.

. , ,
, & , , e-
mail: pariotis@snd.edu.gr

, , , ,
& , , e-mail: katsanis@snd.edu.gr

1


,
. ,

.

.
,


.

.
,

.

(

),
.

,



,
[1],[2],[3],[4],[5],[6],[7],[8].
,
/ .
,
.

1.1

(
) . 1,
F-76
,
[2]. ,
1998 2008 .


.
 1. Diesel F-76
[2]

2,

2020 [2].
1 % 2% ,
2.6 %.
,
,
.
 2. ,
[2].

, ,

.
(
)
( , , .),
30
40 . ,
, ,
. 3,
,
[9].

(
), 13%
.
,
 (, )
( , , .)

.

.

3.
1991 [9]

.

( ),
4,
3, 1991 2009
5 (Consumer Price Index)
, 59% [3].
 4.
1991 2009 (Consumer
Price Index) [9].

,

. ,

. ,
.
.

1.2

. ,
.
, .

,
(
),
, .

,

 [5], [8], [10], [11].

[2],

(, , ,
.), [7], [10], [12], [13].

,
/
, ,
,

.

(, , .)
() , /

(off design operation).

(Best Efficiency Point),
( , , , .) [12].

,

, .


, .

.
,

.
1.3

.
,
, 5.

5. .

(CO2)
( 50 100 ),
.

( ).
(),
.
(Marine Diesel Oil) 3,09 ,
(Heavy Fuel Oil) 3,02
. 6,
.
 6. ,
1 kg CO2 .

, ,
( 90%
).
,
,
CO2, (International Maritime
Organization), 2007 3,3 % . IMO [14],
CO2 ,
2050 CO2 150% 250%,
12% 18%
CO2.

CO2
2009
(United Nations Framework Convention)
. ,
2100 2 OC, ,
. ,
(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change)
, 2050 CO2
50%-85% .
, , ,

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,
(
CO2). ,
.

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CO2.
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7.
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(
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[9].

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8,
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2.1

2.1.1

,
.


.

.
.

.
2009,

(online water wash),
, ()
. ,

,

,

(Compressor Intercooling and exhaust heat Recuperation (ICR) technologies).
ICR
, 30% [15].

2.1.2

2.1.2.1 (Common Rail)

.

,
 . ,

,
.
( 1800 bar),
(
),
[16]. ,
(common rail),
9.

9. (common rail),
Wartsila.

, (. ),
10.
 10. ,
MTU 4000 [17].

(Common Rail).
: , , , ,

11.

11.
Wartsila W46C, , .
(FIE) (Common Rail) [18].

11, ,
.

 . ,
12, ;
80-85%
( ).
.

12. Ferry,
.

2.1.2.2 (staggered layout)

,
,
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, 13 [19].
.

13.
[19]
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,

.

.

(bowl in piston).

, ,

. 14
:
(squish) (swirl).

14. .
(squish) (swirl) [19].

2.1.2.4 (Diesel
Engine Control Systems)

,
. ,



( ).
4%,
15,
.
 15.
[18].

(
), ,
.
,
.
.

20 ,
(
),
.

,
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.

,
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:

-
 -

(NOx),
(gr/kWh)
(IMO) (NOx)
.

2.1.3 (Two-stage sequential turbocharging)

,
,
().
(two stage supercharging)
,
, .
,
(sequential two-stage supercharging), ,
, ,
-, (flaps)
, 16.
( 10), .
Miller, . ,

,
.
 16.

MTU 20V 8000 M70 [17].

2.1.4 (Variable Turbine Area)

H
.
,
.

,
.
,

, 17.
 17. (Variable Turbine Area) MAN
[20].

,
. , (
), ,

.
,
.
18,
(
).
 18. (VTA)
(% MCR) [20].

2.1.5 Miller

Miller Ralph Miller

1947,
. ,
,
19.

19. /
, Miller [20].
 ,
,
.
, Miller ( ),
, 20.

20.
Miller [19].

,
,
(NOx)
(International Maritime Organization). 21,
Miller
,

. (Tier I)
(Tier II) ()
,
.
MAN 35%
8% [20].
 21.
Miller [20].

