Reflective Exercise.

List the steps or describe the process you follow

when writing a research paper.
Information Literacy: avoiding
plagiarism in Academic Writing

Margaret Newman

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVbNd_nenUs

Michael Jackson vs Al Bano

 Overview of the Writing Process
1. Pre-writing
- Narrowing topic
- researching and
notetaking
- organizing the
material, thesis
2. Drafting
3. Revising/evaluating
4. Editing/proofreading
 Freewriting
Topic : Women Training to Lift weights
Pumping iron what the steroid
jocks call it and exactly what I DO
NOT want to be a muscle cube.
Great that Prof. Kantnor told us
womens muscles dont bulk up much
unless a weight lifting programme is
really intense they just get longer.
No bulk for me PLEASE. Just want
upper body strength oh and the
aerobic stuff from swimming, which
makes me feel great. Lift sweat swim
lift sweat swim lift sweat swim.
 Brainstorming/Listing
Topic: Population Explosion
Reasons for cost to the economy
Effects birth control
Family size fertility
Control infringement of rights
Choice freedom
Poverty religion
Challenges laws governing
Overcrowding sanitation
 Journalists Questions

Topic: Divorce
Who can help couples who are going
through a divorce?
What are the effects of divorce on children?
Why do divorces occur?
How do couples divide their property?
When is it advisable for a couple to remain
married?
Where is the divorce rate considered to be higher
than average?
 Clustering/Mapping
Obesity in Unhealthy
Children school
diabetes lunches

Heart diet
Health attack
problems
later genetics Ads. For
unhealthy
foods
Sedentary
exercise
lifestyle
Funding for
sports
Parental
responsibility
 Narrowing the Topic
Broad Topic: Ageing in the Modern World

Narrowed Topics:

- Anti-ageing products and their Effectiveness

- Retirement planning
- Nutrition and the Elderly
- Healthy Lifestyle and its Effects on Ageing
- Support Services for the Ageing Jamaican Population
- Ageing as a Business
 Writing a Research Question

Change your narrowed topic into research

question.
1.What are the main anti- ageing products used
in and how effective are they?
2. What are the retirement planning options
available to citizens in first world countries?
3. How are the elderly treated in Eastern
societies?
4. What are the business opportunities that
have developed in the last decade in relation to
aging?
 Conducting Research
You will be expected to use the information you
have gathered to write a comprehensive and
trustworthy documented essay. What is
information? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVVmFYyD1MI E-Literate
 Academic Integrity
do not pass off others ideas and information
as your own - called plagiarism.
do acknowledge the specific information that
you get from sources, whether those sources are
online or printed articles or books, interviews,
online discussions, video tapes or lectures. Your
reader should be able to distinguish your own
ideas and information from your sources ideas
and information at all times.
Empire State College. Academic Integrity: Writing the Research Paper, www.esc.edu
 Most Common Academic Integrity Problems

1. Relying too heavily on others information in

a research paper
2. Relying too heavily on others words in a
paraphrase or summary
3. Citing and documenting sources incorrectly
4. Relying too heavily on help from other
sources.
Empire State College. Academic Integrity: Writing the Research Paper,
www.esc.edu
 Types of
plagiarism

