Anchor Group: {ACT318-02, Appendix D.5.2) eh Compute Single Anchor Tension: N =k(yE)(he)” (= oor" 1000) = 41.0 kip for single anchor ‘Compute Bolt Spacing and Not Near a Free Edge: Assumed 5, =b- 2849) = 12-2015) ~9in, Because square, S, = S, [Sth = 1.50) = 13.5 i. Assume this isthe minimum distance from anchor twconerete edge 2A =(LShe #8, + LS) =(13549+ 13.5)? Pol Connections Manual = 1296 in? Compute Tension Modification Factors W, = 1.0 (assume no eccentricity) W, = LO (assume no edge effect) W, = 1.25 (for castin-place anchors, located in region with no eracking at service load) ‘Compute Single Anchor Ny! ne (Ae), Axo = (IML.O)(1.25)41.0) “stake Whore: ‘Ay = Ay (for single anchor) ep Ay ma (Serr (25) oyoy(i2syen.9) = 91.0 kip Ay =9(0.)? (Bq. D-6, section D.S oF = 729 in? Ax must be 5 nA Aw =4(729) = 2916 in? Ay = 1296in? 5 2916 in? OK. Pullout Strength of Anchor in Tension: (ACI 318-02, Appendix D.5.3) Condition 1 - Assume hooked bars only. fh i Le ee =3.25in, 3d 4.54, = 4.5(0.75) = 3.375 i, '3(0.75) = 2.25 in ae caieg aaa eae NDComms Corer redo) ay ® 2-10 #3) se, 54.500) (Compute Modification Factor and 6: W, = 4 (no cracking assumed, tensile stress < cracking stress) 4 $0.75 (assume supplementary reinforcement) Nu =¥,(09)tled,n, 4000 -(1 4os) 22 25/079) =49. kip min tnson required =288 kip ‘Summary of Anchor Bolt Nominal Tensile Strengths: N, =77.5 kip (nominal steel strength) Nog = 91-1 kip (nominal breakout strength) Noy = 49.1 kip (nominal pullout strength) ‘The controlling concrete failure is N,q. Thus, § = 0.70. because condition B applies where pullout governs 4 =0.80 (for ductile steel anchor and load ‘combinations from ACI 318-02, Appendix C) @N, = 62.0kip ON, = Nye 0.70€49.1) 34.4 kip = govens Shear Capacity for Bolt Group: Steel Capacity: WV. =m 0.6A (ACT 318-02, section D.6.1.2) 0.75(4)(0.6(0.334)(58) = 27.9 kip Where: LOE, = 1.936) = 68.4 ksi fa = min. of {125 ksi £, = 58ksi Ay = 0334in? (LRFD 3d edition, Table 7-4) @ 075 (ACI3I8.02 section D4.5) (Load combinations trom Appendix C) ‘column & ° ° & Vn as at ° ° a § oh [gers] ss | Conereie Shear Capacity: “Assume no sideedge effet and shear tothe ege. C= 15h = 1509) 2 135in c #156, = 1513.5) 220.25 in h =15C, 715035) =2025 in, For squace footing, Min, footing dimension, Side: Beg = CD #8, = 213.5) #8 249.5 4503.5" = 820.1 int Note that this assumes that the anchor is 1.5(C,) « Cyelstance rom the edge ofthe footing av =[2(C,)+8,]15(6) -[2(20.25}+9 = 10024 int Note that for anchor bolts that are not rigidly attached to the base f, the capacity is based on ‘wo times the capacity calculated for anchors closest tothe edge parallel to the direction of the force. The front and back row of anchor bolts resist the applied shear foree equally. TRUS, Vey. Pet Conn ons Manualcalculated based on the front row is permitted to bbe doubled. tis also permissible to double Vy, for the shear force parallel to an edge with W, = 1.0. Check AV 1002.4 = 4/2(820.1)=16402 OK —(contols) 8a, @ = minimum of hy =6in. we) WmIVEIO (aks) LBs" 7000 = 28.8 kip Compute Shear Modification Factors: W, = 1.0 (assume no eccentricity) W, = 1,0 (assume no edge effects) YW, = 1.4 (assume uncracked concrete at service loads) ‘Therefore: vox {Se ]or)ornt 0) (ayo 0)(t.0)(1.4)(28.8) =493 kip Vou Va) vero 2a8%) = 98.6 kip ‘Conerete Pryout Strength of Anchor in Sheat ky = 2 because hyez 2.5 in.) Na = 512 kip (or single anchor) A No =atwa(v)(Ne) (Bq, DS.2.1) Where: Ay Aw 9, ZB (vojti2a(an) = S12 kip Vp =kyNe = US1.2) = 102.5 kip Pi Connections Manual ‘Summary of Anchor Bolt Nominal Shear Strengths: Voge =98.6 kip (nominal breakout strength) Vg, = 102.5 kip (nominal pryout strength) Vy = 26.5 kip (nominal shear-friction strength) VY, =37.2 kip (nominal steel strength) Controtting concrete nominal strength (not including shear (rietion) is Vig, = 98.6 kip, Therefore 4 =0.85 conition A. where supplementary reinforcement is provided and when payout strength does not govern) OV, = 085¥ig 85(98.6) =839 kip Conteoling @Y, isthe lesser of Va AV. and yeupemgemoenno saposcsine mb » N) ees anNore Pag vaeeWe9 O00 01 UNE Ct Connections Manual 2-12Example 2.2.1 Column to Footing Connection (Moment) Mechanical Splice Connection ‘Gonoral Connection Usage: This isa typical moment connection te resist frame/overtuming moments and/or to resist cantilever moments. Following are some applications 4. Columns that are part ofthe columr-beam framing system that need to be fixed at the bottom, 2. Moment resistant column splices. 3. Cantilever columns andlor wall panels, General Gonneation Precautions: “Design Considerations: Itis important that the grout ports for the mechanical sleeves be located in a manner that produces no outside obstruction in the grouting operation. For example, i the column is located on the inside corner of two intersecting walls, the grout ports in tha column should not bbe located facing the inside corner. The column must be braced unti the sleeves are grouted and strength is achieved, Tolerance biockouts are sensitive to freezing. ‘One must consult the spice sleeve manufacturer for additional Gesign information. The sleeve sel! must be able to develop a tensilo strength greater than the bars, and the exact value may vary with each manufacturer. Minimum code requirement is 150% of the yield strength Durability Considerations “The connection provides excellent durability Because the conneotion is completely grouted Aesthetic Considerations: The connection is hidden from view. Tolerance Considerations: ‘The connection is extremely tolerance sensitive; therefore, itis very important to use a template for setting anchor bolts and reinforcing bars in order to ensure a proper fit in the field. Blockouts could be used in the fcundation to bend the anchor bolts slightly, i required. One could also use a splice sleeve thet is larger than the bar to allow more tolerance, Ci Connections Atal 2-132 ston @ A, =s00ss ata ot ar, in? M, =nominal moment strength of section, kip-ft g A, mgrossareaofnon-presressed tension reinforcement in? = plate EA, = gross atea of non-prestressed compression P, = axial load nominal tensile strength of column, 2 reinforcement, in? member at given eccentricity, kip See a ioe 1 efter etn, § b= width of rectangular section, in T _~ensile force of tension reinforcement, kip 2 =cemerline 'V,, = nominal bearing or shear strength of element, kip EC, compressive force of concrete, kip ‘ —=/ocation of neutral axis at the balanced stain & —_C,_= compressive force of compression reinforcement, kip dition J d= dept co tension reinforcement from extreme B, = factorto account for effect of anchorage ties on compression fiber, a, affective compressive strength of a nadal zone 4 istance from edge of beam in tension to tensile fq = maximum allowable concrete strain reinforcement, in = strain in compression steel d= depth to compression reinforcement from extreme ¢,_-_ = maximum strain of reinforcement at yield stress compression fiber, in. 4 =strength-reduction factor (for application in a" = distance from plastic centroid to tension parentheses) reinforcement, in. 2 = vefticient for use with lightweight concrete D__ = depth of rectangular section, in. = shear-ftiction coefficient E, = modulus of elasticity forstel, ksi HK, effective shear-frction coefficient (PCI recommended) £_=specified compressive strength of concrete ksi cout angie fw stress in non-prestessed compression reinforcement, sigs diameter f, yield stength of reinforcement or headed stud, ksi LG long Max. = maximum ’ Min, = minimuen ‘The equation references in this manual are developed from: ACI Committze 318, 2002, Building Codles Requirements for ‘Structural Conerete (ACI-318-02) and Commentary (ACI-318R-02). Farmington Hills, Ml: American Concrete Institut. 2.2.1 Design Assumptions Res fas hes ksi (precast concrete) ksi (foundation concrete) ksi (grout) £, = 60 ksi (reinforcement) 2.= 1.0 (normalweight concrete) Provide 6 in, blockout around the fretd-placed dowels for additional erection toleronce and fill with non-shrink grout, Shims as shown need to be sized for erection loads, Compressive grout sttength must be greater than or equal to 28-day compressive strength of coluran, Footing design must meet the requirements forthe connection capacity ‘The dowel bend must be atleast 4 in, above the bottom of the Footing Standard 180-degree hook can be used in lieu of 90-degree hook where itis not possible to accommodate large bends. Qn14 ‘C1 Connections ManualReinforcing Bar sseyouoomanasinesasenca NY NY NI ii a Note: Required Column i 3 Sittraps mot Shown for Canty | | 8 h| 22 wv. P| 22 Tolerance Blockout Filed with Non-Shrink Grout shins = Anchor Dowel ‘See Design Aid Chapter 8 Capacity Table for Various Component Combinations connection | Cokmn Size | Reinforcement Dowel Size atta ‘i ae Mark Axis (Kip) (kip) —=— ‘ Hook crn 1212 (a6 10" 12" 53° 24.3. 95.0 58.5 crm2 16x18" (4) 48, aw 632 1706 | 1045 crM.3. 18x 18" (49 a 924 2160 | 1923 Crna 20" x 20' (949 10.1 1059 | 2160 | 147.0 crus 2etx2a" | (a) #10 7 22 112" 150.1 amg | 1822 cFM.6 2arx2a" | (ayant 19) 2a 12.4" 2036 | s70 | 2203 Noten 1. The feet of combined tension a! shea must he checked where necessary. 2 Anchor bolt ies required as per section 7.10.56 of ACI 318.02. 3. Alternate detail a shown can be used where iis dificult to provide hook for the anchor bot, Provide in over over end of bolt or anchorage. 4, Hooked bolts are not recommended for application with significant tension. C1 Comections Manual 2-15Note:Required column stitups not shown for clarity Caeser conssonotones) AQ NY #6 Reinforcing Bar (Min. 2 1 Non-Shrink Grout Tolerance Blockout Filled with Non-Shrink Grout shims — a Anchor Dowel -/ ie Connection Capacity “¢Px=860 kip tension) ov. = 58 5p Capacity Table for CFM-1 Hardware om, oP, OVn {kip-ft) (kip) (kip) Gotunn Size and + rnizweymoas | as | oso | ss 2-18 'Pc1 Connections Manval12" « 12" Column with Four #6 Reinforcing Bars Given: A, = 0.88 in. (two #6 reinforcing bars in tension) AL = 0.88 in? (wo #6 reinforcing bars in compression) Avy = 0,88 in. (two #6 ceinforcing bars in shear only) bd =12in, a =9in, ad =3in, f. = 3 ksi (column) f= 4 ksi (Foundation) 5, =60Ksi (reinforcement) 0.65 (compression) $ =0.75 (hear friction) 4 — =09 tension) ‘Tension Capacity: Where: oP, - O,(A,+A;) = 0.9(60(0.88 + 0.88) =95 kip Where: 6 =09 Moment Capacity: aM, = 6M, = 065(37.3) = 24.3 kip = governs Connections Manus! Where 4 = 0.65 (strength-reduction Factor) conservatively assumed significant axial load caused section to be compression controlled. woeat(a-$] = 37.3(12) 7373 kip. Where: dase 0188(60) ~ ams) = 1.04 in, <4’ Shear Capacity: 9M, = OF A vgn {000A a Wy, Je f, 100024. HA (BLOCK HA 1000 _, VOT5(60, COTOOONT OL 4AHCO.6)( 0.88) i000 = 58.5 kip governs po ODE = 0.21 AS}(144) = S.2kip 800 Manes. = (0 ia) = 115.2 kip A, Where: 'b =0.75 (shear ftietion) Ag 1202) = 144 ind wesaoraraunnsoneiauinco NY aN 2-17Coane reig Comin torard Q ® RY 2-18 Ht =0.62. (concrete-to-conerete crack interface condition) = 0.6(1.0) =06 100024 tt ¥,(1000) _ 1000(1.0)(144)(06) 38.5(1000) = 148 522-maxu,Example 2.2.2 Column to Footing Connection (Moment) Socketed Connection General Connection