SHEAR FORM FACTORS FOR VARIOUS CROSS-SECTIONS ‘Hamid - Rezayekhadjavi ‘A MAJOR TECHNICAL REPORT mo, L. . in : . the Faculty . “ of 7 c j 7 “Engineering 7 ; a Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements | . for the degree of Master of Engineering at . Concordia University » 4 . Montreal, Québec, Canada ee April, 1979 Hamid - Rezayekhadjavi 1979ve ~~a a ABSTRACT SHEAR FORM FACTORS FOR VARIOUS CROSS-SECTIONS Hamid Rezayekhadjavi ’ ‘ ’ ii i : In this study, form factors for shear deformation of some geometric sections are,“bvaluated. When the defle@tion due to shear is sought for a beam with a given.cross-section, a form factér is needed. .The cross-sections for which the form factors are evaluated are rectangular, triangular, trapezoiddl, circu- jar sector, arc, circular segment, T and hexagonal. Computer ‘programs are developed for solving. the ! numerical integration of the governing equations. "Be . results of the analysis are tabulated and plotted in Chapter Iv. K-49di Boee : / 1 : i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS _ . of. : Po “eo RO aoa : 7 + . . Sincere appreciation and gratitude are extended to Dr. M.McC. Douglass and Dr. K. Sangster for their encourage- ment and guidance in completing this study. Also,much appreciated is the valuable advice given Cc by Professor C. Marsh. a a : . | The writer also is very grateful to Iliab Kachef a for his sincere help. _ ' | | jo f- , | . | .- .TABLE OF CONTENTS TERT nee ar semen omACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ©. oe eo ee ee LIST OF TABLES. geek ee ee LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ... 4. - | NOTATIONS J te eee et E I,’ INTRODUCTION . le THEORY 6) eee ee ee Se 2.1 Strain Energy. . 6. eee 2.2 Strain Energy Due to shear 11.11: PE 2.3 Relation of Porm Factor to Strain nergy. 2.4 Shear,Stress Distribution in T and Non- | Rectangular Sections ........- Be 7 24s, TeSection se. ee | - 2.4.2 Non-segtangular sections». 2... \ 2.5 DistributiQp in Hexagon. ... 2... IIE DETERMINATION OF FORM FACTOR BASED ON STRAIN oy ENERY see ee ee ee 3.1 Form Factor for Rectangle . . 3.2 Form Factor for Triangle | 3.3 Form Factor for Trapezoid : : ; Properties of Arc Sectiop . . 4 +4-1 Controid of cixeular sector... . . 4.2 Centroid of arc ss... : 1413. Moment of inertia of arc about its, 5 neutral axes. ee eee ee Form Factor for Circular Sector . ./. . Form Factor for Arc... . 1. 0 1s Form factor for Circular Segment <1. +1 Centkoid of circular segment .... +2. Moment of inertia of circular segment +3 Calculation of form factor... .. Factor for T-Section ... orm Factor for Hexagon =... 14 1. 3 3 3 3 ee Noe Maa aunIv. RESULTS... Triangle . Trapezoid Circular Sector Circular Segment 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 arc... 405 4.6 T-Section 4.7 Hexagon . . V CONCLUSION . \ REFERENCES... APPENDIX A - COMPUTER A.1 Progran for ‘ A.2 Program for Al3 Program for A.4 Program for <5 Program for : A.6 Program for . . A,1 Prog¥am for | . aa: . t : , : ‘ PROGRAMS USED. Triangle... . Trapezoid... Sector... . . Ar. le Circular Segment T-section .. . Hexagon... Page 46 46 47 47. 48 48 30 nmLIST OF TABLESLIST OF TABLES : . . Values of Shear Stress Across the Depth of the Hexagohar Section ...... ~ Form Factor for Trapezoid... . Form Factor for Segment Form Factor for Some Typical sedhons 0 * “16 51 52 73LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS | ce ! J yFigure 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Rectangular Prism in U}iaxial Tension . . Strain Energy Density Element Subject to Shearing Stresses . . “Shear Stress Distribution in T-section “. Shear Flow in Flange 2... ence eos Stress Distribution in a Circular Section Stress Distribution on a Transverse Layer in Circular Section. ... 2... Stress Distribution in a Triangular Section... eee eee et ee Variables for Circular Sector + ++ +++ Shedr Stress Distribution’in a Ring . . . i i sooty Shear Stress: Distribution, in a Hexagonal PI Soe deoenscus Soon vartables for nechanguiar ee Variables for Triangular’Section .-.-~ Coordinates for-Locating Neutral Axis Trapezoidal Section. 2... 2 See Trapezoidal Section. ... 2... be Variables for Trapezoidal section . Variables for Circular Sector ,-- ~~. Arc Section 20... ow variables for Circular sector4. . . . . Variables for Caleulation’6f Form Factor Ss... ttt ee eee Variables for Calculation of Form proctor) 0) fo Stee ee 29 29 29 32 32| Figure. 3.12 + 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 4 VW Graphs 4 4.2 ~7™™$.3 (a) (b) 4.4 (b) 4.5 (a) 4.5 (b) 4.6 (a) 4.6 (b) Ring Section». eee ee Se ee Arc Section ss eae ee ee ee Cixoular Segnent ee eos Tsection esse eee ee T-section 2... eee ee eee CoGrdinates for’ Calculation Factor se eee ee eh Coordinates for Calculation racton | ee eee Hexagonal Section: ..