M PHNG BI TON VA CHM KHI CT KHNG CHN

BNG PHNG PHP PHN T HU HN

ThS. H S Tm - H Kanazawa, Nht Bn
GS.TS. Masuya Hiroshi - H Kanazawa, Nht Bn
PGS. TS. Nguyn Cnh Thi - H Thy li

Tm tt: Bi bo nghin cu s dng phng php PTHH m phng qu trnh va chm ca

mt vt ri hnh cu vo khi ct hnh lp phng dng trong b phn khng chn ca cc kt
cu bo v ri. Khi ct c nghin cu chu va chm bi vt ri t cao khc nhau, vi
hai loi iu kin bin hng (bin dng hng t do FD v bin dng hng hn ch bi vt liu
cng loi MC). Kt qu nghin cu c kim nh bng cch so snh vi th nghim m hnh
vt l tng ng. Mt s nhn xt v kt lun v tnh chnh xc ca m hnh v s nh hng
chiu cao ri n c im va chm c rt ra.

1. Tng quan dng khi ct bc trong bao vi a k thut

ri l thm ha t nhin din ra thng
xuyn vng ni, mc d khi lng ca n
khng ln khi so snh vi trt t, trt
v tuyt l. Tuy nhin, vi tn sut xy ra
thng xuyn, qung ng dch chuyn di
v c bit l ri t do t cao ln nn n
gy ra cc tc ng kh lng cng vi nng
lng va chm ln. Cc i tng chu tc
ng mnh m ca thm ha ri l c s h
tng nh ng giao thng, ng st, h
thng cung cp v truyn ti in, nh my
thy in v c bit l cc cng trnh xy
dng v tnh mng ngi dn sng bn cnh
sn ni.
gim thiu cc tc ng do ri gy
ra, hin nay trn th gii thng dng ph
bin cc loi cng trnh nh hng ro, li,
tng, v ng hm. Cc loi cng trnh
ny hoc l bn thn c kh nng hp th
nng lng va chm hoc c b tr thm
cc b phn c kh nng hp th v trit tiu
nng lng do va chm gy ra. Vi cc loi
cng trnh vng chc nh tng b tng ct
thp, ng hm hoc hnh lang th ct l loi
vt liu ph bin lm thit b khng chn.
Ct l vt liu ht ri c kh nng hp thu
nng lng nh bin dng kh tt, ma st gia
cc ht ct cng l mt li th gip cho vic
tiu tn nng lng mt cch hiu qu. Tuy
nhin, do tnh cht ri rc nn s kh khn khi
thi cng v sa cha cng trnh, c bit l
cho tng chn, v li. V vy, mt s
cng trnh nghin cu v d n thc t p
v khung li thp (thng gi l sand-cell
hoc geo-cell) lm thit b hp thu nng
lng va chm.
Mc tiu ca nghin cu ny l m phng
ng mt th nghim vt l v va chm ca
mt vt ri vo mt khi ct bng phng
php phn t hu hn (PTHH), ng thi
kho st c im va chm ca cc i tng
ny khi thay i chiu cao ri t do. Nghin
cu cn kho st nh hng ca bin dng n
hng ca khi ct ti cc thng s ca mt bi
ton va chm. S tng thch ca vic so snh
kt qu th nghim v kt qu m phng bng
phng php s th hin tin cy ca m
hnh nghin cu. Ngoi ra, tc gi tin hnh
kho st nh hng ca chiu cao vt ri ti
c trng va chm vo khi ct khng chn.
2. Mt vi nt v cc nghin cu th
nghim m hnh vt l v m phng
phng php lin quan
Do c cc tnh nng ni tri nh ni trn
nn ct c cc nh khoa hc v cc k s
thit k quan tm nghin cu v p dng trong
cc d n thc t. Mt s nhm nghin cu
tin hnh cc th nghim vi nhiu quy m
khc nhau. u tin phi k n cc nghin
cu c bn v cc thuc tnh ca ct v cc
vt liu lin quan nh l: cc nghin cu nn
tnh kho st ng x c hc v bn ca
khi a k thut c y ct hoc ct v
cc cht n khc nh cao su, xp1), 2); cc
nghin cu v ng x c hc ca r thp to
khung cho geo-cell2), 3). Lambert v nhm

