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(GE401)
CHAPTER 2
Foundations:
Overview
1. F/P and P/F Factors
2. P/A and A/P Factors
3. F/A and A/F Factors
4. Interpolate Factor Values
5. P/G and A/G Factors
6. Geometric Gradient
7. Calculate i
8. Calculate n
F = F (1+i)..but:
2 1
F = P(1+i)(1+i) = P(1+i)2
2
Setting up the
subtraction
Capital Recovery
Factor A/P, i%, n
F/A and A/F Factors
F/A and A/F
Derivations
Example:
Formosa Plastics has
major
fabrication plants in
Riyadh and in Jaddh. It is
desired to know the
future worth of
$1,000,000 invested at
the end of each year for 8
years, starting one year
from now.
The interest rate is
assumed to be 14% per
year.
Sol. Example:
A = $1,000,000/yr; n = 8 yrs, i =
14%/yr
F8 = ??
Solution of Example
The cash flow diagram shows
the annual payments starting
at the end of year 1 and
ending in the year the future
worth is desired.
Example:
How much money must Carol
deposit every year starting, l year
from now at 5.5% per year in
order to accumulate $6000 seven
years from now?
Solution of Example
The cash How diagram from
Carol's perspective fits the A/F
factor.
A= $6000 (A/F,5.5%,7)
=6000(0.12096)
= $725.76 per year
The A/F factor Value 0f 0.12096
was computed using the A/F
factor formula
Interpolation in Interest
Tables
Interpolation of
Factors
All texts on Engineering
economy will provide
tabulated values of the
various interest factors
usually at the end of the text
in an appendix
Refer to the back of your
text for those tables.
Interpolation of
Factors
Typical Format for Tabulated
Interest Tables
Interpolation (Estimation
Process)
An Example
Assume you need the value of
the A/P factor for i = 7.3% and n =
10 years.
7.3% is most likely not a
tabulated value in most
interest tables
So, one must work with i =
7% and i = 8% for n fixed at
10
Proceed as follows
Arithmetic Gradient
Factors
An arithmetic (linear)
Gradient is a cash flow series
that either increases or
decreases by a constant
amount over n time periods.
A linear gradient is always
comprised of TWO
components:
Arithmetic Gradient
Factors
The Two Components
are:
The Gradient component
The base annuity
component
The objective is to find a
closed form expression
for the
Present Worth of an
arithmetic gradient
Example: Linear
Gradient
Desire to find the Present
Worth of this cash flow
Arithmetic Gradient
Factors
DO NOT FORGET
THIS!
Present Worth Point
Gradient Component
Next Step:
Factor out G and re-write
as ..
PW of the Gradient
Component
Calculating or looking up
the
P/G,10%,5 factor yields
the following:
Pt=0 = $100(6.8618) =
$686.18 for the gradient
PW
Example Summarized
This Cash Flow
Shifted Gradient
Example
Consider the following Cash
Flow
1. This is a shifted
negative, decreasing
gradient.
2. The PW point in time is at t
= 3 (not t = o)
Shifted Gradient
Example
Consider the following Cash
Flow
Geometric Gradients:
Decreasing
Typical Geometric Gradient
Profile
Let A1 = the first cash flow in the
series
Geometric Gradients:
Derivation
First Major Point to
Remember:
A1 does NOT define a Base
Annuity;
There is no BASE ANNUITY
for a Geometric Gradient!
The objective is to determine
the Present Worth one period
to the left of the A1 cash flow
point in time
Remember: The PW point in
time is one period to the left
of the first cash flow A1!
Geometric Gradients:
Derivation
Geometric Gradients:
Starting
Geometric Gradients
Subtract (1) from (2) and the
result is..
Geometric Gradients
Geometric Gradient P/A
factor
Geometric Gradient: i = g
Case
Geometric Gradients:
Summary
Geometric Gradient:
Notes
The geometric gradient
requires
knowledge of:
A1, i, n, and g
There exist an infinite
number of combinations for
i, n, and g: Hence one will
not find tabulated tables for
the (P/A,g,i,n) factor.
Geometric Gradient:
Notes
You have to calculated
either from the closed form
for each problem or apply a
pre-programmed
spreadsheet model to find
the needed factor value
No spreadsheet built-in
function for this factor!
Geometric Gradient:
Example
Assume maintenance
costs for a particular
activity will be $1700 one
year from now.
Assume an annual
increase of 11% per year
over a 6-year time period.
Geometric Gradient:
Example
If the interest rate is 8% per
year,
determine the present
worth of the future
expenses at time t = 0.
First, draw a cash flow
diagram to represent the
model.
Geometric Gradient Example
(+g)
g = +11% per period; A1 =
$1700; i = 8%/yr
Solution
P=
$1700(P/A,11%,8%,7)
Need to calculate the P/A
factor from the closed-form
expression for a geometric
gradient.
From a spreadsheet we
see:
Geometric Gradient (
-g )
Consider the following
problem with a negative
growth rate g.
Example: i unknown
Assume on can invest $3000
now in a venture in
anticipation of gaining $5,000
in five (5) years.
If these amounts are
accurate, what interest rate
equates these two cash
flows?
Example: i unknown
The Cash Flow Diagram
is
Example: i unknown
For i unknown
In general, solving for
i in a time value
formulation is not
straight forward.
More often, one will
have to resort to some
form of trial and error
approach as will be
shown in future sections.
A sample spreadsheet
model for this problem
follows.
Example of the IRR
function
Determination of
Unknown Number of
Years
Unknown Number of
Years
Some problems require
knowing the number of time
periods required given the
other parameters
Example:
How long will it take for
$1,000 to double in value if
the discount rate is 5% per
year?
Draw the cash flow diagram
as.
Unknown Number of
Years
i = 5%/year; n is
unknown!
Unknown Number of
Years
Solving we have..
Fn=? = 1000(F/P,5%,x):
2000 = 1000(1.05)x
Solve for x in closed
form
Unknown Number of
Years
Solving we have..
(1.05)x = 2000/1000
Xln(1.05) =ln(2.000)
X = ln(1.05)/ln(2.000)
X = 0.6931/0.0488 =
14.2057 yrs
With discrete compounding
it will take 15 years to a
mass $2,000 (have a little
more that $2,000)
Chapter Summary
This chapter presents the
fundamental time value of
money relationships common
to most engineering
economic analysis
calculations