Harmonic Foncking and their canjayeled @ pet) Te CR solver Yor + Uy U is harmonic on D, —_beplacele Ey* Mm tun -aimenrivas Ge) Pe uaiv © Ompl—derentill ‘en DEC and dit, 00.0 trim UV ore harmenie on OD. Prool: Suppose f'(e) existe han Ux = Vy and Uy =e A Theorem of advanced calculus stuteo continvens diff. allows vs ty ex dnenge Aha orden of partiad difh. (9x9 =e ) 4 Vane + Uw = Orde + Uvhy = Wht My Myx = Mar =O Lilkawise, we can shu Vox +My = w+ = Oy f@)= xeig => Lerye|ex , VOY) = 9 heromat on € Flaj= B= x4 Ding > Uy) =xEY?, VOuy) = oxy harmanre on CL H(z) = Sin (eri) = sind ees (19)-+ cvs (din (9) = sintycash('4)= Ecos) 2h (9) > Ub =sx cho, V OGY) ree rune wach complix—diferenbiabls funckion aver ur a pair of harmenic finchins, Can we revere Hhir i Geen harmanie fonction Ue (Ure +Uyy =O) can we find a “conjugate” funchin V whith makes utiv comp lex — die? Nole asthe moticrlly Lillows , it this is possible, Hast Vex + Nyy = O.Hirde colons Tha hareen ee oats LS. of Feit Let DEC be on open rectongl, whee sido ove preollel p fs @ordincl ones, het Ut DR be eee a amplac —dllerertinbla thet Feutiv. Proofs let D = (a,b) (ed) ond let Xe € (4b), Ye (dl), We seal to cangtract vy such tut Uy =Vy and Uy =-Ve % wu. w accoule ; a By =? VG) 5, Bh ward + % bx) <2 aad + Wl4) wee wy a! vem >’), wy : This sugar we dati, ° x V9) = if BY (nth - [eee WRAraVindeteeel 8) beter en eS else Vis Gaatinvessly dAerertiable and by oncfractan, and Vy eelly hence UtIV ie cemplin bik y [ie the The above woo sedi) or « redeaye fer | Vy fy = Ue pa er ipcart lt (ates (eed Witt helo, ake, simly cunneded oleranine. L ty (x740%) we cotendutte, Gasidn Ul%9) SO al lg 2 ESR = A (ei agra ie kana) Cee hikewive, Uvy eae Fs Une tUy = 0 fe xrivto, Observe Leet Re( Log (2)) = Boiel = Eda ceyty ther © a Compe di, dad utiv vi us dln ety will roth Leg (2) vp an additve cnstart. Hena V on C- ff harmense is impessible 00 we knew Log mirto 9 branch. Q te rt OF conte we Cnld wae Lope (2) 40 pih-up ohn, shh -plune.bod @ We tanad huge fh elunge find gh herent canjogetta. A ring pt. mittihy Fam dumom af 4 tan spoil the geod of Abdiny Vi hy _rrnta Uti comple dill. (Rie Tse Sota goto cone Nee es > ra tei ES) Let Ul) = x7 — Bxq? (p- S8 Fretny ) using Pee pork won stenctin, : : Vow) -| (ax - 34) -f* eeldt > vise) = 29 - 9? ths fay) = (23008) +6 (3x89 — 9%) tate“ = aia dnl “Uy = -EX9 = Discussion: Supe Pours and ansroel \ ohere #'C2) exe. \ Ubuv) = hy ad GVO) = hey ra lev cwrves, > UX +49 =o © Porometri Qu uo = or mde oe = a: Meee 0 > US + WH =0 @ HV, we find tat @ yreldo, Far Ue=Vy ond Ur Vi. UK +Yy9, = 0 Wy % + Uh =O Gesmetticelly * Le, > Le ee $C, ace odteal Wma <%,%> 1 <%,8> 2G troje chectes |E35) f(z) = 27 = x2-y74 ainy yt-yeek, vs. 2xy sk actly, bud, Furnibies of hyperboles . Inverse quertin > usht feuriv hes UY) =, Vis/=h, locker he aD 7 Remack: i view of hg resedt mia deine en. (CO) > CD) ts u,v - kul Curves have favece imegto in Ha B-plane which are lke wite othogeah, Lely leuk fic tha th fhe example filloaing 2)...Comccnnise me Geoveray € Gener Drroarane Mr © Suppo 4% R—- C ts Ea wth ae we fog OY ty a Comular cune bowed ot