LONG MARK ANSWERS / FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS

How is ionisation achieve in a mass spectrometer :

Electron gun fires high speed/energy electrons
This knowks electrons off the atom

What are 3 uses of ionisation in a mass spectrometer :

To be accelerated by the electromagnetic field
To be deflected by the magnet
To be detected by the charged plate to create the current

Describe processes in the mass spectrometer :

(Ionisation) high energy electrons fired at sample
(Acceleration) accelerated by an electric field / given kinetic energy
(Deflection) are deflected by an electromagnet
(Detection) ions arrive on a negatively charged plate, given back thier electrons, and create a
surge of current

State and explain the general trend in ionisation energy accross a period :
Increase
Increase in effective nuclear charge stronger force between nucleus and outer electron takes
more energy to break
No shielding increase
Atomic radius decrease stronger force of attraction between nucleus and outer electron

Al and S deviate from the general trend. Explain this for both :
(aluminium) Electron being removed in higher energy level / orbital (p) rather than (s) easier
(silicon) outer electron is in a paired orbital aided by electron repulsion

Explain the trends in boiling point accross a period fro each element :

(sodium aluminium)
increases boiling point
metallic bonding
more elctrons stronger force of attraction

(silicon)
high
giant covalent structure
strong lattice with intramolecular bonds

(Phosphorus Chlorine)
low
simple molecular
intermolecular forces
increase with size of atom because larger surface area = more london forces (S highest)

(Argon)
noble gas
weak
only intermolecular forces