Aug.

25 2016 VoL 37 No 8 2539-2551

Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica ISSN 1000-6893 CN 11-1929/V

http:// hkxb. buaa. edu. cn hkxb@buaa. edu. cn

DOI: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2015.0335

CFD

210016

:(CFD)
Navier-Stokes ]ameson
Runge- Kutta Spalart-Allmaras
(IGE)""""
1
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: V211.52 i: A : 1000-6893(2016)08-2539-13

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: 2015-09-03;: 2015-11-24;: 2015-12-04;: 2015-12-25 13:23

: www.cnki.net/kcms/detaiI/11.1929.V.20151225.1323.002.html
. (11272150)
Tel. 025-84893753 E-mail: zhaoqijun@nuaa.edu.cn

. . . CFD[J]. 2016 37(8): 2539-2551

ZHU M Y ZHAO Q J WANG B. Simulation o{ helicopter rotor in ground effect based on CFD method and hybrid trim algorithm
[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica2016 37(8): 2539-2551
 2540 Aug. 25 2016 Vol.37 No.8

[8J |
CFD1

/
""
""




[ l
(
)
1

1.1

(CFD)
1[10-11 10 RX15 RX6 R( xyz R
)
l
0. 5 R UH-60A
411 600
[] 4 440 16 2 21 7 2161
1

|
Kut z[13J Na vier
St oke s |

11

l
Na vier-St oke s ] Fig.1 Computational grids of rotor flowfield at in ground
Spa lart- All
m aras effect flight
 2542 Aug. 25 2016 Vol.37 No.8

2.1 /
/

2.1.1


2.2 CFD

11 /

l CFD
f( CFD

: [18 J CFD
1 ) -
2

:
1 l
2) ()



1 2 2 CFD
; =(1 AKI+ 2 l-
CX =(1 -) 21
(3)

: =f (1 ) /( f (1 ) + f (2) )
3) F ;;6p = F FD ( F ;: -F;:'IB) (4)
:l ;11 1
l ;FLp11 +1 ;
;FFD5fU F Bz
( ) CFD11;

3
/:
2.1.2

4 CFD
; 11
5 ;
2
5
;
|
/:
 :CFDl 2543

l.Initialization 3.Numrical analyses

2.Coupled trim ofthe rotor

2
Fig.2 Flowchart of rotor trim analyses at in ground effect flight

20
3 '0 (Testl-- 80 (Calculation)
A(Testl) --A(Calculation)
(Calcul n)
3.1
4
2::::B

ROBIN l
'loO
[ 0 .-==: :

:2m/ 0.083m
-
AV
AV

O . 860 m 4
l 0.2
0.066 mNACA0012
30
3 ROBIN
180 m/s
Fig.3 Trim results of ROBIN rotor
=0.01 0.050.150. 23

2.8
3
|

4
( lg ( t.CT) )
( )
/

l 2 3 4 5
n

5 4
( X L Fig.4 Residual convergence curves of thrust coefficient
 2544 Aug. 25 2016 Vol.37 No.8

) 135
-- Chee semanl3j
C
1.25

Testl3j
Calculation

C/=
0.079 5
=0.01
1.15
Testl19j
-- Calculation
0.01

u 1.05

h
Ay
J

2 3 4 5
h/R

6
-0.01
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Fig.6 Comparison of variation of rotor thrust increments
x/L with different flight heights
0.03
CT/=
0 065 7
= 0
= 0.23

_.
.. Testl19j
- Calculation
3.3

UH-60A
8.1 7 8 m 27 rad/s
300. 527 m4
-0.01 0.189 3 R

-0.02
7 CrI =0.15
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
(CQ) OJ
x/L

5

Fig.5 Comparisons of calcu!ated pressure coefficient on

fuse!age top line with test data


3.2

;

|
14

[ 3J

C/=0.15
Testl20j

12 -- Calculation
R=l.105m 4
6 _l_-1>1_ Z J. _
NPL9615 :
h/R=O .40. 50.6 0. 7 0.8 0.91. 0
u
:::::: 10 F-
I
. . ----::"_
- _
'
--

1. 5234 6 T 8

CFD 6
o 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06


7
2 Fig.7 Ramp increment of rotor power required at a !ow

T speed flight
 :CFDl 2545

;


4
CrI =0.1
10
4.1

_._.-._.-.-
12

UH-60A .;
10 .;
.;
- C/a=0.05
8 CT/= /
_.-
C/= 0.10

0.1 h/R=0. 53 7 8 / C/=0.15

J
6
/
.... - - -
- - -

...
/

4

11 2
0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
h/R
(a) Rotor power required with difTerent

FAU
J

blade thrust coefficients

'S"' ... .-_.:-;

_ .-- ..-'
1.0

/
J

0.9 1
".
"/
Z " .
"