Usage: General Connection Precautions: ‘An altemative to the splice connection isa sacketed connaction where tha ooluma momenis| ‘can be developed through proper embedment of the column into the concrete socket. Both splice and socketed connections work equally well and economics usually control the selection. To ensure that the column is fully grouted, the following procedure Is recommended for the ‘completion of the connection: 1. Place the footing to the elevation inline with the bottom of the grout that willbe directly lundemeath the concrete column, 2, Provide a connection between the column and the footing to rsist omporary erection loads, 8. Dry pack grout underneath the column in case the box is placed directly against the ‘column as a secondary placement. Use non-shrink flowable concrete grout if the box is placed prior to the setting of the column, Provide a minimum of 2 in. of grout space between the box and the column, 4, Grout around the column with grout of proper consistency and in a manner that results In no air voids, i Design Considerations The connection capacity is based on tho balance failure concept. A balance failure occurs \when the extreme concrete compressive strain reaches 0.003 at the ime when the tension in the tension steel reaches the yield strength. itis recommenced that this column be embedded a minimum of 1.5 times D to achieve fhity, whore D isthe largast cross-sectional dimension of Durability Considerations: the column oF development fength of continuous reinforcement, whichevar is greater, “Tho connection is extremely durable because it is fully routed, ‘Agsthetic Considerations: _ Tolerance Considerations: The connection is usvally below grade and is thus hidden from view. “This connection is not tolerance sensitive, Pt Consections Manuel 2-19vom AY) Coan 0 Foting Conn Notation: Ay = ross ara of bain, ® =plae A, = gross area of column, in? P, = axial load nominal strength of compression member A, = gross area of non-prestressed tension reinforcement, in? at given eccentricity. kip. A, = area of non-prestressed compression reinforcement, in? § spacing oF ties, in. A, =1otal vertical reinforcement on cach side of socket in? t= with ubserips) thickness, in ‘A, = area of shear reinforcement, in? T rnsile force of tension reinforcement, kip b= width of ectangulrsetion, in V, = sominal strength of section controled by concrete, kip B= with of square socket in V4, =2omina shen srenath provided by conerete wien & centerline diagonal cracking is result of combined shear and CC, = compressive force of concrete, kip moment, kip C,_ =compressive force of compression reinforcement, kip + = 7ominal bearing or shear strength of clement, kip d= depth to tension reinforcement from extreme V, = r0minal shear strength based on steel capacity, kip compression fiber, %, = ocation of the neutral axis at the balanced strain + depth wo compression reinforcement fom extreme condition Postrel nes fy elorto account for effect of anchorage es on Fe ener mtei en affective compressive strength of a nodal zone © Sexventicty of oad 4, =maximom allowable concrete stain E, = modulus of elasticity for steel, ksi % —=stmn in compression steel fede ane reper eta 6, = maximum stain of reitorcement at yietd stress ia tress in non-prestressed compression reinforcement, ksi = strength-reduction factor (for application in si if narenthe f, myfleldstength of einforementorheaded sad, ksi PME) ff Gee a 2 set fore wihibnih omroe LG =long eau ‘ , = embedment length in ‘ * ‘M, = nominal moment strength of section, kip-ft ‘The equation references in this manual are developed from: ACI Commitze 318. 2002. Bulding Codes Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318-02) and Commentary (ACI-3181 -02). Farmington Hills, MI: American Conezete Institute. PCI Connections Manuat2.2.2 Design Assumptions. £ = 5 ksi (precast concrete) f= 4 ksi foundation concrete) f= 5 ksi (grout) 60 ksi (reinforcement) 1.0 (normalweight concrete) ‘The analysis excludes temporary base connection where required ‘The contact surface between column and socket is assumed to be intentionally roughened In addition to other applicable loads, the footing design must include the loads shown in the capacity table, - Precast 10.8 @ 12" on center Column As Ass z| As & Provide ————=}-——}-]} + Additional 30.3 @ 3° min, @ Top sly Column ~ Poe Ase Ase Non-Shrink Grout ~/ Shims. (Min. 2°) Note: Column tes as required for column design, D shall be the larger of column width or development length of continuous reinforcement, Capacity Table for Various Component Combinations Column Reinforcing Connection | | Size and om, 9p, oy, intorcement | T | H i mark | Reinforcement _ Be a, | a, | ety | oxi) | (kip) - were lie] @m | @a fase | wo ana wate | & | 18"| each side | each side | t2"0c | 12"00| OO | M00 | 259 7 18x16 low] ee | (ee fase = was | © | 24" | each side | each side | 12° 0¢ 7 ise js | is [ae | we ee wi (4) #9 each side | each side | soc | soc | 49S | S594 | S08 20°» 20" ms | mes [we | me |, 7 26 cot w (4) #9 each side | each side | gtoc | stoc | 3175 | 1629 | 726 : 22x22 “fox | ms | es [me 5 ee wi(amo |?" | 9" | cach side | eacn side | 12°0¢ | 12%0c | #989 | S541 | 876 2a x 28 fae | Oe | es |e | me ae wraynit__| 1 | 88 | each side | aach side | 12"0c | t2"ac | S745} 6869 | 1041 Po} Connections Manual ows NN usw voroaueag Bae.Cann nti Comecen ond) AY ® RY : (4) #8 Bars —< |}-— Precast Column 19.012 on center. LAT im 8 _- #3 @ 12° on center Le L a ® A] al ILL eyes eae Provide —— a B| Each Side Additional 43.02" Min : @ Top 1 -}-——- eases x Each Side Column —f >) Footing ft Non-Shrink Gro 2 Min (9) #4 Bars Each Side = #3 @ 12° on center I | (2)#4 Bars #3 @ 12 oncenter Each Side Connection Capacity 2, = 64.0 Kit oP a= 140.0 Kips @V,= 25.9 kip Capacity Table for CFM-1 rarware a. — a S Column Size and SELLE a : oe irate 640 I 1400 | 259 Pt comestions MansA, = 144 in2 (12 in. « 12 in. column) A, =0.88 in (two 46 reinforcing bars) AN, = 0.88 in. (ewo #6 reinforcing bars) Ag = 1.76 in? (four #6 reinforcing bars) A, =0.22 in. (43 reinforcing ties) bo =12in d =95io. a’ =25in B, = 29,000 ksi {=54si (column) f, = 60 ksi Ceinforeement) ho = 12in, $= I2in. (spacing of #3 ties) 8, =0.80 fq, = 0.008 5, = 1/8, = 60/29,000 = 0,00207 = 0.65 (compression-controlied sections) 0.75 (shear) Axial Capacity: oP, = 90, = 0.65(215.4) = 140.0 kip = governs Where 4 ~0.65 (compression-contolled sections) Py =C4C,-7 Pcl Connections Manual = 229.3 4388-528 = 215.4 kip Where: C= 0858! Byxyb = 0.8515)(0.8045.62)(12) sscyiorsano ueesouseco NaN = 229.3 kip Where: fad Ete 0.003(9.5) 005 -+-6.00007 = 5.62in. c, ©Ai (0.858!) =0.88[48.43-085(3)) = 38.8 kip Where: = 88, .00167(29,000) 18.43 ksi Where: ~oon( S928 5a = 0.00167 <6, =1B, = 0,002 ‘Therefore, compression steel has not yielded T «as = 0.88(60) = 52.8 kip Moment Capacity: 4M, = 9M, = 0.65(98.4) = 64.0 kip = governs ' =0.65 (strength-reduetion factor)‘Sum moment about the column centerline. e(-«}e(e-3] Shee 3(95-6) 452.8(95-6) 98.4 kip-t Where abit “ = 805.62) ® i Il log =4.5in, Taraaereaeeceeee reece aumiorsaracomecim eres) AY # Shear Capact : OV. = (V4) Eeecdettse 0.75(24.0 + 103) : 25.9 kip = gowns 2 z 18 =0.75 (shear for members subject to axial compression) Feba (114) Column Footing fe ee = 12)(9.3) Given: ee ee Ay ~ 0.60 in. (three #4 each side sexual reinforcement) +O kip Ag =0.60 in. (three #4 each side flexural reinforcement) y, «Ashd (Bq. 11-18) Ap = 0.11 in2 (63 @ 12in,on center - shear reinforcement) -22(60)(9.5) Ay =0.11 in (#3 @ 12 in, on center 2 shear reinforcement) = 10.5 kip A, Ag+ Ag= L2in. each side (otal flexural reinforcement) For ject to Shear and Flexu b= [2in, Column wieth) b. = 16 in. (thickness of socket used for shear) v, =2yFb,0 (Eo. 11-3) B= 32in. Qotal socket width and depth) ff =4 si (foundation conercte) 2/5000(12)(12) f= 60s (reinforcement) EreeerrEONO TEE H_ = 18 in. (socket depth) = 16.1 kip S = I2in. (spacing of #3 tes) | =0.75 (shear) 0.90 (flexure) 2-28 C1 Connections ManuMoment Capacity: aM, vs[ac(e-2}]e -osfiato(ns-22)] = 146.7 kip-te Where: Ag * ne 1.2(60) = 0.662 in, o =n-[ased| 2 ~ 32-45 =275in Shear Capacity: WY, = WV) = 0.75(55.7 + 60.5) = 872 kip Where: 4} = 0.75 (shear) v, <2) Riba of SP Jocnens [000 _0148(60)(275) 2 605 kip Where: A, 2400.1) 0.44 in? PO! Connections Manual conagereamosmcosasinn NY aNWWD corer scsss sone van Pt Connections anual 2-26Example 2.3 Double-Tee Wall to Continuous Footing “General Connection Usage: This isa typical connection for both loadbearing and non-loadbearing walls to resist uplit andior lateral loads. General Connection Precautions: Design Considerations: Durability Considerations: “Aesthetic Considerations: Tolerance Gonsiderations: Considered! therefore, an appropriate interaction analysis must be made where necessary. “The embed plates in the panel and the footing should be larger than the loose angle in order to accommodate the tolerances required for the placement of thesa embeds. “The capacity is based on embed edge distance and other design assumptions that should satisfy most production and design standards. The effect of combined capaciias is not Incase where the connection is exposed to view, the recessed plate in the panel could be grauted. The engineer may also consider galvanizing the plates where the connaction is exposed to moisture. “The recessed plate in the panel could be grouted where the connection is exposed fo view. If (routed, a reverse taper or keyway could be placed around the blockout to lock the patch into the races “The connection is not tolerance sensitive as the plates are sized to accommodate the necessary tolerances required for their placement in order to complete the connection in fal. PC! Connections ManualSoveeteeinConmasroem Qy * Notation: a = leg size of fillet weld, in. LG tong. Ayg = beating area of stud head, in? 1 = nominal length of stud, in A, =areaof steel, in? Max. = maximum ‘Ag = nominal area of hended stud shank, in? Ay =areaof weld, in? b= dimension (see specific application) in, BED = distance from back row of studs to front edge, in. @ =cemtertine Cy = breakout suength coefficient Coy = cracking cocfficient (breakout) “ap = racking coefficient (pullout) CC CC = coefficients used in design of shear strength of studs ‘= depth of welds in weld group, in '= depth to reinforcement, in. ige distance from stud group, in = shank diameter of stud in. = cocentricity of load, in sccentricty of the tensile force relative to the center of the stud group, in, ©) =eccentricity of shear force on a group of anchors, in, f= specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi F, = weld design stress, ksi fe = minimum tensile strength of steel, ksi £, = yield strength of reinforcement or headed stud, ksi FP...» classification strength of weld metal, ksi F, = yield strength of structural steel, ksi hh = oat depth, in. hy, offective stud embedment length, in yy = design-ettective stud embedment length for narrow section, in, H, = nominal horizontal strength, kip HCA = headed concrete anchors. f, length of weld, in. Min, = minimum n= number of studs in group Na, = pominal conerete breakout strength, kip Ne = nominal concrete pullout strength, kip N, = nominal tensile strength based on steel capacity, kip Nz = nominal side-face blowout strength of single stud, kip minal side-face blowout strength of group of studs, kip 2 =plate P, = nominal strength, kip S = section modulus, in. SED « critical distance perpendicular 10 load t= (with subscripts) thickness, in, ‘V_ = nominal strength of section controlled by concrete, kip Yq = nominal bearing or shear strength of element, kip »minal shear strength based on steel capacity, kip F = distance of weld to center of gravity to weld group, in X,Y = overall dimensions (width and lengih) of stud group, Z__ = plastic section modulus of structural stee section, in @ = stength-reduetion factor (for application in parentheses) soefficient for use with lightweight concrete Yay = factor used to modify tensile strength of anchors based on eccentricity of applied loads = factor used to modify tensile steength of anchors based on proximity to edges of concrete member = angle ® = ciameter = foot inch 4% = number ‘The equation references in this manual are developed from: ACI Committee 318. 