THEORY OF ELASTICITYENGINEERING SOCIETIES MONOGRAPHS Bakhmeto!: Hydra of Open Chanele she ie ta a ati cea ssc mae in he ea RES ‘omood Na ALER, ese Fay THEORY » oF ELASTICITY By 8, TIMOSHENKO And J. N.GOODIER Pros of Binsin Maan “hoe © aman [sotto rags} BIE i. 1395 2 202... ¥ t MooRA BOK COMPANY, oePREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION “The many developments sn larcationsin the theory of sii snd it appleaioas which have ooarred sac the fst edition waa triten ane rected in ntmeroue adios ad emendations in the Jreent edo.” ‘The arangemeat of tho book remains the sane for The irainents of the photodastis method, tnodlimensionl prublems in euriienr cordate, and thermal stress have been ‘ove and enlarged into separste new chapter which present many ‘tethdes and elution not given inte former dition, An append (in te method of fine dierencs and ite aplleation neuding the ‘elsation method, ha bien added Nest aris and paragraphs Jemeprata inthe cbr chapter deal wic the theory of the tain Fuge uete gravy teats Sxit-Veraas principe the components Strotaton, tbe pros thorem,geaeral solutions, ihe approximate Character f the plone sre wlan ear of Cie a center of “itr tonunal sess conentraton a li, the appro eat tment of slender (og, sid if) sections in torion and bending, fi the colar elder witha band of prewue rcs for the stent have ean added covering the texts far ste endo tho chpier on torsion, Tse phase to make grateful acknowledment of the many helpful cugetions which have bun cantibutd hy readers ofthe book. 8. TowoenevKo TN. GoosePREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION Daring recent year the thor of elasticity hue fund considerable application in the solution of engineering pratloms. ‘There cw many SEE which tho elementary methods of strengt of materials are ‘SSquateto furnish stator Information segading stress dists- ‘ation a eagnering structure, and resume must be made to the Tore powerful meted of the theory of lati. The elementary ‘ogee to give information regarding Ioealstromes et the ands ad went the eupports of beams. Tt fal loin the canes tren the stea dtsibution in bodily, all th dimensions of which (Wor the cure order, has to be investigated "The stress in rls “odin blo basings ean be found only by wing the mets ofthe ‘ory af castcty, ‘The elementary theory gives no means of Investigating stems i regions of sharp variation in crom action of Tams or safes Tes known that af roetran comers high stress oncetrtion once aod a ret of thin ercks are ikl to start ‘itech comers esa if the srsctare is abmited tow reveral of roman "The tajeity of freeturee of machine parts in verve an in atibutd to much eras ‘ang recent year conserable progres hasbeen made in solving such prcticly apartant problems. In eaves where a rgorous sl ion tannot be rity obtained, approximate methods have been Alveopat Te some case tltions have en obtained by wing perimental sothod At ap example of this the photonato Telbol of wdving twodimensionsl protems af clastilty may be Ttestoned. ‘The photodaatie equipment may be found now st Uiventes and loo fanny Induwralrosesch laboratories. The ‘alte of potelats expernienta have proved spol tefl in ‘dying various ease of trem concentration ot pints of eharp ‘ston ofermanctonalditenionr anda sharp ils of sentrant former Wiout any doubt tae Teale have considerably ifa- fond the modern design of tashine parts and helped in may eases to iprove the eoustuction by eliminating weak pots from which ‘cack may tar “Another example of the mcconfal application of experiments in Ue ation of laity pebleme athe top fim method for deter ‘ning tives in torsion and bending of pramatical bart Thei peavace 10 