C4), We Wish ty shrdy Hee image of swch curser vad &® complx - dif, moppihy F uth £'2,) #0 whee % t—>W= Ff), Le w. = f(z) te Bon a HEY) = $'oru) hss, OY, K ote cogelac thm HT, Po on © alto reyalor and Go )Cel= £12)¥,'@) and GK ily = LAUD, We tan ampare the sciunled angle belawm 1%) ood Glo) tlh Hot of Pi) aod EEO. bet Gior= grit; fhm, Ye Keo) = 4b +b, Let fle) = crid thn FR I(arib) = [f fe Ae] ae ie oY ese fen)to= (Gls) «(aelt) ee cpl te = (a(t) (8) ae = 6,615 3 [8] oi aoe = (ctad?)(a,b, + a,b) @ s ak ah Ge), (*) Remark: Veit = vw = By, u)pit]= viene vas bee ate Gy nxn) att, mat rineCr0,< (ooftnuniy: we fuand & 6 fo¥)'o- (Ful) = Fl] Ua-Ke) Likewin, we can Show (fe x)! a)» Got l= Cal! Hb) Ze) (ery'ca + (be Be)= 1a)? Verh) Whidh shor hk: \een)to [= eal? hol? \@n) ‘ol = ly) | %/el |? thos [ey )ol= [e801 Yea) Be 4-12. Recall 8 = Riel wo bene ore = AB . Observe thet Be Frio Gro 2 1)? Yeh) (Hs 1% of)( 1#72011% |) = Tee = [a)l%@/ a re A mogntng, from he 5 whch preserver erienked engl ] on inives i colad 9 Canfirmel moppitg . © te Calentedine ol the gat hee pate thew tamplux dif, ot B => vnfoemol ity 2, Sxeephin to this cule iv whim £(z/)=@ 25, ‘TRANSFORMATIONS AND MAPPINGS Wh 2.5 transformations and mappings ‘The examples given inthis section are by no means comprehensive. Mostly this section is just for fun. Notice that most ofthe transformations are given by functions with the exception of the square root transformation. ‘The transformation z+ w = 24? is ealed a multiply-valued function, ‘We could say it is a 1 to 2 function, technically this means it a not funetion in the strict sense of the term common to modern mathematics, We ought to say it ie a relation. However, iti customary to refer to such rolations as multiply-valued functions. We begin with a few simple ‘ransformetions: in each case we picture the domain and range as separate complex planes. The ‘domain is ealled the z-plane whereas the range isin the w-plane 2.5.1 translations Bample 25a... Let f(2)= B42, Then # SSC, welll fad £09) = 2,45 © Cy 4 ea 2.5.2 rotations Example 2.5.2... Let #(2) =e! ez, Note sub Ahir ie Sema as f (xsi) = (0 sising)(Xei9) = cor Ox — snd + i(inoxe 16) > Foo) = [ere “Eo ae 2x2 rebation matric,ra CHAPTER 2. TOPOLOGY AND ee Ew) (es 5.3 magnifications Example 25.5... Let f(#)= C2 for seme cel. (est magnifier wheres C<| shcinler sheper) 2.5.4 linear mappings amplezsa... Fle) = mez+b is scully an affine mopiry sina FCL=b #0 generally specking- Nw, meC en be written in polac firm ar m= cel thus f@)= celle +b Thith= 4b + trenlahen => Fe Te Me R, (2) Se Melee ce > magnifiohon Soa) > Ry @) =e z+ eohhen, For example, F(z) = ay ¢ TF \m=4 then f(2)= mee giver cigid mchion on plane .25. TRANSFORMATIONS AND MAPPINGS re) 25.5 the mapping - Example 2.6 : ; (CO We 2 = Gotu = teat eaicy = usiv = 0) this gies Me ot ped Spe Oxe% mage hi be XS-4" al V= 9% ah =Vx, > Uaxt- Vine sideways parnbela ce a Ee ere iatieel, kar yamberapt Wax, oe © vad, wpe UEKRT od VE aR e y Us Whar 4st sideways preebele At, 2 Aas ~ 4. siden User es OO es ees ty Hana % aye = {wec| %' > z} 5 he te} Fla}=F(re*) = {ze c| ne =z rier, 3-e+3m ke Sf} > Ot Th, ke Z} ={irei™, ar elt") >a = [wre ,-4rel% } j ve Aha square rot mopting tehes Eavel® ty bet Ae ged Are a 4 v oso %“« CHAPTER 2. TOPOLOGY AND MAPPINGS 25.7 reciprocal mapping, os ‘Example 2.5.7. 