Bi ton by cy cu Euler

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia

Bi ton by cy cu Euler, cn gi l By cu
Knigsberg ny sinh t ni chn c th. Thnh ph
Knigsberg, c (nay l Kaliningrad, Nga) nm trn
sng Pregel, bao gm hai hn o ln ni vi nhau v
vi t lin bi by cy cu. Cu hi t ra l c th i
theo mt tuyn ng m i qua mi cy cu ng mt
ln ri quay li im xut pht hay khng. Nm 1736,
Leonhard Euler chng minh rng iu l khng th
c.

Ngi ta k rng, khong nm 1750, vo cc ngy Ch

nht, nhng ngi dn giu c v hc thc ca thnh
ph i do quanh tm cch gii bi ny, nhng y
Bn Knigsberg thi Euler, m t v tr thc
c l ch l mt truyn thuyt.
ca bay cy cu v sng Pregel.

Mc lc
1 Li gii ca Euler
2 ngha ca bi ton i vi lch s ton hc
3 Xem thm
4 Lin kt ngoi

Li gii ca Euler
chng minh kt qu, Euler pht biu bi ton bng cc thut ng ca l thuyt th. ng loi b tt
c cc chi tit ngoi tr cc vng t v cc cy cu, sau thay th mi vng t bng mt im, gi l nh
hoc nt, v thay mi cy cu bng mt on ni, gi l cnh hoc lin kt. Cu trc ton hc thu c c
gi l mt th.

Hnh th ca th c th b bp mo theo kiu nhng khng lm th b thay i, min l cc lin kt
gia cc nt gi nguyn. Vic mt lin kt thng hay cong, mt nt bn phi hay bn tri mt nt khc l
khng quan trng.
Euler nhn ra rng bi ton c th c gii bng cch s dng bc ca cc nt. Bc ca mt nt l s cnh
ni vi n; trong th cc cy cu Knigsberg, ba nt c bc bng 3 v mt nt c bc 5. Euler chng
minh rng mt chu trnh c dng nh mong mun ch tn ti khi v ch khi khng c nt bc l. Mt ng i
nh vy c gi l mt chu trnh Euler. Do th cc cy cu Knigsberg c bn nt bc l, nn n khng
th c chu trnh Euler.

C th sa i bi ton yu cu mt ng i qua tt c cc cy cu nhng khng cn c im u v

im cui trng nhau. ng i nh vy c gi l mt ng i Euler. Mt ng i nh vy tn ti khi
v ch khi th c ng hai nh bc l. (Nh vy iu ny cng khng th i vi by cy cu
Knigsberg.)

ngha ca bi ton i vi lch s ton hc

Trong lch s ton hc, li gii ca Euler cho bi ton by cy cu Knigsberg c coi l nh l u tin
ca l thuyt th, ngnh nghin cu m nay c coi l mt nhnh ca ton hc t hp (combinatorics),
tuy cc bi ton t hp c quan tm n t sm hn rt nhiu.

Ngoi ra, nhn xt ca Euler rng thng tin quan trng l s cy cu v danh sch cc vng t u cu
(ch khng phi v tr chnh xc ca chng) l du hiu cho s pht trin ca ngnh tp hc. S khc bit
gia s thc v s th l mt v d tt rng tp hc khng quan tm n hnh th cng nhc ca
cc i tng.

Xem thm
L thuyt th
th (l thuyt th)
Thut ng l thuyt th

Lin kt ngoi
Euler's original publication (http://math.dartmouth.edu/~euler/docs/originals/E053.pdf)

Ly t http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0i_to%C3%A1n_b%E1%BA%A3y_c%C3%A2y_c%E1%BA
%A7u_Euler
Th loi: L thuyt th | Cu | Ton hc t p

Trang ny c sa i ln cui lc 22:56, ngy 19 thng 6 nm 2010.

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