ial ho 4 75\76 July/August 1981 UK. 20p F up-to-date electronics for lab and leisure , “SUMMER CIRCUITS 61 double issue over 1OO Glreuilscircuits 81 summer age one 7 AG 2. . variable 2V scoreboard “hiefi pre-amplifier 6 watt stereo amplifier for a car radio | ‘chopper’ front-end for power supplies loudspeaker peak indicator 2 polarity converter temperature recorder end of tape detector CMOS pulse generator fuse protector protecting dynamic RAMs : . russian roulette - P. Dooley miser-LED power-assisted NICADs zero voltage indicator... auto theft alarm - R. Rastetter phaser gun - E. Vaughan random number generator an effective scratch and rumble filter digital tuning indicator objektor high input impedance voltage follower LED audio level meter : power MOSFETs in the car. simple swinging poster six hour timer 2 VOX for PA systems variable power ‘resistor’ auto reminder - W. Gscheidle adjustable square-wave edges silent disco deck switch - K. Kirk electronic gong ‘ simple short-wave receiver. keyboard encoder - C. Voss input buffers for the logic analyser universal measuring amplifier digital sinewave oscillator transformerless aerial amy battery supply timer power stabiliser constant current LED Kansas City demodulator . .. signal injector-tracer |. solar powered pocket torch ‘american billiards - H.J. Walter CMOS ultrasonic receiver constant pulse width o: single IC siren pulse generator with variable duty-cycle differential switch remote control potentiometer - R. Behrens 60 V power supply long-period timer a novel clock control lator i. novel flashing light - 7.01 7-02 7-03 7.08 7.07 7-08 7-09 7-10 7 712 743 714 714 715 718 . TAT 718 719 7-20 722 7-23 7-24 7-24 7-28 7-26 7-28 7.27 7-28 7:29 7-30 731 7:32 7-33 734 7:35 7-36 737 7-38 739 7:39 . 7-40 7-40 741 742 7.43 744 7.48 7.46 7-46 7-47 7.48 7-49 750 751 + 752 753 elektor july/august 1981 ~ UK-03 contents Com} 7 CD NV 56. ‘hi-fi’ siren 7-54 | 57. lovenoise microphone pre-amplifier -P. de Bra. 7-55 | 58. extended range milli-voltmeter 756 | 59. flashing bottle - P. van Velzen . 787 60. temperature alarm 758 61. voltage regulators in parallel . 759 62, EPROM light sequencer » 759 63. fast TTL interface 7-60 64, stereo level controls ‘ 761 65. optical indication for the movement detector . . 7-62 | 66. 6 bit keyboard encoder - L. Witkam . 7-63 67. forget-me-nottransmitter . 764 68. forget-me-not-receiver 764 69. humidifier-B. Darnton . - 7-65 70. automatic soldering iron switch- M.A. Prins. 7-66 71. constant current adapter - R. Storn 767 72, single ASCII keybosrd sfromartideeby.D:) Hul 7-68 73, hydro alarm ; 7-68 | 74, automatic reset 7-69 75. LED voltage monitor ‘ 770 76. word recogniser and delayed trigger | | 7-71 | 77. humidity sensor 1-72 78. crystal oscillator .. . for low voltage supplies. . 7-73 79. 6 to 12volt converter we B74 80. 12 to 6 volt converter 7-78 81, touch-sensitive 16 channel multiplexer 78 82. dual input channel selector 7-78 83. 16 input channel selector 7-79 84. post office letter scales - K, Hense 7-80 85, mains LED 7.82 86. low noise parallel resonant oscillator 7-82 87. caravan connector tester 783 88. universal digital meter 784 ‘89. high power motor controller 7.86 90. ring counter using timers 787 91. crystal tuning fork + 788 92. dynamic RAM power supply 7.89 93, local oscillator for 2 m transceivers 7-90 94. bar graph driver 7-91 95. microcompressor 7-92 96. 3in I pencil holder - W. Gietmann - 7-93 97. six channel A/D converter. . . + 7-94 98. speed controller for model boats - 7-6 99. active notch or CW filter - H. Pietzko 7.97 100. automatic car aerial control. - 7-98 101. D/A converter for motor control * 7-99 102. continuity tester 8.00 103. frequency and phase detector 2 8:01 104, power failure forecaster : 8-02 deta section 8.03 advertisers index. UK-22 July and Augustage one summer circuits issue . . . one of the most popular Elektor traditions! ‘Once a year, we do our utmost to produce ‘over one hundred’ novel, intriguing and original circuits. Furthermore, every year we try to do better than the year before. Not so many application notes using brand-new (and therefore not-so-readily ob- tainable) components and more truly practical cir- cuits, covering a wider range of topics. In the ideal case, every circuit should be fully tested in our own lab before it is published. In practice, this is always true for our own designs and for projects that are published with a p.c. board. The remainder (application notes and external contri butions) are all studied carefully, tested if possible, and otherwise treated according to our motto: ‘When in doubt, cut it out’ OF course, tradition also dictates that there must be a ‘Joke circuit’. In the past, we've had a Fuse Destroyer, a OV Reference and a No-noise Preamp, to name a few. Often, these will also work — in the sense that they do exactly what we specify. This year's version doesn’t work. (No, we won't tell you which one itis). We are often asked where all the circuits come from. Application notes? Yes, a few, with reference given. Readers? Again a few, with author's name included. Preview of (parts of) coming Elektor designs? Very rarely. Our own design, purely for this issue? Yes, usually! So why ‘waste’ them as one-page articles or less? Because we promise ‘over one hunderd circuits that’s why! If we gave them all the full description that they merit (or that some magazines would give them...), this issue would be a fairly thick book. So we squeeze them in. ‘One more ‘tradition’. Almost, anyway. Over the past few years, we have come to associate the Summer Circuits issue with a competition. Last ye we had ‘Canned circuits’. This year, various different sources gelled into a new theme: Photography. Most Elektor readers are photographers, and many Elektor covers are based on photographs. So why not let our readers make ‘cover’ pictures?! It’s certainly worth a ‘shot’... The competition details are given seperately, but the basic idea is clear: use up the last few frames on that ‘holiday’ roll on something electronic. You never know: your ar creation may win the jackpot! And what of the future? From the September issue on? Who knows... We'll do our utmost to ‘surprise’ you! elektor july/august 1981 — 7-01 electronics in focus Electronics and photography are two hobbies that ‘often go hand in hand, and so it is hardly surprising that many of our readers are amateur photographers. Furthermore, electronic components or complete circuits on a p.c. board can be very attractive and colourful. An often-heard comment from the ‘uninitiated’ is: “I don’t know what it is, but i looks very pretty!” Developing this idea a stop further, and without implying a negative view of electronics, it seems worth a shot to make it the subject of a competition. To put the whole idea in perpective — and give a clear picture of the wide scope that we have mind — it is worth looking at Elektor covers over the last few years. They all relate to electronics in one way or another, and they are often based on fone or more photo's. The rules of the competition are few and simple: the subject must be related to electronics; only colour photo's or slides can be entered, and negatives of prize-winning colour photo's must be made available to Elektor on request; the deadline for entries is September 15th, 1981; the decision of the judges is final, and it is Fegretted that no correspondence. regarding entries can be entered into; all entries become the property of Elektor Publishers Ltd Since electronics and photography are both expens hobbies, we have decided to offer cash prizes. The total ‘prize money’ is £ 1000, divided as follows: First pr £200 Second prize: £100 Third prize: £50 ‘And 25 runners up will each receive a prize of £20. Furthermore, there will be 50 free Elektor sub- scriptions for 1982. All in all, it is well worth taking a new view of your electronic ‘junk’ and then, having got into the cor- rect frame of mind in the process, slide out of your easy chair, roll out the camera and start shooting! Send your entries to: i aoe: Electronics in Focus, Elektor Publishers Litd., Elektor House, 10 Longport, Canterbury, Kent, CT1 1PE7-02 — slektor july/august 1981 ies out all the counters and 1d directly t0 its ised, This IC carr decoder/driver isu between the functions required Teach are in ct COMM Step via current Vimiting False Virtually any utpurr common anode 7 samen ‘display can be TYPE “Switch $3 is included 10 reset the score a scoreboard ‘when pressed both displays'will revert to 26" wine Pte apparent that the LED displays will be Me hor too sal) wheres ee, audience is “this scoreboard featured 19 this article is ionded concerned £06 gor tis purpose the desion [014 very Tis sim quiz type compete varavcompett) much #rU Migplay is included 10 the Fg of figure 1Sarean Cops ons, Searing can 1 TA 02 IAW. bulls and $houle Te bright TRimetimes become quite Meonfused’ in the heat i pcan bene Tomaso hundred yards samme moment therefore simle ie conics at pe witere display can be 6 Woe oe Gals in this design @ point fe ee aeusced US comply spacing te bulbs. The Weert ty the process of pushing one swavopurtons one Must eatin in the illustration. Each segment yah one point, When fo" Ce recor ver ot OC diglay requires 8 wie and 8 Grit transis: Bu yawarded points and tm pale ecmaree © tor al Mata cacte ies oop Watt and can be OF a deawantie comesuon 71 cteresied out tained In var ee for a more ‘professional easily. wee aie rnacoen urea have a turn on oa, eat ot treiseorenne sien i ee: | UTE of 5 mA. The counter 1 chosen Is sor grown 7ava2 1 the TAC, tn is built 2 74248 rust Oe used Jeeade counter. This has two eel putas one sor < FOL DENN sins Mid 1C5. The LED display. still Be decattg up and the other for a ease tie Teal, 1a ane bythe scorekeeer 1” C28 he is Sount (or clock) pulses are fMleated by either of the Tirable to see the larger one, coerlipflops formed BY Gate i Por Naina (ele & ara vo replace all of the TT cs ech are eriggered BY SWIC! Ni tvez the co. but Oe ‘ges cannot be mixed The supply wig ge are conrected in Sre® {0 Oe Saurus Gare s © {¥BeS gil be about 360 mA welle TTL ‘mum count of 29. Gail require up to 460 mA. mum erga. presents the informer rice cute: WARNING: Pr tare who pave ne. WN a oe je BCD (Binary Coded intone) format and there’ YE veingance with the PHYSICA! properties of He jorneitorrn oF Sane form yy forthe 260. AC ina connected with thei peso” should Segment displays. For tn Srpose the 74287 te YG care when constructing the mains displa¥ of tne 7447) BCD to 7 segment version. (an updated versionelektor july/august 1981 — 7-03 i a single IC (the TDA 1054, which is designed for this re -am 1 ifier Sppplicetion). The circuit diegrar for the leftthand 2ppral of the preamp is shown in Tigre 1, The first SRétion of the IC contains two transistors which 22 powedays, there are, quite s rain of emiphfier Wausau = Cometic cartridge preamplifier wi Nor the market, which usually ot mtain the RIAA compensagers ‘This is the ‘standard’ straight momplete final output section and ithe necessary through Cv ‘vad is not likely to need further expla: te Tidevices. All that is normally required ts nation. It is £000 jon switch, 2m evodule on a heatsink and conner’ the Muner socket or the Gevioe up to 2 suitable Power supply. Of course, 8 tthe second half of 1C1 In Greamplifier is needed and this article sets out to samplifier. Fescribe such a preamplifier The passive so that nO The entire preamplifier is Seiagecdcorounale ¢ "mob ae arise ‘control. This 18‘Specifications: ar easy om give 77S nV FEO at a frequency of 1 kHz: ‘magnetic cartridge — 3 TV tuner = 220 mv tape input = 220 mv input impedence: ‘Bk inet a contral variation: | 12.68) ‘base boost/cut: 2138 (100 Ha) ‘rable boost/cut: £13.68 (10 kHz) fraeronic distortion: co.05K (f= 1 kHzatan ‘Surput level of 776 mV) frequency response: Sovic ... 