You are on page 1of 114

UOuuMJ 5DK W

rOKF WO d


rOd sLd tK r

5DK W
rOKF WO d

UOuuMJ
wU_ sU nBK

uHR*
WMu U UIM Wd VO

VDI bL dO
ZUM* ed dUO bL
5DK W w rOKF WOd d
wb UFK UNb
w UJ c fb

UF d
ZUM* WM' fOz hL( u rOF
ZUM* ed U db 5U 

WOIOD uKF UOuuMJ UNM* wMu odH


d UIM
e UI b
`KB UL uN u{
V U nu U( w
ZUM* dUO bL ( bL

u dU wM d
VOD) bL uG dd%
W(U U rOLB

WO d
 v_ WF D

ZUM* ed rOKF WOd u WuH lD uI lOL c
5DK tK dO WJ U ZUM* ed
fU uHK
e-mail: pcdc@palnet.com
bON9

b??_ b??Q?? Z??U?M?* d?u?D? u?{u? U?N?Q?A? c?M? r?O?K?F?? W?O?d?? X?F?{
e WHC w su wUM 5 ZUM* bOu F b WN s wN UNKLF WOOd
w?L?KF wuuMJ bIK Ud Uu YO s ZUM* w WKI b% d WN s
v?K? qLF u U wFdA fK: q s wMOD
KH UNM* WD d cM
o? d? n?OQ rOJ WCdF uD) WUO XKL qd bF WD) cOHM
lL: UUD rEF s 5HR* 5ud s l UD d w u WUO
lU
 U
 wU _ uHB V UWOU v_ 5Kd* UN l
U?F? c? u bI w?b? UF s b? U?N?I?OD - w WOU_
uM
 w d_ uHB V tIF 5OU_ sU YU 5HBKWU WKd* V
U?OI vK u?I?F? q?_ q?E?u?H?B? l?O?L?' XKL b ZUM* WD UNO uJ WUI
b? W?D?) c? U?$ u? U?O? 5?L?K?F? s?d?b 5dA s bO* w Wud
W?U? bM p Ud* WOd& U??
? v_ WM
 w VJ dF YO rNz rNUE
WI a
M
U?
?R?* v? d?b?I?? d?J?A? q?e?? bI UNF
rOKF WOd
U?J?O??K? U?O?U?D? w??u?J? W?IbB WOdF b W U uJ
uO WOb ULEM*
dALK wU* wMH ULNLb W U
n?O?Q d WCd uD d s tF u V
? W?OMu UK u dJA UL
s? q? d? U?' U??J? W?A? U?M? qL U w 5UA rOJ% dd% U'
Wb su UM w rN
O uM v td vK qL wMu dA* c U$ w U

rOKF WOd
ZUM* e d

uK
WbI

Y? U? WO?M?OD?K?H r?OK?F? W?Od? d? _ wM?OD??KH? UN?M* W?D o?


v w?U_ fU) nB s? WOe UL U?Nb v d _ WO?IOD u?KF UOuu?MJ
rd?B W?u s? e_ UM??K 5J?9 w W?GU W?OL? s u{u?* cN? U* uU? _ n?B
W?N s uAM* WOL?M b s U dB?M rNKF WN s w?uuMJ tU? UFO
d
wU_ sU nB WKD dIL UOuuMJ V WKK w ld UJ u c
l?U?? U?? f?U?) u?H?B? d?I? W?I?U?? V??J? t?MLC U tO UMO b
WOU_
l lUI uN b w U b w qb tu dO s UJ c nK
WO WUMBWbMN WOMN* UN* WHK< WOLKF UIOD s q
W??U?M?* f?b? WId UOU rKF* U uH U: Ud?O uU( W?e
UNOK wM w b_ b U* u l WIO WK WDAQ UJ U d
UNM*
WOK?LF W?UL* s b?b UU? `H q? bF U?F .bI? vK U?J dB?I
rKF? s J?A* q WO?NM vK? UU bL?F wL?K uKQ W?DO l?O{u*
ULN rNUO WKO UN uK WOU UOuK UU& UMK uH w e U2 wUL'
UN d1 w nu* XuM
s tO c U2 rd vK UI s ULJ b q UJ .bI cN wb
s? rK?F?* rK?F* b? w tu? bF? U?J?U d?OG d? w? WU?A b?N
UO_ rEF w UNH _ s qC u _ ULF
v U% b UM UM WzU s uK UJ s WOd WM cN dO
5dA* 5?B< lO?L s qQ? dO 5?LKF* U?e rJ U?MI d?uD qb?F
oI bzU?H rF UJ? duD q s r?NUE rNU?dU Ue 5?LKF*
UJ c UNK s l{ w b_
oOu w tK
uHR*
U u;

WOzU dNJ UHJ* U rd


jU*

v bu
_ b

jU* VOd wU b

U u
d jI* vK UF _ l u YU b

U u d l d b

bu
WOzU dNJ UHJ* _ b

WOzU dNJ uOH wU b

WOU
Microsoft Word(1) _ b

bu
 Microsoft Word(2)

uU(
wU b

Microsoft Word(3) YU b

WU
Microsoft Word(4) l d b

wU wb qBH


Excel WO dJ UHB f U) b

Excel UIOD U b

Excel UIOD l U b

 Excel UIOD s U b

 Excel UIOD l
U b

 Excel UIOD dUF b

Excel UIOD dA U( b

Excel UIOD dA wU b


VOd pOJH
bu

UNBzUB UF* nOMB _ b

bF _ wU b
WF d

UF* XO j YU b

wdU UFLK XR* j d l d b

UF*  UUb f U) b

bu

U rd


b
jU* bu
wIuK

wU

wU

_ vK UO_ uI qd w vK w u wMF WGK w uI UI


_ `D vK UuL UO_ uI uJ UO_ U
_ vK fLA WF uI

W{ u suJ q s r
vK WuL WF UI UI wMF wbMN rd w
UDI
 W&UM WLd uB vL
WOKb tKO UH UF tKJ 5 r
K

"UM wK _ r
K u s U qE
sJ r
K WOU) b( 5 u tM
U?M? u?J? W?O?K?b qO UH t 5
U??
? _ q?? u??B? b?? d?O??J? q?U?F?
Wu dO WOzuC WF_ _ WOIOI(


u? q?O?J?A? X? U q tOK b q bUA jzU( UB* 5 b XF{
UU9 W{ b qO UH dNE q pb lU Q qE ULFU WHK 
uC bB jzU( b' sUbF b d V
qE WU
 nK q

WF u bU q
u?B? U?d?N?E? w?? W?I?O?b? q?O? U?H?? X?E? q?
UEF W

UMU
WOM W U s WIO qO UH UMODF WF_ u
U% UNU sL WO U bIF eN v U% UNMJ
UNKO UH rNH WKu d WdF v UC

s WF_ u tAtL WId YO s qE tA wbMN rd w jI*


dUE dO dUE r' qOUH 5 t YO

UUMB w Wb
* WObMN Uud rEF
bd c r
K WHK  jU
 w UM UA w
UA uM c vM* tFOMB
qGAUH d u t uJ uLK* wIOI( r
'
uJ dH w e?O qGA `D
 u?
 vK uJO rd U dH w eO

UU& b s r
K dEM v U p c UH dF uD UF rdK
UU& b s r
K WL q vL
5F U&U UNO dEM d q w r
' qO UH rd
UDI


s? w?zU?N b rWHK  UU& U s r
_ dEM sJ1 t `{u s
WdG b bUF qUCF UNCF l bUF UI Uu W U b
jU
*
Ue s bM q u{u r
' qO Ue b bM UNO{ l


W??
? w?Ue bMB uD s `D q s U?u?L r
' v dEM sJ1
_ WuL jU
 W UM uJ tOK wUe `D
vK r
' u jI
 rd
r
' n u jU
* s q b r wHJ sJ r

bb WOU uJ dAjU
* s sJ2 b q r V WO*UF UH u* V

w jU
 W vHJ U U U Wb wbMN r
' UF qJ
wU_ jI*
U_ s r
K dEM UbM ZM w
Ozd jI
* dF
rd Wu j w wU jI
* rd tUH r
' u wU_ jI
* w dNE

wU' jI*
rd d
_ VU' s s1_ VU' s wI_ U& w r
' v dEM UbM ZM
wU' jI
* UNM dEM w WNK WKUI* WN' vK wU_ jI
* VU wU' jI
*
t{d tIL r
' UH wU' jI
* w dNE wU_ jI
* U
vK uJ s1_

wI_ jI*
qH wI_ jI
* rd vK_ s wd U& w r
' v dEM UbM ZM
dF uD UF jI
* c w dNE wU_ jI
*

WF_ UI r w `D_ _ uLF UIU wbMN rd w WIdD c vL

u 5 UF u vK U
_ rd lOD
WIdD cN bUF uJ UNOK
`D
* u vK U
_ c UH d

jU* r WId
u? `?D? W?u?? W?F? b?B? 5? u{u tDU
 rd bd c r
' qO
UI u
 vL
u `D vK WuL WF_ uJ YO tOK rd c u
*


q?E? U?I? u??
 vK r
' UNM uJ w `D ? u?J Wu* WF_
uJ UN S WF Wu* uD
U `D
K UIUD uJ WF tu* `D
K "UM
uD qJ vK
U?M? t?u* `D
d UMS WF_ bB WN s U?u?L OD
* u v UdE S
s?J? wIOI( UNKJA dNE UNS WOU' WF_ uD
U WOIOI( UF tKJA U

WF_ WOU' uD
q9 UuD rd p c uD qJ vK Ud
u( q1 p cOD
* u* wHK) `D
qJ UC u "UM qJA k
UI WF_ tu* `D
U WDO;
n?K? l?I??w? U?I? u??
?
U?b?BW?OI? UI? WF?r
?'
wU jI
 r
' U s

wU jI


V??U?? v?? w? U?I? u??


?
UbBWOI UI WF r
'
wU jI
 r
K d VU' s

wU jI



uK jI


wI jI
 vK_ s WO tOK WDU
WF_wI UI u


UA
r tUH r t{d r t u OD
 u* W W
Ozd jU
* r
j?I?
?* U?F tUH r
' u w wU_ jI
* q1 c qOD
* UF k
t{d r
' u 5 wI_ jI
*t{d tUH w wU'

OD
* u* W jU
* s 5DI
 q 5 UdA
bF UM oU
UAM s k

WO
UH w wU_ wU' UDI
* dA
uD w wU_ wI_ UDI
* dA
dF w wI_ wU' UDI
* dA


dJ jU U
dz rd UMS d r bd UbM
WN' s dEM iG dz UNKdJ dJK WObMN jU
*
b jI
 rd wHJ sJ1 p c dJ v UNM dEM w
r
' WFO 5M jI
* vK d WLK VJ

dJ jU

dJK wU) `D
K WOU) b( q1 jI
* tM qJA c dzb j) k

WuD_ jU U
w U U Wdzb bUI WLI d UMS qH_ s vK_ s WuD_ v UdE
bUIK Wdzb WU( q9 dz u WuD_ bU U&U dEM bM "UM jI
* S
WOU) b( UC dvKH
UOKF 5U( d UMS Vu' s UuL UdE U
wMM* `D
K
d?D? U?
? t?{d? q?O?D??
? s? U?? w?W?K?U?L?? UNK WuD WOU' jU
*
u dz r
' vK b ed* uD r V UNUH U
tUH WuD_
j) c

wI_ jI
*

wU_ jI
*


U: rK WOzd jU* r U

s? bOF s r
' v dEM UbM "UM jI
* dHM
wU_ jI
* u WOU_ d
O WOUM

wU

`D
S U
bF s r
' v UdE
qJ vK tu rddNE u UM tu*
wQ UL wU_ jI
* ZM dU uD

wU_ jI
*

b??U??A? v??K? _ s? r?


