1234567890

10
Mathematics
Teachers Guide
Unit 2
This book was collaboratively developed and reviewed by
educators from public and private schools, colleges, and/or universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of
Education at action@deped.gov.ph.
We value your feedback and recommendations.
Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Mathematics Grade 10
Teachers Guide
First Edition 2015
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any wo
rk
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or
office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such w
ork for profit.
Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment
of
royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright
holders.
DepEd is represented by the Filipinas Copyright Licensing Society (FILCOLS), Inc
. in seeking
permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. . All
means have
been exhausted in seeking permission to use these materials. The publisher and a
uthors do
not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Only institutions and companies which have entered an agreement with FILCOLS
and only within the agreed framework may copy this Teachers Guide. Those who have
not
entered in an agreement with FILCOLS must, if they wish to copy, contact the pub
lishers and
authors directly.
Authors and publishers may email or contact FILCOLS at filcols@gmail.com or
(02) 439-2204, respectively.
Published by the Department of Education
Secretary: Br. Armin A. Luistro FSC
Undersecretary: Dina S. Ocampo, PhD
Development Team of the Teachers Guide
Consultants: Soledad A. Ulep, PhD, Debbie Marie B. Verzosa, PhD, and
Rosemarievic Villena-Diaz, PhD
Authors: Melvin M. Callanta, Allan M. Canonigo, Arnaldo I. Chua, Jerry D.
Cruz, Mirla S. Esparrago, Elino S. Garcia, Aries N. Magnaye, Fernando B.
Orines, Rowena S. Perez, and Concepcion S. Ternida
Editor: Maxima J. Acelajado, PhD
Reviewers: Carlene P. Arceo, PhD, Rene R. Belecina, PhD, Dolores P.
Borja, Maylani L. Galicia, Ma. Corazon P. Loja, Jones A. Tudlong, PhD, and
Reymond Anthony M. Quan
Illustrator: Cyrell T. Navarro
Layout Artists: Aro R. Rara, Jose Quirovin Mabuti, and Ronwaldo Victor Ma.
A. Pagulayan
Management and Specialists: Jocelyn DR Andaya, Jose D. Tuguinayo Jr.,
Elizabeth G. Catao, Maribel S. Perez, and Nicanor M. San Gabriel Jr.
Printed in the Philippines by REX Book Store
Department of Education-Instructional Materials Council Secretariat (DepEd-IMCS)
Office Address:
5th Floor Mabini Building, DepEd Complex
Meralco Avenue, Pasig City
Philippines 1600
Telefax:
(02) 634-1054, 634-1072
E-mail Address:
imcsetd@yahoo.com
Introduction
This Teachers Guide has been prepared to provide teachers of Grade
10 Mathematics with guidelines on how to effectively use the Learners
Material to ensure that learners will attain the expected content and
performance standards.
This book consists of four units subdivided into modules which are
further subdivided into lessons. Each module contains the content and
performance standards and the learning competencies that must be attained
and developed by the learners which they could manifest through their
products and performances.
The special features of this Teachers Guide are:
A. Learning Outcomes. Each module contains the content and
performance standards and the products and/ or performances
expected from the learners as a manifestation of their
understanding.
B. Planning for Assessment. The assessment map indicates the
type of assessment and categorized the objectives to be assessed
into knowledge, process/skills, understanding, and performance
C. Planning for Teaching-Learning. Each lesson has Learning
Goals and Targets, a Pre-Assessment, Activities with answers,
What to Know, What to Reflect on and Understand, What to
Transfer, and Summary / Synthesis / Generalization.
D. Summative Test. After each module, answers to the summative
test are provided to help the teachers evaluate how much the
learners have learned.
E. Glossary of Terms. Important terms in the module are defined or
clearly described.
F. References and Other Materials. This provides the teachers with
the list of reference materials used, both print and digital.
We hope that this Teachers Guide will provide the teachers with the
necessary guide and information to be able to teach the lessons in a more
creative, engaging, interactive, and effective manner.
Table of Contents
Curriculum Guide: Mathematics Grade 10
Unit 2
Module 3: Polynomial Functions..................................................
.............. 82
Learning Outcomes ..............................................................
................................82
Planning for Assessment ........................................................
..............................83
Planning for Teaching-Learning .................................................
..........................86
Pre-Assessment .................................................................
..................................87
Learning Goals and Targets .....................................................
............................87
Activity 1 .....................................................................
...............................88
Activity 2 .....................................................................
...............................89
Activity 3 .....................................................................
...............................90
Activity 4 .....................................................................
...............................90
Activity 5 .....................................................................
...............................91
Activity 6 .....................................................................
...............................91
Activity 7 .....................................................................
...............................92
Activity 8 .....................................................................
...............................94
Activity 9 .....................................................................
...............................99
Activity 10 ....................................................................
............................100
Activity 11 ....................................................................
............................101
Activity 12 ....................................................................
............................102
Activity 13 ....................................................................
............................106
Activity 14 ....................................................................
............................107
Summary/Synthesis/Generalization ...............................................
....................108
Summative Test .................................................................
......................................109
Glossary of Terms ..............................................................
.....................................114
References Used in This Module .................................................
.......................115
Module 4: Circles ..............................................................
............................. 116
..............................116
............................117
........................123
Pre-Assessment .................................................................
................................125
..........................126
Lesson 1A: Chords, Arcs, and Central Angles.....................................
...........126
Activity 1 .....................................................................
.............................127
Activity 2 .....................................................................
.............................128
Activity 3 .....................................................................
.............................129
Activity 4 .....................................................................
.............................130
Activity 5 .....................................................................
.............................131
Activity 6 .....................................................................
.............................132
Activity 7 .....................................................................
.............................132
Activity 8 .....................................................................
.............................132
Activity 9 .....................................................................
.............................133
Activity 10 ....................................................................
............................136
Activity 11 ....................................................................
............................136
Activity 12 ....................................................................
............................137
Activity 13 ....................................................................
............................138
....................139
Lesson 1B: Arcs and Inscribed Angles ...........................................
..................139
Activity 1 .....................................................................
.............................140
Activity 2 .....................................................................
.............................141
Activity 3 .....................................................................
.............................142
Activity 4 .....................................................................
.............................143
Activity 5 .....................................................................
.............................144
Activity 6 .....................................................................
.............................145
Activity 7 .....................................................................
.............................145
Activity 8 .....................................................................
.............................146
Activity 9 .....................................................................
.............................148
Activity 10 ....................................................................
............................151
Activity 11 ....................................................................
............................153
Activity 12 ....................................................................
............................154
....................154
Lesson 2A: Tangents and Secants of a Circle ....................................
............155
Activity 1 .....................................................................
.............................155
Activity 2 .....................................................................
.............................159
Activity 3 .....................................................................
.............................160
Activity 4 .....................................................................
.............................161
Activity 5 .....................................................................
.............................162
Activity 6 .....................................................................
.............................163
Activity 7 .....................................................................
.............................164
Activity 8 .....................................................................
.............................172
....................172
Lesson 2B: Tangent and Secant Segments .........................................
............173
Activity 1 .....................................................................
.............................173
Activity 2 .....................................................................
.............................174
Activity 3 .....................................................................
.............................174
Activity 4 .....................................................................
.............................175
Activity 5 .....................................................................
.............................175
Activity 6 .....................................................................
.............................176
Activity 7 .....................................................................
.............................176
Activity 8 .....................................................................
.............................177
Activity 9 .....................................................................
.............................179
Activity 10 ....................................................................
............................180
....................180
Summative Test .................................................................
......................................181
Glossary of Terms...............................................................
....................................189
List of Theorems and Postulates on Circles......................................
..............191
References and Website Links Used in This Module ...............................
.....193
Module 5: Plane Coordinate Geometry ............................................
...... 198
..............................198
............................199
........................205
Pre-Assessment .................................................................
................................207
..........................207
Lesson 1: The Distance Formula, the Midpoint Formula,
and the Coordinate Proof .......................................................
.............207
Activity 1 .....................................................................
.............................208
Activity 2 .....................................................................
.............................208
Activity 3 .....................................................................
.............................209
Activity 4 .....................................................................
.............................210
Activity 5 .....................................................................
.............................212
Activity 6 .....................................................................
.............................212
Activity 7 .....................................................................
.............................213
Activity 8 .....................................................................
.............................215
Activity 9 .....................................................................
.............................216
Activity 10 ....................................................................
............................217
Activity 11 ....................................................................
............................220
....................221
Lesson 2: The Equation of a Circle .............................................
.......................221
Activity 1 .....................................................................
.............................221
Activity 2 .....................................................................
.............................222
Activity 3 .....................................................................
.............................223
Activity 4 .....................................................................
.............................225
Activity 5 .....................................................................
.............................226
Activity 6 .....................................................................
.............................227
Activity 7 .....................................................................
.............................227
Activity 8 .....................................................................
.............................228
Activity 9 .....................................................................
.............................228
Activity 10 ....................................................................
............................229
....................230
Summative Test .................................................................
......................................231
Glossary of Terms ..............................................................
.....................................237
References and Website Links Used in This Module ...............................
.....238
Module 3:
Polynomial Functions
A. Learning Outcomes
Content Standard:
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of
polynomial functions.
Performance Standard:
The learner is able to conduct systematically in different fields
a mathematical investigation involving polynomial functions.
Unpacking the Standards for Understanding
Subject: Mathematics 10
Quarter: Second Quarter
TOPIC: Polynomial
Functions
Lesson:
Illustrating Polynomial
Functions, Graphs of
Polynomial Functions and
Solutions of Problems
Involving Polynomial
Functions
Writer:
Elino Sangalang Garcia
Learning Competencies
1.
Illustrate polynomial functions
2.
Graph polynomial functions
3.
Solve problems involving
polynomial functions
Essential
Understanding:
Essential
Question:
Students will
understand that
polynomial
functions are
useful tools in
solving real-life
problems and in
making decisions
given certain
constraints.
How do the
mathematical
concepts help
solve real-life
problems that can
be represented
as polynomial
functions?
82
Transfer Goal:
Students will be able to apply the key
concepts of polynomial functions in
finding solutions and making decisions
for certain life problems.
B. Planning for Assessment
Product/Performance
The following are products and performances that students are
expected to come up with in this module.
1. Write polynomial functions in standard form
2. List all intercepts of polynomial functions written in both standard and
factored forms
3. Make a list of ordered pairs of points that satisfy a polynomial function
4. Make a table of signs for polynomial functions
5. Make a summary table of properties of the graph of polynomial functions
(behavior, number of turning points, location relative to the x-axis)
6. Formulate and solve real-life problems applying polynomial functions
7. Sketch plans or designs of objects that illustrate polynomial functions
g. Create concrete objects as products of applying solutions to problems
involving polynomial functions (e.g. rectangular open box, candle mold)
Assessment Map
TYPE
PreAssessment/
Diagnostic
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
PERFORMANCE
Part I
Part I
Part I
Part II
Illustrating
polynomial
functions
(Recalling the
definition of
polynomial
functions and
the terms
associated
with it)
Illustrating
polynomial
functions
(Recalling
the definition
of polynomial
functions and
the terms
associated
with it)
Graphing
polynomial
functions
(Describing the
properties of
graphs of
polynomial
functions)
Products and
performances
related to or
involving
quadratic
functions
(Solving area
problems)
Graphing
polynomial
functions
(Describing
the
properties of
graphs of
polynomial
functions)
83
Solving problems
involving
polynomial
functions
TYPE
Formative
Summative
Assessment
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
Quiz 1:
Quiz 2:
Quiz 3:
Illustrating
polynomial
functions
(Writing
polynomial
functions in
standard form
and in
factored form)
Graphing
polynomial
functions
(Preparing table
of signs)
Quiz 4:
Graphing
polynomial
functions
(Finding the
intercepts of
polynomial
functions)
(Finding
additional
points on the
graph of a
polynomial
function)
Quiz 5:
Graphing
polynomial
functions
Graphing
polynomial
functions
(Identifying
the number of
turning points
and the
behavior of
the graph
based on
multiplicity of
zeros)
(Sketching
the graph of
polynomial
functions
using all
properties)
Solving problems
involving
polynomial
functions
(Sketching the
graph of
polynomial
functions
using all
properties)
Part I
Illustrating
polynomial
functions
(Recalling the
definition of
polynomial
functions and
the terms
associated
with it)
PERFORMANCE
(Describing the
behavior of the
graph using the
Leading
Coefficient Test)
Quiz 6:
(Solving real-life
problems that
apply polynomial
functions)
Solving
problems
involving
polynomial
functions
Part I
Part I
Part II
Illustrating
polynomial
functions
(Recalling
the definition
of polynomial
functions and
the terms
associated
with it)
Graphing
polynomial
functions
(Describing the
properties of the
graph of
polynomial
functions)
Products and
performances
related to or
involving
polynomial
functions
(Solving
problems
related to
volume of an
open
rectangular box)
Graphing
polynomial
functions
84
Solving problems
involving
polynomial
functions
TYPE
SelfAssessment
(optional)
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
PERFORMANCE
(Describing
the
properties of
