THE TAMIL NADU NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL

B.A.LLB, (HONS) FIFTH SEMESTER 2016

POLITICAL SCIENCE 3 PROJECT

ON

THE FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

SUBMITTED TO-

PROF. S.SUBBARAO

(FACULTY)

SUBMITTED BY-

SIDDHARTHPANDEY
(ROLL NUMBER-BA0140061)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, I thank the Almighty who gave me the strength to accomplish this project with
sheer hard work and honesty.

I take this opportunity to observe protocol to show my deep gratitude to our revered political
science 3 course professor, PROF. S.SUBBARAO (FACULTY) for his kind gesture in
allotting me such topic as research project, which is full of knowledge and is related to our
future study of the constitution. His timely advice, direction and valuable assistance
tremendously boosted me during the making of this project.

Secondly, all this wouldnt have been possible without my parents and friends who gave their
valuable time for guidance, boosted my confidence and helped me a lot in completing this
project without any drawbacks. Hence I am forever indebted and grateful to them.

Thirdly, I am very much thankful to the staff and administration of TNNLS who provided
valuable sources of information in the form of library and database connections.

The successful creation of this project is due to the background work and co-operation of
many persons. So I once again take this opportunity and privilege to convey my deepest
regards and thanks to all those who was involved directly or indirectly in the making of this
project.

Date:-11-9-16
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
RESEARCH METHODOLGY
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
RESEARCH QUESTIONS

2. CLEAN INDIA PROGRAMME

What is Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Need of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Swachh Bharat Mission in Urban Areas
Gramin Swachh Bharat Mission
Swachh Bharat-Swachh Vidyalaya Campaign

3. THE CLEAN INDIA CAMPAIGHN

Swachh Bharat/Clean India Apps,
Real-Time Monitoring
Cleaning Market

4. WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION

5. LAWS RELATING TO WOMEN IN UNORGANISED SECTOR:-
THE SECOND NATIONAL COMMISSION REPORT
UNORGANISED SECTOR LABOUR AND AGRICULTURAL WORKERS
BILL 2006.
BILL ON SOCIAL SECURITY FOR UNORGANISED SECTOR
THE BEEDI AND CIGAR WORKERS ACT 1966
6. GIRLS IN UNORGANISED SECTOR
7. ACTIONS AND REMEDIAL STRATEGIES TO PROTECT WOMEN
8. CONCLUSION
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 1. INTRODUCTION

RESEARCH QUESTIONS

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

Through this research project, the researcher intend to discuss in this project is to the failure
of the league of nations in order to investigate how important was the fall of the League of
Nations for the cause of the World War II, and the failures of the League of Nations need to
be considered. I analysed whether the League of Nations actually could be modelled as a
military alliance.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The researcher has used Primary and Secondary resources such as Cases, journals, books,
websites etc., and aims to evaluate, interpret and suggest solution to the illustrative problems
through Doctrinal Method.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

My research methodology requires gathering relevant data from the specified documents and
compiling databases in order to analyze the material and arrive at a more complete
understanding and historical reconstruction of The failure of the league of nations and
determine the collapse of the League of Nations is also considered for one of the causes of
the Second World War due to her inefficiency to establish peace through collective security in
the world.

2. SWACHH BHARAT MISSION OR CLEAN INDIA PROGRAMME

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a campaign launched by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi as a
nationwide cleanliness campaign. It is implemented to fulfill the vision and mission of clean India
a day. It was launched especially on the birth anniversary of the Mahatma Gandhi as he was
dreamed and very keen to make this country a clean country. He had tried for clean India in his
time by motivating people through his campaigns and slogans however could not be true
because of the partial involvement of the people of India.

The aim of the mission is to cover all the rural and urban areas of the country to present this
country as an ideal country before the world. The mission has targeted aims like eliminating the
open defecation, converting insanitary toilets into pour flush toilets, eradicating manual
scavenging, complete disposal and reuse of solid and liquid wastes, bringing behavioural
changes to people and motivate health practices, spreading cleanliness awareness among
people, strengthening the cleanliness systems in the urban and rural areas as well as creating
user friendly environment for all private sectors interested for investing in India for cleanliness
maintenance.