?' v? U?d?E?
w??I? _ j??I?
? * w?? d?? w??I? _ j??I?
?*
qJ WDO; u( rd 5uKF 5D

dNE UN_dU uD 5D
s b
wI_ jI
* j?I?
?* U?M?b? Z??M?O? v?K?_ s? d?E?M? UbM
wQ UL wI_

bUA s1_ VU' s r


' v UdE
r?dU?C?F? U?LNCF u 5OU' 5D

uD 5D
s b qJ WDO; u(
wU' jI
* s1_ VU' s dEM UbM dNE UN_dU
s1_ wU' jI
* UMb ZMO

v?M?L?O WN' w suu* 5OU' 5D
bUA d
_ VU' s r
' v UdE
d
_ VU' s dEM UbM dNE UN_dU uD tu rdMwHK) `D
bUA sJ
d?U dO uD UNLd p c dNE vMLO WN' w suu* 5D
u sJ
j?I?
?* u?J? d?U?E? u? u?_ j?) d?N?E? l?DI j l dU j oUD bM WFDI
qJA w 5 u UL d
_ wU'

wU

wQ UL rd Wu vK UNFu w jU


* rd uI dO

wU_
wU'

wI_


b
jU* VOd
bu
j?I?
?* d???F? w?U?_ j?I
* UM tM dEM c U& UO w d? U?d uJ
q UU9 r
K W
Ozd r UF* vK u `{u VfOzd jI
* u wU_
tN qO UH U t{dU t u d pS tU s pKO v dEM UbMF U

d?NE YO r
_ wU_ jI
* UO r UF d b tOK dF lOD

o?L?F? dF tO dNEwU_ jI


* VU wU' jI
* rd UH uD
r
' d u dNEwU_ jI
* u wI_ jI
* rd UH

rd Wu vK jU* lu


jU
* 5 WUM WKUL UU
 UM uJ rd Wu j UEU Uu uJ bO' rd
qC_ sL wI_ wU' wU_ rd Wu vK jU
 W UM uJ UbM
UdH WOI rK b w uJ sU 5DI
 q 5 WU
 WK U WU
 d
jU
* jO vK U
U u
u d


q?C?_ s?L? wI_ wU' wU_ rd Wu vK jU
 W UM uJ UbM
UdH WOI rK b? w uJsU 5DI
 q 5 WU
 WK U WU
 d
jU
* jO vK U
U u
rK
UH

UH
rK
uD
dF

dF

jU* 5 UF_ UIM qI


q? 5? d??A? b?F? U?M? u?J? s?bF vK u W
Ozd W jU
* s jI
 q
w?I?_ 5? d??A dF wI_ wU_ 5 dA uD U r
' jU
 s 5DI

wU' wU_ 5 dA UHwU'
j?I?
?* r? b?M tUO bOF wU_ jI
* r bM  UH fOI U
d jI
 s UF_ qI UI sJ1 sJ wU'
UIM s WOzUA uD) b/ wU' wI_ s q v wU_ jI
* s UI
qJA w UL wU_ jI
LK W
Ozd


WHK  jU
 w UM UA w UUMB w Wb
* WObMN Uud rEF
UA uM c vM* tFOMB bd c r
K
rd U dH w e?O? qGAUH d u t uJ uLK* wIOI( r
'
dF uD UF rdK uJ dH w eO
qGA `D
 u
 vK uJO
jI
* fH w tLd UU& b s r
K dEM v U p c WFL UH
d_ jU
* w

sUL

UOd
jU
* vK UF_ l{ WO U
W jU
* r
rd Wu vK jU
* lu
rK UdD d

rK X rK X rK UF OD


 u

rK UNUHrK UdD WuD


v?K? U?F_ lu b
U?u?d jI*
b? uJ jU
* Uud UNu% w qO UH UUO u b% U UF_
`{ j WE l{u YO UN WLd vK rd Wu vK WdF Wb
* UOI
dOLM
U UF_ dLOKO*U UF_ q WKLF
* bu 5 rd Wu s U UJ
WLd vK U_ bF bu l{u W u U UF_
UF_ l{ WId vK U U: qJA 5
dLOKO*U UF_

r?
?' n? v?K? b?U?
WuNH W{ rd vK Wu{u* UF_ uJ V
U? V p oOI WOU_ Uud jU
* uA qU qJA UF
WU WId jU
* vK UF_ lu bF uD r WId w WO U WOU_ buI
W U) UJ_ iF UF_


UF_ l{u WOU_ buI

rd WId

b
jI
* uD s UeOOL WFO uJ UF_ r w WKLF
* uD)
WLd jI
* rd HB rKUF_ rd 2H rK
V t u bb% bd c e' vK WuL uJ b uD rd bF lu bb
r \ b w uJ dH U qJA w UL r
' b j 5 dU d UM uJ
rK
bF j

rK

b j

t u 5 c eK Uu b j vK UuL bF j rd
v?K? b?O? U? r?N?
? r?d? U?: qJA w UL bF j wd vK rN rd
tbU UF{ W t u YK qJ

uD) c 5 UFUI UM uJ YO b uD bF uD Vd
rd uA lUI _ UJ bI
b WdA W eM0 U b qCH bF j j d w U_ VJ
\ fO [ \ q

u QD

w u UNMO UU
* Wu rd iF UNCF u uD b UM U
u{u U_ WUJ WOU rK

jU* Uud vK UF_ lu UOU



uBI dC U w jI
* q UF_ l{ u
r
' rd W UF_ q wDGWKU uJ V UF_
d_ jU
* w jI
* fH w u e' fHM UF_ dJ u

c?N? WIOb qO UH rN UL( UA U lu vK UM b u rd U


ud c s WUF UDD< w UO_

WU) UJ_ iF UF_ l{ UU



nB vK W bK (R) ed dzb dD vK W bK (2R) ed qLF

dz uBI* vK W bK dU rd q ud c l{u dDI
dzb s e


dzb ed s b bF j d1 V

QD u

W v We WKzU dzbK bF uD uJ

b uD rd U dzb q bF j l{u dOJ dzbK


dzb U bF j l{u dOGB dzbK

sUL
rK \ tFK{ u l{u qJ UF_ UNOK l{r Wu vK WO UJ_ r


b
U ud
bu
q?O?N
ud b
rd w UO( U lOL w U ud b

qO UH iF `O{u rd WOKL
wFOL rd w WKLF u u

p UD U u bb

lOL uJ bu jI
* w lDI s dO b UM uJ  wFOL rd wH
p c WFD q UNM lMB w U* vK UM b e UM p c U* fH s WuMB lDI
s? W? U?F u* VA) uD WUd) d( q u b uO UM w qLF

UM e s e q w Wb
* U* u rd vK U{ uJ bOH*

d VA UB

bF U u WUd


W U U vB d d

UM u
b?? r?d? WOKL p qN
wU* w Wb
 WdF UO_ u UM w b

UL( UA U lu vK UM b u
rdU ULK WIOb qO UH r s
ud c s WUF UDD< w UO_ cN WIOb qO UH rN

wK U wU U 5N' vK `H U

U o dM U U

uOU WK
G UL u

jzU W u Ud qO
u

dA
tOK UMO dOG XO wzUA jD  qL
tO Ub) lUM* u Wb
* u* u


bu
bu

WOzUdNJ UHJ*


b
WOzUdNJ UHJ*
UOU d?BM tKF& dO u lL The Capacitor w?zUdNJ nJ*
u) c r s WOdJ WOzUdNJ dzb rEF w

WU( V? UNGd?H r s Ud?J WOzUd?NJ UM?A se vK? bI


UM?A? mdH? se? v?K n?J* b? WOzU?eO?H WO?UM? s W b? Ub?b% s?J1 WO?M d?
sJ1 tOK Electric Energy WOzUdNJ W UD mdH se vK bIwMF WOzUdNJ
bB UU sJ?1 w WUD  WOzU?dNJ W UDK dOG? Ue wzUdNJ n?J* U
ULz dF w Resistors WOzUdNJ UUI* fJF WOzUdNJ W UDK rz dO sJ UU
WOzUdNJ W UDK WJKN  d UM

u UL? b * dB M F WLO? vK jI bL F dOG? WOz U dN  WU I t wz Ud?N J nJ *


U  Frequency d? bI  v K p? c b LF? qWO z Ud?N J U UI?* l  U(
d* lOD  XU UOU nJ* d U* wzUdNJ bN' UO WOzUdNJ
lOD d wU UO ULMO b WOU uJ XU UOK  nJ* WUI _ nJ* d
nJ*U b WCHM uJ d wU UOK nJ* WUI _ nJ* d WuN d*
wUF d WOzUdNJ U d0 `L UHB* qL qLF WU( c w
iHM* d WOzUdNJ U d0 `L

nJ* WF
U?I Capacitance n??J?* W?F? ? v?L U V b% wzUdNJ nJ* WLO
W?L?O? dH b sJ F e?d?U? UN ed Farad d?H? b?u? W?OzUdNJ WF 
w? 5?? u? U?L? b?u? c dOGB WO U{ UzU b pc WOKL dO b? dO
w b'

qUF* WLOI ed r


d wKO
mf

dH s

dH s uf d dJU

\


dH s nf d uU
\\

dH s
pf d uJO
\\\
r b'

nJLK wzUdNJ ed


U qJA w 5 u ULnJ* nOMB u V nJLK wzUdN e s d UM

dOG nJ XU nJ

dOG nJ
XU wD nJ
uC

r qJA

WOzUdNJ UHJ* u
WOzUdNJ UHJ* nOMB UId UM
WF V nOMB
Fixed Capacitor) XU nJ
w Wb * UHJ* WOU UdOOG sJ1 WU nJ* WF
uM c s w WOdJ WOzUdNJ dzb

UJ_ WHK tU UHJ

(Variable Capacity) dOG nJ


b dJ b WLO bM UND{ 5F UD sL{ dLU Ub UdOOG sJ1 nJ* WF
UHK Uc* eN w UHJ* s uM c

j{ sJ1 r( dOG dOG nJ


pF 5 tF

WODI V nOB
(Polarized Capacitor) wD nJ
VU d Vu ULb UD UHJ* s uM cN
t UUH `OB qJAU wDI nJ* q V

(Non-Polarized Capacitor) wD dO nJ


WKJA U& Q tK sJ1 tOK UD UHJ* s uM cN fO

wzUdNJ nJ* VOd

q u


u?O?M?*_ s? o?zU? W?K u WeK U s 5u 5I s j  qJA nJ* uJ
j r WOJO szbK u UJU* e) q WU WI ULNMO qBH 

5K u* 5ID UKJ ULNU( r 5K u 5JK od s WOzUdNJ bU nJ*
wUI vK bLF nJ* WF

WObF* WID WU 
WUF WID pL
WUF U* u

UeweK qJ vK nKUI b b WODI UHJ* w U( u UL nJ* WF Ue


u WUF U* pL qOKIWK u* WID WU 
e?N? s? b?b?F? w? U?H??J?* b???
U?c?* UHK q WOdJ WOzUdNJ
VOu( nUN eN

sd9
Uc UH WF nU UCU uI
v?K?U?L?N?O? u?u?* UHJ* vK dF
UN WDd* d UMF UNUF UNu


UHJ* qO u d
u vK qO u

tOK
=

u u vK 5F lOL& uU


tOK

wu vK qO u

tOK
=

u wu vK 5F lOL& uU



tOK


nJ* WF
wU) G vK U VJ nJ* WF
iF w sJW?MOF u bU n?JLK
( Digital U??N? b???? s?J?1 U??O?_
i??F? W??F? U??O?I?? Multi Meter DMM
UL 20uf 2nf 5 d WF UHJ*
U: qJA w 5 u