11R Finse EDITION ie protest ston of pati life equations with et re evo re eave in sce by menstroments eet deoios ef pooper eetched wt lade nn oa a eo tha in tas tay not oly Wal tre of ae eaten but alo the twcnany afomation repre ve pcan bo eta ih am acurcy out ft ‘eta sppetin eae pe Geta anslogy whish gives meant of ovatgting ct ata af yar deter st she lets ad ‘ori SEaing The atlogy between th pole fending Ferre teedimansinal role feat ta oben Sa ld ne enn importa engiering pres ec pein of tis bok the intention vat fo vet eh eee ef, tho mcesary fundamental knowledge of Tees actihy Te wax slo intended to bring together tins sis hich may be of receal importance and (0 oes re and experimental method of the sition of stat probes Ta praca aplication of tho sheryl, sore thant ert od tow which ve nota lt Mject applatiom in engseting hare bows. ite in {Sora Gunn pee con yin ach testa by comparing ha eis exact ivetgaions ea inte aon mul ven inte cemetary beaks cee mates eon a devgersequve s thorugh under Ane res tibuton i evgcering sector, ad earn to ang vantage mgr metodo os analy, Satta docuaion of pel probes im meet cars the method cea deamon esters aad the we ofthe compatilby Se a terme of ee component har own apd, Thi Sel moe ero nner wo ar aly interes nthe oe epics, Bye uae itedction fees funetins sare eo alten ne than that in wc equations of ‘oi a tome of acoment ae id Mr eth en method of sltion of ty problems ye in wa th tegen of erent equations ae the avetaion a misma conditions of ean intr reac Pile elbod is problem of vaio cael is rae as Mann problem of sing ritimum ofa function seduced t= tl pranaats salto ean be obtained any racially porate ‘Tosimplify the preeetaton, the book gin withthe discussion of ‘codimensomal eon and ony Iter, when the reader as fniiar- {int hitmel withthe vt meade aed inte solution of problems 1 he theory of eaeny,azethrerdimension probleme disused ‘Fue portions of the book tat, although of practi! importance, are ‘heh tat theyean be omitted Oring the Sst meadig rept in mal {jpe The vader may seturn tothe study of such problems afer Fahing withthe most event portion of the book "The mathematical derivations are ut in an elementary form and sly do aot requie ore material knowledge thas given i diving srbols Jn the case of more complieuted problems all ‘teonary explanations sad intermediate calealtions are given {hr the reer enn fellow without dilieally tyough all the derea- ions "Only ina ow cesar Boal ret glven without complete Alrvetions ‘Then the nessaryreferencs to the papers in which the ‘eviveion ean bo found are lage ven. Th numerous ontnotes ference o paper ad books an the theory catty whieh may be of practi importanos are given. Those telrencer ina be of interest fo engineers who ws to sy some Tesi problems in sure detail, "hey pve loo 0 pete of the ‘Botern Jeelpmant ef the teary of elastilty and may be of tome Ane to paduata students who are planing to take thir work i this fi Tn the preparation of the book the contonts of «previous Bool. (theory of Busey,” vol T, Sk Peterdvung, Rosin, 1018) on {iSsame sabjech whieh repress course of ture om the theory ‘i latiy given in noveral Kasson engincering whoo, were aed to a large extent. "The author ws asst in ht wok By Dr. fs H. Dono and Dr 4.X, Goce, who rad ove the complete manusrpt and to whom ‘es lndebted for many eorections and mugestins, Tho author tGkes this opportunity to thank also Prof G- It MacCallugh, Dr. ELE, Webel, Pro, M Sadowsky, and Mr-D. 1. Young, wh assed nthe nal preparation ofthe book hy reading sme portions of the Deinarpt He i indebted lho to Mr LS. Vewnetra forthe prep ‘ation of drawings at to Mis. E, D. Weiter forte typing of te 8 