This mission has an interesting theme of inviting nine new people by each and every involved
people in the campaign and continuing this chain until the each and every citizen of India gets
involved in this campaign. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a nationwide cleanliness campaign run by
the government of India and initiated by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi on 2 nd of October in
2014 on 145th birthday anniversary of the Mahatma Gandhi. This campaign has been launched to
fulfill the aim of cleanliness all over the India. The Prime Minister has requested the people of
India to involve in the Swachh Bharat Mission and promote others to do the same for leading our
country as a best and clean country of the world. This campaign was first initiated by the
Narendra Modi himself by cleaning the road on the way going to launch the campaign.

The campaign of Swachh Bharat is a biggest ever cleanliness drive of the India during the launch
of which around 3 million government employees and students from schools and colleges were
participated. On the day of launch, Prime Minister has nominated the names of nine personalities
of India to initiate the campaign in their own areas and own decided dates as well as promote the
campaign to common public. He also had requested to all nine personalities to invite other nine
people from their own end individually to participate in this event as well as continue this chain of
inviting nine people until the message reach to each and every Indian people.

He also requested that every Indian should take this campaign as a challenge and try his/her
best to make this campaign a successful campaign ever. The chain of nine people is like a
branching of the tree. He requested common people to involve in this event and upload the video
 or images of cleanliness over internet on the various social media websites like Facebook,
Twitter, etc so that other people may get promoted and motivated to do the same in their own
area. In this way India can be a clean country.

What is Swachh Bharat Abhiyan

Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is a national cleanliness campaign established by the Government of
India. This campaign is covering 4041 statutory towns in order to clean roads, streets, and
infrastructure of the India. It is a mass movement has run to create a Clean India by 2019. It is a
step ahead to the Mahatma Gandhis dream of swachh Bharat for healthy and prosperous life.
This mission was launched on 2 nd of October 2014 (145th birth anniversary of Bapu) by targeting
its completeness in 2019 on 150 th birth anniversary of Bapu. The mission has been implemented
to cover all the rural and urban areas of the India under the Ministry of Urban Development and
the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation accordingly.
The first cleanliness drive (on 25 th of September 2014) of this mission was started by the Indian
Prime Minister, Narendra Modi earlier to its launch. This mission has targeted to solve the
sanitation problems as well as better waste management all over the India by creating sanitation
facilities to all.
Need of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan
Swachh Bharat mission is very necessary to run continuously in India until it gets its goal. It is
very essential for the people in India to really get the feeling of physical, mental, social and
intellectual well being. It is to make living status advance in India in real means which can be
started by bringing all over cleanliness. Below I have mentioned some points proving the urgent
need of swachh bharat abhiyan in India:
It is really very essential to eliminate the open defecation in India as well as making
available toilets facility to everyone.
It is needed in India to convert the insanitary toilets into flushing toilets.
It is necessary in order to eradicate the manual scavenging system.
It is to implement the proper waste management through the scientific processes,
hygienic disposal, reuse, and recycling of the municipal solid wastes.
It is to bring behavioral changes among Indian people regarding maintenance of personal
hygiene and practice of healthy sanitation methods.
It is to create global awareness among common public living in rural areas and link it to
the public health.
 It is to support working bodies to design, execute and operate the waste disposal
systems locally.
It is to bring private-sector participation to develop sanitary facilities all through the India.
It is to make India a clean and green India.
It is necessary to improve the quality of life of people in rural areas.
It is to bring sustainable sanitation practices by motivating communities and Panchayati
Raj Institutions through the awareness programmes like health education.
It is to bring the dream of Bapu to really come true.
Swachh Bharat Mission in Urban Areas
The swachh bharat mission of urban areas aims to cover almost 1.04 crore households in order
to provide them 2.6 lakhs of public toilets, 2.5 lakhs of community toilets together with the solid
wastes management in every town. Community toilets have been planned to be built in the
residential areas where availability of individual household toilets is difficult and public toilets at
designated locations including bus stations, tourist places, railway stations, markets, etc.
Cleanliness programme in the urban areas (around 4,401 towns) have been planned to be
completed over five years till 2019. The costs of programmes are set like Rs 7,366 crore on solid
waste management, Rs 1,828 crore on public awareness, Rs 655 crore on community toilets, Rs
4,165 crore on individual household toilets, etc. Programmes which have been targeted to be
completed are complete removal of open defecation, converting unsanitary toilets into flush
toilets, eradicating manual scavenging, bring behavioral changes among public, and solid waste
management.
Gramin Swachh Bharat Mission
Gramin swachh bharat mission is a mission implementing cleanliness programmes in the rural
areas. Earlier the Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (also called Total Sanitation campaign, TSC) was
established by the Government of India in 1999 to make rural areas clean however now it has
been restructured into the Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin). This campaign is aimed to make
rural areas free of open defecation till 2019 for which the cost has been estimated is one lakh
thirty four thousand crore rupees for constructing approximately 11 crore 11 lakh toilets in the
country. There is a big plan of converting waste into bio-fertilizer and useful energy forms. This
mission involves the participation of gram panchayat, panchayat samiti and Zila Parishad.
Following are the objectives of Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin):
To improve quality of life of people living in the rural areas.
Motivate people to maintain sanitation in rural areas to complete the vision of Swachh
Bharat by 2019.
 To motivate local working bodies (such as communities, Panchayati Raj Institutions, etc)
to make available the required sustainable sanitation facilities.
Develop advance environmental sanitation systems manageable by the community
especially to focus on solid and liquid waste management in the rural areas.
To promote ecologically safe and sustainable sanitation in the rural areas.
Swachh Bharat-Swachh Vidyalaya Campaign
The swachh bharat swachh vidyalaya campaign runs by the Union Ministry of Human Resource
Development having same objectives of cleanliness in the schools. A big programme was
organized under it from 25 th of September 2014 to 31 st of October 2014 in the Kendriya
Vidyalayas and Navodaya Vidyalya Sangathans where lots of cleanliness activities were held
such as discussion over various cleanliness aspects in the school assembly by the students,
teachings of Mahatma Gandhi related to cleanliness, cleanliness and hygiene topics, cleaning
activities (in the class rooms, libraries, laboratories, kitchen sheds stores, playgrounds, gardens,
toilets, pantry areas, etc), cleaning of statue in the school area, speech over the contribution of
great people, essay writing competition, debates, art, painting, film, shows, role plays related to
hygiene including other many activities on cleanliness and hygiene. It has also been planned to
held half an hour cleaning campaign in the schools twice a week involving the cleanliness
activities by the teachers, students, parents and community members.