- ++, ++ Circular Segment 2... ee ee Form Factor for Circular Segment . Form Factor for Arc.tumbers Showing Curves Are the Values of Ri/Rz - - they oh the Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers Showing on the Curves Are the Values of T,/D Form Factor for T-section. mdbers showing on the Curves Are the Values of T,/D foe Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers Showing on the Curves Are the Vali sof T,/D +++ Form Factor for T-Section, \Numbers Showing on the Curves Are the Values’of T,/D .. . . Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers Showing. on the Curves Are the Values of T./D . .. . Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers Showing on the Curves Are the Values of T/D . . . . Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers showing on the Curves Are the Values of 7./D Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers Showing on the Curves Are the Values of T./D - + + + 37 40 40 42 az 44 49 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 éo 6. 62Graphs 4.7 (a) 4.7 (b) ”" 4.8 (a) 4.8 (by 4.9 (@) $ 4.9 (b) 4.10 (a) 4210 (b) Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers showing on the Curves Are thé Values of T/D) + + 63 Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers Showing on the Curves Are the Values of T,fD ... 64 Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers Showing on the Curves Are the Values of T./D ... 65." Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers Showing onthe Curves Are the Values of T./D ... 66 ' Form Factor.dor T-Sectién. Numbers showing on the Curvés Are the Values of I/D... 67° Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers showing . 1 on the Curves Are the Values of 1./D . ... ° 68 Form Factor for T-Section. Numbers showing on the Curves Are the Values of T,/D ..- 69 Form Factor for T-Section. wumbers showing on the Curves Arethe Values of T./D ++. 70| +f | \ ; : / Y % | | ° Le ; . 2 . ; ie \ : \ / NOTATION] . . : NOTATION € 2 7 . a A Area of the ore | 7 . a Side length ‘of hexagonal ‘section 1 js Aly) Variable area for:calculation of Q “« vy B A specified width of cross-section and p = width of flange in T-section 7 : b varfable width of the layer on which : shear stress distribution is sought - - D Depth of section ~ es Form fgctor for shear >> a? Height of stem of T-; and depth of trapezoidal section” ~ \ * i I “yoment of inertia of the cross-section + ‘about its neutral axis | .Q +First moment of area about neutral i . axis of the cross-section i a "\ tangential stress on the section + | : : Ri Inner radius of arc section i . Re outer radius of arc section : | . ven Radius of the sector i 6 | t Lower base of trapezoidal section , L T, ‘Thickness of the flange of the T-section ° , ° Ty Thickness of the web of the T-section te : v Shear force acting on the section ‘ x. Pistance of the layer from a chosen axis , ’ LY ~ pistance of the layer from a chosen axis Yo Distante of the centroid of the arc or sector ‘from the origin of the circle subtending it ’ ts¥ “ pistance of the centroid of the varfable area from the neutral axis of the dross- section ‘ Distance of the centroid of the variable area from a chosen axis Variable aggle measured from a chosen axis . . Angle of arc or sector Shear strain 3 Half of the angle of dubtending arc or sector Normal or gxial stress x . Shear stress ie Normal or axial strain * . ' ’ ' O oa wa aA : ‘ . &CHAPTER I \ INTRODUCTION\ Form factor is a constant bg means lof which the shear force on the Section can be applied directly in the inte- grating formula to evaluate the strain energy, without the * necessitY of considering variation of the shear stress on the section. This factor,-a constant for a given section, is tabulated for several symetrical cross-sections in text books on applied elasticity and strength of materials. the sectiont usually cited include rectangular, Ty*box, circular and ring-| shaped. In this study, an attempt is made to calculate the form factors for some sections symmetrical about dnly one axis, the only exception being that of hexagonal sections. ‘The process of numerical integration is performed by the use of computer prograns.,4 4 % a 3 THEORY5 r CHAPTER II a THEORY ve 2,1 STRAIN ENERGY ; "The work done by external forces in causing deforma- asi is stored within the body in the form of strain energy. We consider a rectangular prism of dimpfisions dx,dy, ‘dz subjected to uniaxial tension. The front view of the prism is represented in Fig. 2.1. In evaluating the work done by stresses o, on either side of the element, fit is noted 4 that each stress acts through a different displacement. The net work done on the element. by force (0 ayaz) i. . is* therefore: oan a ey a G0 : aw = du= f oa(saydz = fd, de, (axdydz) . where, a \ ) ot ; E gW is the work done on dxdydz,,and dU is the corresponding increase in strain energy. . Designating the energy per ‘unit volume (strain energy density) as Us, for a linearly elastic material, we have: or hl i nent eat nn ns ag, » (aay