TseesoCONTENTS 1 Secu neta "cee rent aeons SRE sy aia PERS: a Rereste ass z a een i ieee a i Secunia 3 Seite = Grete Poco : 7 Diller Baas of Exum ws # EEE respects Sarat 3 2 See 2 poms 2 i Sasa : Simms sage 8 ery 2 ieee z % Sa = 2 cesar i Epi acccadde 8 i Ras 2 ened : cgay, roses rox meen bm B eemariait ise i 00 ‘5, Annie Puen and Lplnw's Kain ist . Doplasennt Comapendng te Ge See Poco 2, awe gn rm Bes i {Sie ant Digan in Tenn Cals Porta 22, Oi Hemmtry Boone a 2 hat eens Cane Bmnay Cane SN Sg uae 3av conrawrs Btn af Tere bine iy ergy Mod ‘The Use of Soup Fie in Solving Torin Problems, Hotpoint Is To os Burn wich Oe Ci Stn in Fae 10s, Badig af» Cmte Atal Rein 1 Te Shai Beng inate Sop Nit 1 Damien HE, Pan ctu ening SSS2RENTT2 116, Gara Ezatonn TER femeio Deronin a ae Cyne {Ub To Crt Cyne Band Pron, {Eb Twin of eta ing tor 13t,Pu Brg of Geta Rang tr cares 1 THERMAL STRESS 12, The Simpl Cnn Terma Se Deteton {Ht Then Grea Da Tmt yan tot ie BSSEESS ESSERE 138, The Lng Cllr Cider o tbe Tee ie & 1 eine = Te eee on sa Wave of Dlaton into He EE Popaanibeacvavnove te arte on nb i vvost, THE APPLICATION OF FINITE DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 1 Detain of Pe Diese Bunion “ ‘Peron aor th shins Crm Sines pid ‘Bn Seat oer Jatin ocr aro Waite ise BB 888NOTATION rl tert of tdwe, 90) att nd tego wit agate in par oe Cop tie tins oe em ‘Fhe snjugn complex varie = — 4. ‘Reeat yea eet {et onl pmb Cait foal spasm CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 4 last, AIL structural mistrial poset to certain extent ‘he property of lay, if exteraa ores, prducng dormation ‘anteuotre, donot exceed a coral init, tho deformation disappears withthe removal of tho fore Throughout thi book it wil be Ssmed that tho Dodie undergsng tho action of exieraal fores are precy lasts, that they resume then form completely afer removal of ora. The mulculestevtute of elatic baie wll at be considered here 1 il beastumed thatthe mater fan laste ody shomapennas and entindouslyditbuted over ie volume wo tht the smart element ‘itrom the body passe the sme epee physical propertis as the ‘ody. Toslmplify the dacusion wil lz be assumed tat the ody istwrpi, ce, ist the elartepropertis are the sme all dections. ‘Structural steals wally donot sui the above sasimptions ‘Such an important matriala ste, for instance when tude with a Inerszop, i sen to const of erystals of various Kinds and various ‘entations. The material is very far ftom beng homogeneous, but ‘xptience chows that solution ofthe theory of lastly aad on the ‘sumptions of homogenety and otopy can be applied to sted etrue- foes wth very great sceuracy. Tho explanation of thsi thatthe crystal ze very mall; sual there are mills af them in one cubis finch of ate While the elatie properties of single erysal may be very diferent in difereat dvetons, the esta ae ordinary d= ‘shuted at random and the asic proper of lager pcos of metal ‘eprom averages of propertin ofthe erste. long atthe geo- rtricldimensons dining the frm os body ars lagen comparison with the dimensions of «singe erst the aipson of homogenty can be used with great aecarney, and if the erytals ae orientated a ‘andom the mate oan be treat a trop, ‘When, duet certintechalogcl procomes auch aa rolling, ser tain orlentatin of Ue erystals ina metal previ the cate properties 1 the motal boom diferent in diferent dietions and the canton f anisvopy must be eonaered. We have mach a condition, for ‘axtance inthe ease of coldrled capper.2 rusony op siasticirY tres. Tat Fig repremt bayou. Cader tho adie inal fate Prater fw be pros ca geome Sint. Tota the meget ofthe fore ae us imaga ho dy ie into wo pate and 3 Sm i eg spt Conte one tae ar oan cf el thet ecu Gr