—- Mrs. Helmick English 102 07 March 2016 Annotated Bibliography: Virtues of Authoritarianism Afkhami, Gholam R. The Life and times of the Shah. Betkeley, CA: U of Califo v Gholam Reza Afkhami is Senior Scholar at the Foundation for Iranian Studies. Before the 2009. Print, sevolution of 1979.in Iran, he wes. Professar-af Political University of Iran, Secretary-General of Iran's National Committee for World Literacy Program, and Deputy Minister of the Interior. He has access to high-ranking figures of the Shah’s regime, his family, and opposition members, giving him unparalleled source authority for his comprehensive biography of Mohammad Reza Shah, the last Iranian Monarch who reigned from 1941 to 1979. His book follows the entire lifespan of Mohammed Reza Shah and the events that transpired in what is now Iran from 1919 to 1980. The book covers in-detail the regime under Mohammed and his father, Reza Shah, ‘The author is very critical of the current theocratic regime prevailing in Iran and looks back to the prosperity under the Shah's regime that was tor apart by the revolutionary government. Under the Shah, shows Afkhami, shows the incredible growth in Iran from the 1920s, when it was one of the world’s least-developed nations, to the 1970s when it stood proudly with one of the highest rates of economic growth and a superior record of social services. The “Third World” nation was ushering in new progress in women's rights, environmental protections, and other ficlds that made it one of the leading nations7 in the Muslim World, Post-revolution, Iran found its economy erash and regress into Islamic theocracy. It tells about the Shah’s work to contain and attempt to control political Islam in his country, which would later succeed in overthrowing his regime. Islamic terrorism threatened the country from at least 1941, the year Mohammed's father’s forced resignation, onwards to the revolution. The account also follows the Shah's labor to modernize and industrialize Iran, citing his method in which to spur the incredible economic growth Iran underwent prior to the Revolution of 1979. I will use this hook to paint ta the successes contrast it with the isolation and regression that followed the 1979 revolution in Iran under the Islamic theocracy. Most importantly this involves the economic prosperity and westernization, or promoting a social culture of moder western values like capitalism, egalitarian or feminist rights, and secularization. Bogdanor, Vernon. The Monarchy and the Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon, 1995. Print. ‘Vernon Bogdanor is Reader in Government at the University of Oxford and Fellow of ~~ Brasenose College. The Monarchy and the Constitution makes the case for the modem British Monarchy and its role in democratic government, such as it in the United Kingdom. Bogdanor argues that the Monarchy is essential to modern British democracy. By helping to outline and understand the history and content of the British Constitution, Bogdanor explains how the Monarchy is still relevant to British politics. While the intervention of the Monarch has been unnecessary for much time, nat Bogdanor, it still holds vital roles for situations in which Parliament, the United Kingdom's legislative body, finds itself unable to act. He notes how modem debates such as that forKaplan, Robert D. "The Good Autocrat." The National Interest 51.114 (July-Aug. 2011), Rpt a: Proportional representation in Parliament, may only support the need of the Monarchy. Bogdanor also addresses the notion that republican government is the end-goal, rather pointing out that is comes rather as a government-by-default, rarely as an idealistic choice such as which transpired in the United States. Making use of historical examples and modem analysis, Bogdanor supports the need of a monarchy in a democratic institution and even how it reinforces democratic values by offering stability and legitimacy to it. 1 will use Bogdanor’s work to support how monarchy is the most ideal form of f such, 2 how-the trac of hereditary monarchy can support modem democracy in advanced nation-states, Dictatorships. Ed. Tom Lansford. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 21 Feb. 2016. Robert D. Kaplan is a political author whose work has appeared in publications such as. the Foreign Affairs, the Wall Street Journal, the New York Times, as well as various others. He is also a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security. In “The Good Autocrat,” Kaplan argues that authoritarian government can be beneficial for a society if the autocrat oversees political and social development in his or her state. He outlines the positive and negative traits of authoritarian regimes in the Middle East and Asia to support his arguments. Kaplan, borrowing from liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill, makes the point that a society can only be fit for limited government only alter authority is created and that society can only manage a democratic government once culturally and economically fulfilled. In order for democracies to succeed, the societies inwhich they are planted must be prosperous and stable. Kaplan also argues that liberty is not inseparable from a democracy, and neither are necessarily superior to the other, For Kaplan, democracy and authoritarianism both can either be successes or failures depending on their leadership. Kaplan asserts that democracy can arise from virtuous authoritarian rule, which may be necessary to progress a society to the point of modernity to which it may adopt democratic government. Elsewhere, in China, the authoritarian dictatorship to follow the authoritarian rule of the Qing, eventually brought ip co power following the upsetting of the Chinese revolution immediately following the Qing's removal from