the graphs of
polynomial
functions)
Journal Writing:
Expressing understanding of polynomial functions, graphing
polynomial functions, and solving problems involving polynomial
functions
Assessment Matrix (Summative Test)
Levels of
Assessment
Knowledge 15%
Process/Skills
25%
Understanding
30%
How will I
assess?
What will I assess?
Paper and
Pencil Test
The learner
demonstrates
understanding of key
concepts of
Part I items 1, 2,
and 3
Illustrate polynomial
functions.
Graph polynomial
functions
Solve problems
involving polynomial
functions
The learner is able to
conduct systematically
a mathematical
investigation involving
polynomial functions
in different fields.
Product/
Performance
30%
How Will I Score?
1 point for every
correct response
Part I items 4, 5,
6, 7, and 8
1 point for every
correct response
Part I items 9,
10, 11, 12, 13,
and 14
1 point for every
correct response
Part II
(6 points)
Rubric for the Solution
to the Problem
Criteria:
Use of polynomial
function as model
Use of appropriate
mathematical
concept
Correctness of the
final answer
Solve problems
involving polynomial
functions.
Rubric for the
Output (Open Box)
Criteria:
Accuracy of
measurement
(Dimensions)
Durability and
Attributes
85
C. Planning for Teaching-Learning
Introduction
This module is a one-lesson module. It covers key concepts of
polynomial functions. It is composed of fourteen (14) activities, three
(3) of which are for illustration of polynomial functions, nine (9) are
for graphing polynomial functions, and two (2) are for solving real-life
problems involving polynomial functions.
The lesson as incorporated in the activities is designed for the
students to:
1. define polynomial functions and the terms associated with it;
2. write polynomial functions in standard and factored form;
3. write polynomial functions in standard form given real numbers as
coefficients and exponents;
4. recall and apply the different theorems in factoring polynomials to
determine the x-intercepts;
5. determine more ordered pairs that satisfy a polynomial function;
6. investigate and analyze the properties of the graphs of polynomial
functions (like end behaviors, behaviors relative to the x-axis,
number of turning points, etc.); and
7. solve real-life problems (like area and volume, deforestation,
revenue-advertising expense situations, etc.) that apply
One of the essential targets of this module is for the students
to manually sketch the graph of polynomial functions which later on
can be verified and validated with some graphing utilities like Grapes,
GeoGebra, or even Geometers Sketchpad.
In dealing with each activity of this lesson, the students are
given the opportunity to use their prior knowledge and required skills
in previous tasks. They are also given varied activities to process the
knowledge and skills learned and further deepen and transfer their
understanding of the different lessons.
Lastly, you may prepare your own related activities if you feel
that the activities suggested here are not appropriate to the level and
contexts of students (for examples, slow/fast learners, and localized
situations/examples).
86
As an introduction to the main lesson, show the students the
picture mosaic below, then ask them the question that follows:
In this mosaic picture, can you see some mathematical
representations? Give some.
Motivate the students to find out the answers and to determine
the essential applications of polynomial functions through this
module.
Objectives:
After the learners have gone through this module, they are expected
to:
1. illustrate polynomial functions;
2. graph polynomial functions; and
3. solve problems involving polynomial functions.
PRE-ASSESSMENT:
Check students prior knowledge, skills, and understanding of
mathematics concepts related to polynomial functions. Assessing
these will facilitate your teaching and the students understanding of
the lessons in this module.
LEARNING GOALS AND TARGETS:
Students are expected to demonstrate understanding of key
concepts of polynomial functions, formulate real-life problems involving
these concepts, and solve these using a variety of strategies. They are
also expected to investigate mathematical relationships in various
situations involving polynomial functions.
87
Answer Key
Part I:
1. B
2. C
3. A
4. D
5. A
6. D
7. C
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
B
A
A
D
D
A
A
Part II.
(Use the rubric to rate students work/output)
Solution to the problem
Since P 2l 2w , then 36 2l 2w or 18 l w , and
w 18 l .
The lot area can be expressed as A(l ) l (18 l ) or
A(l ) 18l l 2 .
A(l ) (l 2 18l )
A(l ) (l 2 18l 81) 81
A(l ) (l 9) 2 81, in vertex form.
Therefore, l 9 meters and w 18 l 18 9 9
meters, yielding the maximum area of 81 square
meters.
What to KNOW
The students need first to recall the concept of polynomial
expressions. These will lead them to define and illustrate mathematically
the polynomial functions.
Activity 1: Which is which?
Answer Key
1. polynomial
2. not polynomial
sign
3. polynomial
4. not polynomial
numbers
5. not polynomial
6. polynomial
7. not polynomial
number
8. polynomial
9. not polynomial
10. polynomial
because the variable of one term is inside the radical
because the exponents of the variable are not whole
because the variables are in the denominator
because the exponent of one variable is not a whole
because the exponent of one variable is negative
88
Let this activity be the starting point of defining a polynomial
function as follows:
A polynomial function is a function of the form
P( x ) an x n an 1x n 1 an 2 x n 2 ... a1x a0 ,
an 0,
where n is a nonnegative integer, a0 , a1, ..., an are real numbers called
coefficients, an x n is the leading term, an is the leading coefficient,
and a0 is the constant term.
Other notations:
f ( x ) an x n an 1x n 1 an 2 x n 2 ... a1x a0
or
y an x n an 1x n 1 an 2 x n 2 ... a1x a0 ,
Activity 2: Fix and Move Them, Then Fill Me Up
Answer Key
Degree
Leading
Coefficient
Constant
Term
2
2
2
3
2
3
5
3
y x 3 5x
3
1
0
4. y x( x 3)( x 3)
y x 3 9x
3
-1
0
5. y ( x 4)( x 1)( x 1)2
y x 4 3x 3 5x 2 3x 4
4
1
4
Polynomial Function
1. f ( x ) 2 11x 2x 2
3
2. f ( x ) 2x 5 15x
3
3
2
3. y x( x 5)
Polynomial Function in
Standard Form
f ( x ) 2x 2 11x 2
f (x)
2x 3
5
15x
3
3
89
Activity 3: Be a Polynomial Function Architect
Answer Key
7 2 1
x x
4
6
1
7
2. f ( x ) 2x 3 x 2
x
6
4
7 3
1
3. f ( x )
x 2x 2 x
4
6
1. f ( x ) 2x 3
7 3 1 2
x x 2x
4
6
1
7 2
5. f ( x ) x 3
x 2x
6
4
1
7
6. f ( x ) x 3 2x 2
x
6
4
4. f ( x )
The answers above are expected to be given by the students. In
addition, instruct them to classify each polynomial according to the
degree. Also, let them identify the leading coefficient and the constant
term.
What to PROCESS
In this section, the students need to revisit the lessons and their
knowledge on evaluating polynomials, factoring polynomials, solving
polynomial equations, and graphing by point-plotting.
Activity 4: Do you miss me? Here I Am Again
Answer Key
1. ( x 1) x 3 ( x 2)
6.
y x( x 3)( x 4)
2.
7.
y ( x 2)( x 2)( x 2 4)
8.
y 2( x 1)( x 1)( x 1)( x 3)
9.
y x( x 1)( x 1)( x 3)( x 3)
3.
x 3 x 2 ( x 3)( x 3)
(2x - 3) x -1 (x - 3)
4. ( x 2)( x 2)( x 3)
5. (2x 3)( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
10. y (2x 3)( x 1)( x 2)( x 3)
The preceding task is very important for the students because it
has something to do with the x-intercepts of a graph. These are the xvalues when
y = 0, and, thus the point(s) where the graph intersects the
x-axis can be determined.
90
Activity 5: Seize Me and Intercept Me
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
x-intercepts:
x-intercepts:
x-intercepts:
x-intercepts:
x-intercepts:
0, -4, 3
2, 1, -3
1, -1, -3
2, -2
0, 1, -1, -3,
3
Activity 6: Give Me More Companions
Answer Key
1. x-intercepts: -4, -2, 1, 3
y-intercept: 24
-5
144
x
y
-3
-24
0
24
2
-24
4
144
ordered pairs: (-5,144), (-4,0), (-3, -24), (-2,0), (0,24), (1,0),
(2-24), (3,0), (4,144)
2. x-intercepts: -5,
y-intercept: -90
x
y
3
, 2, 4
2
-6
-720
-4
240
-0.5
-101.2
3
72
ordered pairs: (-6, -720), (-5, 0), (-4, 240), (
(2, 0), (3, 72), (4, 0), (5, -390)
3. x-intercepts: -6, 0,
y-intercept:
0
x
y
5
-390
3
, 0), (-0.5, 101.2),
2
4
3
-7
175
-3
-117
1
7
2
-32
ordered pairs: (-7,175), (-6,0), (-3,-117), (0,0), (1,7), (
91
4
,0),
3
(2,-32)
4. x-intercepts: -3, -1, 0, 1, 3
y-intercept: 0
x
y
-4
1680
-2
-60
-0.5
1.64
0.5
1.64
2
-60
4
1680
ordered pairs: (-4,1680), (-3, 0), (-2, -60), (-1, 0), (-0.5, 1.64),
(0, 0), (0.5, 1.64), (1, 0), (2, -60), (3, 0), (4, 1680)
Activity 7: What is the destiny of my behavior?
Answer Key
Location of the Point
(x,y): above the xaxis, on the x-axis, or
below the x-axis?
above the x-axis
Value
of x
Value
of y
Relation of y-value to
0:
y 0, y 0, or y 0 ?
-5
144
y 0
-4
-3
0
-24
y=0
on the x - axis
below the x-axis
-2
0
0
24
y=0
on the x - axis
above the x-axis
1
2
0
-24
y=0
on the x - axis
below the x-axis
3
4
0
144
y=0
on the x - axis
above the x-axis
y 0
y 0
y 0
y 0
Answers to the Questions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
(-4,0), (-2,0), (1,0), and (3,0)
The graph is above the x-axis.
The graph is below the x-axis.
The graph is below the x-axis.
Show the students how to prepare a simpler but similar table, the
table of signs.
92
Example:
The roots of the polynomial function y ( x 4)( x 2)( x 1)( x 3)
are x = -4, - 2, 1, and 3 . These are the only values of x where the graph
will cross the x-axis. These roots partition the number line into intervals.
Test values are then chosen from within each interval.
Test Value
x 4
x 2
x 1
x 3
y ( x 4)( x 2)( x 1)( x 3)
position of the curve
relative to the x-axis
x 4
-5
+
above
Intervals
4 x 2 2 x 1 1 x 3
-3
0
2
+
+
+
+
+
below
above
below
x 3
4
+
+
+
+
+
above
Give emphasis that at this level, though, we cannot yet determine
the turning points of the graph. We can only be certain that the graph is
correct with respect to intervals where the graph is above, below, or on
the x-axis as shown on the next page.
93
Activity 8: Sign on and Sketch Me
Answer Key
y (2x 3)( x 1)( x 4)
1.
(a)
3
, 1, 4
2
(b)
3
x ,
2
3
x 1, 1 x 4 ,
2
x 4
(c)
x
Test Value
2x 3
x 1
x 4
y (2x 3)( x 1)( x 4)
-2
3
2
Intervals
below
3
x 1
2
1 x 4
x 4
0
+
+
2
+
+
5
+
+
+
+
above
below
above
(d)
2. y x 3 2x 2 11x 12
(a)
-3, 1, 4
(b)
x 3 ,
or
y ( x 3)( x 1)( x 4)
3 x 1, 1 x 4 ,
94
x 4
(c)
x 3
Test Value
x 3
x 1
x 4
y ( x 3)( x 1)( x 4)
(d)
Intervals
3 x 1
1 x 4
0
2
+
+
+
+
-4
+
above
below
x 4
5
+
+
+
-
above
below
Note: Observe that there is one more factor, -1, that
affects the final sign of y. For example, under
y is
positive because
x 3 , the sign of
-(-)(-)(-) = + .
3. y x 4 26x 2 25
or
y ( x 5)( x 1)( x 1)( x 5)
(a) -5, -1, 1, 5
(b) x 5 ,
5 x 1,
1 x 1,
1 x 5 ,
x 5
(c)
x 5
Test Value
x 5
x 1
x 1
4
x 5
y x 26x 2 25
position of the
curve relative to
the x-axis
Intervals
5 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 5
x 5
-6
+
-2
+
0
+
+
+
2
+
+
+
6
+
+
+
+
+
above
below
above
below
above
95
(d)
4. y x 4 5x 3 3x 2 13x 10
or
y ( x 5)( x 2)( x 1)2
(a) -5, -2, 1
(b) x 5 ,
5 x 2 ,
2 x 1,
x 1
(c)
x 5
Test Value
-6
-
x 5
x 2
( x 1)2
y ( x 5)( x 2)( x 1)
(d)
2
Intervals
5 x 2
2 x 1
-3
0
+
+
+
x 1
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
+
-
-
below
above
below
below
Note: Observe that there is one more factor, -1, that affects
the final sign of y. For example, under x 5 , the
sign of y is negative because -(-)(-)(+) = - . .
96
5. y x 2 ( x 3)( x 1) 4 ( x 1)3
(a) -3, -1, 0, 1
(b) x 3 ,
3 x 1,
1 x 0 ,
0 x 1,
x 1
(c)
Intervals
x 3
-4
3 x 1
-2
1 x 0
-0.5
0 x 1
0.5
x 1
x2
x 3
( x 1) 4
( x 1)3
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
+
y x 2 ( x 3)( x 1)4 ( x 1)3
+
+
above
below
below
below
above
Test Value
2
(d)
Broken parts of the graph indicate that somewhere below,
they are connected. The graph goes downward from (-1,0)
and at a certain point, it turns upward to (-3,0).
1. For y (2x 3)( x 1)( x 4)
a. Since there is no other x-intercept to the left of
graph falls to the left continuously without end.
b. (i)
3
x 1 and x 4
2
(ii) x
3
, then the
2
3
and 1 x 4
2
c. Since there is no other x-intercept to the right of 4, then the
graph rises to the right continuously without end.
d. leading term: 2x 3
e. leading coefficient: 2, degree: 3
97
2. For y x 3 2x 2 11x 12 or y ( x 3)( x 1)( x 4)
a. Since there is no other x-intercept to the left of -3, then the
graph rises to the left continuously without end.
b. (i) x 3 and 1 x 4
(ii) 3 x 1 and x 4
graph falls to the right continuously without end.
d. leading term: x 3
e. leading coefficient: -1, degree: 3
3. For y x 4 26x 2 25 or y ( x 5)( x 1)( x 1)( x 5)
b. (i) x 5 and 1 x 1
(ii) 5 x 1 and 1 x 5
4. For y x 4 5x 3 3x 2 13x 10 or y ( x 5)( x 2)( x 1)2
graph falls to the left continuously without end.
b. (i) 5 x 2
(ii) x 5 , 2 x 1 and x 1
graph falls to the right continuously without end.
e. leading coefficient: -1, degree: 4
5. For y x 2 ( x 3)( x 1)4 ( x 1)3
b. (i) x 3 and x 1 (ii) 3 x 1, 1 x 0, and 0 x 1
Let the students reflect on these questions: Do the leading
coefficient and degree of the polynomial affect the behavior of its
graph? Encourage them to do an investigation as they perform the next
activity.
98
Activity 9: Follow My Path!
Answer Key
Case 1:
a. positive
b. odd degree
Case 2:
a. negative
c. falling to the left
rising to the right
b. odd degree
Case 3:
a. positive
c. rising to the left
falling to the right
b. even degree
Case 4:
a. negative
c. rising to the left
rising to the right
b. even degree
c. falling to the left
falling to the right
Summary table:
Leading
Coefficient:
Behavior of
the Graph:
Rising or
Falling
LeftRighthand
hand
or
Degree:
Even
or Odd
3
2
1. y 2x 7x 7x 12
n 0
odd
falling
rising
5
4
3
2
2. y x 3x x 7x 4
n 0
odd
rising
falling
n 0
even
rising
rising
n 0
even
falling
falling
Sample Polynomial Function
n 0
n 0
4
2
3. y x 7 x 6x
4
3
2
4. y x 2x 13x 14x 24
99
Possible
Sketch
Synthesis: (The Leading Coefficient Test)
1. If the degree of the polynomial is odd and the leading coefficient
positive, then the graph falls to the left and rises to the right.
2. If the degree of the polynomial is odd and the leading coefficient
negative, then the graph rises to the left and falls to the right.
3. If the degree of the polynomial is even and the leading coefficient
positive, then the graph rises to the right and also rises to the left.
4. If the degree of the polynomial is even and the leading coefficient
negative, then the graph falls to the left and also falls to the right.
is
is
is
is
You should also consider another helpful strategy to determine
whether the graph crosses or is tangent to the x-axis at each x-intercept.
This strategy involves the concept of multiplicity of a root of a
polynomial function, the one generalized in the next activity.
Activity 10: How should I pass through?
Answer Key
Root or
Zero
Multiplicity
-2
-1
1
2
2
3
4
1
Characteristic
of
Multiplicity:
Odd or even
even
odd
even
odd
Behavior of Graph Relative
to x-axis at this Root:
Crosses or is Tangent to
tangent to x-axis
crosses the x-axis
tangent to x-axis
crosses the x-axis
Answer to the Questions:
a. The graph is tangent to the x-axis.
b. The graph crosses the x-axis.
The next activity considers the number of turning points of the
graph of a polynomial function. The turning points of a graph occur
when the function changes from decreasing to increasing or from
increasing to decreasing values.
100
Activity 11: Count Me In
Answer Key
Polynomial
Function
Number
of
Degree
Turning
Points
Sketch
1. y x 4
4
1
4
3
5
0
5
2
x
y
x
2. y x 4 2x 2 15
y
x
3. y x
5
4. y x 5 x 3 2x 1
x
101
y
5. y x 5 5 x 3 4x
x
5
4
a. Quartic functions: have an odd number of turning points; at most 3
turning points
Quintic functions: have an even number of turning points; at most
4 turning points
b. No. It is not possible.
c. The number of turning points is at most (n 1).
Important: The graph of a polynomial function is continuous, smooth, and
has rounded turns.
What to REFLECT on and UNDERSTAND
Activity 12: Its Your Turn, Show Me
Answer Key
1. y ( x 3)( x 1)2 (2x 5)
a. leading term:
b. end behaviors:
c. x-intercepts:
points on x-axis:
d. multiplicity of roots:
2x 4
rises to the left, falls to the right
-3, -1,
5
2
(-3,0), (-1,0), (
5
,0)
2
-3 has multiplicity 1, -1 has multiplicity 2,
5
has multiplicity 1
2
e. y-intercept:
point on y-axis:
f. no. of turning points:
15
(0,15)
1 or 3
102
g. expected graph:
Note: At this stage, we cannot determine the exact values of all
the turning points of the graph. We need calculus for this.
For now, we just need to ensure that the graph s end
behaviors and intercepts are correctly graphed.
2. y ( x 2 5)( x 1)2 ( x 2)3
a. leading term:
b. end behaviors:
c. x-intercepts:
points on the x-axis:
x7
falls to the left, rises to the right
5 , 1, 5 , 2
( 5 ,0), (1,0), ( 5 ,0), (2,0)
5 has multiplicity 1, 1 has
multiplicity 2, 5 has multiplicity 1, 2
has
multiplicity 3
e. y-intercept:
40
point on y-axis:
(0, 40)
f. no. of turning points: 2 or 4 or 6
g. expected graph:
Note: Broken parts of the graph indicate that somewhere above,
they are connected. The graph goes upward from (1, 0) and
at a certain point, it turns downward to ( 5 , 0).
103
3. y x 3 2x 2 2x 4 or in factored form y ( x 2 2)( x 2)
a. leading term:
x3
b. end behaviors:
rises to the left, falls to the right
c. x-intercept:
2
point on x-axis:
(2, 0)
d. multiplicity of root:
-2 has multiplicity 1
e. y-intercept:
4
point on y-axis:
(0, 4)
0 or 2
g. expected graph:
Note: The graph seems to be flat near x = 1. However, at this stage,
we cannot determine whether there are any flat parts in the
graph. We need calculus for this. For now, we just need to
ensure that the graph s end behaviors and intercepts are
correctly graphed.
4. y x 2 ( x 2 7)(2x 3)
a. leading term:
b. end behaviors:
c. x-intercepts:
points on the x-axis:
e. y-intercept:
0
point on the y-axis:
2x 5
falls to the left, rises to the right
3
, 0, 7
2
3
( 7 , 0), ( , 0), (0, 0), ( 7 , 0)
2
3
7 has multiplicity 1, has
2
7,
multiplicity 1, 0 has multiplicity 2,
has multiplicity 1
(0, 0)
2 or 4
104
7
g. expected graph:
5. y 2x 4 3x 3 18x 2 6x 28 or in factored form
y ( x 2 2)(2x 7)( x 2)
a. leading term:
b. end behaviors:
2x 4
rises to the left, rises to the right
c. x-intercepts:
-2, 2 ,
2,
7
2
7
, 0)
2
points on x-axis:
(-2, 0), ( 2 , 0), ( 2 , 0), (
-2 has multiplicity 1, 2 has
multiplicity 1,
2 has multiplicity 1,
1
e. y-intercept:
point on y-axis:
g. expected graph:
28
(0, 28)
1 or 3
105
7
has multiplicity
2
Activity 13: Investigate Deeper and Decide Wisely
Answers to the Questions
1. a. 50%
b. The value given by the table is 23.7%. The polynomial gives a
value of 26.3%. The given polynomial is the cubic polynomial
that best fits the data. We expect it to give a good
approximation of the forest cover but it may not necessarily
produce the exact values.
c. The domain of the function is [0,98]. Since year 2100
corresponds to x = 200, we cannot use the function to predict
forest cover during this year. Moreover, if x = 200, the
polynomial predicts a forest cover of 59.46%. This is very
unrealistic unless major actions are done to reverse the trend.
You can find other data that can be modelled by a
polynomial. Use the regression tool in MS Excel or GeoGebra
to determine the best fit polynomial for the data.
2. The figure below can help solve the problem.
24
x
x
x
x
18
18 - 2x
x
x
x
x
24 - 2x
106
Solution:
Let x
18 2x
24 2x
be the height of the box
be the width of the box
be the length of the box
Working Equation: lwh V
(24 2x )(18 2x )x V ( x )
(24 2x )(18 2x )x 560
4x 3 84x 2 432x 560
4x 3 84x 2 432x 560 0
x 3 21x 2 108x 140 0
( x 2)( x 5)( x 14) 0
To meet the requirements, the height of the box is either
2 inches or 5 inches. Both will result in the volume of 560 cubic
inches. In this problem, it is impossible to produce a box if the
height is 14 inches, so x = 14 is not a solution.
Encourage the students to write their insights. Let them show their
appreciation of polynomial functions. The following questions might be
helpful for them: Were you surprised that polynomial functions have
real and practical uses? What mathematical concepts do you need to
solve these kinds of problems?
What to TRANSFER
The goal of this section is to check if the students can appl y polynomial
functions to real-life problems and produce a concrete object that
satisfies the conditions given in the problem.
Activity 14: Make Me Useful, Then Produce Something
Answers to the Questions
Solution:
Let x be the side of the square base of the pyramid. So,
area of the base (B):
B x2
height of the pyramid (h):
h x 2
Working Equation: V
1
Bh
3
107
V (x)
1 2
x ( x 2)
3
1 2
x ( x 2)
3
75 x 3 2x 2
25
x 3 2x 2 75 0
( x 5)( x 2 3x 15) 0
The only real solution to the equation is 5. So, the side of
the square base is 5 inches long and the height of the pyramid is
3 inches.
Students outputs may vary depending on the materials used and in the
way they consider the criteria.
Summary/Synthesis/Generalization:
This lesson was about polynomial functions. You learned how to :
illustrate and describe polynomial functions;
show the graph of polynomial functions using the following