the ti eter feces Prand he iner {fee dnt over he coe ‘Soe mo and orotate Siow othe muri of the art Bontbe atl athe pet Sea be aout thn feat {sia ove the aren marin tho See vey tat hydra pe. Shree ind pomore cont Suny Sted over the face own act The sagen af much foes ar way techy i ein ay hyn sant repr ei Teme an whch tiny ack Ta Gacoing intra frts this Intent ead aren TS spl coe of «patel tar hited oteon by one frm ited ovr the eo Fi 2), tener fret Seu tedy dated over any et etn Sut iaielneltenyet the dieuton eye ELL ‘Mia en be sail ty viding th tt ole fee Poy the cual res the come be ro wiry iit rms eer ee Fie Th tes ne nr dsb ve SLE ae the apie of oe cing oo TEU enton tects mmsteny [TT TET crume tan ie focenscing ross an Free ate, do i acon materia ar Bike er ofthe part 4 ean boreuced onrentanta. TE aon enec socal ra 6 hinting alae Wr sy pve the mage of he sew cig a he cee lat chop 0 Telnting dition fhe rant Ein The deoton ol tow sre, In the nr cst drrtion of _erRopvcri0N 3 sen einai othe aren 3 om which tact and we ually vsnve tint tre componente: normal sre perpendicular tthe ates, ad 1 sharing son acting in the plane of th avn 3, Notation for Forces and Stresset.‘Thote ar to kinds of extar- tal fores which may act oa bodion "Fores distbated ovr the sur {on the bdy, such asthe pressure of ene bay on another, or hydro atic pres rw called erfece ee.” ores distributed over the "Volume of a body, sich ne gravitational fore, magnets fre, o “hens of bry in motion neta foros ae called body force. TO furiace fore per anit area we shall rally eave into Ces compo ‘eat paral athe cordate see and we for hoe component the totation 7,2, Weshal alo racve th body fore pe nit volume {nto three componente and denate thse componente by X,Y, Z e ‘Wo shall wo the liter « fr de- noting normal stress and the eter ‘for shearing sts. To indeata {be aiection of tho plane on which {he see i noting tects 0 hese letters arpa, Ifwetakea ‘ery small bie ment st polat 0, ig I, with sides parallel to the ‘ordinate ase, the notations for the eompoaeale of sts acting om Pm the sees of the ements the directions taken a postive ate ae Indleted in Fig. For ce ses of the element perpendicular tothe ‘rash, for notes, the noemal components of sess acting a those ides be denoted by ap. The sibeerpty indieats thatthe srs ‘sting ns plane nora tothe yas The normal sre i taken Preiive en it produoee tension and negative when it produces “The searing sco x rtlved into two components parallel tothe Coordinate suet Two subset letters are used in his eso, ho fst indenting the dvetion ofthe aoa to the plane under eonsideration ‘tthe second indicating dhe dietin of th saponet ofthe ste Forinatance if we gain consider the sides perpendicular tothe 9 {he component In thereon is dened by te ad hatin the fivction by nye "The postive dvetios of the component of shat {ng sts on at ldo ofthe eubie lament aro taken a= th pasitve Aecons ofthe crardinata axes ta tense on tho same #86 ‘ould have the postive deeton of the cereponding ais. Ifthea ampony oF mtasricry tense strcat has a dition oppsite tothe pov ax, the pest GREES Tike oteorng verse components shouldbe revered. Fol- {eat this ae she postive dretions of ll he componeats of tress (ain ont ht ede ofthe bie ment (Fig. 8) ined with tho Southe tresion ofthe cordate axes. The postive diretons aro ‘Shreve if we are considering the let ide of thin element. i Gaanponeats of Stes Prin the daeusson of the previous ade neoc tet foreach pair of paral ids of cube demon SEN sie, nero ened to denote the normal component ‘ates nad fo more tymbolto dante the two component fees {hg sre, "To deeb the trans ating on thea sen of «cab ‘Shnon tre eytbels ey ry