UHJ* Ub
UHK Uc* Uu Starter uOM `OUB w b * UF UE w UHJ* b

d??* bN' qu uI w AC, DC Adaptors q?u?dz w b pc


WOzUdNJ eN_ s bbF qOGA 12V-1.5V tLO XU bN v 220V

uU(dz w UHJ* b pc


WOzUdNJ U WOHB WOdJ


b
WOzUdNJ uOH
b? c? w?ze?' w?K?J? n?K?? s? WOzUdNJ eN_ dzb WUL( uOH b
q?D? b? bM UN' bK t uL * b( s vK WLO wzUdN UO d t
 wzUdN U9
FS FS

uOH VOd
JA 5ObF 5FD 5 ud 5F pL q u pK s wzUdNJ uOH uJ
VU WO e WOU WuQ wbF* pK  c U WOzUdNJ b w U l j wDI
u_ c iF 5 qJAtUL( pO s

qJA

p?K? ? d? l?H?d? p?K? ? t? r?L c b( s vK WLO wzUdN UO d bM


lDIM UNBU pK  b wUF UO c d dL wzUdNJ UOK tUI WO
WOMF* b w wzUdNJ UO d n u v R U2

uOH nOMB
5 Oz 5DI vK UM
uOH nMB
u?O?H? p?K? l?D?IM d uOH d d uL * wzUdNJ UOK WLO vK
uJ U tUb uOH u V d A mA 5 d WLOI c
uOHK wU) `D  vK uH WuJ WLOI c

b?F? l?D?I?M? v?? u?O?H? UNU w WOMe dH tUDI uOH U& Wd
WUL( b w uOH s u UMN UN uL * WLOIK wzUdNJ UO U&

ULMO WOU s s q s w U UNMJ1 WIO b WOdJ b
lDIM v WOMe b* c UF{ v uOH s d u U%

uOH Ub
w?N b? bb? wN u?OH? Ub? d?B U?MM?J1
UEM? WOd?J W?OzUd?NJ e?N_ rEF? WUL?( b?
wzUdN u?O u dA
 wU?Dd WOzUdNJ? bbL
WOzUdNJ u lOL w

R
WLOI c wMF U r qJA w 5* uOH WLO U


e?N?_ W?U?L? w? b? Vd bN v U? U?OzUdN? u?O? 5?? U r qJA
nB luIU uOH s uM c b b WU ; UM* lOL w WOzUdNJ
qJA w U WMO* WOJOUu

qJA qJA

W?O? U??d?* U?O? ? l?O?L? w? W?O?zU?d?NJ WLE_ WUL( uOH b pc


b? w?zUdN UO U wzUdN U9 b bM UNMJ1 ? UO  w Wb * UUDU
U?O  w WOzUdNJ eN_ rEF d wHJ WLOI c A tLO U
V d A A 5 UNLO w d uOH eN_ c e p b UH
wzUdN UN q w UOK UN uL  WLO vK
u?O? qJA 5 ULMO A W?L?O?I? rOLB W1b UO uO qJA 5
WHK rO rOLB Wb UO

qJA qJA


bF? UOI U?N WO?dJ U?OI eN r?EF WU?L( uOH? b ? pc
UOIL tb bM tUL( mA WLOI wzUdN uO vK u DMM nzUu
mA UOI UD w WOzUdNJ UOK dO
Wb * Power Supply Units bI be b lOL WUL( uOH b pc
WOBA VOu( lOL w



bu

uU(



b
Microsoft Word (1) b

qLJM Wb_ d_ WU vK qLF Microsoft Word ZUd lU nB w XLKF


w WOI* d( WU vK b bu c w

bb bM QA ZUd `

5d( WU{
sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA wU sdL d
wK U UOd f UM s UHOH qOI qI f UM s UHOH qOI qI
b lDI s uJ bM*
WH w sdD q qF
hM ju l qI v WHB Wd w V
5LOK U l UM s UHOH UHB wU Wd w V
WdK wU dD w aU Xu
rU bM* kH
wU qJA w UL U UN Ud UFD cK UL UO 5LO vDu l


sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA WOU sUL s q d
t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t t
Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y

bb bM QA ZUd `

5d( WU{
d? l??D? 5?L?O vDu l se d lD c u 5LO dBM l
wU qJA w UL u

sd9

fLK WIdD WUD b


U d dA w sdL d
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u
rU bM* kH


bb bM QA ZUd `

d_ WU{
d lD c u UO dBM l d lD c uUO dBM) l
wU qJA w UL d_ vDu l tFDO d U

sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA w sdL d
T T T T T T T T T T T T

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA w sdL d
dzU dze qzU VzU U U UL U R d9R R qzUH
wK U UOd
dH uK WOK b l id wu j b
S dD dA
jC l dC uK q b
l qzU dD wb j b
S uD dA wU


bb bM QA ZUd `

5d( WU{
d? l??D? U??O? W?U l UD d lD c u 5LO dBM) l
wU qJA w UL

sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA WOU sUL s q d
j j j j j j j j j j j j j j

rU bM* kH



Microsoft Word (2)
b
b

sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA WOU sUL s q d
U s VC s UB tUM UL qOL iH
t H rU nK X  f wU UJ sL qOK) U `U
wK U UOd
suL w uD
bL w uD wU
WUD q WMUF
uD d WU
rU bM* kH

dd d
b?M???* q? d?J??* U?O?K?L?F? U?$ l?d?? q?O?N?? U?N?? s? s?J?1 WLN d w
UOKLF cN UOIK WEU( b
 oBK aM hIw

(Clipboard) WEU(
s? b?? e? U?F?O?? w??U? e?
?L? b?
??? d? c? w? WOMe
WU w
d? o?O?D w wU( oOD w u tUd sJ1 XR qJA UuKF*
UdO se
r v UNUu0 WEU( kH%

:(Cut) hI
WEU( w tF{ UH hM s b; e' c UD u
hI WOKLF UOI WOHO
WO dD b l r tB d* hM b
wUO _ jd w WuI_ dI
Cut h d d r rzuI jd w dd% WLzU dI
Ctrl + X `OUH* vK jG{

(Copy) aM
bM* s UNc WEU(U UNEH b; hM s u c u
aM WOKLF UOI WOHO
WO dD b l r t
 d* hM b
wUO _ jd w WuI_ dI
Copy a d d r rzuI jd w dd% WLzU dI
Ctrl + C `OUH* vK jG{

:(Paste) oBK
o hM U uJ oBKU bM* w 5F UJ w WEU( Uu a u
bM* s WHK
 l{u w oBK WOKL dJ sJ1 t
 tB
oBK WOKLF UOI WOHO
WO dD b l tO oBK bd c UJ* w U dR l{
wUO _ jd w WuI dI
Paste oB d d r rzuI jd w dd% WLzU dI
Ctrl + V `OUH* vK jG{


sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA WOU sUL s q d
`O q{U UL s qO U VK o
tOM n UO{ nA t YO s UMLK
wK U UOd
bb WH w sdL s sdD a
bb' WHB WUN v sdL s ld dD qI
Word w bM* WUN v dC UFd r Ud ZUd v V
rU bM* kH

WOKH  wu(
vL bM* WUN w WHBK wKH gUN w wQ wFd dOH h oOKF w
b?M???* w? U?N?F?{u? v dOA WOFd WF WOU( jd wU oOKF dO_ WU( w
b?
??* UU
eO2 W rd q9
WOU( UA WOHO
dOH bd tOK oOKF bd c l{u* w dR* l{


wU ld* dNEO WOKH wu d d r rzuI jd w WLzU dI
oOKF WHB qH UN WOKH WOU d WOU( u bb
bM* WUN w UN wU
WOU( W bb U wzUIK rOd dI UO UNLOd WOU( W bb
qOD* w WF V r WBB
 W dIMU X bd c qJAU
e vK dIMU p u WuL s UUO pMJ1 VUB*

wU qJA dNEO UO dI UNF{u WOU( U qJ UO

WUN wU) oOKF bM* qH WHB qH WOU( l{u b


bM* WUN lDI*
U_ qJ oOM b
WH qJ bblDI qJ bbq u tu rOd b b
oU qJAK uFK ou dI
e nK dR* qIM dR* l{u w WOU( r e rO ou dI
WUN bM* WHB qHUO) w tb c l{u w WOU( r
bM* lDI*


WOU( h q
WOU( r e u Ue
dI dI hM WOU( 5 qIMK

sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA WOU sUL s q d
pMU tU ( U* s UGK U{ qU
w{U* X  rJK r rJ UM
wK U UOd
5DK pM u dD w uBI* pM `{ WOKH wu( b
U
sdL s dD w w{U* X `{ WOKH wu( b
U
t
U wU
bM* kH
ZUd UN

sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA WOU sUL s q d
UJ sL iOH WFD* VU s XK
UL UL
wU wU U wU wU U
wK U UOd
wKH uK b b uK v_ dD dAF qOKE
WOU dD dAFK UOK U l dD
zU UCd UD b

wLd bF YU sdL w v_ dD fL


K wDIM bF b

sdL fH s dO_ dD fL
K



b
Microsoft Word (3) b

b' UA
s ZM w UU?* WFUI* bL_ uHB s? WJ u Table b'
UF?O? w? b?
?? w? w? Cells U?) v?L? u?HB? l? bL?_ l?UI?
UUO uB M
rzuI jd w b WLzU b
U wUO _ jd b
U b' UA pMJ1

wUO _ jd bU b UA
UNO b' b bd w WDIM bM U dR qF
wU qJA dNEO wUO _ jd WuI_ u dI

bL_ uHB b bb d% U) u d_ U* vK dLU jG{


5?? b? u?N? q?H?_ w uu* d_ UG WLK UH k b?K
UNb w bL_ uHB b
b' UA rO U* d


rzuI jd w b WLzU bU b UA
UNO b' b bd w WDIM bM U dR qF
wU qJA dNEO d d r rzuI jd w b WLzU dI

pc WBB< UU) w uHB b bL_ b b


b' rO Enter jG{ ou dI

b' q d
WOU `OUH* s b' q d r
.nB w WI WOK) v dR* qIM Tab
.nB w WIU WOK) v dR* qIM :Shift + Tab
.U b l{u dR* qIM:
.nK
K b l{u dR* qIM:
.vK b l{u dR* qIM:
.qH b l{u dR* qIM:
.nB w WOK v dR* qIMAlt +Home
.nB w WOK d v dR* qIM :Alt +End
.uLF w WOK v dR* qIM Alt+ PgUp
.uLF w WOK d v dR* qIM: Alt +PgDown

sd9
b' U q q wU hM l uH dA bL WF s b TA
V X V X V X
wK U UOd

[ UL uK U) qK wM b( u wU b l WOI U
U uK U) qK dL b( u d s1 b l WOI U wU
dL dC uK UNKK b( WUJ 5H d b
bM* kH

UE
bu WOK) q uD bF sJ1
j) r V UOzUIK WOK) UH jC
WOK d UH fH bu nB w U) cQ
bu b' w bL_ d uJ dA
d( dIH oOM YO s WHB WKUFL bu WOK) Uu l qUF sJ1

sd9

b' U q q wU hM l uH dA bL W s b TA


oH UL UM U
wK U UOd
nB fH s WOK d v r nB w WOK v dR* d
uLF fH w WOK d v r uLF w WOK v dR* d
Enter jG{ bb
dD ` r WU WOK) w hM WUN v V
5LO v U dD qzU id uK YU uLF w j) u


b' oO M
UNu j{ tuH UH UNMO UU* tbL d YO s tUH u bb% u b' oOM

bL_ U
w WJA uD pd% dD c qN d bF b' bL d dOOG sJ1
wK UL p uKD* lu* v UN bL_ b%
qJ v dR* u v uLF WJA j v U* dR d
r uKD* lu* qB v V r ULK d_ e vK dLU jG{
bK wKJ dF dOG uLF U dOGO U* d
V UM Ctrl + Shift jG{ uLF U dOOG bM b' U dOOG