properties:
- the intercepts (x-intercept and y-intercept);
- the behavior of the graph using the Leading Coefficient Test,
table of signs, turning points, and multiplicity of zeros; and
solve real-life problems that can be modelled with polynomial

functions.
108
SUMMATIVE TEST
Part I
Choose the letter that best answers each question.
1.
2.
Which of the following could be the value of n in the equation
f(x) = x n if f is a polynomial function?
A.
2
B.
0
C.
1
4
D.
3
Which of the following is NOT a polynomial function?
C. f ( x ) x 5 x 3
A. f (x )
2 3
B. f ( x ) x 1
3
1
5
D. f ( x ) x 2x 2
3.
What is the leading coefficient of the polynomial function f ( x ) x 2x 3 4 ?
A. 4
C. 1
B. 2
D. 3
4.
How should the polynomial function f ( x )
written in standard form?
1
A. f ( x ) 11x 4 2x 3 x x 2
2
1
B. f ( x ) x 2 x 2x 3 11x 4
2
1
C. f ( x ) 11x 4 2x 3 x 2 x
2
1
D. f ( x ) x x 2 2x 3 11x 4
2
5.
1
x x 2 11x 4 2x 3 be
2
Which polynomial function in factored form represents the given
graph?
y
A. y (2x 3)( x 1)2
B. y (2x 3)( x 1)2
C. y (2x 3)2 ( x 1)
D. y (2x 3)2 ( x 1)
109
6.
Which of the following could be the graph of y x 4 5 x 2 4 ?
y
y
x
x
A.
C.
y
y
x
x
B.
D.
7.
If you will draw the graph of y x 2 ( x 1) , how will the graph behave
at the x-axis?
A. The graph crosses both (0, 0) and (1, 0).
B. The graph crosses (0, 0) and is tangent to the x-axis at (1, 0).
C. The graph crosses (1, 0) and is tangent to the x-axis at (0, 0).
D. The graph is tangent to the x-axis at both (0, 0) and (1, 0).
8.
You are asked to graph f ( x ) x 6 x 5 5x 4 x 3 3x 2 x using its
properties. Which of these will be your graph?
y
y
y
2
y
1
1
2
1
-6
-5
-4
-3
-6
-2
-5
-1
-4
O
-3
1 x -2
-1
O
1 x
1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-6
O
-1
-5
-4
A.
-3
-1
-1
-1
1 x
-2
O
-1
1
B.
x
C.
-2
D.
-2
-1
9.
3 n
2
-3
-3
-5
D.-5
-6
-6
Given that f ( x ) 7 x x , what value should be assigned to n to
-2
-4
-4
make f a function of degree 7?
-2
7
A.
3
-3
B.
-4
3-3
7
C.
-4
-5
-5
110
3
7
7
3
10. If you were to choose from 2, 3, and 4, which pair of values for a
and n would you consider so that y = ax n could define the graph
below?
y
A.
B.
C.
D.
2
1
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
O
a
a
a
a
=
=
=
=
2
3
2
3
,
,
,
,
n
n
n
n
=
=
=
=
3
2
4
3
x
-1
11. A car manufacturer determines that its profit, P, in thousands of
pesos, can be modeled
by the function P(x) = 0.001 25x 4 + x 3,
-2
where x represents the number of cars sold. What is the profit at
-3
x =150?
A. Php 75.28
C. Php 3,000,000.00
-4
B. Php 632,959.50
D. Php 10,125,297.00
-5
12. Your friend Aaron
Marielle asks your help in drawing a rough sketch
of the graph of y ( x 2 1)(2x 4 3) by means of the Leading
-6
Coefficient Test. How will you explain the behavior of the graph?
A. The graph is falling to the left and rising to the right.
B. The graph is rising to both left and right.
C. The graph is rising to the left and falling to the right.
D. The graph is falling to both left and right.
13. Lein Andrei is tasked to choose from the numbers 2, 1, 3, and 6 to
form a polynomial function in the form y = ax n. What values should
he assign to a and n so that the function could define the graph
below?
y
x
A.
B.
C.
D.
a
a
a
a
=
=
=
=
3 ,
3 ,
6 ,
-1 ,
n = -2
n=6
n=3
n=6
14. Consider this Revenue-Advertising Expense situation.
A drugstore that sells a certain brand of vitamin capsule estimates
that the profit P (in pesos) is given by
P 50x 3 2400x 2 2000 , 0 x 32
111
where x is the amount spent on advertising (in thousands of pesos).
An advertising agency provides four (4) different advertising
packages with costs listed below. Which of these packages will
yield the highest revenue for the company?
A. Package A: Php 8,000.00
B. Package B: Php 16,000.00
C. Package C: Php 32,000.00
D. Package D: Php 48,000.00
Part 2
Read and analyze the situation below. Then, answer the questions or
perform the required task.
An open box with dimensions 2 inches by 3 inches by 4 inches
needs to be increased in size to hold five times as much material as the
current box. (Assume each dimension is increased by the same
amount.)
Task:
(a) Write a function that represents the volume V of the new box.
(b) Find the dimensions of the new box.
(c) Using hard paperboard, make the two boxes - one with the
original dimensions and another with the new dimensions.
(d) On one face of the bigger box, write your mathematical
solution in getting the new dimensions.
Additional guidelines:
1. The boxes should look presentable and are durable enough to
hold any dry material such as sand, rice grains, etc.
2. Consider the rubric below.
Rubric for Rating the Output:
Point
3
2
1
Descriptor
Polynomial function is correctly presented as model,
appropriate mathematical concepts are used in the solution,
and the correct final answer is obtained.
Polynomial function is correctly presented as model,
appropriate mathematical concepts are partially used in the
solution, and the correct final answer is obtained.
Polynomial function is not correctly presented as model,
other alternative mathematical concepts are used in the
solution, and the final answer is incorrect.
112
Criteria for Rating the Output (Box):
Each box has the needed dimensions.
The boxes are durable and presentable.
Point/s to be Given:
3 points if the boxes have met the two criteria
2 points if the boxes have met only one criterion
1 point if the boxes have not met any of the criteria
Answer Key for Summative Test
Part I:
1. B
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. A
7. C
8. C
9. A
10. B
11. B
12. D
13. D
14. C
Part II.
(Use the rubric to rate students work/output)
Solution for finding the dimensions of the desired box:
Let x be the number to be added to each of length, width
and height to increase the size of the box. Then the
dimensions of the new box are x+2 by x+3 by x+4.
Since the volume of the original box is (2 inches)
(3 inches) (4 inches) = 24 cubic inches, then the volume
of the new box is 120 cubic inches.
Writing these in an equation, we have
( x 2)( x 3)( x 4) V ( x )
x 3 9x 2 26x 24 120
x 3 9x 2 26x 96 0 ,
( x 2)( x 2 11x 48) 0
Therefore, from the last equation, the only real solution
is x = 2. Thus, the dimensions of the new box are 4
inches by 5 inches by 6 inches.
Note to the Teacher:
To validate that the volume of the bigger box is five
times the volume of the other box, guide the students to
compare the content of both boxes using sand, rice
grains, or mongo seeds.
113
Glossary of Terms
Constant Function a polynomial function whose degree is 0
Cubic Function a polynomial function whose degree is 3
Evaluating a Polynomial the process of finding the value of the
polynomial at a given value in its domain
Intercepts of a Graph the points on the graph that have zero as
either the x-coordinate or the y-coordinate
Irreducible Factor - a factor that can no longer be factored using
coefficients that are real numbers
Leading Coefficient Test - a test that uses the leading term of the
polynomial function to determine the right-hand and the left-hand
behaviors of the graph
Linear Function - a polynomial function whose degree is 1
Multiplicity of a Root - tells how many times a particular number is a
root for a given polynomial
Nonnegative Integer - zero or any positive integer
Polynomial Function - a function denoted by
P( x ) an x n an 1x n 1 an 2 x n 2 ... a1x a0 , where n is a nonnegative
integer, a0 , a1, ..., an are real numbers called coefficients, but an 0, ,
an x n is the leading term, an is the leading coefficient, and a0 is the
constant term
Polynomial in Standard Form - any polynomial whose terms are
arranged in decreasing powers of x
Quadratic Function - a polynomial function whose degree is 2
Quartic Function - a polynomial function whose degree is 4
Quintic Function - a polynomial function whose degree is 5
Turning Point - point where the function changes from decreasing to
increasing or from increasing to decreasing values
114
References
Alferez, M. S., Duro, MC.A., & Tupaz, KK. L. (2008). MSA Advanced
Algebra. Quezon City, Philippines: MSA Publishing House
Berry, J., Graham, T., Sharp, J., & Berry, E. (2003). Schaums A-Z
Mathematics.
London,
United
Kingdom:
Hodder
&Stoughton
Educational.
Cabral, E. A., De Lara-Tuprio, E. P., De Las Penas, ML. N., Francisco,
F. F., Garces, IJ. L., Marcelo, R. M., & Sarmiento, J. F. (2010).
Precalculus. Quezon City, Philippines: Ateneo de Manila University
Press
Jose-Dilao, S., Orines, F. B., & Bernabe, J. G. (2003). Advanced
Algebra, Trigonometry and Statistics. Quezon City, Philippines: JTW
Corporation
Lamayo, F. C., & Deauna, M. C. (1990). Fourth Year Integrated
Mathematics. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Larson, R., & Hostetler, R. P. (2012). Algebra and Trigonometry. Pasig
City, Philippines: Cengage Learning Asia Pte Ltd
Marasigan, J. A., Coronel, A. C., & Coronel, I. C. (2004). Advanced
Algebra with Trigonometry and Statistics. Makati City, Philippines: The
Bookmark, Inc.
Quimpo, N. F. (2005). A Course in Freshman Algebra. Quezon City,
Philippines
Uy, F. B., & Ocampo, J. L. (2000). Board Primer in Mathematics.
Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Capitol Publishing House.
Villaluna, T. T., & Van Zandt, GE. L. (2009). Hands-on, Minds-on
Activities in Mathematics IV. Quezon City, Philippines: St. Jude
Thaddeus Publications.
115
Module 4: Circles
Content Standard:
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of circles.
The learner is able to formulate and find solutions to challenging
situations involving circles and other related terms in different disciplines
through appropriate and accurate representations.
Subject: Mathematics 10
Quarter: Second Quarter
TOPIC: Circles
LESSONS:
1. A. Chords, Arcs, and
Central Angles
B. Arcs and Inscribed
Angles
2. A. Tangents and
Secants
of a Circle
B. Tangent and Secant
Segments
Writer:
Concepcion S. Ternida
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Derive inductively the relations among
chords, arcs, central angles, and inscribed
angles
Illustrate segments and sectors of circles
Prove theorems related to chords, arcs,
central angles, and inscribed angles
Solve problems involving chords, arcs,
central angles, and inscribed angles of
circles
Illustrate tangents and secants of circles
Prove theorems on tangents and secants
Solve problems involving tangents and
secants of circles
Essential
Understanding:
Essential
Question:
Students will
understand that the
concept of circles has
wide applications in real
life and is a useful tool
in problem-solving and
in decision making.
How do geometric
relationships
involving circles
help solve real-life
problems that are
circular in nature?
116
Transfer Goal:
Students will be able to apply the key
concepts of circles in finding solutions and
in making decisions for certain real-life
problems.
Product/Performance
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
The following are products and performances that students are expected
to come up with in this module.
Objects or situations in real life where chords, arcs, and central angles of
circles are illustrated
A circle graph applying the knowledge of central angles, arcs, and sectors
of a circle
Sketch plans or designs of a stage with circular objects that illustrate the
use of inscribed angles and arcs of a circle
Sketch plans or designs of an arch bridge that illustrate the applications of
secants and tangents
Deriving geometric relationships involving circles
Proof of theorems and other geometric relationships involving circles
Formulated and solved real-life problems
Assessment Map
TYPE
PreAssessment/
Diagnostic
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
Pre-Test:
Part I
Pre-Test:
Part I
Identifying
inscribed angle
Finding the
length of an arc
of a circle given
its radius
Identifying the
external secant
segment
Describing the
opposite angles
of a quadrilateral
inscribed in a
circle
Identifying the
sum of the
measures of the
central angles of
a circle
Finding the
measure of a
central angle
given its
intercepted arc
Finding the
lengths of
segments
formed by
intersecting
chords
117
UNDERSTANDING
Pre-Test:
Part I
Part II
Solving problems
involving the key
concepts of
circles
PERFORMANCE
TYPE
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
Describing the
inscribed angle
intercepting a
semicircle
Finding the
measure of the
angle formed by
two secants
Determining the
number of line
that can be
drawn tangent to
the circle
Finding the
length of a chord
that is
perpendicular to
a radius
UNDERSTANDING
PERFORMANCE
Finding the
length of a
secant segment
Finding the area
of a sector of a
circle
Finding the
measure of a
central angle
given its
supplement
Finding the
measure of an
angle of a
quadrilateral
inscribed in a
circle
Finding the
measure of an
inscribed angle
given the
measure of a
central angle
intercepting the
same arc
Pre-Test:
Part III
Situational
Analysis
Pre-Test:
Part III
Situational
Analysis
Pre-Test:
Part III
Situational
Analysis
Pre-Test:
Part III
Situational
Analysis
Planning the
design of a
garden
Illustrating every
part or portion of
the garden
including their
measurements
and accessories
Explaining how to
prepare the
designs of the
garden
Making designs
of gardens
118
TYPE
KNOWLEDGE
Determining the
mathematics
concepts or
principles
involved in the
design of the
garden
Formative
Quiz:
Lesson 1A
Identifying and
describing terms
related to circles
PROCESS/
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
Formulating
problems that
describe the
situations
Solving the
problems
formulated
Quiz:
Lesson 1A
Solving the
degree measure
of the central
angles and arcs
Finding the
length of the
unknown
segments in a
circle
Determining the
reasons to
support the
given
statements in a
two-column
proof of a
theorem
Solving the
length of an arc
of a circle given
its degree
measure
Quiz:
Lesson 1A
Justifying why
angles or arcs are
congruent
Explaining why
an arc is a
semicircle
Explaining how to
find the degree
measure of an
arc
Explaining how to
find the center of
a circular garden
Solving real-life
problems
involving the
chords, arcs, and
central angles of
circles
Finding the area
of the shaded
region of circles
Quiz:
Lesson 1B
Quiz:
Lesson 1B
Quiz:
Lesson 1B
Identifying the
inscribed angles
and their
intercepted arcs
Finding the
measure of an
inscribed angle
and its
intercepted arc
Explaining why
the inscribed
angles are
congruent
119
Proving theorems
on inscribed
PERFORMANCE
TYPE
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
Determining the
measure of an
inscribed angle
that intercepts a
semicircle
Determining the
reasons to
support the
given
statements in a
two-column
proof of a
theorem
UNDERSTANDING
angles and
intercepted arcs
using two-column
proofs
Proving
congruence of
triangles using
the theorems on
inscribed angles
Solving real-life
problems
involving arcs and
inscribed angles
Quiz:
Lesson 2A
Quiz:
Lesson 2A
Explaining the
kind of
parallelogram that
can be inscribed
in a circle
Quiz:
Lesson 2A
Identifying
tangents and
secants
including the
angles they form
Determining the
measures of the
different angles,
arcs, and
segments
Proving theorems
on tangents and
secants using
two-column
proofs
Explaining how to
find the measure
of an angle given
a circle with
tangents
Quiz:
Lesson 2B
Quiz:
Lesson 2B
Solving real-life
problems
involving tangents
and secants of a
circle
Quiz:
Lesson 2B
Identifying the
external secant
segment in a
circle
Finding the
length of the
unknown
segment in a
circle
Proving theorems
on intersecting
chords, secant
segments, and
tangent segments
Explaining why
the solution for
finding the length
120
PERFORMANCE
TYPE
Summative
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
Drawing a circle
with appropriate
labels and
description
of a segment is
correct or
incorrect
Pre-Test:
Part I
Pre-Test:
Part I
Identifying an
inscribed angle
Finding the
measure of an
arc intercepted
by a central
angle
Pre-Test:
Part I
Part II
Identifying a
tangent
Describing the
angles of a
quadrilateral
inscribed in a
circle
Identifying the
sum of the
measures of the
central angles of
a circle
Describing the
inscribed angle
intercepting a
semicircle
Determining the
number of lines
that can be
drawn tangent to
the circle
Finding the
length of an arc
Finding the
lengths of
segments
formed by
intersecting
chords
Finding the
measure of the
angle formed by
a tangent and a
secant
Finding the
measure of an
inscribed angle
given the
measure of a
central angle
intercepting the
same arc
Finding the
length of a
secant segment
Finding the area
of a sector of a
circle
121
PERFORMANCE
Solving real-life
problems
involving tangent
and secant
segments
Solving problems
involving the key
concepts of
circles
Post-Test:
Part III A and B
Preparing
sketches of the
different
formations to be
followed in the
field
demonstrations
including their
sequencing and
presentation on
how each will be
performed
Formulating and
solving problems
involving the key
concepts of
circles
TYPE
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
PERFORMANCE
Finding the
measure of a
central angle
given its
supplement
Finding the
measure of an
angle of a
quadrilateral
inscribed in a
circle
SelfAssessment
Finding the
length of a chord
that is
perpendicular to
a radius
Journal Writing:
Expressing understanding of the key concepts of circles
Expressing understanding of the different geometric relationships involving
circles
Assessment Matrix (Summative Test)
Levels of
Assessment
Knowledge
15%
Process/Skills
25%
Understanding
30%
What will I assess?
The learner demonstrates
concepts of circles.
1. Derive inductively the
relations among
chords, arcs, central
angles, and inscribed
angles.
2. Illustrate segments
and sectors of circles.
3. Prove theorems
related to chords, arcs,
central angles and
inscribed angles
4. Solve problems
involving chords, arcs,
central angles, and
inscribed angles of
circles
122
How will I
assess?
How Will I
Score?
Part I items 1, 3, 4,
6, 7, and 10
1 point for
every correct
response
Part I items 2, 5, 8,
9, 11, 12, 13, 14,
15, and 16
1 point for
every correct
response
Part I items 17, 18,
19, and 20
1 point for
every correct
response
Paper and Pencil
Test
Product/
Performance
30%
5. Illustrate tangents and
secants of circles
6. Prove theorems on
tangents and secants
7. Solve problems
involving tangents and
secants of circles
Part II items 1 and
2
Rubric on
Problem
Solving
(maximum of
4 points for
each
problem)
formulate and find
solutions to challenging
situations involving
circles and other related
terms in different
disciplines through
appropriate and accurate
representations.
Part III A
Rubric for
Sketches of
the Different
Formations
Part III B
(Total Score:
maximum of
6 points )
Rubric on
Problems
Formulated
and Solved
(Total Score:
maximum of
6 points )
This module covers key concepts of circles. It is divided into four
lessons namely: Chords, Arcs, and Central Angles, Arcs and Inscribed
Angles, Tangents and Secants of a Circle, and Tangent and Secant
Segments.
Lesson 1A is about the relations among chords, arcs and central
angles of a circle, area of a segment and a sector, and arc length of a
circle. In this lesson, the students will determine the relationship between
the measures of the central angle and its intercepted arc, apply the
different geometric relationships among chords, arcs, and central angles
in solving problems, complete the proof of a theorem related to these
concepts, find the area of a segment and the sector of a circle, and
determine the length of an arc. (Note that all measures of angles and arcs
are in degrees.)
Moreover, the students will be given the opportunity to demonstrate
their understanding of the lesson by naming objects and citing real-life
situations where chords, arcs, and central angles of a circle are illustrated
and applied.
123
The concepts about arcs and inscribed angles of a circle are
contained in Lesson 1B. In this lesson, the students will determine the
geometric relationships that exist among arcs and inscribed angles of a
circle, apply these in solving problems, and prove related theorems.
Moreover, they will formulate and solve real-life problems involving these
geometric concepts.
The geometric relationships involving tangents and secants and
their applications in real life will be taken up in Lesson 2A. In this lesson,
the students will find the measures of angles formed by secants and
tangents and the arcs that these angles intercept. They will apply the
relationships involving tangents and secants in finding the lengths of
segments of some geometric figures. Moreover, the students will be given
opportunities to formulate and solve real-life problems involving tangents
and secants of a circle.
Lesson 2B of this module is about the different geometric
relationships involving tangent and secant segments. The students will
apply these geometric relationships in finding the lengths of segments
formed by tangents and secants. To demonstrate their understanding of the
lesson, the students will make a design of a real-life object where tangent
and secant segments are illustrated or applied, then formulate and solve
problems out of this design.
In all the lessons, the students are given the opportunity to use their
prior knowledge and skills in learning circles. They are also given varied
activities to process the knowledge and skills learned and further deepen
and transfer their understanding of the different lessons.
As an introduction to the main lesson, show the students the
pictures below, then ask them the questions that follow:
124
Have you imagined yourself pushing a cart or riding a bus having
wheels that are not round? Do you think you can move heavy objects
from one place to another easily or travel distant places as fast as you
can? What difficulty do you think would you experience without circles?
Have you ever thought of the importance of circles in the field of
transportation, industries, sports, navigation, carpentry, and in your daily
life?
Entice the students to find out the answers to these questions and
to determine the vast applications of circles through this module.
Objectives:
After the learners have gone through the lessons contained in this
module, they are expected to:
1. identify and describe terms related to circles;
2. use the relationship among chords, arcs, central angles, and
inscribed angles of circles;
3. find the area of segments and sectors of circles;
4. find the lengths of arcs of circles;
5. use two-column proofs in proving theorems related to chords, arcs,
central angles, and inscribed angles of circles;
6. identify the tangents and secants of circles;
7. formulate and solve problems involving chords, arcs, central angles,
and inscribed angles of circles;
8. use two-column proofs in proving theorems related to tangents and
secants of circles; and
9. formulate and solve problems involving tangents and secants of
circles.
PRE-ASSESSMENT:
Check students prior knowledge, skills, and understanding of
mathematics concepts related to circles. Assessing these will facilitate
teaching and students understanding of the lessons in this module.
125
Answer Key
Part I
1. B
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. A
15. A
16. A
17. A
18. C
19. B
20. C
Part II (Use the rubric to rate students
works/outputs)
1. 24.67 m
2. 27.38 km
Part III (Use the rubric to rate students
works/outputs)
Students are expected to demonstrate understanding of key concepts
of circles, formulate real-life problems involving these concepts, and solve
these using a variety of strategies. They are also expected to investigate
mathematical relationships in various situations involving circles.
Lesson 1A: Chords, arcs, and Central angles
What to Know
Assess students knowledge of the different mathematics concepts
previously studied and their skills in performing mathematical operations.
Assessing these will facilitate teaching and students understanding of chords,