1 = Ge tes4-3= alee cordindu ni here, his means Us OOF eliminnh rT wfe much tyrble > Va That, for THO und CO XO ws hae ¥ ROG Bas 2.58. exponential mapping Example 2.5.8... £ (2) =e = eM ocr ty sie sing = Ut IV We have v= e%sin ond UT e%er D> Y= SP The, Ve ftany)u Be cs #0, Let w= eF | note had twl= Je®l= ee] = OF ths (wl Ao whereny end xB0 ey) -20¢xe0 me te ociwice <1 mops te [eli < bo, otf F=f om| xeR ot Vededeany thy P(s)= C- 10h, othe expmnuntial ip Tel with respect a Or wilh heritental strip.2.6. BRANCH CUTS x 2.6 branch cuts ‘The inverse mappings of w = 3 and w = et are not functions ince the meppings w = 2* and w= et are not injective. If we cut down the domain of w = 2" or w= then we ean gain injectivity. The process of selecting just one of the many ‘values of a ultiply-valued function js called a branch cut. Ife particular point i common to all the brench cuts for a particular mapping thon the poit is ealled « branch point. Idon't attempt 1 general definition here. Weill see how the branch cute work for the root and logarithms in this section 2" or w = log(2). ‘Technically these are 2.6.1 the principal root functions 1% i(2+ A) jeym _ fy aie tg ares) Hae eaD cele ries rors Ue lei “ Wn cu gt injeetive sn all of ©, we need £(2)= 2 is net inje yw enon he dem (fF) te seetrr, Consider £(2,) = £12) ei co geen Ege ke Z. oe Ae whet = nO, = 1+ atk fir ke Lf we stele 0), to Hu mage CK, at!) Mun 2k < 0,6 < pete) hus, nO, =ne+ wk — 8 = oe, + 3a ap eed end n> 1 thin wed have - wat c0,,6, ¢ MA + ME and 6.7 A+R Bet, thu ortredicte the Meynetiny & abe Wena K=O and 8, ( A beanch cut of ZB is a selectton of a single , reel frm Iu seb of outputs, thir mahes the Torandn cxb a Vocal inverse fe f(2)= 2" & jl Leanch coh mules a multiply valued map tate a fan chen,Fale eben atime iceman ® (Cibeme! £02) = [we 2%] og beg oO}, dnflafect|sen FU) fwe log Agvet} 1% 2 fij-1) | Reg) = ©, Atl) = = fwe fist ei} | os Aquat) fs 1. eee nce mara iat You tan sm tha f tr single valued be cance we have selected jot one “ot -the two ~valuey he celahe te the sot dm (Q) = fae C | E¥x~< 0, zomiy} () Rela <0 Let ln) = wt br 0s Aminjcm then we cee Hrd = FT ond £4= %, Tn other words, fois a Lecol dere for the synod Sencton Ala) =2* There are mang shar branches Gr 2%, If ue restict hw) = w* to any helf plane then hiv ygeutiie onte © module 9 branch cot. we doon(4) = {wee | “HT carts) E)bank: Ld Fle) sat wh dale fee Clos hqaye Ep tun Fw) = {ze dom CF) | Z?