3. CLEAN INDIA CAIMPAIGHN

The Prime Minister of India Mr. Narendra Modi launched this campaign officially
on 2 October 2014 at Rajghat, New Delhi and he himself cleaned the road. About
3 million government employees, school and college students of India
participated in this event and it is considered as Indias biggest ever cleanliness
drive.

The modules of the programme are:

a) Construction of individual sanitary latrines for households below the poverty

line with subsidy (80%) where demand exists.

b) Conversion of dry latrines into low-cost sanitary latrines.

c) Construction of exclusive village sanitary complexes for women providing

facilities for hand pumping, bathing, sanitation and washing on a selective basis
where there is not adequate land or space within houses and where village
panchayats are willing to maintain the facilities.
d) Setting up of sanitary marts.

e) Total sanitation of villages through the construction of drains, soakage pits,

solid and liquid waste disposal.

f) Intensive campaign for awareness generation and health education to create a

felt need for personal, household and environmental sanitation facilities 1.

he Narendra Modi Government launched the Swachh Bharat movement to

solve the sanitation problem and waste management in India by ensuring
hygiene across the country. Emphasizing on Clean India in his 2014
Independence Day speech, PM Modi said that this movement is associated with
the economic activity of the country. The prime objective of the mission is to
create sanitation facilities for all. It aims to provide every rural family with a toilet
by 20192. Modi has directly linked the Clean India movement with the economic
health of the nation. This mission, according to him, can contribute to GDP
growth, provide a source of employment and reduce health costs, thereby
connecting to an economic activity. Cleanliness is no doubt connected to the
tourism and global interests of the country as a whole. It is time that Indias top
50 tourist destinations displayed highest standard of hygiene and cleanliness so
as to change the global perception3. Clean India can bring in more tourists,
thereby increasing the revenue. He has appealed to the people to devote 100
hours every year to cleanliness. Not only had the sanitation programme, Modi
also laid emphasis on solid waste management and waste water management.
He has also directed that separate toilets for boys and girls should be provided in
every school in the country by 15 August, 2015. According to government data,
in January 2015, 7.1 lakh individual household toilets have been built under this
dream project. This number is considered the highest for any month since its