arcs, and central angles. Tell them that as they go through this lesson, they
have to think of this important question: How do the relationships among
chords, arcs, and central angles of a circle facilitate finding solutions to rea
llife problems and making decisions?
Ask the students to identify, name, and describe the terms related to circles
by doing Activity 1. Let them explain how they arrived at their answers. Also,
ask them to describe and differentiate these terms.
126
Activity 1: Know My Terms and Conditions
Answer Key
1. AN , AJ , AE
2. EJ
3. EL , EJ
4. JNE , JLE
5. JL , JN , EN , EL
6. LEN , LJE , ENL , JLN , LNJ
7. JAN , NAE
8. LEJ , JEN
Questions:
a. Recall the definition of the terms related to circles.
Terms related to circle
Description
1. radius
It is a segment drawn from the center of
the circle to any point on the circle.
2. diameter
It is a segment whose endpoints are on the
circle and it passes through the center of
the circle. It is the longest chord.
3. chord
It is a segment joining any two points on
the circle.
4. semicircle
It is an arc measuring one-half of the
circumference of a circle.
5. minor arc
It is an arc of a circle that measures less
than a semicircle.
6. major arc
It is an arc of a circle that measures
greater than a semicircle.
7. central angle
It is an angle whose vertex is at the center
of the circle and with two radii as its sides.
8. inscribed angle
It is an angle whose vertex is on a circle
and whose sides contain chords of the
circle.
127
Answer Key
b. 1. A radius is half the measure of the diameter.
2. A diameter is twice the measure of the radius and it is the longest
chord.
3. A chord is a segment joining any two points on the circle.
4. A semicircle is an arc measuring one-half the circumference of a
circle.
5. A minor arc is an arc of a circle that measures less than the
semicircle.
6. A major arc is an arc of a circle that measures greater than the
semicircle.
7. A central angle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle
and with two radii as its sides.
8. An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is on a circle and
whose sides contain chords of the circle.
Show the students the right triangles with different measures of sides
and let them find the missing side. Give focus on the mathematics concepts
or principles applied to find the unknown side particularly the Pythagorean
theorem.
Activity 2: What is my missing side?
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
c 10 units
c 17.49 units
c 12.73 units
a 12 units
b 4 units
b 12.12 units
Questions:
a. Using the equation a2 b2 c 2 .
b. Pythagorean theorem
128
Provide the students with an opportunity to derive the relationship
between the measures of the central angle and the measure of its intercepted
arc. Ask them to perform Activity 3. In this activity, students will measure the
angles of the given figures using a protractor. Ask them to get the sum of the
angles in the first figure as well as the sum of the central angles in the secon
d
figure. Ask them also to identify the intercepted arc of each central angle.
Emphasize that the sum of the angles formed by the coplanar rays with
common vertex but with no common interior points is equal to the sum of the
central angles formed by the radii of a circle with no common interior points.
Activity 3: Measure Me and You Will See
Answer Key
1. a. 105
b. 75
c. 60
d. 90
e. 30
2. a. 105
b. 75
c. 60
d. 90
e. 30
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
In each figure, the angles have a common vertex.
360 ; 360
360
360
Central Angle
Measure
Intercepted Arc
1. FAB
105
FB
2. BAC
75
BC
3. CAD
60
CD
4. EAD
90
ED
5. EAF
30
EF
8. 360 because the measure of the central angle is equal to the
measure of its intercepted arc.
9. Equal
129
Present a real-life situation to the students to develop their
understanding of arcs and central angles of circles. In this activity, ask them
to find the degree measure of each arc of the wheel and also the angle
formed at the hub. Ask them further the importance of the spokes of the
wheel.
Activity 4: Travel Safely
Answer Key
a. 60 ; 60
b. Evaluate students responses
Before proceeding to the next activities, let the students give a brief
summary of what they have learned so far. Provide them with an opportunity
to relate or connect their responses in the activities given to this lesson. Let
the students read and understand some important notes on chords, arcs, and
central angles. Tell them to study carefully the examples given.
What to PROCESS
In this section, let the students apply the key concepts of chords, arcs,
and central angles. Tell them to use the mathematical ideas and the
examples presented in the preceding section to answer the activities
provided.
Ask the students to perform Activity 5. In this activity, the students will
identify and name arcs and central angles in the given circle and explain how
they identified them.
130
Activity 5: Identify and Name Me
Answer Key
1. LMH (or LGH ) and LKH (or LJH ); JKM (or JLM ) and
2.
JGM (or JHM )
Minor Arcs
Major Arcs
JK
KMJ
KL
KGL
LM
LJM
MG
MKG
HG
HKG
JH
JMH
Note: There are many ways of naming the major arcs. The given
answers are just some of those ways.
3. Some Possible Answers: LAM ; MAG ; GAH ; JAH ; JAK ;
LAK
Questions:
a. A semicircle is an arc with measure equal to one-half of the
circumference of a circle and is named by using the two endpoints
and another point on the arc.
A minor arc is an arc of a circle that measures less than the
semicircle. It is named by using the two endpoints on the circle.
A major arc is an arc of a circle that measures greater than the
semicircle. It is named by using the two endpoints and another point
on the arc.
A central angle is an angle whose vertex is the center of the circle
and with two radii as its sides.
b. Yes. A circle has an infinite set of points. Therefore, a circle has
many semicircles, arcs, and central angles.
In activities 6, 7, and 8, ask the students to apply the different
geometric relationships in finding the degree measure of the central angles,
the arcs that the angles intercept, and the lengths of chords. Then, let them
explain how they arrived at their answers.
131
Activity 6: Find My Degree Measure
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
90
48
138
42
132
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
90
48
150
42
132
Activity 7: Find Me!
Answer Key
1. JSO and NSI ; JSN and OSI . They are vertical angles.
2. a. 113
b. 67
c. 67
3. Yes. Yes. Opposite sides of rectangles are congruent.
4. JO and NI ; JN and OI . The central angles that intercept the arcs
are congruent.
5. a. 67
d. 113
b. 113
e. 180
c. 67
f. 180
6. NJO ; NIO ; JOI ; JNI . The arcs measure 180. Each arc or
semicircle contains the endpoints of the diameter.
Activity 8: Get My Length
Answer Key
5. 39 6.24 units
6. 8 units
7. 2 7 5.29 units
8. 4 7 10.58 units
1. 8 units
2. 2 units
3. 5 units
4. 39 6.24 units
Note: Evaluate students explanations.
Provide the students opportunity to develop their skills in writing proofs.
Ask them to complete the proof of a theorem involving the diameter, chord,
and arc of a circle by doing Activity 9. If needed, guide the students as they
complete the proof of the theorem.
132
Activity 9: Make Me Complete!
Problem:
To prove that in a circle, a diameter bisects a chord and an arc
with the same endpoints if and only if it is perpendicular to the
chord. The proof has two parts.
E
Given: ES is a diameter of U and
perpendicular to chord GN at I.
N
I
G
U
Prove: 1. NI GI
2. EN EG
3. NS GS
S
Answer Key
Proof of Part 1: We will show that ES bisects GN and the minor arc GN.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Statements
U with diameter ES and chord
GN ; ES GN
GIU and NIU are right angles.
GIU NIU
UG UN
Given
Reasons
Definition of perpendicular lines
Right angles are congruent.
Radii of the same circle are
congruent.
133
Answer Key
Proof:
Statements
Reasons
Reflexive/Identity Property
HyL Theorem
Corresponding parts of congruent
triangles are congruent (CPCTC).
5. UI UI
6. GIU NIU
7. GI NI
Definition of segment bisector
8. ES bisects GN .
9. GUI NUI
From 6, CPCTC
E, I, U are collinear.
10. GUI and GUE are the
same angles.
NUI and NUE are the same
angles.
From 9, 10, definition of congruent
11. m GUE m NUE
angles
Degree measure of an arc
12. mEG m GUE
mEN m NUE
From 11, 12, substitution
13. mEN mEG
14. m GUS m NUS
From 11, definition of
supplementary angles, angles that
are supplementary to congruent
angles are congruent.
Degree measure of an arc
15. mGS m GUS
mNS m NUS
From 14, 15, substitution
16. mNS mGS
Definition of arc bisector
17. ES bisects GN .
134
Given: ES is a diameter of
U; ES bisects GN
at I and the minor arc GN.
E
N
I
G
U
S
Answer Key
Proof of Part 2: We will show that ES GN .
Statements
Given
1.
U with diameter ES , ES
bisects GN at I and the minor
arc
GN.
2. GI NI
Reasons
Definition of bisector
GE NE
3. UI UI
4. UG UN
Reflexive/Identity Property
congruent.
SSS Postulate
CPCTC
Angles which form a linear pair and
are congruent are right angles.
Definition of perpendicular lines
5. GIU NIU
6. UIG UIN
7. UIG and UIN are right
angles.
8. IU GN
9. ES GN
IU is on ES
Combining Parts 1 and 2, the theorem is proven.
Have the students apply the knowledge and skills they have learned
about arc length, segment, and sector of a circle. Ask the students to perform
Activity 10 and Activity 11.
135
Activity 10: Find My Arc Length
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
3.925 units
5.23 units or 5.23 units
7.85 units
10.46 units or 10.47 units
8.29 units
Questions:
a. The area of each shaded region was determined by using the
A
l
proportion
where A = degree measure of the arc,
360 2 r
l = length of the arc,
r = radius of the circle. Use the formula for
finding the area of a segment and the area of a triangle.
A
l
b. The proportion
, area of a segment and the area of a
360 2 r
triangle were used and so with substitution and the division
property.
Activity 11: Find This Part!
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
9 cm2 or 28.26 cm2
18 cm2 or 56.52 cm2
52.77 cm2
9.31 cm2
59.04 cm2
40 cm2
Questions:
a. The area of the sector is equal to the product of the ratio
measure of the arc
and the area of the circle.
360
Subtract the area of the triangle from the area of the sector.
b. Area of a circle, area of a triangle, ratio, equilateral triangle, and
regular pentagon
136
Ask the students to take a closer look at some aspects of the
geometric concepts contained in this lesson. Provide them opportunities to
think deeply and test further their understanding of the lesson by doing
Activity 12. In this activity, the students will solve problems involving chords
,
arcs, central angles, area of a segment and a sector, and arc length of a
circle.
Activity 12: More Circles Please
Answer Key
1. a. 72
b. 3.768 cm
c. regular pentagon
2. Yes. There are two pairs of congruent central angles/vertical angles
formed and they intercept congruent arcs.
3. a. Yes. because the arcs are intercepted by the same central angle.
b. No. Even if the two circles have the same central angles, the
lengths of their intercepted arcs are not equal because the 2
circles have different radii.
4. 60. (Evaluate students explanations. They are expected to use the
A
l
proportion
to support their explanations.)
360 2 r
5. Draw two chords on the garden and a perpendicular bisector to
each of the chords. The intersection of the perpendicular bisectors
to the chord is the center of the circular garden.
6. a. Education, because it has the highest budget which is
Php12,000.00
Savings & Utilities, because they have the lowest budget which
is Php4,500.00
b. Education. It should be given the greater allocation because it is
a very good investment.
c. Education 120
Food 90
Utilities 45
Savings 45
Other expenses 60
d. Get the percentage for each item by dividing the allotted budget
by the monthly income, then multiply it by 360.
137
e.
Item
Education
Food
Utilities
Savings
Other expenses
Sector
654.16 cm2
490.625 cm2
245.3125 cm2
245.3125 cm2
327.083 cm2
Arc Length
52.3 cm
39.25 cm
19.625 cm
19.625 cm
26.16 cm
Before the students move to the next section of this lesson, give a
short test (formative test) to find out how well they understood the lesson. Ask
them also to write a journal about their understanding of chords, arcs, and
central angles. Refer to the Assessment Map.
What to TRANSFER
Give the students opportunities to demonstrate their understanding of
circles by doing a practical task. Let them perform Activity 13. You can ask
the students to work individually or in group. In this activity, the students wi
ll
name 5 objects or cite 5 situations in real life where chords, arcs, and central
angles of a circle are illustrated. Then, instruct them to formulate and solve
problems out of these objects or situations. Also, ask them to make a circle
graph showing the different school fees that students like them have to pay
voluntarily like Parents-Teachers Association fee, miscellaneous fee, school
paper fee, Supreme Student Government fee, and other fees. Ask them to
explain how they applied their knowledge of central angles and arcs of circle
in preparing the graph. Then, using the circle graph that they made, ask them
to formulate and solve at least two problems involving arcs, central angles,
and sectors of a circle.
Activity 13: My Real World
Answer Key
Evaluate students product. You may use the rubric provided.
138
This lesson was about chords, arcs and central angles of a circle, area
of a segment and a sector, and arc length of a circle. In this lesson, the
students determined the relationship between the measures of the central
angle and its intercepted arc.
They were also given the opportunity to apply the different geometric
relationships among chords, arcs, and central angles in solving problems,
complete the proof of a theorem related to these concepts, find the area of a
segment and the sector of a circle, and determine the length of an arc.
Moreover, the students were asked to name objects and cite real-life
situations where chords, arcs, and central angles of a circle are illustrated an
d
the relationships among these concepts are applied.
Lesson 1B: Arcs and Inscribed Angles
What to KNOW
Let the students relate and connect previously learned mathematics
concepts to the new lesson, arcs and inscribed angles. As they go through
this lesson, tell them to think of this important question: How do geometric
relationships involving arcs and inscribed angles facilitate solving real-life
problems and making decisions?
Start the lesson by asking the students to perform Activity 1. In this
activity, the students will identify in a given figure the angles and their
intercepted arcs. The students should be able to explain how they identified
and named these angles and intercepted arcs.
139
Activity 1: My Angles and Intercepted Arcs
Answer Key
Angles
Arc That the Angle Intercepts
MSC
MC
CSD
CD
MSD
MD
MGC
MC
DGC
CD
MGD
MD
1. Determine the chords having a common endpoint on the circle. The
chords are the sides of the angle and the common endpoint on the
circle is the vertex.
Determine two radii of the circle. The two radii are the sides of the angle
and the center of the circle is the vertex.
Determine the arc that lies in the interior of the angle with endpoints on
the same angle.
2. There are 6 angles and there are also 6 arcs that these angles
intercept.
3. An angle intercepts an arc if a point on one side of the angle is an
endpoint of the arc.
Give the students opportunity to determine the relationship between
the measure of an inscribed angle and the measure of its intercepted arc by
performing Activity 2. The students should be able to realize in this activity
that the measure of an angle inscribed in a circle is one-half the measure of
its intercepted arc (or the measure of the intercepted arc is twice the measure
of the inscribed angle).
140
Activity 2: Inscribe Me!
Answer Key
Possible Responses
1.
2.
3.
m WEL 60 ;
mLW 60
The measure of the central angle is
equal to the measure of its intercepted
arc.
4. m LDW 30
5. An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose
sides contain chords of the circle.
6. The measure of LDW is one-half the measure of LW .
141
Answer Key
7. Draw other inscribed angles of the circle. Determine the measures of
these angles and the degree measures of their respective intercepted
arcs. (Check students drawings.)
The measure of an inscribed angle is one-half the degree measure
of its intercepted arc.
If an angle is inscribed in a circle, then the measure of the angle
equals one-half the measure of its intercepted arc (or the measure of
the intercepted arc is twice the measure of the inscribed angle).
Activity 3 is related to Activity 2. In this activity, the students will
determine the relationship that exists when an inscribed angle intercepts a
semicircle. They should be able to find out that the measure of an inscribed
angle that intercepts a semicircle is 90.
Activity 3: Intercept Me so I Wont Fall!
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. a. m MOT 90
b. m MUT 90
c. m MNT 90
The measures of the three angles are equal. Each angle measures 90.
The measure of an inscribed angle intercepting a semicircle is 90.
The measures of inscribed angles intercepting the same arc are equal.
142
Develop students understanding of the lesson by relating it to a reallife situati
on. Ask them to determine the mathematics concepts that they can
apply to solve the problem presented in Activity 4.
Activity 4: One, Two,, Say Cheese!
Answer Key
1.
80
40
New location where Janel
could photograph the entire
house with the telephoto lens
2. Relationship between the central angle or inscribed angle and the arc
that the angle intercepts.
3. Go farther from the house until the entire house is seen on the eye
piece or on the LCD screen viewer of the camera.
143
Before proceeding to the next section of this lesson, let the students
give a brief summary of the activities done. Provide them with an opportunity
to relate or connect their responses in the activities given to their new lesson
,
Arcs and Inscribed Angles. Let the students read and understand some
important notes on the different geometric relationships involving arcs and
inscribed angles and let them study carefully the examples given.
What to PROCESS
Give the students opportunities to use the different geometric
relationships involving arcs and inscribed angles, and the examples
presented in the preceding section to perform the succeeding activities.
Ask the students to perform Activities 5, 6, and 7. In these activities,
they will identify the inscribed angles and their intercepted arcs, and apply th
e
theorems pertaining to these geometric concepts and other mathematics
concepts in finding their degree measures. Provide the students opportunities
to explain their answers.
Activity 5: Inscribe, Intercept, then Measure
Answer Key
1. LCA , LCE , ACE , ALC , CAE , CAL , LAE , and AEC
2.
a. CAL
b. ACE
c. LCE and LAE
d. ALC and AEC
3.
a. m 1 28
d. m 4 56
g. m 7 28
b. m 2 62
e. m 5 124
h. m 8 62
c. m 3 62
f. m 6 56
i. m 9 62
4.
a. mCL 52
c. mAE 52
b. mAC 128
d. mLE 128
144
Activity 6: Half, Equal or Twice As?
Answer Key
1. BAC BDC and ACD ABD . If inscribed angles intercept the
same arc, then the angles are congruent.
2. mCD 108
3. m ACB 48
4.
5.
a. x 7
b. m ABD 38
c. m DCA 38
d. mAD 76
a. x 5
b. m BDC 26
c. mBC 52
d. m BAC 26
Activity 7: Encircle Me!
Answer Key
1.
4.
a. mOA 150
b. mOG 50
c. m GOA 80
d. m GAO 25
2.
3.
a. m TIA 105
b. m FAI 82
5.
a. m CAR 65
b. m ACR 57.5
c. m ARC 57.5
a. mTM 116
b. mMA 64
c. mAE 116
d. mAC 115
d. m MEA 32
e. mAR 115
e. m TAM 58
a. m RDM 35
b. m DRM 55
c. m DMR 90
d. mDM 110
e. mRD 180
145
In Activity 8, ask the students to complete the proof of the theorem on
inscribed angle and its intercepted arc. This activity would further develop
their skills in writing proofs which they need in proving other geometric
relationships.
Activity 8: Complete to Prove!
Problem:
To prove that if an angle is inscribed in a circle, then the
measure of the angle equals one-half the measure of its
intercepted arc (or the measure of the intercepted arc is twice
the measure of the inscribed angle).
Case 1:
Q
Given: PQR inscribed in
S and
x
PQ is a diameter.
Prove: m PQR
S
1
mPR
2
P
Draw RS and let m PQR x .
146
R
Answer Key
Statements
1. PQR inscribed in
S
and PQ is a diameter.
Reasons
Given
2. QS RS
Radii of a circle are congruent.
3. QRS is an isosceles .
4. PQR QRS
Definition of isosceles triangle
The base angles of an isosceles
triangle are congruent.
The measures of congruent angles
are equal.
Transitive Property
5. m PQR m QRS
6. m QRS x
7. m PSR 2x
8. m PSR mPR
Transitive Property
9. mPR 2x
10. mPR 2 m PQR
11. m QRS
The measure of an exterior angle of a
triangle is equal to the sum of the
measures of its remote interior
angles.
The measure of a central angle is
equal to the measure of its
intercepted arc.
1
mPR
2
Substitution
Multiplication Property of Equality
Provide the students with opportunities to think deeply and test further
their understanding of the lesson. Let them prove the different theorems on
arcs and inscribed angles of a circle and other geometric relationships by
performing Activity 9 and Activity 10. Moreover, ask the students to solve the
problems in Activity 11 for them to realize the wide applications of the lesson
in real life.
147
Activity 9: Prove It or Else !
Answer Key
1. Case 2
Given: KLM inscribed in
Prove: m KLM
O.
1
mKM
2
To prove: Draw diameter LN.
Proof:
m KLN
Statements
Reasons
1
1
mKN and m MLN mMN
2
2
1
1
mKN mMN or
2
2
1
m KLN m MLN mKN mMN
2
m KLN m MLN m KLM
m KLN m MLN
mKN mMN mKM
1
m KLM mKM
2
Angle Addition Postulate
Arc Addition Postulate
Substitution
Answer Key
1. Case 3
Given: SMC inscribed in
Prove: m SMC
The measure of an
inscribed angle is one-half
the measure of its
intercepted arc (Case 1).
Addition Property
A.
1
mSC
2
To prove: Draw diameter MP.
148
Proof:
m PMS
Statements
Reasons
1
1
mPS and m PMC mPC
2
2
The measure of an
the measure of its
intercepted arc (Case 1).
m PMS m SMC m PMC or
m SMC m PMC m PMS
mPS mSC mPC or
mSC mPC mPS
1
1
mPC mPS or
2
2
1
m PMC m PMS mPC mPS
2
1
m SMC mSC
2
m PMC m PMS
2. Given:
By Subtraction
Substitution
In T, PR and AC are the
intercepted arcs of PQR
and ABC , respectively.
PR AC
Prove:
Proof:
PQR ABC
Statements
Reasons
Given
PR AC
Congruent arcs have equal
measures.
mPR mAC
1
m PQR mPR and
2
1
m ABC mAC
2
m PQR
The measure of an inscribed
angle is one-half the measure
1
mAC
2
Substitution
m PQR m ABC
Transitive Property
PQR ABC
Angles with equal measures
are congruent.
149
3. Given:
In C, GML intercepts
semicircle GEL.
Prove:
GML is a right angle.
Proof:
Statements
Reasons
GML intercepts semicircle GEL.
mGEL 180
1
mGEL
2
1
m GML 180 or m GML 90
2
GML is a right angle.
m GML
4. Given:
Given
The degree measure of a
semicircle is 180.
Substitution
Definition of right angle
Quadrilateral WIND is inscribed
in Y .
Prove: 1. W and N are supplementary.
2. I and D are supplementary.
To prove: Draw WY , IY , NY , and DY .
Proof:
Statements
Reasons
The sum of the measures
m WYI m IYN m NYD m DYW 360 of the central angles of a
circle is 360.
The measure of a central
angle is equal to the
m WYI mWI , m IYN mIN ,
measure of its intercepted
arc.
m NYD mND , and m DYW mDW
mWI mIN mND mDW 360
Substitution
mDNI mDWI 360
150
Answer Key
Statements
m DWI
1
1
mDNI and m DNI mDWI
2
2
1
1
mDNI mDWI or
2
2
1
m DWI m DNI mDNI mDWI
2
1
m DWI m DNI 360 or
2
m DWI m DNI 180
m DWI m DNI
W and N are supplementary.
m W m I m N m D 360
m I m D 180 360
m I m D 180
I and D are supplementary.
Reasons
angle is one-half the
arc.
By Addition
Substitution
Definition of supplementary
angles
The sum of the measures of
the angles of a quadrilateral
is 360.
Substitution
Addition Property
Definition of supplementary
angles
Activity 10: Prove to Me if You Can!
C
Answer Key
1. Given:
Prove:
Proof
MT and AC are chords of
and MC AT ,
CHM THA .
M
D
H
A
Reasons
Statements
1. MT and AC are chords of
D and MC AT .
2. MCA , ATM , CMT , and
CAT are inscribed angles.
3. MCA ATM and
CMT CAT
4. CHM THA
D.
Given
Definition of inscribed angle
Inscribed angles intercepting the
same arc are congruent.
ASA Congruence Postulate
151
T
Answer Key
2. Given:
Quadrilateral DRIV is inscribed in E.
RV is a diagonal that passes through
the center of the circle.
R
E
DV IV
Prove:
Proof:
RVD RVI
Statements
4. RIV and RDV are
semicircles.
5. RDV and RIV are right
angles.
6. RVD and RVI are right
triangles.
7. RVD RVI
Prove:
V
D
1. RV is a diagonal that
passes through the center of
the circle
2. RV RV
3. DRV VRI
3. Given:
I
In
Reasons
Given
Reflexive Property
Inscribed angles intercepting the
same arc are congruent.
Definition of semicircle
Inscribed angle intercepting a
semicircle measures 90
Definition of right triangle
Hypotenuse-Angle Congruence
Theorem
C
A, SE NE and SC NT .
S
CSE TNE
A
T
E
Proof:
Statements
Given
1. SE NE and SC NT
N
Reasons
If two arcs are congruent, then
the chords joined by their
respective endpoints are also
congruent.
Congruent arcs have equal
measures.
2. SE NE and SC NT
3. mSE mNE and
mSC mNT
4. mSE mSC mEC and
mEN mNT mET
152
Answer Key
Statements
1. mEC mET
2. EC ET
3. Draw chord CT .
4. ECT ETC
5. CET is an isosceles triangle.
6. CE TE
7. CSE TNE
Substitution
Reasons
Definition of Congruence
Definition of chord of a circle
Inscribed angles intercepting
congruent arcs are congruent.
Definition of isosceles triangle.
The legs of an isosceles triangle are
congruent.
SSS Congruence Postulate
Activity 11: Take Me to Your Real-World!
Answer Key
1. a. 72
b. 36. The measure of an inscribed angle is one-half the measure of
its intercepted arc.
2. Rectangle. In a circle, there is only one chord that can be drawn
parallel and congruent to another chord in the same circle. Moreover,
the diagonals of the parallelogram are also the diameters of the circle.
Hence, each inscribed angle formed by the adjacent sides of the
parallelogram intercepts a semicircle and measures 90.
3. 38. If EG is drawn, the viewing angles of Joanna, Clarissa, and
Juliana intercept the same arc. Hence, the viewing angles of Joanna
and Juliana measure the same as the viewing angle of Clarissa.
4. Mang Ador has to draw two inscribed angles on the circle such that
each measures 90. Then, connect the other endpoints of the sides of
each angle to form the diameter. The point of intersection of the two
diameters is the center of the circle.
5. a. PQR is a right triangle.
b. The length of RS is the geometric mean of the lengths of PS and
QS .
c. PS = 6 in.; QS = 2 in.; RS = 2 3 in.
d. RT 4 3 in. and MN 4 3 in.
153
them also to write a journal about their understanding of arcs and inscribed
angles. Refer to the Assessment Map.
What to TRANSFER
the geometric relationships involving arcs and inscribed angles. In Activity 12,
ask the students to make a design of a stage where a special event will be
held. Tell them to include in the design some circular objects that illustrate t
he
use of inscribed angles and arcs of a circle, and explain how they applied
these concepts in preparing the design. Then, ask them to formulate and
solve problems out of the design they made. You can ask the students to
work individually or in groups.
Activity 12: How special is the event?
Answer Key
Evaluate students product. You may use the given rubric.
This lesson was about arcs and inscribed angles of a circle. In this
lesson, the students were given the opportunity to determine the geometric
relationships that exist among arcs and inscribed angles of a circle, apply
these in solving problems, and prove related theorems. Moreover, they were
given the chance to formulate and solve real-life problems involving these
geometric concepts out of the product they were asked to come up with as a
demonstration of their understanding of the lesson.
154
Lesson 2A: Tangents and Secants of a Circle
What to KNOW
Assess students prior mathematical knowledge and skills that are
related to tangents and secants of a circle. This would facilitate teaching and
guide the students in understanding the different geometric relationships
involving tangents and secants of a circle.
Start the lesson by asking the students to perform Activity 1. This
activity would lead them to some geometric relationships involving tangents
and segments drawn from the center of the circle to the point of tangency.
That is, the radius of a circle that is drawn to the point of tangency is
perpendicular to the tangent line and is also the shortest segment.
Activity 1: Measure then Compare!
Answer Key
1. Use a compass to draw
S.
2. Draw line m such that it intersects
point of intersection as T.
S at exactly one point. Label the
3. Connect S and T by a line segment. What is TS in the figure drawn?
TS is a radius of S.
155
4. Mark four other points on line m such that two of these points are on
the left side of T and the other two points are on the right side. Label
these points as M, N, P, and Q, respectively.
5. Using a protractor, find the measures of MTS , NTS , PTS, and
QTS . How do the measures of the four angles compare?
The four angles have equal measures. Each angle measures 90.
6. Repeat step 2 to 5. This time, draw line n such that it intersects the
circle at another point. Name this point V.
The four angles, AVS , BVS , DVS , and EVS have equal
measures. Each angle measures 90.
156
7. Draw MS , NS , PS , and QS .
8. Using a ruler, find the lengths of TS , MS , NS , PS , and QS .
How do the lengths of the five segments compare?
The lengths of the five segments, TS , MS , NS , PS , and QS are
not equal.
What do you think is the shortest segment from the center of a circle
to the line that intersects it at exactly one point? Explain your
answer.
The shortest segment from the center of a circle to the line that
intersects the circle at exactly one point is the segment
perpendicular to the line. Whereas, the other segments become the
hypotenuses of the right triangles formed. Recall that the
hypotenuse is the longest side of a right triangle.
157
Provide the students with opportunities to investigate relationships
among arcs and angles formed by secants and tangents. Ask them to perform
Activity 2 and Activity 3. Let the students realize the following geometric
relationships:
1. If two secants intersect on a circle, then the measure of the angle formed
is one-half the measure of the intercepted arc. (Note: Relate this to the
relationship between the measure of the inscribed angle and the measure
of its intercepted arc.)
2. If a secant and a tangent intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the
measure of the angle formed is one-half the positive difference of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.
3. If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the
measure of each angle formed is one-half the measure of its intercepted
arc.
4. If two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of the
angle formed is one-half the positive difference of the measures of the
intercepted arcs.
5. If two tangents intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of th
e
intercepted arcs.
6. If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of an
angle formed is one-half the sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted
by the angle and its vertical angle.
158
Activity 2: Investigate Me!
Answer Key
1. Which lines intersect circle C at two points? AD, AE, DG,
How about the lines that intersect the circle at exactly one point? BG
2. What are the angles having A as the vertex?
DAE, EAG, DAB, DAG . There are still other angles with A as
the vertex, but for the purpose of our new lesson, we consider these
angles.
C as the vertex? ACD, ACG, ECF, DCE
D as the vertex? ADG. There are still other angles with D as the
vertex but for the meantime, we only consider this.
G as the vertex? AGD. There are still other angles with G as the
vertex but for the meantime, we only consider this.
3.
DAB AD
DAE DE
DAG DEA
EAG EFA
ADF AF
4.
DAE and DCE DE
DAB , DCA , and AGD AD
ACF , ADF , and AGD AF
5. m DAE 34.43
m EAG 90
m DAB 55.57
m DAG 124.43
m ACD 111.14
DCE DE
ACD AD
ACF AF
ECF EF
AGD AF and AD
m ACG 68.87
m ECF 111.14
m DCE 68.87
m ADG 34.43
m AGD 21.13
159
Answer Key
6. Determine the measure of the central angle that intercepts the same
arc. The measure of the central angle is equal to the measure of its
intercepted arc.
7.
mAD= 111.14
mEFA= 180
mDE= 68.86
mEF= 111.14
mDEA= 248.86
mAF= 68.86
m DCE 2 m DAE
mDE 2 m DAE . Since m DCE mDE ,
then mDE 2 m DAE .
8.
mAD 2 m DAB
mEFA 2 m EAG
9.
m BGD
1
mAD mAF
2
Activity 3: Find Out by Yourself!
Answer Key
2.
RST is a central angle of
4. m RST
S.
1
mST
2
6. Yes. m RST
1
mRVT mRT
2
8. Yes. m RST
1
mRT mNT
2
10. Yes. m RST
1
mRT mMN
2
12. Yes. m RST
1
mRT mMN
2
160
Let the students give their realizations of the activities done before
proceeding to the next activities. Provide them with an opportunity to relate or
connect their responses to the activities given in their lesson, tangents and
secants of a circle. Let the students read and understand some important
notes on tangents and secants of a circle and study carefully the examples
given.
What to PROCESS
In this section, let the students use the geometric concepts and
relationships they have studied and the examples presented in the preceding
section to answer the succeeding activities.
Present to the students the figure given in Activity 4. In this activity, the
students should be able to identify the tangents and secants in the figure
including the angles that they form and the arcs that these angles intercept.
They should be able to determine also the unknown measure of the angle
formed by secants intersecting in the exterior of the circle. Give emphasis to
the geometric relationship the students applied in finding the measure of the
angle. Provide them opportunities to compare their answers and correct their
errors, if there are any.
Activity 4: Tangents or Secants?
Answer Key
1. KL and LM. Each line intersects the circle at exactly one point.
2. KN and MP. Each line intersects the circle at two points.
3. KN K and N; MP M and P; KL K; LM M
4. There are other angles formed but only these are considered.
KOM is formed by two secant lines.
KLM is formed by two tangent lines.
LMP, LKN, PMR, and NKS. Each is formed by a secant and a
tangent.
5. MP PMR , NP KOM , KN NKS , KM KLM ,
KPM KLM
6. m KLM 50 ; mNP = 30
161
In Activity 5, provide the students with opportunities to apply the
different geometric relationships in finding the measures of the angles formed
by tangents and secants and the arcs that these angles intercept. Let them
also determine the lengths of segments tangent to circle/s and other
segments drawn on a circle. Ask them to support their answers by stating the
geometric relationships applied.
Activity 5: From One Place to Another
Answer Key
1. m ABC 40
2. m MQL 40
3. m PTR 47
m RTS 133
4. a. x 10
b. mCG 65
c. mAR 55
5. mMC 71
6. OR 4 85
RS 24
KS 4 85 24
7. m PQO 61
m PQR 119
8. a. mPW 125
b. m RPW 27.5
c. m PRW 62.5
d. m WRE 27.5
e. m WER 62.5
f. m WER 62.5
9. PQ 6 4 5
10. a. x 6
b. ST 19
c. RT 19
d. AT 19
Let the students think deeply and test further their understanding of the
different geometric relationships involving tangents and secants of circles by
doing Activity 6. In this activity, they will apply these geometric relationship
s in
solving problems.
162
Activity 6: Think of These Relationships Deeply!
Answer Key
1.
a. m RON 90 ; m RON 90 . The radius of a circle is
perpendicular to a tangent line at the point of tangency.
b. NRO NUD
c. m NRO 59
d. m NDU 41; m DUO 131
e. RO 5 ; DN 12 ; DU 6 3
NRO is not congruent to DUN . The lengths of their sides are
not equal.
2. LU is tangent to
I. SC is also tangent to
I.
3.
4.
a. RL LI . If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent
to a circle, then the two segments are congruent.
b. LTR LTI by HyL Theorem.
c. m ILT 38 ; m ITL 52 ; m RTL 52
d. TL 26 ; LI 24 ; AL 16
a. SZ 6
b. DZ 3
c. CX 7.5
d. CY 7.5
If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle,
then the two segments are congruent.
5. 5 55 m
6.
a. m P 55
m R 55
m S 55
b. The angle that I will make with the lighthouse must be less than
55.
Provide the students with opportunities to prove theorems involving
tangents and secants of circles. Let them perform Activity 7. Guide the
students in writing the proof. If needed, provide hints.
163
Activity 7: Is this true?
Answer Key
1. Given:
Prove:
AB is tangent to
C at D.
AB CD
To prove: a. Draw AC
b. Assume AB is not perpendicular
to CD and AB AC
Proof:
Statement
Reason
AB is not perpendicular
to CD and AB AC .
Assumption
E is a point on AD such that
DE 2DA
Ruler Postulate
DA AE
CAE CAD
AC AC
CDA CEA
CD CE
CD CE
D and E are on C.
D and E are the points of intersection
of tangent line AB and
C is not true.
AB CD
2. Given: RS is a radius of
PQ RS
Prove: PQ is tangent to
S.
S at R.
To prove: Draw QS .
164
Betweenness and Congruence
of Segments
Right angles are congruent.
Reflexive Property
SAS Congruence Postulate
CPCTC
The lengths of congruent
segments are equal.
Definition of circle
A tangent intersects the circle at
exactly one point.
Only one line can be drawn on a
circle that is tangent to it at the
point of tangency.
Answer Key
Proof:
Statement
RS is a radius of
Reason
S and PQ RS .
QS >RS
Q is not on
S.
PQ is tangent to
S at R.
Given
The shortest segment from the
center of a circle to a line tangent
to it is the perpendicular
segment.
No other point of a tangent line
other than the point of tangency
lies on a circle.
A tangent intersects the circle at
exactly one point.
3. Given: EM and EL are tangent to
S at M and L, respectively.
Prove: EM EL
To prove: Draw MS , LS , and ES .
Proof:
Statement
Reason
congruent.
A line tangent to a circle is
perpendicular to the radius.
Reflexive Property
Hypotenuse-Leg Congruence
Theorem
CPCTC
MS LS
EL LS and EM MS .
ES ES
ESM ESL
EM EL
165
4.
a. Given:
RS and TS are tangent to
and intersect at the exterior
Prove:
m RST
V at R and T, respectively,
S.
1
mTQR mTR
2
To prove: Draw RV , TV , and SV .
Proof:
Statement
SVR SVT
m RVS m RSV 90 and
m TVS m TSV 90
m RVS m TVS m RVT
m RVT 90 x 90 x
Reason
(Proven)
Acute angles of a right
triangle are complementary.
Substitution
180 2x
arc.
circle is 360.
Substitution and Addition
Property of Equality
mTR 180 2x
mTQR mTR 360
mTQR 180 2x
m RSV m TSV m RST
m RSV m TSV x x
By Substitution and Addition
2x
m RST 2x
Transitive Property
mTQR mTR 180 2x 180 2x
2 2x
By Substitution and
Subtraction
166
Answer Key
By Substitution
mTQR mTR 2 m RST
1
m RST mTQR mTR
2
b. Given:KL is tangent to
Multiplication Property
O at K.
NL is a secant that passes through
O at M and N.
KL and NL intersect at the
exterior point L.
Prove:
m KLN
1
mNPK mMK
2
To prove: Draw KM , MO , and KO .
Let m MKL x so that m MKO 90 x and m KMO 90 x .
Proof:
m NMK
Statement
Reason
The measure of an
the measure of its
intercepted arc.
The measure of the
exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the
measures of its remote
interior angles.
arc.
1
mNPK
2
m NMK m MKL m NLK
m KOM mKM
167
m KOM 2x
The sum of the
measures of
complementary angles is
90.
The sum of the
measures of the interior
angle of a triangle is 180
Addition Property
mKM 2x
Transitive Property
m MKL m MKO 90
m KMO m MKO m KOM 180
2 m MKL mKM or m MKL
1
mKM
2
1
mNPK 1 mKM m NMK m MKL
2
2
m MKL m NLK m MKL
m NLK
m NLK
1
mNPK mKM
2
c. Given:
By Subtraction
By Substitution
AC is a secant that passes
through T at A and B.
EC is a secant that passes
through T at E and D.
AC and EC intersect at the
exterior point C.
Prove:
m ACE
1
mAE mBD
2
To prove: Draw AD and BE .
168
Answer Key
Proof:
Statement
m ADE m DAC m ACE
1
mAE and
2
1
m DAB mBD
2
1
mAE 1 mBD m ADE m DAB
2
2
m ADE m DAC m ACE
1
1
m ACE mAE mBD or
2
2
1
m ACE mAE mBD
2
m ADE
5. Given:
PR and QS are secants
intersecting in the interior
of V at T.
PS and QR are the intercepted
arcs of PTS and QTR .
1
mPS mQR
2
To prove: Draw RS .
Prove: m PTS
169
Reason
The measure of the
exterior angle of a
triangle is equal to the
sum of the measures of
its remote interior
angles.
The measure of an
inscribed angle is onehalf the measure of its
intercepted arc.
By Subtraction
Addition Property
Transitive Property
Proof:
Statement
Reason
The measure of an
the measure of its
intercepted arc.
1
mPS and
2
1
m QSR mQR
2
m QTR m PRS m QSR
m PRS
The measure of the
exterior angle of a triangle
is equal to the sum of the
measures of its remote
interior angles.
1
mPS 1 mQR or
2
2
1
m QTR mPS mQR
2
m QTR m PTS
m QTR
m PTS
6. Given:
Prove:
Substitution
The measures of vertical
angles are equal.
Transitive Property
1
mPS mQR
2
MP and LN are secant and
tangent, respectively, and
intersect at C at the point
of tangency, M.
1
mMP and
2
1
m LMP mMKP
2
m NMP
To prove: Draw OP and OM .
Let m NMP x so that m OMP 90 x and
m OPM 90 x .
170
Answer Key
Proof:
Statement
m MOP mMP
m NMP m OMP 90
m OMP m OPM m MOP 180
m MOP 2x
Reason
arc.
of complementary angles
is 90.
of a triangle is 180.
Addition Property
Transitive Property
mMP 2x
Substitution
mMP 2 m NMP
1
m NMP mMP
2
circle is 360.
By Substitution and
Subtraction
By Factoring
mMP mMKP 360
mMKP 360 2x
mMKP 2 180 x
m LMP 90 90 x or
m LMP 180 x
Substitution
mMKP 2 m LMP
1
m LMP mMKP
2
them also to write a journal about their understanding of tangents and secants
of a circle. Refer to the Assessment Map.
171
What to TRANSFER
the different geometric relationships involving tangents and secants of circles
by doing a practical task. Let them perform Activity 8. You can ask the
students to work individually or in a group. In this activity, the students will
formulate and solve problems involving tangents and secants of circles as
illustrated in some real-life objects.
Activity 8: My Real World
Answer Key
This lesson was about the geometric relationships involving tangents
and secants of a circle, the angles they form and the arcs that these angles
intercept. The lesson provided the students with opportunities to derive
geometric relationships involving radius of a circle drawn to the point of
tangency, investigate relationships among arcs and angles formed by secants
and tangents, and apply these in solving problems. Moreover, they were given
the chance to prove the different theorems on tangents and secants and
demonstrate their understanding of these concepts by doing a practical task.
Their understanding of this lesson and other previously learned mathematics
concepts and principles will facilitate their learning of the wide applications
of
circles in real life.
172
Lesson 2B: Tangent and Secant Segments
What to KNOW
Find out how much students have learned about the different
mathematics concepts previously studied and their skills in performing
mathematical operations. Checking these will facilitate teaching and students
understanding of the geometric relationships involving tangent and secant
segments. Tell them that as they go through this lesson, they have to think of
this important question: How do geometric relationships involving tangent and
secant segments facilitate solving real-life problems and making decisions?
Provide the students with opportunities to enhance further their skills in
finding solutions to mathematical sentences previously studied. Let them
perform Activity1. In this activity, the students will solve linear and quadrati
c
equations in one variable. These mathematical skills are prerequisites to
learning the geometric relationships involving tangent and secant segments.
Ask the students to explain how they arrived at the solutions and how
they applied the mathematics concepts or principles in solving each
mathematical sentence.
Activity 1: What is my value?
Answer Key
1. x 9
2. x 5
6. x 5
7. x 8
8. x 2 3
3. x 6
4. x 9
9. x 3 5
10. x 4 5
5. x 12
Questions:
a. Applying the Division Property of Equality and Extracting Square
Roots
b. Division Property of Equality and Extracting Square Roots
Present to the students the figure in Activity 2. Then, let them identify
the tangent and secant lines and the chords, name all the segments they can
see, and describe a point in relation to the circle. This activity has something
to do with the lesson. Let the students relate this to the succeeding activities
.
173
Activity 2: My Segments
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
JL - tangent; JS - secant; AS ; AT ; LN - chords
NE ; ET ; AE ; EL
AS ; AJ ; JL
A point outside the circle
Ask the students to perform Activity 3 to determine the relationship that
exists among segments formed by intersecting chords of a circle. In this
activity, the students might not be able to arrive at the accurate
measurements of the chords due to the limitations of the measuring
instrument to be used. If possible, use math freeware like GeoGebra in
performing the activity.
Activity 3: What is true about my chords?
Answer Key
1-2.
3. a. BA = 2.8 units
c. MA = 1.95 units
b. TA = 2.8 units
d. NA = 4.02 units
4. The product of BA and TA is equal to the product of MA and NA .
5. If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product of the measures
of the segments of one chord is equal to the product of the measures
of the segments of the other chord. (Emphasize this idea.)
Present to the students a situation that would capture their interest and
develop their understanding of the lesson. Let them perform Activity 4. In this
activity, the students will determine the mathematics concepts or principles to
solve the given problem.
174
Activity 4: Fly Me to Your World
Answer Key
1. d = 27.67 km
2. External secant segment, tangent, Pythagorean theorem
Ask the students to summarize the activities done before proceeding to
the next activities. Provide them with an opportunity to relate or connect their
responses in the activities given to their new lesson, Tangent and Secant
Segments. Let the students read and understand some important notes on
tangent and secant segments and study carefully the examples given.
What to PROCESS
Let the students use the different geometric relationships involving
tangent and secant segments and the examples presented in the preceding
section to answer the succeeding activities.
In Activity 5, the students will name the external secant segments in
the given figures. This activity would familiarize them with the geometric
concept and facilitate problem solving.
Activity 5: Am I away from you?
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
IM and IL
TS and DS
OS
IR
LF and WE
IH , FG , IJ , EF , AK , DC
175
Have the students apply the different theorems involving chords and
tangent and secant segments to find the unknown lengths of segments on a
circle and solve related problems. Ask the students to perform Activity 6 and
Activity 7.
Activity 6: Find My Length!
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
x 8 units
x 8 units
x 9 units
x 5 units
x 6.64 units
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
x 10.5 units
x 4.8 units
x 15 units
x 2 10 6.32 units
x 4 units
Questions:
a. The theorems on two intersecting chords, secant segments, tangent
segments, and external secant segments were applied.
b. Evaluate students responses.
Activity 7: Try to Fit!
Answer Key
1. Possible answer:
2. a. VU = 4.57 units
b. XU = 8 units
176
Test further students understanding of the different geometric
relationships involving tangent and secant segments including chords by
doing Activity 8 and Activity 9. Let the students prove the different theorems
on intersecting chords, secant segments, tangent segments, and external
secant segments and solve problems involving these concepts.
Activity 8: Prove Me Right!
Answer Key
1. Given:
Prove:
AB and DE are chords of
intersecting at M.
C
AM BM DM EM
To prove: Draw AE and BD .
Proof:
Statement
Reason
1
mBE and
2
1
m BDE mBE
2
angle is one-half the
arc.
Inscribed angles intercepting