2002, Building Codes Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318-02) and Commentary (ACT-318R-02). Farmington Uills, ML: American Conetete Institute. PCI Connections ManualDesign Assumptions eoeeceeas {f= Ski (precast concrete) 4 ks (Tooting concrete) 10 ksi (reinforcement) f= 65 ksi (HCA) F, = 36 ksi (@ and <) FL. = 70 ksi (weld) X= 1.0 (aormalvveight concrete) Cracked concrete Foundation plate to have 6 in, minimum from centr to edge of footing in al directions Check effect of combined shears and tension using interaction where necessary, acevo WN Panel embed plate to be located at double-tee legs. ‘Shim stacks fo be located under centroid of the wall section, Moment is assumed to be distributed equally between foundation and panel plates Moment is assumed to be distributed equally between panel and foundation plates, uo snoneguen oP Doubie-Tee |= Wall Panel cmt h / Greet Recess Double-Tee —}——.. fee Wall Panel Embed Plate. / / BZ -y-< Weld to Panel Embed | / Loose Angie —b—< Weld to Foundation Embed Me 1° (Min.) ae Shim Space, Grout if Required a Footing mente. Embed Plate Capacity Table for Various Component Combinations Foundation Weld to ‘Weld to Panel Embed Pate | “Panel” | Loose Angle | eoueteton | Embed Connection | embed l po] mbes |. Pate a, | oH, Mark ip) | ip) C a Pp Pate: AA A ele wrt [emo oo [remix | Sorte fremoas [Re | 51 | ar | ar 4° long w! Song both | % 8 W(4) Lean eaBarx | 5 ee To ase iat | sides’ 0 x6 wee 16° LG Bent Satie, HOAs sa | ar | az Pci Connections Manus! 2-29comaieton &) "NY Desir Doubie-Tee —f= Wall Panel Ry x6" 6" ww (1) #5 Bar x 2-6" LG. & (1) #4 Bar x 16" LG Pr \ a 1° Min. Cont. Grout sy /r Grout Recess: / * Min, Vee / J¥ares y / gee D/H ALS /¥e? 4 f Va Under Panel with mz Non-Shrink Grout ff Shim tacks 7, SR Yi x Bx wi (8) #20 x 6" HCAS —\ Connection Capacity i= 5.1 kip oP. =87 kip ~ “i= 47 kip Capacity Table for WF-1 tar iption Vy 4P, oH Haraware Deseriptio eerie tales RW x6 x6" Panel Embed Plate wi (1) #5 Bar x uc 53 16.2 48 & (1) #4 Bar x 1'-6" LG Bent Wold to Pano! Embed Yat weld x4¥tongw/9'retums | 97 178 198 Loose Angie KM A OA LG e4 486 202 elt Foundation wewolsxariongbomnsacs | 122 | 14 | 206 Rue xe Foundaton Embed Pate pyri a en 54 a7 47 PCI Connections ManatEmbed in Precast Concrete as g Reinforcing Bar x26" —| us “4 | Reinforcing Bare 16" ts 5 Ry x6 x6t | =0.20in2 (4 AL = 031 in2 (85 d= 15in. (for @P, d =45in, (for oH) © =2in.(for oP) © =3.1 in, (for git, and gV,) f= Sksi fy = 65 ksi f =60ksi © = 0.90 (reinforcing bar in tension) = 0.65 (reinforcing bar in shear) ‘Tension Capacity: Steet Tension: a, = AG, = 0,90(0.31}660) = 16.7 kip Where (Bq, 6.5.2.1) 4 =0.90 (reinforcing bar in tension) oN, =) 29nd oP. = e _ 2(10.8)(1.5) =16.2kip PI Conections Manus ce 2 ON, = GAL, (Eq. 6.5.2.1) =0.90(0.20460) 3 © = 0.90 (reinforcing bar in tension) g ‘Shear Capacity: 2 Out-of-Plane Shear: é 0d 2dte (10.8}(1.5) “205/451 =53kip Where: ON, = OAL, = 0,90(0.20)(60) = 10.8 kip Where: 4 In-Plane Shear | f (Ba, 6.5.2.1) in tension) .90 (reinforcing bi WeeDanica ncnininsaine * RY 29v.d Of = 40.6Faty oH Se = 0,75(0.6)(70}0.133 rh = 4.18 kiph, “2(a3)+3.1 =43kip 5, = Hdd) ab+d) Where: GY [2(4)+3] ¢ SHAS, 73443) {6(0.93(0.20)60) = 4.71 in? = 65 kip Where . ‘b =0.9 (shear) Yo peta (Gy Weld Between Loose Angle and Panel Embed _ +2(3) = 0.90. Ye weld In-Plane Shear a = 0.1875 in bd =4in, d =3in, Fag = 70 ksi (weld) by = 0.7070) = 0.133 in 4(4.18)'(10)' (39.23) (14.67) (Go23y [oy @) +4tiaory | ) # =0.75 (weld) +4(0}2923914677(3.118-09) +(10}(14.67)*(3.1)' (3-09) +(2)'] ‘Shear Capacity: Outof- Plane Shear = 19.8 kip Where 1, DbsbidtgaY at 2 dsb (4) +6(4)'3) +86) 3) rH 2G) 2(4.18)(10)(4.71) = 39.23 in.) “2(4.71)+106.1) =9.7 kip s Where A,=b42d 24420) = 10in? een yee =3-0941 2 4 =3.Lin -t =2in, ‘Connections ttanvat‘Tension Capacity Shear Capacity: ey = Ae Bening ia we = OR,Z 24nz we a wv, ASE AN ey _2(0.9}(36)(0.141) a (4G.18F (oy (4.7 1 4a7iy +(lOy 2 arate = 17.8 kip ‘Where: ee Loose Angle 4 caves alors) 7 = 0.141 in? te ge he gry, A Me = 6 on, ~282 i 4 2(0.9X36)(1.5) i Lb -| =! = 972 kip Where: i. oo “4 _0375(47 4 = 1Sin? af Dirvot Shear: + $Y, = oH, | | oH, = WOOAR, = 0.910.641.5136) {Yor 29.2 kip ‘Tension Capacity: WP, OA, fl 961.5936) = 48.6 kip Weld Between Loose Angle and Foundation a | de 1 | 4a Givens A, = 0375(4) = 15in? b e4in © =tin : F, =36ksi(<) aoe e035 in 4 ~0.90 (angle tension and shear) Connections Manes! Ye" weld cusssoersiosanmncsaca OW aN)2 . ‘ FAAS 3 Oe = TSA FeP aS," 48,15, 6, (09) g +A,8,e'[(d-7) +] 4 | 4.187 (8) (42.67) C6y. 2 t= 0.707(%«) = 0.133 in. (42.677 [ (8) G.1) +4(16)" é Cees tae) +-4(8)(42.67)(16)'(2)(4-2) : ‘Shear Capacity +(8) (16) (2)'[(4-2) +2)"] 8 Outof Plane Shes 3 ; i = 206 kip é ot = (es) +(S) Where: if afl eee) Bey +r] iz 6 . [4G.18) (BF G33)" = 42.67 in? 45.33) + GP = 13.2kip Sao = 4) ‘Where: = 16 in? A eae romp 4 Fi a =2in ot r = 0.75(06}(70}0.133) ksi y -$ = 4.18 kiplin. ksi 2 ao a =2in Tension Capacity: 2(4.18)18)(5.33) 2(5.33)+8(2) = 13.4 kip Connections ManualNRW x88” — (4) % Ox 6" HAS. 7 x 3 co wvate) 4 Yo Given: =A ksi (Footing concrete) f s6Sksi bh =12in L =6in, ci Connections Manca! n= 2 numberof tus in tension) : n= 4 (aumber af studs in shear) te Tin 3 ‘ z x i Y z © =0465 (stud shear) : © = 0,75 (stud tension) 5 $1070 confinement reinforcement) e Seas Capacity: i Steel Shear 7 OY, = $A Sh (64. 652.1) = 0.65(8)(0.2465) 33.8 kip Where: 1 =4 (number of studs in shear) 4 ~ 0465 (stud shear) Steel Tension: ON, = 0A (8,652.1) = 0.75(2\0.2)65) = 19.3 kip Where: 1h =2 (number of studs in tension) =0.75 (stud tension) Concrete Sheae: SED _ 85 = 1> 02, but <3.0 Where: SED =, +X ~3545 85 in, BED=da+Y =8540 285 in ‘Therefore, comer condition applies. (Check for Edge Breakout IM = Vos CnC Cr (Bq, 655.9) TO(17.97\(0.740.89){1.0)(0.70} = 5.5 kip Whore: 4 =0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) Voy -1654,)F ED 2 LOO 9 gy 100 = 1650p BS)bere canmastooen Q) ® NY) (for s 1.75BED) Con = LO (no evcentricity) Cy, +0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) Concrete Breakout Case 5: Free Edges on Three Sides Na = HCl + X 4-dg) (SH + Y Man 0,70(88.47)(3.5 + 5 + 3.5) x (1.55.67) + 0 + 3.5](0.82)(0.8)/1000 =5.9 kip Where: @ — =0.70 (n0 confinement reinforcement) = 339K .33(1.0) = 88.47 (Fig. 65.42) =5.67in. Cay = 0.8 (assumes cracked concrete) 4 Mg 0.7 40.3 Sot st T3(h.) 14037 g ae «10 Sa eunera(S67) ees h 90825 1.0 L ‘Conerete Breakout: o ON = #112 Cy be w = 0.71.21210.59)4)(0.7) = 259 kip Where: Cop = 0.7 (assumes cracked concrete) 4 = 0.7 concrete pullout) ‘Shear and Tension Interaction: 31% v,{ 2: eeplt 20) Ph 35 Soar cn 0.0669V, = 1.0 OY, = 5.1 kip = governs = 12in, = 6.00 in. = 2 (cumber of studs in tension) = 4 (number of studs in shear) = Yo in. = in ci Connections ttanuaX= 5.00 in, Y = 0.00in. 4 =0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) = 0.65 (stud shear) 4} =0.75 (stud tension) Shear Capacity: WV. = OAL, (Eq.6.52.) = 0.65(4 0.265) 33.8 kip Where: n =4 (number of studs in sheat) © =0.65 (stud shear) ‘Steel Tension: GN, =A (Bq.6.5.2.1) 0.75(2)(0.2K65) ~ 19.5 kip Where: n= 2 (number of studs in tension) $ — =0.75 (suid tension) Conerete Shea: SED _85 BED 85, = 1.0>02, but <3.0 Where: SED = dy +X 545 =85in, BED=d,.+Y =8540 Sin (Check Comer Breakout: (Eg, 6.5.5.9) OH, = 6Ve Ves = Veal CoCr = 0.70(17.97}(0.1)(0.89)(0.93}(0.70) = 5.1 kip Where: — =0,70 (no confinement reinforcement) Vou = 16.52 (BE = 16.5(1,0) 2M. ¢g,5)5 165(L yy 5) = 1797 kip SED cy -07,2ER s i bap *'° ya Connections Manus! srosmenconien ners OW) aN 140.67) a5 =0.93 1.0 Ca, +070 (no confinement reinforcement) Concrete Breakout (Fig. 65.4.2) Case 5: Free Euges on Three Sides OH, =ONy Na. = OClele #X AIL THe + Y $d May MoonCue = 0:70884TG.S +5 +3.5) x [1.5(5.67) +0 + 3.510.82(0.840.89)/1000 = 5.2 kip Where — =0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) G = 567i Coy = 0.8 (assumes cracked concrete) Way 0.7403Saweteenenmcatnawstosen 35 -01 0373 #082510 Conerote Pullout ON py = OLA Cop = 0.1(11,2)20.59140.7) =259kip Where: Coy ~ 027 (assumes cracked concrete) ~0.7 (concrete pullout) ‘Shear and Tension Interaction: on) 3 ye 0,0759H,% « 1.0 oH, = 4.7 kip Given: (number of studs in tension) =%sin, = 0.70 (concrete pullout) x Y $ — =0.70(no confinement reinforcement) ¢ 4 — =0.75 (stud tension) Concrete Breakout Case 6: Free Edges on Four Sides Nes = Cul + X 4 dadldy + ¥ + da Maan Con Pos = 0.70(137.97)(3.5 +5+3.5) x (35 #5 + 3,59(1.0)(0.8(0.78)/1000 Hares (Fig, 65.4.2) = 8.7 kip < governs Where: @ — =0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) Pct Connections ManuWhere ty okt 2 2 alin fl We 07403 Hee 5 10 U3(hy) 20.7403 = 10510 Steel Strength: oP. = - (9) ~ 2[0.5(5)+2() = 2.7 kip ON, = OHA, 0.75¢4}(0.2X65) =39kip Pullout Strength: #P, = ON, Ne = PL 2A Coy 0.70(11.2964)(0.59)(4)(0.2) = S18 kip Where: 0.70 (concrete pullout) Cop = 0.7 (assume cracked concrete) Pl Connections Manual sunjenmcoomasioees Wa NAOD ercosrsniis en caroenag POI Connections MaruatExample 2.4 Double-Tee Wall to Stem Wa ‘General Connection Usage: General Connection Precautions: Design Considerations Durability Considerations: ‘esthetic Considerations: “Tolerance Considerations: Pc! Connections Manuel “This s a typical connection for bath loadbearing and non-leadbearing walls to resist upland lateral loads. - - ‘The recess for the embad plate shoul be sized properly to accommodate the loose plate as well as the associated welds. The shims under the wall should be located near the cantroid ‘of the double-tee section for stability considerations during erection, ‘The capacities are based on embed edge distances and other design assumption that should satisfy most production and design standards. The effect of combined capacities is not considered: therefore, an appropriate interaction analysis must be performed where necessary “The engineer should also consider galvanizing the plates where the connection Is exposed to moisture. Sao a “The recessed plate in the panel could 98 grouted when the connection is exposed to view. If ‘grouted, a reverse taper or keyway could be placed around the blockout to lock the pate into the recess. “The connection is net tolerance sensitive if tho embed plate and the recess depth are property sized to accommodate the loose plate and the associatod wolds.Dasiornvansemiat B® AY Notation: Aug = bearing area of stud head, in? A, area of see, ‘Ay = nominal area of headed stud shank, in.” A, = area of weld, in? b= L.7SBED Cay = 10 (n0 eecenticity) Go, = 1.0 (unoracked concrete) ON, = Ve We MoaCraCyi CeCe = 0.75(4.5)(1-18)(1.09(1.0)(1.0) =4kip Where: 0.75 (confinement reinforcement) (Bq. 655.1) Vas “16 S1yf% (ED)! 