1Phukan, S.R. (2014) Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Making India Clean & More.
http://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/society/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-making-
india-clean-more (2009) Earth 911. Trash Planet: India.
http://www.earth911.com/earth-watch/trash-planet-india/

2 (2009) Earth 911. Trash Planet: India. http://www.earth911.com/earth-

watch/trash-planet-india/

3 Sharma, Y. (2015) Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government Builds 7.1 Lakh Toilets
in January. http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-
17/news/59232518_1_india-open-defecation-swachh-bharat-abh iyan-toilets
launch in October 2014. 31.83 lakhs individual toilets have been built until
January 2015. So far, Karnataka is the best performer by achieving 61% of the
target while Punjab is the worst performer by achieving 5% of the target 4. With
effect from 1 April 1999, the Government of India restructured the
Comprehensive Rural Sanitation Programme and launched the Total Sanitation
Campaign (TSC). To give a fillip to the Total Sanitation Campaign, effective June
2003 the government launched an incentive scheme in the form of an award for
total sanitation coverage, maintenance of a clean environment and open
defecation-free panchayat villages, blocks and districts called Nirmal Gram
Puraskar.

Swachh Bharat/Clean India Apps, To support the mission using mobile

technologies Appdance sucks developers came up with ideas. The Times of India
published an article on how Desi companies beat Facebook in Swachh apps
race. It seems like Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg may have reach out to help
the government create a Swachh Bharat or Clean India app but local talents
had already been ready with their apps and beat him. One of among these apps
is I Clean IndiaSwachh Bharat on android play store, by a Delhi-based startup
Social Cops. This app has an operational linkage with the Bangalore municipal
corporation. These can then be used to invite Facebook friends or Twitter
contacts through the app 5. The Swachha Bharat campaign was launched by
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Gandhi Jayanti. Since then many eminent
personalities like Salman Khan, Anil Ambani, and Omar Abdullah have taken up
the task and many have posted pictures of themselves cleaning up their
neighborhoods.6

Real-Time Monitoring, The toilets constructed under the Swachh Bharat

Abhiyan will be monitor nationwide by government with a real-time monitoring
system. This has already created an awareness among people by the

4 Abhiyaan, S.B. Ek Kadam Swachhata Ki Ore.

http://india.gov.in/spotlight/swachh-bharat-abhiyaan-ek-kadam-swachhata-ki-ore

5 Ibid.

6 Clean India Journal, Creating Cleanliness.

http://www.cleanindiajournal.com/creating-cleanliness/
government of India through a quite good advertisements. Moreover, this system
will help government aims to attain a 100% open defecation free India by 2019.

The Indo Nepal Doctors Association has launched Swachh Bharat Nepal on 3
January 2015 after getting inspired from the Prime Minister of India. Swasth
Bharat Nepal Abhiyan was launched at the Indo-Nepali border region of Sunauli-
Belihiya, which is the entry to the birthplace of the Buddha, Lumbini, Nepal.

Cleaning Market , To create a favorable market dynamics even in the cleaning

industry the best way is through innovations. Although the Indian cleaning
market is growing, which will affects the innovations and trends internationally,
aiming the specific necessities of this unique growing market. The 25th ISSA
Interclean show at Amsterdam attracts around 29,325 professionals visiting from
about 130 countries and 696 companies exhibiting from across the globe. More
than 184 products launched at the Show highlighted the important aspects of
cleaning requirement and solution in given circumstances. The most important
aspects of international companies looking at this market are firstly, the overall
growth in the country leading to rise in cleaning opportunities and secondly, the
economic slowdown pushing Western countries to look at alternative growing
markets like India, China and Russia. It was about 80% of the exhibitors were
interested in either considering at entering/exploring the Indian market or have
already apportioned distributors in India. The Indian market is flexible at the
present time by giving priority to cleaning. With the time as the cleaning projects
going to increase, the demand for general cleaning products, specific solutions
and consumption volumes are definitely going to rise. But the main question at
the present time is that whether the Indian cleaning industry be able to
encounter these requirements with the existing infrastructure and technology.
Another question is whether the international community hurry to fill the gap. Is
there any opportunity for India to witness technology transfer, increased
distributorships, or direct international presence in the coming years? However,
there are obvious challenges in the developing trend. The one among which is
the price conscious Indian consumer market.