50
nghin cu4) tin hnh mt lot cc th
nghim kho st c tnh va chm vo khi
a k thut vi cc vt liu bn trong khc
nhau nh , ct v hn hp ct vi mt cao
su lp xe. Trong th nghim ny nng lng
va chm c to ra bng cch th ri t do
mt vt nng t mt cao nht nh. Th
nghim cng kho st hai loi iu kin bin
ca khi a k thut: bin dng t do (FD) v
c xt n nh hng ca cc khi bn cnh
c cng dng vt liu (MC). Sau cc nghin
cu th nghim ca cc bi ton c quy m
nh trong phng th nghim, mt lot cc th
nghim hin trng vi m hnh hoc 1/1
c thc hin. Lambert5) , Bourrier6) v
Heyman7), 10) tin hnh nghin cu th
nghim vi cc quy m ni trn vi cc loi
cng trnh bo v ri l tng v .
Cc nghin cu th nghim m hnh vt l
s d dng tip cn vi thc t iu kin bin
ca bi ton hn, kh nng thuyt phc v
tin cy s cao hn nhng s tn km thi gian
v tin bc. hn ch nhng nhc im
ny, cch tip cn bng m phng s hc s l
s la chn b sung cho th nghim vt l
mt cch hon ho.
Hnh 1. M hnh PTHH
Hin nay c hai phng php ph bin
c cc nh khoa hc la chn cho vic m
phng cc bi ton va chm l phng php
phn t ri rc (Discrete Element Method -
DEM) v phng php phn t hu hn
(Finite Element Method - FEM). i vi cc
loi vt liu c thnh phn ht kh ln nh ,
phng php DEM s l s la chn thch
hp 8),9). Tuy nhin phng php ri rc
khng xt c cc kt cu chnh khc nh
tng, ng hm. Chnh v vy, nu
phng php phn t hu hn, vi mt m
hnh vt liu ph hp cho phn khng chn th
ha hn s gii quyt nhiu vn mang tnh
tng th (c lp khng chn v kt cu chnh)
ca bi ton va chm.
T cc nh gi trn y, tc gi la chn
chng trnh tnh ton ng LS-DYNA da
trn phng php FEM v thut ton hin
m phng th nghim va chm vo khi ct
khng chn (Hnh 1). M hnh bao gm mt
vt ri hnh trn c ng knh 54 cm bng b
tng v thp. Khi ct hnh lp phng c
cnh 50 cm, c to hnh bng li thp hnh
lc lng, vi a k thut c dng nh ti
cha ct. Khi ct c t trn tm b tng
Vt ri
ct thp dy 70 cm (tng trng cho kt cu
chnh pha sau lp khng chn). Vi iu kin
bin dng t do (FD) cho khi ct, khi b
Khi ct tng c dng hnh vung trn mt chiu bng
vi kch thc mi cnh l 120 cm. Vi iu
kin bin b hn ch bi vt liu ct xung
quanh (MC), kch thc mi cnh ca tm b
tng l 210 cm. Khi b tng c t trn 4
gi l cc cm bin ti trng (load cell)
dng o lc chuyn tip. Lc va chm
Vt ri c to ra bng cch th vt ri t do t
cao 5,3 m.
Khi ct 3. M phng va chm bng phng
Ct php phn t hu hn
a. Cc thng s tnh ton
Trong phm vi bi bo ny, b phn quan
trng nht nh hng ln n kt qu tnh
ton l khi ct, chnh v vy nhm tc gi
tin hnh cc nghin cu v nh hng ca
thng s c bn ca vt liu ct ti ng x va
chm. Cc thng s c gii thiu di y
(bng 1) c nghin cu k m trong