2.1.6
(Condition Based Maintenance)

, ,
, ( 22),

.
,

(Condition Based
Maintenance).

5%.
 22.
, ,
.

2.1.7

,
.
,
.
,
. 23, ,

, ,
, ( )
.

,
( , , , .)
.
 23. ,
[21].

, 4-5%
. , 23, 65%
, 1000 rpm 850 rpm,
204 gr/kWh 197
gr/kWh, . 4%.

2.1.8 (Power Take Off)

,
.
(Power Take Off)
.
,
.

(propeller law),
, (
),
. 24,

(propeller law).

24.
.

,
, ,
.

2.1.9

,
,
. ,
(
) .
.

340-370 oC, (
),
450-600 oC. 25,

(
). ,
80-90%
 ( MCR),
50% 100%.

,
. , ,
,

, .

25.
( ),
[22].

26,
(kg/kWh)
, ( ).

( 55%),
,
5%.
 26.
(kg/kWh) ( ),
[22].

,
,
,

.
( )
.
( )
33-35%,
45-47%.
(
),
( 20%),
( 2-5%).

, ,

,

.
,
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.
100 oC,
o
50 C,
(Exhaust Heat Recycle),
.

,
(
),

( ).

. 27,
,
,
(
).
Joule / Brayton, Rankine () Rankine
(Organic Rankine Cycle).

27. [23]
 ,
(
), (bottoming cycles) , .
,
(combined cycle).

.

.

2.1.9.1 Rankine ()

[17], [18], [22],

( Rankine)
28.

28.
.

,
(Exhaust Gas Boiler Heat Recovery Steam Generator),
Rankine . ,
( 16-20 bar)
.
(Condenser)
.
 ,
,
,
(.. ).


. 29,

.
,

.

F-76
1% .
,
29,

. MAN (1985)
2% , 120 oC (
10 OC
).
 29.
[22].

Rankine () ,
,
5-6,5%. ,

, . Rankine,
,
(Organic Rankine Cycle),
.

2.1.9.2 Rankine (Organic Rankine Cycle)

Rankine
,
. ,
,
Rankine ( ).
( )
,
.
 ,
,

. 30,
[24],
(Exhaust Gas Recycle).

Exhaust Gas
C T
Heat Exchanger

Engine Radiator
Recuperator

Condenser
CAC EGR
PT
Cooler
X

Pump

Rankine Cycle
Diesel Engine Working Fluid
Exhaust Gas
EGR
Charge Air
30. (
EGR) Rankine (Organic Rankine Cycle) [24]

(Exhaust Gas Recycle),
(NOx)

(International Maritime Organization).
, /
(EGR Cooler),

. Rankine ,
Rankine
,
, 8% 12% .

Rankine ,
, ,
.

Wartsila ,
, [25].
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,
,
,
, ,
,
(bottoming cycle).

Rankine
,

, .
31,
Rankine .

31.
Rankine ( ) .

,
32,
,
Rankine , , (
).
[22].
 Rankine
26-36% [22],
( ),
( ) 5-6.5% [22].


.

32. ,
Rankine (Combined Cycle Plant),
, ( ) [22].

1980
DDG-51,
RACER (Rankine Cycle Energy Recovery)
(
).

. /
,
.
.
 /

Brayton
(CO2) , .

2.1.9.4 Brayton CO2 (s-CO2)

Brayton
500 oC.
,
Brayton CO2
. 33, Brayton
CO2 , 34,
.

33. Brayton CO2

[26].
 34. Brayton
CO2 [26].

CO2

. 35, CO2
31.1 oC 73.9 bar.

35. (CO2)

, CO2
. ,
CO2 ,
, .
,
,
 (Precooler) (Recuperator)
, ,
.

36, Brayton CO2

Rankine Brayton
, 500-550
o
C, .

36.
Brayton (He), Brayton CO2
Rankine [26].

, CO2,
,
.
( ).

Brayton CO2 30
Rankine
. 20 MW ,
Brayton CO2
4 ,
.

.

 -30,

20%,
(Thermo Electric Generator)

2.1.10 -

,
( )
, , ,
. ,
,
,

.

()
. ,
(Integrated Full Electrical Propulsion),
( )
, ,
() (Hybrid Electric Propulsion).
,
,
, (. ),

.

