Mrs. Helmick English 102 7 March 2016 Annotated Bibliography: Vaccines For Children Barrett, Julia R. "Pediatric Vaccines and Neurodevelopment." Environmental Health Perspectives 123.6 (2015): A156. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 25 Jan. 2016. Julia R, Barrett, the author of this article, is a member of the National Association of v Science Writers and the Board of Editors in the Life Sciences, She used the results from a study in which different groups of macaque monkeys were given many types of vaccinations. She writes that vaccines have been successful in suppressing many infectious diseases, however, there is still some public concem of the overall safety of these vaccinations. Even though numerous studies have shown no link between vaccines and health problems, many parents are still hesitant about the vaccines their children are required to get. A big concer for many parents is the use of thimerosal in vaccines, which contains ingredients that are believed to be toxic to humans. In this article, Barrett explains how the body breaks down this chemical and why it is people believe it to be harmful. Then she goes on to describe an experiment done on macaques, a type of ‘monkey whose nervous system development is similar to that of humans. They also have learning and memory processes and social interactions that are related to those of humans. The macaques were split into six groups, and each group was injected withmm. different vaccines. Some contained thimerosal and some did not. The primates were studied, and the results showed that no negative behaviors were shown by any of the macaques. | intend to use this article to discredit the argument that thimerosal is harmful,“ to the body and causes negative behavior. Matthew F., and Jason M, Glanz. "Straight Talk About Vaccination. "Scientific American, Nop, 1 Sept. 2011. Web. 06 Mar. 2016. Matthew F. Daley is a pediatrician and researcher at Kaiser Permanente's Institute for Health Research in Denver. Jason M. Glanz is an epidemiologist at the same institute. Their research focuses on vaccine safety, parents’ concems regarding vaccines, and ways to better educate the public about vaccines. Their article “Straight Talk About Vaccination” was published in Scientific American, an esteemed science and technology magazine, Itis the longest continuously published magazine in the United States, and is, an award-winning authoritative source for the science discoveries and technology innovations that are relevant. In their article, Daley and Glanz mention that statistics show that the failure to vaccinate children endangers both the health of children themselves, as well as others who would have not been exposed to the preventable illnesses if more members of the community were vaccinated. The number of purposely unvaccinated children is growing and may have grown large enough to fuel more severe outbreaks. This state of affairs has been made possible because parents have been constantly misled by information from the press and on the internet and because the health care system has not effectively communicated the counterarguments, The three most recurring themes as to why parents are becoming more reluctant to vaccinate theirchildren, according to Daley and Glanz, are they do not believe their children are at risk for diseases that have become rare in the United States, they do not believe that certain vaccine preventable diseases are that serious, or they are worried about the safety of vaccines. The authors highly encourage parents to review the evidence of vaccines before acting on their concerns. The article covers a study done by the authors in which they seeked to find how much more at risk unvaccinated children are to getting sick than children who are vaccinated. The answer varied with each disease, but those who are unvaccinated are much more likely to be infected. The article states that the United States has a federally funded program that performs safety tests and closely monitors vaccines. This program is not funded by vaccine manufacturers, so the job can be done fairly and efficiently. Glanz and Daley go on to explain the cycle in which arguments against vaccinations are often debunked, and then a new grander speculation takes its place. They describe alternative routes for parents to speak with physicians and other experts about the facts. I plan to use this article to discuss the constant cycle of how each time a counter argument is debunked, a new, more outlandish speculation appears. I will use it to reference the fact that people are attacking vaccinations and looking for any excuse to not use them when there is clear evidence that supports vaccines, "Different Types of Vaccines.” The History of Vaccines. N.p., 29 Jan. 2016. Web. 06 Mar. 2016. The History of Vaccines is an award-winning informational and educational website < created by The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. The website provides a complete history of vaccines and seeks to increase knowledge and understanding of vaccinations and the role they play in improving human health. The History of Vaccinations alsocovers controversies about vaccinations. The content is developed by College staff members and is reviewed and edited by an independent