C.r 0.8 1/
i
u //
A
AV

'1 - C/= 0.05

0.7

_.-
'1 --- C/= 0 10
AV
KO
A

C/= 0 15
/
l
AV
A
q
OV
AV
3
AV
W
OV
AV
AV
nU
rb
J
"

0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0

F

h/R
(b) Ratios between rotor power required
of IGE and that of OGE
8
9
Fig. 8 Comparison of rotor power required between
Fig.9 Comparison of variation of rotor power required
moving ground and stationary ground
with different blade loads

4.2
7

-0-h/R= 0.42
h/R= 0.53
h/R= 1.00
L

J
h)

l
UH-60A 9
4

3
0 0.04 0.08 0.12 0.16 0.20
h/R=2 |

h/R > 10
2 Fig.10 Compan of variation of rotor power requi1
with advanceio in derent flight heigl
2546 Aug. 25 2016 Vol.37 No.8

4.3


4. 3.1

11 =0.020.030.05

Lateral symmetry plane

(a)=0.02

-0.012

_jx
Cp
Up'pe

y O .

(b)=0.03

(c)=0.05
11
Fig.11 Rotor flowfields different advance ratios
 2548 Aug. 25 2016 Vol.37 No.8

-
10
'F180 ( 11 ( b) )
h/R= 0.53
5 h/R=0.79 14 ( b) 0.6 2 R
- h/R= 1.00
-- h/R
= 1.50
h/R=2.00
ZJ
- - OGE
E)
\X

t=
270 t=180
-10

15
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 4.5
rlR

13 15UH-60A
Fig.13 Rotor induced velocity distribution along radial
7.2
direction of blade in hover
OV
AVAV

4
.
AVAV

10
4

====-

l2 3 4 5
4

.
4

hv
4
AU
AVAVAV
-

-

f
)
E -5

-10

15 ( a) 80-JI
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r/R - h/R =0.42
OV
AVAV

(a)

I/f= 180 -- h/R=0.53

AVAV
'

--- h/R
=I.OO

=====

.
l2 3 4 5
'

-- OGE
A

10
'

.
hv
.

AU

5 -
0.4
AHV

AVAVAV

4

-
L E)

K

A
PJ

-0.8
\

(;

-1.2
-10 o 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
F

-15 (b)A-
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
2.8
r/R
(b) I/f= 270

14
Fig.14 Rotor induced velocity distribution along
radial direction of blade in forward flight

270UH-60A
0.08 R
14 ( a)
L2
o 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06

(c)B
O .01 O.02
; 15
0.03 Fig.15 Variation of rotor trim value with different

}I advance ratios and different flight heights

 :CFDl 2549

Cd= ;
O .1

=80 -Ajcos <<-Bjs in << (5)

15
; [lJ HA YDEN J S. The e[[ect o[ the ground on helicopter hov
ering power required[C J //Proceedings of the 32nd Ameri
;15( a) 10
can Helicopter Society Forum. Washington D. C.: AHS
l
1976: 10-12.
[2J CURTISS I-I C SUN M PUTMANET W F et al. Ro-
; tor aerodynamics in ground effect at low advance ratios

]. Journal of the American Helicopter Society 1984

29(1):48-55.

[3J L1GHT J S. Tip vortex geometry of a hovering helicopter

rotor in ground e[[ect[1]. Journal of American Helicopter

Society 1993 38(2):34-42.
[4J GANESH B. Unsteady aerodynamics of rotorcraft at low

; advance ratios in ground effect[D]. Atlanta: Georgia In

stitute of Technology 2006

[5J GANESH B KOMERATH N. Study of ground vortex

structure of rotorcraft in ground effect at low advance rati

os:AIAA-2006-3475[R]. Reston:AIAA 2006.
5
[6J NATHAN N D GREEN R B. The f10w around a model

1 ) / helicopter main rotor in ground effect ]. Experiments in

Fluids 2012 52(1):151-166.

[7J CHEESEMAN 1 C BENNETT W E. The effect of
;l
ground on a helicopter rotor in lorward f1ight:ARC RM
;" 3021[R]. London:Aeronautical Research Council 1955.
" [8J . [J].
2010 42(2): 166-169.

ZI-IANG X. I-Ielicopter hover ground effect based on f1ight

test[1]. Journal o[ Nanjing University of Aeronautics &.
2)
Astronautics 2010 42(2):166-169 (in Chinese).
;
[9J JOHNSON W. Helicopter theory[M]. Princeton:Prince
ton University Press 1980:38-48.
OJ .

3) ]. 1998 30(5):104-109
KANG N SUN M. Investigation 01 the ground vortex
;
phenomenon due to the interaction between rotor' s wake

and the ground [1 ]. Chinese Journal of Theoretical and
Applied1echanics 199830(5):104-109 (in Chinese).
[11J . Navier-Stokes

[J]. 1998 16(2):82-86.