16 (1.0) (3) =45 kip x Cy =085+ en, 085+ sep SMmiemas 3 -085+ 22 eo) = 11822 Gy =10 foch» LISBED Coq = 1.0 (no eecenticity) Ce = LO (uneracked concrete) Concrete Strength ~ Side Edge Condition: SED 45 BED ‘Therefore, side exge breakout governs oH, = Ve: Ve, = Va CuiCviCen Cor (Bq. 655.12) -75(8.23)(L.O}(1.7){1.0)1.0) = 10.5 kip Where’ — =0.75 (confinement reinforcement) Vou “87Agfe(8a)™(4,)” ~s9(t oe are sy” fo00 = 8:23 kip Cy 210 @=9) 1.0 (no eccentricity) Cay = 1.0 (uneracked concrete) Pct Consections ManualExample 2.5 Solid Wall Panel to Continuous Foundation General Connection Usage: General Connection Design Considerations Aesthetic Considerations: Tolerance Considerations: PC} Connections Manusl andlor lateral loads, This is typical connection for both loadbearing and non-loadbearing walls to resist upit “The recess pocket for the embed plate should be sized properly to accommodate the loose angle and the associated welds “The capacities are based on embed edge distances and other design assumptions that should satisfy most production and design standards. in the case where the connection is exposed to moisture, the engineer should consider galvanizing the plates, “The recessed plate in the panel could 28 grouted wen the connection is exposed to view. I routed, a reversed taper or keyway could be placed around the blackout ta lock the patch into the recess. ‘The connection isnot tolerance sensitive. The embed plate and the recessed pocket need to bo properly sized to accornmodate the loose angle and the associated welds. comcrejseameneeseuoes MeNtavaleatceninosronsain Og] * RY Notation: ‘Avg Dearing area of stud head, in? LG. long ‘Ag area of erack interface, in? = nominal length of stu, in A, =arcaof steel, in? Max. = maximum ‘Ag = nominal area of headed stud shank, in? ‘Ay = area of shear-fiction reinforcement, in? Ay area of weld, in? b= dimension (see specific application. in BED = distance from back row of studs to front edge in. G =centerline = breakout strongth coefficient uy =cracking eoefficiont (breakout) Coy = cracking coefficient (pullout) C.C Co Cor # coefficients used in design of shear strength of studs = nominal compressive strength, ksi lepth of weld in weld group, in, d, =edge distance from stud group, ©, = eccentricity of load on plate, in = cecontricity of load in x dizection, in £{ = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi {, = resultant stress on weld, ksi f= minimum tensile strength of stel, ksi fuf,, = combined shear and torsion stress in horizontal, vertical directions, ksi = yield strength of reinforcement or headed stud, ksi ~ classification strength of weld metal, ksi F, = yield stienath of structural steel, ksi h total depth, in hy effective stud embedient length, in, H, =nominal horizontal strength, kip HCA = headed concrete anchars {, = polar moment of inertia, in gh of weld, in ‘The equation references in this manual are developed from: ACI Cor Structural Concrete (ACI-318-02) and Commentary (ACI-318R-02). Fas Min, = minimum M, = nominal moment strength, kip-ft Ng = nominal concrete breakout strength, kip N, = nominal tensile strength of stud, kip Nye = nominal concrete pullout strength, kip minal tensile strength based on steel capacity, kip Ne = nominal side-face blowout strength of single stud, kip Np = nominal side-face blowout stength of group of sts, kip R= plate 5, =spacing ofthe ower anchors along edge inthe group, in. SED ~ critical distance perpendicular to load, in. t= (with subseripts thickness, in T wtensile force, kip Ty = nominal tensile strength, kip V. = sominal strength of section controlled by concrete, kip X = distance of weld o center of gravity to weld group, in X.Y = overall dimensions (wid and length) of stud group, iv. Z__ = plastic section modulus of structural stel section, in? 4 rength-reduction factor (For application in parentheses) 2. coefficient for use with lightweight concrete k= shear-frition coefficient 1, = effective shear-frietion coefficient Way = factor used to modify tensile strength of anchors based on proximity to edges of concrete member & mangle mittee 318. 2002. Building Codes Requirements for sion Hills, MI: American Concrete Institute Pct Connections ManusDesign Assumptions f= 5ksi (precast concrete) {= 4 ksi (footing conerete) 1 = 60 ksi (einforcement) 4, =65 ksi (HCA) F,=36 ksi & 4) F,.c= 70 ksi (weld) 2-= 1.0 (normalweight concrete) ‘Uncracked concrete Perimeter bars exist as confinement in precast conerete panel Connection centerline is minimum 2 ft from edge of precast concrete panel and edge of foundation, Compression due to prying action oeeurs at in, down from top of emaed in precast canetete. Foundation has perimeter bars larger than #4. No confinement reinforcement in foundation. Foundation is 24 in. thick. Procast Concrete Pane! \ ns }—-P—< Weld to Pane! Embed Panel Embed Pate \ Loose Anco >< Welste Foundation Embed 1" (Min,) Shims & Full Grout ——/ if Required NS Rye at wi (4)'2"@ x 6" HCAS Foundation 1% Capacity Table for Various Component Combinations Panel Weidto ~] Fouraaton Empea | W'S Fane! | esse angle | eoundation | eoumton, con | “Pte tbe nection: ~ | ace ad ot a ee ip) ip) war » 4 re ae RY x4 te wna | %etweldx 2" | arxatc tht os wre i cal stway wo | 30 | 88 | 6a x 4° HCAs | long both sides | x 0-4" LG nes botn sides | x 6" HCAs 16"LG Rw xe oe vio | ¥e : : Rw ate wre | W(2) Wo | Yetwoldx S| <6 x 4 @'longboth | swi(a) a | 45 | 11.9 | 90 x4" HCAs. | long both sides | x 0-5" LG 42) Ix ee ¥-6" LG sides 'Pc1Conactions Manual voumnossenancnnioeamnnes OD a NDSolis wa Pa WE-1 Precast Conerete Panol wi Rae xa xa" (2y#'0 4" HAS 1° (Min) Shims & Full Grout it Required Foundation Connection Capacity Capacity Table for WF-1 ON yt coo wi (4) %e'0 x6" HCAS Hardware Descriptic Ve Ts oH eee (kip) (kip) (kip) RY x 4x8" e el | M6 Bl x BP Lt w/a) 0 x 6" HCAS PCI Conections ManualPanel Embed PI: . ae Concrete breakout shape cy widen 2 Hirai ie aes} Tee HD —_ 1, wy wey) z DP isi, Meng ‘Shear Capacity $Y, Given: Ag = O2in2 dy =2.00in, ce, =3in, L =4.00in, 8 =2 (number of studs) tae = ein ty = %in. X = 6.00in, Y =0.00in, @ 0.75 (stud tension) @ ~0.75 (confinement reinforcement) =0.70 (concrete pullout) PCI Connections Manus Stel Tension : ON, = bf, (Eg. 6.5.2.1) = 0.75(2)(0.265) Ss 2195 kip ¢ tN i ev, 2 7 19s. 3 8 7 = 98 kip 7 i Concrete Tension: g hy Lyn & £ are ees 7 23.945 hy 3.94 in) (Fig. 6541) = IL.82in, > X = 6.00 in ‘Stud spacing is less than 3h,, therefore studs act as a group. Breakout Strength: (Fig. 65.4.2) Case 2: Free Edge on One Side Neg = OC CX + SHY La + ¥ + LSHMoaCon = 0.75(118.63)16 + 36.94) x (240-4 1.5(3.94)1(0.80\ 1.091000 = 100kip Where: G, 93335 33KLON Sor = 118.63, Con = 1.0 (assume uncracked concrete) Vay = 0.7 + (03) T5{h, 2 O74 ODT 3538) =080s 1.0Settles consonrowaain gy * FY Pullout Strength: Ape = DLL ZA yeEiC (Bg. 6.5.4.5) = 0:70(11.2)(1.18)(5)(1.0) = 46.3 kip Where: Ag (Table 6.5.1.2) = 1.0 (assume uncracked concrete) ov. 16.3 2 = 23.2kip Side-Face Blowout ds +040.) 2 >04G.94) = 1.58 in. No Side-Face Blowout ot, ee Tension Capacity: Given: A = O11 ine 3) f= 60 ksi (reinforcement) fn =2 (oumber of reinforcing bars) — ~ 0.90 (steel in tension) Steel Tension: OT, = pnAg, :90(2)(0.11)(60) = 1L9 kip Assume horizontal forve is resisted by two Yin.-diameter HCAS and moment is resisted by coupling two #3 4-in-long, - ‘ * Precast Concrete e+] Z, Panel 7 3 , 5 Hey , ene L Section x-x Foundation L Shear Capacity $H,t Given: = O.L1 in 3) =02in2 2 =20+1=21 in 0.5 in += 2 (number of studs) = 0.00 in, = 6.00 in = 10 = 0.15 (confinement reinforcement) = 0.65 (stud shear) A, Ae dy a, 4 x Y h 4 4 Pcl Conmestions Manus§ 0.75 (stud tension) = 0.90 (reinforcement tension) Reinforcem oH (3) 2 Strength: PALO) oH, =F 09(0.11%60,6) = 23.8 kip Steel Shee: oy, = 4A, = 0.65(2\0.2065) = 16.9 kip (Bq, 6.5.2.1) Stee! Tension: ON, = OA La = 0.75(1)(0.2\(65) = 98 kip Cone Shear: SED. (Eq. 6.5.2.1) BED =0,07<0.2 (side-edge breakout) Where: SED = 4. +X =240 BED=d,+¥ =2146 =27in. OV a5 = Vi Ca CortCoe (Eq. 655.12) = 0.75(9,20)(1.0)(1.0)(1.0)1.0) = 6.9 kip Where Vou = 8PRYF Cy!™(A? =871.0) £9 |oyrosr = 9.20 kip Cy = 10 G. =o Ca = 1.0 (n0 coventricity) C,, = 1.0 (uncracked conerete) PC: Connections Manual Concrete Tension: Case 2: Free Edge on One Side (Fig. 6.5.4.2) Na = PCy +X + LH AY + 3h,I Ha (Con) 0,75(118.63)[2 +041.5(3.94)][0+3(3.94)](0.8)(1.0) 1000 = 67 kip Where: Cy = 118.63 Coy = LO hy = 3.94. Way = 08 Combined Shear and Tension: (Bq. 6.5.8.2) (sf (ea 0.047(g8,)°° oH, = 63 kip <1.0 = governs ‘Weld to Panel Embed. ae} |] a 207 foe Given: by = 0,707(%e) = 0.1326 in pb =0.75 (weld) Shear Capacity @¥,: (v.d(¢s) 2 H0.6F., (ov) wi Mg THE AEMCES 0.75(0.6)(70) 10.369V, = 31.5 QV, =3.0kip = governs (2) (= 0.1326(2) eaaenen =04rT ances ON wopepn0, eromanegSunineocnmanronsen Qgy * Ny AL =20)¢) = 2(0.1326)(2) =0.53in? ‘Tension Capacity: 47, = H0.6)F. ANC) = 0.75(0.6)(703(2)(0.1326)(2) 16.7 kip (By, 6.7.3.2) ‘Shear Capacity @H,: Given: bd =4in, d=2in. e, =3in. fe, =2in. 98, ©4.18 kipfin, (for %, in. weld) Lf, AMiS+E HE sof, ¥(0.349H, ) +(0.179H,)' +(0.25H,) $4.18 OASHH, = 4.18 OH, =93 kip Where: Eee (8. 6.75.1) Ay le, 4 PL Mx Cuaueel ire ioaaa (€9. 675.2) ap SH (2.0) 04 SE o7¢H, f (Ba, 6.75.3) 0404235, Where: Ay 72) =4 in? (3b! +4") A, = 0.375(4) = 1.5 in? tea tee titead 4 10 gle tension nd she) Be ce Angle Bending: 202 cesein139 OV, = 3.0 kip Where: = governs N WOHAF, 9(0.6)(1.5)G6) = 29.2 kip ‘Tension Capacity: Direct Tension: aT, ~ OAR, 9(1.5)(36) 8.6 kip Pct Connections Manus‘Angle Shear: oT, =9an6r, = 0.9(1.5) (0.6) (36) = 292 kip Shear Capacity $F: Direct Shear: OH, = HO.OAR, = 0,10.6)(1.5)36) = 29.2 kip ‘Angle Bendi AH) = 428, 4H.2 = 0.90.5)36) WH, =243 kip Where: Sin, te =0.707(%) = 0.177 in 1 =0.75 (weld) Shear Capacity $V, 2.239V, = 315 @, = 14.1 kip Where: 0 7s 3 (9) ‘Pct Comections Manual = 0:72 in! A, = 20) = 20.177)3.5) = 124 in? Tension Capacity: The 560.6 Feu = 0.75(0.6)70) 124 2.5861, «31.5 OT, =8.8 kip = governs Where: (a s key O.177B.5), BACT = O.72in? AY (td) 2200177185) = 1.24in? ‘Shear Capacity $#,: ox Given b 2 =35%h, a m2 2% =3in Hl, =5.57 kip-in, (for yin. weld) vospusnonnenciesinons OI a NDssavelrneecninesronicen Egy * NY fsat, : ((0.249H,) + (0.119H, } +(0.110H,)" $5.57 0.299H, = 5.57 e H, aH, ° Where: ‘ (8, 6.75.1) parr a, -a4t-! 