This quantity represents the shaded area in Fig. (2.2).when , yy and o, act simultaneously, the total work done is: Us = Roy et oy ey + OZ &,) (2.2) : =~ ; 2.2 STRAIN ENERGY BUE £0 SHEAR . G The elastic strain energy associated with shdar deformation is now analyzed by considering an oo of thick- hess, dz, subject only to shearing stresses, t,, (Fig.2.3). Fron the figure,we note that shearing force, t,, dxdz, causes a displacement, of y,, dy. The strain energy due to shear is (ty dxdz) (7, dy), where ay factor 4 arises because the stress varies linearly with the strain from zero to its final value. The strain energy density is therefore: A ' ° Ue SF ty Y, = 2st aie yt 5 yg ay age xy) gooey ae The total strain energy due to shear alone is: SN Uo = dt yy + 1, i) (2.4) ¢ + xy ‘xy yz ‘yz "xz Vz ; 5 Given a~yeneral State of stress the total strain energy is found to be: Di| . FIG.2.1 RECTANGULAR PRISM IN UNIAXIAL TENSION + ~~ FIG. 2.3 ELEMENT SUBJECT, TO v SHEARING STRESSES. _. . _ 2.3 RELATION OF FORM FACTOR TO - \ SURAINENERCY : ; Strain energy iethods are frequently employed to ! analyze the deflections of beams and other struttural elements. Herg, the strain energy due to shear will be evaluated in . ofr ta fing the deflection of the beam‘Giused by shear. The \ | ne poe | | stress in a given section of a beam que to sheay is given by \ i. ae : s ot=8 Lt (26) . \ From Equation (2.3),° Us = 1*/2G. : oY ( c ‘ | \ substituting) from Equation (1.6) .we have: Ws vig? ° ‘ - ‘ . ee er : , 2Gr*b? \ : eo a 3 ‘ ~ Integrating this expression over the volume of the beamjof . the cross-sectional area’A, we obtain m . . v=s~ 2 : : ts% aa} ax . (2.7) acres. |_. ——— en RI . This expression, F,, is ‘called the form factor for shear. - When this factor is substituted in Equation (2.7), the strain ) energy can be éxpréssed as: > 7 : F5 Vi ax é Gojoe (2.9) So, as is séen, the form factor ‘has to be determined for a given section in order to evaluate the strain energy due to ,, shear, from which the deflection due to shear can be obtained. = + + The form factoz is a dimensionless quantity which is g * unique for a given cross-section. foo 2.4 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN T - ABD . NON-RECTANGUEAR SECTIONS —_ * 2.4.2 ReSection eo C * 4 Using the formula : : t= je _ : | » the vertical: shear stress distribution in the T-section, Fig. (2.4), is as shown: Its magnitude is maximum on the Ph ae neutral’ axis. There is a discontinuity at the lower edge of ay the flange because of instant change of width from Ty to B, where 1, is the web width and B is the width of the flange. Ww Of course, this just gives an approximation of the magnitude of the vertical shear in the flange and is closer to reality in the upper half of the flange.( a : In‘addition to the vertical shear,there is a hori- zontal shear (Fig. 2.5) given by the formula’ > V X(Hi-T,/2)T, V(Hi-T,/2) ts TT, x ee which has its maximum valué in the middle of the flange and has, to be taken into account in the calculation of. strain energy due to’shear. 2.4.2 Non-Rectangular Sections In applying Equation’ (2.10), the assumption has been made that the horizontal component of shear is equal to zero “and the vertical component evenly distributed over the width of the section, “In pekms of triangular or circular s@tions, | 4 : a uniform stress distribution cannot be assumed; since at any point.on the boundary of the cross-section, the shear stress | yust be Parallel to the boundary and on the odetdce! Line of symmetry parallel to the vertical shear force v, Fig. (2.6). The tangential shedring stress qi at points’ 1 ana 2 ‘of the cross-section, will be directed towards point 0 on the ‘vertical line of symmetry of the cross-section, Fig. (2.7). It is ‘generally assumed that the shearing stresses at all | points on the layer A~A are also directed towards point 0 ania that the vertical‘ components of these|stresses are all equal and uniformly distributed over the section. ~ Y ‘ :a . FIG. 2.5. “SHEAR FLOW IN FLANGEFIG. 2.6 STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN A CIRCULAR SECTION "FIG: 2.7. STRESS DISTRIBUTION ON A TRANSVERSE L LAYER IN CIRCULAR SECTION tSimilarly, for ‘a triangle considering layer A-A, shear stresses are directed towards the head of the trianglé (Fig.2.8). “ite derive an expression for the distribution of the vertical shear stress across a circular section of dia~ meter 2R, ag shown in Pig, 2.9, in which * » R cos(6) - i my . R sin(§) R cos (6) = R cos(6)d9 The area of the elemental strip at a distance y from the neutral axis x-x becomes : aa = 2%ay = 2R cos(#)[R cos() Jae os 4A = 2R*cos*48) a0 _ aha . v Ss > t+ Bees va FORTHAT yu gy SARC) » [2R? cos? (8) Jao . , on We note that y , ; gests) = ~ sin(8) ' ay 4 cos(8) = ~ sin(9)49 . . Substituting this in Equation (2.11) gives +FIG. 2.8 ‘ STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN A TRIANGULAR SECTION : T FIG..2.9 COORDINATES FOR crRcUfAR oor SECTION, cs: : : ‘ 12 7 2: re I" (-cos? (8) cos(9) = wR?c08 (01) 61 . hp 4 309). i . pa costco s"/? mR*cos (83) : 1 ' wav gos?