24 kHz (2 348, {one controis in he rdpasition) a Tyo k LOG stereo potentiometer pani k LIN potentiometer C16 - 470 2/35 17-3300 ‘semiconductors? p= 8400500 Torjcr' = TDA 1084 1c2= 7812 Miscellaneous: \A transformer fopote rotary smite 18 oO eo oo ee followed by the signal is signal ain of 1C1. The atin of Cea is deter- secmed by the ratios of resistors RI6/R17 85 well a5 Rigi ni9+ Pa. Ber iced 12. supsihy for the ey an intograted voltage Feary (7812) Pie. asterisks on the COMP preamplifier is " ‘onent overlay for the to the (sGS-Ates aplication note)lektor july/eugust 1981 — 7-057-06 — oloktor july/august 1981 6 Watt stereo amplifier for a car radio ercecilly for use, as an incor stereo amplifier espe yeason it is housed in 8 S108 package end to ected against all kinds of ‘overload, For example, Sutput short-circuits O° Seconnection of the !oud: Speaker, overheating Of 1 chip, spever supply o ever bret reversing the polarity perthe supply connections 2re (inable to destroy the device. dev tne component values SOT) ‘and with @ Wirtyy voltage of 144V (8 fully charged. cat sorter), the stereo amplitien > capable of delivering @ power outputof at re GW, typically 6.5 W with 3 pottmpedance (RL) of 4S tecan also handle @ 2 lon mpecance of 22, in WED case the output power fsa minimum oF ‘QW, but typically 10. er peeamrpuns OF Anis Order ‘subject to about rome distortion, however, if [OW power outputs are Temeptable, 4W with 2 lord Tmpedance of 4 SI oF w with a load impedence OF 22, distortion |S Sty in the order of 0.3%. only rage oa of whe left fae channel is deter TMined by the ratio of R2 1 i, and that of the 1 ignthand channel by the 0, of RG to R7. With rope ntes given, this will be SO dB, Therefore, & Sonal of about 50 mV is required at the input tO $e the maximum outeut, |f this input sensitivity is ipo great, & SOKS? stored potentiometer 2M DE included at the input. The impedance of the nom ‘nverting amplifier input is ‘minimally 100k. 2 -The network consisting of resister 3 and capecitor Ge tand R/C8) is included © prevent the amplifier Ce tating at high input frequency The bandwidth oar cirourt ix more than Saea for use a5 2 62 Ofsio amplifier, The frequenct, response of the coe ifier 16 40 Hz. 10 16 KHZ (3 6B paints) srvPtpusty, the WC. must Be Kept Sufficiently 60°! Oeviover, the well thought-out design makes i 2 Het simple task to mount he ‘device on an adequate Noe sc Tie tierra emer: ‘of the heatsink Meould be at least 4°C/W. svcan be Ve, front- po Power suppli specifically pose a heavy 108 due to the large reduced bY. cirouit. Since size of thi be made sm: quite often possible t0 more usual means that Gescribed here could wel ‘on the size of the ce: Of power transistors The additi positive si pass tani fonnected direct Series transistor ‘actual regulator The output transistor is ls0 1e heatsinl *chopper end for plies output currents, ‘output voltage, gulator transistor wer sup jes with high hose with adi fa simple edditi II be reduced, the 1c farrthe series transistor can also aller, in fa0t , Furthermore, All in all, this circuit to be bby the savings fink and the number in the original SUP Fonat circuit is connected ide of the bridge wistor. 1m fact, the ac ‘and the series ‘and the second is | power supply ‘t voltage at rer of the series ic in to the extra cit ‘The circuit operates 28 follows lektorjuty/eugust 1981 — 7.07 ‘The 741 opamp is Tee eoted a6 a comparator. Ht COMPA the voltage ceiahe emitter of the series Pass “transistor, which is applied to the non-inverting input, with that of the aorliti voltage, wich is applied *2 the inverting input. The 5V6 zener diode Keay 1 the voltage at the input ing input of the opamp 26 volts lower than verge the collector. The output ‘of the opamp that fore. trigaers. the thyristor Guty time the thererror/omiter_voltage_of the, sore ‘transistor coleetetow 6.6 volts. The 4700 uF smoothing qroecitor is then recharged brie y Seregulator circuitry of the Pow for supply which is Te reared to this unit is powered separately via ® Shade and its own small smooth na capacitor so that dows ways under power and remains independent ite pulsed main supely. Ty e741 receives its Sewer supply via a very SImpe voltage stabiliser power ao that the IC is protected from too high 3 ‘supply voltase. spp ditional circuit, 28 given principle with any power SUPPLY. ere, can be used in circuit capable of prineleing 2 maximum output of 25 The value of deliveroothing capacitor should be 2200 uF_per , in other words, the value dy ven (4700 uF) is amp, tg for 2 two amp power supply The nominal iMirrent rating of the thyristor should be at least Sager areata Hien the mMeL ND output current. Por power supplies which have & fixed output Fottage, it is possible to reduce the collector/emitter eae Turther. This is determined DY ‘the zener diode ever she lowest practical value fs 3% V. To be on the arfe side, it may be advisable to include an extra 5216, resistor in series with the Base of the power transistor VOLTAGE REGULATION EIRCUITRY7-08 — elektor july/august 1981 loudspeaker peak indicator Nowadays, any decent loudspeaker TY, fortu Nomen erty resistant to rough treater However, problems can arise in the Wiha room when the Prog is turned up high enough for clipping to volume x that point, substantia) distortion and higher harmonics can be generated. This does not Mah poll listening pleasure, But oe actually only, the tweoters. A measure of protection can fe acheived by the use of 2 Cibo peak indicator be egiya not yet normally included in the majority ‘of audio amplifiers wt ageak Indicator described here £2 bbe connected directly to the output of the ‘amplifier or even fitted Giverthe speaker since a separate POWS! supply is not required. reauiGjreuit will respond even, 2 ry short peaks The ing it highly suitable for determi when the ratifies is about to peak (in othe! ‘words, it is not fist an overload indicator). The peak power level at lich the circuit is expected to respond (that is, the ak voltage) is adjustable berveer, 15 and 125 Watts pith an Bohm speaker (14. 145 V). The circuit with arg @ LED whon the amplifier inst delivers its weak power enabling the Tstenes to actually see peak ‘BPings begin to 90 wrong: IF ie LED only wretjonally lights everything is fine When the LED Sekine to light continuously then It ig time to turn the volume down a little. the vorrgut diagram for the indicator shown in Components required: Resistors Ri= 1008 a2 = 27k R= 5k6 =219 Fre 7100 k adjustable potentiometer Capacitors c1=100n C2 = 220 nF/SOV semiconductors pr = 1NA004 2,03,04= 1N4148 5 =LED Ti.73,14 = BC 5478 2 BC 5578 figure 1. Its power supply, derree ST, capacitor figure Ng cnorged via Rt and D1 from speaker Carat the amplifier. Hal ae rs was ouput of Mtumable snc ‘normal’ ABV anse® 1s can be used. can be UG nut all transistors ore eT off Wien S002 carvent drain from G2 i Me ail artnet signal level exceeds © fre value Wen aston the setting of PU), the sees atthe \ceperon of 2 and Ro Wil ene at which Junction Grart_ wo conduct, THIS, Switei 2 72 Tw ot charge rapidly. Resistor 57 oe been caused to. prevent, the maxing permitted ince rent of 12 om Della aa ag Both colette 73 and T4 will now CONGUE DY, LED var Tight, The current through, 1 LED will be DS wind at 20mA by C2, indeperser of the male signal level, When the, input woltage then speakey the preset evel T1 and T° ch ere, wee CEO. il Tag ‘ew oft, Hower while C1 discharges Var and RB. OM on ahould not present anY PION, if the corned circuit board shown in FN 2 is used. It printed epably be advisable to use the ee type woul eran maxim “visi CaREESBN scarried out in the following TaNre If the peak Gower of the amplifier fs Ket its peak voltage Bower calculated with the formule: Vopeak = 2 * Ppeak * Rspeaker Connect the indicator circuit to a stabilised power capply (positive to point A; ‘ond set the DC supply sero the celoulated valle. Pi should then be leveled back until the LED [est begins to light polarity converter ‘Analogue ot digital voltmeters (°F oth!) are avery ‘rngortant requirement for the ‘electronics labora tory, be it amateur OF professional. Therefore, the Tory. ie ts to measure voltages, 17 better. In the ete Fost analogue meters and sore digital ones, costar be something of a nuisance ‘when the probes have to be changed round Svery ‘ime the voltage 10 have jnzured assumes the Oppose polarity to the fone measured previously, Forgetting to do this Sould resutt in rather disastrous consequences!| could reuit presented ere RelPs Te ‘consider: Maly. as the output voltage i) always be positive ably. dete of the polarity of the NPT ‘voltage. The reser aso has a ‘polrity’ OPC roduce an output of *UB wer ‘the input voltage is Positive and ~Up when the voles to be measured Profided the circuit is calibrated cr Watiy, the overall accuracy 6 (quaranteed to the Tere than 0.6% of the mecimtim input voltage (ui). 11 calibration procedure for the circuit as follows Resistors R12 and R13 are disconnected from R10 Reseinked to each other, A Teves fof +1 Vis then anaied between the junction of Riz and R13 and Ground (OV). The output oltage (A4) is then Busted to a minimum level PY means of preset slektor july/eugust 1981 — 7-00 During this operation care should be taken tO prsure that the LED does NOt remain lit for too 10nd ensue it may cause the dissipation limit of T4 to bbe exceeded. be excire clipping level has been sre ‘the circuit may Once ninected to one of the Speake outputs of the crnplifier oF, if desired, tO one ‘of the speakers. It araere possible to modity the, circuit to operate 2 TMA that rings a bel «oF fires 2 ‘cannon perhaps? potentiometer PS. This Is ‘called the common mode Pejection ratio (CMRR) preset. ‘The polarity of the relict voltage is thon reverse (-1V). A certain 1 Neage (several miltvolts) wl Tes tbe measured at volte put and P3 is adjusted One® more to reduce this level to about halt The above procedure is repeated by alternately Tre sing. the polarity of the toe voltage and ad justing P3 until the 'Y sured output voltage isthe sa ein both cases (et +1. ‘and at VV). The MRR will then be set to 1S maximum level. (TRE cwrfunput voltage is due to fhe offset of AG and tow oxtipe completely eliminated) can ngext step is to connect renster Riz end RIS Thown in the circult diasrirt ‘The input is then 2 ePcirouited and the overall voffset of the circuit sorte reduced to @ minimum BY ‘means of preset potentiometer Pt. Snoe this has been accomplished, @ known input rae ot atv 1 Na arpa ‘the input and the Wain of the unit is adjusted Dy means of P2 so that rim gutput voltage is equal 1 the input voltage. the overt will now be correctly calibrated and ready for use. ready Fut by no means least, the circuit should be provided with a stable Power “supply. This is because Fluctuation in supply voltage Tevel_ would mean tering to calibrate the uni all eT again. ob7-10 — elektor july/eugust 1981 certain amount of Ts nanical ingenuity, makes i possible to construct mmecnatwely inexpensive, ice OF equipment which Meee used: ww record PSC curve. An carimary radio control servo is ised to operate the en, It uses 3 negative Temperature coefficient Parc) resistor as the sensor. Tht circuitry around ura t and T2 forms an osc whose pulse With, is determined by the instantaneous value Of WINTC resistor, The resultans, signal is fed directly we ica, This IC (the SM 28654) is specifically TPsigned as 2 servo amplifier, Which is abundantly Cleat from its spe oeian output current of transistors. — change of supply voltage = the ‘dead space ‘This cireuit, together with ¢ cifications: YOO mA with no external direction is accomplished with & single + the degree of input change we in the output Occurs — amaximum dissi The pulse width rm TC2. The control output fo ping 10 and 12 of the IC pins 10 are about this particular device than we rave room for here are advised 10 obtain the date Meet from the manufacturers OF ‘from one of their distributors. gemMrorlinear course of the resistance value The ctitutes a bit of a problem, when using NTC contigs temperature sensors, THE be solved, however, by utilising only © ‘small portion of the howeytoiure characteristic. THis ‘accomplished here by the ‘sensitivity’ sP2 and P3 ‘potentiometer errch effectively set the amount ‘of deflection of‘elektor july/eugust 1981 — 7-11 seo par degree of tempers change and the paper can be the type used in printing caloulaters Tower limit of the range mpeectvely. This achieves 2 O48 “ha roll should move at 2 s10% ‘and constant reasonable degree of i uracy, but of course, We © pefed when the equipment ‘operation. The ‘reper drive can be made with the aid of motors and reasorying to construct ® Dee of laboratory Betipment, In realty, the circu “aly intended to gears that Are =n ely used by model boat Buco. ae change in temperature, OO Wreriod of available from 2Y ‘Quod model shop. Failing {1 (eere rather than measure actus) temperatures. feared motors, for a varieny ‘of voltages, are readily warts canbe constructed, Gute Wallable from surplus stores guch as Proops and simply. The servo can De can ned on aclip over tHE Bull. + Borevent the NTC resistor {70% heating up on its sof paper. The holder for the recorder pen cen De Glued or sorewed to the afm ne gre clip. As anolder OWN. ea ine be taken when adjusting P2 and PS iete pen, what better then Part of an old pair of Shou tage across the NTC below 0 BV. It tor passes? This has the advantage rete pencan > the Senet ere that value, accuracy wih Te gasily removed for cleaning OF oplacement. The Suffer ‘considerably: « apo te ea i enevated, Th8 TAY a that the sly oy ape he MTEL Oe eat of gave, eh a arcs player Tung om dhe emit wang, Tents the Sea fn intraed )cn ee NTT aby end OF eee ee Sn Me relay thereby anit Trane supe 10, aay he, son parallel vith te rela tape detector eo" detector which has @ large number of applications: object ‘examined has ‘dimensions which fit. through such as detecting breaks in magnetic tapes: Before the slit ‘of the detector. Ys mentioned above, on ‘the output of the detector reaches ‘the outside of the most obvious ‘applications 1s the end, oF internal stages. The photo-diode is followed by 2 The circuit is ‘completely TTL ‘compatible, so that linear opamp which feeds a Schmitt trigger. In tur the power supply ean be of the simple asymmetric supply levels is reduced ‘considerably by the use ‘of photo-detector ‘should be positioned 8s closely 8 the Schmitt trigger. The totempole output enables possible before the magnetic heads. This is tO ensure ‘the user to install several photo- detectors in parallel. ‘that if a break occurs, no pieces of tape ‘get wrapped Basically, this is how the circuit works: ‘When the around the