power. While Kaplan believes that democracy is a better form of government and more likely to achieve success, he argues that authoritarian rule comes a necessary stage for a nation-state to achieve the needed growth for a successful democracy to ever occur, | plan to use Kaplan's analysis to support the argument that authoritarianism is necessary for the progression of a state from primitive standing towards the economic and social setting that allows for democracy. This will help reinforce the argument drawn from Bogdanor, that traces of authoritarianism can reinforce a modem democracy. Kirscht, John P., and Ronald C. Dillehay. Dimensions of Authoritarianism: A Review of Research and Theory. Lexington: U of Kentucky, 1967. Print Kirscht, Professor of Health Behavior and Health Education, and Dillehay, Professor of Psychology, accumulated mounds of studies conceming the psychology of authoritarianism and review the work of the researchers. Beginning by definingauthoritarianism itself as well as other formulations like dogmatism, they help establish the criteria to which the research is applied, as well as addressing the methodology of how the data is acquired, They then present studies on identifying authoritarians based on social characteristics and subgroups. In addition, they look towards the possible social causes of an authoritarian mindset, Finally, the address investigations into social behavior and its effect on or influence by authoritarianism and the social roles in maintaining it as well as the social consequences of authoritarianism. This source will be useful as it treats nd thus canbe addressed as a means to negatively view authoritarians, Spitz, David. Patterns of Anti-democratic Thought; an Analysis and a Criticism, with Special Reference to the American Political Mind in Recent times. New York: Macmillan, 1949, Print. Spitz served as a visiting professor at Hunter College, summer, 1954; at Comell a University, 1958-1959; at Kenyon College, 1960-1961 and at the University of California, summer, 1967. He was a Fulbright Professor at the Bologna Center of John Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Bologna, Italy, 1962-1963, and at the American Seminar in Political Science, Nice, France, summer, 1963. Spitz held fellowships from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1955-56, 1960, and again in 1978-79; the National Endowment for the Humanities, summer, 1976; the Fund for the Republic, summer, 1955 and the Fund for the Advancement of Education, 1951-52. In this work, Spitz attempts to address anti-democratic thought as a concept and repute its rationality in favor of democracy. By categorizing and organizing the several areas of anti-democraticCd thought, Spitz refutes it down to the core levels he created. From the idea of a ruling class 4 necessity to concepts of natural aristocracy, Spitz spits upon the basic theories behind authoritarian government. Spitz lays out the many core arguments behind authoritarianism and offers refutations in favor of democracy, leaving me an ability to see exactly where I L can build arguments from, what counter-arguments there may be, and address those in-turn, Stefoff, Rebecca. Monarchy. New York: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2008. Print. from animals to politics. Her work, Monarchy, was reviewed by Tom Dandelet of the Department of History at the University of California at Berkeley. In this book, Stefoff concisely analyses monarchies from around the world and throughout history. From their origins to ideological developments around the world, Stefoff gives truly global history of monarchy. Stefoif shows the differences between monarchal government around the world and how they shaped and were shaped by changes in their countries. Stefoff addresses the ideas behind and against the concept of monarchy and offers examples of royal regimes from Africa’s Angola, to Asia's Nepal, and to the monarchies in Europe, some still persisting today. She also offers analysis of modem monarchies and their roles in their respective societies. This source allows me to drawn upon quickly monarchist and republican ideology and various examples of which around the world in history and today. These will help explain the evolutions of monarchy as it went through revolutions of constriction to absolutism and finally into the modern regimes seen today.=’ Taylor, Julie E., et al. "The Arab Spring Will Not Lead to the Fall of Dictatorships Across the Middle East." Democratization in the Arab World: Prospects and Lessons from Around the Globe. Vol. 35. 2012. Rpt. in Dictatorships. Ed. Tom Lansford. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. Julie E, Taylor and her colleagues at the RAND Corporation, a libertarian esearch and“ public policy think-tank, make the case in “The Arab Spring Will Not Lead to the Fall of Dictatorships Across the Middle East” that cultural influences, like Islam, along with the somic.stat ‘They analyze the prevailing governments in the Middle East and their histories into what we see today. Looking to the culture of the societies within the Middle Eastern nations, they have found cultural impediments to establishment of modem western-style (liberal) democracies in the region, Islam in particular takes precedent in the study. They conclude the Islam promotes a culture of authoritarian government by encouraging total submission to authority. Also liberal democratic ideas like participatory government and individual rights can be interpreted as being contradictory to Islamic thought. While they do show evidence to the contrary, the prevailing rescarch shows that for most of the Middle East, the Arab Spring will only get so far. This source offers excellent compliment to Kaplan’s view that a state requires stability, prosperity, and now also