(81)4 . 4V _ cos?(8s) = — py + SBD) A coats) (2.12) mR? TR*cos (61) Equation aly gives the shear stress for any section, y distant from the neutral axis. The maximum value obviously 4 te occurs on the neutral axes when 6; = 0 which gives: | fevers aay. Tne =) = hy (2.13) L. max ‘F aR? SK i vs For a thin ring, the shea’ stress distribution can + . be, assumed at any point perpendicular to the radius or in 2 a citcumferential direction. Considering Figure 2.10, and the relation (3.7) derived in Chapter III: ws a= [aly rain(a) (R? ~ R2) 2) 63 dog? ' 2 ce xe . fp stn (0 fR RV HRe = Bi) 2(R, - Ri) \ After simplification, this gives: sin) oye peas? ts (et RetRayy oe (2.14) x 24R? tx2R, xT RaaR?FIG, 2.10 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION & IN A RING. : RAR; : . Ray Tq . and t= Ro = Rr . The expression within the brackets thinner we make the ring, so we have: 6 : w= gee sin(o) : (2.15) \ ‘av’ . 4 For 6 = 1/2, 4 +, On the neutral axis v y * oer 2) 5 + (2.16) \ 2.5 DISTRIBUTION IN HEXAGON ‘ We study the shear stress distribution’in a hexagonal section by solving an example. 7 : According to the expression (3.28), the first moment of the area of a trapezoidal section about the neutral axis is given by : 2 2) a? 1 1, gy) = pad - day + dy) ve (PG ~ Gay 3) ii ae ‘ Ga'v3 - Gaya + Gy? vo, _1sv TH C J (2.17) TB? S 73a (av - ¥) ; When y =0 : { 1, 4 t | tes OY dat) 5 0.461 S¥3a* a | 4 AFIG. 2.11 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN A HEXAGONAL SECTIONWhen y = 0.2a . maximum shear does not occur sy \) ={w1 7) 3/5a* * 0.386 “average | 1 = 0,483 As we see in this particular cross-section, the at the neutral axis; shear stress distribution is as shown in Figure 2.11. VALUE GF SHEAR STRESS 0.436 a ACROSS THE DEPTH OF THE HEXAGONAL SECTION |CHAPTER III DETERMINATION OF FORM FACTOR BASED ON STRAIN ENERGY YCHAPTER IIT DETERMINATION OF FORM FACTOR BASED ON, STRAIN ENERGY In this'Chapter, the formula developed in the pre- ceding chapter forthe form’ factér will be applied to several SN cross-sections. The expressions developed for these sec- \. tions will ‘be solved nunericaliy. > + 3, FORM FACTOR FOR RECTANGLE consider Pig.3.1: 0s Q = ay = piney) (a - LB5Y), Q = b/2(n*-y?) ~A Dt Pe . area ere I bi . h, 2 Liptiy2y 3 1 Fth?-y*) aby - 2bhs, -h # - : 9b avyadysZh2y3qh F, Ch*ytey *-sh?y*7 ght, Fe" Oh . 6 r-§ e 3.2 FORM FACTOR FOR TRIANGLE { / The x-axis is chosen along the neutral axis of the triangle with the y-axis pdsitive downward as in Pig. 3.2. . /ee e Sr ret “1 19 From Figure 3.2: {| mo . : . ‘ . 0 Oty) = ay = Flt cy) x(an/3-y) 7 | \ ao ¥ is'the distance from the neutral.axis to the center of the shaded area; L(y), is the base ‘of the: shaded triangle : expressed as’ a function of y. Ei Now; an expression should be found ‘for L(y). . A 2) Assume a ae -> Gy) = Aly + BF L(y) = (-B/h)y + 28/3 He final expression for Q becomes: \ a = i a. so Oty) = FB y+2B/3) (ans-y) yH2BAY) | | : | | j* FIG. 3,2 VARIABLES FOR TRIANGULAR SECTION 7f After simplification we have: ™~ - 2hAs I, Ss . nas eA ate (3.2) T*-b/3 If the values of an arbitrary thiangle are substitut- ed in Equation (3.1) and numerical integration is done, the value of the form factor ‘bécomes 1.2, whith is independent of the dimensions of the triangle. 43.3 FORM FACTOR FOR TRAPEZOID Consider Figure 3.3. The positive direction of the 5 y-axis is chosen downward and the x-axis along the upper. base. 7 According to Figure 3.4, to find the neutral axis of the trapezoid section, we have: . by) =B-Bety (3.2) ; The above equation (3:2), gives the length of an elemental Strip. in terms of its distance from the upper base. 1 oe ay, = -S yaa : \ ees Ne . 1 Let : 2 oS , F - x-Bpt = / by. Bet? For = Setytiay = x, fay | ; . Bit . , y, (a) \ . =. . . ‘ =, 3Bh_-_2Kh? . “ g bos y, > ae ae? ‘ After finding the position of the neutral ,axis, the moment of inertia about the neutral axis will be found. - From Figure 3.5, an expression may be developed for | i 4 an elemental strip, with respect .to its distance from the ~ |See eens neet ane aneet eee REE gEe ER aEE enema ee — eccataeemiecmamaeiremnananemameniinueuiiaciial a © 23 . neutral-axis: Assume: : L(y) = Aty +B! ‘ , L.=B yrrh with the boundary conditions bet yohs y After evaluating the constants a' and B' in the : cae «above equation: . ‘ . : . se L(y)) = By 4 thi + Bhe (3.4) | | hets : So: C : : . « a4 . Finally? ey . 7 ! : aa a Eas a Mat a Bato the \ iz ey + Sats Tat + ht (5) Jo find the first moment of the area, considering { Fig. 3.6 , 1 = =FIG. 3.3 COORDINATES FOR LOCATING NEUTRAL AXIS FIG. 3.4 TRAPEZOIDAL SECTIONFIG. 3.5 RAPEZOIDAL SECTION | | ' FIG, 3.6 VARIABLES FOR TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION26 ty) = Caw) I¥ = Caw) ](ytay)) : in which . I At) = BODE ayy) j : o oN . Considering Equation (3.2): / . +i) (hany) = 2W (hany)? 