heads ‘and drive wheels before the break Tight beam is ‘eerrupted, the output of the photo- is detected. detector goes low ‘and transistor T1 is turned off so ‘This design incorporates @ new7-12 ~ elektor july/ougust 1981 put buffers are included) Furthermore, the low Perrent requirement of the generator input results in cNrery low eurrent drain on the circuit being tested. aie description of the circuit Dean ‘at the clock generator, IC1. This IC is ‘wired as an astable multi Stprator_and its frequency is adjustable between CMOS ‘2 Hz and 1 MHz (depending O° ‘supply voltage) bY potentiometer P1 and switeh 'S1, With $5 closed and Ba in the “high position, C1 will run continuously: pulse generator 5A in ae Pn external sgal Ce Sea Witmer G1 via the ‘gate in’ sonker ‘Switch S4 can ‘i ‘then be used to select the required polarity for pins A pulse generator ‘Gand 5 of IC1 from ‘the external source. designing digital 4 and 5 ot Gignas of the clock generator PPro) a possibilities it must be as flexible as pe pins 10 and 41 of 1C1. The Q output (pin 10) is Poe frequency must be variable Ove" seiriv wide passed to the trigaer input of 1o2, This ICis used 2 cree and of course the pulse width unt fay te ulse shaper to provide a Narrow AG pulse out range angutomatie output level contre be vas be a put for external tigger PUTO, ‘rhe © output of er essanaetewomerteure: C1 Gia og, via 86 (duty cycle 80%), and sé . ‘the circuit given here, +e nal moral, to the output butter 0, 1C5. ‘The use of CMOS ICs ‘throughout has two advan Ice 3 and 4 are also wired 25 ‘triggerable monostable Tees in the first place i is POSSE were the muttvibrators. With $B 0 0% position and S7 tages. from batteries. Furthermore, the 4 eroply sat 10 delay out, the Q outpAs OF ICI will be passed cieage range afforded by, CMOS. from TS IBV, tothe trigger input of 1ca, Any required pulse width voltea® possible to provide the autora -sutpur can now be achieved bY the “adjustment of both P3 makes entioned above, This is clear from ei Sha Sa, This provides 8 variate duty cycle output Ghat if the pulse generator ttself ‘powered fromthe at pins 10208 ov 1Ca, Depending on the position tat TL under teat, the supply voltage wit srremthet of switch SB, either e Formal or the inverted circ Gireuit and the output logic love's ET) al that gral can be passed via the butler stage to the signal of te _ compatible whether itis CMOS or TTL (out- out socket. Clock oy with Sie MElektor july/august 1981 — 713 fa turther modification to the signa CO pe carried The prototype SeTwTT was constructed using A turin 1G3 when S7 is switched an Oa iay in’ Veroboard Sines Nery aicig layout work isreauied position, 1C3 will now be friggored by the clock out Vereraly all of the wéring concen ‘the controls O° pot signal of 1C1 (SB stl Jp te by re ciesiuonl, Weston er reir ahe range capacitors Car Ris, By adjusting P2 and $2, the eible todelay OUNeS Te a Patines S1) S208 So ah rs Now mrput eignal from 1L8U5 he ar eoach switch, Mounting resisting the ote to the syne out ‘ladle PATE ne a aetlthe ar the potentiometers and refrac, ow used to tigger ICA, Te Tie wigtn Sind ea OF IGT be modified os recuired. = should be noted san dalaycvcule OO NOS taba nee jntersonnentons vege between the board 2nd thet but varies its timing relate ree CONC =< we ene Pen pare ehould be taken. Ribbon an co be useful for this purport patty setting the, delay 19 2 ae valde thie | ee ee Y rate the output PONT ay Prone generator an be deter from the Power, under test or from Better if the latter are Poesible to move the leading ed Signal but varias its timing relative to the syne oUt Ged, the input and output Navels may not be totally compatible. fat, By setting the delay 19 © suitable value, it 18 Parible to move the leadinad edge of the output Fgnal pattern to 2 more ‘central position on the siartloseope, screen enabling the ‘complete Wave form to be studied. (RCA application note !CAN 6230) fuse protector in an earlier Summer Creuls HUE Of Elektor we vnsgiahed an article entitled, eestroyer’, 2 Pu yhigh was totally effective and workéd every ciel aver, was rater damand ng replace- time, oe he fuse protector SOT NY does ment Fifer from the some disadvan ‘and 8 @ Practical cicult with a great MANY ‘applications practical es, the reauirament FOF Ne power V7. equipment has grown t0 Sch A extent thet it Hef cauirpecome necessary {0 rower even the i has note pause fuses from being DWN often. en agua ot Mart Er circuit Te sores de iii surge curren 12 Circuit spproximately 10O.mS (NY mains periods) will this acceptable limits a cored ot byte He I delayed accep estc uses are rated at 19.0 aja roenyee neuevolonte e et esined by the drive to the 186 Normal dowepxpres some sureile If We oor py Gave via transistor T1. The ar yoltage is reduced react hat. ane transformer in Te sng a EE esti veapedance, C3/C4, to the sues Srcsivaly craw ths semnty ape cpoiet et ae by diode D2, stabilis: cou er gurrent. The short anal sive tion by D3 and smoot by capacitor C2, a de srr goes! Te should be realised Te ee iege votwon of 81 Serene ross the zenet diode. ara Trrmars can opalty, wahstandl POSTS se creamer 1 eer peared on via capacitor C1 and Stag cnes. he tah ON uP © Femains on. This i turn CoN the gate of the trige 1 RW gr goes into a very 1OW ITEOOE, ah causing) Ol on ae provide a short across pransformary and the secondary wits ee, Doe esirtar Rte The FUL PSY current will then flow in the remoting eapactor on ee Seon be shrousn she {Te rote nae wen Tt Stil ee ve Te ereuit can be constuctet with the triae tYP® wally have a zero impedance. achat peratore, TIC 2280 (e Pesan) with transformers with taal ein the primary side of me ely oemar fe eaund oF UP 18 oH YA Larger transformers Will the rec ha shortefoul, 9 forme obviously reauite arses broserting that themains fuse does BIE not at tl She fuse protecter Cah Pe ‘used for 2 variety of suring rector allevats, HOO Bn Thotcations such as HEF ea¥iDe er {as mentioned) Testing the surge current via resistor aprablem iar domestic applianes Mom {washing machines ete.) corMeeny, uty; tarins — eaPeritly ultra-violet ang infrarred types «7-14 — oloktorjuly/august 1981 ee one of the most useful dynamic RAMS, the 4116, One Guinately. needs three supply VON Nothing unto done about this, even with the ‘most sophist cared circuit, Although most dats ‘sheets imply thet cared Supply voltages may be 20Pied arpitrary thes nce, this is not necessarily Co ‘all circum sequent may cynically point Out Bele aoe even seancas We Tecauence it specified. he does not snouTT TF snp shat es TTS take Gecount of the sequence! acco et happily, not af Das tO right In, praesey avhen tare is a question oy overshoot i emily tines causing the maxTer supply On ne fo be temporarily exceeded. important voltages spat the, negative UDB Pree The eee oorot ys encom te Improvement of voltage reguiationt of voltage rezabably more important, eps the A street te negative SUPBIY 9 should reaulrereryecome positive, THIS can be arranged ew if the positive Supply Is alWYe present before ane apples A Aan diode te eae pb and earth cl 200 8 ‘of RAM's betwers ortunately they must be Power diodes, and here. are neither cheap nor easy tO Ge these are fective solution is shown 10 OM diagram. Baur the negative voltage 6 large enough, the positive voltage is simply Short-circuited. This, aN Se» earners HOT the oF Peireuit capability of the supply shore quit rust be constructed {Wich for the E Wott and for the 12 Volt supply 8 Moh Sa37 is # reasonably fst Wie transistor The Oe anv vottage. The, 72% and 7812 with @ iow about one amp, and shoul therefore De Provided with a small heatsink « For those readers who have @ spirit of adventure, or Psanse of humour, we present Sy interesting age qerma’, Than wel) mas aoe the once Mpular (2) system of dueling, Kor as Russian popiette where 2 single bullet's placed in one ruleper of a sic-gun leaving the Net five empty chamber is than spun so that the exert position af the bullet is unknown, The "0 “contestants! oF take turns to point the pistol & their heads the? all the trigger. Obvious, the ‘winner is the As Tego = Sein (G = MMV Tring Puls B= AMY Barrel Sn e=MMy FZ AMY Lose Tone Gz Ampliterelektor july/august 1981-7-15 person still standing after the feud bang! The game ABA these pulses are fed to the amplifier, T1, fs played exactly as the ginal, tne only difference produce an audible indication ‘ofthe spinning being’ ‘raspberry’ for the loser ekeed ore bullet, OL feylinder. When the, suite 6 released, the (a lot less messy! OF es end thus) the, ohare containing the (olor reuit works as follows. A rmanostable roulti- bullet) Will De us tmjnkrown position. As each Vibrator with a pulse duration maT escordia it, puYEED POUT ‘ng gun to his/her head andl fet wbrerructed around gates N1 TAS NZ, This effec shot in Cem, ine Biinter is incremented unt the const ucunons the “cane” SC sie ut 06 goes Fah ui trigger the ron: tively gegx pulse for the ‘shot! COURT and po; Gable, muttivbrator NE ‘which, in turn. will vide Gano fed 10, the BUS a TOS enable the audio. Ome NING. The output Pulse and D4. Therefore, the cane via fete second astable is fee He udio amplifier diodes DY every ce the wget 2H ‘enitch via diode D3. The ree {100 Hz lose (dead) tone gemennasod) and an audible ‘cNck 6 er aren ne Ae Ws? ne second. The second cere hat a shot was been fret, Ty oducn att of te spin siteh, S25, gables the lose Tone me seater Sopa aur, 92 ET ding Mipile the cylinder is beina SPE dowiyge make and break contacts 2 ut ot ‘The power supplv rts Yor the circuit may be sepa game (duel), 2 tein of ‘pulses is fed from the anywhere between 9 toa > volts, therefore a © cach 2mm ibrator constructed aroun rorn the Baueery would be ides Should. be possible t© asta she (vide-by-six) counter, ou ie D2. instal the enti cra ato a small toy gun, there © instal ing a enorereaitic! fe) more volume is 2 ca ER a oor UO can be reduced Me salve er ously, the circuit will ehen wer 1 align more current : aoe ae eS = | 1 \ + | \ Lo « witching the LED on and off 3 intervals of 0.625 auinds, thereby reducing) the ‘average current Heo ahe LED to, around 200 pA with a peak wajue of about 100 mA. This |S ‘quite sufficient for normal ‘viewin! mormét gue to continually more dente integration miser a LED Mamronic cirouits are become less and less gectieding on energy consumetion. However, this demaniie noid true for LEDS which used for 2 ‘The cireuit described here allows, Fhesramaune (Ofyye ,sarmny or INCI re functions. Most LEDs consume Qrergy consumed by LEDS rae iced a8 HOTT NT RF sround 20.mA, which in ere of the normal value. This ecgomplished by many instances wal times more than that used By the. rest of the eircult, TMS ‘an especially by Aistactory situation where the equipment in= sieht july/magust 1981 question is battery powered. The circuit operates, a6 follows Capacitor C1 is Grarged via resistor R2. Once the potential across cherorspacitor is sufficient to OveroRDe the bias prevented by (yellow) LEDS Dt ‘and D2, the input BreNT will go high. Consequently 16 output of N4 orl also go high providing 8 short stork pulse to the Wake of the Darlington tansistor ‘which will then base on rapidly so that C1 dischaet through the TED D3. The current passing ‘through the LED LEO ves a maximum of 1OOmA dures the short reacharge period. When C1 is fully discharged, the fnput to N1 goes low. This ment that the output impg algo. goes low and the Darlington, transistor wt turn off, Capacitor C1 will then start charge wip again and the entire cycle will De repeated VP preferred, several ‘ordinary’ diode in series can v oread instead of the two yellow LEDE D1 and D2. me the 4011 has a very critical ‘threshold value, it ey be necessary tO experiment with several Gterant. diodes inorder, 10. Fait ‘the correct ai rover: poietic Tea Naga power vie switch om which ensures that the Current the IC Fesetricted to a minimum. The ect physical size i Tepe complete unit isso small that it will cause no problems if it is to be installed into existing equipment. power-assisted NICADs In meny instances where NICAD bares are used tn rarer immobile equipment it becom) necessary to Pimper to remove the cells for & “topping uP" ae iets can of course lead tO 8 CAT ‘amount srsinoonvenience, especially if {here is no spare set Of NIGADs available for replacemer. ‘Also, it is not uncommon for “battery uncer for mains powered equiPmer, in which eae the NICADs are only used very sseldomly when cree tains actually fails. There arc, however, @ wie aber of applications (such Clocks, alarm NICAD cells can be used 10 Power the equipment together with @ small mains Bower supply to provide the cells with a ‘trickle Pharge’, The circuitry is then not dependant on the presence of the mains sUPPIY ‘and the NICAD cells fre given a full time job. ar iast application is particularly Useful when the Tos jad duration of the load on he batteries can size oo accurately predicted (as in the cose of alarm nie neste 401 « ystems you may or may not He burgled tonight!) aystemer, when designing such 8 SY certain Frrametors ave to be taken (0 account: If the pargmon the, batteries interminen ‘and fairly pasiy. the rated charging CUrTer Tre not be ade Teate to fully charge the calle. OF the other hand, quatigh charging current is used the cells may well Fae damaged it @ small Toad Is present for 2 wv TAJong period of time, These spect =? catered for inthe design presented here. inte Grout utilises @ resistor ‘measure’ the The tof current drawn from We NICAD cells amg ensures that they are then ‘charged with exactlY are “came amount. The value fof the measuring te ere RA, fs not at all rica) ‘and can be made Teatna short piece of resistance Wir ‘The potential ore elciechiput to, nein ee constructed Sead IC Tiaklus, urttce remembers’ the amount srmcurrent. that fs, Pawn rats ‘and corrects this by re then charged vie tarslstcy T1. When the cet ‘are no Yonger_under load 711 continues to oatayet until the ‘memory’ {iC1) establishes that cartne charge drawn from the cells has been re placed. Piesnsistor T1 ts connected 2s & current source, the Trarimum amount of, Current available being 0. Gwided by 0.47.2, in other ‘words, about one egaevA Jargr waued Teeter, ‘gives a smaller zero voltage indicator ‘This zero voltage indicator uses WE LED's to show This fer the input vottage lies Witte 2 specified ‘mall voltage range, which |S symmetrical about 220 TT ee voltage is within the range ithe LED's flash. If Wa aides! one of sem Uae: continuously. i hin the specified range there is soo indication Witinether the voltage Is atthe eo ‘of the range, Of Hee rere: srw (nol csre ve the centre of near age the LED'S flash regulriy, Dut towards the fedges they become irregular 1 po ‘oloktor july/august 1981 — 7-17 current. Sr eeelupsthe exeolt Pauetn aor 1 should be Tojusted so that with 10 Yoad “The current flowing adiusign Ri is one twentieth Of ‘the cell capacity: srrotdan be measured by including + (milliammeter “This adjustment is very important and must be Carried out carefully, very fore a muititurn potentiometer ideal, Since Wet operates as a memory: te cirouit is slightly ‘hugalsh._ It is therefore, necessery ‘to wait a while Sea aajusting P1untll the reading obtained | stable. 