editorial advisory board. This article states that vaccines are made using several different processes. One way is that they may contain live viruses that have been weakened or altered so as not to cause illness, also known as attenuated vaccines. Examples of this kind of vaccine include the MMR vaccine, varicella, influenza, rotavirus, zoster, and yellow fever. With this kind of vaccine, itis essential that the the virus loses its ability to replicate in a human, but still provokes an immune response in the human body. A second type of vaccines may contain inactivated or killed organisms or viruses. Examples of this include polio, hepatitis A, and rabies. This type of vaccine involves destroying a pathogen enough so it cannot replicate, but keeping it intact enough so the immune system can still recognize it. A third type of vaccines are toxoids, which are created by using inactivated toxins. Examples of this kind include diphtheria and tetanus. The last type of vaccines are subunit and conjugate vaccines. Examples include hepatitis B, pertussis, pneumococcal, ‘meningococcal, and HPV. These types of vaccines only contain pieces of the pathogens they protect against. I intend to use this article to give a detailed picture of how the different types of vaccines are produced and how they work. Glanz, Jason M. "Addressing Parental Vaccine Concems: Engagement, Balance, And Timing. Plos Biology 13.8 (2015): 1-8. OmniFile Full Text Select (H.W. Wilson). Web. 25 Jan. 2016, Jason Glanz, the author, is an epidemiologist and senior research investigator at Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Institute for Health Research. He is also an assistant professor inthe Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health. Vaccine safety and vaccine hesitancy are the main topics for his research. In his article, Dr. Glanz mentions that controversy over vaccinations became prominent again after the most recent outbreak of measles at Disneyland. Most of the people infected were intentionally unvaccinated. Parents who are “vaccine hesitant” are worried about the risks of vaccinations, but in reality are putting the health of the public at risk by not vaccinating. ‘The main issue is this: parents want control of their children’s health decisions, but it is essential to have high vaccination rates to keep severe diseases at bay. This is why mandatory immunization laws are in place. They protect the public. These laws protect the population who cannot be vaccinated due to health reasons. Studies and surveys show that the concern of vaccine safety is growing and more parents are taking advantage of the personal beliefs exemption option. The dilemma in the scientific community is whether to strengthen mandated vaccination laws or try to better inform parents of the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. The article talks about methods they are currently using to try and accurately educate parents on vaccines, as well as ways to improve these methods. Dr. Glanz discusses the communication gap that exists between physicians and Parents about the risks and benefits of vaccines. He ends the article by declaring that his goal is to get parents to see that vaccines are positive for everyone, including their children, I plan to use this article to give examples of why parents are hesitant about vaccinations for their children. I will also use it to show how the scientific community is trying to better educate the public about the safety and effectiveness of immunization, “Mandatory Vaccination.” Issues & Controversies. Infobase Learning, 7 Apr. 2015, Web. 22omc Jan. 2016, ‘The website, Issues and Controversies, is constantly updated by scholars and experts and uses the award-winning publisher, Facts on File, to produce referenceable and factual information about current events and conflicts. This article outlines the main points of both sides of the argument of if children should receive vaccinations. The majority of the scientific community sees the use of vaccinations on a large scale as a great medical triumph in public health. A study in 2007 by the Journal of the American Medical Association found that widespread use of vaccines have significantly lowered the ‘occurrence of many severe illnesses including chicken pox, small pox, measles, mumps, rubella, whooping cough, polio, and others. The article explains how vaccines work. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that a child should receive 28 vaccine shots by age 6 that combine to prevent 4 diseases. All 50 states and Washington D.C. have laws that require children to receive certain vaccinations before they enter public school. However, all states make it possible to get a medical exemption for those who would have health risks when receiving vaccinations. Some states even make it possible to reéeive nonmedical exemptions on the basis of personal beliefs. The difficulty in getting this depends on the state. Supporters of the childhood vaccinations constantly remind the public of the proven effectiveness of vaccines, and the fact that many arguments against them have been disproven. They claim that states have the right to mandate vaccinations because itis critical in the protection of the public’s health. Those who cannot receive