1a = 22" § (&g.6752) Vile, 2 Oo seer Big Ma. Met (89.6753) | | c Vale ome Where: Ay = 23.5) = 7 in? (3b? + ferret : : 7 35304 +65] aaa A, =0.2in? 6 dy =24in,~2in. = 22in, 1, y=: (infinity) Eh =S,=bd dy =35in, =4G5) da = 635i = Min? & =3in L a6 n= 2 (number of studs in tension) Reena rel Pine 24 (numberof studs ia shear) be yer each way x * i T Y Ve @ a es} x-a" = 0.65 (stud shear) ee fae 4 75 (stud tension) Lael. 4 =0.20 (no confinement reinforcement) 4 0.70 (pullou ‘Shear Capacity 6V,: be aL yt $64 teh = 6.06 in PCI Connections Manual‘Steel Shea OM, OTA (Bq, 6.5.2.1) = 0.65(4)(0.2X65) = 33.8 kip Steel Tension: GN, = HAL (Bq, 6.5.2.1) = 0.75(2)(0.2K65) =19.5 kip Conerete Shear 4, > 2.5(BED) 22> 25(7.5) 22> 18,15 ‘Therefore, consider frontedge breakout and no ‘corner breakout. Front-Edge Breakout: Der = VoxCaCCo Cus (Bq, 655.1) = 0.70(15.2)(1,03)(1.0Y(1.0)(1.0) = LLO kip Where: = 15.2kip 085 +X ber of studs in ae *3BED ‘back row 4 3(7.5) = 1.03.62 = 0.85 + 22 Gy = L024 in, > 1.75075) = 13.1 in) Cap = 10 (no eccenticity) Cu = 10 (uncracked concete) Pci Connections Manual Concrete Tension: Concrete Breakout (Fig, 65.4.2) Case 2: Free Bdge on One Side Noe = OCI + TH Is + LSM MC = 0,70(85.55)[4 + 3(6.06)] x (6.5 + 1.5(6.06)](0.91)(1.0)/1000 = 188 kip Where: Cay = 1.0 (assume unctacked concrete} Wan 0.7 #03828 2 1.0 13th) 6s sorvoa rt -o9te10 Pullout Strength: OMe BDA EC 400) ~07(t12yu 19) 0) = 370kip Where Avg = 2.00.59) wiisin: ‘ay = 1.0 (assume uncracked conse) Star and Tension Interaction: ov, ay w¥/ (a) (5) stage) st o.02(ov, <1.0 8¥.= 105 kip commseannesciensmases Ole NStoWal eee minossforaion gy * A) T, = 18.8 kip ‘Steel Strength OA 92) 2 4 Given: A, = 02in2 L> =600in, n=2 (number of studs in tension) = %oin. =i XX =4.00in, Y =400in, A =10 = 0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) = 0.75 (stud tension) ‘Tension Capacity he Lt yn 64% Yes = 6.06 in Conerete Breakout: (Fig. 6.5.4.2) (Case 2: Free Edge on One Side Nay = HGMK + BHI + LS PeaCon =0,70(85.55)|4 + 3(6.06)) % {65 + 1,5(6.06)}0.91)(1.0)/1000 = 188 kip Where 333 iit Given: 3341.04 595 Ae ty = 85.55 a ds Cup = 1.0 (assume uncracked concrete) dy 4 i Way = 07 +03 : le be Concrete breakout shape =02in? =35in = 65 in. +4 in.» 105i, = 2in, = © (infinity) = 05 in, = 6.00 in, = I (oumber of studs in tension) = 2 (number of studs in shear) Yen. =%in POI Connections ManualX _=0 assume one row only) Y =4.00in, 4 =0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) = 0.65 (stud shear) @ =0.75 (stud tension) Shear Capacity 64: hy =Lt yh! 264% Yat = 6.06 in, Stect Shea OY, = MALL = 0.65(2(0.2)(65) = 169 kip Steet Tension ON, = ¢nA.fy = 0.75(1)(0.21(65) = 9.8kip (Bg.6.5.2.1) (Bq, 6.5.2.1) Concrete Shee SED _ 3S BED” 26 #013.<02 Where: SED « dj +X 23540 =35in, BED=da+¥ and = 26 in, Side Rage Breakout Ve) = Va CuCr Coie (Eq, 655.12) = 0.70(17.3)(1.0)(0.95}1.03(1.0) = 1S kip Where: Vou 7 87.0% fF, (a)? (A) (Eg. 6.5.5.13) a = 87.00.07 7000 3.5)" 0.5)" = 173 kip Cy #10 cu Oe sos m 06d, ie 2(ayp” POD osss2 0.6135) =095 Pc! Connections Manual Gi e210 Conerete Tension: Conerete Breakout (Fig. 65.4.2) Case 3: Froe Edges on Two Opposite Sides, Ne = Fay + LSHICY 4 THyMeaaCo = 0.70(85.55)[3.5 + 1.5(6.06)][0 + 3(6.06)] » (0.82)( 1.01000, =112kip Where — =0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) z Cy 23388 om = 334.0 E05 = 85.55 4» = 1.0 (assume uneracked conerete} Shear and Tension Interaction: si wr (“] oso ILS. 98 sa o021(9H,)" <1.0 OH, = 10.2 kip cemeeossnnnesaionsenres Ola NDWD vorviresronmen.rineinn rica Pt Connections ManusExample 2.6 Solid Wall Panel to Stem Wa ‘General Connection Usage: General Connection Precautions: Design Considerations: Durability Considerations: ‘esthetic Considerations: Tolerance Considerations Po! Connections Manet This Is a typical connection for both loadbearing and non-loadbearing walls to resist gravy andor lateral toads, “The embad plates in the panel and in the stem wall should be larger in size than the loose angle iron or plate in order to accommodate the tolerances required for the placement of these embeds, ‘The capacities are based on embed edge distances and other design assumptions that should satisfy most production and design standards, The offect of combined capacities is not considered and therefore an aprropriate interaction analysis must be made where necessary. Hiseieeeeeeeartaid Hee a In cases where the connection is exposed to view, the recessed plete in the panel should bbe grouted. The engineer may also consider galvanizing the plates where the connection is exposed to moisture. ‘The recessed plate in the panel could 2¢ grouted when the connection is exposed to view. It (routed, a reverse taper or keyway could be placed around the blockoul to lock the patch into the recess, ‘This connection is not tolerance sensiive provided that the plates are sized to accommodate the necessary tolerances required for thair placement in order to complete the connection in fieldNotation: rearing area of stud head, in? rea of steel, in.? ‘= nominal area of heuded stud shank, in? A, A, = area of weld, in? bb =dimension (see specific application) in BED = distance from back row of studs to front edge, in. @ = centerline aivtrcawcemer QA Cyy = breakout strength coefficient Cyq_ = etacking coefficient (breakout) Cup = cracking coefficient (pullow) CoC yCusCanCysCy = coeicients used in desiga of shear strength of studs d= depth of weld in weld group, in ge distance from stud group in 4, = shank diameter of stud, in © = excentrcity of load, in = distance fom center of studs to horizontal reaction, in, = eccentricity of load in y direction in FL = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi f, = resultant stress on weld, ksi Es num tensile strength of sce, ksi ful, * combined shear and torsion stress in horizontal, vertical direotions, ksi 4, = yield strength of reinforcement or headed stud, ksi ~ classification strength of weld metal, ksi F, = yield strength of structural stet, ksi 8 = gmugeof angle, in hs total depth, in, hy =ffective stud embedment length in H, = nominal horizontal strength in, HCA = headed concrete anchors J, = polar moment of inertia, in? ‘The equation references be LG L Max. Min, Ne New N, z SED t ve Y, aA 3g x) Zz 4 a oan “ ° # = moment of inertia of weld segment with respect to its = length of weld, in, = long = nominal length of stud maximum ‘= number of studs or reinforcing bars in group rominal concrete breakout strength, kip ~ nominal conerete pullout strength, kip = nominal tensile strength based on steel capacity, kip = plate = critical distance perpendicular to load, ia with subscripts) thickness, in, A sminal tensile surength, kip ‘= nominal strength of section controlled by conovete, kip sominal bearing or shear strength of element, Kip ‘= aominal shear strength based on steel capacity, kip = distance of weld to center of gravity to weld group, LY overall dimensions (width and length) of stud group, in ~ plastic section modulus of structural steel sect «= strength-reduetion factor (For application in parentheses) = coefficient for use with lightweight concrete = tactor used to modify tensile strength of anchors based on proximity to edges of conerote member angle = diameter = foot inch = number this manual are developed from: ACI Committee 318. 2002. Building Codes Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318-02) and Commentary (ACI-318R-02). Farmington Hills, Ml: American Conerete Institut. Pc! Connections ManualDesign Assumptions ___ ksi (precast concrete) 44 ksi (stem wall conerete) Fa. = 70 ksi (weld) = 1.0 (normatweight concrete) Uncricked concrete g ‘tom wall embed angle to have 7% in, minimum from center to edgefend of stom wal 3 Check effect of combined shear and tension using interaction when necessary. Panel embed 0 have 12 in, minimum from center to edge of pane Shim stacks to be located at centroid of panel. oe 4» tt Option vt Grout Recess Solid Wall Pane! —=| | Panel Embed Pate r NH Sie pat enent /— Loose Piate 1-< Weld to Stem Wall Embed / Vn, Lp ae 1" (Min,) Shim Space —“ om Grout Required him Stacks —/ a ‘Shim Stacks - NO ster va ; stem watl—-| “| eee Capacity Table for Various Component Combinations Weld to Panel Embed Weld to. | stem Wall Embed Plate Panel | Loose Plate | stem Wall Angle Connection fee Embed 7 ov, oT, OH, Mark By = - r | (hip) | kip) | (kip) a fe— dy =2in, ‘Therefore, edge effects apply. Breakout Strength: Case 2: Free Edge on One Side Nom Cy K+ NIMs + Y + LAM aCe = 0.75(118.63)[6+3(3.94)] x[2+0+1.5(3.94)](0.80)(1.0)/1000 = 10kip Wher = 0.75 (confinement reinforcement) Fig. 65.4.2) fk 6. <3 (3000 “SSS ON Gay = 118.63, Cog = LO (uncracked concrete) q Way = 0.7 40.3 S85 2 1.0 T3(by =0.7+03 1353.94) ~ = 080.5 10 Pallout Strength AN pe = HILDA Cay = 0.75(11.2)(1.18)(5}(1.0) = 496 kip Where: 4} =0.75 concrete pullout) (Fig. 65.4.5) Aug = 200.59) 118 in? Coy» 1.0 (uneracked c ote) Concrete sirength govems the design, 5.7 kip ‘Tension Capacity: Reinforcement Tension: 4T. = nA, = 0,90(2)(0.20)(60) = 21.6 kip Weld Between Loose Plate and Upper Emb aM. Given: b =4in, do =3in Fa, = 70 ksi (weld) f= t0in @ =0.75 (weld) 4h = 6.96 kip, Pt Connections MansShear Capacity: fs8f, 0.381gH, = 6.96 = 0.3810H, Where $H,(4.10)(3-0.90) | oH. 3923 10 31994, eHi,(4.10) 4) 3923 = 0.2099H1, f Where: e =5-7 0.90 =4.10in _D+6bid+8a a 2 Reb 4+ 6(4)'(3) +803) R Gy C1 Connections Manual A, =2d+b 2G)+4 = 10in, g f, : errand ~ 50 (0970) = 6.96 kipfin Where Lode, OMe (4-9) Ay Ta ov 10 = 0.9700, often) (ay +6 ) oe es =4(09)' +039 +6{3-09 (09+ 207 +6{3-09) =99ind Tension Capacity: oT, = hfe 96(10) 9.6 kip Loose Plate oy = wl oH = iz J, 1 =0375in 2-69— =0,90 (angle tension and shear) Shear Capacity: Direct Shear oH, =4V, 4, 400A, = 0.90(0.6)(1.5)(35) =29.2 kip Angie Bending: ssovatrendmcenvel Ql RY He = oF =15in? WV.c=4RZ, ay, <2 e -0.90(36)(0.141 20 =23kip < governs Where be a (0.375). ee = 0.141 int Tension Capacity: OT, = AR, = 0.90(1.5)(36) = 48.6 kip Weld Between Loose Plate and Lower Embed ~-—tes a a] oH, fF, =6.96 kiptin. (in. weld) Fy = 70 ksi (weld) % =0.75 (weld) Shear Capacity: oH, = OY, oy, =f = 6.96(4) = 27.8 kip ‘Tension Capacity: (4) #70 x4" HOAs AQ) Ha 1.68" Given: A, =0.2in? (4) A, =02in2 (HCA) BED=3 in. (for dV.) BED= Sin. (for gT,) dy =2in 4, =05in ff =4 ksi (stem wall concrete) f= 65ksi (HCA) f= 60 si (vinforcement) Lo wai, 1 =2 (number of reinforcing bars) 2 (number of studs) t= %ein fy = in, X =6.00in. dor gt) X =3.00in. (or gV,) YY =0in. (or pT,) Y =6.00in. (or dH) 4 =065 (stud shear) % =0.75 (stud tension) =0.75 (confinement reinforcement) 4 =0.70 (concrete pullout) 4V, willbe resisted by two #4 47, will be resisted by bottom two HCAs. 4H, willbe resisted by top two HCAS, PI Connections ManaShear Capacity: Reinforcement Strength: WY, = 0. WV, w OnEO.H)AL, = 0,90(2)(0.6)(0.2)(60) = 13 kip Stet Strength: OH, = 67, <6, IMs = OAc =0.65(2)(0.265) = 169 kip Where > = 0.65 (stud shear) (Eq. 6.5.2.1) Conerete Strength: Front Edge Condition: 47, = Ve BV. = AV oCasCsCorCoye (Bq, 6.5.5.1) = 0.75(8.8791.25)(L.0)(1.001.0) = 83 kip = governs Where: +0275 (confinement reinforcement) Vou =16.52y fh (BED) = 16.5(1.0) 00, To00 = 8.87 kip Cy 20855 pe Pasion 085+ Ohl = 12522 Gy = 10 for h > 1.75BED Con = L.0 (no eecontricity) « = 1.0 (uncracked concrete) OV, =O. Ve = WVesGoCu Corl = 0,754.5} 1.189(.0\.0(L0) =4kip Where: 4 =0.75 (confinement reinforcement) (Eq. 6.5.5.1) Vas =16.ShYE (BED) — ~165(1 0% ay" =45kip P| Connections Manus! Co 085+ 5 Sh Oasys? = 11852 cssmnees ON Cy = 10 