1206. ut voltage of the trickle Chart is 1.2 volts The oMthe number of cals. The ‘charger will not perate with less than CWO cells or with @ supply op rfage of less than 8 volts: Also the supply voltage voleabe slightly greater than the ‘combined voltage tthe NICAD cells. The maxinies, supply voltage of Sev, Any desired supply voltaae ‘can be chosen within these limits. « ‘the operation of te cicuit 3 acts quite simple, The Orit may not at first ABPON FO from the Siagram, If you imagine the, ireult without some of Giaarsmponents (RS, R4, RSD ‘and D2), you have the Comal op-amp oscillator HOWeYE by including 8 named dveder AZ, AS, We that the tee fed back wo C1 8 ne ANT equal to the wT, voltage. (It is alo limites OY D1 and D2). If SuPPTY Nox now connected. 10 SOF but to 2 Di BE age (the input, vottagel: the DE level of the volts voltage will be changed. Mn ‘this level is feedap that the voltage across Cl falls outside the %0 feresis loop of the Schmit UR; the circuit vere oscillating and one of the LED'S lights oom tinuously Tene, input voltage is exsesly Ovolts, then the MW cMvel across C1 152270, and ve LED's wil fash cen. Howeternatt te Hera not_ exactly reais (eg slightly positive), then LED (D2) oven aightly longer than the ones will be aitivity of the circuit is about 50 mV, ie the LED's change from flashing t0 © continuous light at LE and minus 50 ra. Ts C00 Dp ‘changed readily pis tering the value of, R7. A higher resistance BY. aves the sensitivity (R7max ‘3M3). You must Vectaete d what CFT sureeoesy G1 must be increased. increosetire2 Impedance of the volar which is The Sed should not be greater han 10 k, other- connecter amp must be interPO#es «7-18 — alektor joly/august 1961 R, Rastettor auto theft alarm in the habit of parking thelr cars Readers Varmpposts at night may Prose that the closeie. is considerably safer in 8 ‘well lit. rea. vehi og it could be mentioned that thieves, 85 peru, like to see what they are getting! Further ‘eecautions are, therefore, very, necessary, oF YOUr preefould still be found to be gone. ‘Alarm circuits Gor this purpose must DE for ables b, easy to operate, and ¢ failsafe. 2 rata, if the neighbours have beet woken up Aifgrel times on previous occasiert due to false Sigrms, it may not be easy To ‘maintain good re tations with them and they may therefore be less ‘ita. to. inform yourself or the police when @ genuine break-in occurs germ circuit described here, Nas number of good features. It uses vory Tittle current, goed turn on and delayed alarm. has repetitive se iyell as continuous alarm and it ‘will automatically a5 arm. itself once it has been ‘triggered. All this ‘Srmplexity means that the circutt itself needs to be Gariy complex. The actusl operator ‘of the unit will fait elear as we aescribe the crc diagram. become alarm circuit is switened oF by means of wpeetinidden) Keyswitch St. censeitry ‘C1 begins to the nia preset potentiometer 2 ‘This charge time satSually. the delay which ahons the driver and i geengere to leave the cor 20g ‘shut the doors. When passemaevemitter voltage of Tt (in sie ‘with D1) is Mfricient to. turn the mensistoy ‘the alerm is stead and is in the ‘standby’ 55% if @ door is $2 will make and negro relay Ret. Once He ‘alarm hes been triggered, that it can trgaehe switched off by the keys ‘Once the alarm Orvould-be thief opens the door, relay Re1 pulls in find latches on via contacts door switch $2. If required, the interior (courtesy) avi made to remain lit BY Tepyacir diode light th 2 wire link. A point Worny of note is the PS Minat no matter how fast the ‘would-be car thief ee the alarm will remain oPeerainee the relay has operated airy other contact of the relay. retb, enables the jtors C2 and C3. At the same charge path for capaci charg indication that the alarm Mee ‘been triggere’ is given by LED This time delay is Slarm is present in t driver of 1 capacitors c1=4n7 2 = 10H/18Y €3,04,C5 100. ‘semiconductors 74 88170 1c1 = 4070 162 = 4018 (ea = 7418244 104,1C5,108,1C7 = TALSBS be powered from the existing rioroprocessor supply: SUPPLY, nthe printed circuit board NM enough room for four address decoders, desired where Tower can be used if ‘rasmpiete address, decoding is Gesiiderod adequate. Where test ICs are omitted, Jinks shoul and 6, and pins 2 | adeatrrace between pins 4 and 8, PINS 3! 7-22 — olektor july/eugust 1981 each channel. These consist of capacitors C3, C4 8c SS and resistors R2, R4 and Fs for the left on channel and C7, CB, C2 and RB, RS and R10 hate right-hand channel. The Oper aire frequency Of these filters is 79 Hz and thelr roll-off is as much fs 18 dB per octave. wf cocond part of thevcircult diag {with switch S2 in position an effective vim sn: atch filter switched off) the output scratch and Sone at ur rumble filter ites. itr ih geen ace : jn each channel. TH amplifiers incorpo eftthand channel oe G11, C12, C14, R11, RIB Many Mech and rumble filters, Dut at Tcorpi, Wefan and tose for the righthand ‘channel are 2 eT coasts 20 weak ee tees ay eg, C19, R16, R17 and RNB. fpegligible or they affect too Targe a range of the The four inputs of the first two opamps require & audio spectrum. Tertain amount of bias. This is ‘secomplished via the The TDA 1028 is emi efor the cor potential divider RU/RS 2 gtruction of a stereo sora ete, patente g. as there fs 2 certain roll-off of as much 2% eeailc. cotnlis Era the two section: contains four electron! * brie ‘and other inputs do not require any bias voltage. conta er of och ste i8 Conner 1 oslo rar ts do tes the frequency characteristics of 2 non-inverting uni ach elee- —ghe circuit for the various Settings of switches ST Of io ewiteh therefore selects ON8 OF wo inputs tO ‘the opamp and, Sue external switch is requires each stereo channel: gach frat action of whe. ciroult daar shows the sition b, both The Jie filter. When switch St is jo Fe ‘gnnel inputs are connected, Wi ‘capacitors C2 and tithe first two opamps. With 6, to the inputs of nthe circuit will Ops 1 is in position, 3 iter is introduced into Many home-constructed audio sition when 5 normally. However. rption fill third-order low-absor 1e1= 704 1078‘lekctor july/august 1981 — 7-23 and §2, The specifications for he circutt are fairly can Be connected to 2 load impedanhe of 4k7 oF Good. With 2 supply voltage Ty '20V ond an input 9Teake! ore supply voltage can De anywhere good of BV, the harmonic GHerT Tider is between 12 sey, ut at lower supply voltages Vee than 0.07% (0.02% at 1 Vetfoctivel itshould ween, am input voltage will bere SE pointed out thet the circu must be connected plication note) be Prgw impadance source, While Ne filter outputs (¥alv2 2? « to drive the LED. to imber of different osley functions are avail Fe As well as displaying the ‘AM or FM received ner, the IC can be used a5 normal frequency of at frecuency meter, oF 8S 2 DUE, counter. The maxi: a mum display indication 's Bp990", Up to 16 FM and di ital tunin 6 AM frequencies can ibe preset when the IC is used ig Ses tun inca son ol sya tnin mt, shows ta YOY Se in icator e2: Sere eer than the MSM S526 8 ey Ste ‘although the Japanese ranufacturer, OKI, (5 W965 mane Grovides for the correct getting of the well known than some ‘others, they are evertheless required frequency ‘offset. The signals required to important among the Japanese suppliers. Oe a eeasure “AM. and FM “eceiver frequencies ae Igor, me" rips the a oe ’ th nortan fq he ners Prpa arto bta es in the AM te eos fo ar Tem TOM Eh ge fare now integrated ‘onto a single chip. fee 9318, and from there + meno re eatin fy te MM Sy o eas Tae apie cS IS MSM EEE oh ceo, eS ae 23% digit LCD. A ‘crystal oscillator with @ ree teacoming more reasorsbley ‘they are still not very 32,9 sg ae 88 SOF a Soi quan of oc, tris oxi” Pra Hz output signal, ‘and a two-phase signal (OKI application) © accurate 50high inp 7-24 — oloktor july/august 1981 objektor “The aim of this ciouit is to detect (he presence of Tre iijctive object, provided the OI ‘within 2 conesin range. The operation. Of the circuit is a oually independant of the cone on ‘of the object wad. alive, static or moving), 28 ene es it remains (eae. Sine range. The sensitivity oF Te circuit can within Tomotely, by adjusting the preset potentio: be car PI, This is to avoid wearing OK shoe leather retiag the initial (trial an eF7Or) alignment pro during epeatadly walking up and dover obtain cedure imum setting for that particular FPe the ofner innocent application of the circuit is its reeible doorbell sensor, as the Sener use as a most im ust id be located inside the hovss constr that should is formed by the sensor Pl isrected. Due to the losses of this ‘capacitor, ut impedance follower voltage the oscillator is rather ow, therefore oysingle amplifier stage (T2) has beet added. The Schmitt trigger functions. are Sehrormed by transistors T3 and TA ‘VMOS FETS Performan chosen for the sake of since and the have pat Tess components are reauirad with respect Te bipolar devices increases the reliability factor (ravhat you don’t fit don’t 9° wrona!") This does of (iyee mean that the cost of the project will be ‘somewhat higher. somther application is fluid level measurements ‘Anormisy environments. As the Sone does not Rauire ‘physical contact, the flu ‘could possess pressive qualities (for Instance, fuming sulphuric acid) output from 05 08 Shao it is common knowledge that Field Effect Tran- ators (FETS) feature a very high impedance — well Siftnin the Giga-ohm range,_in fact, ‘As shown in the Wireuit diagram, one FET is quite fenough to con: cst a butfer amplifier with an inp ‘impedance of suet rhe circuit Is simply an impedance converter {yoarce follower) with again of) ‘and can be used, {eoPvariety of applications, such buffer for ugh. impedance (capacitor microphones, 25 8M ‘oscilloscope probe etc. cae way to obtain the required inp impedance is One vnect a1 GE resistor between the ‘gate of the23 LED audio level meter A feature of contempory, Power amplifiers is an out: fput power level indication “consisting of a row Of pu eSrather than # mechanical MSCs The number Of LEDs illuminated in this PE ‘of display corre: Sponds to the output level ‘of the amplifier. A "bar spon: of this type can be added Xe ‘any power am iti with the aid of the cick shown here. plifet gat of the circuit consist of the LM 3819 IC from. National, Semiconductors ‘which produces & Togarithmic scale and, can Cherefore display [ow (Siren levels as well. The VC ‘contains an adjustable powere referonce and an accuraye ‘tenstep voltage “vider. The input buffer drives 10 individual com parators referenced t0 ‘he precision divider. The Paver indication at the changer ‘points (the level powinich a particular LED will Tight) of each indi- 3 WELED ls shown in the circu diagram. vidual fut signal to the circult fs aoe directly from Te eput of the power amplifier, that is, in parallel the Pa Toudspasker. It is fed inte BO ‘5 of the IC via Gpacitor C1 and the divider network Rt and R2. canaetpacitor may be omitted if te output of the Hower amplifier already contr ‘2 decoupling Bonacitor for the loudspeaker. The connection at Gin of the IC selects eithey ‘dot or bar mode of Biration but most readers Wil find the bar mode (colected in the circuit diagram) bY far the most preferable: Ehrrent consumption of the Ic Care red By Ditiand ie Soote ie gma with all LEDS Ut eps con be used but the bar ‘Pe five a professional appearanct: FET and ground. Unfortunetely, such high value resistors are not ‘only difficult to obtain, but they are also rather ‘expensive ‘and so @ cheaper alter- are ai have to be found. Ths Py ular circuit have “problem ricely,By utlising corer, ‘tor C2 as @ form ‘of ‘bootstrap’. Theoretically. the input ‘impedance ‘of the circuit should be around 2.2.GQ, but in practice will never be greater than ‘about 1 G2 due ‘to leakage currents. The frequency response of ‘the voltage follower ‘extends from 30 Hz to 750 Hz (308 points). For exzondl eration, the fod impacanen ate output Spuuld be at least 100 KO. "7-26 — elector july/ougust 181 power MOSFETS in the car Due to the recent breakthrough 1 power-semi- conductor technology become relatively Simple to construct high Powe, ‘equipment for use naples of two possible apPlcarians In tower MOSFETs are 8,60 War booster and 3 TOV to 24.V converter as shown in figures 1 and 2 respectively. respect'fer’ amplifier intended for wet vehicles Should at least meet the followind requirements sPorhe output power should pe ‘greater than 10 Watts, thereby providing suicien’ ‘audio output to overcome the level of ambient ipackground noise (engine, wind etc.) ergre, amplifier needs tO be compact without putting any constraints on cooling. 