KANG N SUN M. Navier-Stokes calculations 01 induced

velocity o[ a rotor in forward f1ight with ground e[[ect[1].
1
Acta Aerodynamica Sinica 1998 16(2): 82-86 (in Chi
nese)
5) [12J i .
[ J ]. 2009 30(5):
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780-786. copter in forward flight based on CFD method [1]. Acta

YE L ZHAO Q J XU G H. Numerical simulation on Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica 2013 34(10): 2256-
flowlield 01 rotor in ground eflect based on unstructured 2264 (in Chinese).
emhedded grid method[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronau [19J RA YMOND E M SUSAN L A. Steady and periodic pres-
tica Sinica 2009 30(5):780-786 (in Chinese). sure measurements On a generic helicopter fuselage model

3J KUTZ B M KOWARSCI-I U KELER M. Numerical in the presence of a rotor:NASA TM 210286[R]. Hamp

investigation 01 helicopter rotors in ground effect: AIAA- ton:Langley Research Center 2000.
2012-2913[R]. Reston:AIAA 2012. [20J HEYSON H H. Operational implications of some NACA/

[14J SPALART P ALLMARAS S. A one-equation turhulence NASA rotary wing induced velocity studies: NASA-TM
model lor aerodynamic flows [1]. AIAA Journal 1992 80232[R]. Hampton:Langley Research Center 1980.
439(1):5-21.
[15J RAJAGOPALAN R G L1M C K. Laminar flow analysis :
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[16J / E-mail:zhumingyong@nuaa. edu. cn

HL[1]. 2008(3):24-30.
W ANG B ZHAO Q J XU G H. Numerical simulations I I .
for the flowlield of helicopter rotor/fuselage hased upon i
momentum-source method [ J ]. Helicopter Technique
2008(3):24-30 Cin Chinese). Tel:025-84893753

[17J . [ M]. : E-mail:zhaoqijun@nuaa. edu. cn

1 2003:4.
GAO Z CHEN R L. The helicopter flight dynamics[M]. :
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8J Jl CFD Tel:025-84893753

[1]. 2013 34(10):2256-2264. E-mail:wangho@nuaa. edu. cn

FENG 0 L ZHAO Q J XU G H. Trim analysis of heli
 :CFDl 2551

Simulation of helicopter rotor in ground effect based on

CFD method and hybrid trim algorithm

ZHU Mingyong ZHAO Qijun WANG 80

NtionI Key Lbortory of Science nd Technology on Rotorcrft Aeromechnics Nnjing University of

Aeronutics and Astronutics Nnjing 210016 Chin

Abstract: A compulalional Iluid dynamics (CFD) melhod based on lhe unslruclured grid lechnique and momenlum source

melhod is developed aimming at simulating the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics 01 a rotor in ground effect (IGE). In this

method the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations have been taken as governing equations the discretization of con

vective fluxes and the lime marching are compleled by Jameson scheme and the live-step Runge-Kutta ileration method re

spectively and one equation Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model has been employed. The rotor is modeled as a distribution

of momenlum source to simulale lhe ground effecl more realistically the boundary of "moving ground" is used instead of lhe

conventional "stationary ground" and the grids near the rotor plane and between the rotor and the ground are refined to cap

ture the ground vorlex more accurale. Considering the molion and control of the rolor in lhe actual flighl environmenl lhe ro

tor trim is taken into account in the simulation of the rotor flowfield. The aerodynamic forces of trim equations are given by

coupling of CFD method and momentum-blade element theory model. In order to improve the robustness and efficiency of the

trim melhod lhe genelic algorilhm/quasi Newlon hybrid ileralive algorithm is proposed and eslablished. Firstly the method

is used to calculate the rotor thrust increment and rotor power required in ground effect. The calculated results are compared

wilh lhe experimental results aimming al verifying the validity 01 lhe method lhe problem of ramp incremenl of rotor power

required at a low speed flight has been solved which is difficult for wake analysis methods. Then the flowfields of UH-60A

helicopter rolor in dilferent flight heighls dilferenl advance ralios have been calculated meanwhile the dilference 01 lhe rolor

power required induced velocity ground vortex and rolor control are invesligaled. The calculaled results show thal lhe

ground vortex appears at small advance ratio; with increase of the advance ratio it moves along inflow direction in the longi

tudinal plane and moves close to lhe ground in axial direclion then it becomes weak conlinuously and linally disappears

Key words: rotor; in ground effecl; unsteady aerodynamic characterislics; ground vortex; lrim analyses; Navier-Stokes

equations

Received: 2015-09-03; Revised: 2015-11-24; Accepted: 2015-12-04; Published online: 2015-12-25 13:23
URL: www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/11.1929.V.20151225.1323.002.html
Foundation item: National Natural Science Foundation 01 China (11272150)
Corresponding author. Tel. 025-84893753 E-mail: zhaoqijun@nuaa.edu.cn