for > 1.75BED Cus = 10 (a0 eccentricity) ems Gye = 1.0 (uncracked concrete) Concrete Strength Side-Fulge Condition: BED SED ‘Therefore, side-cdge breakout governs OH, = OMe Va = Vai GaCeiCo Cr = 0:75(8.23X(1.0)(1.7)(1.0)(1.0) = 105 kip Where: $0.75 (confinement reinforcement) Vox 87 (a) 0)” “silt (Be Je “os = 8.23 kip <2 (Bg. 63.5.1) Ca = 10 («0 (ay Cn gi toss, co BOT oisse w1722 Cay = 1.0 (no eccentricity) = 1.0 (umeracked concrete)NUD senesccrmncionens ‘Pct Connections Manat 2-72Example 27 Spandrel Wall to Continuous Footing General Connection Usage: | This is a connection betwoon a grade spandrol and footing similar to the connection between a ground floor spandrel and grade beam ofa typical parking garage. This connection can also be used as a wall pancl base connection. - i a Genoral Connection ‘Since the embed in precast concrete i not recessed, the tallbars need to be bent in order to Precautions: obtain adequate concrete cover. Design Gonsiderations: This connection is designed to resist shear and uplift tensile force This connection, if exposed to moistura, weather, or Sol, should be galvanized or made out of stainless steel Aesthetic Considerations: | This connection is usually below grade. The connection may be recessed in ease the grade Is below the connection Durabilty Considerations: Footing embed plate is susceptible o mislocation, which can result in raduced tension capaci. This can be avoided by using two rows of studs for footing embed plate Tolerance Considerations: Po ConnectionsSorartvannconmumstoara WJ * AY Notation: Ag = bearing area of stud head, in.? Ny = nominal concrete breakout strength, kip A, ~ area of stel, in! Nyy = aominal concrete pullout strength, kip |A,, = nominal atea of headed stud shank, in? N, nominal nominal tensile strength based on steel A, = area of weld, in? capacity, kip BED « distance from back row of studs to font edge. Ny = nominal side-face blowout strength of single stu, kip & =centatine N= nominal sid face blowout strength of group of stu, kip Gu. = breakout strength coeticent R= plate Coy. = cracking coefficient (breakout) Ss = spacing ofthe ever anchors along edge ia the group, in, Cay. = cracking coefficient (pullout) S__ section modus, in? CoCsCCue™ Covticiens used in design of shear strength SED ~ eral distance perpendicular to lad, i, of studs {= ith subserits) thickness in aw depth of welds “T, = nominal tensile strength, kip V¥,__=1ominal stengih of section controlled by concrete kip V, = sominal bearing or shear strength of element, kip = cecentricty of load. i \V, _=1ominal shear strength based on steleapacity, kip x, Z ¢ weld group, in d= edge distance from stud group, in, d, = shank diameter of stud, in, {= specified compressive suength of concrete, ksi "Y= overall dimensions (width and length of stud group in. fig = minimum tensile strength of ste, ksi ~ plastic section modulus of structural steel section, in.* f, = yield strength of reinforcement or headed stud, ksi « srength-reduetion factor (for application in Fa + classification strength of weld metal, ksi parentheses) F, = yield strength of structural steel, ksi A = coefficient for use with lightweight concrete hw total depth, in. Way = lator used to modify tensile strength of anchors eee based on proximity to edges of concrete member f= length of weld, < =angle L = nominal length of stud, i. ° LG «long Max. = maximum # = number Min, = minimum n= number of studs in group Unless otherwise noted, the equation references in this manual are developed from: ACI Committee 318, 2002. Building Codes Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318-02) and Commentary (ACH-318R-02}. Farmington Hills, Ml: American Concrete Institute, Pt Connections WanDesign Assumptions = 5 ksi (precast concrete) © ~4 ksi (foundation concrete) 5 ksi (HCA) 0 ksi (reinforcement) Bag = 70 ksi (weld) SCR-1 bal Rexexe Ry nae WIR) 1504" HORS Connection Capacity WV,- 6.1 KD Wn 12k = tH, =3.8 kip Capacity Table for SCF-1 F036 ksi (RD 2 (normalweight concrete) Footing thickness is 12 in, Embed in footing is 12 in, from footing end/ege. ‘Thereiis confinement reinforcement. Panel is uncracked, —|+crade spandret or Wall Banel Ray sxe! wi (8) 4°08" HCAS Q) #5 18" Ms | shim, Grout Requires | continuous Footing We | aT, | Hy Hardware Description nt tkip)_ | ¢kip)_| (kip Rw x6" x8" Panel Embed Plate wi (4) e'0% 6" HCAS so | 19 | 38 & (2) #9 Bars « 18° LG Wold to Pane! Embod YW" weld x 4" long both sides 64 | 447 | 209 Loose Plate ea 972 | 58.2 Weld to Footing Embed 6 weld » 2" long 2 | m2 | 112 ‘ating Em ee ae Footing Embed Piate wi) ro 4" HOAS es | 130 | 38 Pc! Connactiona Manus tocossenncocmmcots “Ia NYcomautoors AY * AY Spancre Wa Panel Embed Plate p 3 ‘ 7 a] a RY xB xB "a « 6" HCAS. oe V4) Fo 87%, 40) Bee 2 3 1) fa ws OV, © 0.55T Given: AS 0.11 in? (93) Ay = 020in? b= 26 in, (width of compression block) dy =2in a =05in 2 =4in Lo =6in a (number of reinforcing bars) n= 2 (number of studs) = 6in, hs = %o in =i. =6in, =0in = 0.75 (std tension) = 0.75 (confinement reinforooment) = 070 (conerete pullout) = 0.90 (stcel tension) = 0465 (stud shear) = 0.65 (bar compression) secsoeex Shear Capacity @V,: ‘Sieel Strength: 4, = 0.550N, = 0.55(19.5) = 10.7 kip Where: AN, = OMA = 0.75(2)(0.20)(65) = 19.5 kip Concrete Strength: he thirty 644 Mem = 5:94 in. Shy = 3(5.94) = 1782>X=6in, Stud spacing is less than 3hy, therefore studs act as a group. (Eq, 65.2.) Breakout Strength Case 2: Free Eilge on One Side OV, = 0.559 = 0.55(14.5) = 8.0 kip Where GN = 6 Cy (K# IIa + Y + LEK Isa = 0.75(96.61)[6+3(5.94)} x{2+0+1.5(5,94)](0.77)(1)/1000 = 14S kip G. =33a (5000 33.0) 55 = 96.61 (Fig. 65.4.2) Where: Cay = 1.0 (uneracked concrete) Woy 0740.3 a er -077s 10 Pallowt Strength OV, = 0.550%. 0.554633) = 25.5 kip ct Connections ManualWhere: PN yn = PUL Arg Cop = 0.70(11.2)1-18 XS 1.0) = 46:3 kip Where: Aug 20.59) 18 in? (Fig. 65.45) Cup = 1.0 (uneracked concrete) Side-Face Blowout: dy £0.40) 2in. = 0.4(5.94) 2in, $2.38 ‘Therefore, check side-fuce blowout OV, = 0550Ny, + 0.55(19.6) = 108 kip Where: 75 (confinement reinforcement) se (64,6548) 6 nerf egSsJoa vere: Na =1604yfheove =a 05 2 1000 = 174 kip ‘Tension Capacity: Reinforcement Strength 41, = gua, = 0.90(2)(60 0.11) = 119 kip PO! Connections Manvel Rie x6 x8 We x6 HOAs ~ Shear Capacity $3 Conerete Strength: SED 342 BED G+I48 =0.33-<3.0, but 0.2 +. Comer breakout is likey. GH, = WVa(CNC ICC) (Bq. 6.5.9.9) = 0.75(42.80.49(0.55)(1.0)(1.0) = 8.7 kip Where: Ven = 16.54 ( BED)” — (B9. 6.55.2) 5000, a8 16.5(1) ppp 6 #8) =428 kip SH i Cy = 0.7 r 5.5.10 a -O'D s10 (69,655.10 ua 7 ON Gee = 049 h Gu = 0, rsh aineoh = L7SBED. pee (Eq. 655.10) 3 fe OT ET IeE = 0.85 Cay = 1 (no eccentricity) Coq = L(uncracked concrete) Stool Strength: OH, = OCCA, f) = 0.65(8)(0.2(65) = 338 kip cmoseenmersvmeniets “J a NYSemmes connotea QW NY Where nad Reinforcement Strength: Reinforcement in compression controls. LIB He c OAL, ov. Given: 4, =4in, = 0.707(0.25) = 0.17 in $0175 (weld) f° 5.57 kipvin, (in. weld) ‘Shear Capacity oV, Vn OV) rs = 40.6, a, V.(4) os ME) <0.15(06)70) 4.969V,5 31.5, 9V, = 6.4kip Where Ay #2, = 20.1714 42in2 s ~o S) 6 0.1774) 3 0.94 in? ‘Tension Capacit 1, = $O.8)F.. = 0.7500. eK. 42) Tkip Shear Capacity oH: fo220H,)°+(o.150H,) <5.s7 0.266 OH, « 5.57 OH, = 20.9 kip (Bq,6.7.5.1) aut, (om.2) § Tee 702208, (E4,6.7.5.2) 0.1594, A, =2(6)=8in? (3d? +b) 3 a[ (6) +(4) ae 2827 int ci Connections MansLoose Plate = Given: A, = 0.5(6)=30in# b =6in, e =2in, t= 05 in, 4 =0.90 (plate tension and shear) Shear Capacity Vt Direct Shear OY, 1,7SBED) (1258.75) Cox = 10 (n0 eccentricity) Coy = L0 (uneracked concrete) Stee! Strengt: av, =8, @Y, = 9A = 0.65(2)¢0.20065), 169 kip (Bq, 6.5.2.1) ‘Tension Capacity: Concrete Tension: hy =Ltt-u-% AAI % = 3.94 in, LShy = L5G.94) =5.91> dy" Sin, ‘Therefore, edge effects apply. Breakout Strength Case 2: Free Edge on One Side q ON Ng =O Cy (X + THs + V+ L SHH Coys 75(106.1)[4+3(3:94)] x[5+041.5(3.94)](0.95)(|.0)/1000 (Bq. 6.5.4.2) = 13.0 kip Where: Cy 3.338, ‘C1 Connections Manat= 3.33(1.0), = 106.1 Gay = LO (uncracked concrete) 4 Va =07 0037565 «10 =0.7+0.3. S S10 T3G54) = 095510 Pallout Suength oT, -ONy PN po= GEL Ar fe Con (Bq. 6.5.4.5) = 0.70(11.2)(1.18)(4)(1.0) = 37.0 kip Where: Ave = 210.59) = L8in? Coy = LO (uneracked concrete) ‘Steel Strength: oT, =9N, ON, OAL = 0.75(2}(0.2K65) = 19.5 kip Side-Face Blowout ay > 04¢h) Sin. > 0.4(3.94) 5 in,> 1.58 in, ‘Therefore, side-face blowout is unlikely, Shear Capacity H,: Concrete Strength: = 0,36 > 0.2, but < 3.0 ‘Therefore, corer condition applies. GH, = Vo CCn CoCo (Bq, 6.5.5.9) = 0.75(34,9)(0.5)(0.67)(1,0\1.0) =88kip governs Where: You = 16.5iyfF ( BED)" Pct Connections Mancst is =05 Cy = 0.75, He (hs 1.75BED) 0.67 Cay = 10 (a0 eccentricity) Cy, = 10 (uneracked concrete) Steal Strength OH. = 9000Act) = 0.65(2}0.2\65) = 16.9 kip Bg. 6.5.2.1) cocssommneoaeanots NE a NYsmo NY Pl Connections ManuExample 2.8 Spandrel wall to Continuous Footing (Moment) General Connection Usage: General Connection Precautions: Design Considerations: Durability Considerations: Aesthetic Considerations: Tolerance Considerations: PCI Connections Manvel “The connection must be grouted if exposed to weather andlor moisture, This is a connection between a spandrel and the footing needed to resist lateral loads and ‘moments similar toa typical ground-floor spandrel ofa typical parking garage without a connection between floor and spandtel, or a shear wall wit light loads. Foundation plate should be properiy Iccated to ensure proper welding of strap plate, Provide sufficient panel embed length to allow weld, ‘Among other dasign assumptions, the design of the connection assumes 12 in. as edge distance to the back row of the studs of the footing plate. The design enginaer must note this requirement when sizing the footing dimensions. In adcition, the design of the footing must take into account the connection foads. The proper grouting of the connection should be required if ‘This connection can accommodate normal tolerances, 10804 to view, oownneets ON (auc 04 90Sewecl ato ceninei fom omen) Ql) ® AY Notation: 4 = depth of compression block, in ‘Avg = bearing area of stud head, in? A, =area of steel, in? ‘Ag = nominal area of headed stud shank, in? bb =dimension (see specific application), in BED = distance from back row of studs to front edge, in. © =centerline C= breakout strength coefficient Coy eracking coefticiem (breakout) Cup = cracking coefficient (pullout) CC rCaiCur = coefficients used in design of shear strength ofstuds d= depth of steel, in, 4 hank diameter of stud, ia pevifice compressive strength of concrete, ksi eld design stress, ks = minimum tensite strength of steel, ksi f, yield strength of reinforcement or headed stud, ksi lassification strength of weld metal, ksi = yield stength of structural stel, ksi = total depth, i hy effective stud embediment length, in, 2, = length of weld, in, LG = tong LE nominal length of stud, in Max. = maximum Min, = minimum somninal moment strength, kip-ft jumber of studs in group Rastssa = Humber of studs in back row Ng = nominal concrete breakout strength, kip Nj, = nominal concrete pullout strength, kip R= plate ‘SED = critical distance perpendicular to load, in. 1 ={with subseripts) thickness, in, T, =nominal tensile strengeh, kip ‘V.