3, Performance must be ‘acceptable even under Perici of large fTuctuations 19 power supply voltage. oe 1 swinging poster “the cireuit shown in figure 1 meets Nie demands ee onweety Tie A MS ofthe auiteaiating PWM arnplifir with an OULD power fa the order of 50 Watts. inthe reer ah power audio amplifies Nc be Ut auita from a 12 V battery, one of the following Sosebilities may be chosen: Fear amolifier operates at 12V in combination with 2 low impedance load 5 Mis otie operat 98 10 a up The former is connected to the OUTS 9, Avoltage converter is used {0 (Nore ‘the supply A oto rat the amplifier can deliver rated our converter may oF may Not include @ ‘transformer. transfert of the power MOSFET mace the third Tasty especialy favourable, 1% simplicity of poss every epparent from whe C= diagram wre gn in figure 2. 1 fact, the oor, converter is just_a CMOS power after ivsteeation and smoothing, the output voltage is tesded to the battery vortage. ace ge circuit aiagars only (evel the basic Sewigole of operation of the two Ces However princi Ewart booster and the 12 24 ott rare likely 10, racete Ture: am exten: Convertment in a future isue of ElektOr zi wy ® “The original ‘swinging poster” circuit Ts published Javthe January 1981 issue of Elektor and is intended in the amce the lighting effects of 2 disco etc. As the prefer to see otually ‘forking out simpler version has been “designed. The malority of Shis eontro! circuit can De Sonstructed from the pa rece I ote the so-called Funk box’ Jelp thyristors and 2 single CMOS IC are used sO Tae the circuit can be powered directly from thevoltage. The power from the mains vi diode D6. The nstead of the more hat the lamps will fotentiometer P1. 73 and resistors of the mains srosecon icra eThis pulse is then fed to Gre NI verted signal is fed ‘the other input NN3. The output of NT to the other input six hour timer originally designed ment automat ‘who drift off to ‘pout the cost of switching unit sed for a multi: iming circuit is & th contains ano: wilt only go tow for 2 short period when the rains wil oa somewhere around 0 ‘and pin 1 of NV is VoghoTeansistor 12 will then ‘conducting and hah stor Th2 wil be activated ia resistor RS for eyrpalt-oyele of the mains frequency. The same one ll of course happen With NY tor Thi when pin 13 of N2is high Bin To lps, Lat and LA, Whe ‘then flash on and Tee neu, in sequence with tne oscillator signal sre power. rating of the 1anty {one red and one Yreen flood! types) shoule net ‘be more than 100 W. reer inging poster itself can Ue ‘ordered from the The aries (see page UK-OA), The cireuit can als EPS sto contro) normal "0h power’ flashing Tights, without the poser Note: The complete vaipit is connected directly the mains, so take Sarat! Potentiometer Pt Ynould have @ plastic Spindle and the completed Gnit should be mounted in a plastic box. via diode D8. via ones per hour’ clock pul fed to the second Taivide-by-ten) counter, the "4017 1C. One of the tame of this counter will BP high (logie one) at Gay one moment. AS soo? the 4017 is reset, ary put 00 will go high AN hour cura low and output O1 Wi oo hiat $1 therefore enables the oF Stxiod of from one tos hours. Befgcted output goes high. the transistor will stoP serectucting and the relay, will ibe deactivated (there iby switching off the BY /record player ete). AS BY, Snable Input of the AOT7 ‘also connected to the Sripar_of St any, subeechens ‘clock pulses will fave no effect on the coun “The unit will there vive remain in the ‘off’ state ‘inti the reset Dutton is depressed. is depisgo CMOS butfer 1C and the seven LEDs have Tee Npcluded tages shuns ‘of the number Bepours that have etal passed. These COM nents. can, of course, PS omitted if an elapsed Boneriplay is not required. The ‘supply voltage for Mime reat ie nat, critical ANd TS ‘be anywhere Oe ar pate Vale Consumption of betoruit, not including the releY: ig in the order ofcan be used in 2 variety of applications. Briofly the cae works as follows, THE speech signal from ce mierophone is amplified DY opamp Aland then the Tp awo further opsmps, AP ‘and A3. The latter fee teoly unity. gain buffer fot ‘the PA amplifier Gpamp A2, together with “diode D1, is used 28 2 Optifier which converts the ‘amplified. microphone ‘DG level. Any ripple voltage sional red out by capacitor C3 When the voltage sae this capacitor is higher Aha ‘the level set. on acrost yerting input of AA (with potentiometer P1), the output of the comPeraier Ad) will go. high. Me ouput can be. used wm control a relay oF Tar devies, This DC level is also fed to the variable power ‘resistor ‘a major difficulty encountered when testing power Apptes is the availability (oF non-availability) of settable toad. Usually, the problem is solved DY @ Tash-up of resistors which, S though not particularly teen, will enable tests 10 DE COT ied out. However, Peed With UPON of 1 CJowards can be rather &xPare Gnd certain values uBreult to obtain. Furtherrnot this type of 103d aie be variable. The simbie ‘circuit described ere can overcome these problems effectively and economically. SeGNgO5S transistor with 2 variable gain controlled by an independant supply Weill form an infinitely bY pie load “resistor”. This cite ‘will have @ power “epability of up t0 80 Warts if a suitable heat sink fused, The ability to vaintain a fixed load currert is usm the power Supply OUtPuE voltage is varied is gn added advantage. an acinaximum dissipation Of 7M transistor should Tee ene an eaind. As figure 2 S705: ‘2 current of ee ot 20 fs only BOW but 2.5.A at SOV is 1 elektor july/august 1981 — 7-29 control pin (9) of opamp AA Yr resistor RB. This ‘opamp will only Opera Punile this pin is held high ora ode tiali hae ees ‘the microphone Tes, AB no longer operates ‘and the main power Simplifier remains inactive afrigh value resistor ( 1s been included in parallel with C3 to onsite that this capacitor dis Biirges very siowly. This 18 i ¥y important because chal path to the. acvpities must remain oper ‘when the speaker pauses for a few moments. AS wher ned previously, the OUrDM fof Ad can De used metontrol a number Of Gevicn 10 eo gind 8 number of api discos and the like. via @ relay etc, THIS cations especially iN « 126. which may prove 10 D2 2 tittle high for the 2N3055. 2 pave voltage for the transits can be obtained Tae a voltage divider across or fexternal power ia ge. Te ths js not available figure 3 can be use tthe circuit shown in xd, In this case, the BD 139 is used tiaereiver transistor in order Me keep the battery apply current drain as 1Ow c8 possible, see er evel can rise fait steeply with 2 sing ‘ome indication of volta and voltage levels in the circuit are essential By using the graph shown (0 figure 2 it-can be easily Btermined whether the ‘power is being exceeded. ‘maximum: allowable powcireuit can also Function Se current limiter The Gaciity will be useful When, charging batteries quith a constant currents “jaced in the circuit Deemer The battery should be ‘the ammeter and the Pilector of the 2N3OSS. It “Should be remembered colleneure that the voltage Goes not rise to a level Wah enough to cause damage 1 the plates of the battery, ual!7-30 — elektor july/august 1981 W. Gscheidle auto reminder ‘The headlights jotor vehicles are The etd by the ignition switch. This esr) ‘that it wypossible #0 leave the headlights ‘turned on after is oselgne car. in many instances, this also true reev auxiliary equipment, such 2, Go radios etc., of ahnave been wired directiy to the Te battery. vinlethe forgettul driver, this can be something of 2 For sh when trying to start the cat me following nuisance This circuit is intended as a Warr to the Never that there is still someth! which is consuming power. The problem can fogieal thinking. After all, what is more than to apply a little digital ‘technology? thay Ae glance, the circuit 1ooks @ lot Mor ‘compli- Atgd than it actualy is, 1t nly reauree ‘three ICs. Fhe switched supply rails of the ‘equipment to be Tmonitored are connected to diodes D1. ..D4 (or moniter desired), the coil side of the igre switeh Te ygemdliton D7. ste tenon leads are Sonnected to “#12 V' and ‘0. cong first see what happens wher ‘the ignition tet Pg murmed on and off, but there oth power SBnsuming devices switched On. Effectively, nothing corr to happen! When the ignition switch is tu eee is reset via capacitor C2, the ‘output of N1 FFTow taking the clock input of FFI low. As this flipflop positive-going pulses, the a eat remains low and, vie NB. NG and N3, the Cour of N4 romains tow. This meser ‘that transis: outer ia turned off and no sound is emitted vie the buzzer. p2eT ye ignition swith is tured off, the output WP NT goes high and FF2 will be set via capacitor C3. ot ‘obvious The Q output to enable clock pulse via input is low 35 fand so the outputs of FFI rem: an Sault is that the output of NA remains NB. However, 3, the inform: there are no 71 stays off Now lot us take the case when Sirevits are turned on. When furned on the end result Is viously turned_off, flop FF1 This time, as the data input Wuillalso. go high. Capacitor resistor R7 and, Gime = R7 x C5), the output Signal is. differentiated by further clock pulse for FE During the period that C5 is hhas the opportunity to turn ‘ment, thus proven Sounded. ¥ this is the case, will again 90 Wilt discharge via RB and D9 low thereby re {the other hand, the driver Teetain items, the output of 5 is charged. This, in turn, N3 high (N3 was enabled NS MM tas described previous) 'N3 goes low, the output of output of fond transistor T1 turns on the same time, capacitor R10 over a period of abou! Fie the output of N7 goes low, €6/R11 to provide ‘NB and D10. Once reset, the warning is, PET possible, of course, to interrupe ‘pack on. The circuit. also differentiated for FFI via of FF1 goes by. low and the switching the ignition allows for the possibility particular item (such 2s si of this flipflop will therefore go high although 1 erened, When the ignition switch iS eee yer, things start to happen FIP: receives a clock pul ‘winen sufficiently charged (charoe charging, the driver stil ring the warning signal from Deine ns ig Nine sevond clock pulse and CB ia Fring the original condition. 