= wh eae Fair selects the Coben rect with 06 Agia < °% Fi branch of 2 E44, h (neu fed fep= 2? with dem(e] = fee C| F< Agiay< Ter Wee Fla) = Pe -i ad Chana: Tf ue erhict (2)= 2" te & diman, domf = {2eC | 6, 6 arg(z)< 6, +2 Ahern f will be one-one and Fw) = lee |] & saqizy< rth wd oa aaa c-{ ore} r zo} ) = 6) \ Faz" Veet, ru (can't on £ on ®)@ re CHAPTER 2. TOPOLOGY AND MAPPINGS 2.6.2 logerithms We dehined = e™ = eX carly) + ie%sinla) Ye eC. Reka eet ee ereeell alerz) therehre, £02) = CF then we must choose dom (6) ar a herieantd stip with width 217 if we want $f be injective, the inverse Functions fr portienter resteichonr of she B32 €F Panchen ove called egarhns . We can define 9 meltiply -valnel a fan fog (@)= {we Cle > 2 #0} Palecs, f hog (ref®) = fwe cle’=re'® , r#0} = fusivec| ele = rel reap = furivec|et=r , veesank kezh o fog (re'®) [ Bn(r) + i(o+ mk) | ke2,+Ho0} Ee Faguiveluntly , og (2) = Malet + tage) Cae this is a sot.es) Tampa! Soy (i) = [ind eio|ocarg(} = fomki |keZF a v ol: fog (He 51) = Day (WI eil*)) = fe Ri + idol (A) + ark) | ke Zz} Del Log (2) = Intel +t Arg (*) for 2EC 4 #40 ¢ Lreample + [BD Leg (resi) = Inet + (A). Hoe Low ir the principal, Legecthite » it ir a beowch of log. v i Hyatt hone (2) = Lolz +i@ whee © 079 (2) end x6 02 K4 OT &) eg (fol) = Nog (1)(Ahis could be presented much enc lér ) 23. COMPLEX DIFFERENTIABILITY AND THB CAUCHY RIEMANN EQUATIONS pk, 8.8.2 Cauchy Riemann equations in polar coordinates If we use polar coordinates to rewrite f a8 follows: ae 8). ues @)) = wer Aral, 8) + fle(r8)oul6,®) wo uso shorthands F(r.8) = fle(r8). y(n 0) and U(r.9) = ule(rAu(r0)) and ¥(0,0) = w(e(rM),u(r.4)). We derive the GRequations in polar coordinates via the chan rule froma maul vatiate calla Up Sete + Hey = Cue sn(@)y and Uo zyte + yy = rsa Oe +r cm(Oy Likewise, % Sets + yrvy = cos(D)us + sin(@)uy and Vo = x9vs + voy = —rsin(B)os +r cos(0)uy We em write these In matrix notation a allows Es Seer les le [%]-[S 2m 2 ][%] ‘cos(é ‘sin(@) ‘reos(#) —sin(@) stip anette mat: [260 SHO, Ja [TB) 80) sa [t . ra cat] [|= [caine pans] A similar caleulation holds or V. To summatize: rain(®) con) |] ve | = | sin(oyu, + Leostehuy ue = con(0)U, ~ 2sin(0\Ue] [ue = oos(0)¥e — Fin [ue sin(@)U, + de08(6)U0] [vy = sin(@)¥, + 2 can(0)¥5] ‘Another way to derive thee woud be to jst apy the he diet fo = Bt _ Orbe , 0000 “=~ Gr ~ Ox or * 8280 where r = 2TH and 0 = tan“(y/z). I esve it to the reader to show you get the same formulas foom that approach, The CR-oquation ig = uy yields (A) emu, — Bsin(0)Ue = sn( OV, +f es(0Vp (B) sin(OU, + Lc05(@)U9 cosl0)¥e+ 2 sin(O¥e @8 .. CHAPTER 3. COMPLEX DIFFERENTIATION ® ‘Meltiply (A.) by rsin(@) snd (B.) by reos(@) and subtract (A.) from (B.): Up=—r¥e ‘Likewise multiply (A.) by reon(8) and (B.) by rsin(®) and ada (A.) and (B): rUp= Ve Finally, recall that 2 = re! = r(co(@) +48in(6)) honce £@) im = (con), — } ine) + sfon(e)ve~ 3 in) s0s(0)U + in(6)V,) + ifens(0)V, sin(8)U,) 103(8) — tsin(6))U, + t(e00(8) ~ ésin(@))V, = 2, +i) = UGA)457 G0) waa on vin pr corn a ithe Cauchy Riemann equations are written Uy = —rV; and rU, = Vp. If f*(a0) exists then| ficenaun asurananeuu delta ta tues tare cere np epee tees See ey uous on an open disk about 2, then j"(29) exists and f'(2) = e~"(U, +i¥,). ( maa imnaenzeeeal dS (om!) £(re®) = rel? = pore + irsing Vita) = rere & Vr e) = rine We-rine ¢ Vy aro Ve = -6Ve = rahe Ve = ne t Vow sho UL = Ve = rere, a _ gid) + isin ioe is thir 2) = (uorsine) ee a. (Sathlig? f Ke = bao = tone ee final = ae Vv Vv You gon hich the Up =—TVe an PUES - el(sere + ksine) 4" v