U) U
wK UL p uLF U dOOG d WOK d dOOG pMJ1
d_ U* WDu UNK dIMU p uBI* U) WOK) b
u v uBI* U) d vK uLF WJA j v U* dR d
qJ v dR*

uKD* lu* qB v V r ULK d_ e vK dLU jG{


uLFK wKJ dF dOG WOK) U dOGO U* d r

sd9
b' U q q wU hM l uH dA bL W s b TA
tK UM fO VU
wK U UOd
wU uLF s d _ uLF U qF
b' w U) wU s d wU uLF w WU WOK) U qF
wU uLF w j) u dL uK _ uLF w j) u

sd9
b' U q q wU hM l uH dA suL s b TA
tKI 0 +U Y nI qU rU
wK U UOd
wU uLF s d _ uLF U qF
b' w U) wU s d wU uLF w dO_ WOK) U qF
rU bM* kH

b' qbF
p? q?b?F?? U?N?OK dO w WIDM* 5OF V b' vK qbF WOKL d
wK UL p d_ U* b
U tM e b' bb% WOKL r Ubb
WOK) dI WOK bb
V d_ U* vK dLU dI r WOK b WOK s d bb
Ubb% bd w U) U&U
nB w WOK Ue
dI dI n bb
V r U* vK UDU{ vI n b n s d bb
Ubb% bd w uHB U&U


U* dR u UbM uLF WL v U* dR0 d% uL bb
U *U d I q J AK 
U&U V r U* vK UDU{ vI uL b uL s d bb
Ubb% bd w bL_

sd9
b' U q q wU hM l uH bL s b TA
UOU tJ U tHK UA
wK U UOd
U uK YU uLF w WFd WU WOK) qK
dL u WOK b n n b
u WOU b uL b
bM* kH

bK uL WU{
tK wQ bb' uLF bd c uLF b
rO bL d UNM d r rzuI jd w b WLzU dI
UNM d dB
 WLzU dNE tb c uLF u s1_ eU dI uLF
uLF rO bL d

bK n WU{
tK wQ bb' nB bd c nB b
nB rO n d UNM d r rzuI jd w b WLzU dI
(Tab UH jG{ r dO_ WOK) w dR* l{u b' WUN w n WU{ pMJ1

sd9
b' q wU hM l uH WL uL s b TA
rJF UMKUF w rN qU rJI
wK U UOd
b' Wb w bb
uL n{
b' WUN w bb
uL n{
b' Wb w bb
UH n{
b' WUN w bb n n{
bM* kH

bK U WU{
b fH u bb' U) b UNK bb' U) wQ w U) b
Ubb XL w U)
U d d r rzuI jd w b WLzU dI ULK s1_ eU dI
wU qJA dNEO

bb' U) qH_ v b; U) W qH_ v U) W


qJA w UL UNFu w


UNFu w bb' U) UO v b; U) W U O v U) W
qH v b; U) vK u c nB W l n WU{ tKL Q n
b; U) vK u c uLF W l uL WU{ tKL Q uL
UO v

sd9
oU sdL fH vK
YU nB w 5OK n{
dO_ nB w b WOK n{
bM* kH

U) c
w U) S WMOF U c bMF WU{ WOJF WOKLF w c( WOKL
Wc; U) t d c dH b u UNOK
WOU uD) l c( WOKLF UOIK
UNc bd w U) b
wU qJA dNEO U c d d r rzuI jd w b WLzU dI


5LO U&U UU vK w U) W b; U) c 5LO v U) W
UNK q
UNK q vK_ U&U UN% w U) W b; U) c vK_ v U) W
b; U) vK u c nB c tKL Q n c
b; U) vK u c uLF c tKL Q uL c

sd9
oU sdL w UNU{S XL w U) c
bM* kH

U) rO I Z
p `{u wU U* b WOK v U WOK s d qu% u Zb
_ nB w WOU v_ WOK) Z bd wU b' pb dHM

p X

pKL w qLN

U uJ U) c w dA UN bd w U) b
wU Zb rO U Z d d r rzuI jd w b WLzU dI

p X

pKL w qLN

Wb* U) UUH uL U UNUH Zb s W&UM WOK) k


bL uH v bu WOK) rOI rOI
w l bL uH v bu WOK) rOI
WOK) c w dR* l{
wU qJA dNEO U) rOI d d r rzuI jd w b WLzU dI
WOK) rOI rO ou dI r UNu% WOK) bd w uHB b bL_ b d

sd9
b' w WOK q q wU hM l uH bL s b TA
pKL w qLN p oOHA X
wK U UOd
_ nB w 5OK n{
ULNU{S XL w 5OK) Z
dO_ nB s 5OK c
bL W 5H v ld nB w v_ WOK) r

bM* kH
ZUd UN


b
Microsoft Word (4) b

U uB
bM w uB s Uu UM
Bitmap Image W O D I M  u B 
Z  d u B  c Z M Pixel U N M  q v L  d O G U I s  u J
wzuC `U* UNKIM w uB pc Ud q r
:(Object Image) WOUOJ uB
UJ_ dzb uD)U WObMN UUOJ s WuL vK UNMuJ w bLF
s uB c ZM WuKD* uB suJ UNO d r lDI qUF w WOUd
MS-Draw ,Corel: q rd Zd

bM * w uB WOHO
tO uB bd c UJ* w U dR l{
rC WOd WLzU dNE u d d r rzuI jd w WLzU dI
wU qJA w UL UMzUJ uB u


bd c uM u dI

:(Word Clip Art)u WJ


w?? u?B? s? W?F? W?K?OJA sLC t W U u WuL Word l? wQ
s? t?O U% U q b wd qJA WLL?
B uB bM* 5e pOK qN

WduB UOHK) v wU* s U
_ v jzd)

Clip Art: s u WOHO


tO uB bd c UJ* w U dR l{
(Clip Art d r u d d r rzuI jd w WLzU dI r
WUd dNE


Ok d?I Office u?G?C?* d?I? v?K? u?B? s? b?e?* bu tQ d
YO
wU qJA dNEO

l??O? {u??* b?? u? d?I?


t W U) uB dNE
u?? U??e?? d?? I? d??I?
r??? O? W?u?K?D?* u?B?
bM* w UN

sd9
fLK WIdD d dA WOU sUL s q d
.d dd dd dd dJ .d dd dd dJ
wU( dNA UL s_ fK d
wK U UOd

UNDOu l _ sdL q u u
UOK WU UNKF wU sdL bF QJ u

sd9
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA WOU sUL s q d
ee e u e
WU u WU Wu
wK U UOd
dH uK WOK b l id wu j b
U dD dA
jC l dC uK q b
l qzU dD wb j b
U uD dA d


nK s u WOHO
tO uB bd c UJ* w U dR l{
d?? ?N? ? E? ? O? ?  nK s d r u d d r rzuI jd w WLzU dI r
wU qJA
u dI r Clip Art u dI oOM WLzUI w u u dI u bb% WuN pMJ1
ULF WKN Y eO Clip Gallery sLC Picture Clip Art Vu W
YO t U? ULOK?F UE UC? sLC U?L bM?* WUM?* uB lu b?b% vK b?U
tBOB
WOHO tb% WOHO dF* v p W U u WU{ WOHO s UuKF b& pMJ1
ULOKF? vK uBK Y? eO b
W U) pU?UO VUM w wB?
lUD
Clip Art Pictures Vu w b w Help u Find u dI
r Clip Art u? d?I? oOM WLzUI w u u dI u bb% WuN pMJ1
Y eO Clip Gallery sLC Picture Clip Art V?u W u dI
ULOKF UE UC sLC UL bM* WUM* uB lu bb% vK bU ULF WKN
W?O?HO dF* v p W U u WU{ WOHO s UuKF b& pMJ1 YO t U
Y eO b
W U) pUUO VUM w wB
lUD tBOB
WOHO tb%
V?u??? w?? b w Help u? Find u? d?I? U?L?O?K?F?? v?K? uBK
Clip Art Pictures
u Uu vL wzuC `U* d WOduu u u UC pMJ1
WLzUI w u v d d ZUd s u d lu Zd s
p?M?J?1 U?O? l? u _ jd dNE u bb% bM nK s u dI r
u?? ? u?? ? U?? ?C? ? p?? ?M? ? J? ?1
v?L w?zu?C? `?U?* d WOduu
l?u? Z?d? s? u?? Uu
d?? Z?U?d? s? u? d?
r? W?L?zUI w u v d
u? b?b?% b?M nK s u dI
UO l u _ jd dNE
pMJ1

UNMU UNuD j{ UNO b WU{ uB UB UNb

s? u? d?I? r? WLzUI w u v d `U* s WOduu u
p??M?J?1 Z?U?d? u? Microsoft Photo Editor w?? u??B? d?N?E? `?U?*
uB dd tb

q WOUOJ uB UNFOL& p sJ1 w WODIM uB uB s Uu UM


Ud?d% r s W?Ou UM?zU v UNK?u% UNF?OL& p s?J1 w n?dF U?HK
nK oOM clip art u rEF uJ rd jd w rd UO WDu
u dI? r Ub wu? szU v UN?Ku% clip art u l?OL& pH n?dF
tLd XL d szU bF UL UNKbF cMO sJ1 r WLzUI w lOL p
r?
s h
A UO u dOOG? UNFOL& p h
u ? pMJLO
d clip art u v WbF* uB WU{
be* rd jd w rd b
U p W U u r UC pMJ1
u dI rd s UuKF* s
rd jd w WordArt e b
U hMK W d dOQ UA pMJ1
u*U WF UF_ WO dOQ q WOU{ eO* b
UC pMJ1
Zd WU d V uB UIOM s WF WKOJA vK Word dF
XO bM Uu wIM XO XL pS UNH Uud UOIM w Office
?? Microsoft Excel Office - PowerPoint Z?d? s? d? Z?U?d?
Word w c Uud wIM b
pMJ1

sd9

fLK WIdD WUD b


U WOU sUL s q d
UMK dO Wd wDFO dU u
dA*U UOIK UU) UMeK
tK d u ee qO WKOK Ue
wK U UOd

x r `B YO uB r qbF l uu nK s u
UNFOL& p s UNOK bF iF d l uu nK s u


Ub
fLK WIdD WUD b
U d dA WOU sUL s q d
Wu U WK XU f
WdH UQ UM p_ Ud
tzU U s UCOH
UI e UL V
WUd w tz lOL vK uH U e d* s u q UMKB qzUd U e
u r WUz wu UA rI d
lM UMO s lzUC dU uuI wU d
wK U UOd Ud w t dF e d u Ue d wMu e d*
_ sdLK dD id j r UOu UD b

wU sdLK jOu jC b


l UOL bF b

[ r 5LO vK [ r UO vK gu WOKH r WuK gu b

w WU Ub v_ WHB Wd w l UH bM* qF


UHB b WHB r WdH UHB qOc
b UD_ ` WKUI wU lDI* UH qF
UNDOu l sUL w dD d bF u u q

b' U s WOK q q wU hM l uH WF bL fL s b TA


wK U UOd
VJ* v uO uC dC s t rOd mK wzU
dH uK U) qK wM tu wU b WOI U
wU uLF s d _ uLF U qF
b' Wb w bb
uL n{
b' WUN w bb
UH n{
dO_ nB w b WOK n{
_ nB w b WOK c
suL 5H v _ nB w WOU WOK) r
WuIM* WK UH b
S h v b' u
Wb' W b
S bL WF s b v hM u
suL w WOU v_ WHB qF


(EXCEL)
b
b
WOdJ UHB
bu
ndF
u?L? u??H? B?  b??L? _ s?? W??u??L?? w? W?O?d??J? W??H?B?
u?J?? W?O?K? \\ U??) s? d?O?? b? s WuJ U?H
W?'U?F? W?OUJ l qBHM nK sL{ UN kH% U b s bu WHB
U??H?B? Z?d? s? d?H?? w?? U?O?K?L?F? vL nK* fH w W s d
r d s uJ uM UN U) s WOK q EXCEL rU WOdJ
v_ WOK) uJ _ uLF l _ dD lUI q9 w A q

q?B?? W?O?MOd UOKLF bF w WuM* WOU( UOKLF qON uI ZUd u EXCEL) ZUd
WOKOK WObMN UOKLF w UK* U q bIF WO{U UOKL v