2) = (3.3) in Equation (3.3) / ee eee ‘ we OE (4) t i . iq After inserting the values of K and M in Eq. (3.4) \ it isiseen that y is eliminated and W = K. ‘ \ 1 . Finally, we have: }» . ; ~ e Qty) = CAW) IF 4 i » ay) = (ME ay] dy + 2ty)) . 2 at + 20)? SS OC ur) by T? -h (hye ® After simplification: : 0 a - he Py 7 oo. . AL; COowyemre) (heny) VP ty + By) gy (3,5), the results are shown in a able for varioug upper base to lower base ratios. } 1 i tea 4 (-Ky+M) | The above expression is integrated numerically and | } j: . 2 “ . : : 7 3.4 PROPERTIZS OF ARC SECTION : PROBE BEES aces secon eecr Lom 3.4.1 Sentroid of Circular ‘Sector | a Considering the circular sector of anglé 20 and choosing the coordinates as shown in Fig. 3.7, we consider ele~ mental circular sectors ae be treateY as triangles. 2 a We. have: 7 . -| Ayo = f ydA A 5 - n/2+9 \28 eR? 1 pray x2 (rR? )yo = Sf Reda x te a2-0 7 wae 1/240 Ryo = > R*[-cos (6) J, 7209 * R? sin(8) or yo = ZR Sh (3.6) 3.4.2 Centroid of arc / For an arc having outer radius of Rz and inner radius of Ri (Fig. 3.8), we have:” 5 ’ ‘ yy MO, a ' Aaya + Ary. = Ayo = Re Nag = Rte Ay =R?70 = g: * nog in (0) nto(d EL si0(9)) 2 (Rt 2) yp from which 2@in(@)2? _ 2’) | a - oo, 7)! (3.7) ¥ 2 RP ED (R?,- R?) r ee 3.4.3 Moment of Inertia of Arc About Tts Neutral Axes First, wal na the moment of inertia about the origin 0 for a circular sector of angle 26(Fig.3.9). Is fs ytaa fe 1/248 OR »s Res J (Rq sin(a))?R aRoda x G00 \ .r/2te nm in (2a) 7/248 ne ge sin? (Gag = Rta - Bina) \ Re ' 1, = g-(26+sin (20) ] (3.8) t So, for an are of outerfradius of Rz and inner radius of Ri one has: a4, Ty, * FRR) (20+sin(26)) , xe \ To =I, - ay? = B(RY RY) (20+8in(20)) - Posgt in (0) gig) een = (R2+R1) of (R?-R?)? aaa 28FIG. 3.9 VARIABLES FOR CIRCULAR SECTOR |. : - Ox, . . . A : Wreotn0-0 4\sin* (6) 2 Sp Ra-Ra) = FIRN-RY) (20+8in(20)) ~ [ 1 (3.9) - as ; (R?-R?) ; eoRD 5 where I, is the moment of inertia of the arc about its i neutral axis, ” i 3.5 FORM FACTOR FOR CIRCULAR SECTOR : 5 7 fe . : Pe . a “ey A= oR? I can be determined using the formula (3.9) putting Ri = 0. a. The integration should be done in two parts: Part (a) from 0 to R x cos\®), and Part (b) from R x cos(8) to Ry + Part (a) ‘ ‘The integration from 0 + R. cos(9) for the section shown in Figure (3.10) : A= oR? - y? x tan(6) - 2p2psin (6) 2 27 or? (3R J] - y? x tan(e) (4y1 eye) ee (3,10) y_ . —" BF 2 UY) = AY) Eye] where 7 : Yo 4s given by the formula (3.7) putting Ri = 0, and ' 2% is given by Equation (3.10). es . Rxcos (8) (o_, ae . : z ome of (amyo) ANY") (ay tan(8))ay (3-11) 7 (2y tan(6))? Part _(b) |“ : 1A f Fort this part, referring to: Fig. (3.11) ‘| ; 1 i r Aly) = aR? ~ y?» tan(a) Hoa ze “var? = y? tana), where } . , . a = cosh) ! Roe E E (y) (2~y0) ae Rta oY Rxcos (8) AL a= 5 or y= 0, there js 'a singular point gin the . integrand. f~ A , 70 remove s{ngularity one-has: , ;./ FIG. 3.10 VARIABLES FOR CALCULATION: OF FORM FACTOR FIG. 3.11 VARIABLES FOR CALCKLATION \ . OF FORM FACTOR © “32a i “os 1 + tan? (a) é tan (a) : Ay , cos? (a) = y * tan(a) ae So we have . . ‘ i 7 : ie ; 20y) (24 xe Ss AMY) (Zeya)? ay (3.13) . “R08 (8) opfeya ype a . where . > 2 ' . @ is given by Eq. (3.12) : ie 7 ' 4. = wit) 2 " . For the solid circle R= 0 and @=7 and x: =0 : the expression (3.11) is integrated numerically and the value of’ 10/9, which is the correct value for the circle, is obtained. ? Next, values of F, for the circular sectors of differ- ent angles (@ < 1/2) are obtained and are shown in the’ graph in the, next Chapter. . ° a3,6 , FORM FACTOR FOR ARC : _ aE le eA Ss - 8 {Considering the shear stress distribution in the xing in ‘Chapter II, we first derive the form factom for a circular ring. For the shaded area, (Fig. 3.12), using Eq. (3.7) u Oe? sage2s : sop? 7c Q = ay = } sin(ay (Ri-R?) . [ f : 0/2 ‘$sin® (a) (R?-R?]* i : aa 7? 5 (r?-R? 740 - ; ° to 4(Re-Ri)? 7 ° : : 2 22 3 32 ‘ 4 2m (R2-Ri) (Ro-Ri) 2) . HE URY RY)? (Re-R1)? x79 2 . . 16 ( 7 . After simplification we have: sorte 22 c eee pr, = 2 (Re +RiRe + Ry ¢ eo Rens | The expression, in the bracket tends to 3/2 as R; approaches. R 2 (the case of a ring), so for a thin ring: 8 357, 7 Pg tg lgl = 2 A Next, we. Froceed to derive a forma for an arc. ‘considering Figure 3.13: “wv FIG. 3,13 ARC SECTION a. 2-2 2/2 Ala) = a(R3-Ri) aa = (Ra-Ri) da 26: '? 5 Gsin(a) (Re-Ri] : a(Ri-R?) Sk . 6 : 2 aco irye)* (Ri-riyag (3.24) 2(R2-Ri)? ‘ The above integration is evaluated numerically for m/2 <8, and the results are shown by means of a graph ih the next Chapter. 3.7 In calculating a form factor for a circular segment, the moment of inertia’ about the neitral axis will be found first. . c 3.7.1 Centroid of Circular Segment . . : J : ° Consider Fig. (3:14) — : EAY = Ayo 2[eR*sin(@) - R%sin(8)cos? (8) ] ; . Y= 2 (3.15) .? @R?- R*sin(8)cos(8) . 