Partial/ Potluck plagiarism: Trying to hide plagiarism by copying from many sources
and making them fit together.
Self-plagiarism: Using ones own work and re-writing it
The Ghost writer/Journal plagiarism: Taking others work and making it our own
Copy/Paste plagiarism: Copying part of someones work
The Misinformer: Citing the source with inaccurate information
Word switch/improper paraphrasing: Changing the words but still looks like the
original work
The Forgotten footnote: Neglecting to include specific information when citing a source
The Perfect crime: Quoting and citing the work, but goes on to paraphrase other
information from the source without citing
Style/organization: Copying someones style of writing
Idea plagiarism: Copying someones idea and submitting it as our own.
Rinsing: translating into various languages
soure: Google images plagiarism clipart
 Steps to help prevent plagiarism
1. Choosing the topic. Ask: What interests me about this topic? What do I
already know or think about this topic? What do I still need to know?
Read what others are saying about it; look at if from different
perspectives; go on the internet and get some background info; when
you record the information also record your reactions reflect,
question. What do I think? What are the possible implications of what I
am learning? Why is this important?
2. Create or generate a statement or research question that reflects the
direction you hope to take, your position, the point you hope to make.
3. Now you are ready to do more directed research looking for
information that supports or disagrees with your position or that
provides new insights. Ensure that you look for scholarly sources, and
the opinions of experts in the field. Read more than one source.
4. Take careful notes, indicate clearly what was cut and pasted (quoted)
and what was summarized or paraphrased. Record all bibliographic
information: author, title, page, screen number, publication information
etc. including date and access date if it is an online source.
5. In your first draft clearly identify your sources, and clearly differentiate
your ideas from your sources. You can even color code your first draft.
6. Follow the conventions of the documentation style indicated by your
Instructor (in text citations, Reference list)
 Taking Notes
1. Quoting : accuracy
He [Mr. Mawbry] sang like a canary.
[t]he projects perfect ending.
they sits [sic] in the corner.
2. Paraphrasing: clarifies, pays attention to
nuances interprets rather than translates
3. Summarizing: characteristics are brevity,
completeness, accuracy, objectivity,
originality, and independence
 Documentation
There are many kinds of documentation conventions such as:
1. Modern Language Association (MLA) widely used in
English courses and many of the humanities.
2 The American Psychological Association (APA) widely
used in the social sciences.
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
3. Chicago Manual (CM) from the University of Chicago:
a. author-date style similar to APA
b. bibliographic note system which uses footnotes and
endnotes and a Bibliography
4. Turabian: used by many universities
5. Council of Science Editors (CSE)
a. name-year format
b. citation-sequence format
c. Citation-name format
 Council of Science Editors (CSE)
The Council of Science Editors (CSE) Style
Manual Committee selected the National
Library of Medicine Recommended Formats for
Bibliographic Citation as the preferred method
because it is based on principles set forth by the
National Information Standards Organization
(NISO) and the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and adapted them to
scientific material.
References are presented in 2 ways in scientific
publications: end references and in-text
references.
 In-Text References: Name-year
The in-text reference consists of the surname of
the author(s) and year of publication.
In-text reference:
The NIH has called for a change in the smallpox
vaccination policy (Fauci 2002) that . . .
End Reference:
Fauci AS. 2002. Smallpox vaccination policy the
need for dialogue. N Engl J Med. 346(17):1319-
1320
 Multiple works published by same author in different
years.
In-text reference:
Smiths studies of arbovirus infections (Smith1970, 1975)
have shown that . . .

End References:
Smith CE. 1970. Studies on arbovirus epidemiology
associated with established and developing rice culture.
Introduction. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 64(4):481-482.
Smith CE. 1975. The significance of mosquito longevity and
blood-feeding behavior in the dynamics of arbovirus
infections. Med Biol. 53(5):288-294.
Multiple works published by same author(s) in the same
year
In-text reference:
Cold hardiness in cereals (Andrews 1960a, 1960b) is
affected by . . .
End references:
Andrews JE. 1960a. Cold hardiness of sprouting wheat as
affected by duration of hardening and hardening
temperature. Can J Plant Sci. 40(1):93-102.
Andrews JE. 1960b. Cold hardening and cold hardiness of
young winter rye seedlings as affected by stage of
development and temperature. Can J Bot. 38(3):353-
363.
 Sources with Two or more authors:

If 2 authors, give both names and separate with and in text:

In-text reference:
. . . and the most recent work on albuterol administration (Mazan and
Hoffman 2001) is . . .
End Reference:
Mazan MR, Hoffman AM. 2001. Effects of aerosolized albuterol on
physiologic
responses to exercise in Standardbreds. Am J Vet Res. 62(11):1812-1817.

If reference has 3 or more authors, give only first authors name followed
by et al. and the publications year.
. . . But later studies (Ito et al. 1999) established that . . .