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phm vi bi bo ny khng th gii thiu ht tng b phn. M hnh vt liu n hi tuyn
c. Vi bi ton m phng va chm vo tnh n gin c dng m phng cc b
ct, cc thng s tnh ton cn thit bao gm phn nh ti, vt ri v b tng. Ring vi
mdun ct, mdun n hi khi, trng lng ct, qua thc t cc nghin cu lin quan u
ring, h s Poison, gc ma st trong, lc dnh nh gi y l loi vt liu phc tp, c bit
v c bit l quan h ng sut bin dng. Cc l khi m phng bng phng php PTHH.
thng s khc ca vi a k thut c xc Chnh v vy, nhm tc gi la chn m hnh
nh da trn kt qu th nghim ko tnh. Li vt liu t v xp d v c k n ph hoi.
thp bc ngoi khi ct c tc dng to khung Wang Z. L.10) s dng m hnh ny m
hnh khi lp phng, t nh hng n kt qu phng gim nh nh hng ca lp a k
va chm nn c n gin ha. Cc thng s thut ti xp ti sng ng sut vi nhiu b
tnh ton khc ca vt ri v khi b tng thng s vt liu khc nhau. M hnh ny
c mc nh ph hp vi vt liu b tng. c gii thiu ln u bi Krieg (1972)11)
Bng 1. Cc thng s c bn tnh ton da trn tiu chun ph hoi Drucker-Prager.
Hnh 2 v bng 2 gii thiu ng c tnh
Thng s n v Gi tr
Trng lng ring () kg/m3 1680
c bn ca m hnh MAT_SOIL_
H s poison () - 0,35 AND_FOAM ca LS-DYNA12) vi hai la
Mdun ct (G) N/m2 2,08E+07 chn cho qu trnh tng ti v d ti. Do hnh
Mdun bulk (K) N/m2 6,27E+08 dng khi ct l hnh lp phng nn tin
Gc ma st trong () 32,50 cho vic m phng th phn t hnh khi ch
Lc dnh n v (c) N/m2 100,00 nht s c s dng.
Ti ct ng vai tr nh mt vt cha ct,
Bng 2. Quan h ng sut bin dng ca vt ng thi cng hp thu mt phn nng lng va
liu ct
chm. Trong bi bo ny, phn t tm v v m
ng Bin ng Bin hnh vt liu vi (Fabric) s c la chn m
TT sut P dng TT sut P dng phng ti ct a k thut. Phn t khi ch
(N/m2) ln(V/V0) (N/m2) ln(V/V0)
1 0,00 0,000 6 0,060 2,02x106 nht v vt liu n hi tuyn tnh c dng
2 2,05x105 0,020 7 0,065 2,38x106 m phng vt ri v khi b tng.
3 4,85x105 0,030 8 0,070 2,77x106 Bng 3. Kt qu th nghim
4 8,81x105 0,040 9 0,075 3,19x106
5 1,40x106 0,050 10 0,080 3,63x106 Trng hp th Fimmax Ftrmax Tim pmax I im
nghim (kN) ms (cm kN.s
(kN)
FD_5,3m_Exp. 90 128 52 20 2,99
MC_5,3m_Exp. 130 226 30 11 2,64
Tng v d ti khi tt
tnh nng nghin nt Bng 4. Kt qu m phng bng PTHH
Trng hp tnh Fimmax Ftrmax Tim pmax I
ton (kN) (kN) (ms) (cm)
(kN.s
Bin dng khi Bin dng khi FD_3,0m_FEM 58 93 65 0,31 2,24
FD_5,3m_FEM 89 140 58 0,35 3,09
FD_7,5m_FEM 105 179 55 0,38 3,64
(Ko) (Nn)
FD_10m_FEM 111 193 65 0,40 4,17
ng sut ct
ph hoi D ti khi bt tnh nng MC_3,0m_FEM 68 157 40 0,17 1,99
nghin nt MC_5,3m_FEM 102 251 36 0,20 2,73
MC_7,5m_FEM 112 312 47 0,25 3,36
Hnh 2. ng c tnh c bn ca ct MC_10m_FEM 120 360 61 0,32 3,98