7373.7.2 Moment of Inertia of Gircular Segment Consider Fig. (3.14). The moment of inertia of the shaded‘area (circular segment) about point 0 is the moment ‘of inertia of the circular sector AOB about point 0 minus the moment of inertia of a triangle AOB about a. point 0, so: = Ef2essin(20)] - Rtsin(o}cos*(0)/2 (3-16) 2 I= 1, - (8R?-R?siff (8) cos (6) lye (3.17) in which { yo is given by Eq.(3.15) and I is the moment of inertia of a circular segment: about its neutral axis. . 3.7.3 Calculation of Form Factor Eq. (3.13) can bé used to calculate the form CO factor. : P) i \ R 2 poe ks At (y) (Z-yol tay (a.1a) 17 R/08(8) aR = yi fe y 22 4s given by Eq. (3.12), and . ye is given by Eq. (3.15). Expression (3.18) is integrated numerically, and the results are shown in Chapter IV. 3.8 FORM FACTOR FOR T-SECTION First,the location of the neutral axis with respect to the top of the flange will be found. Considering Fig.3.15, we have: Tay = Ayo = AML ny tay» 2 Te Bp/2 + HX By (pAtt/2) 1a A BT, az HT, oh : 272 x BT,/2 + HTT, + H7/2 x 7, Bx, +H T, ASBXT, +H x T, . . (3.19) , Hi = The moment of inertia with respect to the neutral axis (Fig.3.16) ; ~ Ho = Ty +H-H, Bem : fo s Ie 7 ot Site A + y >> Ha For Hi >y2K we have 5 ~ e Be 4 . aa \ i. ; Qy = B/2(Hiny ) - (3.23), \ _- Now, the effect of the shear flow should be 4 . considered. Consider’ Fig. 3.18: a ties 5 ae | : Q2/= Ty lin-t/2) (3.24) Finally, we have . 7 , : a | a . a 3 , i { { {PIG. 3.17 VARIABLES Ft BOR CALCULATION OF ORM FACTOR FIG, 3.18 VARIABLES FOR CALCULATION OF .- FORM FACTOR43 K [px tT, (key) ty)* (Ht -Z(y))2 xf to, ay (3.25) “He ‘ 2 Ry gt, . xf fee) Bay ae (3.26) K \ 3/2 te xy? (i ~ /2)* a X92 2s 4 FS, x dy tk ° T % = + x Tp (E,-7,/2)*B? (3.27) 5 we ‘ = AL (xit xet Xa) S77. Te 3.9 FORM FACTOR FOR HEXAGON Corisider the hekagonal section of Figure3.19, with Ip = = of rectangle - 4 (I of shaded triangle about 2 apex) Tes py * 2a(a/3)? - athacdavy? x 31 = SF at Consider an elemental strip of width b and thick- ness dy . @ aa = bay From similar triangles 2 b = —(ay3 - y) a yy (a/3-y) ay 2 Va/2 Qy) a S (ayl3-y?) 4 _ ey 7 f . a = Qty) = 2 parva -} aya + Wy (3.28) \ Because of the symmetry of the section, twice the value obtained by. integrating from zero to /J.a/2 is used to calculate Fy. |_| > te above integral is evaluated numerically and the results are shown in the next Chapter. /CHAPTER IV RESULTS |\s t 2 . : CHAPTER IV RESULTS Equations obtained in Chapter III fora exiarigye, trape- ae . zoid, sector, arc, segment, T and hexagoh are solved’ numeri- cally and the results are shown in this Chapter. 4.1 TRIANGLE 5° : ce. ae For a triangle, the value of ‘1.2 was obtained“inde- pendeht of the geometry and dimensions of thé triangle.. / : “The, vertical shear stress is assumed uniformly distributed on “transverse layers and the effect of the horizontal component og shear is neglected. The bigger the side angles of ©" | ° © the triangles, the [better is the approximation. = For .a.trapezoid,the, same assumptions as for the triangle were made and it was-found that the form factor is A independent of the height of the trapezoid and depends only gn the-ratio of the bases. It.varies slightly from 1.2. ZL . For B= T, a rectangle restlts and the value of 1.2 is obtained. For T = 0, a triangle #esults and the valyé of . *'1.2 48 obtained, which verifies the #esults obtaiffed in Ao “-gection 4.1:' the highest values obtained was 1.204 for (t/p =.0.2. 0; 1.2 is a very foda approximation for a “form factor of the trapezoid. Table 4.1 shows the results obtained.u 4.3 CIRCULAR SECTOR “ 3 - \ First, to verify the formulas, the sector was changed ‘to a full circle and the value of 10/9 which is given in the books was obtained. Then, for different angles of circular sectors, i.e., 10 < 26 < 180 the form.factor is found and -is plotted in the Graph 4.1. “44 Bae : - 8 For arcs using thgtshear distribution as described in Section 2.3(b), first the arc was changed to a full thin ring and the value of.2'(the thinner'the are the closer the form factor approached 2) was.obtained. ‘then, values of the form factor when, 160 < 28 < 360 vere obtained: For 20-< 160, the shear stress distribution deviates from being * citcumferentially distributed, as described in Section 2.3(b) . studying this distribution is beyond the scope of this —————C section.can be treated as a rectangle, assuming shear stress uniformly distributed op transverse layers and a value of 1.2 can be assumed. \ 1 In the Graph 4.2, the form factor is. plotted versus the angle of the arc. and the ratio R1/R: varies from 0.99 to 0.6. tt is Sear that the smaller the ratio Ri/Rz , the greater is the error resulting from the assumed shear distri- bution#* However this gives a good approximation with Ri/Rz having a value upto 0.6. ¢The results obtained for circular segments indicate that the range of variation of form factor is small for 4ifferent values of D/B, as shown in.Figure 4.1. The values of the form factor from D/B ¥ 0.5 (that is a half-circle) to D/B,# 0.022 is shown in Table 4.2. & 4.6 T-SECTTON 4 ( In a T-section, the value of the form factor varies eee HE widely, according to the dimension ratios of the section. We have four dimensions in a T-section,-so we have three indepeggent dimension ratios, namely B/T,, T,/D, D/ty. In order to obtain form factors of the mést possible practiéal T-sections,the ranges of variation of ratios are as follows: ° 30 > B/Ty 7 : “0.4 > Tp/D > 0.02 Bas 30 > o/n,"> 5 : The values of the form factor for different ratios of c B/T, 1,/D and D/T, are plotted in the Graphs 4.3 to 4.10. The form factor for the ratios between those given in the graph can be found by interpolation. 