vaccinations for medical reasons rely on the cooperation of those who can to actually get vaccinated, Opponents of vaccinations believe the government_ has no right to mandate what goes into the bodies of children. They argue the parents should make these decisions, and mandated vaccinations violate their rights. They state that these mandated vaccinations will pave the way for other governmental involvements in public health that are detrimental to our core values. Parents against vaccinations are scared by the link between vaccinations and autism, as well as the idea that vaccinations are putting harmful chemicals into children’s bodies. I intend to use this article to explain how vaccines work and use it as evidence of how they have helped to suppress many severe illnesses. Iam also going to use it to discredit reasons against using vaccinations. "State Law and Vaccine Requirement." National Vaccine Information Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 March 2016. The National Vaccine Information Center (NVIC) is a national charitable, non-profit educational organization founded in 1982. They are the oldest and largest consumer led organization advocating for the institution of vaccine safety and informed consent protections in the public health system. The NVIC’s mission is to help prevent vaccine injuries and deaths by properly educating the public and defending the informed consent protections in the public health system, The website is constantly updated by experts and scholars who are dedicated to this goal. This article gives the laws regarding vaccine exemptions and requirements for each state in the United States. The three forms of exemptions are medical, religious, and philosophical. All states have the medical exemption law available, however, the states that have religious and philosophical exemptions vary. How easy it is to obtain these exemptions also varies from state to state, This article also provides the reader the ability learn each state's’ policies regarding=: mandated vaccines to enter school and daycare. It also outlines the difference between federal vaccine policies and state vaccine laws. Federal public health officials at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) make national vaccine policy recommendations for children and adults. However, it is public health officials in state health departments that make and enforce vaccine mandates (with the approval of state legislatures), That is why vaccine laws and legal exemptions to vaccination vary from state to state. The article also mentions that the first mandated vaccine in the United States was the smallpox vaccine. I intend to use this article to reference specific mandated vaccination and exemption laws a for each state. "Vaccination Exemptions." The History of Vaccines. N.p., 29 Jan. 2016. Web. 06 Mar. 2016. The History of Vaccines is an award-winning informational and educational website, / created by The College of Physicians of Philadelphia. The website provides a complete history of vaccines and seeks to increase knowledge and understanding of vaccinations and the role they play in improving human health. The History of Vaccinations also covers controversies about vaccinations. The content is developed by College staff members and is reviewed and edited by an independent editorial advisory board. This article gives a brief overview of the three types of vaccination exemptions: medical, religious, and personal belief. All fifty states allow children to be exempted from vaccinations due to medical reasons. These reasons generally include situations such as the child’s immune system being compromised, the child having a serious aller reaction to a vaccine component, or the child having had a previous serious adverse event related to vaccination. Forty-cight states allow exemptions for religious reasons,Mississippi and West Virginia being the only two that do not. Some states make it easy to obtain this type of exemption, and some states make it difficult, Twenty states allow exemptions for personal or philosophical beliefs of the parents. In the states where all three types of exemptions are allowed, ths is the one used most frequently. I plan to use this article to give information regarding the different types of exemptions available to 7 get for vaccinations. “Vaccinations for Children: A Must Read." MedicineNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2016 The website MedicineNet.com is an online, healthcare media publishing company that” provides viewers with easily comprehensible yet in depth medical information. The website’s reports are created and furnished by a highly accomplished and experienced team of qualified executives in the fields of medicine, healthcare, Internet technology, and business. The article starts by providing examples of the success of vaccines, starting in the 1920s and extending through present day. MedicineNet.com describes those parents who choose to get their children vaccinated as people who are protecting their children, their neighbors’ children, and children around the country. Those same parents are also helping to rid the world of diseases that have been crippling and killing children for centuries. The article gives a brief look into how the human body