b. Cc m hnh vt liu c bn 4. Kt qu tnh ton v phn tch

M hnh c m phng bi phn mm m a. So snh kt qu m phng v kt qu
phng ng ba chiu LS-DYNA theo phng th nghim
php PTHH, thut ton hin. Cc m hnh vt Bng 3 v 4 cng vi cc hnh 3 5 th
liu c la chn ph hp vi tch cht ca hin kt qu tnh ton m hnh v kt qu th

52
nghim. ng nt t v k hiu FEM th
hin kt qu m hnh s cn ng nt lin v
k hiu Exp th hin kt qu th nghim, Fim
th hin lc va chm, Ftr th hin lc chuyn
tip, p k hiu m xuyn. Di y l cc
nh gi qua so snh cc kt qu c c ny:
1) Kt qu tnh ton m hnh theo phng
php PTHH c tng thch cao so vi kt
qu th nghim. Sai s ln nht mt s thng
s ch khong di 20%.

a) iu kin bin FD b) iu kin bin MC

Hnh 3. Quan h lc va chm theo thi gian

a) iu kin bin FD b) iu kin bin MC

Hnh 4. Quan h lc chuyn tip theo thi gian

a) iu kin bin FD b) iu kin bin MC

Hnh 5. Quan h gia lc va chm v m xuyn

a) Gi tr lc theo thi gian b) Gi tr nh ca ng cong

Hnh 6. Lc va chm trong iu kin bin FD vi cc chiu cao ri khc nhau

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 trong m phng/th nghim vi iu kin bin
FD v MC ln lt l 3,09/2,99 v 2,73/2,64.
b. Nghin cu nh hng ca chiu cao
ri ti cc c trng va chm
Nghin cu ny cn kho st c im va
chm khi thay i chiu cao vt ri trong c hai
loi iu kin bin m iu kin th nghim
khng tin hnh c. Chiu cao ri t do H
thay i t 3 m n 10 m. Kt qu tnh ton th
hin trn cc biu t Hnh 6 n 11.
1) Hnh 6a gii thiu kt qu tnh ton lc
Hnh 7. Lc va chm (bin MC) va chm, trong khi hnh 6b gii thiu biu
2) Hnh 3a cho thy gi tr cc i v thi quan h gia gi tr cc nh ca n theo chiu
gian va chm trong iu kin bin FD l gn cao ri. Mt iu d nhn thy l quan h lc
nh xp x nhau. Tuy nhin, kt qu th nghim va chm v thi gian c hai nh kh r rng.
cho thy vo khong 2 ms lc va chm tng ln Khi chiu cao ri t do tng ln, gi tr ca
cao (khong 80 kN) sau nhanh chng gim nh th nht tng ln mt cch tuyn tnh, cn
xung trc khi t nh. Kt qu m phng ti gi tr ca nh th hai tng ln ri sau c
thi im ny ch t so vi th nghim. xu th nm ngang. ng vi chiu cao ri 10 m
3) Hnh 3b th hin lc va chm trong iu gi tr hai nh ny tin ti gn bng nhau.
kin MC, kt qu th nghim cho lc va chm Ngoi ra, thi gian duy tr nh lc va chm
cao hn khong 20% so vi kt qu m phng. ko di ra khi chiu cao H tng ln.
Lc va chm ca th nghim t nh v kt 2) Hnh 7 8 gii thiu lc va chm (iu
thc rt nhanh sau khong 30 ms, ngc kin bin MC), lc chuyn tip (iu kin bin
li, qu trnh ny t m hnh s c ko di FD v MC) theo thi gian, tt c u cho thy
hn rt nhiu. gi tr cc i tng ln v thi gian duy tr nh
4) Hnh 4 th hin lch s lc chuyn tip ca lc va chm cng ko di ra khi tng chiu
thu c t bn gi di b b tng trong cao ri.
c hai iu kin bin FD v MC. Gi tr ln 3) Hnh 9 th hin mi quan h gia chiu
nht thu c t m phng ln hn kt qu th cao ri v gi tr cc i ca lc va chm v
nghim khong 3-5%. Vi iu kin bin FD, lc chuyn tip. C th nhn ra lc chuyn tip
thi gian duy tr lc chuyn tip trong m hnh lun ln hn lc va chm. Ngoi ra, khong
s di hn th nghim khong 5 ms trong khi chnh lch gia hai loi lc ny trong iu kin
vi iu kin bin MC, kt qu ny gn nh MC cao hn rt nhiu so vi trong iu kin
trng khp. FD. C th, vi chiu cao ri tnh ton 10 m,
5) Quan h gia lc va chm v m trong iu kin FD ghi nhn lc chuyn tip
xuyn ca vt ri vo khi ct c trnh by cc i cao gp khong 2 ln so vi lc va
trn hnh 5. T y, d dng nhn ra s khc v chm cc i, trong khi s chnh lch ny
ging nhau v lc va chm nh phn tch trong iu kin MC l khong 3 ln.
trn. Ngoi ra, n cng th hin s khc nhau 4) Hnh 10 biu din quan h gia chiu su
v ging nhau v gi tr cc i ca m m xuyn ca vt ri vo ti ct theo thi
xuyn cng nh quan h gia lc va chm v gian vi cc gi tr chiu cao ri khc nhau.
v tr ca vt ri trn khi ct. Thng th gi Chiu su xuyn cng ln khi chiu cao ri
tr cc i ca lc va chm t c tng ng tng ln. Ngoi ra, trong iu kin FD, m
vi m xuyn ln nht. Ring m hnh s xuyn ln hn v chiu cao phc hi sau va
trong iu kin MC, gi tr cc i t c chm cng ln hn cc gi tr ny trong iu
tng ng vi m xuyn ch khong kin MC.
0.125m. 5) Quan h gia xung lc va chm Iim vi
6) So snh kt qu th nghim bng 3 v cc chiu cao ri khc nhau trong c hai iu
kt qu m phng bng 4 cho thy c s sai kin bin (hnh 11) c dng gn nh tuyn tnh,
khc rt nh ca xung lc va chm Iim gi hai tuy nhin xung lc va chm trong iu kin
m hnh (ch khong 3,5%). T l ca xung lc bin FD lun lun ln hn iu kin bin MC
khong 10%.