1. oF C7 charges FF1 receives 2 in at the data (D) items of equipment on ain as they were. The low and one or more auxiliary ‘the ignition switch is the same as that pre: ise via R3 as before. is high, the Q output G5 is charged up vie ‘of NB will go low. This CA/R3 to provide @ ff the relative equiP- the Qoutput of FFI The output of N5 goes neglects to switch off 'N6 will go high when ‘takes the other input of when the ignition was so that the N4 goes high ‘tp sound the buzzer, At up via resistor ‘tten seconds. After this This pulse is a reset pulse Q output ‘cancelled. the alarm by ‘of deliberately leaving @ delights) on without theaterm sounding. TE ie accomplished by fist ata g off the ignition with the ‘desired piece of tuipment. switched on TH equipment is then earthed off and back on agai ‘before the alarm switche his means that the uP ‘of N2 will 20 sounder the item Te Satches ‘off, providing high, Witge for FED. As the Cou lof FFI Is low clock time, the D input of FED Te ‘also low there: at tN Dc output of FF2 will 0 ‘that NB is fore te Goa ransistor T1 SUT off, When the cis tn turned back on, te lock input of Satie tow, ut the outputs FO ‘he same adjustable square-wave edges “The ability to delay the leading ‘and trailing edges Toe szjuare waverorm will find mar applications of igial circuits. The diegrar, figure 1a shows ira anly a very few components 2 Tequired t0 do that ihe circuit makes use of {Oe fact that the out put of a Schmitt tigger 92% will not change state patil the voltage level on the ‘input reaches a certain un jeal point known as the {906% threshold. Charged via 1 and AI. This ncreases the time it charge, the voltage level atthe inher of the gate 10 tekst, the ‘trigger threshold Poin ‘With a logic 1 at {fhe input to the circuit, the potential across C1 will the tinue to rise until, for al! practical purposes, it conte che supply vottage level When the input reocney to zero Ct will dlecharge D2 and R2, Soain delaying the time at ‘which the trigger thres: hold is reached. A clear understanding can be gained hold figure 1b which shows {he ‘waveforms at Various points in the circult varie be remembered that re rigger threshold mse a Schmitt gate is Nighy dependant on the Borply voltage. The followin figures fare quoted fOr the RCA 4093 Upd ur UT 5 33 23 10 7 5A 18 94 73 1 easing age dla can row be xe The equation: io ur Mee oni cer xin tt — Gos oF "= Gop 07 oloktor july/august 1981 — 7-31 Although eyele, the alarm will no Ty rnust be admitted that -mpler alarm systems 20 rime However, this circult incorporates some exist ating ideas and is simple ‘use. Nevertheless, the device does have one Grawback. If, for instance, two items of equipment Teft on inadvertantly 1g only one is switched off Wee, the alarm sounds, an nit wilt indicate 1h fact. Care must be Qaken, therefore, t0 Nave & good look round the Sashboard when the alerm sounds! « wine. y101 = 4008 tb the delay in the trailing edge armounts 10: = ur arcs -R2 x C1 x19 (G55 <7 oF -therafore, the choice of values for Ri, R2and C1 War give any required olay 7 the leading and withing edges of the square ware However, the tratyimmum delay for either edge ghould not be more Than 80% of the pulse duration: than Pon this, world is porters and different Nonufacturers of IC1_ quote rather large ‘igget mangnold tolerances. TRIS Mate that the actual delay times can Pe calculated,7-32 — oloktor july/august 1981 silent disco deck switch “This cireult is primarily intended eliminate the Tenet liek’ or ‘thump’ whier foccurs in many distin ystems when the rocor decks are switched Sie oft, This unwanted Sree’ © produced DY OF eemat from the motor, which ‘causes & large vepike’ to cruise around the ‘wiring until it eventually emerges as a thump in the loudspeakers. The level emerge ap is dependent on the BO the mains tyele at which the deck /s Switched on or off cy re deck can be switened OF © the mains cycle passes through the Zero Vole, point and held on der of the half-cycle, then very little for dient wil be produced 3 he current passing bach the motor as this me wip ‘be negligible. No rege ill be produced ot s¥atch Off either as the Ciput device will remain, oF, until the current passing through it has enngased 10 2 very low level aire design uses: a zero-cr Otte detector to switch Sha triac twice every maine tcyele (an the positive on ? Negative going half vel), “The circuit is Very Graple to construct and it relatively inexpensive sie ah line (OV) is isolated making it safe and Taumres’ so that it can De “controlled remotely, OF ‘ric2280 rvse a indeed, directly from the mixer {0% panel. indeest was designed to fit into oe disco console The uforetore it can derive It Pore (which only and ines to. 8 few miliomes) from the system eronsformer. The transformer ‘output voltage needs soe be symmetrical, about ground and can be TP ywere in the region bereeer! $12V to + 24V ants not available, then 2 small separate transformer can be used wart antiphase 60 Hz signalé 2c derived from the Tirsformer output which 3° then rectified by Yjodes D1. and 02 to produce ® series of negative= Going pulses, (100 Hz) a, resistor RI. These Sees are then shapes oy the Schmitt. trigger pulemed by gates NT and N2 to, produce a series of Short spikes. These spikes are synchronised to the short rosting point of the mains ‘waveform and the wath oF the spikes can Be adjusted by means of Wreset poxentiometer P: TRIS ei be useful if the Pracs used require @ higher holding current than normal. ag and RA hold the inpery of gates N3 Fee Ad high until such time a eck switches, St Sepmitt. trigger will then Past ‘through the corre: Sconding NOR gate and Pil be inverted in the process. This. positive going pulse is then used to rigger the respective programmable uniunction triage or (PUT), which will seer capacitor C3 {or C4) through the pulse transformer TF (or T12) (or turn on the triac Tri? (ri 2). Resistors RB and *© Dare included to ensure that ‘the PUT turns off Atgnly at the end of each Pulse Capacitors C1 and Be may be required if the poo supply used has @ Fah ripple content or 10 recurs ‘any noise if the mi Gwrches are situated close, high impedance Geet tlike the preamplifier fof instance) The unit can be made any power amplifiers). 't was Found that the pulse trancformers produce @ Telatively high magnetic on 39 | & SR. 0 | 7slekctor uly august 1981 — 7-33 field which may be picked UP BY ‘die corridos leads | COMPLE and tested, the transformer, should be tthe unit is placed directly Under the turntables. fiberally coated in varnish ©, reduce ‘buzzing’ fw ffect can be minimised OY Mend error or The. on ated up required isto turn the preset P1 reeering the unit. 1 ery SSN screened leads (from Mound) until the unit js operating correctlY . shoulyye. transformers: TAY, We coneruced by expanse ic ut the pulse waneformer: The Pelt or so tums of 32 SWS (2 sarurimary shuld ot Os eed to cvs to oot other fe wintfecondary of 0 ferrite ring Cor (ex'gooe}, The operation Ty place cred by adjacent channel: and eatio. and polarity, #2, ane | tiecreed for convrolting other murs Fane race may Toque THOT A ene Geviess including aN ‘The possibilities are “nsengary for correct operation: Ihr a can WRN {and cheep!) be found by trial ‘and error. Once the unit is « petwork RI/C1. This is then internally divided into etwort ther frequencies wit fixed harmonic three hips, with each owhet, Orr of the three raltiorjor is further dlvigng torre ‘imebase for estattack/decsy onvelOPe: “complex signal, which A the Spest be described as the ringing’ voltage is electronic on aed trom four bit digital to analogue converters serivedied 10 the output of #ech ‘oF the internal frequency dividers “The bipolar integrated circult TYPr gap 0600, from The IC. also. contat audio output amplifier Siemens, is yet another sound, 1C. However, this ‘which is capable of driving an eight ohm loud: articular devi is different vccaesigned to give speaker UP TO e © of gqum of 160.mW. The cUsmer Bar imonic. sound, which makes & ec chance waveform resemble querewave and the upper a harry more cornmon, “DeSPAs soot Sand harmonics in wis ae attenuated ‘pops, and whem Pe GG00 becomes capacitor CZ, cae a hat tne sound quay "BIOEE in the UK, it wil be Possets Ceeeryet wil ba improved 1 He Te dspeaker were mounted avallamnete miniauure electronic 20 eto every few in a tubular housing 2 compl components, The device tar *werMiele An even more interesee effect can be obtained if external tock a small battery 1s FT nt to power two. $008 re ream slighelydifereny o ‘which means that the complete unit can be frequencies are ‘combined. It is also possible to it ited virtually anywnere, THIS eu ruit arrange the S40, ea. a they both arive the shown in figure 1. aren Mepeaker. This 18 30 wnajed in figure 2, The pow itself consists of @ mastet cxcilator whose gutput signal $m" Oe Nusrat gong (U2) ts taken Tre ency. is determined by the scties of the from pin 3 via om Somoter PY an capacitor from Fa to pin 8 of 1C1. Prem potentiometer and Tran be used t0 set the ONS Tevel while P2 Sajusts the frequency OF the ‘second gong. adiure be pointed out that 12°8 Yead lengths tO Me sro uee buttons may cause fate triggering. This Stpply common. The love ‘quiescent, current Con suPP ion of 1 HA means thee tingle battery Will Aor a very reasonable length of time.f detuning cau! tbe reduced to, $2" ‘could also be used in soy providing t ibility of prodt RT a hundred Hert with the poss modes, such 85 that this feature is of the circuit sensitivity (evel ‘starts supplying @ Jowering its trans regeneration. is able The detector as itis input signals, This also heavily modulated specifications single sensitivity {AM mod. 30%, single signal 52 (SSB, frequency Far ‘tuning capacitor: 4. The term single st explanation. the sensiti ‘the absence ity of all detection taking signals, the full Tn the product TAM willl be in the or depending on tuning. highest tuning frequency jucing the L/C ratio. inding of L1 co made by red The primary wit mel! core type T94- Tayed between the turns ‘means that distortion is Te is the figure obtal with the y cher signals, OUS ORME, Wreding (of the wideband F place on jacen benefit of, read, except perhaps 19 cou ‘where the spectrum Is OTHR's and BC jammers. detector to an cope infinite imped low, (AM) carrier. The ‘Ware obtained for the ProtoryPs gin = 1008): 1HV sitivity S/N = 10.dB): 0.3 4V 600 p A. VT M2, ignal_ sensitivity m= id of @ this sensitiv ‘der of between cot yet polluted BY‘lektor july/sugust 1981 — 7-35 tween the horizontal and vertical lines. A pulse unerator_formed by, NID and buffered by NO generis 163 and 1C4 ata freausney of 250 kHz vie content bit counter ICS ane 166. This occurs in c. Voss anon 'a way that, each POI ‘the matrix, and ee such gore tne particular Key. Is enabled row by row di ital ke board mney column by colurnn. When ‘all inputs (0. -- 7 9 y an cl Yas Yen a Nope one sep Twat ‘key contact is ‘ax first sight, this circuit 1ooks rather complicated: cod. te GTourput of 1C4 goes ow. The result of At Tre Tpevboard encoder. and performs the this i the 1 ouresaner position at that HT and Mee ana Tunetion: Each of the ie up to 8 shastOta te re de” of the depressed Key 15 latched Tm of oA. ay meat Cantey number, into ICY and 1C2 vie N3- manipinary number is avalebie Biney orbit Smmukaneeey 2G ourput of 1C4 goes high and poral data at the ©. oUthe ‘oF iCl and 12. The iS Massed to input DB OF IO? ‘This gives an indi Parte level at the O8 ousput inioee Uther of not Caton SME DE son operated. To ensure we ‘oue of the keys has been ierpesed, The umputs OMY key code is passed Gy ...06 and QB can be feprpected toe micro” WO Sore Keys are depressed o processor system, OF ee atvely, they can be Oe ‘counters, rtnalogue converter and te ever_0 evita, OOO ‘This means, that copd zo control a music ralethesiser Since the | ORY ever jowest value Key will Be ‘decoded. Gates Feels era TRovsame stato after NO i owes that the latch and reset pulses do She key is released, there is ne Sartre sample not OO ure ome time and also that the have the old circuit after the D/A ‘converter. {he correct polarity ancrpainer advantage of the Crest that the free The Keyboard driver, 13, has open collector Quency determining resistors eu would normally OUNDE pone sc when a number of KeYe are de fhe present in an analogue keyboard are no longer Gremed at the same time, Te outputs are shorted be oid Furthermore, the, atl ayboerd only wonether tine ing on te particule! aor of cuits complementay, uP available reavires a single contact Pet Ke the ci ne features Zait operation ie 2s foot en vevits fom on mpl of IC and IC2 (not shown Mocated @ certain position in 2 Sx Bmatrix. This Wn the circuit diagram. alloearmined by the crossings Of ‘eight ourput lines i Sar1c3 and elght input lines 1c4, Each of the from desing points aro connected {r key contact 8 nen is key i6 operates © Tink is made be: © wy Ne NeAto= 109 Nits te1o= 7420logic analyser here give the logic rs described 1 73) the following 1, 72 an ce _makes it possible The input buffer analyser (Elektors: 7 advantages! advtne higher input, impedan to ‘analyse’ CMOS circuits. tbe lengthened thereby en” _ the input leads ca Shting the logic analyser to Pe ‘operated more easily. Each Latter consists of 8 very fash comparator ‘trigger. The hysteresis: the values of the wc'10 KM) and the value Of MO feedback resistor (33 KO) ‘Using the given te the hysteresis i around 1 Y If required, this vs ef the value of the feedback s value is reduced. resistor jes of the tigger voltages. hs depend on the position of switch St. 10 position a, the trigger the Pies are about 1V (logic 7ere) ‘and 2V (logic 1) vormmbonding to TTL and BV ‘CMOS levels. With Gheswitch set in position By the values are deter: ‘two inpu R58 = 68. Pt = 500 8 adjustable Capacitors: 1... C11 = 10 6F 12,613,014 ‘semiconductors Wer... 1C11 HATH D1 = US, y mined by tt analyser, the the buffers in the arti should be otal length of the measu! the buffers are shown in fig length of ribbon cal icles mentioned above. under test. 2,818,816,F17.R20,F21. 