__= nominal strength of section controlled by conereto, kip ‘V, = nominal bearing or shear strength of element, kip v, x, ;, = nominal shear strength based on steel capacity, kip Y= overall dimensions (width and length) of stud group, in =strength-reduetion factor (For application in parentheses) A =-oefticient for use with lightweight concrete Yay = factor used to modify tensile strength of anchors pased on proximity to edges of concrete member < =agle 9 =diameter + = foot inch # = number Unless otherwise noted, the equation references in this manual are developed from: ACI Committee 318, 2002. Building Cordes Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318-02) and Commentary (ACI-318R-02). Farmington Hills, Ml: American Conerete Institute 1 Connections ManualDesign Assumptions —__ Fw 5 ksi (precast concrete) = 4 ksi (Foundation concrete) {, = 60 ksi (reinforcement) B36 ksi & Weld: B70 electrodes = 1.0 (normalweight concrete) Foundation connection capacity is for horizontal shear and minimum ualift tensile force equal to 10 kip per ACI 318-02. 12 in, minimum distance from back row of studs to Face of foundation, Angle Embed 1" Min Shim Space, ‘Grout # Required Foundation Embed Plan View at Connection Capacity Table for Various Component Combinations 2 Loose Plates Each Connection Foundation cose Plates | Weld — Embed Angle Embed Plate en 2 con- | Pano! _ 2 nection | The - —=]| & | ss ‘Mark | ness LK lesa (ap) (ap) IR W x 6 x 1-0" Yet werg | <8 x 6" x %" suc [in | wie ¥oxe wool [xe tGwia) | 226 | 925 | 1096 HAs tex2-616 Rie xox t swos | ain, | wii we x zai | asa | 2008 Hs cee ai venarnse | eld | x8 prime] Rete | Big ae owl swo-10 | 10in, | wi(6) 0 x v1 | aa | 2080 Has Pct Connections Manval cm curreennossieneces O) aNSaraiva conn toare ones) AX) AY SMC: iM, KBr xOx Hx — W2)#BBars x26 Le, RY x4" xa" Mn, 1" (Min. Shim Space, sceeaeee Grout Required — eu, 4 Plan View at Connection (0) '9 x8" HAS Connection Capacity Weak 4,292.5 kip eM, = 109 kipsn Capacity Table for SMC-6 Hardware iti ive At a, | Description (Kip) (kip) | ¢kip-iny £8°x 6 «ASLO wh Embed Angle eee zs | 47s 130 Weis eaeaes Sy weld 4 ong zs | 557 159 Loose Plates | VRB axe 77a | 198 | a5 Foundation Embed Plate be ze | as 109 PCI Connections ManualEmbed Angle % (286 x24 x6 Given: A, =2(0.44) ~ 0.88 in (#6 reinforeing bar) b= 24 in. (width of compression block) d= 3 in, (depth of reinforcement) fl =Sksi F, = 60 ksi (reinforcement) § ~ 0.90 (reinforcement tension and shear) Shear Capacity: WY, 8 OOAF, = 0.50(0.6}0.88)(60) = 28.5 kip ‘Tension Capacity aT, = WAS, = 0.90(0.88)(60) = 475 kip Moment Capacity om, 04, (4-2) ~o.nyo.seyeo 3 932) = 190.2 kip Where: ci Connections Manual Given: = 0.52 in, (depth of compression block) in, (dopth of reinforcement) ene = 70-si (weld) fe =4in 1221 in. Mhyin. weld) $ = 0.75 (weld) 0 a45° Shear Capacity: V2 M2) gy 7 ance 4 o%. Ye goon [Fe 2 Jseose., 0.75(0.6)(70) *,2) [ates *Blossojfa) L406, ov: 31.5 kip Where: Ag = 2.6) = 200.2214) = 177 in? = 0.589 in? ‘Tension Capacity: OT, = QL NENOF) = (2)(0.221)4)(31.5) = 55.7 kip 22.5 kip <= governs tuouon bacorsennoscamnaccets OQ aNscouting * fy soars Where: $f, = 00 = 0.75(0.6)(70) =315ksi Moment Capacity: om, ~o1,(a~2 6 = 152.6 ki Loose Plates 7 Given: a 2 (depth of compression block) A, =05(4)=20in2 = 4in in. (depth of reinforcement) 6 ksi) = 2 Coumber of plates) = 05 in, 4 =0.90 (plate tension and sheae) b d F, t Shear Capacity: OY, = MOOEA, = 0.90(2\0.6136)(2) = 718 kip ‘Tension Capacity: A, 0.902336 x2) 129.6 kip Moment Capacity: Foundation Embed Plate Given: A, ~02iné BED= 12 in, (assumed) dy =8in, dg = 8in, d= 05in, Cm aksi fy = 65 ksi n ~6 (number of studs) Protas = 3 X =8.00in, Y 1 shear) =0.75 (stud tension) 9 =0.75 (confinement reinforcement) ‘Shear Capacity: SED. BED > 22 (y inspeation) ‘Therefore, check front edge condition, PCI Connections ManvalConerete Strength: BV, =0Ves Wes = WVeaCsCnCorCre (Bq, 6.5.5.1) = 0.75(28.4)(1.07)(1.0X1.0)(1.0) = 228 kip Where: 0.75 (confinement reinforcement) Vou “16.54% (BED) (000, =16.5(1 0 = 28.4 kip 12)" Ce #085 +A srs 0854863 Hi) =107s3 Cy = 10 (h> L7SBED) Cup. = 1.0 (no coventrcity) Cx. = 1.0 (uneracked concrete) ‘Steel Strength: ov, = 0, OY, = 40S = 0:65(69(0.2065) = 50.7 kip Where: 9 = 0.65 (stud shear) ‘Tension Capacity: (Bq, 6.5.2.1) Concrete Tension: hy = baht % nO eM = 5.94 in, LShy = 1565.94) = 8.91 in. > dy = Bin ‘Therefore, edge effects apply. Breakout Strength (Ba. 6.54.2) Case 3: Froe Bdge on Two Opposite Sides N= OC K+ IHN + Y + de MasCin ~0.75(86.4)[8+3(5.94)] x(8+4+8)(0.97)(1)/1000 232.5 kip Where = governs 4} = 0.75 (confinement reinforcement) Pci Connections Manual Cay = LO (aneracked concrete) Wy 0.74032 5 1.0 0) 8 =07403 2 07 +037 55q #10 097210 Pullout Steength pe = GUL 2Aval Cop (B.65.45) = 0.70(11.2)3.54)(4)(1.0) = HLOkip Where 0.70 (concrete pullout) Arg = 60.59) =3.54in? Coy 1.0 (uneracked concrete) ‘Steel Strength: OT, = OA = 0,75(6(0.2)(65) = 585 kip Moment Capacity: mo Breakout Strength Case 2: Free Bdge on One Side N= OC (KHAN + YH SH MC -075{ 4 sva(so4)] 91001 5(594)) »(092)(1.0) = 214 kip tmmptucervonsozarnenes Qs Nsaaaore QA) Spaniel Wat to Continuo Where: 4 — =0.75 (confinement reinfoscement) Cu 33005 000 = 330.0 F 55 = 864 Coy = 10 (uneracked concrete) 8 T3559) =097<10 Pullout Steength Nu = IL 2A Coy (B9. 6545) = 0.70(11-2901 TAKEO) 255.5 kip Where ue = 30.59) Tint Cop = 1.0 (uneracked concrete) Steel Strength: ON, = OMA SE, = 0.75(9)0.2K65) = 29.25 kip Therefore: oM, = Te) =27.4(4) = 109.6 kip. = governs Pot Connections ManualExample 2.9 Double Tee to Foundation Wall (No Topping) General Connection Usage: | This s a typical connection between a cast-in-place concrete foundation wall and a precast concrete double tee used to resist lateral loads. General Connection itis important that the wall plate and the tee plate are at the same elevation for proper welds. Precautions: This can be accomplished by using shims under the double-tee stor The design of the wall iseif must include the effect of gravity loads, lateral loads, an volumettic forces for the precast concrete. For example, a wall designed as a cantilever wall may not act as a free standing wall ifthe lateral loads and! or the grauity loads from precast are of enough magnitude to create a support condition atthe top of the wall Design Considerations: Durahiliy Considerations: | This connection will normally be covered, oat ‘Aesthetic Considerations: | The connection is nat exposes to view. Tolerance Considerations: | The connection is toleranco sensitive because it is important to have a 10030 plato reasonably straight in order to rosist shear to its capacity. It is a good practice to locate the hatunches tow enough to allow shimming to account for castin-place concrete tolerances, 0! Connections ManualDes Terfanaunwioroere) B) * RY Notation: = leg size of fillet weld, in. Ave = bearing area of stud head, i A, area of steel, in? A = nominal area of headed stud shank, in. A, = area of weld, in? b= dimension (see specific application), in BED = distance from back row of studs fo front edge, in. G =centerline CG CCyCy.Coe® eoelficients used in design of shear strength of stods icy nal compressive strength d= depth of welds in weld group, in, = edge distance from stud group, in © = eccentricity of load, in, |, = eccentricity of shear force on a group of anchors, in, 4 =cccentricty from shear load to anchorage centroid, = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi f= resultant siress on weld, ksi f,, = minimum censile strength of steel, ksi £, _ ~yield strength of reinforcement or headed stud, ksi Fag lassification strength of weld metal, ksi B, = yield strength of structural steel, ksi = total depth, in, rominal horizontal strength, kip 1, = polar moment of inertia, in? f= length of weld, in LG long L = nominal length of std, in Max. = maximum Min, = minimum n= aumber of stud in group sya = amber of edges or sides that influence the X. direction ana Amber of studs im back row nt, = tumber of studs in x and y row, respectively N, = 1ominal tensile sirength based on steol capacity, kip RR =plate SED ~ critica distance perpendicular to load, in, {= {with subscripts) thickness, in Tr, tensile strength, kip ‘Ve = nominal strength of section controlled by concrete, kip V, = nominal bearing or shear strength of element, kip X.Y. =horizontal and vertical distance, respectively, in stance of weld to center of gravity of weld group, in X.Y = overall dimensions (width and length) of stud group, in. Z__ = plastic seetion modulus of structural steel section, in.t 4 = strength-reduction factor (For application in parentheses) 2 = coefficient for use with lightweight concrete 4 mangle = diameter Unless otherwise noted, the equation references in this manual are developed from: ACI Committee 318, 2002. Building Cotes Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI-318-02) and Commentary (ACT-318R-02). Farmington Hills, Mk: Amerienn Concrete Institute Pt comections anusDesign Assumptions 0 Fy = 5 ksi (precast concrete) FS =4 ksi (wall concrete) F..,= 70 ksi (weld) y= 65 ksi (HCA) 0 ksi (reinforcement) = 36 ksi (@ and 4) = 1.0 (normalweight concrete) Uneracked conerete, No confinement reinforcoment in wall Perimeter bar exists as confinement in double tee. 7 “ote ) Mal enoes Double Tee if [fm ff eres Bt \ Loose Plate: A v Bearing Pad —~~ FN Castin-Place —-~| ey : Foundation Wal Concrete Foundation ounation Wat sre pws Capacity Table for Various Component Combinations Weld to. Weld to Foundation Doubie-Tee — | poubio-too | 42986 PIate | Foundation | Wall Embed a eee Embed Wall Embed a oH, oT, nection 5 ~ * ip) | (eis) b> Ly Cc RY x6"x8" %o" weld x Ye" weld x Bah eB x 12" DTW-6 | wi (1) 4'9 x 4" HCA 6" long w/ 2" | FR 3%" x 6" x 6 ow i wi (6) 's'o x 4° a5 88 & (2) #4 Bars x 2-0" LG | retums ‘a HCAs Rene ne er wold x6" vemos [RRO Ie orws | wi woxaHca [inane |Rurxorxa | Ned* Iwi) woxe | a5 | a6 & (2) #5 Bars x 26" LG | returns = HCAS PI Connectione Manus! movmnwescosacnona O aNSabeTetrensnvatortoncs) (B® RY DIW-6 2 sev 2 Double Tee J Fa¥ BE [fm Ry x6 x8" ~ Beating Pad —~~ Foundation Wall —~ Connection Capacity Wa. 85 Kp $,- 86 kip Capacity Table for DTW-6 wi (I) ox 4"HA \ 8 (2) #4 Bars x2-0" LG \ Rx me wi (6) 0 x 4° HCA Hardware Jescription oH, Te pote (eip)_| Gi) fe RT x6" x 8 Double-Tes Embed Plato 2 | “Two oxat HCA os | a6 ‘& (2) #4 Bars x 2-0"LG Weid to Double Teo beset Ye’ weld <6 longw/2"retums | 107 | 440 Loose Plate Rw x6" x 6" 273 729 Wold to Foundation Wall eal i weld to Come et weld «81 long zs | 2s Foundation Wall Embed : Rae xo Pl Connections ManuDouble-Tee Embed Plate ——Fe von (2) #4 Bars x 2-0" LG A, =02in2 (#4) A, =0.2int BED = 19 in, ly =3in, d, =03in, © = Gin. (distance between reinforcing bars) a Sksi fa = 65 ksi 2 =2 (number of reinforcing bars) a= E (number of studs) 1, = [ (number of Y-row stud lines) 0.65 (stud shear) = 0.65 (reinforcement compression) — =0.75 (confinement reinforcement) 4% =0.90 (reinforcement tension) Tension Capacity: Reinforcement Tension: oT, ~ AL, (64,652.1) 0.90(2\0.2)(60) =21.6 kip Where: 0.90 (reinforcement cension) Shear Capacity: Concrete Strength: Comer Breakout: BEI =0.16502 Therefore, side-edge breakout applies. GH, = Vea: Coi Co (Eq. 6.5.5.12) = 0,75(15.77Y1.0)(1.0)(1.09.0) = HB kip Where: Connections Manuel — =0.75 (confinement reinforcement) Vou = BTA YE (4)(G™ 5000 ~ 87(1.0)} 1000 (3)°%(0.5)" = 15.77 kip Oy =LOK=0) Cy = 10i,= 1 Coy = 1.0 (no eccentricity) Cy = LO (uneracked concrete) Steel Suength: OH, = $A ch 64. 