WO UOKLF WOdJ UHB ZUd rC


qLF
U qOK% UFO UOKLF e d WH q qJA dJ UH w
bL uH v pUUO rOI vK bU w ZUd w UUO
WOUO ud
UdO UFO* UM _U W U) UUO W d q9 w w
UUO bu b'
d
UdH rJ sJ1 u% W `D v pKL W u% w w
VKD qLF d{ V UNO Y UNM dA*
qOU
d b b
s U UB w WuM Ud b bF dD cHM
qK; b
UuUMO v WOKOK udU

WOdF WGKU (EXCEL) ZUd qOGA uD

ZUd qOGA
s WuL UNM dH w WOzd WLzUI p dNE Start b vK jG{
d_ WOdH rzuI
Z?d?? W?L?zU? s? W?O?d WLzU uN k Programs Z?d b?M?? d
p dNE d_ QH e tOK dIMU p(Microsoft Excel) ZUd UNM d
qJA w UL WOzd WUA

wUO jd qLF W WLzU jd ZUd

WGOB jd ZUd dOJ Ud


r ld
uMF jd ZUd dOGB
oO M jd

Ud
WHB dOJ
WHB dOGB
WHB

b Wd
WMd WU( jd

qLF


W Ozd WUA UuJ ndF
WU{U bM* ZUd r vK u WUA vK w lI uMF jd
rJ UFd v

UO rzu UL vK u qLF W WLzU jd

U?u?I?_ s? W?u?L?? d?? W?U?N? U?OKLF iF U$ b


 wUO jd
QHU UNF qUF r ud

UNKOGA Wd d_ cOHM qON b


 oOM jd

UcOHM U' WOKLF U< d_ s UuKF dF b


 WMd WU( jd

UJ_ ud WU{ b


 r jd

b rN vK tOd w u WUA qH pc 51 vK lI b jd

U) vK u% EXCEL) ZUd WU vK dNE w WHB w qLF WH

:(Help) bU * WU b
d bF bU* vK uB( pMJ1
l?? b?U??* s? bd UL UH WU dNE F1) U??H vK jG{
e ZUd k Save kH q bU* u{u WeOK$ WGKU
WU XU d b R U ULK kH(U W U) UuKF* lOL
W d

U?L?O?K?F? W?L?zU vK dI
WO WUA dNE tM Y d* d_ bb dNH Uu; vK dI
lOL UM dNE Double Click) We dI tM Y d* d_ vK dI
tM UH d* u{u* u duOLJ b du* UuKF*


qIM d uD
qLF W q
U?? 5? q?I?M?? d??? p?M?J1
WO uD) b
U qLF W
q??L? F? W? ? d??? s?J?1
v?K? u?u? `?O?U?H? b? b?
?U
w `OUH* Wu

W d( rN `OUH
qH vK U 51 WF_ UU& w dK `OUH WF

Ctrl + jG{ uLF w WOK v dK

Ctrl + jG{ uLF w WOK d v dK

Ctrl + jG{ nB w WOK v dK

.Ctrl + jG{ nB w WOK d v dK

(Page Down UH


dJ UH qH v WH WH dK b


( Page Up ) UH
dJ UH vK v WH WH dK b

(Home UH
wU( nB Wb v dK
Ctrl + Home) vK jG{ dJ w QF WOK v dK


End) UH
wU( dD WUN v dK
(Ctrl + End) vK jG{ dJ w QF WOK d v dK

UUO U
s wNM bF WUDU UOI r qI WOK UO od s U WOKL r
W?O?K?) w? t?US XL U XO Enter j?G{ bd U W?U
Xu fH w U b w U WLK U U
UNU d* WLKJ V r (Ctrl) vK jGC WdL l U) bb r
(Ctrl +Enter j?G?{ r? U?b?b? XL WOKd? w

U) bb%
b; WIDM* l qUF qN YO UNM e U) q bb% wMF U) bb%
b WOK l qUF UMQ b; U) vK d WO U oOD sJ1 wK qJA

wQ U l QH bU U) bb


bb UNM b bd w WDIM bM dR* l{
d_ QH vK dLU jG{
QH d bb s UN bM Ubb% d* U) U&U QH d

wK U l `OUH* Wu bU U) bb


bb UNM b bd w WDIM bM dR* l{
(Shift UH vK dLU jG{
bb s UN bM Ubb% d* U) U&U d `OUH b
U d%
Shift) UH d
v K j G C U d L l  v  _ W OK ) b U  d O U b b %
U) wU b (Ctrl)

bb W
u bb W b; U) vK QH dI
bb W d `OUH b vK jG{

WE*
wQ UL p d Wd U) bb (Shift) UH l d uD b
pMJ1
UO 5LOK d UH l Shift) jG{ U) s n bb
(Home) l Shift jG{ Wb v n bb
(PageUp) UH l (Shift vK d UH l Shift jG{ vK uL bb
UH l (Shift) qH d UH l Shift jG{qH uL bb
PageDown)
(Ctrl+Home l (Shift) jG{ bM* Wb v U) bb
(Ctrl +A) jG{ bM* qU bb

UUO qbF
WO dD UU UF* rOI dOOG U) Uu qbF pMJ1
UNKbF bd w WOK) b
bb' Uu; l
qbF vK WIuLK Enter jG{
Ue
dI WOK) dI
Uu; b
qbF vK WIuLK Enter jG{

UHK* kH
b b
 UIU tMe
- nK vK X9 bF se
bb nK se

WO dD

r?U? bb nK se
n?K? W?LzU s rU kH d
u?u? n?K? vK X9 w bF se
n?K? W?LzU s kH d
w?U?O? j?d w uu* k?H? W?uI dI
(Ctrl +S) jG{

sd9
vK UNA c u% YO VUD W U) pUN vK U WU UN rL
VUD U b WOb WM u UJ O* aU VUD r
w?? ? ? u?? * u?? J? ? Y?? O? ?
WOd w VUD UNb
W?O?d?F? W?G?K? W?O??
W?? ? ? ? e?? ? ? ? O? ? ? ? ?K? ? ? ? $ WGK
U?? e?? O? ?H? ? U??O? {U??d??
UO_ UOLOJ
U??N? A?  c?? k??H? ? r?
rU

ZUd UN
bF dD Excel ZUd s d) cOHM sJ1
Excel ZUd cUM U) rJ ld dI
ZUdU W U) rJ Wu s d d
n?K? W?L?zU? s? U?Nd d



b
(EXCEL) UIOD b
bu
XL ZUd qOGA
UHK* `
d bF UHK* ` WOKL r
w?Q? U?0 r? n?K? W?L?zU? s?L{ nK* b& r
n?K? W?L?zU? s ` d d

w?U?O? jd w uu* `?? WuI dI

Ctrl + O jG{
WO WUA p dNE
nK* tOK uu* dI bb

uKD* nK* r WU

n?K?* r? t? W?BB


 WU sL{ tL WUD r t bd c nK* d r
Xu fH w UHK b ` WOUJ UM WE


sd9

w?Q? U?0 r n?K?* `


dO lO rU VUD r b
WOb u* uJ
uM WU WO WUI
U?U?O? b?u? W?U?B?? W?OLM
r?U? n?K?* k?H r

nK*
5IdD UOU b
* nK* r
q?L?F? W? W?L?zU? j?d? v?K uu* ld vK dI
n?K? W?L?zU? s ` d d

bb nK suJ
WO dD b b
U Excel ZUd w bb nK suJ sJ1
W?O? W?U?A? p dNE nK WLzU s bb d d
b?b? q?L? W? p dNE ou d r nMB d
w?U?O? WL?zU? s? b?b? W?uI? d?I?
Ctrl +N jG{

UUO a qI
W?O?K?) b?b??? U?U?O?? a?? p?MJ1
e? v?K? d?I? r? U?N?
?? d?* U??)
v?K? u??% W?LzU p dNE QHK s1_
r? a?? d? U?N?M d UO b
WLzUI fH s oB d UOU r UNO aM d* WOK) b

s a d_ d wUO jd s a WuI dI UUO qI aM
d?d?% W?L?zU?
r?? w??U??O? j?d? s? o??B?  d??I? d?? l??u?* U?U?O?? c? d?d?9 U? r?
dd% WLzUI fH s UOU
r UNKI d* U) WOK) bb p U< U) qIM d' b
pMJ1
e? j?G?C? d?L?? r dR* qJ dOG v UO U u QH dR VuB
b?b?' l?uLK WOK) d? Q?HK d_
U??H* jGC dL l qIM WId fHM p U) aM d' b
sJ1
QH d UM Ctrl)

sd9
YO VOd UOd b' c w wI qJA WM dN UL US r r bb UHK TA
U wU uU s bU b N w WOK d B w UNU r WOK uJ
uU wU sdA sdA uK u9 de U UO
B WOK)U wNM B UNuM w WOK)U b YO uL qJA WO UdB* q r
w UdB*

uM U
nUN nUB
UdNJ nUB
Vd nUB
WdC
b' c? s 5
? qLF? r
Wu fH w
r X% Uu; kH r


(EXCEL) UIOD

b
b

XL ZUd qG
nK* `

bL_ uHB UG WU{


WOK) u n WU{ WLzU b

p?c? b?; W?OK) U v uL b;


Q?H?K? s?1_ e? d?I?M? W?OKLF fHM UOI pMJ1
d UO

c d b
pMJ1 uU n UG
d?* uLF nB bb% l dd% WLzU s
Q?H?K? s?1_ e? b?
?? p?M?J?1 pc tc
c d UO

U) ` 
b?b??? p? U?dO UIOKF UIOM s U) tu% U q ` pMJ1
d% WLzU s ` d_ UO r UNGdH uKD* U)


uHB UH bL_ d dOOG
WO dD b b
U uHB UH bL_ d dOOG pMJ1
pd p uHB 5 uu* bL_ 5 uu* b( b
U
uHB bL_ r dOOG b( c
UH uLF d UO s1_ QH e uLF nB uM vK dIM
r s1_ QH e uLF uM dI A uL r dOOG S nB
uLF d d
ou r uLF d WU w bd c dF q

uHB bL_ UN UH
dIMU U WLzU s UH d b
UUH d* nB uLF b
b; nB uLF wH
UH d UO QHK s1_ e vK
w?? u?H?B? UO 5LO s b% w bL_ b nB uLF UN
s1_ eU dI U WLzU s UN d d r qH_ vK_ s b%
UN d d QHK

sd9

WO ULOKF cH r nK* `
WdC uL Vd nUB 5 WdNA UFO* uL n{
dD c lOu l WHBK VUM* uMF l{u WU UN d WHB Wb w UH n{
_ d?N?A?wQ UL nUN nUB q
ld YU wU
lU U fU)
d?U?F? l?U?? s?U??
dA wU dA U(
k?H r WdNA UFO* n UHS r
rU sdL


b
(EXCEL) UIOD b

X aU r rOLB 5OF
au U_ dF Excel ZUd UNu WuM rOUB s UO pMJ1
WO WIdD U V uLF Uu; rOLB WU{ U S U_
tOK rOLB oOD bd c qI( b
rOUBU WLzU p dNE r d r oOM WLzU s U d d
ou dI r uKD* rOLB UOU r Excel ZUd w du*

u_ ULM UU rOLB


WO WIdDU qLF W w WHK
 U) WHK< u_ EU WU{ pMJ1
WuKD* WOK) b
oOM jd vK uu* WOK
K tU{ d* dOOGU W U) WuI_ vK dI
UNOK q U( dOG bUA WOK) U dI