If the first authors names and years of publication are identical for several
references, include enough coauthor names to eliminate ambiguity.
For example:
(Martines, Fuentes, et al. 1990) or (Martines, Fuentes, Ortiz, et al. 1990)
 Authors with identical surnames
In-text reference:
Earlier commentary on animal experimentation
(Dawson J 1986; Dawson M 1986) showed . . .
End references:
Dawson J. 1986. Animal experiments:
conference report. BMJ. 292(6536):1654-1655.
Dawson M. 1986. Some examples of necessary
continuation and possible discontinuation of
animal experiments. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl.
554:194-197.
 Corporations or organizations as authors
If the author is a corporation, university, committee, or other
organization, a shortened form may be created for the in-text
reference to avoid interrupting the text with a long string of words.
In-text Reference:
The landmark report on legalized abortion (IOM 1975) was . . .
End Reference:
[IOM] Institute of Medicine (US). 1975. Legalized abortion and the
public health; report of a study by a committee of the Institute of
Medicine. Washington (DC): National Academy of Sciences.

However, if the document has few in-text references, full

organizational names are acceptable.
Example:
The landmark report on legalized abortion (Institute of Medicine 1975) was .
..
 Works without identifiable authorship
Do not use anonymous. Begin the in-text
reference with the first word or first words of the
title, followed by an ellipsis. Use ONLY as many
words of the title as are needed to distinguish it
from other titles in References.
In-text reference:
Drug usage recommendations for elderly patients (Handbook
c2000) depart from
End reference:
Handbook of geriatric drug therapy. C2000. Springhouse (PA):
Springhouse.
 Reference List
The reference list may be called
LITERATURE CITED, REFERENCES or CITED
REFERENCES
1. Each entry must be single spaced with one
blank line between entries
2. Use hanging indent
3. Must be organized in alphabetical order
4. Does not have to go on a separate page
unless Instructor requests it. We request that
it goes on a separate page.
 Never list a document that you have not seen
in a reference list. If you cannot see the
original, cite the source of your information,
not the original. Always cite the specific
version seen; therefore, do not cite the print
version when only the electronic version was
seen
For further information check Ourvle on how
to format a CSE essay, and more information
on how to cite sources.
carina talks bob out
of plagiarism
http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=AwCQWBfShyY
 Famous examples of plagiarism
Plagiarism row brought an end to the political career of Germany's defence
minister (Pidd,2011).

Former UW PhD. the Dean of the Faculty of Education at the University of Windsor,
has been suspended over plagiarism (Chen, 2012).

German education minister quits in plagiarism case (Kulish & Cottrel, 2013).

Shia Lebouf plagiarised graphic novelist Daniel Clowes work in a short film, and
his apologies (10.1.14)

Sony Settles Robin Thickes 'Blurred Lines' Lawsuit With Marvin Gaye's Family
(14.1.14)

Al Bano sues Michael Jackson, claiming that Jacksons Will You be There? was
copied from his I Cigni di Balaka. (4.11.99)
 Bibliography (APA)
Bazerman, C. (2010-Open-Access Edition).The informed writer: Using
sources in the disciplines. The WAC Clearinghouse. Fort Collins, CO.
Available at http://wac.colostate.edu/books/informedwriter/
Behrens, L. & Rosen, L.J. (2003). Writing and reading across the
curriculum. (8th ed.) New York: Longman.
Empire State College, New York. Nd. Academic Integrity: Writing the Research Paper.
www.esc.edu
Hult, C. (2006). Researching and writing across the curriculum. (3rd ed.)
New York: Pearson Longman.
Kennedy, M.L. & Kennedy, W.J, (2008). Writing in the disciplines: A reader
and rhetoric for academic writers. (6th ed.) Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Pearson Prentice Hall.
Purdue University Online Writing Lab (19915-201)
http://owl.purdue.edu/owl/resources.
YouTube. Carina talks Bob out of Plagiarism; and E-Literate; Michael Jackson
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AwCQWBfShyY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVVmFYyD1MI
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xVbNd_nenUs