652.1) = 0.65(1)(0.2)(65) = 85 kip = governs Where {$= 0.65 (tud shear) Reinforcement Strength: on, -PTEHOCS, 52) +7.8(3.48) = 0.90(0.20)(60) = 108 kip = 0.65(0.20)(60) = 78 kip Ce oF F6C, 73(6) “oss = 2520, ote oF HOC, 10.8(6) “a+78 = 3.48 in. 6in, 0 O.N (Gesdog ond ye vorepuno5 0,osneterracinsno ree) @@ * fy Weld to Double-Tee Embed 7 a Given. a =0.1875 in. (sin. weld) bo =2in d =6in Buy = 70Ksi (weld) 0275 (weld bf, = 4.18 kipfin. Mein, weld) Shear Capacity: fst, 0390H, = 4.18, 4.18 nH, <4 Hh 39 = 10.7 kip Where § RFE [200n, soe (02901, +(0.260HH, =039 9H, Where: i a Slee 9H1,(5.6)(1.6) 10” 57.73 = 0.2604, Where: A =2bed = 22) +6 = 10in, Bb +6bd+d* bt : Db - 8(2)' +6(2)(6)' +66)" 12 (2) 22) +6 =57.73 in xo =b-k 2-04 16in, 7 eae ne ae =3in & =6-K 6-04 5.6in Tension Capacity: OT, = O10.F.It.e, = 0.75(0.6(70}(0.13)(10) =410kip Where: @ -2b+d =20)+6 = 10in, PCI Connections ManualI 4 +R. oR eB x at, Seal] Given A, = 0375(6) = 2.25 in? b =6in, F, =36ksi() = 0375 in. 4 — = 0.90 (plate tension and shear) ‘Tension Capacity: oT, OFA, 0.80(36)(2.25) 729 kip ‘Shear Capacity: Direct Shear: GH, = 40.67,4, = 0,90(0.6)(36)(2.25) = 43.7 kip Shear Due to Bending ze + _0375(6), 4 =3.38in? oe 30 Where: SED BED=d,+¥ 21543 = 435i ‘Therefore, not a corner condition. Concrete Strength IT, = BV CysCuConCo (69. 655.1) = 0.70(7.7 1YC1,59)(1.0)(1-0)(1.0) =86kip = governs Where: $ — =0.70 (no confioement reinforcement) Vos 16s ED) =16.5(1 oO = 7.71 kip Bas) Cy -085+ Ae 175BED Coy = 1.0 (no eccentricity) Coq = L.0 (ancracked concrete) Stel Strength = GA = 0.65(6)(0.2)(65) 50.7 kip (Bg. 6.5.2.1) Where: 4 = 0.65 (stud shear) Shear Capacity: (Check for comer and side edge conditions: SED 4.5 BED 24 ~019202 Where: SED =ds+X = 1543 43 in. lt =1+10 = 24, Because 0.19 «0.2, check for both comer and side edge conditions. Concrete Strength—Side Bdge Condition OH, = Ve CgC CoCr (Eq, 655.12) = 0.70(5.61)(2.0)2.7500.83X 1.0) = 179 kip Where: =0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) Vou = 87AY FE (d)'"(,)"" SEB ose =87(1 af — = 5.61 kip Cy =n =2 Cy et) geet 0.64, 15 Pct Connections Manuat“, -10-(22}a10 -10-[ a5]! 0 83310 Cur = 1.0 (uncracked concrete) Concrete Strength—Corner Concition: GH, = PMasCaCnConCrs (Bq. 6.5.5.12) = 0.70(71.48\(0.40)(1.0(0.97)(1.0) = 19.4 kip Where: — =0.70 (no confinement reinforcement) Vor =16.52y% (BED) =16.5(1 0 ay” = 71.48 kip SED 01D S19 as OIE S10 = 0405 1.0 Cy =10 forh> 1.7SBED ay sho 1+0.67/ 3] =097.« 10 Cu, = 1.0 (uncracked concrete) PCI Connactions Manuoh Stel Strength: OH, = nA, = 0.65(6 40.2065) =90.7 kip Where: = 0.65 (stud shear) (Eq. 652.1) coinavmnenoucsceseen Oa 2-101ND coca osensnresienrco ci Connections Manus 2-1022 Example 2.10 = Double Tee to Foundation Wall (With Topping) 10 ‘General Connection Usage: | This connection is typical between a foundation wal and a double tee with topping to resist, horizontal loads. ‘Genoral Connection itis important to use smaller-sized dowel bars to avoid large bends in thin topping Precautions: Design Considerations: The design must include the effect of gravity loads, lateral loads, and volumetric foroes from |__| precast concrete. is Durability Considerations: | The topping will have a tendency to erack atthe joint location. It's thorefore recommended to either too! or saw cut the topping atthe joint location and seal it. This requirement applies ‘only to these conditions where the topping is exposed similar to open parking garages. Aesthetic Considerations: | Tool the topping atthe joint location and seal to control cracking and prevant moisture intrusi Tolerance Considerations: | Avoid using large sizo bars for thin topping concrete and @ itis always practical o bend (with approval of onginoar) the bars after the double tees aro erected, (6460, iy) em worenunoy 0:94 ore c| Connections Manet 2-108erro mb * A Double Tee Founder Wi Notation: Os, ~ 1122 of crack interface, in? 1a of shear-friction reinforcement, in? remtevtine o> = specified compressive strength of concrete, ksi J, = yield strength of reinforcement or headed stud, ksi & = development length of deformed bars, in, fy = development length of standard hook ia tension, ia, long Max. = maximum Min, = minimum R late -eR RED = nominal shear-friction strength, ksi = strength-reduction factor (for application in parentheses) = conversion factor for density of concrete = shear-friction coefficient = effective shear friction coefficient = angle ‘= diameter = foot = inch = number Unless otherwise noted, the equation references in this manual are developed from: ACI Commitiee 318. 2002, Building Codes Requirements for Structural Conerete (ACI-318-02) and Commentery (ACI-318R-02). Farmington Hills, Mk: American Concrete Institute. PCI Connections ttanvatDesign Assumptions ee £24 ksi (Foundation concrete) £, = 60 ksi (reinforcement) 1. = 1.0 (normalweight concrete) Connection capacity is for horizontal shear only. The effect of volumetric restrain provided by th ‘Bar must be developed on both sides of crack. connection must be considered in the design of the supporting wall a oe OLN The concrete on top ofthe foundation wall snot intentionally roughensd Dowel is symmetical for ease of installation ini ; /— "if Deep Tooled | Sion, | / senator gee eons SY iq 5 Dowel Bent i] 2 Down atter E Erection 2] Double Toe — Bearing Pad ~~ Foundation a) — Ny Capacity Table for Varying Component Combinations 3 Connection Mark Wall Thickness a a at Dowel Reinforcement L orwre Bin #4 @ 18in.On Center oa 24 biwrte ‘in 14 @ 12, On Contr 2a 24 ci Connections Manual 2-105= DIWwre a 3 7 Mirman, Vs" Deep Tooled 2 & Mime bint Location Equa castinPiaco ee A Sere a, —— — : ai | | § 44 @ 18" On Conter > 5 Hy = = ' a Double Tee | Bearing Pad —~ |_EQ Foundation wall —~“*| Connection Capacity WW 27 Kit ae teh = 27 kit Capacity Table for DTWT-8a Hardware Deseription oh, ot pt (kipit)_| _ (kiprtt ES Dowel & #4 @ 18in. On Center 27 27 2-106 PCI Connections Manual44 @ 18" (On Genter Given ‘Aq =02 in: (4 reinforcing bas) £m ksi topping eonereie) {, = 60ksi (reinforcement) § — =0:75 (shear friction) 2. = 1.0 normalweight concrete) ‘Mh Shear Capa $1, =2.7 kip (based on Case | gH, Case 2 9H) Where: Case 1: At Topping and Wall Interface (Assume 8 in, wall with concrete to concrete and not ouglnened) Ae (64.4.36.1) = 0.75(60)2.2¥04) =40kip s6V., 15.2kip For 18 in, spacing: i ov, = (602 = 2.7 kite = governs Where: $ ~0.75 (shen ition) 100024 ee yom (a 43.6.2) _1000(1)(144)(0.63) 1000 =216222 Therelore, 4. =2.2 Where Ay =8(18) = 144 in? 1k =0.6h (concrete-to-conerere erack interface condition) = 0,6(1.0) 6 Pct Connections Manual = 2.2 (for conerete to concrete) 2 Bie. 4 @ PV onus = 0.2026, Ae = BOON A, 00 =02(1) (aan 44) _800(1} (144) a 1000 a tsasiis2 152 kip Where: Ay = Ag (reduction factor) Ay = 0.20.18) = 0.04 in? Reduction fa ‘or based on reduced cembedment depth of development For Full Development of Hooked Reinforcing Bar: ‘ =95 in (O.02BM,/F: (ACI section 12.5) = 0.6(4.0) =06 with Bel hel 4 + 05 in, tual embedment = 1.5452 Actual embedment = 1.5452 = 15428 = 175i, Reduction factor = Case 2: At Topping Control Joint (Assume 3 in, topping with control joint) = OMAy 75(60)(3.4)(0.1) 5.3 Kip & Vanes = 45 kip Actual embedment Location ‘in, deep (Ea. 4.3.6.1) (Geog a a woprponog =a, NEG 107For 18 in. spacing: 2 fle ev, = IS. (2) = 10.2 kip/it nee © = 0.75 (shear friction) _ 10004A oY, On) 13300 a eee) mh * A ° Kw S thaw Therefore, w= 3.4 Where: Ag =(3-05\18) =45 in? Ht = LAA (concrete to concrete cast monlithically) = 14.0) =l4 = 3.4 (for conerete © conerete cast ‘monolithically) (Table 4.3.6.1) Vows = O.30'F, Ay s 10000, 2 (4000 = 03) (leo oom (45) 1000 = 54 kip = 45 kip ‘Therefore: Where: Ag =A (reduction factor) Ay = 0.20.5) =O Reduction factor based on reduced cembedment depth of hooked reinforcing bar For Full Development of Hooked Reinforcing Bar: fy = 9.5 in, ODBRE/ dy, (ACT section 12.5) with Bel 2-108 heal d= 05 in. de ‘Actual embedment = 4+5¢ OSin. Home * 2.2 (for concrete to concrete) (Table 4.3.6.1) Venu =O.2REA, = BOOKA, 026) (ZR V9) _00( (148) 1000 =tis2<1152 21152 kp N, Shear Capacity: ON, = 227 kip Where governs ON, = gH,Case | 9H, 67, 9T, OLA, = 0.9600) = 10.8 kip Where: = 0.9 (tension) For [8 in, spacing: 12 = 108) 2 4, (2) = 7.2 kipift Pel Connections ManatChapter 3 Beam to Column, Double Tee to Spandrel Connections Inverted-Tee Beam to Column (No Corbel) sen dB 3.2 Inverted-Tee Beam to Column (Corhel) ‘Spandrel to Column (Loadbearing or Non-Loadbearing) 3.4 Column to Column (Splice Sleeve) .. 3.5 Column to Column (Anchor Bolted) 3.6 Double Tee to Inverted ‘ee Beam Connection (With Topping) 3.7 Pretopped Tee to Inverted-Tee Beam (With Topping) .. 3.8 Double Tee to Steel Beam Connection .« 3.9 Double Tee to Spandrel (L ing) 3:10 Double Tee to Spandrel (Bolted and Non-Loadbearing) .-vsmmmmnsnosesnnn radbea 3.11 Double Tee to Spandrel.. 3.12 Double-Tee Flange to Flange Connections Manual oyspersoctomseuincoauce Qa W0 euRgg 099) sg "wUNIOQ WHEE POI Connections ManualExample 3.1 Inverted-Tee Beam to Column (No Corbel) General Connection Usage: General Connection Precautions: Design Considerations: This connection is used to attach a beam to the top of a column, The connection eliminates: the need for a haunch at the top of the column. The connection ean also be modified to be sed to attach tho beam to intermediace level haunches in multiple level structures, The same beam connections are used for rectangular beams. {Ris ciffcult to determine if the sleeves have been grouted once the plate washer and nut are placed. Therefore, instalation and inspection procedures should be Specttiag to encure that the sleeves have been propery grouted. Innorthern climates, itis critical to prevent the accumulation and freezing of water inside the sleeve; the freezing of water inthe sloove may split the beam, Due to the congestion of reinforcemert atthe bearing end of the beam this connection may not be suitable for beams with narrow webs. The threaded rods provide torsional restraints to the beam. In many instances, the maximum torsional loading occurs during erection, whien the loading of the inverted-tee boam Is lunbalanced, The cap plate may be omitted provided that the inserts wil transfer the loads, Durability Considerations: ‘The connection has a high durabiity against corrosion bocause the entire connection | assembly is embadded in grout or concrete. ‘Aesthetic Considerations: Tolerance Considerations: Connections Manus! he connection is usvally not visible. When used at the root lovol the connection is nermally “The connection is susceptibe to tolerance problems. Care rmust be taken fo ensure that acoumuiated tolerances do not create problems during erection and the assembly of the bboam to colurnn connection.