the same arc are congruent.
AA Similarity Theorem
Lengths of sides of similar
triangles are proportional.
m BAE
BAE BDE
AME ~ DMB
EM BM
AM DM
AM BM DM EM
177
Answer Key
2. Given:
Prove:
DP and DS are secant
segments of T drawn
from exterior point D.
DP DQ DS DR
To prove: Draw PR and QS .
Proof:
Statement
QPR RSQ and PQS SRP
DQS DRP
DQS ~ DRP
DP DS
DR DQ
DP DQ DS DR
3. Given:
KL and KM are tangent
and secant segments,
respectively of O drawn
from exterior point K.
KM intersects
Prove:
KM KN KL
Reason
Inscribed angles
intercepting the same arc
are congruent.
Supplements of congruent
angles are congruent
O at N.
2
To prove: Draw LM and LN .
178
Answer Key
Proof:
Statement
Reason
1
mLN and
2
1
m LMN mLN
2
m NLK m LMN
m NLK
Transitive Property
are congruent.
The measure of the exterior
angle of a triangle is equal to
the sum of the measures of its
remote interior angles.
Substitution
Transitive Property
are congruent.
NLK LMN
m LNK m NLM m LMN
m LNK m NLM m NLK
m KLM m NLM m NLK
m LNK m KLM
LNK KLM
MKL ~ LNM
KM KL
KL KN
KM KN KL
2
Activity 9: Understand Me More
Answer Key
1. Janel. She used the theorem If two secant segments are drawn to a
circle from an exterior point, then the product of the lengths of one
secant segment and its external secant segment is equal to the product
of the lengths of the other secant segment and its external secant
segment.
2. Gate 1 is 91.65 m from the main road.
3. a. The point of tangency of the two light balls from the ceiling is about
44.72 cm.
b. Anton needs about 1967.53 cm of string.
179
Find out how well the students understood the lesson by giving a short
test (formative test) before proceeding to the next section. Ask them also to
write a journal about their understanding of tangent and secant segments.
Refer to the Assessment Map.
What to TRANSFER
tangent and secant segments including chords of a circle by doing a practical
task. Let them perform Activity 10. You can ask the students to work
individually or in a group.
In Activity 10, the students will make a design of an arch bridge that
would connect two places which are separated by a river, 20 m wide. Tell
them to indicate on the design the different measurements of the parts of the
bridge. The students are expected to formulate and solve problems involving
tangent and secant segments out of the design and the measurements of its
parts.
Activity 10: My True World!
Answer Key
This lesson was about the different geometric relationships involving
tangents, secants, and chords of a circle. The lesson provided the students
with opportunities to derive geometric relationship involving intersecting
chords, identify tangent and secant segments, and prove and apply different
theorems on chords, tangent, and secant segments. These theorems were
used to solve various geometric problems. Understanding the ideas
presented in this lesson will facilitate their learning of the succeeding lesson
s.
180
SUMMATIVE TEST
Part I
Choose the letter that you think best answers each of the following questions.
1. In the figure on the right, which is an inscribed angle?
A. RST
B. PQR
C. QVT
D. QST
2. In
A.
B.
C.
D.
F below, AG is a diameter. What is mAD if m DFG 65 ?
65
115
130
230
3. Which of the following lines is tangent to
below?
A. DE
B. AG
C. BD
D. AE
181
F as shown in the figure
4. Quadrilateral ABCD is inscribed in a circle. Which of the following is true
about the angle measures of the quadrilateral?
I. m A m C 180
II. m B m D 180
III. m A m C 90
A. I and II
B. I and III
C. II and III
D. I, II, and III
5. An arc of a circle measures 72. If the radius of the circle is 6 cm, about
how long is the arc?
A. 1.884 cm
B. 2.4 cm
C. 3.768 cm
D. 7.54 cm
6. What is the total measure of the central angles of a circle with no common
interior points?
A. 480
B. 360
C. 180
D. 120
7. What kind of angle is the inscribed angle that intercepts a semicircle?
A. straight
B. obtuse
C. right
D. acute
8. What is the length of AS in the figure on the right?
A. 6.92 units
C. 14.4 units
117
130
B.
units
D.
units
10
9
9. Line AB is tangent to
m ABF ?
A. 44
B. 61
C. 88
D. 122
C at D. If mDF = 166 and mDE = 78, what is
182
10. How many line/s can be drawn through a given point on a circle that is
tangent to the circle?
A. four
B. three
C. two
D. one
11. In U on the right, what is m PRE if m PUE 56 ?
A. 28
C. 56
B. 34
D. 124
E
P
U
R
12. In the figure below, TA and HA are secants. If TA = 18 cm, LA = 8 cm,
and AE = 10 cm,
A
L
T
E
H
what is the length of AH in the given figure?
A. 18 cm
B. 20 cm
C. 22.5 cm
D. 24.5 cm
13. In O on the right, mHT = 45 and the length of the
radius is 8 cm. What is the area of the shaded region
in terms of ?
T
A. 6 cm 2
C. 10 cm 2
45
B. 8 cm 2
D. 12 cm 2
H
183
8 cm
O
14. In the circle on the right, what is the measure of SRT if AST is a
semicircle and m SRA 74 ?
A. 16
S
B. 74
C. 106
D. 154
A
15. Quadrilateral LUCK is inscribed in
m UCK 77, find m ULK .
A. 77
B. 84
C. 96
D. 103
T
R
S. If m LUC 96 and
U
L
96
77
C
S
K
16. In S on the right, what is RT if QS = 18 units
and VW = 4 units?
A. 4 2 units
B. 8 2 units
C. 14 units
D. 16 2 units
17. A circular garden has a radius of 2 m. Find the area of the smaller
segment of the garden determined by a 90 arc.
A. 2 m2
B. 2 m2
C. m2
D. 4 2 m2
184
18. Karen has a necklace with a circular pendant hanging
from a chain around her neck. The chain is tangent to
the pendant. If the chain is extended as shown in the
diagram on the right, it forms an angle of 30 below
the pendant. What is the measure of the arc at the
bottom of the pendant?
A. 60
B. 75
C. 120
D. 150
30
19. Mang Jose cut a circular board with a diameter 80 cm. Then, he divided
the board into 20 congruent sectors. What is the area of each sector?
A. 80 cm2 B. 320 cm2
C. 800 cm2
D. 1 600 cm2
20. Mary designed a pendant. It is a regular octagon set in a circle. Suppose
the opposite vertices are connected by line segments and meet at the
center of the circle. What is the measure of each angle formed at the
center?
B. 45
C. 67.5
D. 135
A. 22.5
Part II
Solve each of the following problems. Show your complete solutions.
1. Mr. Jaena designed an arch for the top part of a subdivisions main gate.
The arch will be made out of bent iron. In the design, the 16 segments
between the two concentric semicircles are each 0.7 meter long. Suppose
the diameter of the outer semicircle is 8 meters. What is the length, in
whole meters, of the shortest iron needed to make the arch?
2. A rope fits tightly around two pulleys. What is the distance between the
centers of the pulleys if the radii of the bigger and smaller pulleys are
10 cm and 6 cm, respectively, and the portion of the rope tangent to the
two pulleys is 50 cm long?
185
Rubric for Problem Solving
4
Used an
appropriate
strategy to come
up with a correct
solution and
arrived at a
correct answer
3
Used an
appropriate
strategy to come
up with a
solution, but a
part of the
solution led to an
incorrect answer
2
Used an
appropriate
strategy but
came up with an
entirely wrong
solution that led
to an incorrect
answer
1
Attempted to
solve the problem
but used an
inappropriate
strategy that led
to a wrong
solution
Part III A: GRASPS Assessment
Perform the following.
Goal:
To prepare the different student formations to be done during a
field demonstration
Role:
Student assigned to prepare the different formations to be
followed in the field demonstration
Audience:
The school principal, your teacher, and your fellow students
Situation:
Your school has been selected by the municipal/city
government to perform a field demonstration as part of a big
local event where many visitors and spectators are expected to
arrive and witness the said occasion. The principal of your
school designated one of your teachers to organize and lead the
group of students who will perform the field demonstration.
Being one of the students selected to perform during the
activity, your teacher asked you to plan the different student
formations for the field demonstration. In particular, your teacher
instructed you to include arrangements that show geometric
figures such as circles, arcs, tangents, and secants. Your
teacher also asked you to make a sketch of the various
formations and include the order in which these will be
performed by the group.
186
Products:
Sketches of the different formations to be followed in the field
demonstrations including the order and manner on how each
will be performed
Standards: The sketches of the different formations must be accurate and
presentable, and the sequencing must also be systematic.
Rubric for Sketches of the Different Formations
4
The sketches of
the different
formations are
accurately made,
presentable, and
the sequencing is
systematic.
3
The sketches of
the different
formations are
accurately made
and the
sequencing is
systematic but not
presentable.
2
The sketches of
the different
formations are not
accurately made
but the
sequencing is
systematic.
1
The sketches of
the different
formations are
made but not
accurate and the
sequencing is not
systematic.
Part III B
Use the prepared sketches of the different formations in Part III A in
formulating problems involving circles, then solve.
187
Rubric on Problems Formulated and Solved
Score
6
Descriptors
Poses a more complex problem with 2 or more correct possible
solutions and communicates ideas unmistakably, shows indepth comprehension of th
e pertinent concepts and/or
processes, and provides explanations wherever appropriate.
5
Poses a more complex problem and finishes all significant
parts of the solution and communicates ideas unmistakably,
shows in-depth comprehension of the pertinent concepts
and/or processes.
4
Poses a complex problem and finishes all significant parts of
the solution and communicates ideas unmistakably, shows indepth comprehension of
the pertinent concepts and/or
processes.
3
Poses a complex problem and finishes most significant parts of
the solution and communicates ideas unmistakably, shows
comprehension of major concepts although neglects or
misinterprets less significant ideas or details.
2
Poses a problem and finishes some significant parts of the
solution and communicates ideas unmistakably but shows
gaps on theoretical comprehension.
1
Poses a problem but demonstrates minor comprehension, not
being able to develop an approach.
Source: D.O. #73 s. 2012
Answer Key
Part I
1. B
2. B
3. D
4. A
5. D
6. B
7. C
8. D
9. A
10. D
11. A
12. C
13. B
14. C
15. D
16. D
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. B
Part II (Use the rubric to rate students works/outputs)
1. 35 m
2. 50.16 cm
Part III A (Use the rubric to rate students works/outputs)
Part III B (Use the rubric to rate students works/outputs)
188
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Arc a part of a circle
Arc Length the length of an arc which can be determined by using the
A
l
=
proportion
, where A is the degree measure of an arc, r is the
360 2 r
radius of the circle, and l is the arc length
Central Angle an angle formed by two rays whose vertex is the center of
the circle
Common External Tangents tangents which do not intersect the segment
joining the centers of the two circles
Common Internal Tangents tangents that intersect the segment joining
the centers of the two circles
Common Tangent a line that is tangent to two circles on the same plane
Congruent Arcs arcs of the same circle or of congruent circles with equal
measures
Congruent Circles circles with congruent radii
Degree Measure of a Major Arc the measure of a major arc that is equal
to 360 minus the measure of the minor arc with the same endpoints.
Degree Measure of a Minor Arc the measure of the central angle which
intercepts the arc
External Secant Segment the part of a secant segment that is outside a
circle
Inscribed Angle an angle whose vertex is on a circle and whose sides
contain chords of the circle
Intercepted Arc an arc that lies in the interior of an inscribed angle and has
endpoints on the angle
189
Major Arc an arc of a circle whose measure is greater than that of a
semicircle
Minor Arc an arc of a circle whose measure is less than that of a semicircle
Point of Tangency the point of intersection of the tangent line and the
circle
Secant a line that intersects a circle at exactly two points. A secant contains
a chord of a circle
Sector of a Circle the region bounded by an arc of the circle and the two
radii to the endpoints of the arc
Segment of a Circle the region bounded by an arc and a segment joining
its endpoints
Semicircle an arc measuring one-half the circumference of a circle
Tangent to a Circle a line coplanar with the circle and intersects it at one
and only one point
190
List of Theorems And Postulates On Circles
Postulates:
1. Arc Addition Postulate. The measure of an arc formed by two adjacent
arcs is the sum of the measures of the two arcs.
2. At a given point on a circle, one and only one line can be drawn that is
tangent to the circle.
Theorems:
1. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only
if their corresponding central angles are congruent.
2. In a circle or in congruent circles, two minor arcs are congruent if and only
if their corresponding chords are congruent.
3. In a circle, a diameter bisects a chord and an arc with the same endpoints
if and only if it is perpendicular to the chord.
4. If an angle is inscribed in a circle, then the measure of the angle equals
one-half the measure of its intercepted arc (or the measure of the
intercepted arc is twice the measure of the inscribed angle).
5. If two inscribed angles of a circle (or congruent circles) intercept congruen
t
arcs or the same arc, then the angles are congruent.
6. If an inscribed angle of a circle intercepts a semicircle, then the angle is
a
right angle.
7. If a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are
supplementary.
8. If a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius draw
n to
the point of tangency.
9. If a line is perpendicular to a radius of a circle at its endpoint that is on
the
circle, then the line is tangent to the circle.
191
10. If two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle, then
the two segments are congruent.
11. If two secants intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of th
e
intercepted arcs.
12. If a secant and a tangent intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the
measure of the angle formed is one-half the positive difference of the
measures of the intercepted arcs.
13. If two tangents intersect in the exterior of a circle, then the measure of
the angle formed is one-half the positive difference of the measures of
the intercepted arcs.
14. If two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of an
angle formed is one-half the sum of the measures of the arcs intercepted
by the angle and its vertical angle.
15. If a secant and a tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the
measure of each angle formed is one-half the measure of its intercepted
arc.
16. If two chords of a circle intersect, then the product of the measures of
the segments of one chord is equal to the product of the measures of the
segments of the other chord.
17. If two secant segments are drawn to a circle from an exterior point, then
the product of the lengths of one secant segment and its external secant
segment is equal to the product of the lengths of the other secant
segment and its external secant segment.
18. If a tangent segment and a secant segment are drawn to a circle from an
exterior point, then the square of the length of the tangent segment is
equal to the product of the lengths of the secant segment and its
external secant segment.
192
DEPED INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED AS
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES FOR THE LESSON ON CIRCLES:
1. Basic Education Assistance for Mindanao (BEAM) Learning Guide, Third
Year Mathematics. Module 18: Circles and Their Properties.
2. Distance Learning Module (DLM) 3, Module 1 and 2: Circles.
References And Website Links Used in This Module:
References:
Bass, L. E., Charles, R.I., Hall, B., Johnson, A., & Kennedy, D. (2008). Texas
Geometry. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Bass, L. E., Hall B.R., Johnson A., & Wood, D.F. (1998). Prentice Hall
Geometry Tools for a Changing World. NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Boyd, C., Malloy, C., & Flores. (2008). McGraw-Hill Geometry. USA: The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Callanta, M. M. (2002). Infinity, Worktext in Mathematics III. Makati City:
EUREKA Scholastic Publishing, Inc.
Chapin, I., Landau, M. & McCracken. (1997). Prentice Hall Middle Grades
Math, Tools for Success. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: PrenticeHall, Inc.
Cifarelli, V. (2009) cK-12 Geometry, Flexbook Next Generation Textbooks.
USA: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike.
Clemens, S. R., ODaffer, P. G., Cooney, T.J., & Dossey, J. A. (1990).
Geometry. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Clements, D. H., Jones, K.W., Moseley, L. G., & Schulman, L. (1999). Math in
My World. Farmington, New York: McGraw-Hill Division.
Department of Education. (2012) K to 12 Curriculum Guide Mathematics.
Department of Education, Philippines.
Gantert, A. X. (2008) AMSCOs Geometry. NY, USA: AMSCO School
Publications, Inc.
Renfro, F. L. (1992) Addison-Wesley Geometry Teachers Edition. USA:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
193
Rich, B. and Thomas, C. (2009). Schaums Outlines Geometry (4th ed.) USA:
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Smith, S. A., Nelson, C.W., Koss, R. K., Keedy, M. L., & Bittinger, M. L.
(1992) Addison-Wesley Informal Geometry. USA: Addison-Wesley
Publishing Company, Inc.
Wilson, P. S. (1993) Mathematics, Applications and Connections, Course I.,
Westerville, Ohio: Glencoe Division of Macmillan/McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company.
Website Links as References and Source of for Learning Activities:
CK-12 Foundation. cK-12 Inscribed Angles. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Geometry-Honors-Concepts/ section/8.7/
CK-12 Foundation. cK-12 Secant Lines to Circles. (2014). Retrieved from
CK-12 Foundation. cK-12 Tangent Lines to Circles. (2014). Retrieved from
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Cliffs Notes. Arcs and Inscribed Angles. (2013).
Retrieved from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/math/geometry/circles/arcs-andinscribe
d-angles
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Cliffs Notes. Segments of Chords, Secants, and
Tangents. (2013). Retrieved from
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/math/geometry/circles/segments-of-chordssecants-tange
nts
Math Open Reference. Arc. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.mathopenref.com/arc.html
Math Open Reference. Arc Length. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.mathopenref.com/arclength.html
Math Open Reference. Central Angle. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.mathopenref.com/circlecentral.html
Math Open Reference. Central Angle Theorem. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.mathopenref.com/arccentralangletheorem.html
194
Math Open Reference. Chord. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.mathopenref.com/chord.html
Math Open Reference. Inscribed Angle. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.mathopenref.com/circleinscribed.html
Math Open Reference. Intersecting Secants Theorem. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.mathopenref.com/secantsintersecting.html
Math Open Reference. Sector. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.mathopenref.com/arcsector.html
Math Open Reference. Segment. (2009). Retrieved from
http://www.mathopenref.com/segment.html
math-worksheet.org. Free Math Worksheets. Arc Length and Sector Area.
(2014). Retrieved from http://www.math-worksheet.org/arc-length-and-sectorarea
math-worksheet.org. Free Math Worksheets. Inscribed Angles. (2014).
Retrieved from http://www.math-worksheet.org/inscribed-angles
math-worksheet.org. Free Math Worksheets. Secant-Tangent Angles. (2014).
Retrieved from http://www.math-worksheet.org/secant-tangent-angles
math-worksheet.org. Free Math Worksheets. Tangents. (2014). Retrieved
from tangents
OnlineMathLearning.com. Circle Theorems. (2013). Retrieved from
http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/circle-theorems.html
Roberts, Donna. Oswego City School District Regents exam Prep Center.
Geometry Lesson Page. Formulas for Angles in Circles Formed by Radii,
Chords, Tangents, Secants. (2012). Retrieved from
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/geometry/ GP15/CircleAngles.htm
195
Website Links for Videos:
Coach, Learn. NCEA Maths Level 1 Geometric reasoning: Angles Within
Circles. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jUAHwJIobc
Khan Academy. Equation for a circle using the Pythagorean Theorem.
Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry/cc-geometrycircles
Schmidt, Larry. Angles and Arcs Formed by Tangents, Secants, and Chords.
(2013). Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I-RyXI7h1bM
Sophia.org. Geometry. Circles. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.sophia.org/topics/circles
Website Links for Images:
Cherry Valley Nursery and Landscape Supply. Seasonal Colors Flowers and
Plants. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.cherryvalleynursery.com/
eBay Inc. Commodore Holden CSA Mullins pursuit mag wheel 17 inch
genuine - 4blok #34. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.ebay.com.au/itm/Commodore-Holden-CSA-Mullins-pursuit-magwheel-17-inch
-genuine-4blok-34-/221275049465
Fort Worth Weekly. Facebook Fact: Cowboys Are Worlds Team. (2012) .
Retrieved from http://www.fwweekly.com/2012/08/21/facebook-fact-cowboysnow-world
s-team/
GlobalMotion Media Inc. Circular Quay, Sydney Harbour to Historic Hunter s
Hill Photos. (2013). Retrieved from http://www.everytrail.com/ guide/circularqua
y-sydney-harbour-to-historic-hunters-hill/photos
HiSupplier.com Online Inc. Shandong Sun Paper Industry Joint Stock Co.,Ltd.
Retrieved from http://pappapers.en.hisupplier.com/product-66751-ArtBoards.html
Kable. Slip-Sliding Away. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.offshoretechnology.c
om/features/feature1674/feature1674-5.html
Materia Geek. Nikon D500 presentada officialmente. (2009). Retrieved from
http://materiageek.com/2009/04/nikon-d5000-presentada-oficialmente/
196
Piatt, Andy. Dreamstime.com. Rainbow Stripe Hot Air Balloon. Retrieved from
http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/rainbow-stripe-hot-air-balloon-788611.jpg
Regents of the University of Colorado. Nautical Navigation. (2014). Retrieved
from http://www.teachengineering.org/view_activity.php?url=
collection/cub_/activities/cub_navigation/cub_navigation_lesson07_activity1.x
ml
Sambhav Transmission. Industrial Pulleys. Retrieved from
http://www.indiamart.com/sambhav-transmission/industrial-pulleys.html
shadefxcanopies.com. Flower Picture Gallery, Garden Pergola Canopies.
Retrieved from http://www.flowerpicturegallery.com/v/halifax-publicgardens/Circu
lar+mini+garden+with+white+red+flowers+and+dark+
grass+in+the+middle+at+Halifax+Public+Gardens.jpg.html
Tidwell, Jen. Home Sweet House. (2012). Retrieved from
http://youveneverheardofjentidwell.com/2012/03/02/home-sweet-house/
Weston Digital Services. FWR Motorcycles LTD. CHAINS AND
SPROCKETS. (2014). Retrieved from
http://fwrm.co.uk/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=585&zenid=10omr4he
hmnbkktbl94th0mlp6
197
Module 5:
Plane Coordinate Geometry
Content Standard:
The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of
coordinate geometry.
The learner is able to formulate and solve problems involving
geometric figures on the rectangular coordinate plane with perseverance and
accuracy.
Subject:
Mathematics 10
Derive the distance formula

