Seminar 4

Percaktimi i diametrit ekonomik te tunelit te presionit

Ne nje hidrocentral duhet te ndertohet nje tunel me presion i cili dergon prurjen Q=170 m3/s ne
godinen e centralit. Vellimi vjetor i ujit i perdorur nga ky hidroentral eshte V = 1,892,160,000 m3.
Gjatesia e tunelit eshte L= 1100 m dhe do te kete veshje prej betoni.

Per te gjetur diametrin ekonomik te tunelit te presionit duhet te krahasoj vleren e investimit per ndertimin e
tunelit, me koston e humbjes se energjise si pasoje e humbjeve hidraulike qe ndodhin ne tunelin me presion.
Ne kete pikpamje duke pranuar nje diameter te madh do te kemi nje shpejtesi me te vogel te rrjedhes ne
tunel dhe per rrjedhoje humbje hidraulike me te vogla. Ne kete menyre humbjet e energjise reduktohen por
kosto e ndertimit te tunelit rritet per shkak te rritjes se permasave te tij.
E kunderta ndodh kur pranohet nje tunel me diameter te vogel. Ne kete rast kemi nje kosto te ulet te
ndertimit te tunelit sepse permasat e tij jane te vogla, por nga ana tjeter humbjet hidraulike jane te medha
sepse shpejtesia e rrjedhes ne tunel eshte e madhe. Si pasoje humbjet e energjise jane gjithashtu te medha.
Prandaj eshte i nevojshem nje krahasim tekniko-ekonomik per percaktimin e diametrit optimal te tunelit te
presionit. Diametri optimal do te jete ai i cili jep shumen me te vogel te kostos se energjise dhe kostos se
tunelit.
Seminar 4
Percaktimi i diametrit ekonomik te tunelit te presionit
Normalisht per vleresimin e permasave te tunelit (trashesise se veshjes) dhe sasise se armatures per nje
diameter te caktuar duhet te behet nje pune e mirfillte projektuese. Ne fazat paraprake te vleresimit te
hidrocentraleve mundet qe keto permasa te pranohen me afersi, ne baze te rekomandimeve dhe praktikes se
ndertimit te tuneleve hidroteknike. Trashesia e veshjes varion 10%-20% te diametrit te tunelit ne varesi te
karakteristikave te dheut ku kalon tuneli. Ne kete rsat pranojme trashesine e veshjes sa 15% e diametrit qe
do te analizojme.

-Germim tuneli me makine shpimi ne seksion 20~40 m2, K = 1 ~ 5 2278 lek/m3

-Kallepe druri per tunele ne H/Centrale, per seksion >30m 1200 lek/m2
-Beton C 25/30 per tunele, me beton pompe > 30 m 9338 lek/m3
-Hekur beton i zakonshem 12 , ne tunele me S > 30 m 132057 lek/m3

-Persa i perket armatures se vendosur pranojme nje sasi prej 0.075 Ton/m3
-Sipas cmimit aktual te tregut pranojme koston e energjise 0.054 /kWh = 7.56 lek/kWh
 Seminar 4
Percaktimi i diametrit ekonomik te tunelit te presionit
Tabela e te dhenave

Q(m3/s) 170 Kosto germimi 2278

D fillestare (m) 4 Kosto kallepi 1200

D (m) 0.2 Kosto betoni 9338

Ashpersia n 0.014 Kosto e armatures 132057

Gjatesia e Kosto e energjise

1100 7.56
tunelit (lek/kWh)

Tabela e llogaritjeve
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Kosto Kosto Kosto Kosto e
Kosto e Kosto totale e Kosto totale e Vellimi i Kosto e Kosto e
d(m) hw(m) t (m) germimi kallepi betoni armatures Energjia (kwh) Total cost
tunelit (ml) tunelit tunelit () perdorur (m3) energjise (lek) energjise ()
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
4 39.50 0.60 37839 15072 37825 40118 130854 143,939,077 1,028,136.26 1,892,160,000 203,667,744.64 1,539,728,149 10,998,058 12,026,194
4.2 30.45 0.63 41717 15826 41702 44230 143475 157,822,424 1,127,303.03 1,892,160,000 157,007,255.52 1,186,974,852 8,478,392 9,605,695
4.4 23.76 0.66 45785 16579 45768 48543 156675 172,342,571 1,231,018.36 1,892,160,000 122,510,994.18 926,183,116 6,615,594 7,846,612