1, A35,R36, 37.40, (A52,R55 ~ 10k R43 RAB, ASS ~ 33 aaa, R64 = 242 ‘Yue ING V tanteal 101, LM 710 (B-pin metal can) the setting of pote’ ible to make measurern ting on higher supply volta cirouits operat mum 12 V). rum ined cireuit board and COmPONe layout for Wyre 2, To keep the board possible, which is net ‘to the logic analyser in id to connect the buffers 10 ‘Neither length ‘longer than 40 cm, which me ntiometer P1. This ‘ents in CMOS ges (maxi scessary in order to jon of the logic e mounted vertically: ble can be used 10 ts, as described Ribbon cable can of ribbon cable, however, sans that the ring cable, includlektor july/eugust 1981 — 7-37 putfers, should be about 80 om the voltage regulator ICs Wi batters, fon remacks about te Pere age other wee Oe 78L12 Fin consumption is fairly Nesey, De ecenint > WA) TNE ED cbuaced by 7812 and 7808 WPA Catromithe TZN ee spproximately respectively be (eeier, note that the pina of tama, while that, drawn frome Ape SBN supply ena ely yators do not correspond ‘with those of eraund BO mA. Hf theses Tower cspply of te old one ie togie analyser is to be used £° ‘power the buffers, « 1p2, 74 and R7. The constarr emitter currents make the. measuring amplifier Gndependant of supply voltage variations. voltaG erential amplifier (F1 and 12) is followed Dyan integrated differentia) amplifier (the LM 301 from National conductor). This PSA universal fromm Mag go ive unity sin 1 OU is eneretove conesjogue meesurement Soha) ‘and can be used measur in ar gotly as such. Two further Momponents, R10 and ing oete eee am lift er ible signal. p BSH sans mete ae Noe eat for THO PORE hhave already ‘An analogue multimeter is, BY NOW. AT of the more been mentionad: 1127 Solused as a preamplifier (Or Aan tems of equipment one’ ty electronics a normal Hermfogue) multimeter ond I also be ‘sanders, Ever digital multirees Ma used asa PrOMDN aera. digital multimeter entity que commen. Hower aa mot Furthermore, he Sere Nan be used as an Al pemammon wo find that, the eric of. he apeeaml fa Frequency counters OF similar uremring instruments availabie ae altro near as Gavices, In this Fo astenormeter P2 can Be uses re lag oe WOU rr ere maar et aet the tiger Hv remy, itis also possible tO ext ty is not high enough (in ome mins, irean use the circult #8 2 Sr eamplifier for an inexpensive sensi aware. jow voltages) Ot Oe eOtaput im- oscilloscope mek nee oF whe instrument is Ce eect Dates wal application for the citcult pedance tye ie the worst 19 fect he seco the only main callbrarce ire seme in all C2505 dlsagymihy measurements taken oe He Biyinecour- THists we. 20 lia nd is achused by rears OF reason Meneral, interpretation Of stom ranitts _prcent poeta + onTis potentiometer must ate: go incorrect conclusions! preset go that when the inputs 2° shorted (in other willlesaple cout described Ter. wwhich uses words, when the [ert ep ides of Ri and R2 ore The Stew components suffers (% wie chose conneetod together) ‘Sutput from the opamp. is one pimeaspine Cuca mone Clcrete exactly 2270 YON } ine al applications, potenti, sierevential amplifier constructed ste tid eransistors moter P2 acters oorce sensitivity: With the aie sited 72. A separate constant Tat aaa. of ie COMIN ay "tis possible to adjust the TH apmed in safes with both ere era mint te Sa ry ‘eide range: from 2 gait connecteurce for transistors T1 cP Neste Foye, ot zoe wet ST horefore be useful tO gurrent xb ana that for transistor T? Se of, provide this potentior™! ‘auth a calibrated scale op earooue on7-98 — elaktor juty/eugast 198 _ digital sinewave oscillator ‘am assortment of digital sinewave penesto1" circuits hve found their way Into the page, of Elektor ravfazine over the years, a8 in ast ‘year’s Summer magar'tsgsue for instance. However, We circuit de- Cid ere requires fewer component than usual Sy therefore produces a sinoware, signal that is perhaps not quite so 9008 Gqualitywise, but neverthe pert serves its purpose very well terre circuit consists of two sections each of which Tre d have many useful applications oF its own: an CRrillator constructed around 2 Per of EX(clusive) cre aes and a dlvide-by-three circult constructed around two ordinary flipflops: sou ecillator is made up from botn non-inverting ote (NI) and an inverting Ga (2). If only in: Gere ng gates had been used. at [eset ‘three would jerting gate can De rage up fram two inverting Sate connected in aries, Here only. two gates ar ‘used to construct sere. ilar (to Elektor readers) 204 reliable S-gete oscillator. sereicircult works as follows. 18% UF assume that, ‘ieatly, the input of N1 (pin 2) is Tow. This means ininaths output of N1 will also be lee! ‘and the out: Wi of N2 will be high. Capactor Ci will then be harged via resistor R2. After 2 short while, the nnn 66 : 4013 4070 e826 Skies eaoro input of N1_wil go high via FY and the whole Wrocedure will be reversed: Reacere interested in Proctiype of oscillator are referred (6 ‘the National Semiconductor Application Nowe No. AN-118, Semigo mr jcluded in their current CMOS 0% book. whieh idesby-three saction consists Of ‘two flipflops Vnich both divide by two, in other words, it would fe expected that together they ‘would divide bY Pee However, another EXOR 9200, (N3) has beon four joo between the output of FFD ‘and the input int. This effectively invorts, (Pe ‘clock input nal each time the output of FE7 changes polarity avai os not present, the output Seg of the flipflop. would not change unt! the end of the ttm clock period. With the addict ‘of N3, the Glock signal is inverted and the positive-going edge riggers the flipflop after every half period. There: Feae*the dividing Factor here is threes not four. 2 ‘The sinawove signal ts gunerated vis & Tp of re vey dators (RS and RA). When the input to both re store iow (logic zero) there wil Be Tr output sisttage. When the input t0 both, resistors is high Trasig one) the output voltage wit ibe high. When Loge oat to the resistors is low and the other high one irput voltage will be either OF % of the supply (high) level Obviously, this can be proven mathematically, Obviousrmapler method to justify It's examine 2 single sinewave period ‘diagrammatically. A small 2 erangle may be drawn in the conte of the sine rectangy represent a Yogic one level Two further wave Mies of tne same size can then te drawn to rectorge of the first. The araa inside the sinewave cach saat two rectangles will be halt that of the oe The digital simulation techhnoe® ‘generates fier al with the same areas as the 2s asrare onatructing the circuit it sno id be noted Wir CMOS inputs should never Oe left ‘floating’. that or words, pins 12 and 13 of the EXOR chip {iya) should be connected to ground (ov). «transformerless aerial amplifier “The omegeantenna, published the June 1980 True of Elektor (page, 6-08), fulfilled a popular Jemand. It’s main drawback however, the difficulty fo obtain the cores for the broadband transformers. 1. smpted our design staff 10 come with a version prompes not require these particu or ‘components. antenna’, thar eetrermative amplifier fOr whe a Grseribed in the previous sum primarily intended for dire Prima Kitz to 3OMHZ range, The ‘compromise, the gugh not mentioned at the ime. the rather frigh noise figure, It is possible alter one of the matin parameters in order to obs the best poss: deri promise between dynamic range and noise figure. fats mplifier shown in the circur diagram meets this requirement. Although the igrounded:base con- figuration of the BFT OS iproduoes a somewhat Higher noise figure than the igrounded-emitter battery supply timer ‘A need often arises for battery powered equipment fo be switched off after a certain period of time. te spough timing circuits are legion, 1 not such @ Finple matter to switch @ power ‘supply off after some hours of use. The ‘circuit featured here will dO some Nhe expense of a current drain of only a few nano amps. (A took at the eirout diagram wil Se that not A any components are involved. ‘Switch $1 is the many ton and, when pressed, supplies £ base drive Qtrent to the darlington transistor T1 which will cumezonduct to supply power to the equipment in then raneistor 12 will now also SWC OF to act as, 2 neh msstor G1 malintaiing the base current f° 1. Ticeotter Ct. wllina eoarste Chere Ra, When elektor july/august 1981 — 7-39 revit, He ean sul be considered out low. The gain cirethe amplifier ie determined BY ‘the ratio of the Ctilector and emitter impedance ‘and because of co eeapes nature of ihe em impedance, wwe ch also. depends on the looP Sr, wited that this circuit performs ‘almost as well @ the original one The circuit does have one $120) however. Due to the Tovence of a transformer, the, 'endency for the am- plifier to oscillate is vers eased, mainly because Of pith loops. Provided due care ‘and attention are aid to the construction and layout, this should not pose a problom. « the voltage across R4 drops 10 2b0%8 1.2V, T2will te vol Tie in turn wil switch Off T1 and there: athe supply. The only current Ar ‘lowing will tore vp eakage current through Bow transistors but Pe sill only amount to a few nore ‘amps at most. this A intents and purposes, the Battery ‘supply will bbe switched off. Ue Bete O97 le : \ =e \ ail = ane 4 Le@ ‘The time period for which the supply will be The ad on ean be calculated from the rather hor rendous formula: qe zeigt cts in 1+2 . (cr in Farads) UB For those in doubt the “try it and see’ method may Fike longer but will work just 26 well, If required, take long jngtons can be substituted PY discrete transistors. «7-40 — elektor july/august 1961 power stabiliser this power supply circuit contre of a three-pin Tfage regulator IC in coniunesoe with a buffer weirmetor, This combination ¢ result of the fact “Tart the 78x series of voltage regulators are onlY tapsble of delivering a current Me 1 A. in this design, unen the output Current exceeds “We buffer transistor takes ovr ‘the task from the the ur regulator 1C whereby allowing ‘currents up tO 5 A to be drawn Se Saux IC is available for & Tae of different voltages. By selecting the required regulator in the “eries, the circuit can be adapted for any voltage, Srovided of course the transforma ‘output voltage is provlest 4 greater than the required stabilised output voltage: Stnore a current of only 1 A(T Jess) is required, the Meson Vane rater a be omitted. If transi, Ri can be retained in the circuit to safe In is normal nowadays 1 USt, 5 LED as a panel Mt ator whenever, possible However, in keeping ich all electronic devices, {Ney ‘do have limitations with thelr operating parameters oe make life diffi and times. For instance, ‘the supply voltage cuties by anv areat degree the brightness of the LED guard the regulator IC. It will then function a5 2 guatlad “bleed! resistor. HOweusy in this instance scaling of the resistor should be increased from 0.5 Wto 5 W. 05 Maxx regulator is protected internally against The eating, but in practice the ‘demand on this Srotection circuitry 18, not ‘altogether satisfactory. protsptain a stable design, Wo measures have Deen To, on. the circuit shown Nets The current takguah the regulator IC can re ‘exceed 300 mA throug hen there i 2 sROrt-Ce ‘on the output. SxORP atfer transistor has & "OF ‘than adequate current rating Provided the heatsink used sufficiently large, both Prowjoltage regulator and the buffer. transistor the ig be able to survive MOMMY short-circuits, sre the peak current ey sed the wher mum output current of ‘5A. However, the reg ammount of short circute current will be actual ge the voltage regulator Hells ‘the amount of lritet ve current to transistor T Caecitor C1 will smooth oUF 2° ‘AC ripple, but its Catia ahaalas Be ameter ale cope with the vane mum flow of current. FOF ‘a current flow of UP Fre value of 1000 HF shoul be sufficient, but tee acurrentot 5A evans \Gnould be increased tO 4700 uF wilt follow suit, Should the voltegt Jevel become too Wight will result in the LED giving a permanently Bet indication! The ingenious ‘circuit here can get Ground these problems quite effectively: oraximum current capabilitY lof a LED is nor‘oloktor july/august 1981 — 7-41 mally about 60 mA but brights wail not signifi: TT to rite. This in turn will increas sep above 20 mA. This figure ot sgrthe current to T2. The subsequent ¢ Sorimum economic current level and the purpose ¢F ren collector of T2 will reduce the base current optiris eircut is to maintain 3 arte irrespective t0 Tt coll nerefore counteract the 1s 2 current Of fluctuations in supply vores levels. 