ey are necesary for norma treme and iS Soa yt ts on fo fe sea Grate By simploconsideratonof the ena vim ofthe element the numberof symbale forchearing ssn ean be reduced to thre. ‘we take the rmoments ofthe forces ating on tae loment shot the ass for insane, oy {he surface strmes shown in Fig. 4 ned be ea ey ‘ord Body fore ch he weight of Pea ‘tement, ean bonegectod in tis instaee, which {ellos from the fact tbat in rotucing the imeosis of the element the body fores acting on it diminish s+ the cube of tho near dimensians while the surface fres diminish nx he oqune ef tho liner dimension. Teno for very small element ‘oly foresee pnall quantities of higher order than surface frces and Can bo egieted in eaulstng the urface foros, Sir, moments {ln to nonuniformity of diteibetion of normal fores ar of higher ‘ides tun tho due Uo the searing frees and vanish in the Limi ‘Tivo frees ench ide can bo casiered Lo be the area of teed ‘Gine the stees the middle, ‘Then devoting te dimensions of the ell eemest in Fig 4B de dy ds, she equation of equim ofthis ment, aking moments of forces bout the 2x i nde dy de = yd dy de “The two other equations can be obtained in ce ame maser, From thee equatans we Sad = o lace fortwo perpendicla sides of eubie lement the components of wrnopverion 5 stern srs predate in of into hs sie are equal. ‘ Tie quaitiees ty en = ttn = tne = rete suf toda he tan Se oe srsate ese eee an aees a ere TU be hor afer (Ae) hat witha ic ponent ston any nlp ghee pat can be detained, “S Components of Strtin. Tn dicuning SSR tection an dats ot ‘asumed tat thereareenough constraints to Leh Prevent the body from moving ar a vig =A Trad, s0 that displacements of prices rms Cf the boty ae pute wiboat © dtomation of nn ys tras a ging stm icone The eal pacts ricer Saomod tay lal be rove Into compen m9 Perel once m9, topstvl Tel wel Sh pve all gt ninety ‘vr the ame othe bay Coma mal demon yd els ‘Sey (ig). th body ondngn arate eh tthe compan of the dpncoment of th t,t diac tnt ihe dro of on Mies pant dom the oa eer . J wt tee + eo thine 6/8) de t |] eeuiibrimefvemaliectane EP fare a olga rand“ fe a unity (Fig. 19). ‘The’ stremea £ "ark sting an the faves 1, 2,3, 4, und Eyl oe . Spiess ot Seon the yaa of ves Shromchoat the mary te rae oo tan not ata th me foresee the Feisty the mip he eangos Fe 187 Foetal ae polio the finn dental yy, ate he fr ery malt creping fo aed hy malo ‘these values by the sreas of the faces on which they net.? . SSD aE cage ttn met Ke tr wk2 rusony or siasriciry "The body fore on tho block, which mas neleted ar asmal gusotty sf higher order in eonsidring th equim ofthe tingle pris ‘FF 12, must be taken int conseration,beraue ifthe ame ‘order of ragnitude at the terme du tothe rations of the seen ‘components which are now under eansderation, It, Y dena the ‘components of body fre pr ust wom, the equation of euliram, for fore inthe lietion (ook = Gk-+ (raeh ~ (lsh + XE = 0 or, viding by ak, n= ede 4 ads ~ brads dag tede 4 Gad = Odes rag now the Blok ston smaller and smal, 2, A 0, +, the limit tds (eh is end by the defiition of wah a devivative Simiasly (4) = Ga)4/E becomes dra/dy. ‘The equation of ele brim fr foes in the yeti i btnined in the same manne Thus Sexo bg ory wet eymo 1m practical applications the weight ofthe ody is usally the only brady fore, ‘The, taking the yrasis downward aad denoting by» the ‘set per unit vlumo of the body, Rae. (8) besome 0) at ay? One Sew o Saket moo ‘Thee are th diferent quai qv fr two-dimen 1. Boundary Condions, Ruations (18) oF (19) must bo mated st all points throughout the volume ef the Body. The tea compor nents vary over the volume af the plat, and when we arrive at the boundary they