U) w ud rOLB
s WMOF u rOLB pMJ1 UL UdNE dOOG U) w j) UO rOLB pMJ1
WO WIdD UU qJ WOK) Uu
Ubb% UNOK dIMU p UdOOG d* WLKJ UNOK qbF d* WOK) b
tOK
K tU{ d* oOM u d

wzUIK qI rOLB
(Excel) ZUd sL{ eU' rOUB s Ze oOD wzUIK qI( b
pMJ1
WO WIdD l wzUIK oOM oODU) s qI vK


tOK wzUIK oOM oOD bd c qI( d
oOM WLzU s wzUIK oOM d d
ou r UIOM WLzU s bd c rOLB r d
UO d dI wzUIK rOLB s oD bd w rOUBU rJK

rOUB a
5Id UU d lu v uI U s rOUB a pMJ1
WbOKI WIdD
tLOLB a bd c qI( WOK) d
WuI dI dd% WLzU s a d d
wUO jd s aM
t rOLB a bd c qI( WOK) d
dNE dd% WLzU s U oB d
WO WUd p
WEU( v uM* s dd9 bd U UOU WUd c s uI
ou r UIOM d
qJ d tO QF* UUOU t
M tO QF* UUO jI rOLB a r WU( c w

WOU WIdD
tM rOLB a bd c qI( d
wUO _ jd s oOM a WuI dI
QH d tO rOLB a bd c qI( d

sd9
wQ UL tHUB dN q VOd UdNJ nUB WU{S r nK `
U fU) ld YU wU _ dNA
dA wU dA U( dUF lU sU lU
nUB* wU U WU{S r
W
MU tIB rOLB c a r wzUIK oOM b
U UDO UIOM b' oOM r
rU nK* kH r qLF W fH w uu* bK WOU

(EXCEL) UIOD

b
b

UU (
UF*
GA UL U) ld rOI qK s U w UF*
uu* rOI s bb rO UNM ZM U) UNu%
WO d UMF vK UF* u% sJ1
GA
U ld
rO
U uI UL qLF W

UF* U
WO uD) UU WUF* WFD sL{ WIU d UMF Z lD UF* U r
UNO WUF* U bd w WOK) d
W?U?F?* W?F?D? q?OFH U W l
WUF* l
Enter) jG{ r

WUF* a
l b nOJ d W w Wu fH w d lu v WUF* a pMJ1
WUM* WOK) ld
a bM d WKUH WIdD w oBK aM od s U WUF* a r
d v W s WUF*

d?R?* d? o?d? s? w?N? W?u fH w Wd U v WUF* aM d_ WIdD U
WO uD) UU p
bB* WOK) d
dR* qJ dOG v WF iI u QH dR u
UN WUF* a bd w WLU* U) U&U QH d
QH d

wzUIK lL' b
WOU{ WOK l qI( bb% d0 U) s uI rOI lL UOKL cHM wzUIK lL'
w l WOKLF cN UOIK t% tMO1 v WU
UNO uL: bu bd w WU WOK d
Al+) jG{ _ WFD s UL wzUIK lL WuI dI

b dF b
Z( b UNULN uM w b s U* (EXCEL ZUd sLC
WIdD Z( U vK bU Wb o b dF UNM qJ W
w WF* WIdD WuKD* WOM Wb pODF WO
Wb qI w WOK) d
p dNEO (Shift+F3) jG{ wUO _ jd s Wb oB WuI dI
w u( bM
Wb r WLzU s WUM* Wb d
U?? ?? ?  W?? ?b?? ? W?? ?? ?  b?? ?b?? ?% b?? F? ?
l?? d??  p??  d?? N? ?E? O?  AVARAGE
wu(
Number1) W?U? w? q?
w WOLd Z( (Number2)
UNbF U bd


d?I?MU p Wu s dU UUO WUd sL{ U) sUM U pMJ1
d?? r?? W?u?K?D?* U??) v?K?
r? W?uKD WOK d u QH
ou d

sd9
Vd nUB n{ r nK `H r
dN q nUB XLK WdNA
uL: tL bb uL
UOzUIK
dB q Uu lL
UFL
u?L??: u??L?? U???? w? "U??M?? l??{
aM b
U
qJ nUB* uL b
rU nK* kH

UdJ 5 jd suJ


d d sL{ uu bB UUO UOJOUM Wud WUF suJ pMJ1
wQ UL jd cOHM pMJ1
bB* dJ s UND bd w WLOI b
dd% WLzU s a d d
Window Wu s tL d WLOI uO c bN dJ v b
Wud* WLOI u w WOK) d
dd% WLzU s U oB d
U oB d d p dNE w WUd s

5M s WId UM UdJ 5 jd pH
WLOIU WUF* b v_ WIdD
jd b bN dJ v b
U
K wU) ld* vK u% w U) WOK) d
WE
dd% WLzU s a d
W??L? O? w? d?O?O?G? q?
t?I??K? b?B?* d?J WLzUI fH s U oB d
d?J? W?L?O? w? d?O?OG
ou d r p dNE c u( ld s rO d
bN

WUF* s wU) r I bOL& WOU WIdD


ud* bN dJ v b
UN U UG bd w wU) ld* vK u% w WOK) b
UOU tO uu* dJ r d
Enter r F jG{

QD) rO
w? WUF* U? s sJ?L Ub?M WO?K) w W?U U?LO Excel) ZUd d?F
WO WIdD WOK)
WO UIM w UN{dF UN Ud l dNE w WU) rOI c

: #DIV/0!
WO U uF b c dH vK WLI U% WUF*
dO WLO U pOK pc rUI dH vK u% WOK WU WOK b

rUI Wb
* WOK) w dH
WUF* dOOG pOK WU( c w dH vK WL vK u% WUF U
WMOF U w DIV bOF W b
 d U ZUd WU


: #NA
c? r?O? d?u No Value Available ? U?B?? w? W?Ud c
ldL WUH U) b
UH vK bU QD)

: #NAME?
b?_ U?N??? u?F? b
* r Excel) k?? U?b?M? d?N?E WUd c
WOu_
r ndF UF pOK WU( c w UU sJ r tHdF vGK r
Ub F W UF* WFD  s r d WU( c w r U w QD
r WK s
b dF s UO r `OB pOK Wb r U w QD
WUF* w We* dB( U b h U
qI( ld s WuA UG

:#NULL!
WUd c uN V uF UFUI 5U lUI XMO U w dNE
`O dO qI ld b
v

:#NUM!
wQ U2 _ V uF b
* rd w WKJA UM
UL VKD W w WuI dO W b

W(U WO U s Wb pK sJL U( dJ W b

w? t?K?O??9 r??O b? d?O?G b? d?O?? r? U?N?M? Z??M? W? b?

EXCEL)


:#VALUE!
wQ U* t uF `O dO qU W u b
bM dNE
W?OIDM WLO r U V YO h U
pOK WMOF U w VALUE bOF W b
? d U WU
WLOI c q bOF w b WFd

:#REF!
wQ U2 _ V uF ldL uu dO WOK b
bM dNE
W?U?( c w ldL UF* UNb
 d u U dd9 UG
U??O? ? U?? U?c?O?H?M? b?F? U?G? W?O?K?L? d?
?? W?U?F?* d??O?O?G? p?O?K?
(Edit) WuK s ldd_
W?F?d pOK tMOF U w REF b?OF W b
 d U WU
WLOI c q bOF w b
qU dO d oOD sL{ ld b

sd9

wQ U cH nK* `
uM U tL bb
dD n{
XLK dN v uM U u
u uM U
d? w t?I?BK? r r? b' c? a?
UdJ 5 jd b
U bb
nUB* uL bL
.rU nK* kH


(EXCEL) UIOD

b
b

bb WU{
` S pUUO UFO eU qL W vK u (Excel) d
p?U WU dNE Wu c d dIM UNO UUO U bb W
q?L% pUUO UI dJ fH w d W v (EXCEL) p?KIM cJ
tH nK* r

WO WIdD UU p dJ w uu 5 bb qL W U QC pMJ1


s?1_ Q?H? e? U?N?K?? b?b? W? W?U?{ b?d? w?? W?u? d? dI
dB< dD Wu s d
ou r Wu u d

_ UG
WO WIdDU UNu% w UUO q UNF wGK dJ s _ UG UC pMJ1
s?1_ Q?H? e? U?U?G? bd w Wu d dI
ou r c d

a M qIM
W?O? d?D?U? d? d? v dJ fH w qL W qI pMJ1
l  u * v W  u  d d t  bF d d v d J f H w  q L W q I M 
UM (Ctrl) UH* jGC dL l sJ aM WOKL r WIdD fHM bb'
WOKL F cOH M
b?B?* W?u? d? d?I?


QHK 5LO e dI
w u( bM p dNEO a qI d d
bd c UJ* b% bMB c s
s? a?? U?A? W?OUJ l tO Wu qI
U?N?U?J? w? v?I? Wu c

_ 5 qIM
W?O? d?D? b? l?? dJ w W v UI
W??u?? d? d?I?
W?U??J? W?{d?F* Wu o w Wu v UI (Ctrl+PgUp) j?G{
W?{d?F?* w?K? w? Wu v UI (Ctrl+PgDn) U?N
dB< dD Wu s Ubd w Wu d 5LO eU d_ w b dI

qLF bb%
W?u? b? b? X? w? U?N? q?L?F?K? W?LU dOqL b bb
W?O?U? _ b% ULMO (Ctrl) U??H? j?GC dL r v_
v?_ W?u? b b X w UN qLFK WLU qL b bb
W?u?L?: s? W d b% ULMO (Shift U??H?* jGC dL r
b?? W? d?I WuL: sL{ b dO W d dI bb UG
_ lOL& p d d QHK s1_ eU dI WuL: sL{
b?b?% d? d? r QHK 5LO eU dI dJ w qLF q bb
_ WU

UdJ cu
U?H?? UN sJ1 WuH* UdJ dJ cU w dNE w qLF
WuM dD UN{d s

iF UNCF VU WKBHM cU w q dJ s 5 d  S
U WLzU s bb U d d
t WOU cUM UN r l tH dJ nK r qL% cU p dNE
(EXCEL) :cU sL{ iF UNCF VU UNF{ l cU w W q d
WOU Wu d dI
U WLzU s VOd d
w u( bM p dNEO
ou r U c s VU& d

sd9

wQ U cH nK* `
nUB* UNL
= bb W n{
UN W U) Wu w UNF{ nUB* lOL a
dJ WUN v nUB* W qI
WdC q wU* `d b
r W UGS r
r X% nK* kH


(EXCEL) UIOD
b
b

wUO rd
UFO WKN UUO qF& u sL{ qLF W UUO qO9 u wUO rd
w wUO rd UM w rU WOz d UM UuJ W UM
UUO q
qLF W w WF rOI s n uLF uF uK fH s dR* s WKK
W
wUO rd w UUO WKK q l WId* UF u_ ULM dF `{u
bUI
WUI* UOIK ld0 e rd UUO b c dD w
w EXCEL) ZUd w du* WOzd ud s u UM
WI WUA s p `{u w u_ s UdO bL_ lDI WU*

dF* bU wUO r suJ


s?u?J? W?O?K?L? s?L?{ u?I? ud dF
UI U{d p sR uD s rd
wP WIdD pL Uu qJA
rd d UM tM qL c b' d
j??d?? s?? U?u?d? d?F? W?u?I? d?I?
WO WUA p dNE wUO
u? U?O??U WUA c s uI
qOL tb
bd c jOD


uKD* qJA UO r jOD
 u vK dIMU p pUUO
UNKO9 bd w UUO UD pM VKD WU p dNE wU jG{
Wu fH w szU bb Wu jOD
 lu p `{u WU p dNE r
rd UN UN d r

WE
WLU dO UO s rd
W?? ? ? U?? ? ? w?? ? ? c?? ? ?
WLU* UO) _ qI( d
W?O?U?? uI( U
ULMO Ctrl) U??H?* vK jGCU dL
WLzU s jOD
UO _ WFD s Uud dF WuI dI
bd c jOD
 suJ WLU* U) WU w uD) fH l

UUOK ndF UUD WU{


r?d? d?N?E? d?O?O?G? r?d? w? U?u?K?F?* b?b ndF UUD b

U?U?O?? q?? q?JA w UUO dR0 UUD c oOKF r
u L qJ  W O K F H  W L O I  U N r d  U U O  n d F U  U D W  U { U S 
wU WIdD uJ

qOFH We dI rd dI


UN r UUO sUM d
ou r WLOI

d?? rd? w u?L? q u? rO?I? dN?E?