fights diseases off naturally. It can be effective, however, the biggest problem with it is that a person has to get sick with a disease before the body develops immunity for that disease, The article then goes on to outline how vaccines help to immune people without them having to get sick first. Essentially, it tells how vaccinations scientifically work. After that, the article goes on to answer questions that parents commonly have about vaccinations. It answersm0 how many shots children need and when they should get them. It answers why children need so many shots at such a young age. It is the best choice for vaccinations to happen at a very young age because kids are most susceptible to many diseases. The article explains the seriousness and severity of the diseases that vaccines protect against and mentions that children who are not vaccinated will most likely get sick if they are exposed to a virus, The article ends by going into some more detail about the effectiveness and safety of shots. I intend to use this article to describe why vaccines are needed, how vaccines |“ work, and exemplify the effectiveness they have had on reducing diseases. "Vaccines." ProCon.org. 3 Feb. 2016. Web, 10 Feb. 2016. ‘The website ProCon.org is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit nonpartisan public charity that provides -~ well researched and highly sourceable information on more than fifty controversial issues. It provides arguments for both sides of each topic, and the website is run by an experienced team of researchers who constantly update the topics and make sure the data is creditable. ProCon.org gives the main points for both sides of the vaccine controversy. For the pro-vaccination side, the article states that vaccines save the lives of children by being 90%-99% effective in preventing disease. Also, the ingredients in vaccines that are thought to be harmful to the body are actually perfectly safe in the amounts used. Many major medical organizations including the FDA, IOM, AAP, UNICEF, HHS, and more have stated that vaccines are safe, The article states that adverse reactions to vaccines are very rare, and vaccines protect the herd when herd immunity is achieved. When a critical portion of a population has been vaccinated, it is almost impossible for an outbreak to occur. Vaccinations protect future generations by helping to rid the world of infectious-_ diseases. Vaccinations have eradicated some diseases and have nearly eradicated other diseases, For the con-vaccination side, the article states that vaccines can cause serious and sometimes fatal side effects, and vaccines contain harmful ingredients. Also, the government should not be allowed to intervene and force actions in the field of personal medical choices. Mandated vaccines contradict some of the United States’ most basic freedoms. They also contravene upon religious freedoms protected in the Constitution. Vaccines can contain ingredients that some people consider immoral due to personal beliefs. Vaccines are unnatural, and pharmaceutical companies, the FDA, and CDC should not be trusted to make and regulate safe vaccines. After giving these main points of why people both agree and disagree with vaccines, the article then gives a history of vaccines and talks about the controversy surrounding thimerosal and autism. I plan to use this article to help me identify with the opposing side’s arguments, I will also use it when 1am describing the history and origin of vaccines. This article provides detailed and specific facts on the side of pro-vaccination that I will use in my paper. "Vaccine Studies: Examine the Evidence." Healthychildren.org. American Academy of Pediatrics, 21 Oct. 2015. Web. 5 Mar. 2016. ans who are committed to the Healthychildren.org is backed by 64,000 pediatri achievement of optimal physical, mental, and social health and well-being for all infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. It gives everything from basic information to specific details and instructions on child health and parenting issues. The website provides information regarding the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and their many programs and activities, policies and guidelines, publications and resources, andom much more. All the information comes from child health experts and is backed up by scientific research, The article states that the safety and effectiveness of vaccines are inations are routinely given to under constant study. This study is necessary because children, When a new vaccine arises, it undergoes a very large and extensive process of testing before it is approved. Once approved by the FDA, it is then monitored very closely. Over the past decade, many questions have been raised surrounding vaccines. The main ones include the relationship with autism, the preservative thimerosal, the MMR vaccine, and that too many vaccines overwhelm the immune system. Studies have been conducted on all these topics, and the results continue to show the safety and effectiveness of vaccines. This article lists many examples of current and relevant studies that have been administered that show these results. | intend to use this article to provide “ specific examples of studies that show vaccinations to be safe and effective.