matt be such eo be in equim withthe extort foreeson th boundary ofthe plate, a tht external forces may be regarded asa coatiaaaton ofthe inital vrs dsributlons "The ‘tions of equiiiium atthe boundary ean be obtained om Fae G2}. ‘Taking the small triangular rims OBC (Fig 13) o hat the ido BC coineides withthe boundary ofthe plate, az shown in Fig, 20, PLANE STRESS AND PLANE STRAIN 2 sand denoting by Sand P the components of the wrface force por wit ‘Hoe at thie pol of te boundary, welave Le lect mre Ponti ol) in which Land m ar the direction cosines ofthe normal 3 to the boundary in the pare cae of «rectangular plat the coordinate aes are ‘sally taken parallel to the ede of tho pate and the boundary cond tions (20) cane simplified. "Taking, or instance ide of the plate ‘arllel to tho s-xis wo have fr ths pat of tho boundary the normal paral tothe ass; hence = 0 and SL. Buntone (20) then boom g- Pm te Hc the positive sgn should bo tke ifthe rommal Nas the postive dzeton ofthe \ {panies the negative sgn fr the opposite Afreton of Te som frm thi that the boundary the strar componente come equal to the emponents sf the murfac ores per unit aren ofthe boundary 16, Compatibility Equations. Tho problem of the theory of elas tic analy to determine the tatoo tea in boy eubaitd to the ation of given force. In the ere of two-dimensional probe, iia necenary to salve the diferetial equations of equilibria (1, sod the solution inst be nich at to antsy the boendary conditions (at). "Thee equation, dried by application of the equations af atic for absolutely igi bods, and containing thro stress cmpo- ‘eat monty reo unt forthe determination ofthese compo ‘ent "The problem ea stately indeterminate one and in order to ‘stan the sation the late deformation of the bey ia also be sidered. "The mathematical formulation ofthe condition fr compatibility of tres disttution with the existence of continuous funetoas 8 ‘lefning the deformation wil be atained frm Eg. (2). Inthe cam ‘ Groeimensinal problems any three sin components need be ‘omderd, namely, ou, we Bee © ‘Thos thre ran components are express by two functions wand noe they cannot be taken arbiter and there exis certain ela™ srupony oF masricery Wo between the tain compononts which can easly be obtainod from (a). Difeentiasing the fit ofthe Ege. () twice with rspat to ‘he svond tice with espe oz, and Ue hed once with epect o'> stone with rept toy, we Sad 2 4 My Bt M4 Ss-oe a erential relation, ele the condition of eompaiity, sited bythe strain components to neue the exten of ‘and connected withthe strain componente by Hs (a). By sng Hooks law, [Ege], the condition (21) can be transformed into relation between the components of str Tn the case of plane tes diatTbution (At 7), Bg. () reduce to chem, woh @ ee eee tae @ Setting i. od *, * aan ce Bee mtha-mamsnts 0 "This equation cane written in a diferent form by weing te enationn st equbrinmn. For the ease wen the weg of the body isthe only boy fore, dierentiting the fet of Ea 18) with rep! to and ‘the Scud wit eapect oy and adding them, we Gnd ara)” ae ~ Ht Substtting in Bq), the compatilty equation ia terme of tea ‘components tecomes Es Z)arwne oo Prooteding inthe same manner withthe general equations of eaiih- rium (18) we fd (B+ B)ore- 1a the cae of plane stain (Art. 8), we have es sd from Hooke’ aw (Exe 3), Sd an pla = 1+ ed : on = f= rin nm en santana a dg he gto og ee ee ee ee Ceara ance emcee pee ielerertetg erteionr (G+ B)etoe-b(E+2) a ate cn 0) (9) gtr ry Seperated a een et aly Oa ee ae Se sane ae eee, eee eee meatal ee upto ao BS rhree dot ta aa ener ence eet naea teas oe ia asee roa ee ee eee Sears at aa er ——™—- pe ee peers prepress Sp Shee aes chattel