UUO dR uL j dI od s UUO WKK
ndF WUD WU{ pMJ1 uLF vK dI od s
rd w UdH0 UNM _


rdK UUO WU{
rd v UNU{ d* WKK b
rd v U< qI( U s b
d
QH d
q l VUM W Yb% l rd v bb' WKK WU{ r cJ
rdK WOU(

rd h dOOG
wUO rd w uBM vK (Excel w rOLB UOUJ lOL oOD sJ1
WO uD) l U r uM dOOG
rd dI
rd uM dI
(Enter j?G?{ W?U?F?* W?F?D w bb' uMF l

rd dUM rO% dOOG


w iUI* d od s bd c qJAU dNE rd d UM rO% pd% sJ1
tu dNE
QHK d_ e vK jGCU dL tKOFH rd vK dI rd pd
b?b?' l?u?L?K? U?d l
dOJ tu dNE w iUI* b
r tKOFH rd vK dI rd rO
UU& lOL w

UUO dR rOLB


W?e dI W WKK dR* dI
wu( bM p dNEO


b?UI UOI U_ rOLB dOOG
w? W?I?d?D?U? p? wUO rd w U_ rOLB dOOG pMJ1
tKOFH rd dI
s1_ QH e UNO dOOG bd w bUI dI
WOWUA dNE UOI r u oOM d
o?u? r? b?d? c? d?OOGU r

ud u Z dOOG
d?O?O?G??K? q?U? q?L?F? W? w U< UUO q s tMuJ bM tdF c rd
wP U l dOOG b tML{ WMOF UUO WKK tKUJ tu WOU s
rd dI
j?O?D?
? W?L?zU? s jOD
 u d d
ou r tO dOOG d* qJA d

WOzUIK rOUB ud UH


dJ w WKBHM UH sL{ ud suJ WU{ Excel) ZUd sJ1
U qJA lD WOU s UN rJ w WOU{ bI VJ
w?U? W?I?d?D? u?J WKBHM r W w r suJ S
t?K?? r?d? W? W?U?{ r??? Q?H?K? 5?1_ e?U? W?u? d? dI
ou r dNE c u( bM s jOD
d
fH l r uKD* rd d ZUd w du* ud u p dF
dF* b
U wUO r suJ w UNID w uD)
sd9

W?L?O?I? W??d{ XLK nUB* bF wUB `d WLO b r n?K `


qb Wd{ w WUC*
rU nK* kH
w?U?B? `?d? W?L?O? n?U?B?* u?L? 5 WF bL_ b
U q
WOb u* D U 5 WF wU* qJA b
U q r


b
(EXCEL) UIOD b

WUD
WHK
 dD UN&U UNUD rJ Excel q WU pMJ1
:Excel w WUD s UuKF
Excel) s UNO lD d w Default W{dH* WFUD Windows) dF
W{dHL WOU WUD ULN w UbLFO jI
wU( oOD q s U W{dH dQ UNb W{dH* WFUD dOOG pMJ1
s UNb pMJ1 jI oODK wU( qOGA l WKU vI WFUD c sJ
Windows jO w qLF w UIOD q l WKU vI c (Windows)
wU wN Windows jO w UNb WFUD dOOG uD U
b dI
UFUD d r b WuL d
b sL{ uu WFU d
? r nK WLzU s QHK s1_ e vK dIMU U w{dU 5OF d d

lDK W eON&
nK WLzU s WHB b d_ b
U (Excel w WuD W dNE0 rJ pMJ1
w? u?_ c? Wu h
u bF rJ pMJ1 d_ c s
wI uL WHB U&
WUD u UHB b WHB r
UND{ guN eON&
WUD WOUM UHB VOd rJ

s u_ c qJ rJ pMJ1
WO WUA w UDF* UUO w dOOG

o * dF
5IdD d_ c qOGA pMJ1
uu* WUD q WMUF WuI vK dIM
wUO _ jd w
WLzU s WUD q WMUF d UO
nK
d?? p?? M? ?J? ?1 W?? U??A?  c?? ?? s??
u? v?K? d?N?E UL dJ UH
UNU bM
UHB q u gu vK qbF WOUJ pODF UL

WUD
W??L?zU? s? W?U?? d?_ U?O?? b?M?
WO WUA p dNE nK
s? W??K?F? c? ? s? s?J?L?
p?c? U?N??U d* _ bb%
lD a b bb% s pMJ9


sd9
5M WuU UM* Wb
sU nB U b
WUF uKF WOUL WOd UO{Ud WeOK$ WGK WOWOd WOdF WGK VUD r

bL_ lOu Ud l u c* u* w rNU ULQ oU uLM T


w?Q? U?0 r r UNIOOC
bF* uL: ULNL sbb s uL n{
Wu* WMU VU q bF r s VU q U uL b
u?L?: u?L UHS r
U?NA ? W?b?
?* Wu WOL r
d?J? W?U?N? v UNKI r Wu c aM r
b?F?* WOb u* 5 WF U?OUO q
?D? ULQ q WOL UN j?OD
 WOL r



bu

VOd pOJH


b
UNBzUB UF* nOMB
U?N?O WU( W1bI uBF cM UO( wu nK w dO WOL UF* XK
u? b? b?b? Ud v ULKF WHK< UF* UA l UFL: uD l
U WdB UO u WdA bI w XLU lOMB UB u* rU w
U WOU

q? WHOH) _ s b WHK WObF eN pbK eM* w U


c?u?M? u?_ W?O?zU?d?N?J? eN_ q WKOI eN_U UN UFD WUO)
Wbb( Uu

UA

WMO* WOeM* _ eN_ w b * bF* u U


5? r? U?N??UM w b * bF* u U?M?O?? WOeM* _ eN_U b? rE
=
w b' w WMO* UF* du* UF*

rG WUJ
UB W bF* u
dbBI
U d
uOM*_
bb(
UM
uH
qJOM
u GM
Vc
WCH

v UU UF* nOMB r


uH de bb UD* bb( q bb( dBM vK u% w UF* w Wbb UF
U d UM uOM*_ q bb( dBM vK u% UF w Wbb dO UF
qJOM u GM dbBI

WObF* pzU
WU?M u?D? v U?FL?K W?OzU?eO?H W?OzU?OL?OJ? hzU?B) U?A? w b?I?
UUMB n?K w pzU ?K bb' hzUB) s U?H bN WObF?* pzU 
W Ob F*
d d UM WU{S UN'UF X9 Wbb dO Wb?b UF w WObF* U 
WO?JO?UJ?O W?OzU?eO? hzU?B v?K? uB?( bN? wK? _ bF?* v W?MO?F V? M?
bb

WUMB w Wb* pzU
5IdD UN'UF r Wbb pzU uH pzU

wudJ uH WJO
U?L?K [ v UNO udJ W d udJ bb( s nQ
d?OU * wd WUM w b uH W udJ W
UO  U d UF* VA) lD dOUM WuH
wJzU uH
U?b?B?K? t??U?I? U?e? p? W?b?b d UM tO UC wud u
WUM w UU dJ qJOM WUM w b bB q P WUI
WOMI WOU U( _ VI g WUM w b wJzU  uH
q ULQ UU& dF iuM U de WUM
(High Speed Steel) WOUF Wd  u
(Stainless Steel) bBK qU dO 

uBK bF* v WObF d UM WU{S UN'UF r Wbb dO pzU UOU



pzU  c dN s WMOF WOUM UH u vK
dbBI ed WJO
uH  \ W M dbB W M dL dH U s nQ
WOUF Wd* U dM iuM WUM w b [W M


Ud ed WJO
WUM w b W M U W M dL U s nQ
UJ UNUI V d
dbBI U( WJO
v K b W M U d  W M d b BI  s  U U n Q
q  U M  W O bF * UO * U e q  U B U ( w  l UD
W O b F * V O U _ U ( U dN J 

UA
WOKL w b w WHK< UF* vK dFK WOMJ WIDM w Wb UM W Ue r
UF* c b q K 5 b V r UM

sUL
wK U qK
UM bF b WOzUdNJ `OUB* w u GM bF b
uH s UFD lMB
UM s Wb( UO* VOU lMB
YO s wJzU  uH wudJ uH 5
VO d
b
UM* UM w UD* bbK ULF W d


b
bF
_ bu
w?? d?D? u??H? U??D?* b?b??( U??U?? b???? ?
UM* WUL UM UL w WHK< WObF* UUMB
b WHK v U WObF* uGA* U$
XO Wu  r lDI dAMU UOI Q

UOI
WuH dD*
r? W?L?O?I?? ?* W?O?D?) U?F_ UOI b
d?u?? u?G?A?* u?D vK WF uD
s?? J? ?1 r?? r?? r?? u??Q??
rK d_ UN UOI

wbF* d*
u?_ U?OI b wbF* jdA vL
W?d0 eOL WLOI * dO WLOI * U?O dOJ
d d uQ du wbF* jdA W d
rK d_ t UOI sJ1 d

wU) UdH
d??D? ? * v?? s?? U??F? _ q??I? w?? b???? ?
b??? ? p?c? 5b* tOd WUu WuH
WOuD_ uGALK WOU) UD_ UOI

wKb UdH
v 5b* tOd bU WOuD_ uGALK WOKb UD_ UO w b
wU) UdH fJF U)

WLzUI We
WFDIK rOI * dD vK We bU XO p bUF* uD) rd b
UbUF WObF* uD  u hH b WObF*

We dD
Ue WKzU* UF bb% w b WHK Ue qBM UNO d W s U w

UD)
j qL sJ1 Vb* VKB dD WUu bF* `D vK b qLF qLF
WLzUI We WuH dD *U WUFU b)


:(Caliber) WOu
lDIK WOKb WOU) UD_ UOI b
W?b? UN UOI sJ1 dOu* q WOuD_
rK v qB

UO* dOu s WHK lD vK qB


d* r WuH dD * b bze
UNu UOI wbF*
b? p?L? q??
= W?O?u? b???U?
WObF* uU*
d?D?I? UO q?
= U?d?H? b?U
uULK wU) dDI wKb
WOU ( dDU UUOI s oI%

wKb dDI UO wU) dDI UO uU* b pL

lDI dAM UOU



bO bb( UAM
t??O? e? r? U?A?M?* q?B?? d???F?
W??d? ? u?? s? q?B??M? l?M??B?
u (High Speeed) WOUF
V?O?d? l?MB? dA?M? UM? vK?
ZOKH vL U


.d UAM
W?I?O?d? bb( `zUH h w U??U? b
d?G?B? U?A?M?* q?B? e?O?L? WHK UJQ
u?D?? d?A?M WOUJ dAM W r(
UdNJU qLF Wdz WOMM

WOMOB UAM
WObF* lDI dAM eN UM U WUu r
u?OM*_ qUA w U??U? b dOJ
U?F?* l?D? s?J?1 w?I?_ U?A?M?*U? dF
q??U??A?  w?? b??? ? W? U? U?B?I?0 U??C?
W?UD q Wb U?C bu b(
q PK UI* wJzU  uH s lMB bO UB hI WOzUdNJ _