Even though, considering the price challenge there are manufacturers from
Germany, Spain and even the UK who have taken up the challenge and are
redesigning/customizing products to fit the price factor. At the same time, there
are manufacturers, from Italy, USA in particular, who are skeptical and cautious
of their dealings in India owing to price mismatch. On the other hand, the other
challenges faced by the international market is a lack of awareness and
knowledge about cleaning technology among the Indian consumers. In the
present situation where cleaning is not count among the top main concern or is
not exclusively budgeted by Indian companies. So, moving toward the latest
cleaning technology and investment on cleaning is limited. Nonetheless, the
demand for cleaning over the past few years has been steady, the growth in the
Indian clean ing industry has been unpredictable. As a result of which Indian
companies were not in the favor of international tie-ups introduced during this
period. Keeping the dealings in suspension is also having a detrimental effect on
manufacturers who are eagerly awaiting confirmation from prospective Indian
companies. The companies are from France, UK, Denmark and Spain. USA and
the UK, two of the biggest players in cleaning, that have been concentrating
production and distribution to the local market, are now expanding operations
not only to Europe but also to India, China and the Middle East. The other
involving tendencies in India are unfavorable to positive growth in the cleaning
industry are eroding margins, unhealthy competition, thieving and others leading
to a nasty circle of payment problem. Innovations in the cleaning industry have
largely focused on providing solutions to suit local market. Internationally, major
players are redesigning products to suit the specifics of Indian cleaning needs.
The best part when concluding, despite challenges, the cleaning industry as a
whole is looking at India as a potential market and taking intensive steps to grow.
As more and more international companies steps into Indian market, the country
is sprouting as a perfect platform for the cleaning business. Economy Depends
on Cleanliness Undoubtedly, Indian tourism offers a wide array of unique travel
destinations, services, medical aides, and education.

Traditionally, India boasts of an ancient culture that left behind exquisite

monuments and temples, archaeological sites and an heirloom of artefacts. India
is also endowed with natural beauties and unique features right from the
beaches to the majestic mountains and hill stations, from rainforests to
scintillating deserts, from bird sanctuaries to natural reservoirs,the list is
endless. In spite of the beautifully conceptualized global advertising campaign
about Incredible India, India still has a meagre 0.64% of the total tourist arrivals
worldwide. It is evident that the culturally rich central theme Atithi Devo
Bhavah coupled with historical and natural resources is unable to make the
most of the opportunity created by the world tourism industry. According to
UNWTO, over the past six decades, tourism has experienced continued
expansion and diversification, becoming one of the largest and fastest-growing
economic sectors, with the receipts of International tourism worldwide reaching
to US $1159 billion in 2013. The business volume of tourism equals or even
surpasses that of oil exports or automobiles. Tourism is a high potential industry
the world over and there are several economies which are directly dependent on
the tourism industry. Tourism in China has hugely expanded over the last few
decades, making China the fourth most visited country in the world with over 56
million (5.1%) arrivals and a whopping business of a US $52 billion. Chinas
tourism strategy depicts a high sense of discipline and hygiene, and single-
minded objective of a great tourists experience. Thailand is also amongst the
top-10 tourism destination in the world. Thailand attributes its success to low
unemployment rate (7th lowest in the world), 90% of population above poverty
line, relatively developed economy and obviously its unique balance of city and
nature experiences. Singapore alone has managed to attract 15.6 million
international tourists bringing in massive receipts of US $18,953 Million in 2013.
The critical success factor in Singapore Tourism is cleanliness, beautiful cityscape
and tourist experiences, and visa policy.

India on the other hand, despite its diversities and vast tourism resources,
managed to receive only seven million tourists (0.64%), which brought home US
$18,397 million in 2013. Even with this miniscule share of the world tourism
industry, tourism generates 6.6% of Indias GDP and 32 million Indians are
directly employed by this sector. But, the India is lagging behind in one very
important aspect called, cleanliness. Lack of adequate sanitation and food safety
leads to cross contamination which causes severe diseases. The Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that between 20% and 50% of
international travelers suffer from diarrhea, due to ingestion of contaminated
(mostly fecal) food or water infected with E coli. India along with other
developing nations is burdened with the stigma of causing diarrhea to travelers,
7
which is ironically called Delhi-belly.