patel me es mel ented eietnnonret tata at ae ee command aeons means or ae ceca ea ier eae fame fetes een ae ace ete in shee eas proviel the shape he boundary onde extra fron at the sae” 2 lan do hr ae umpteen te han (21) ihr in ‘ace by or mami sown net i of te metic ed ern te ts "thi tatnet may nu sotto sh tpl spe tare, tte tien cn ay el ys dee6, Stress Function. Tt ha heen shown that anlaton of two= oo Bw Ga duty — Ont Sader} Ont a oon Bh eat ee tect he tem = BSE ~~ po — eat — deat + eet Sat Aesincoticente oy «dave arbitrary, and in adjusting theme seb soltions for vargas onding conditions of spate. Taking, Li tiiiy + ; i * x t = at THT TTT Rarere gen [= 1 er t forint, ete dy glo wid asty — 199) oo Wt o soo nda ‘The normal free ar uniformly dstebated along the longituinat sides of the plate (Fig. 250) Along ce ide 2 = J the normal freee ont of two pars one following ainear Iw and he othr flloving claw of cubic pembol, The chening ores are proportional a fon the longing sides ofthe pate and follow a aruba la along theside = The dintibuton ofthe stremes ieshow in Fg 200. ‘Since Bg, (0 e« Fnour diferental equation, i may be conluded hata ram of evera solitons of thin equation x alo sautin. We ‘an superpane the elementary scons eomederd in this aril and in the manner arrive ate aoatons of pte interes. Several fsanipln of the application of this spethod of superpoiion Wil be ‘idee. 26, Ssint vont’ Pence To se prvi ate seve eee were duran mnie tae sto for tangle ate wee "sod by ating vo snp fae for he ses fet. Te tech cal the eqn ef at ae ab th enn Steen enya fers rte ine meer gee, Inthecuwof pretend orineance ie 25, he ening en tn be pnd ty oss dempsey se tenons and eames ng ronorna tthe dante ene best ah ‘Tseng he cays ant bch ae to Interfere with dinar he pln of he end. the stove conde ‘Suse ot lil te beng moment spel noms ‘itwrent not oh oe eth te npn her oe tm tbe nd etn th son gen nr 1 ranger a cet ‘shin oe poi, The acta ity th tn boweer ‘aa ined to muh sped en, Te san bo spl ih eal Sin carer en ning i wih cece th ent Ste eo spony med, Such exenton i th pote {issues eo aston the sole pine Son ent This incl sae ia ifthe lr actng ov eal pono ‘use of anna pal by ase ee out Sle of oer singe the tne pron terry te ole ‘Ct ote ode ata hanger hc eee caly bath ei wor oh sa at asset ag npion wh tle ines the maroon hh hn fen ae shang.” For tne, nthe con of yr ting of 0 ‘etna stip ig 2 he etna dines sith ce ‘ll eprom ih gh he nse of span of ho ‘teal beofing ment fests theses date ely he ‘ik of ton a connec rian vm eon, vhs the ro dro lb aca iven by hese thn to nic Fig 2 ee “Team tent cao i enson. Only nar th aed tnd ders then datas doen on the mane ef piping an fens frs ad era sti dance fom ce a the Scour are ptilyekoriy Gite, Sone example ‘rating ths ttn ad hong how rail ho seca dbton become prt lr wil dred ater xe ge) ‘dred ier p50. ™ =10, Determination of Displacements. When the components of strc: are found fom the previous equations the components of strain ‘an be obtained by using Hook's nw, Has. (2) and (6). Then the Geplecements ad's canbe obtaned rom the equations Baw Baw Babar © “The integration of these equations in each partiular ease doesnot ‘vent nay italy, aod we shall have several example of their pplication, Te may be seen at ne that the strain eompanents (0) ‘ain unchanged i ead Lo wand vse Finer fonctions enue ® in which, 6 andcarecontants, hia means tht the displacements fre not entry deterinod hy the strewes and vrans, On the di Flscements duc to th itera sesne » doplacoment ike that of « Fila body ean beeuperpood, The constants and ein Bas) repre (iota traaltory motion ofthe body ad he constant is a tall hee of rotation ofthe