()
.
,
( )
.
8, 37,
(Intergrated Electric
Ship). ,
( 37) 29.2%

(), ( 8)
33.9%.

37.
[9].

,
.
, ,

( )
.
30 kn,
18 Kn 75-80% [27].
(
), 38.
60% 20%
,
(
).
 38. (
).

. ,
,
.
, ,

,
(Maximum Continues Rating Point).

.

,
()
, .
( )
( CODED Cmbined Diesel Electric
and Diesel) ( )
.

CODED 39

:
( COGG Cmbined Gas And Gas) 40,

 ( CODLAG CODELAG, Cmbined Diesel eLectric And Gas),
41.

39. CODED (Cmbined Diesel Electric and

Diesel) [21]

40. - COGAG (Cmbined Gas And Gas) [28]

 41. CODLAG (Cmbined Diesel eLectric
And Gas) [21]

,

.
-
COGAG CODLAG.
[28],
COGAG COGAG -,
8-9%.
( )
42.

42.
COGAG [28].
 COGAG
COGAG ,

. , [27]

(COGAG CODLAG)
(E Ship), 23 ,
(General Purpose).

1, CODLAG
COGAG, ( 4
), (
),
COGAG (E-Ship),
.

1. (Unit Production Cost) (Running Cost)

: COGAG CODLAG
(E Ship), 23, ,
(General Purpose) [27].

.

( 30 ) ,
( , , , , ...)
.
.
2.

 9 18%,
. 43,
.

2. 23
,
(ASW, GP, CBG) [27]

43. 23
CBG (Carrier Battle Group), ASW (Anti Submarine Warfare) GP (General Purpose) [27].

,
, .
,
,

. ,
(
25%) (
 ).
(Integrated Electric Ship),
,
(damage control).
,

, ,

2.1.11

/ .
, .
, ,
.

.


( ).

6-10%.
(Electronic Chart Display and Information
System Navy (ECDIS-N))
.

2.1.12

,
,
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
,

.
 ,

. [29]
.
DDG 51,
LM 2500 ( ),
, 30 kn, 44.
,
(Trail Shift mode), (Split plant mode) (Full power mode).

44.
DDG 51 : Full power, Split plant, Trail Shaft [29].

28 kn, Full power
 28 kn, 44, 4500 GPH ( 17
m3/h). ,
29 kn Full Power (
), 27 Kn Split plant (
). 44,
5100 GPH Full Power 3500 GPH Split plant .
4,50% (
4300 GPH).
,
12.5%, 27 kn. 3,

,
(DDG 51, PC 1, LHD 1, LSD 41, FFG 7 CG 47).

3.
[29].

2.1.13

2.1.13.1

,
.

/
,

. ,
/ ,
/ :
 ,

( ).

(damage Control)
(Firefighting Systems),
.

,
, , .

, .

2.1.13.2

( ,
, , , .)
. /
.
,
, /
,
, .

(Off design operation),
/ ( , .),
.
,
,
.

,
[30]. ,

, , . ,
 ,
.
,
, 20%
(, ) [30].


.

() ,
(Variable Speed Drives).
,
(.. )
, 20-50% (
).
1%, ,
.

.
,
/ , ,
.

2.2

, ,
.

. ,

(, )
.

1990,
(Incentivized Energy CONservation),

,
. ,

.
10%.

,
.

2.3 (technical measures)

.
,
( )
.
,
.

2.3.1 .

.

.


.

(
) (IMO)
(Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)),
.
.

. (EEDI)
(
 , ),
( ), 45.

45.
(EEDI) , ,
.

,
.

.

2.3.1.1 (stern flaps)

, 46.
,
, . (transom
stern)
, . ,
 , ,
.

46.

.
1 2 .
(surface compatants)
4%.
[31].

2.3.1.2 (Bulbous bows)

47,

(ships bow wave).
, .
,
.
Taylor V/ , V L .

15% .
,
. , /


.
 47. [31]

,
(/),
. ...
48,
7% (cruise speed) 3% .
4% [31].

48. [31]

2.3.1.3 (Marine anti-fouling coatings)

5% 12%.
 ,
. ,

.
( )
. H

. 2009
( 49)

. ,
(Ship Power Condition Monitoring
Systems), ( )
.