Quarter: Second
Quarter
Apply the distance formula to prove some geometric

properties
Topic: Plane
Coordinate Geometry
Illustrate the center-radius form of the equation of a

circle
Determine the center and radius of a circle given its

equation and vice versa
Graph a circle and other geometric figures on the

coordinate plane
Solve problems involving geometric figures on the

coordinate plane
Lessons:
1. The Distance
Formula
2. The Equation of a
Circle
Writer:
Melvin M. Callanta
Essential
Understanding:
Essential
Question:
Students will understand that
the concepts involving plane
coordinate geometry are
useful tools in solving real-life
problems like finding
locations, distances,
mapping, etc.
How do the key
concepts of plane
coordinate geometry
facilitate finding
solutions to real-life
problems involving
geometric figures?
198
Transfer Goal:
Students will be able to apply with perseverance and
accuracy the key concepts of plane coordinate
geometry in formulating and solving problems involving
geometric figures on the rectangular coordinate plane.
Product/Performance
The following are products and performances that students are expected to
come up with in this module.
1. Ground Plan drawn on a grid with coordinates
2. Equations and problems involving mathematics concepts already learned
such as coordinate plane, slope and equation of a line, parallel and
perpendicular lines, polygons, distance, angles, etc
3. Finding the distance between a pair of points on the coordinate plane
4. Determining the missing coordinates of the endpoints of a segment
5. Finding the coordinates of the midpoint of the segment whose endpoints
are given
6. Describing the figure formed by a set of points on a coordinate plane
7. Determining the missing coordinates corresponding to the vertices of
some polygons
8. Solutions to problems involving the distance and the midpoint formulas
9. Coordinate Proofs of some geometric properties
10. Sketch of a municipal, city, or provincial map on a coordinate plane with
the coordinates of some important landmarks
11. Formulating and solving real-life problems involving the distance and the
midpoint formula
12. Finding the radius of a circle drawn on a coordinate plane
13. Determining the center and the radius of a circle given the equation
14. Graphing a circle given the equation
15. Writing the equation of a circle given the center and the radius
16. Writing the equation of a circle from standard form to general form and
vice-versa
17. Determining the equation that describes a circle
18. Solutions to problems involving the equation of a circle
19. Formulating and solving real-life problems involving the equation of a
circle
199
Assessment Map
TYPE
PreAssessment/
Diagnostic
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
Pre-Test:
Part I
Pre-Test:
Part I
Pre-Test:
Part I and Part II
Identifying the
distance
formula
Determining the
distance
between a pair
of points
Solving problems
involving the
Distance Formula
including the
Midpoint Formula,
and the Equation
of a Circle
Illustrating the
distance
between two
points on the
coordinate
plane
Illustrating the
midpoint
formula
Illustrating the
midpoint of a
segment
Defining
coordinate
proof
Identifying an
equation of a
circle
Determining the
coordinate of a
point given its
distance from
another point
Determining the
coordinates of
the midpoint
and the
endpoints of a
segment
Describing the
figure formed by
a set of points
Determining the
coordinates of
the vertex of a
geometric figure
Finding the
length of the
radius of a circle
given the
endpoints of a
diameter
Finding the
center of a circle
given the
equation
Finding the
equation of a
circle given the
endpoints of a
radius
200
PERFORMANCE
TYPE
Formative
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
PERFORMANCE
Pre-Test:
Part III
Situational
Analysis
Pre-Test:
Part III
Situational
Analysis
Pre-Test:
Part III
Situational
Analysis
Pre-Test:
Part III
Situational
Analysis
Determining
the
mathematics
concepts or
principles
involved in a
prepared
ground plan
Illustrating the
locations of
objects or
groups
Explaining how to
prepare the ground
plan for the Boy
Scouts Jamboree
Making a
ground plan for
the Boy Scouts
Jamboree
Writing the
equations that
describe the
situations or
problems
Solving real-life
problems
Quiz:
Lesson 1
Identifying the
coordinates of
points to be
substituted in
the distance
formula and in
the midpoint
formula
Identifying the
figures formed
by some sets
of points
Identifying
parts of some
geometric
figures and
their properties
Solving
equations
Quiz:
Lesson 1
Finding the
distance
between each
pair of points on
the coordinate
plane
Finding the
coordinates of
the midpoint of
a segment given
the endpoints
Plotting some
sets of points on
the coordinate
plane
Naming the
missing
coordinates of
the vertices of
some geometric
figures
Quiz: Lesson 1
Explaining how to
find the distance
between two
points
Explaining how to
find the midpoint of
a segment
Describing figures
formed by some
sets of points
Explaining how to
find the missing
coordinates of
some geometric
figures
Solving real-life
problems involving
the distance
formula and the
midpoint formula
Using coordinate
proof to justify
claims
201
Formulating
equations,
inequalities, and
problems
TYPE
KNOWLEDGE
PROCESS/
SKILLS
UNDERSTANDING
PERFORMANCE
Writing a
coordinate proof to
prove geometric
properties
Quiz:
Lesson 2
Quiz:
Lesson 2
Quiz: Lesson 2
Identifying the
equations of
circles in
center-radius
form or
standard form
and in general
form
Determining the
center and the
radius of a circle
Explaining how to
determine the
center of a circle
Graphing a
circle given the
equation written
in center-radius
form.
Explaining how to
graph circles given
the equations
written in centerradius form and
general form
Writing the
equation of a
circle given the
center and the
radius
Writing the
equation of a
circle from
standard form to
general form
and vice-versa
Explaining how to
write the equation
of a circle given
the center and the
radius
Explaining how to
write the equation
of a circle from
standard form to
general form and
vice-versa
Solving problems
involving the
equation of a circle
Summative
Post-Test:
Part I
Post-Test:
Part I
Post-Test:
Part I and Part II
Post-Test:
Part III A and B
Identifying the
distance
formula
Determining the
distance
between a pair
of points
Solving problems
involving the
Distance Formula,
including the
Midpoint Formula,
and the Equation
of a Circle
Preparing
emergency
measures to be
undertaken in
times of natural
calamities and
disasters
particularly
typhoons and
floods
Illustrating the
distance
between two
points on the
coordinate
plane
Determining the
coordinate of a
point given its
distance from
another point
202
TYPE
KNOWLEDGE
Illustrating the
midpoint
formula
Illustrating the
midpoint of a
segment
Defining
coordinate
proof
Identifying an
equation of a
circle
PROCESS/
SKILLS
Determining the
coordinates of
the midpoint
and the
endpoints of a
segment
Describing the
figure formed by
a set of points
Determining the
coordinates of
the vertex of a
geometric figure
UNDERSTANDING
PERFORMANCE
Preparing a grid
map of a
municipality
Formulating and
solving problems
involving the key
concepts of
plane coordinate
geometry
Finding the
length of the
radius of a circle
given the
endpoints of a
diameter
Finding the
center of a circle
given the
equation
Finding the
equation of a
circle given the
endpoints of a
radius
SelfAssessment
Journal Writing:
Expressing understanding of the distance formula, midpoint formula,
coordinate proof, and the equation of a circle.
203
Assessment Matrix (Summative Test))
Levels of
Assessment
Knowledge
15%
Process/Skills
25%
Understanding
30%
Product/
Performance
30%
What will I assess?
The learner
demonstrates
concepts of plane
coordinate geometry.
Derive the distance
formula.
Apply the distance
formula to prove some
geometric properties.
Illustrate the centerradius form of the
equation of a circle.
Determine the center
and radius of a circle
given its equation and
vice versa.
Graph a circle and
other geometric
figures on the
coordinate plane.
Solve problems
involving geometric
figures on the
coordinate plane.
formulate and solve
problems involving
geometric figures on the
rectangular coordinate
plane with perseverance
and accuracy.
How will I
assess?
Paper and
Pencil Test
How Will I Score?
Part I items 1, 3,
4, 7, 8, and 13
1 point for every
correct response
Part I items 5, 6,
9, 10, 11, 12, 14,
16, 18, and 19
1 point for every
correct response
Part I items 2,
15, 17, and 20
1 point for every
correct response
Part II items 1
and 2
Rubric on Problem
Solving (maximum of 4
points for each
problem)
Part III A
Rubric for the
Prepared Emergency
Measures
Rubric for Grip Map of
the Municipality
(Total Score: maximum
of 6 points )
Part III B
204
Rubric on Problems
Formulated and Solved
(Total Score: maximum
of 6 points )
This module covers key concepts of plane coordinate geometry. It is
divided into two lessons, namely: The Distance Formula and the Equation of
a Circle.
In Lesson 1 of this module, the students will derive the distance
formula and apply it in proving geometric relationships and in solving
problems, particularly finding the distance between objects or points. They
will also learn about the midpoint formula and its applications. Moreover, the
students will graph and describe geometric figures on the coordinate plane.
The second lesson is about the equation of a circle. In this lesson, the
students will illustrate the center-radius form of the equation of a circle,
determine the center and the radius given its equation and vice-versa, and
show its graph on the coordinate plane (or by using the computer freeware,
GeoGebra). More importantly, the students will solve problems involving the
equation of a circle.
In learning the equation of a circle, the students will use their prior
knowledge and skills through the different activities provided. This is to
connect and relate those mathematics concepts and skills that students
previously studied to their new lesson. They will also perform varied learning
tasks to process the knowledge and skills learned and to further deepen and
transfer their understanding of the different lessons in real-life situations.
Introduce the main lesson to the students by showing them the
pictures below, then ask them the questions that follow:
205
Look around! What geometric figures do you see in your classroom,
school buildings, houses, bridges, roads, and other structures? Have you
ever asked yourself how geometric figures helped in planning the
construction of these structures?
In your community or province, was there any instance when a
stranger or a tourist asked you about the location of a place or a
landmark? Were you able to give the right direction and its distance? If
not, could you give the right information the next time somebody asks you
the same question?
Entice the students to find the answers to these questions and to
determine the vast applications of plane coordinate geometry through this
module.
Objectives:
After the learners have gone through the lessons contained in this module,
they are expected to:
1. derive the distance formula;
2. find the distance between points;
3. determine the coordinates of the midpoint of a segment;
4. name the missing coordinates of the vertices of some geometric figures;
5. write a coordinate proof to prove some geometric relationships;
6. give/write the center-radius form of the equation of a circle;
7. determine the center and radius of a circle given its equation and vice versa
;
8. write the equation of a circle from standard form to general form and vice
versa;
9. graph a circle and other geometric figures on the coordinate plane; and
10. solve problems involving geometric figures on the coordinate plane.
206
PRE-ASSESSMENT:
Assess students prior knowledge, skills, and understanding of mathematics
concepts related to the Distance Formula, the Midpoint Formula, the
Coordinate Proof, and the Equation of a Circle. These will facilitate teaching
and students understanding of the lessons in this module.
Answer Key
Part I
1. C
11. D
2.
3.
4.
5.
C
B
B
B
12. A
13. A
14. B
15. C
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
D
B
D
A
C
16. C
17. C
18. B
19. D
20. B
Part II (Use the rubric to rate students
works/outputs)
1. 100 km
2.
x 4 2 y 9 2 9
Part III (Use the rubric to rate students
works/outputs)
Students are expected to demonstrate understanding of key concepts of
plane coordinate geometry, formulate real-life problems involving these concepts
,
and solve these with perseverance and accuracy.
Lesson 1: The Distance Formula, the Midpoint Formula, and the Coordinate
Proof
What to KNOW
Check students knowledge of the different mathematics concepts
previously studied and their skills in performing mathematical operations. These
will facilitate teaching and students understanding of the distance formula and
the midpoint formula and in writing coordinate proofs. Tell them that as they go
through this lesson, they have to think of this important question: How do the
distance formula, the midpoint formula, and the coordinate proof facilitate find
ing
solutions to real-life problems and making decisions?
Let the students start the lesson by doing Activity 1. Ask them to use the
given number line in determining the lengths of segments. Let them explain how
207
they used the coordinates of points in finding each length. Emphasize in this
activity the relationships among the segments based on their lengths, the
distance between the endpoints of segments whose coordinates on the number
line are known, and the significance of these to the lesson.
Activity 1: How long is this part?
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
4 units
4 units
6 units
2 units
3 units
1 unit
a. Counting the number of units from one point to the other point using
the number line or finding the absolute value of the difference of the
coordinates of the points
b. Yes. By counting the number of units from one point to the other
point using the number line or finding the absolute value of the
difference of the coordinates of the points
c. AB BC , AC CE , CD DG , AB EG . The two segments
have the same lengths.
d. d.1) AB + BC = AC;
d.2) AC + CE = AE
e. Yes. The absolute values of the difference of their coordinates are
equal.
AD = 10 4 = 14
DA = 4 10 = 14
BF = 6 9 = 15
FB = 9 6 = 15
Students understanding of the relationships among the sides of a right
triangle is a prerequisite to the derivation of the Distance Formula. In Activit
y 2,
provide the students opportunity to recall Pythagorean theorem by asking them
to find the length of the unknown side of a right triangle. Tell them to explain
how
they arrived at each length of a side.
Activity 2: Why am I right?
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 units
12 units
12 units
2 13 units 7.21 units
208
5. 4 5 units 8.94 units
6. 2 63 units 15.87 units
The length of the unknown side of each right triangle is obtained by
applying the Pythagorean theorem.
Let students relate their understanding of the Pythagorean theorem to
finding the distance between objects or points on the coordinate plane. This
would help them understand the derivation of the distance formula.
Ask the students to perform Activity 3. In this activity, they will be
presented with a situation involving distances of objects or points on a coordin
ate
plane. If possible, let the students find out how the coordinates of points can
be
used in finding distances between objects.
Activity 3: Lets Exercise!
Answer Key
1. 10 km. By applying the Pythagorean theorem. That is, 6 2 8 2 c 2 ; c = 10
km.
2. 3 km. distance from City Hall 0,4 to Plaza 3,4 = 0 3 = 3
9 km. distance from City Hall 0,4 to Emilios house 9,4 = 0 9 = 9
3. 9 km. distance from Joses house 0,0 to Gasoline Station 9,0 = 0 9 = 9
4.
0,0 Joses house
9,4 Emilios house
0,4 City Hall
3,12 Diegos house
3,4 Plaza
9,0 Gasoline Station
5.
6. By finding the absolute value of the difference of the coordinates of the
points corresponding to Emilios house and the City Hall and Joses house
and the Gasoline Station, respectively
Distance from Emilios house 9,4 to City Hall 0,4 = 0 9
=9
Answer: 9 km
Distance from Joses house 0,0 to Gasoline Station 9,0 = 9 0
= 9 km
Answer: 9 km
The distances of the houses of Jose, Emilio, and Diego from each other
can be determined by applying the Pythagorean Theorem.
Joses house 0,0 to Emilios house 9,4
209
4 2 9 2 c 2 ; c = 97 km 9.85 km
Joses house 0,0 to Diegos house 3,12
3 2 122 c 2 ; c = 153 km 12.37 km
Emilios house 9,4 to Diegos house 3,12
6 2 8 2 c 2 ; c = 10 km
Provide the students opportunity to derive the Distance Formula. Ask
them to perform Activity 4. In this activity, the students should be able to com
e up
with the Distance Formula starting from two given points on the coordinate plane
.
Activity 4: Let Me Formulate!
Answer Key
1.
y
y
2.
x
x
y
3. C 8,1 . By determining the coordinates
of the point of intersection of the
two lines
AC = 6 units
BC = 8 units
4. Right Triangle. BC AC . Hence,
the triangle contains a 90-degree
angle. Pythagorean Theorem can
be applied.
AB = 10 units
210
x
y
5. C x1,y 2
AC = x1 x 2 or x 2 x1
BC = y1 y 2 or y 2 y1
2
2
2
AB = x 2 x1 y 2 y1
AB =
x2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2
x
summary of the activities done. Provide them an opportunity to relate or connect
their responses in the activities given to their new lesson. Let the students re
ad
and understand some important notes on the distance formula and the midpoint
formula and in writing coordinate proofs. Tell them to study carefully the
examples given.
What to PROCESS
In this section, let the students apply the key concepts of the Distance
Formula, Midpoint Formula, and Coordinate Proof. Tell them to use the
mathematical ideas and the examples presented in the preceding section to
answer the activities provided.
Ask the students to perform Activity 5. In this activity, the students will
determine the distance between two points on the coordinate plane using the
Distance Formula. They should be able to explain how to find the distance
between points that are aligned horizontally, vertically, or neither.
211
Activity 5: How far are we from each other?
Answer Key
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
8 units
15 units
11.4 units
13 units
6.4 units
6. 13 units
7. 10.3 units
8. 11.66 units
9. 13.6 units
10. 12.81 units
a. Regardless of whether points are aligned horizontally or vertically,
the distance d between these points can be determined using the
Distance Formula, d x2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2 .
following formulas can also be used.
Moreover,
the
a.1) d = x 2 x1 , for the distance d between two points that are
aligned horizontally
a.2) d = y 2 y1 , for the distance d between two points that are
aligned vertically
b. The Distance Formula can be used to find the distance between two
points on a coordinate plane.
Let the students apply the Midpoint Formula in finding the coordinates of
the midpoint of a segment whose endpoints are given by doing Activity 6. This
activity will enhance their skill in proving geometric relationships using coord
inate
proof and in solving real-life problems involving the midpoint formula.
Activity 6: Meet Me Halfway!
Answer Key
3.
9,9
7,8
4,4
4.
4,1
1.
2.
6.
7.
8,9
5,4
15 15
8. ,
2 2
9. 8,7
3 5
5. ,
2 2
10. 5,4
212
Provide the students opportunity to relate the properties of some
geometric figures to the new lesson by performing Activity 7. Ask them to plot
some set of points on the coordinate plane. Then, connect the consecutive points
by a line segment to form a figure. Tell them to identify the figures formed and
use the distance formula to characterize or describe each. Emphasize to the
students the different properties of these geometric figures for they need this
in
determining the missing coordinates of each figures vertices.
Activity 7: What figure am I?
Answer Key
1.
2.
y
y
x
x
3.
4.
y
y
x
x
213
5.
6.
y
y
x
x
7.
8.
y
y
x
x
9.
10.
y
y
x
x
214
a. The figures formed in #1, #2, and #3 are triangles. Each figure has three
sides.
The figures formed in #4, #5, #6, #7, #8, and #9 are quadrilaterals. Each
figure has four sides.
The figure formed in #10 is a pentagon. It has five sides.
b. ABC and FUN are isosceles triangles. GOT and FUN are right
triangles.
c. ABC and FUN are isosceles because each has two sides congruent or
with equal lengths.
GOT and FUN are right triangles because each contains a right angle.
d. Quadrilaterals LIKE and LOVE are squares.
Quadrilaterals LIKE, DATE, LOVE and SONG are rectangles.
Quadrilaterals LIKE, DATE, LOVE, SONG, and BEAT are parallelograms.
Quadrilateral WIND is a trapezoid.
e. Quadrilaterals LIKE and LOVE are squares because each has four sides
congruent and contains four right angles.
Quadrilaterals LIKE, DATE, LOVE, and SONG are rectangles because
each has two pairs of congruent and parallel sides and contains four right
angles.
Quadrilaterals LIKE, DATE, LOVE, SONG, and BEAT are parallelograms
because each has two pairs of congruent and parallel sides and has
opposite angles that are congruent.
Quadrilateral WIND is a trapezoid because it has a pair of parallel sides.
An important skill that students need in writing coordinate proof is to name
the missing coordinates of geometric figures drawn on a coordinate plane.
Activity 8 provides the students opportunity to develop such skill. In this acti
vity,
the students will name the missing coordinates of the vertices of geometric
figures in terms of the given variables.
Activity 8: I Missed You But Now I Found You!
Answer Key
1. O a b, c
2. V a, b
3. V 3a,0
M 3a, b
4. W b, c
5. A a,0
D a, d
E b, c
6. S 0,0
P a, b
215
For questions a-d, evaluate
students responses.
Ask the students to take a closer look at some aspects of the Distance
Formula, the Midpoint Formula, and the Coordinate Proof. Provide them with
opportunities to think deeply and test further their understanding of the lesson
by
doing Activity 9. In this activity, the students will solve problems involving t
hese
mathematics concepts and explain or justify their answers.
Activity 9: Think of This Over and Over and Over Again!
Answer Key
The values of x were obtained
by using the distance formula
1. y = 15 or y = -9;
and the coordinates of the
2. a. x = 21 if N is in the first quadrant
midpoint were determined by
x = -3 if N is in the second quadrant
using the midpoint formula.
5
Students may further give
b. 3,
explanations to their answers
2
based
on
the
solutions
3. 7, 4
presented.
4. 99 km
5. Luisa and Grace are both correct. If the expressions are evaluated,
Luisa and Grace will arrive at the same value.
6. a. Possible answer: To become more accessible to students coming
from both buildings.
b. 90,70
c. The distance between the two buildings is about 357.8 m.
Since the study shed is midway between the two school buildings,
then it is about 178.9 m away from each. This is obtained by dividing
357.8 by 2.
7. a. 100 km
b. 5 hours
8. No. The triangle is not an equilateral triangle. It is actually an isosceles
triangle. The distance between A and C is 2a while the distance
between A and B or B and C is a 2 .
9. a. Yes. FS
c a 2 b d 2
and AT
a c 2 b d 2 .
2
2
Since a c c a , then FS = AT.
b. Rectangle; The quadrilateral has two pairs of opposite sides that are
parallel and congruent and has four right angles.
Develop further students understanding of Coordinate Proof by asking
them to perform Activity 10. Ask the students to write a coordinate proof to pro
ve
the particular geometric relationship. Let them realize the significance of the
Distance Formula, the Midpoint Formula, and the different mathematics concepts
already studied in coming up with the coordinate proof.
216
Activity 10: Prove that this is True!
Answer Key
1. Show that PR QS .
If PR QS , then PR QS .
PR
b a 2 c 0 2
b2 2ab a2 c 2
PR a2 2ab b2 c 2
QS
b a 2 c 0 2
b a 2 c 0 2
b2 2ab a2 c 2
QS a2 2ab b2 c 2
Therefore, PR QS and PR QS . Hence, the diagonals of an
isosceles trapezoid are congruent.
1
LG .
2
2
2
a
b
MC 0 0
2
2
2. Show that MC
MC
LG
a2 b2
4
4
a2 b 2
2
0 a 2 b 0 2
a2 b 2
1
LG
2
a2 b 2
2
1
LG . Hence, the median to the hypotenuse of a right
2
triangle is half the hypotenuse.
Therefore, MC
217
3. Show that PQ QR RS PS .
2
2
b a
c
PQ 0
c
2
2
2
2
b a
c
2
2
PQ
b 2 2ab a2 c 2
2
2
2
b a
c
QR
0 0
2
2
2
2
b a
c
RS 0
0
2
2
2
2
b a
c
2
2
QR
2
2
b a
c
2
2
b2 2ab a2 c 2
2
RS
b 2 2ab a2 c 2
2
2
2
b a
c
PS 0
c
2
2
2
2
b a
c
2
2
PS
b2 2ab a2 c 2
2
Therefore, PQ QR RS PS and PQRS is a rhombus.
218
4. Show that BT CS .
If BT CS , then BT CS .
2
b
a
BT a
0
2
2
2
a
b
a 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
3a
b
2
2
BT
9a2 b 2
2
2
2
a
b
CS a 0
2
2
2
2
3a
b
2
2
CS
Therefore, BT CS and BT CS .
Hence, the medians to the legs of an
isosceles triangle are congruent.
9a2 b 2
2
5. Equate the lengths AC and BD to
prove that ABCD is a rectangle.
AC BD
b a 2 c 0 2 a b 0 2 c 0 2
b2 2ab a2 c 2 a2 2ab b2 c 2
b2 2ab a2 c 2 a2 2ab b2 c 2
2ab 2ab
4ab 0
Since a > 0, then b = 0. And that A is along the y axis. Also, B is along the
line parallel to the y-axis. Therefore, ADC is a right angle and ABCD is a
rectangle.
219
6. Show that CG
LE
1
LE
2
b 0 2 c 0 2
LE b2 c 2
2
2
a b a
c
CG
0
2
2
2
2
2
b
c
2
2
CG
b2 c 2
2
Therefore, CG
1
LE .
2
Before the students move to the next section of this lesson, give a short
test (formative test) to find out how well they understood the lesson. Ask them
also to write a journal about their understanding of the distance formula, midpo
int
formula, and the coordinate proof. Refer to the Assessment Map.
What to TRANSFER
Give the students opportunities to demonstrate their understanding of the
Distance Formula, the Midpoint Formula, and the use of Coordinate Proofs by
doing a practical task. Let them perform Activity 11. You can ask the students t
o
work individually or in group. In this activity, the students will make a sketch
of
the map of their municipality, city, or province on a coordinate plane. They wil
l
indicate on the map some important landmarks, and then determine the
coordinates of each. Tell them to explain why the landmarks they have indicated
are significant in their community and to write a paragraph explaining how they
selected the coordinates of these landmarks. Using the coordinates assigned to
the different landmarks, the students will formulate then solve problems involvi
ng
the distance formula and the midpoint formula. They will also formulate problems
which require the use of coordinate proofs.
Activity 11: A Map of My Own
Answer Key
Evaluate students answers. You may use the rubric.
220
This lesson was about the distance formula, the midpoint formula, the use
of coordinate proofs, and the applications of these mathematical concepts in rea
l
life. The lesson provided the students with opportunities to derive the distance
formula, find the distance between points, determine the coordinates of the
midpoint of a segment, name the missing coordinates of the vertices of some
geometric figures, write a coordinate proof to prove some geometric relationship
s,
and solve problems involving the different concepts learned in this lesson. More
over,
the students were given the opportunities to formulate then solve problems
involving the distance formula, the midpoint formula, and the coordinate proof.
Lesson 2: The Equation of a Circle
What to KNOW
Find out how much the students have learned about the different
mathematics concepts previously studied and their skills in performing
mathematical operations. Checking these will facilitate teaching and students
understanding of the equation of a circle. Tell them that as they go through thi
s
lesson, they have to think of this important question: How does the equation of a