igh bay about the ss "Teas been shown (oe page 25) tht in the exc of constant boy forces the ves datsutin the same for plane tes ditebtin oF plabe strain The doplacements however are diferent for thew tro Probleme, ns inthe ate of plane stew ditto the éomponcats strain entering Into Ege.) are given by equations weeth, om L 1 1 eB om we Bem ten ote ‘din th ee of plane strain desea components are Lia = ee Hh $9 Hla = re. a (1 Ded fer oe 7 we He teal= HU ery {Wis eaily vere that these equations canbe obtained frm the pre- ‘eding se for plane ste by replacing Bin theater by B/(L ~ edobys/(l = 9), Thee mubatitatans eave, whichis £/2(. +), hanged. Th intgration of Eqs () wll be shown Inter fo die ‘ug pater problems ‘rwo.piwxysio¥aL peopieMs 35 20, Bending of a Cantlover Loaded a the Bad. Consider» canti- ver having a arrow retangulr ete: etin of unit width bent by a force P nppliod at the end (Pi. 26) The upper and lower edge ae free from lond, and abearng foros, having Teulant Pate dir teibuted along the ead z= (These condition an he satiety 8 [oper comblcation of pure shear, ‘wth the stresses) of APL repre™ T — feared in Fig 24. Superpesing the (Fh. pure teary = By on hostess (0), we ind ‘oar te nin ly = 4 om we mt ae (denn hen o tm wih 2 e ‘To atin the condition on the loaded end the sum of the shearing force dntrivted ver this end mare be ogi to P. Hence! Lowa [eter Swbattting shee values of ds and bin Eas (a) we Bad from which [Noting that eis the moment of inertia of the ert weston of the cantor, we bare6 sruwony oF muasricrTy ‘This coinces completely withthe elementary solution ven in Toss onthe srength of materials It shoud be noted that this ation representa an est satan only f the searing Fores om the ‘usar distributed scendig to he same parable las the sheat- petro at the ntensty of the normal forces at the bun ead rapertional to yo Ifthe foros athe eade are distributed in any ther manner, the tea dntbution () not core solution or he dn ofthe eaatever, bu hy vite of Sant-Venant's principle bean te conndered ntfactory for erom mection at ensemble distance Som the eds. Titus consider now the diplacementeoresponing to the streses (0) Applying Hooks law we find “The procedure for obtaining the components and ofthe deplace- fen cmtaintegating Hp) 8 (By teat Ba, (owe 8 w= Ps, +00) tu which Jy) and fia) ae a yt unknown fanstions of only and = fy. Bubiutag then ale of wand vn Ea, (2) we Sd Pet 0) 4 PY ALY Per gn ~ art Gp + Gar tae =~ ae mn this uation sone term are funetions of en, some are fanetions ay ealy, and one i Independeat of both 2 andy. Denoting thesn ranpe by Fn), Gy) K, we have ~ PEG, oy) - 8 + BEG oe ‘Such an equation means that F(z) must be some coslant d and Gy) Some covatnte- OthervineF() and O(y) wou vary with + abd Teopetively, and by varying alone, o aloe, the equality would be {TWO-DIMENSIONAL PROBLENS ” violated, "Thaw pe ean BS sod Functions) and ie ae then one Pe 1)-- BM tase =P $00) = PE eae k Smug inthe expremions for and we ind we —2eY_ wPyt By on Ee Oe ae h ® ‘he entre d hima now bedelra fom B ()and sm ‘iene eit feat ae aeoary to Set oe Set on ering ig by In he apne” ferent Dot te snl nd ro i can sod’? Evacolurs=iy~ Oandwe tad tan DG) ono, ‘The deletion curve b obtained by substituting y = 0 ito the second of Eas.) Then Popo ee = Fey — Ey at 2) ® For determining the constant inthis equation we must eth did condition of contuint,ciminating the possibilty of rotation of the tram inthe zy-plane aboot the ed point This constraint ean be relied in vaio ways. Let us ensidor two eases: (1) When an ele tea ofthe axiof the beam fixed atthe en A. ‘Then the eeadiin 2) (2) When a verti clement ofthe eros mstion a he pol A aed, -o ®