Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc 0985052510

KT HP PHNG PHP QUY I TRUNG BNH NG CHO

GII NHANH BI TON HA HC
(Trch t cun Cc phng php gii bi ton Ha hc NXB GD 2010)
V Khc Ngc
Phng Cng ngh Ha sinh Protein Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam
Gii nhanh bi ton Ha hc l mt mc tiu quan trng ca mi th sinh trong cc k thi
i hc Cao ng, c bit l khi hnh thc thi thay i t t lun sang trc nghim. S
thay i ny cng to ra mt ng lc quan trng i hi phi c s thay i tng ng v nhn
thc v phng php trong c vic dy v hc ca gio vin v hc sinh. Trong s cc phng
php gii ton Ha hc th Trung bnh, ng cho v Quy i l nhng phng php nhanh,
hiu qu v c nhiu pht trin th v trong thi gian gn y, mi phng php li c nhng
th mnh v ng dng ring:
- Cc gi tr Trung bnh va c dng bin lun, xc nh CTPT ca cc cht trong
hn hp, va c dng tnh nhanh cc gi tr chung cho c hn hp.
- Phng php ng cho thng c kt hp vi phng php Trung bnh tnh
nhanh t l cc thnh phn trong mt hn hp 2 thnh phn, thay cho vic gii h phng trnh.
- Phng php Quy i tp hp cc phng php t duy sng to, da vo nhng gi nh
Ha hc v Ton hc phi thc t gip tnh nhanh cc gi tr lng cht ca mt hn hp phc
tp.
S kt hp kho lo 3 phng php ny cho php khai thc ti a th mnh ca tng
phng php v mang li nhng hiu qu c bit trong gii ton. Bi vit di y gii thiu
mt s v d in hnh cho hng kt hp ny:
V d 1: Ha tan hon ton 22,4g mt kim loi M cha bit vo dung dch H2SO4 c,
nng d thu c dung dch A v mt kh B c kh nng lm phai mu cnh hoa hng. Hp th
hon ton B vo 800 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, ch cho cc phn ng xy ra hon ton ri c
cn dung dch, thu c 48,1 g cht rn. Kim loi M cho ban u l:
A. Fe B. Ca C. Mg D. Cu
Hng dn gii:
Ta c: n NaOH = 0,8 mol .
im mu cht nht ca bi ton l phi bin lun tm ra c thnh phn ca 48,1g
cht rn, t xc nh c s mol SO2.
NaOH c th phn ng vi SO2 theo 2 phn ng:

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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc 0985052510

NaOH + SO2 NaHSO3

2NaOH + SO2 Na 2 SO3 + H 2 O

Khi cho SO2 tc dng vi NaOH th sn phm thu c c th bao gm 1 hoc 2 trong 3
cht: NaOH d (M = 40), NaHSO3 (M = 104) v Na2SO3 (M=126).
khai thc d kin n NaOH = 0,8 mol ta tin hnh quy i: Coi 1 mol mui Na2SO3 l 2
126
mol NaX vi M NaX = = 63g/mol
2
m hh 48,1
Khi 48,1g cht rn s tng ng vi 0,8 mol, vi M = = = 60,125g/mol
n hh 0,8
trong hn hp phi c t nht 1 cht c M < 60,125 phi c NaOH d.
p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp ny, ta c:
(NaX) 63 20,125 7 0,7 mol 0,35 mol Na2SO3
60,125
(NaOH) 40 2,875 1 0,1 mol

n SO2 = n Na2 SO3 = 0,35 mol n e nhn = 0,35 2 = 0,7 mol

m 22,4
Gi s kim loi c ha tr n, ta d dng c: M = = = 32n M l Cu
n 0,7
n
p n ng l D. Cu.
V d 2: Crackinh C4H10 thu c hn hp ch gm 5 hirocacbon c t khi hi so vi H2
l 16,325. Hiu sut ca phn ng crackinh l:
A. 77,64% B. 38,82% C. 17,76% D. 16,325%
Hng dn gii:
Phn ng: Ankan Cracking
Ankan' + Anken to ra Anken v Ankan mi c s mol
1
bng nhau. Do , KLPT trung bnh ca hn hp cc Anken v Ankan mi ny bng KLPT
2
ca ankan ban u.
Quy i: Coi hn hp kh sn phm ca phn ng cracking C4H10 l mt kh duy
58
nht c KLPT M = = 29
2
Hn hp sau phn ng tr thnh hn hp gm 2 thnh phn l: (hn hp cc ankan v
anken mi sinh ra) v C4H10 d.
Do , ta c th s dng phng php ng cho nh sau:
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc 0985052510