49. [31]

,
,
. , 2,7
(copper ablative).

12% 15% [31].

2.3.1.4

.
,
,
 .

.
,
,
.
,
5% [31].

2.3.1.5

,
, 50.
,
.
,

(fouling) .

50. [31].

2.3.2 .

2.1.10 -,
()
. -

 (controllable pitch propeller CPP)
.
, ,

,
, -,
.

:
, (contra-rotating propellers)
(podded propellers).
,
.
(hub),

, 5% 10%.

2.3.2.1 (contra rotating propellers)

.
5% 12% .

, ,
.
. ,

. (surface combatants),

( ),
[31].

2.3.2.2 A

(podded propellers)
, ..
( ),
,
. ,
 ,
. ,
,
,
.

(. 51),
,
,
() .

51. [31].]

52 Akashia
Hamanasu, Nagasaki Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
2004. 17%
. [31]
 52.
[31]]

, [31]
,
(hybrid contra-rotating
shaft-pod configuration) 36 39
Knots. 13,3%
.

2.3.3 (Speed nozzles)

,
(. 53).
, 5%,

.

53. [31]
2.4 (Energy Management Systems)

.
/
( , ,
, .).
,
( )
( ),
.
,
( ,
, .).

,
.
(Management System)
, ,
.
,
,
() /
.
, ,
.

(Management systems),
(International Maritime Organization) (
), (International Safety
Code (ISM)) [14]. ISM Code

. ,
, ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO 50001, OHSAS
18001, ,
( ISM Code).
 ( 2011), (International Maritime
Organization),
(Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan, SEEMP),

(International Energy Efficiency Certificate IEEC), ( )
2013 . 54,
(IEEC)
.
(SEEMP)
ISO 50001.
 54. /
.

,
, ,

.
.
.
 ,
, : , ,
, ( , , , .).

,

,
[32].
,
,

.
/ ,
, /
.

.

. ,

10% ( ),
,

.

2.4.1 (Ship Energy Efficiency

Management Plan, SEEMP)

(International Maritime Organization), 2013
(SEEMP)
. (Energy
Management System)

 (.. ISO 50001). SEEMP

.
:

55. [32]

,

,
55. SEEMP.

2.4.1.1

( )
.
/
.

(SEEMP)
2.4.1.1.1

(SEEMP)
,
.


. (baseline energy usage).

,
,
(sea trial data).
(shop sea trials), (
), ( ),
. ,
.

,

.
,
, 56,
,
Sankey.
 56. (Sankey)

2.4.1.1.2

.


.
,
.

.
:

(, , .)

 /

( ).

,

.
(, , .).
, ,

/ , .. , ,
, , , .

2.4.1.1.3

.

. ,
,
,
,
/
(SEEMP).

2.4.1.1.4
(Prioritize Initiatives)

, ,

.

57, 58 59.
/ , ,
,
,
. ,


,
/. .

57.

 58.
.

59.
,
(RoPax).

2.4.1.1.5 (Goal Setting)

.
(SEEMP),

,
.

SEEMP

. ,
,
.
SEEMP,
,
 ,
(Key Performance Indicator, KPI),
(Energy Efficiency Operational Index, EEOI).

(EEOI)
1. IMO


(
(Fuelconsumed)) (Cargotransported),
(Distancesailed), ( ), gCO2/tnm,
gCO2/TEUnm, gCO2/mnm, .

Fuelconsumed * C carbon 1
EEOI
C arg otransported * Dis tan cesailed

( CO2)
, ( Ccarbon)
,
/ .

, , .,
,
.

(SEEMP)
IMO,
,
.

2.4.1.2 SEEMP (Implementation)

,
(SEEMP),
,
.
: /
, , , .
,
.

, ,
.

2.4.1.3
(Monitoring)

(SEEMP)

.
,
. ,

,
( ).
(IMO), ,
(EEOI), .
(gr / kWh),
, .

,
,
,

. ,
.

2.4.1.4
(Evaluation and Improvement)

(SEEMP),
,
/ .

,
, /
 . ,


.

, .
, , ,
,
.
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