Kollona K1,K11 jane te dhena

Ne kete tabele kollonat e llogaritura jane:

2 2
Kollona 2-humbjet hidraulike = 10.3 5.333
Kollona 3-K1*0.15 (sipas pranimit t=15% e diametrit)
Kollona 4- Siperfaqja e germimit x cmimi
Kollona 5- Siperfaqe kallepi x cmimi
Kollona 6-vellimi i betonit x cmimi
 Seminar 4
Percaktimi i diametrit ekonomik te tunelit te presionit
Tabela e llogaritjeve
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Kosto Kosto Kosto Kosto e
Kosto e Kosto totale e Kosto totale e Vellimi i Kosto e Kosto e
d(m) hw(m) t (m) germimi kallepi betoni armatures Energjia (kwh) Total cost
tunelit (ml) tunelit tunelit () perdorur (m3) energjise (lek) energjise ()
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
4 39.50 0.60 37839 15072 37825 40118 130854 143,939,077 1,028,136.26 1,892,160,000 203,667,744.64 1,539,728,149 10,998,058 12,026,194
4.2 30.45 0.63 41717 15826 41702 44230 143475 157,822,424 1,127,303.03 1,892,160,000 157,007,255.52 1,186,974,852 8,478,392 9,605,695
4.4 23.76 0.66 45785 16579 45768 48543 156675 172,342,571 1,231,018.36 1,892,160,000 122,510,994.18 926,183,116 6,615,594 7,846,612

Ne kete tabele kollonat e llogaritura jane:

Kollona 7-vellimi i betonit x 0.075 ton/m3

Kollona 8-K4+K5+K6+K7
Kollona 9- K8*gjatesine e tunelit
Kollona 10- K9/140
Kollona 12-2725 * K2*K11/1000000
Kollona 13-K12*cmimin e energjise
Kollona 14- K13/140
Kollona 15- K9+K14
Seminar 4
Percaktimi i diametrit ekonomik te tunelit te presionit