2 ‘ va494.7 ‘RESULTS FOR A HEXAGON | a For a hexagon, the value of the form factor’ was estimated at 1.1097, which is very close to the value for a circle.(1.1111 ....). This is reasonable because in the limit a hexagon can be changed toa circle by increasing the number of sides. .« : 7 .t/B Is Fe RATIO OF LOWER’ BASE TO UPPER BASE i TABLE 4.1 FORM FACTOR FOR TRAPEZOIDAL SECTION ta Fwa TABLE 4.2 FORM FACTOR FOR CIRCULAR SEGMENT D/B IS THE RATIO OF DEPTHS.TO WIDTHS , race | Y 21.164 1.166 1.168 : 1.169 . 7 . 1.171 : oe 1.172 1.173 1.174 5 1.175 ; _ 1.176 : - 1.277 : i 1.177 . i 1.198 1.178 1.178 Live53 _— (vez6eq) 9 ost oot” NOLS dO YOLOWA. WOT ~ "ih ‘ObT OzT “OOT 08 09 T T TTT ln vo. tu/ty 40 SaNTVA aw SHANND AHL NO SUMMWAN‘OUY YOs HOLA WiOd “Zp HawaD (s0260q) 3 a : ve O9€ Ove ooze oof OBZ. O92 oF Ozz o0z O8BT“ 6z “i/a re a/4u 40 santa BHa maw - SaAUND FHL NO SUTEWON *NOTIOZS-L OI WOLOVA WHO .(€)E“y BAAD a Le sz €z Te 6 s = Miva (hae & st56 SHAUNO AMily NO SUAEWAN *NOILONS-L Yoa\yoIgva WHOS (4) E+) HAWES ees ‘L/aa/7z 40 santva aun maw SHAUN BH NO SYSAWNN “NOTLIAS-% YO WOLOWA WOE (e)b"y HavED L/a &o “usa ie . ‘ 6t ee en L sa/4z a0 Sanwa aH guy SIAUND AHL NO SHAGMAN “ROTIOGS-% HOA YOLOWE WHOS (a) P"¥ HAWIO eo. t= Mya ™ Sle Ste ota/4%a0 sanTvA gHL may SHAWN SHL HO SHAGNNN “NOTLONS-Z HOA YOLOWE WHO (©) S*y HawUD ‘w/e ‘ 6 = “t/aDt ; “6 = Miva » * @/4t ao santa au may’ ¥ SHAMND SHL.NO SUBEHAN NOHMOIS-L HOI WOLova wos (ash Hawa |oe el os 7 2 e . 7 . Pa ae : iL 40 SAQTVA aNd sav : - oe : SaAUND SHEL NO. SYSGWON *NOTLOTS-E YOI YOLOVA WHOS (©) 9° ¥ HaWED *, \ oo Mave ao fi. Miya ve, . aoe ez uz ee te OW tt et tC L _ 1 1 1 T T Ln Lan ee - sy a oo ® 54 2 : +a 7 afta ‘30 san1vA au aa . i SAANND HL NO SUIGHAN “NOTIOAS-% YOI HOLA WOE (A) 9-P HaWID ae — ~ AL ™ t/a + ie Miva ~ 7 6z lz st ez er out eT IT a ¢ oy : e r t T Ta wR: ooo : 7 o/4y, go santa ans aiv J : 1 SHAUN THL NO SUAGWNN “NOILOAS-L~ YOd YOLOVA.WHOd (P)L* HAVED wo Mtfa us st = “tya™ ae eee eee cr tet rer T aces T T T Tr64 : : : _ 7 NS : yee ot a/7z 30 sana aus IW Sanaa ‘IHL NO suaa@Hcin “NOTLOZS-L YOd YOLWA. WHOS » (A)L°¥ na ost = “aya» Oy. L . ° ~ af Z do santwa aHL gaw - ‘SaAUND SHL-NO SlaEMON “NOTEOES—L "ps wouong mod eB so Mies FL oz = Maza _ ow we ee we gt ot st oer ot. | | |a/4z, 30 sant¥a ant aw SHANND SHE NO SUAEWON “"NOTIONS-L YOST HOLE WHOS (a)8-y HaWID t/a oz, = Mx/o - es sede sz ez te MorPur st et wm 6 4s ,~ x. a/4z 40 sanIWA, aHL av * : i : sdauno, ct NO SYSEWON *NOILOaS-L wod uguowa waod = (®) 6°) Hawao r “a ‘sz = “iva i° _ a/41 40 santvA aHL maw . sanund dis, No SuaaNnN’ “NOTLOaS-L Yor HoIva Wo (a)6"» HaveD Mtya st = “t/a; . “__a/4x, go sanTvA aux guW a . SHAWN BH NO SULEWON “NOTLOAS-Z YOE NOLO WHOA (e)OT*» HawUD" : t/a “oe = “t/a | ea se ee we oot Ot ot gt Os ks ! a) ‘ T ——+ T 7 T ¥ —1 i J . Za/4£ go santwn aia av 5 o i SaAWND SHL NO SUBAHAN “NOTEDaS-z YOs YOIOVA WHOS, (a) OT") Hay “t/a ge = “ava 7 ez uz ste test et st et ott 6 | Jt is T Sa Sn SE ‘ ' me_ S er 2 - nee CHAPTER Vv CONCLUSION . a . s 4 4 : ° “ Vee . ~“ > . a iscg PPR TEETER A NSEC PIELER NS IP: n CHAPTER V coNcLUSroN The following results are obtained from this study of the various cross-sections: a For a triangle: * The form factor is independent of the geometry and has a value of 1.2. \ _ a For a trapezoid: Thé value of the form factor, Fy is independent of : the depth of the section and depends upon the ratio 1/B where T and 3 are the width of the lower base and : Fy varied from 1.2. to 1.204. 80 for a trapezoid, 1.2 is a good approximation regardless of the geometry. 8 (3) Fora sectgy It ranges from 1.162 whichis for half-circles, to . 1.2 which is’ for angles’ less than 10°, ‘This is reasonable E because fox small angles a sector is almost a triangle. a a ) For an arc: s > . _ Ok, the values obtained are for the arcs which subtend angles of 360> 20 > 180, Obtaining F, for 20 < 180 is beyond the scope of this report because :of complicated shearing stress distribution across the arc.For segments of-a-circle: The range of variation is small and F, ranges from 1.162 to 1.178 for practical dimensidn ratiés of D/B = 0.5 to D/B = 0,022 The range of variation is wide and is strictly depend ent on geometry. a (7). { For a hexagon: The value of 1.1097 was ‘obtained, which is very close - to the value of a full circle.Cross-Section ; f “1.1097 FORM FACTOR FOR: A - TRIANGULAR SECTION B - TRAPEZOIDAL. SECTEON} C ~ HALF CIRCLE; D -.HALF OF A RING; E ~ HEXAGONAL SECTION * For trapezoidal sectiomthe maximum value of form factor obtained was a 20d eee(21. 