Hn hp (M = 29) 25,35
M = 32,65
C4H10 (M = 58) 3,65

Gi s hn hp sau cha 29 mol kh (3,65 mol C4H10 d v 25,35 mol hn hp cc ankan

25,35
v anken mi sinh ra) th s mol C4H10 ban u l: n = 3,65 + = 16,325 mol
2
16,325 - 3,65
Do , hiu sut ca phn ng l: H% = 100% = 77,64%
16,325
p n ng l A. 77,64%
V d 3: Cho 37,6g hn hp gm 3 cht rn Fe3O4, FeO v Cu2O tc dng vi dung dch
HNO3 long d thu c 2,24 lt kh NO ktc. Khi lng ca Fe3O4 trong hn hp l:
A. 34,8g B. 23,2g C. 11,6g D. 17,4g
Hng dn gii:
S cc qu trnh oxh kh trong bi:
Fe2+ - e Fe3+
Cu + - e Cu 2+
N +5 + 3e N +2
Cn c vo cc s trn v ly 1 mol electron cho lm mc, ta c:
- C 1 mol Fe3O4 (232g) cho 1 mol electron
- C 1 mol FeO (72g) cho 1 mol electron
- C 0,5 mol Cu2O (72g) cho 1 mol electron
37,6 376
- C = g hn hp cho 1 mol electron
0,1 3 3
Quy i: Coi FeO v Cu2O l mt cht trung bnh X m c 72g cht ny li cho 1
mol electron.
Hn hp ban u tr thnh hn hp gm 2 thnh phn l: Fe3O4 v X.
Do , ta c th s dng phng php ng cho nh sau:
X (M = 72) 320
376 2 0,2 mol
M= 3
3 160
Fe3O4 (M = 232) 1 0,1 mol
3

Do , m Fe3O4 = 23,2g

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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc 0985052510

p n ng l B. 23,2g.
V d 4: Cho 8,96 lt hn hp CO2 v NO2 (ktc) hp th vo mt lng dung dch NaOH
va to thnh cc mui trung ha, sau em c cn dung dch thu c 36,6 gam mui
khan. Thnh phn % th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 25% CO2 v 75% NO2 B. 50% CO2 v 50% NO2
C. 75% CO2 v 25% NO2 D. 30% CO2 v 70% NO2
Hng dn gii:
S cc phn ng ha hc:
2NaOH + 2NO2 NaNO3 + NaNO2
2NaOH + CO2 Na 2 CO3
T phn ng, ta thy:
- C 1 mol NO2 to ra 1 mol hn hp 2 mui NaNO3 v NaNO2 c t l 1:1 v s mol,
69 + 85
c th quy i hn hp 2 mui ny thnh 1 mui duy nht c M = = 77
2
- C 1 mol CO2 to ra 1 mol mui Na2CO3 c M = 106.
36,6
- M hn hp = = 91,5
0,4
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
Na2CO3 (M = 106) 14,5 50%
Mhn hp = 91,5
M = 77 14,5 50%
Vy p n ng l B. 50% CO2 v 50% NO2
V d 5: Ha tan hon ton 14,52 gam hn hp X gm NaHCO3, KHCO3 v MgCO3 trong
dung dch HCl d, thu c 3,36 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Khi lng mui KCl to thnh trong dung
dch sau phn ng l:
A. 8,94 gam B. 16,17 gam C. 7,92 gam D. 12,0 gam
Hng dn gii:
S chung ca cc phn ng ha hc: CO3
+ HCl
CO 2

Ni cch khc, t l phn ng:

3,36
n mui : n CO2 u bng 1: 1 n mui = n CO2 = = 0,15 mol
22,4
V M NaHCO3 = M MgCO3 = 84 v c 2 u gii phng CO2 theo t l 1:1 v s mol.
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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc 0985052510

Quy i: Coi hn hp NaHCO3 v MgCO3 l mt mui duy nht c CTPT MCO3 c

KLPT M = 84.
Hn hp X tr thnh hn hp gm 2 thnh phn l MCO3 v K2CO3.
Do , ta c th s dng phng php ng cho nh sau:
MCO3 (M = 84) 3,2 1 0,03 mol
M = 14,52 = 96,8
KHCO3 (M = 100) 0,15 12,8 4 0,12 mol

mKCl = 74,5 0,12 = 8,94g

Vy p n ng l A. 8,94 gam
V d 6: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm CH4, C2H4 v C2H6, sn phm thu
c dn qua bnh I ng dung dch H2SO4 c v bnh II ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Sau th
nghim, thy trong bnh II c 15 gam kt ta v khi lng bnh II tng nhiu hn bnh I l 2,55
gam. Thnh phn % v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp u l:
A. 50%, 30%, 20% B. 30%, 40%, 30%
C. 50%, 25%, 25% D. 50%, 15%, 35%
Hng dn gii:
15 0,15 44 - 2,55
T gi thit, ta c: n CO2 = = 0,15 mol v n H2 O = = 0,225 mol
100 18
Gi C x H y l CTPT trung bnh ca hn hp ban u, ta c:

y
C x H y xCO 2 + H2O
2
Bo ton nguyn t 2 v, ta d dng c: x = 1,5 v y = 4,5
Quy i: Coi hn hp C2H4 v C2H6 l mt hirocacbon duy nht c 2C
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
CH4 (C = 1) 0,5 50%
C = 1,5
(C = 2) 0,5 50%
Quy i: Coi hn hp CH4 v C2H4 l mt hirocacbon duy nht c 4H
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

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Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc 0985052510

C2H6 (H = 6) 0,5 25%

H = 4,5
(H = 4) 1,5 75%
Vy p n ng l C. 50%, 25%, 25%

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