16 the LED. The ciroult will New be stabilized. of fie transistors, TT ane ee form a constant ThE ose ipelow alves an indication ‘of the LED Te ae source and will maintain 2 a eencteral te omen various supply voltages. cantly increa: unin the acceptable limits of 15 and 27 mA with winations in voltage level betwee ‘Band 24V. By niemAy, 1B mA ‘Operation is relatively Brraightforward. A rising SR iama | ABMS mA Fay cuore saaNag ate « openly voltage will cause ‘he collector voltage of whether or not the inpue (FSK) signal is of suf wrette amplitude to arive the s¥Ster" Fee LM'3900 contains four ‘opamps which are Mightly unusual in that they ‘react to differences in fnput currents rather thay voltages (this type of iptge is commonly called 2 Norton amplifier’) Kansas Ci This means that the ‘output of the fi trigger (Al) is zero, under no-signal conditions, wet AN) art wg ig dem odulator %: oe ca be rena than ene Hewind ‘through the non-inverting input (via R3), The most popular form of FSK (frequency shift The charge PUMP works as follows: ‘When there is keying) modulator dea by computers nowaday® fs no input signal, ‘capacitor C4 je discharged via RB, sO kong mesuey Sane ee, cr no nut san ead sway 20 ata mation is ‘transmitted sequentially by means of car- int a positive-going pulse is received from Al? Ter pulses of constant ‘amplitude and two Miitterent —_rief current pulse will flow into the noninverting frequencies (1200 Hz and 2400 Hz). A logic low input of ‘A2 vie capacitor C3. This means ‘that an input oA im pes ou tn e Tiral generates a frequency fof 1200 Hz whilst verso a. is generated by Om Tigh level, Ob- input curr egreuit to remain in equlliott This 240 NF gor every rmodulator, ere De tpibeca CNET ee Sad via, C4, when, trees demodulator. can ged a small amount. AS result, the output 2 il rise whenever a positive gore sig ‘Ke can be seen from the circuit diagram, the Kansas voltage 0 Civ demodulator described Te is qui GorwardgOpamne ANOS Fe ‘Schmitt trigger and forty converts the output Of ‘the tape recorder into tage the higher the output VORA, My exly symmetrical squarewaye Signal, Opamp — pulses 38 thi veo’ and converts The sata around opamp AS is ‘conventional Jow pass filter. The ever frequency of the filter the intine output of AZ is fed 2 f (er pase thee depends cD he baud rate of the incoming signal. fonstructed around open? ws and the decoded, At a) baud the maximum freauen’y ‘at this point Gitered signal is then fed Tea second Schmitt trigger Bal be 190Hz therefore the urn-over frequency (a) to clean up’ the fing! digital output. trust be slightly higher eersistor T1 and LED D2 are Hneluded 10 indicate ThE eeacr of the low pass filter es rather poor earn, nal edge 1 Preent A eeinput. Afterwards, c8Pack7-42. — olektor july/august 1981 ude to be processed vein his reason the signals OF geht trigger constructed ee This enaures that the fine output pulses are sufficiently fast to drive ‘CMOS ICs, If the phase are output signal Fs not COmTE™T the connections fo R14 and R15 may be reversed Sarrent consumption of the ‘circuit is only @ few signal injector - tracer ‘A signal injector roust certainly be one of the Cheapest and most useful Pib6ee ‘Of test equipment design described here cnetne hobby workshop. The in tre caso signal tracer and features an audio so epat enabling both eyes to PP kept on the work in hand The circuit is very main parts; @ signe! simple and consists of three generator (IC); @ preamp Sifier. The signal generator (IC2) is a 565 connected 25 ¢ | kHz oscillator. With $2 in positis ‘simple continuity milfiamps 2n voltage. ‘the following The only adjustment potentiometer of logic zero 8 ‘the input signal and four eycles wads on the actual supply 1d partly de as that of, ily, this should be the same Jogie eireuitry, Tor the demodulator is Preset that the duration ‘the same when ‘of 2400 Hz « PI which is set $0 snd jogic one pulses are ‘consists of eight cycles of 1200 Hz. ints DP are in series with tester, Since the test pO! tester eillator’s RC_ network, “he ‘circuit will only Re cis continuity between these oscillate when tt points. Two test points can therefore be ‘two points in tt ® aber connected to the DF ead to establish continultY Fe, cirouit under test. The Me fed via P2 to the main tort be heard from the loud smear when there Ie sort Gro ppetween the speaker ong wil be ear the proves TS open Birouit of course Gira on 82. in position s, 1C3 oscillate with, swusly. Its output level (7 Sven controlled by P3 and fed robe(®) to be injected into the oKGapacitor C10 and into area are included to provent. oscillator from being loaded by the Lit, Probe () is from beloa race the signal NOUR tr of Hen gat circuit. A rasistence OF Pe wil the fuate, the signal and 2 transistor amplify it In order to detect changes in amplitude, it 15 17elektor july/august 1981 — 7-43 . 2 gee wy tant not to overload the loudspeaker, A simple ortened attenuator is therefore fncluded at the input to the preamp TO, provide three different input levels. To avoid loading “he eirouit under test a high impedance input is ng (ied by CB and RB. BEALS of the high input. impedann® of the pre: i + eg by IC2 and fed, via 40 use Crecassary to use 2 screened ead and probe Teeana S20, to PI which is used tO gjust the input for ths ‘put, Failure to do this will result in plenty level to the preamp, 1C1 fof noise at the output. revel Meaders may prefer 2 visual ‘output indication 9 Gesi0® ‘for an easily constr Sofor this purpose @ moving Soilmeter can be in igure 3. Normal test leads ca ‘used as shown in figure 2- signal output. cted probe is shown in be used for the K “The circuit is balanced By means of P1. This poten: The ter should be set i such. 2 ‘that an Op: ? tiowe light yield is obtained. ever ‘when scattered clouds are present. solar powered pocket torch pocket torches are handy thing’: but they have one reat drawback: at the most Inconvenient moments Sheir batteries go flat. Its therefore logical to make thelr fe ever-present ener $25" the sun. wee of erign incorporates @ Sieh ‘power-LED ‘which can handle @ maximnar continuous current wr 'go0 mA, and because Of ite high efficiency it gqives as much light 25 0 Watt lightbulb. An oF aves y torch bulb can be used Shown in figure “Ib, however in some cases, ‘Oscillation may occur Tere the self-induction of the filament. This ca te avoided by simply adding Serer capacitor, PEL aaa i= zu8 10 uz 10 Cx. Cx: ED is driven by two SP Mos-FET’s. Their extremely high slope proximately: 2000 mA/\ entples them to convert the initial 0.4V of the errr calls into the 800 mA ore current required for the LED. sett7-44 — elektor july/eugust 1981 alt the LEDs are extinguished. ‘and the person who gan do that with the least number of ‘nits’ is the ca ee in the. sound variston ‘of the game, the umber of players Is reatricted to only tO, One player starts: if the fist ball he hits is @ red one, Peeve is obliged to pockes also all the other red e with american billiards jones. The second player ‘then does the sam She green balls. As 10nd 2 the first player continues Yo hit his own colour, it remains his turn. Only when he fails to hit a bball or hits one of his of Ht. Walter -the popularity of. American Pool continues tO Te me and this electronic ary is played in 2 inetmar manner to the origin’ table billiards. How: ever, the billiard balls are ymbolically represented pocketed, the player there by six LEDS. game. This makes It or ogible for the game 10 ene here Dycuit (5 based on @ Tancoee eneretor. When 108 rr als Toe way of decicing the Wine” Te cae itch is dapresed, all LED's light uPy the nen the “hit” button is pushed a number and jom occurrences take place ‘that either one of Wan re rande E's goes out or every nts a iad es at all LEDs light up. The the TOF the LED's going out, mean? a seecre. ulti 2 so eucnad with N1 and N2, coher pals has been pocketed multi equenoy of about O00 ‘the Joh balls are can be played 0 Te In the first cfr Tome each player must pocket ro wey balls whereby sequence The gateselektor july/august 1981 — 7-45 end connect the counter oUnTUs 1° the D-inputs of | tangle in DEED two red ones. the flipflops. The CMOS 4050 can be aplaced by the 4049 which Hecrating the ‘hit button St will supply apuisets Nae Ome pin arrangement an which contains ail the flipflops. The counter cueputs which are high SV averting drivers. TTic. cause the state of the Sill then, via the latehes, $e% outpriptiops that were ClOGeS Te ng sige so that after reset, OH LEDs are wit already set, and the relevant Meerut The: Oak PEt nafven ball is pocketed’ the relevant mot eK from the C-output Of Te Mignoptathe, CEDIOE fate at the, Deinput forms Herel neoettolty (oa fats of rules for the game described Ghat a ‘set’ ftipflop remains mepeepouion ever. @AMIt sor the end. There are other possibilities. Aten further clock pulses, a7 Pog of the One bel ee ‘designated as the ‘black’ in snooker s counter leads nowhere, it is possible for even the which means hat it is the last one tO, ‘be pocketed. cousnot to be a ‘miss’. If $0 rived, this con be Anotnes variation consists ‘of, prior to ‘hitting @ ball’: iMeided by connecting he Hee ppt of tre Seok varietetolour it is going tobe. Ne doubt it auainter to 06 instead of O7) deciding oasible to think up furtnes variations, ONCE soarpest way of arranging the LEDs is in the form the Oe it and its possibilities hae ‘become familia Of an isosceles triangle Vepresented in the circuit the crane game is paved 2 10h, best to supPlY Giagram by the open diode promipols. The red LEDS 1 power via a small mains ‘supply or a nicad. The dioarctually placed at the comer ‘of the triangle. Power wer Jurmption is 90 mA When al the LEDs are are) Moen LEDS (the Diack ones Ot Meerarn) can te WN 1 igame is played less frequently it will Tre obe mounted half-way 107d tre grr of the Ceumtnennh’? Mine two 4.9 V dry cells: « is very low. This can be useful where it is necessary ivr tm Tovey coma ere TO wre mains them anda ansucets fOr NE eta TR the SE 048: 25T/R (25 kHz) or the Se 048-40 T/R . (40 kHz) from Toko. If other transducers are CMOS ultrasonic (OKA ory ec 10, aor ) emplove al tec waren 1 TN hg receiver is used here as @ preamplifier for the receiver. The following three inverters (N1- N3) are ‘connected » as linear ‘amplifiers ‘and provide @ certain amount of Remote control of all sorts se aruipment ibe, ee for the ultrasonic signal Penultimately, the coming more and more popular both inside and signal is. rectified and smoothed bY diode D1 a ‘outside the home. ‘The transmitter can be either & capacitor C8 before being fed to the final inverter! source of light oF ‘of sound and the receiver |S buffer 'N4, which ‘supplies the ‘actual control signal usually built-in to, the equipment which it is in Depending on ‘the particular ‘application, this output, aly Buln Pye oran won no Ges) ing on AME rtd hee a will only react to the relevant transmitted (coded) two unused inverters inside ‘the 4069 package) tO control signals and is therefore rather sophisticated. contro! ‘CMOS switches. ‘Alternatively, it can be. cent Saat eo daa wet coil CMOS yt ate 2 eon This not he Bt console more se tig, var gach ence of UBM oF for this or that purpose. Rather, this article ‘describes (OF off) or open (or close) a lock etc. foriry simple and. inexpensive Mierasonic receiver orieable aransmittar can Ofte" be obtained as a very silo ora vie of spoons © Aste ome ede tHE 2 ee addition, it will operate for quite a long time on their low cost, it Is hardly worth constructing one ‘an ordinary 9 ‘V battery as the current consumption at home.7-46 — eloktor july/eugust 1961 constant | ulse p04 width osct lator ‘and off can sometimes ve the fact that the first of last in width from maximum In most cases, it is ery narrow pulse OF switching oscillators OF Fise to problems due to tl {or both) pulses can vary Gown to almost non-existent Grobably true to say that {he M Perike” will be the one 10 Cause the problems. It all ene et that the oscillator, switch off hronised with oscillator wrnaetcr= 4093 sem oT ably not = ouput OH yas te uss snl Be a Fige 18 Sete pn hl cel, ro tat tft ity ad eNO 2g She faa et TOM tom anytting owan een om ne manned bm 2G) Te vat Ne Tuga Seppe Te ue wi mY yet be 100 alo" mca m8) ers nar eyte a Te a 10 ae an extensve "ed cout be arene te problem a Antec rem nee te smn he eum oR top, DOO) those followin vents capacitor 1 from charging during the time The sacrifice of two extra gates wets PL ced ons The ae pat his coneant ul Iara at unt sie ae wos =P provide 2 4, Ths is satan figure 2) may well be worth Tat nathoxclator be highly popular with ma veagon for this i that coment ‘circuit operation is reaitied audibly and without tne. need for test equip veri other words, the circult does something in a physical sense 2 pavRertigulr sien is very SIMDIe and easy to. con single IC siren Th pare heh dasa. Me from: National ‘Semiconductors. ‘This 1C contains an audio power amplifier, ‘similar to the LM 386,pulse generator with variable duty-cycle 1 single 4093 CMOS IC is eminently suitable for A sintjcting a simple pulse, genesseo The IC con cofys four Schmitt-triggers. BY ‘adding a resistor, TWO tain era capacitor and a potentiorers ‘one of the frei gates can be used to produc oscillator with (owe frequency and a variable iduty-cycle. The pulse a cation ts determined by the RC time-constant of senenwork consisting of cAnaCTON C1 and resistors we spt. When the wiper of he potentiometer is it the mid position a perfectly symmetrical square in whe Ggnal is obtained at the OUND If, however, Who setting of Pt is altered, the ‘capacitor (C1) will the F different time to charge Whee ‘to discharge. ‘as a result, gate N1 will be ‘riggered either sooner Bs “acer on either the positive-d0100 negative-going gage of the signal depending On ‘the direction in Bey 2 9 ® at, wives ® ev 18101 = 4088 ee ‘lektor july/eugust 1981 — 7-47 together with three incomanitied= NEN. wate sistors. Sto areisions Teen U2 te the basis of an Teable multivibrator_with 2 frequency variable a meer MTS ee used to adjust this, The amplifier is also Wave oscillator and ooaker at frequencies variab ‘between 250 Spear tia, The amplifier, ROWENET A ‘switched on 18 off by the multivibrator Y™ transistor T3. The anciit is a pulsed siren like sound. resi udibie tone is adjusted BY the preset P2. A TTT ET TT which P1 was rotated. This effectively means that the pulse width varies the ee RT Is concerned, this ae14 a protective Be eat, uaee Neos) nes “uully clockwise Tresmimum resistance). THis eat that the duty: ee i ot 100%. waren but, after all, @ Per ex, range should be perfec acceptable! 35 frequency of the oscllanor ‘ependent on the Tage of capacitor C1, since the ‘of the RC time oth half-periods. If corral different frequencies £7 required, a multi search with a correspond a ‘number of capaci: vray may bo included to replace C1 (see figure 2) tors miables the pulse duration 12 ‘be varied in stages.

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