8.K., Advanced Strength ‘Amociean Elsevier PUBL. No} ' [2] D.R. Axelrad, Strength of Materials Por - ue Engineers. Sir-Tesse Pienan = Sons Led. (1959). 1°. [3] | Paradise, R1S., Problems in strength of Materials. : Blackie & Sons uintter 9S). - : : ’ ane c x ° - / Af \ . .¢ [APPENDIX A” COMPUTER PROGRAMS USED >~ A | PROGRAM FOR TRIANGLE Ze: i \ PROGRAM TRE (INPUT, CUTPUT) EXTERNAL F a6 Eeunen BH 50 160 EAL, 4 READ 1.2/1 Paint 16,x FORMAT (RF Leeq/ateed) ex PRivt 11, FS, FORMAT, "FSa" F104) cerisue sree ewe Euerion F¢Y) Eowon 8 Potash eve2e/3.) (248 RETUae enePROcRAM TAAP(INPUT, OUTPUT) EXTERNAL ,2 . COHN By 31,7, 8X, HL, H2,A Bee. : 0 300 Ta1,¥ wens TP(Ree.01) 24,2,20 20 TBR Ane (847) 94/2. Ake (BT) 7H Rie (2eBe=24nK0H 92) /(38 87) Randa aL+B9n2)/ AIe(“AK/4,) #824064 (9/3. 9H2443 4 (9K/4,) #H19948 (2736) INES 1, CE=2, 088, TER) itera tetay | rent (hast Fri ocypeeyeeacth tse sete) -: Ifo Continue © . 7 ~ Ko Jv ¥ FUICTION 2(¥) . . Fecha 1a ag 42.0 \ BESSA RSIS) IUESUT Ede ((emKeYOA Jon) (120011 /(38 caRevaneT)} tetead 5 ee te Picrrow ecei Eee 3 tara 2a : FetiCeeARSHON SMASH. cron cennve¥a/(acaReR) tents i ieA PROGRAM FOR SECTORPROCRAN SEC (TuPUT, CUTPUT) EXTERNAL F,2,F2,F4, 65 Common Ri, A2, TET, 19, PETA, v0 Raseee TETAri¢0. Reve 2 Rieter? Nel 20 10° tet Ww eval TEtteTA-1c. EP(TERA.LE.10,) 60 0 25 ‘Te—} 14158255¢/350, eT ETA As(@2te2-aieer} eter YOuSIN (TET) #(R26"3°R1403} /1001.5) ATeL,/205 (Ratecani oad) #(20TET#S IN (2*TET) )=4./9,¢SIN (TET) #8 sealing} 98273) * XeOCAERE (F1, R2*C0S (CET) ,R2, 1, 0E~9, 14°E=9, ERP, LER) ALWOCAERE (FE, 0. ,R2*COS (HET , 1, CE=9, 1,729, ERR, LER) kaxeel PRINT 37,R, TETR/ES 7 FORMATS" *RI/RQe*,PS.3,H | *TERRNNYRSI ER NES. sEe.8) aco “coirsuve £0 TetneI70. ier Cowrswue StoP. END Funeriow Pi) COMMON AL, P2, TET, ¥0, TRTA, YB AbancestY/R2} LE(AL.E.€2) 30 10 30 cTR(Q.G.-82) G0 10 30 Bescar(i-yesz/azr2) ABALOR2#02-R 208 Za (azeeaeB—820¥e"298) /(P, 5A) PLenseze(zava} 17(2eR248) \ SPe Piso. ae ReTuaN ENE Function Pe cx) COMPCN RI, R2, TET, YO, TETA ete. e6. 180.) co 70 20 2.36 32 =v se2eTAN (TET) {482 STAM (TET) ) /(2.599) 924 (2-¥0}#02/(24Y *TAN TET) ) Go 70 #0 ae, Peet, to | RETURN eaePROGRAS inc (TN PUT, CUTPUT) AERC EE ES : : Beto Ry, FEE HO FETA « oo nana . teracive Et . . at / forze1 asin . . fowtt : fanzoeet Htayi.c.2) Go 70.8 ae ALSneRE i : be ace raise iowa a5 ‘\- Tagaeretiie. : Bett.) co 10 2 : fereectaltagsdearerenaea * perngbra-aieea) eter : Sossiwitaniscraerseates3) /01.s) 1 Afonsyltetnaseacnlond) © (a enene386 caeren) _ oto . e Nat 5 : fe DO ire relyn + . News? TeTAMTeTA-1¢. . +., JRGETA.UT 16.) co To 25° . af Teta}. 1a1s9265492%0.eqBtA |" , ‘Aa(R2002-R1002) oTET : ea "St YOWSIN (TET) #(R2#83~21943)/ (241. ARSASRE**7 458 (TET) #C0S (TET) Yq (A*YO~R204345 111 (TET) *COS (TET) Deha-R2*c0s (te) Be2*R2+STN (TET) RAs0/E . r : noo i ArLa(R2004/2,)*(2eTETSGIN (2#TET-RIe°G *SIN (TET) ecOS TET) #23. | £ AT*AL} -AA# 282/36) 1IAA 2 -XsDCABRE(F2,R2*CCS (77) ,A2, 1.08-9, 1. CE-£/ERR, TER) ( 50 FSa(AA/AT##2) 9 (2) 7 : , : +. paINt 48, aK, 3ETAy : 7 \ 28 ECRYAT (LK) fi, °D/Be" , Fa, 3, 8K, *TETARY ES, 1, SK, 7FE=* a! fee conerue 50 TETA=270. : x ; ier conrreue . 8 stop. - owt ue é ve : : FUNCTION F1(Y) ¢ . - : COWON R?,A2, TET, YO, TETA, YB ‘ . Auaaces (¥/?2) TE(ALLEC.C,) SC TO 30 Bescne (i-r#s3/n2**2) 5 8 = st y AeALAR2#2-20¥ 8B de (zee gee-nzeyee2ee) /11.5*R) : ELeate2e (7-78) ##2/¢2¢R248) . cote 4 | 20 Flea. : aC RETURN 7 END 5 . : . “ ,oe ye - er | U : -pRocany TEE (riipur, cUTPUT) f ‘i EXTERAL F1, 42,2 CCHNCN 8 TF, TH, AR, 2,12 teas tei, bere, Chaat fo ie} ret, Saascanel.' | . penis Borie) det 20 . : +. Bbrasenecad : Lo Besar teoete ‘ “ fo iee eet,25 Rural Ele genre e272, snemwe (resiy2.)) /(eereser) 7 soetreteay ae. Rstenien f REeabaeesa,g.sgenes anent/2,) *#2emnie (8 . Spkellnere* ~ LaDCAENE (F1, 12)AK, 1, C659, 1_CE=5, ERR, TER) “Apabentne (82,74) fy $8) L.08=9 RS TERD wie ii so872.) eesebera/i2, kexionaens E Eng /Atte2) 0x ainere Raat PRUE Tu,cou, eer, aun, 68 ‘ 1 BoRwa ity, sx,80/fer fet, Sk, TAO" Fe, 2, 8Ki49/ TON ETEK, shrapheat E25, ek Foe Ee Suse “centinue Pier 28 ws 4 Reni Surat, rea Scere . Sen wa Gen Seer ere Funesion 2¢¥) Eouve 3, ERs betes n Fe veerestay3. caer) ot Rerun Fuierio# ete EGG 8, TE HBA B82 Pheqteerée geen meres : eee Funes 2 ee ceenat 2 TFL Seer ti wt . PL AR ¥) #92) OTH. Herree(eoey ere) Beacrete a 3/120) # etpZOH 72.) 142)ie > & "A.7 PROGRAM FOR HEXAGONPROCRAN UEX(tNPUT, OUTPUT) EXTERPAL F commen 8, XaDCADNE (E.G, ,500/2.,1.08-9,1,C8-9, ERR, IER) ESeca/ntondy dey par 12,0, 5. FonaaT (1%, 2x, "86", FS.2, 88, 48824 8702) stor eee Fuxctren #¢yy Abe (2. 75}* (5 T3572 MBYPATOL/300¥e°3)