secularization for democracy to succeed. The nation-states of the Arab Spring that succeeded, like Egypt and Tunisia, achieved a level of secularization in addition to economic prosperity and relative stability Wood, Gordon S. The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States. New York:Penguin, 2011, Print Gordon 8. Wood is the Alva O, Way University Professor Emeritus at Brown University In The Idea of America: Reflections on the Birth of the United States, Wood looks at the ideological origins of the American Revolution and the American Founders” efforts to create a democratic-republic. He looks at the ideas behind the American experience and its impact worldwide into today, though also still showing the stark differences from the Founders’ ideals to today’s incarnation in the United States. The relevancy to my topic, howev United States. Wood makes contrasting arguments between the two ideologies and points out that the carly republic in the decade following the Declaration of Independence of 1776 was becoming increasingly populated by leaders disillusioned with the revolutionary ideals. The crisis in the 1780s concerning the drafting of a new constitution to replace of the Articles of Confederation came out on the success of the Federalists, who drew inspiration for a more-centralized government from English though. one that had monarchical elements. The new American government's split of Federalists and Anti-Federalists was much a split between the radical republicanism and adapted English monarchism they had just broken from, For early America, a new kingdom was anything but out of the question, This book offers insight into the early days of what is arguably the most successful democracy and by far its poster child, the United States of America The early United States had much trouble breaking from the old monarchical traditions and in the end, succeeded in falling into the centralized and more regularized Federalist favor. This provides support for the idea that the republic in the United States did not a= fully abandon the benefits of centralized authority, nor even that of a monarchy, giving a parallel argument to Bogdanor’s. Vidican, Sergiu, "All Dictatorships Are Evil." Dictatorships. Ed. Tom Lansford. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2013. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from "On Dictatorship, Power, and Corruption." 2011. Opposing Viewpoints in Context, Web. 21 Feb, 2016. Sergiu Vidican, a science journalist for the news group Metrolic and a graduate student at the University of Oradea in Romania, makes a case in “All Dictatorships Are Evil” that fous Fesults, He points out that dictators tend to have the common negative traits of narcissism, paranoia, and the lack of compassion. Dictators also have the tendency to think of themselves as the embodiment of the state and nation, according to Vidican, and will view opposition to them and their Policies and opposition to the nation itself. Vidican makes reference to the 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment which attempted to analyze how people would respond to being given power over athers. The experiment supported the theory that if people are given absolute power, they become corrupt and abusive of their power. Additionally, power corrupts the ‘mind into other realms of irrationality, such as believing he or she can control all aspects of a situation, even completely random ones like a dice throw. Because of the Psychological risks associated with absolute power, the notion of dictatorship must be discarded, according to Vidican, as it leads inevitably to insanity. Vidican will be used in My paper as opposing evidence to authoritarianism as a legitimate government form as Vidican points out the mental insanity brought upon those given absolute control. WhileCe his evidence is compelling, itis not closed to being discredited as a solid argument against the tried authoritarian style. Zakaria, Fareed. "Many in the Middle East Favor Authoritarian, Islamist Regimes." Can Democracy Succeed in the Middle East? Ed. Jann Einfeld. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006. At Issue. Rpt, from "Islam and Power; Is President Bush's Plan to Spread Democracy Turning into a Fiasco? It Doesn't Have to. But it Does Need to Change." Newsweek (13 Feb. 2006): 34. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 29 Jan. 2016. ‘Muslim and former profe: on sity, Fareed Zakaria is editor of Newsweek International. He writes regularly for the New York Times, Newsweek, and the Wall Street Journal. His most recent book, The Future of Freedom (2003), was a New York Times bestseller. Zakaria writes in the wake of the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies and the continued, failing attempt to implement a modem liberal democracy in the country. Zakaria contends that many nations in the Middle East are unprepared for the government style the Bush administration attempted to implement in Iraq following the deposing of Saddam Hussein. He looks to the Islamic organizations’ changes over time, Like Hamas and the Muslim Brotherhood moving from revolution to democracy to implement their political ideas. Islam became the filter through which all potitical opposition to dictators went through, as open liberal opposition was impossible. Zakaria argues that promoting democracy and liberty are completely separate things, and to succeed in bringing liberty will require a massive cultural shift or the Middle East, I hope to use this source as a compliment to Taylor's work that shows the cultural challenges democracy and libertyCdl face in the Middle East and as further reinforcement that the method of toppling dictators in an attempt to implement immediate democracy may and has failed with disastrous consequences,