India needs to develop the facilities by revamping public utilities and keeping
them clean, focusing on safe food & water, training cleaning staff and preserving
the environment. This complex task needs to solve one more issue, which is

7 Rukmini, S. (2014) The Hindu. Modi Launches My Clean India Campaign.

http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/modi-launches-my-clean-india-
campaign/article6468047.ece
creating a dignity and quality of life for the cleaning staff and their families.
Training staff repeatedly on standards of cleaning & hygiene and application of
chemicals can be very instrumental in motivating and providing them dignity. At
the face value, this job may appear unreasonably complex. However, it can be
executed at a nominal cost by adopting a partnering approach, especially
between the users and the vendors; for example, between 5-star hotels and
manufacturers of commercial cleaning solutions. The latter can A. Nayak 138
regularly train the cleaning and kitchen staff of hotels with the intention of
sustainability and objective of attain ssessments can be utilized to highlight and
encourage best performers and set new standards.

4. SWACH BHARAT ABHIYAN AND WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION

This vision of a clean India is not alien to us. Many schemes have been made, implemented,
and fell way short of reaching the targets. Swachh Bharat is an extension of the Nirmal
Bharat Abhiyan (NBA), which was operational since 2012 (preceded by Total Sanitation
Campaign and centrally sponsored Rural Sanitation Programme).8

But it is different this time around. Narendra Modi has given this initiative a new lease of life.
The manner in which he has reached out to people and urged them to take up the mantle of
making our country clean is heart-warming and more than welcome. Although it remains to
be seen how well his rhetoric will impact the public participation in this
Swachchhata mission. He has roped in schools, colleges, and government employees to
participate in the inauguration, by cleaning their premises on October 2. Modi, who has
ascertained to set out with a broom himself, has urged the public to take the pledge and
actively participate in the mission.9

As many as 1,34,000 crores have been allocated for building 11.11 crore toilets in the
scheme. The cost of Individual household latrine has been enhanced from Rs. 10,000 to Rs.
12,000. Urban and Rural missions have been made exclusive, and budgetary allocation will
thus be provided separately. Some other policy changes to the NBA have also been
introduced. But the problem with NBA has been at the implementation level, not so much at
the policy level. A report by the UNICEF India and Centre for Budget and Governance
Accountability (CBGA) revealed that only 49 percent of the budget had been utilised
between 1999 and 2011. Poor utilisations of funds, delay in the reach of funds and the lack of
funds have been identified as some of the problems with the whole Nirmal
Bharat campaign.10

9
According to a report by the World Health Organisation, India is ranked the highest when it
comes to the number of people practising open defecation, poor implementation of sanitation
schemes is the reason that India is plagued with health and hygiene issues. Open defecation is
rampant in India.. The percentage reduction is also nominal, and we fall behind countries like
Nigeria, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Ethiopia, and so on. Open defecation does not only
threaten health, hygiene and environment, but the lack of toilets is a roadblock in education
of girls in our country, and a threat to security of women who go out in the open to relieve
themselves. Many female students leave schools when they hit puberty due to the absence of
separate toilets for boys and girls. The evil of manual scavenging still exists in our society
due to the absence of toilets. Inadequate sanitation even has implication on the economy. It
has cost the economy Rs. 2.4 trillion.

5. CONCLUSION

Why did the League of Nations ultimately fail to achieve widespread disarmament, its most
fundamental goal? The previous explanations have included, among others, the absence of
the United States, failure to resolve the inherent problems between France and Great Britain
and France and Germany respectively, as well as smaller failures incurred in the handling of
the disarmament process. As I have argued in this paper, all of these explanations have merit,
yet the list is hardly conclusive. In fact, the international environment was not very conducive
for breakthroughs in the disarmament sphere due to the uncertain economic environment
(which lacked the basis for international cooperation), the so-called weak states (in addition
to French and British policy divisions) were not as constructive in the negotiations as is often
depicted, and domestic economic interest groups were often hostile to any significant arms
production and trade limitations. Thus, the member states tended to pursue their own
interests, which were not the same for each state nor were the means that they were ready to
use to achieve their aims.