54
 a) iu kin bin FD
b) iu kin bin MC
Hnh 8. Lc chuyn tip theo thi gian
Hnh 9. Gi tr cc i ca lc va chm v
lc chuyn tip
c. Mt s kin tho lun:
1) T kt qu tnh ton theo m hnh so snh
vi kt qu o c th nghim cho thy mt s
tng ng cao. Trong thc t, sai s khi m
phng so vi th nghim t di 30% c coi
l thnh cng. C th kt lun rng trong gii
hn nghin cu ca m hnh ni trn, m hnh
phn t hu hn c tin cy cao.
2) S khc nhau giai on u ca lc va
chm trong iu kin FD mt phn l do nh
hng ca lp li mt co dng to khung
cho khi ct trong m hnh vt l. Mc du
khng nh hng nhiu nhng n lm cho lc
va chm tng nhanh khi vt ri bt u chm
vo li. Nhng do c tnh do ca li nn
gi tr lc va chm gim nhanh sau . Trong
m hnh s, li thp ny c b qua nn
dn n s khc bit ny.
a) iu kin bin FD
b) iu kin bin MC
Hnh 10. m xuyn theo thi gian
Hnh 11. Quan h gia xung lc v chiu H
1) Kt qu tnh ton cho thy nh hng r
nt ca iu kin bin ca khi ct ti cc
thng s ca bi ton va chm. Vi iu kin
bin MC (xt khi b va chm cng lm vic
ng thi vi cc khi ct khc xung quanh)
thu c lc va chm v lc chuyn tip cao
hn trong trng hp khi ct lm vic c
lp. T y c th lu cho vic cn thit
phi nghin cu bi ton va chm c xt n
s lm vic tng th ca cc b phn.
5. Kt lun
Ct l loi vt liu t nhin c s dng
ph bin lm lp hp thu va chm trong nhiu
loi cng trnh bo v ri. y l loi vt liu
ht ri c c tnh c hc kh phc tp, vic m
phng loi vt liu ny bng phng php
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PTHH cho kt qu ng tin cy s gip cho vic nng gii hn chu ng nng lng va chm
tnh ton thit k kt cu bo v ri tr nn ca cc khi ct khi kch thc khi ct thay
d dng hn. T nghin cu ny c th gi i. Nghin cu ny lm c s cho k s thit
cho cc nghin cu tip theo v xc nh kh k nh lng chiu dy khi khng chn.

Ti liu tham kho

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pack, Geotextiles and geomembranes 27, ScienceDirect, pp. 31-38, 2009.
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Abstract:
SIMULATION OF IMPACT RESPONSE ON SAND-CELL CUSHION BY FEM

This paper presents a research of using FEM to simulate impact response on sand-cell of
cushion layer of rockfall protection structures. Sand-cell was collided by a sphere from
different falling heights with two kinds of lateral boundary condition: free deformation (FD)
condition and material confinement (MC) condition. Simulation results were used to compare
with experiment results. Some evaluations and conclusions about accuracy of numerical model
and the effect of falling heights to impact response on sand-cell are presented.

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