circle facilitate finding solutions to real-life problems and making decisions?
Two of the essential mathematics concepts needed by the students in
understanding the equation of a circle are the perfect square trinomial and the
square of a binomial. Activity 1 of this lesson will provide them opportunity to
recall these concepts. In this activity, the students will determine the number
that
must be added to a given expression to make it a perfect square trinomial and
then express the result as a square of a binomial. They should be able to explai
n
how they came up with the perfect square trinomial and the square of a binomial.
Emphasize to the students that the process they have done in producing a
perfect square trinomial is also referred to as completing the square.
Activity 1: Make It Perfect!
Answer Key
x 2 2
2
25; t 5
2
49; r 7
121; r 11 2
2
324; x 18
1. 4;
2.
3.
4.
5.
a. Add the square of one-half the
coefficient of the linear term.
b. Factor the perfect square trinomial.
c. Use the distributive property of
multiplication or FOIL Method.
221
Answer Key
9
81
6.
; w
2
4
2
1
1
9.
; s
6
36
2
7.
11
121
; x
4
2
8.
25
625
; v
4
2
10.
2
9 3
; t
64 8
2
2
Provide the students opportunity to develop their understanding of the
equation of a circle. Ask them to perform Activity 2. In this activity, the stud
ents
will be presented with a situation involving the equation of a circle. Let them
find
the distance of the plane from the air traffic controller given the coordinates
of the
point where it is located and the y-coordinate of the position of the plane at a
particular instance if its x-coordinate is given. Furthermore, ask them to descr
ibe
the path of the plane as it goes around the airport. Challenge them to determine
the equation that would define the path of the plane. Let them realize that the
distance formula is related to the equation defining the planes path around the
airport.
Activity 2: Is there a traffic in the air?
Answer Key
1. 50 km
2. When x = 5, y = 49.75 or y = -49.75.
When x = 10, y = 48.99 or y = -48.99.
When x = 15, y = 47.7 or y = -47.4
When x = 15, y = 47.7 or y = -47.4
When x = -20, y = 45.83 or y = -45.83.
When x = -30, y = 40
or y = -40.
Answers Key
3. No. It is not possible for the plane to be at a point whose x coordinate
is 60 because its distance from the air traffic controller would be
greater than 50 km.
4. The path is circular. x 2 y 2 2500
Provide the students opportunity to come up with an equation that can be
used in finding the radius of a circle. Ask them to perform Activity 3. In this
activity, the students should be able to realize that the Distance Formula can b
e
used in finding the radius of a circle. And that the distance of a point from th
e
center of a circle is also the radius of the circle.
222
Activity 3: How far am I from my point of rotation?
A.
Answer Key
y
1. 8 units
2. Yes, the circle will pass through
0,8 , 8,0 , and 0, 8 because
the distance from these points to
the center of the circle is 8 units.
x
3. No, because the distance from point
M 4,6 to the center of the circle
is less than 8 units.
No, because the distance from point
N 9, 2 to the center of the circle is
more than 8 units.
4. 8 units; 8 0 = 8
5. If a point is on the circle, its distance from the center is equal to the
radius.
6. Since the distance d of a point from the center of the circle is
d x 2 y 2 and is equal to the radius r, then r x 2 y 2 or
x2 y 2 r 2 .
223
B.
Answer Key
1.
61 units or approximately 7.81 units
y
2. Yes, the circle will pass through
2,7 , 8,7 , and 3, 4 because
the distance from each of these points
to the center of the circle is 61 units
or approximately 7.81 units.
x
3. No, because the distance from point
M 7,6 to the center of the circle is
more than 7.81 units.
4.
61 units or approximately 7.81 units.
5. If the center of the circle is not at the origin, its radius can be
determined by using the distance formula,
d x2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2 . Since the distance of the point from
the center of the circle is equal to the radius r, then
x2 x1 2 y2 y1 2 or x2 x1 2 y2 y1 2 r 2 . If
P x , y is a point on the circle and C h ,k is the center, then
x2 x1 2 y2 y1 2 r 2 becomes x h 2 y k 2 r 2 .
r
summary of the activities they have done. Provide them with an opportunity to
relate or connect their responses in the activities given to their new lesson,
equation of a circle. Let the students read and understand some important notes
on equation of a circle. Tell them to study carefully the examples given.
What to PROCESS
Let the students use the mathematical ideas they have learned about the
equation of a circle and the examples presented in the preceding section to
perform the succeeding activities.
224
In Activity 4, the students will determine the center and the radius of each
circle, given its equation. Then, the students will be asked to graph the circle
. Ask
them to explain how they determined the center and the radius of the circle.
Furthermore, tell them to explain how to graph a circle given its equation in
different forms. Strengthen students understanding of the graphs of circles
through the use of available mathematics freeware like Geogebra.
Activity 4: Always Start at This Point!
Answer Key
1. Center: 0,0
Radius: 7 units
3. Center: 0,0
Radius: 10 units
y
y
x
x
2. Center: 5,6
Radius: 9 units
4. Center: 7, 1
Radius: 7 units
y
y
x
x
225
Answer Key
5. Center: 4,3
Radius: 8 units
6. Center: 5, 8
Radius: 11 units
y
y
x
x
a. Note: Evaluate students responses.
b. Determine first the center and the radius of the circle defined by the
equation, then graph.
If the given equation is in the form x 2 y 2 r 2 , the center is at the
origin and the radius of the circle is r.
If the given equation is in the form x h y k r 2 , the center is
2
2
at h, k and the radius of the circle is r.
If the given equation is in the form x 2 y 2 Dx Ey F 0 ,
transform it into the
form x h y k r 2 . The center is at
2
2
h, k and the radius of the circle is r.
Ask the students to perform Activity 5. This time, the students will write the
equation of a circle given the center and the radius. Ask them to explain how to
determine the equation of a circle whether or not the center is the origin.
Activity 5: What defines me?
Answer Key
2
2
1. x y 144
2.
3.
4.
5.
x 2 2 y 6 2 81
x 7 2 y 2 2 225
x 4 2 y 5 2 50
x 10 2 y 8 2 27
a. Write the equation in the
2
2
2
form x y r where the origin is the
center and r is the radius of the circle.
Write the equation in the
form x h y k r where h, k is
the center and r is the radius of the circle.
b. No, because the two circles have different
radii.
2
226
2
2
Activities 6 and 7 provide students opportunities to write equations of
circles from center-radius form or standard form to general form and vice-versa.
At this point, ask them to explain how to transform the equation of a circle fro
m
one form to another form and discuss the mathematics concepts or principles
applied. Furthermore, challenge them to find a shorter way of transforming
equation of a circle from general form to standard form and vice-versa.
Activity 6: Turn Me into a General!
Answer Key
1. x 2 y 2 4x 8y 16 0
6.
x 2 y 2 14x 15 0
2. x 2 y 2 8 x 18y 47 0
7.
x 2 y 2 4y 45 0
3. x 2 y 2 12x 2y 44 0
8.
x 2 y 2 4 x 96 0
4. x 2 y 2 16x 14y 112 0
9.
x 2 y 2 10x 10y 23 0
5. x 2 y 2 10y 11 0
10. x 2 y 2 8 x 8y 0
Activity 7: Dont Treat this as a Demotion!
Answer Key
1.
x 1 2 y 4 2 64
Center: 1,4
4. x 2 y 4 100
x 2 2 y 2 2 36
5. x
2
Center: 0, 4
Radius: 10 units
Radius: 8 units
2.
Center: 2,2
Radius: 6 units
3.
x 5
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
y 4
3
3
2 1
Center: ,
3 3
Radius: 2 units
5
3
6. x y 9
2
2
5 3
Center: ,
2 2
y 2 32
2
Center: 5, 2
Radius: 4 2 units
Radius: 3 units
a. Grouping the terms, then applying completing the square, addition
property of equality and factoring.
227
b. Completing the square, Addition Property of Equality, Square of a
Binomial
c. Using the values of D, E, and F in the general equation of a circle,
x 2 y 2 Dx Ey F 0 , to find the center (h,k) and radius r. The
GeoGebra freeware can also be used for verification.
What to REFLECT on and UNDERSTAND:
Ask the students to have a closer look at some aspects of the equation of
a circle. Provide them with opportunities to think deeply and test further their
understanding of the equation of a circle by doing Activities 8 and 9. Give more
focus on the real-life applications of the equation of a circle.
Activity 8: A Circle? Why not?
Answer Key
1. No. x 2 y 2 2x 8y 26 0 can be written as x 1 2 y 4 2 9 .
Notice that -9 cannot be expressed as a square of another number.
2. Yes. x 2 y 2 9 4x 10y can be written as x 2 2 y 5 2 20 .
3. No. x 2 y 2 6x 8y 32 is not an equation of a circle. Its graph is not
also a circle.
4. No. x 2 y 2 8x 14y 65 0 is merely a point. The radius must be
greater than 0 for a circle to exist.
Activity 9: Find Out More!
Answer Key
1.
x 3 2 y 8 2 81
x 10 2 y 7 2 36 or x 10 2 y 5 2 36
2.
3. 3x 5y 7
4.
5.
x 5 2 y 5 2 13
2
2
a. x 3 y 4 100
b. Yes, because point 11,6 is still within the critical area.
c. Follow the advice of PDRRMC.
d. (Evaluate students responses/explanations.)
228
Answer Key
6. a. Wise Tower - x 5 y 3 81
2
2
Global Tower - x 3 y 6 16
2
2
Star Tower - x 12 y 3 36
2
2
b. 12,2 - Star Tower
6, 7 - Wise Tower
2,8 - Global Tower
1,3 - Wise and Global Tower
c. Many possible answers. Evaluate students responses.
Before the students move to the next section of this lesson, give a short
test (formative test) to find out how well they understood the lesson. Ask them
also to write a journal about their understanding of the equation of a circle. R
efer
to the Assessment Map.
What to TRANSFER
Give the students opportunities to demonstrate their understanding of the
equation of a circle by doing a practical task. Let them perform Activity 10. Yo
u
can ask the students to work individually or in a group.
In Activity 10, the students will paste some small pictures of objects on
grid paper and position them at different coordinates. Then, the students will
draw circles that contain these pictures. Using the pictures and the circles dra
wn
on the grid, they will formulate problems involving the equation of the circle,
and
then solve them.
Activity 10: Let This be a Part of My Scrapbook!
Answer Key
Evaluate students answers. You may use the rubric.
229
This lesson was about the equation of circles. The lesson provided the
students with opportunities to illustrate the center-radius form of the equation
of a
circle, determine the center and the radius of a circle given its equation and v
ice
versa, write the equation of a circle from standard form to general form and vic
eversa, graph circles on the coordinate plane, and solve problems involving the
equation of circles. Moreover, they were given the opportunity to formulate and
solve real-life problems involving the equation of a circle through the practica
l task
performed. Their understanding of this lesson and other previously learned
mathematics concepts and principles will facilitate their learning of other rela
ted
mathematics concepts.
230
SUMMATIVE TEST
Part I
Choose the letter that you think best answers the question.
1. Which of the following is NOT a formula for finding the distance between two
points on the coordinate plane?
A. d x2 x1
C. d
x2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2
B. d y 2 y1
D. d
x2 x1 2 y 2 y1 2
2. A map is drawn on a grid where 1 unit is equivalent to 2 km. On the same
map, the coordinates of the point corresponding to San Rafael is (1,4).
Suppose San Quintin is 20 km away from San Rafael. Which of the following
could be the coordinates of the point corresponding to San Rafael?
A. (17,16)
B. (17,10)
C. (9,10)
D. (-15,16)
3. Let M and N be points on the coordinate plane as shown in the figure below.
y
x
If the coordinates of M and N are 5,7 and 5, 4 , which of the following
would give the distance between the two points?
A. 7 4
B. 7 5
C. 4 7
D. 4 5
4. Point Q is the midpoint of ST . Which of the following is true about ST?
A. ST QS QT
C. ST 2 QS QT
B. ST QS QT
D. ST 2 QS QT
5. The distance between points M x ,5 and C 5, 1 is 10 units. What is the xcoordinate
of M if it lies in the second quadrant?
A. -7
B. -3
C. -1
D. 13
231
6. What is the distance between points D(-10,2) and E(6,10)?
D. 8 5
A. 16
B. 20
C. 10 2
7. Which of the following equation describes a circle on the coordinate plane
with a center at 2, 3 and a radius of 5 units?
A.
B.
x 2 2 y 3 2 252
x 2 2 y 3 2 52
C.
D.
x 3 2 y 2 2 252
x 2 2 y 3 2 52
8. Which of the following would give the coordinates of the midpoint of P(-6,13)
and Q(9,6)?
6 13 9 6
6 13 9 6
,
,
A.
C.
2
2
2
2
6 9 13 6
6 9 13 6
,
,
B.
D.
2
2
2
2
9. The endpoints of a segment are (-5,2) and (9,12), respectively. What are the
coordinates of its midpoint?
A. (7,5)
B. (2,7)
C. (-7,5)
D. (7,2)
10. The coordinates of the vertices of a rectangle are W 2,6 , I 10,6 ,
N 10, 3 , and D 2, 3 . What is the length of a diagonal of the rectangle?
A. 7.5
B. 9
C. 12
D. 15
11. The coordinates of the vertices of a triangle are G 4,2 , O 5, 1 , and
T 10,8 . What is the length of the segment joining the midpoint of GT and
O?
A. 2 10
B.
58
C. 3 10
D.
106
12. The endpoints of a diameter of a circle are E 6,8 and G 4, 2 . What is the
length of the radius of the circle?
B. 5 2
C. 2 10
D.
A. 10 2
10
13. What proof uses figures on a coordinate plane to prove geometric properties?
A. Indirect Proof
C. Coordinate Proof
B. Direct Proof
D. Two-Column Proof
14. What figure is formed when the points K(-2,10), L(8,8), M(6,2), and N(-4,4)
are connected consecutively?
A. Trapezoid
B. Parallelogram C. Square
D. Rectangle
232
15. Three speed cameras were installed at different points along an expressway.
On a map drawn on a coordinate plane, the coordinates of the first speed
camera are (-2,4). Suppose the second camera is exactly between the other
two and its coordinates are (12,8). What are the coordinates of the third speed
camera?
A. (26,12)
B. (26,16)
C. (22,12)
D. (22,16)
16. In the equilateral triangle below, what are the coordinates of P?
A. 0,2a
B. 2a,0
0,a 2
C. 0,a 3
D.
17. Jose, Andres, Emilio, and Juan live in different barangays of Magiting town
as
shown on the coordinate plane below.
Andres
Jose
Town Hall
Juan
Emilio
Who lives the farthest from the Town Hall if it is located at the origin?
A. Jose
B. Andres
C. Emilio
D. Juan
233
18. What is the center of the circle x 2 y 2 4x 6y 36 0 ?
A. (9,-3)
B. (3,-2)
C. (2,-3)
D. (2,-10)
, 2 . What is the equation
19. A radius of a circle has endpoints 4,3 and 1
that defines the circle if its center is at the second quadrant?
A. x 1 y 2 50
C.
B. x 1 y 2 50
D.
2
2
2
2
x 4 2 y 3 2 50
x 4 2 y 3 2 50
20. A radio signal can transmit messages up to a distance of 5 km. If the radio
signals origin is located at a point whose coordinates are (-2,7). What is the
equation of the circle that defines the boundary up to which the messages
can be transmitted?
2
2
A. x 2 y 7 25
C.
2
2
B. x 2 y 7 5
D.
x 2 2 y 7 2 25
x 2 2 y 7 2 5
Part II
Directions: Solve each of the following problems. Show your complete solutions.
1. A tracking device that is installed in a mobile phone indicates that its user
is
located at a point whose coordinates are (18,14). In the tracking device, each
unit on the grid is equivalent to 7 km. If the phone user came from a place
whose coordinates are (2,6)? How far has he travelled?
2. The equation that represents the transmission boundaries of a cellular phone
tower is x 2 y 2 10x 2y 199 0 . What is the greatest distance, in
kilometers, can the signal of the tower be transmitted?
Rubric for Problem Solving
4
Used an
appropriate
strategy to come
up with correct
solution and
arrived at a
correct answer
3
Used an
appropriate
strategy to come
up with a solution,
but a part of the
solution led to an
incorrect answer
2
Used an
appropriate
strategy but came
up with an entirely
wrong solution
that led to an
incorrect answer
234
1
Attempted to solve
the problem but
used an
inappropriate
strategy that led to
a wrong solution
Part III A: GRASPS Assessment
Perform the following.
Goal:
To prepare emergency measures to be undertaken in times of
natural calamities and disasters particularly typhoons and floods
Role:
Radio Group Chairman of the Municipal Disaster and Risk
Management Committee
Audience:
Municipal and Barangay Officials and Volunteers
Situation:
Typhoons and floods frequently affect your municipality during
rainy seasons. For the past years, losses of lives and damages to
properties have occurred. Because of this, your municipal mayor
designated you to chair the Radio Group of the Municipal Disaster
and Risk Management Committee to warn the residents of your
municipality of any imminent natural calamities and disasters like
typhoons and floods. The municipal government gave your group a
number of two-way radios and antennas to be installed in strategic
places in the municipality. These shall be used as the need arises.
As chairman of the Radio Group, you were tasked to prepare
emergency measures that you will undertake to reduce if not to
avoid losses of lives and damages to properties during rainy
seasons. These include the positioning of the different two-way
radios and antennas for communication and coordination among
the members of the Radio Group. You were also asked to prepare
a grid map of your municipality showing the positions of the twoway radios and a
ntennas.
Products:
1. Emergency Measures to be undertaken in times of natural
calamities and disasters
2.
Standards:
Grid map of your municipality showing the locations of the
different two-way radios and antennas
The emergency measures must be clear, relevant, and systematic.
The grid map of the municipality must be accurate, presentable,
and appropriate.
235
Rubric for the Prepared Emergency Measures
4
The emergency
measures are
clearly presented,
relevant to the
situation, and
systematic.
3
The emergency
measures are
clearly presented
and relevant to
the situation but
not systematic.
2
The emergency
measures are
clearly presented
but not relevant to
the situation and
not systematic.
1
The emergency
measures are not
clearly presented,
not relevant to the
situation, and not
systematic.
2
The grid map is
not accurately
made but
appropriate.
1
The grid map is
not accurately
made and not
appropriate.
Rubric for Grid Map of the Municipality
4
The grid map is
accurately made,
appropriate, and
presentable.
3
The grid map is
accurately made
and appropriate
but not
presentable.
Part III B
Use the prepared grid map of the municipality in Part III A in formulating
problems involving plane coordinate geometry, then solve.
Rubric on Problems Formulated and Solved
Score
6
5
4
3
Descriptors
Poses a more complex problem with 2 or more correct
possible solutions and communicates ideas unmistakably,
and/or processes, and provides explanations wherever
appropriate.
Poses a more complex problem and finishes all significant
parts of the solution and communicates ideas unmistakably,
and/or processes.
Poses a complex problem and finishes all significant parts of
the solution and communicates ideas unmistakably, shows indepth comprehension of
the pertinent concepts and/or
processes.
Poses a complex problem and finishes most significant parts
of the solution and communicates ideas unmistakably, shows
comprehension of major concepts although neglects or
236
Score
Descriptors
misinterprets less significant ideas or details.
Poses a problem and finishes some significant parts of the
solution and communicates ideas unmistakably but shows
gaps on theoretical comprehension.
Poses a problem but demonstrates minor comprehension, not
being able to develop an approach.
2
1
Source: D.O. #73, s. 2012
Answer Key
Part I
1. C
2. C
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. D
7. D
8. B
9. B
]10. D
Part II (Use the rubric to rate students works/outputs)
1. 56 5 km
2. 15 km
11. A
12. B
13. C
14. B
15. A
16. C
17. C
18. C
19. C
20. C
Part III A (Use the rubric to rate students works/outputs)
Part III B (Use the rubric to rate students works/outputs)
Glossary of Terms
Coordinate Proof a proof that uses figures on a coordinate plane to prove
geometric relationships.
Distance Formula an equation that can be used to find the distance between
any pair of points on the coordinate plane. The distance formula is
d
x2 x1 2 y2 y1 2
or PQ
x2 x1 2 y2 y1 2 ,
Q x2 , y 2 are points on a coordinate plane.
if P x1, y1 and
Horizontal Distance (between two points) the absolute value of the difference
of the x-coordinates of two points
Midpoint a point on a line segment that divides the same segment into two
equal parts.
Midpoint Formula a formula that can be used to find the coordinates of the
midpoint of a line segment on the coordinate plane. The midpoint of P x1, y1
x x2 y1 y 2
,
and Q x2 , y 2 is 1
.
2
2
237
The General Equation of a Circle the equation of a circle obtained by
expanding
x h 2 y k 2 r 2 .
The general equation of a circle is
x 2 y 2 Dx Ey F 0 , where D, E, and F are real numbers.
The Standard Equation of a Circle the equation that defines a circle with
center at (h, k) and a radius of r units. It is given by
x h y k
2
2
r 2.
Vertical Distance (between two points) the absolute value of the difference of
the y-coordinates of two points.
DepEd INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS THAT CAN BE USED AS ADDITIONAL
RESOURCES:
Year Mathematics. Plane Coordinate Geometry. Module 20: Distance and
Midpoint Formulae
Year Mathematics. Plane Coordinate Geometry. Module 22: Equation of a
Circle
3. Distance Learning Module (DLM) 3, Module 3: Plane Coordinate Geometry.
4. EASE Modules Year III, Module 2: Plane Coordinate Geometry
References and Website Links Used in This Module:
References:
Bass, L. E., Charles, R. I., Hall, B., Johnson, A., & Kennedy, D. (2008) Texas
Geometry. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Bass, L. E., Hall, B.R., Johnson, A., & Wood, D. F. (1998) Prentice Hall
Geometry Tools for a Changing World. NJ, USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Boyd, C., Malloy, C. & Flores. (2008) Glencoe McGraw-Hill Geometry. USA: The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Callanta, M. M. (2012) Infinity, Worktext in Mathematics III. Makati City: EUREK
A
Scholastic Publishing, Inc.
238
Chapin, I., Landau, M. & McCracken. (1997) Prentice Hall Middle Grades Math,
Tools for Success. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Cifarelli, V. (2009) cK-12 Geometry, Flexbook Next Generation Textbooks. USA:
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike.
Clemens, S. R., ODaffer, P. G., Cooney, T. J., & Dossey, J. A. (1990) AddisonWesl
ey Geometry. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Clements, D. H., Jones, K. W., Moseley, L.G., & Schulman, L. (1999) Math in my
World. New York: McGraw-Hill Division.
Department of Education. (2012) K to 12 Curriculum Guide Mathematics.
Philippines.
Gantert, A. X. (2008) AMSCOs Geometry. NY, USA: AMSCO School
Publications, Inc.
Renfro, F. L. (1992) Addison-Wesley Geometry Teachers Edition. USA:
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Rich, B. & Thomas, C. (2009) Schaums Outlines Geometry Fourth Edition. USA:
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Smith, S. A., Nelson, C.W., Koss, R. K., Keedy, M. L., & Bittinger, M. L. (1992)
Addison-Wesley Informal Geometry. USA: Addison-Wesley Publishing
Company, Inc.
Wilson, P. S. (1993) Mathematics, Applications and Connections, Course I.
Westerville, Ohio: Glencoe Division of Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company.
239
Website Links as References and Sources of Learning Activities:
CliffsNotes. Midpoint Formula. (2013). Retrieved from
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/math/geometry/coordinate-geometry/midpoint-formula
CliffsNotes. Distance Formula. (2013). Retrieved from
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/math/geometry/coordinate-geometry/distance-formula
Math Open Reference. Basic Equation of a Circle (Center at 0,0). (2009).
Retrieved from http://www.mathopenref.com/ coordbasiccircle.html
Math Open Reference. Equation of a Circle, General Form (Center anywhere).
(2009). Retrieved from http://www.mathopenref.com/coordgeneralcircle.html
Math-worksheet.org. Using equations of circles. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.math-worksheet.org/using-equations-of-circles
Math-worksheet.org. Writing equations of circles. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.math-worksheet.org/writing-equations-of-circles
Geometry Lesson Page. Midpoint of a Line Segment. (2012). Retrieved from
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/ math/geometry/GCG2/ Lmidpoint.htm
Geometry Lesson Page. Midpoint of a Line Segment. (2012). Retrieved from
http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/math/geometry/GCG3/ Ldistance.htm
Stapel, Elizabeth. "Conics: Circles: Introduction & Drawing." Purplemath.
Retrieved from http://www.purplemath.com/modules/ circle.htm
Website Links for Videos:
Khan Academy. Equation for a circle using the Pythagorean Theorem. Retrieved
from https://www.khanacademy.org/math/geometry/ cc-geometrycircles/equation-of-a
-circle/v/equation-for-a-circle-using-the-pythagorean-theorem
Khan Academy. Completing the square to write equation in standard form of a
circle. Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/math/ geometry/ccgeometry-cir
cles/equation-of-a-circle/v/completing-the-square-to-write-equationin-standard-f
orm-of-a-circle
240
Ukmathsteacher. Core 1 Coordinate Geometry (3) Midpoint and distance
formula and Length of Line Segment. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qTliFzj4wuc
VividMaths.com. Distance Formula. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QPIWrQyeuYw
Website Links for Images:
asiatravel.com. Pangasinan Map. Retrieved from
http://www.asiatravel.com/philippines/pangasinan/pangasinanmap.jpg
DownTheRoad.org. Pictures of, Chengdu to Kangding, China Photo, Images,
Picture from. (2005). Retrieved from http://www.downtheroad.org/Asia/Photo/
9Sichuan_China_Image/3Chengdu_Kangding_China.htm
funcheap.com. globe-map-wallpapers_5921_1600[1]. Retrieved from
http://sf.funcheap.com/hostelling-internationals-world-travel-101-santaclara/glo
be-map-wallpapers_5921_16001/
Hugh Odom Vertical Consultants. eleven40 theme on Genesis Framework
WordPress. Cell Tower Development How Are Cell Tower Locations Selected?
Retrieved from http://blog.thebrokerlist.com/cell-tower-development-how-are-cell
tower-locations-selected/
LiveViewGPS, Inc. GPS Tracking PT-10 Series. (2014). Retrieved from
http://www.liveviewgps.com/gps+tracking+device+pt-10+series.html
Sloan, Chris. Current "1991" Air Traffic Control Tower at Amsterdam Schiphol
Airport 2012. (2012). Retrieved from http://airchive.com/html/airplanes-andairpo
rts/amsterdam-schipol-airport-the-netherlands-/current-1991-air-trafficcontrol-t
ower-at-amsterdam-schiphol-airport-2012-/25510
wordfromthewell.com. Your Mind is Like an Airplane. (2012). Retrieved from
http://wordfromthewell.com/2012/11/14/your-mind-is-like-an-airplane/
241

1234567890

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

1234567890

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

10

illustrate and describe polynomial functions;

show the graph of polynomial functions using the following

solve real-life problems that can be modelled with polynomial

Derive the distance formula

Apply the distance formula to prove some geometric

Illustrate the center-radius form of the equation of a

Determine the center and radius of a circle given its

Graph a circle and other geometric figures on the

Solve problems involving geometric figures on the

You might also like