Tabela e llogaritjeve
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Kosto Kosto Kosto Kosto e
Kosto e Kosto totale e Kosto totale e Vellimi i Kosto e Kosto e
d(m) hw(m) t (m) germimi kallepi betoni armatures Energjia (kwh) Total cost
tunelit (ml) tunelit tunelit () perdorur (m3) energjise (lek) energjise ()
(ml) (ml) (ml) (ml)
4 39.50 0.60 37839 15072 37825 40118 130854 143,939,077 1,028,136.26 1,892,160,000 203,667,744.64 1,539,728,149 10,998,058 12,026,194
4.2 30.45 0.63 41717 15826 41702 44230 143475 157,822,424 1,127,303.03 1,892,160,000 157,007,255.52 1,186,974,852 8,478,392 9,605,695
4.4 23.76 0.66 45785 16579 45768 48543 156675 172,342,571 1,231,018.36 1,892,160,000 122,510,994.18 926,183,116 6,615,594 7,846,612
4.6 18.75 0.69 50042 17333 50023 53056 170454 187,499,517 1,339,282.26 1,892,160,000 96,654,186.87 730,705,653 5,219,326 6,558,608
4.8 14.94 0.72 54488 18086 54467 57770 184812 203,293,262 1,452,094.73 1,892,160,000 77,028,008.38 582,331,743 4,159,512 5,611,607
5 12.02 0.75 59123 18840 59101 62685 199749 219,723,807 1,569,455.76 1,892,160,000 61,958,537.05 468,406,540 3,345,761 4,915,217
5.2 9.75 0.78 63948 19594 63923 67800 215265 236,791,151 1,691,365.37 1,892,160,000 50,264,614.52 380,000,486 2,714,289 4,405,655
5.4 7.97 0.81 68961 20347 68935 73116 231359 254,495,295 1,817,823.54 1,892,160,000 41,100,988.48 310,723,473 2,219,453 4,037,277
5.6 6.57 0.84 74164 21101 74136 78632 248033 272,836,238 1,948,830.27 1,892,160,000 33,854,892.56 255,942,988 1,828,164 3,776,994
5.8 5.45 0.87 79556 21854 79526 84349 265285 291,813,980 2,084,385.57 1,892,160,000 28,076,741.16 212,260,163 1,516,144 3,600,530
6 4.54 0.90 85138 22608 85105 90266 283117 311,428,522 2,224,489.44 1,892,160,000 23,432,982.58 177,153,348 1,265,381 3,489,871
6.2 3.82 0.93 90908 23362 90873 96384 301527 331,679,863 2,369,141.88 1,892,160,000 19,673,576.02 148,732,235 1,062,373 3,431,515
6.4 3.22 0.96 96868 24115 96831 102703 320516 352,568,004 2,518,342.88 1,892,160,000 16,609,263.94 125,566,035 896,900 3,415,243
6.6 2.73 0.99 103017 24869 102977 109222 340084 374,092,944 2,672,092.46 1,892,160,000 14,095,496.55 106,561,954 761,157 3,433,249
6.8 2.33 1.02 109355 25622 109313 115942 360232 396,254,683 2,830,390.59 1,892,160,000 12,020,932.44 90,878,249 649,130 3,479,521
7 2.00 1.05 115882 26376 115838 122862 380957 419,053,222 2,993,237.30 1,892,160,000 10,299,125.27 77,861,387 556,153 3,549,390
7.2 1.72 1.08 122598 27130 122551 129983 402262 442,488,560 3,160,632.57 1,892,160,000 8,862,453.80 67,000,151 478,573 3,639,205
7.4 1.49 1.11 129504 27883 129454 137305 424146 466,560,697 3,332,576.41 1,892,160,000 7,657,648.48 57,891,823 413,513 3,746,089
7.6 1.29 1.14 136599 28637 136546 144827 446609 491,269,634 3,509,068.82 1,892,160,000 6,642,465.39 50,217,038 358,693 3,867,762
7.8 1.12 1.17 143883 29390 143828 152550 469650 516,615,370 3,690,109.79 1,892,160,000 5,783,192.81 43,720,938 312,292 4,002,402
8 0.98 1.20 151356 30144 151298 160473 493271 542,597,906 3,875,699.33 1,892,160,000 5,052,767.18 38,198,920 272,849 4,148,549
8.2 0.86 1.23 159018 30898 158957 168597 517470 569,217,241 4,065,837.44 1,892,160,000 4,429,338.93 33,485,802 239,184 4,305,022
8.4 0.76 1.26 166870 31651 166806 176922 542249 596,473,375 4,260,524.11 1,892,160,000 3,895,173.04 29,447,508 210,339 4,470,863
8.6 0.67 1.29 174911 32405 174844 185447 567606 624,366,309 4,459,759.35 1,892,160,000 3,435,800.57 25,974,652 185,533 4,645,293
8.8 0.59 1.32 183141 33158 183071 194172 593542 652,896,042 4,663,543.16 1,892,160,000 3,039,359.68 22,977,559 164,125 4,827,669
9 0.52 1.35 191560 33912 191487 203099 620057 682,062,575 4,871,875.53 1,892,160,000 2,696,080.68 20,382,370 145,588 5,017,464
Seminar 4
Percaktimi i diametrit ekonomik te tunelit te presionit
Grafiku i kostos totale

Diametri ekonomik
6,000,000

5,000,000

4,000,000
Kosto ()

3,000,000
Kosto e energjise
2,000,000 Kosto e tunelit
Kosto totale
1,000,000

-
4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.8 8 8.2 8.4 8.6 8.8 9
Diametri (m)

Nga grafiku i mesiperm shihet se diametri me i pershtatshem per kushtet e problemit eshte rreth vleres
D=6.2 m. Analiza me te detajuara ekonomike mund te behen duke marre parasysh shpenzimet
financiare te kredise per ndertimin e tunelit, NPV te tunelit dhe energjise se humbur, shpenzime te
amortizimit etj.