Wu d UU
bO d*
UF* Wu w WOU_ _ s dF
d?? u?d?J? w?U? u?H? s? lMB
r WUG r s tu
WuA) UOF WuA) W YO sU* nMB
v d* UM s 5M q 5 WU * u

rK\[ WU * XU sA) d*


rK\ \ WU * XU ju* d*
rK\ rK WU * XU rUM d*


qJA YO s U* nOMB
n?B? d?zb? l?d?* Y?K?* j? ??M?*
l?D?I j? ?M? lD?I? wM?O?J
?
 dzb?
lD?I? d?z lD?I? l?d l?D?I? YK??
d z nB
W?u? ? w? d* b UM dC s
wQ U Ud WObF WFD `D
qLF WU `D vK W* WeK* WUu uGA* j
sbO u  l qLF WU UH VUM YO WLOI  WIdD uu
WuH dD * bU d WOKL uGA* uD u h
We qB
d W qLF s UN bF W U Ud WUu d* UM nOEM
UM_ 5 WIUF

VI UF

VI g
w??U?? u??H?? s?? V?? I???? g?? l?? M??B??
g nMB WOUF Wd  u udJ
tKL? uKD* V?I dD U?O V V?I
s b YO dLK*U VI g UD UI
r??K?r??K?[r??K? r??K?[r??K?
rK WUG qB cJ rK[
W? w?e?K? q??J?A? V?I?? W?A?? l?M?B?
V?I? WA? vK? WE?U?LK? VI? s? gd?
qO?K?I? q?LF? ? bd?? W?O?KL? d? V?
Xe b??U U?J? s b?u?* d(
ULNOK U*

WOzUdNJ UI* WOzUdNJ V U*
UUO VO d bI* `L uI qL w U bO wzUdNJ bI* b
WA UO w rJK Ud bF e uJ rK WUG qB VI g s WHK
bF* W l UO J VI WA dD l Ud VUM VI Wd YO VI
W d uI qLF b rzU XU wzUdN VI b( U w bu
s? q?KI U2 VI UM jGCK W U uu eOL dOGB WObF* lDI w
qLF wBA uN:

UA
b * bb( U UJ vK dF bze bb( s WHK lD vK qB
b( qUA w
WUM w uu* WObF* uGA* iF UNOK XKB w Wbb( lDI 5
W Ozd Uu cuM UUL u_ q UNO sJ w
UNOK XKB w Wbb( lDI lUI r

sUL

wQ U2 q UOI WUM* _ w U
XO qb U UH UO uU* wKb dDI WuH dD * pL
WOUF Wd  u s bO UAM* qB lMB U*
d WOKL UM WObF WFD `D u hH nO
V r[ wU) UdD UO r[ wKb UdD UO UO uU pb
UD_ UOI UNb V w _ w U uU* tM XFM c bF* pL
WOU) WOKb

b
UF* XO j bu
qU dO U?O?zU?N? XO jd U U vK U_ w WObF* lDI XO WOKL bLF
WuJ* lDI rEF uJ UO  U d wH dC bM tJOJH sJ1 UR pOJHK
UM* u k ULMO W WUOB UOKL d bN p pOJHK WKU dLK
wzUN qJA W cuM UUL WU ;

wzUNM XO

w 5NUA 5ObF 5FD j s U UK WHK< UK d bU U r
w?DF YO U?F? U?L?N?D?d w UK U WU{ ULNOd dN WUu 5HK uM
ULNO UH u* u) fH

UF* U( d
bOKI b( UK
ULNCF u 5dD l{ r sF bK Wb 5FDI wd 5 r
UK WOKL UM fKJ s W U u b UbM v uI ULNOK dD
UK pU9 u UF{ lM* p 5dD bM uJ* bb( bO W
bO wzUdNJ uIU UK
w u U0 nKG dD uH s uMB* UK dJ b
bO uJ lM* dNB W d vL uN s UK WIDM e vK qLF
qB UK UM UF WOKL dL vK u qLF pc UNO bb(
UK WOKL UM v dNB W d d W
UGU u; wzUdNJ uIU UK
d?D? u?H? s? U??K? d?J b MIGm?O?* U?( r?U dF

U? u? d?NB W d v udJ bO wU CO2 U? U? r? UK WOKL
W? q?B? U?N? j?O?; u?N? s? U??K WIDM eF sJ qUH w qb qU
v qUH d
wQ U0 bO wzUdNJ uI s WIdD c eOL
d?J b??? q?L?F? s nuK d{ uGA* U Wd
dD uH s WK u WH b YOUK
n?O?E?M??K  Xu du U2 UK `D vK bz U?U?I nK
5 U( rU UU& dF 5KO w _ wzUdNJ uIU de bb U(
W?O?e? q??W?O?b?F?* U?U?M?B? s? d?O?? w? V?J?  de bb b
U?? W?J?O?? s? W?H?R? W? U? U?( U b WObF* VOU_ UO  U d
U u  bU 0 5KO w _ U VN bU UK bM UdN r qJO
WIDM w bOU _ VzuA uJ lM9 pc UK WOKL bb( WuO vK WEULK
UK



wdU UFLK X R* jd bb
u
U?_ U?O? ? q?? p?O???? W?O?A) WObF* UUMB rEF w wd qb
v?K? U?u u wd eO1 U r WIOb _ WOzUdNJ eN_ wbF* wA)
UM_ l wd UM qb bA WOMI r WuKD* bA WOKLF uI w WOuK UM_
UI  VI w eN: UN WKUI*

r?L? w?d?? U?M?_ W?K?UI?* U?M?_ e?N?&


U?M_ su?J v?K qL?F Y?O V?A) w?d
W?K?U?I* u? w?d? p?L? l? VU?M?? YO??
bA  W OKL

qO uB bU bA


dD s qOuB wdU WObF* lDI j dF
sJ1 w WOUF bA uI dE l UD vK WFzUA
q?Ou?B w?d? pO?JH? WO?UJ? U?N?O?K uB(
WU( bM WuN

wd nOMB
UNULF s bN vK U_ w bLF WHK UF sd bF wd lMB
UM_ b wd dD VuK u oA u wd qJ bF* u q

bF* u YO s
dO b u v U% U w wd b udJ wU uH
VA) dO b u v U% U w wd b dD uH
b?B?K? d?F? b w U( w wd b d?J u
WOzUdNJ UO d eN_ w wd b dH_ UM
WOJO u*U UF* jd wd b uOM*_ pzU

d qJ YO s

oA YO s
bldwb fOKO UOF o d

VuK u YO s
w?d?? d?D? V? ? bu W u w UM_ bF UI

r?K? w?u d?D? w?d? U

W u s UM_ b sA Vu
W u s UM_ b rU Vu


VOd pH
UJH*

u? p?H bA UM WOU qL% u dOu udJ wU uH s U lMB
VUM* pH* UO bM wd u VUM rLB UNS WOzUdN Wb UJH* XU
wd r l pH* r W V

`OUH* UOU

wd qOuB p VO d UBOB
lMB udJ wU uH s UC lMB
U?U?I?0 b?u? U?O  `OKB Ud b d?O?? b??? Wb * WFd*
WHK< qOuB U rz WHK
l?L?? c V d* UH*BOX w?I?K?( U??H* oA UH UNu r
X?u? f?H?M? w?U? uM _ uM

UA
U?O? ? `?O?K?B?? d U od s WHK< `OUH* UJH* u vK dF U
UN WHK< UUI* qO

sUL
WOKL WOL U UK UM UN jO; uN s dNB W d UK WIDM e r nO
uN s eF
W?u?d?K? W?{d?F?* lu* w dJ u wd b U*
YO s bF* wd VA) wd 5
uH u qJA
wd pOJH bM VUM* pH* U nO
p?O?J?H?? q?? WzbB wd ZUF nO

b
UF* UUb
d?F?? U?bM W U bF* vK WEULK WLN* UOKLF s Wbb( UF* dF
q P v R w bB WI uJ v R w Wud W U WHK Wu d v
se d l bF*
b?b?( b?O? ? u?J?O uN w uu* 5 _ l bb( U% s bB WI uJ
qLF UF*U W U UU b bB uJ UH bF* `D vKFe2O3) q
uN w 5 _ s bF* e vK

WbO UUb
WO qd* UU r
w?? W?O?M?D UL WFD WUu t WIUF U_ ue UG s bF* nOEM
bF* `D nOH& vK UC qLF

rU U?U& dF pe u pe bF jK s nQ U_ WI U


s WUM WOL l dL Wd rU U?U& dF bb( bO u l bO
uK; WUJ rJK 5Md U U( Xe
d? U?b b?F (Recl Oxide u d?  r?U d?F eU? u? d s?J1
U UHO qLF X V p UU9 n& v UU s WObF* uGA*

W?I?D c? Under Coat rU? UU& d?F U?_ WU?L( W?I? U


UU9 n?& v UC? uGA* d? WOzUN?M Ub WI? WuI v?K UC q?LF
W?OzUNM W?ID U? q


WHK uQ du w (Superlack) rU UU& dF WOzUNM WID U
d U d  V U b  W O K L W F  d O W F  u J s J 1 W c
W VFB YO uKD* `D  WU * WU?M Ud b WUEM
b' UO{ _ s n b F U b

WMHK' ULOdNJ D
q?OU?; v?K? u?% u? s? n?Q? W? U? e?ON?& v? W?M?HK?' W?O?K?L U??%
uK UNL W U u WU WOzUdN UD v WU{U DK W WULOJ
(NaOH) WUJ uB uK (HCl) puKJ iU
uD?) dS? D? WOK?L r? (ZnO) p?e b?O W?OU?_ D? U
WO
vK? u? % u? w  l? { u Y?O? bB?  s  W?O? bF? * uG?A? * nO? EM?
U U v 5 U s  d b*(HCl p u K J  i  U u K 
i  U ( U W  U * U p  b F u G A * q
V U  V DI (ZnO D U vK u c D u w uGA* l{u
d qON  (NaOH) WUJ uB u?K l{u WOb F* uGA* t?OK X

w?? w??zU?? d??N??J?? U??O????


u?* i??F? u??K?;
lOLKK W
d?? z b??  ?? b??M??
q??I???M?? W??O?? z U?? d??N??J?? 
p?? ? ? d?? ?  d?? ? ?B?? ? M?? ? ?
q?J? v?K? Zn++


b?? U? u?K?D? * W? O b?F? * l?D? I  U? & U? V?  U?  V?D?I? u? U? u?
q L F w  w p e  s  WI? U u J  b F* ` D v K UO? b V d  U
bB s bF* WUL vK
WeF `?B pc? nH& WOb?F* uGA?* q G D? s UN? bF
bBK WKU dO uN s UU9

WMHK' WOKL eO2


W U) eON  WH KJ  dE UF bO Ub  l W UI *U WHKJ WOU
WMHK' WOKLF
Ub U UN UL VFB uGA  Wde dOG WObF lD sJ 1
UF  bO
bO Ub s W d UU ULO dNJ D WOKL Z M
W{dF* eN_ _U b rE r WObF* eM* Uu w Y
bB w pK bBK
WHK< UF* WUL w b * D u b' s 5


sUL
bb( b uJ nO
bB s bb( WUL w b w U_ WI VO d d
YO s wzUdNJ D bO D wOKL 5
D w Wb * u*
ULNM q eO2
w (NaOH uuB bO bO HCl puKJ iU s q b WOL 5
wzUdNJ D WOKL


qLF c U$ w rU

Wu ZUM* WM'


U
bOF 5U rFM* b tK b hL( u rOF
du VM 5U ou bU w g VM
U UHO U UOu hL( u dL WU UN
bU) dOM bF u qOL wO U1 d u U

UJ d w uUA*
fOL bU nd UL U wM UIM We bO
U UL bL qOK wK WOU bL

UOuuMJ UNM
d w u UA*

UM bU fu wU V U aOA dL


nu U( w dL e uN u{ 5U 
dUO bL rOK bL `KB UL tOKI dU
jOD UN Ud tK b e UI b
dBI VU tMu U d

WCdF uD) rOJ% WM'


oOI s wd U td VO

tK bL -
UOuuMJ 5DK W
rOKF WO d

You might also like