I would argue that the failure of the League of Nations had two important dimensions:

The failure to provide adequate security guarantees for its members (like an alliance),
thus encouraging more aggressive policies by authoritarian states and leading to an
arms race;

10
 The failure of this organization to achieve the disarmament goals it set out in the
1920s and 1930s (i.e., the imposition of military spending constraints).

If the League failed to provide pure public good in military deterrence, is this the reason why
this organization failed? I would maintain that the answer is yes. Even though the League was
not de jure meant to be a military alliance, its foundations would suggest this as a de facto
goal of the organization. And as an alliance, it failed to provide adequate security guarantees
for its members. Thus the individual countries pursued their own military spending and naval
strategies, undermining the viability of the League from the very beginning. When we add the
unsettled international economic and political system, various shocks to it (for example, the
Great Depression), and the broadly different (often opposing) negotiation stances of the
various states, this organization was doomed to fail. Its impotence in the 1930s when faced
with numerous crises and challenges was merely the outcome of its failure to become a
credible alliance.

SUGGESTIONS

The League of Nations did not function as a pure public-good alliance. Nor did it provide
adequate security guarantees for its members, which was amply displayed by the statistical
tests. This would indicate some type of a mix of pure and impure public good characteristics
for the military spending of these countries as a whole.

This failure meant for the military spending decision-making of the member nations. The
foreign policy environment under the superficially strong League of Nations in the 1920s did
not provide encouragement for meaningful spending cuts.

6. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books reffered

D.C. Gupta,The League of Nations, New Delhi: Vikas Publications, 1974

Malcolm n. shaw, international law,6th edition 2008
Stromberg, R. N. (1956). "The Idea of Collective Security." Journal of the History of
Ideas 17(2): 250-263.
The League of nations starts; an outline by its organisers (1920). London, Macmillan
and co., limited.
 Sandler, T. and K. Hartley (1999). The Political Economy of NATO. Past, Present, and
into the 21st Century. New York, Cambridge University Press.

Articles
Johnathan Haslam, E.H. Carrs Search or Meaning, 1892-1982, in Michael Cox
(ed.), E.H. Carr: A Critical Appraisal, (Houndmills, 2000),
Barros, J. (1993). The League of Nations and Disarmament. Encyclopedia of Arms
Control and Disarmament. R. D. Burns. New York, Charles Scribner's Sons.
Krause, K. (1992). Arms and the state: patterns of military production and trade.
Cambridge; New York, Cambridge University Press.
Scott, G. (1973). The rise and fall of the League of Nations. London, Hutchinson.
Steiner, Z. (1993). The League of Nations and the Quest for Security. The Quest for
Stability. Problems of West European Security 19181957.
R. Ahmann, A. M. Birke and M. Howard. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Stromberg,
R. N. (1956). "The Idea of Collective Security."

Official Documents:

League of Nation, Assembly Documents (1923): A. 20. 1923, IX. Statistical Enquiry
into National Armaments. Part I. Peace-Time Military, Naval & Air Forces. A. 20.
League of Nations, Armaments Year-Books (19241940). 1st Edition. A. 37. 1924.
X; (1940 Edition) C. 228. M. 155. 1939. IX.
League of Nations, Council Documents (1924): C. 708. 1924 .IX: Arbitration, Security,
and Reduction of Armaments. Extracts from the Debates of the Fifth Assembly.
League of Nations, Assembly Documents (1931): A. 51. 1931. IX: September 11.
Reduction of Armaments
League of Nations, Council Documents (1924): C. 708. 1924 .IX: Arbitration, Security,
and Reduction of Armaments. Extracts from the Debates of the Fifth Assembly.
League of Nations, Council Documents (1931): C. 774. M. 369. 1931. IX: October 29.
Voluntary Armaments Truce.

Web sources

uahsibhistory.wikispaces.com
forum.axishistory.com
www.huffingtonpost.com
https://www.britannica.com
www.aljazeera.com
www.freedomhouse.org
www.hrw.org
 articles.cnn.com
www.nytimes.com
undp.org
.