Bao v qua dong

Bao v qua dong

Bi:
PGS.TS. L Kim Hng

Bo v qu dng

Bo v qu dng c thi gian (51):

Bo v qu dng c th lm vic theo c tnh thi gian c lp (ng 1) hoc ph

thuc (ng 2) hoc hn hp (ng 3;4). Thi gian lm vic ca bo v c c tnh
thi gian c lp khng ph thuc vo tr s dng ngn mch hay v tr ngn mch, cn
i vi bo v c c tnh thi gian ph thuc th thi gian tc ng t l nghch vi
dng in chy qua bo v, dng ngn mch cng ln th thi gian tc ng cng b.

Bo v qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian c lp:

u im ca dng bo v ny l cch tnh ton v ci t ca bo v kh n gin v d

p dng. Thi gian t ca cc bo v phi c phi hp vi nhau sao cho c th ct
ngn mch mt cch nhanh nht m vn m bo c tnh chn lc ca cc bo v.

c tnh thi gian ca bo v qu dng c lp (1), ph thuc (2) v hn hp (3, 4) (Hnh 4.1)

1/30
Bao v qua dong

Hin nay thng dng 3 phng php phi hp gia cc bo v qu dng lin k l
phng php theo thi gian, theo dng in v phng php hn hp gia thi gian v
dng in.

Phi hp cc bo v theo thi gian:

y l phng php ph bin nht thng c cp trong cc ti liu bo v rle

hin hnh. Nguyn tc phi hp ny l nguyn tc bc thang, ngha l chn thi gian
ca bo v sao cho ln hn mt khong thi gian an ton t so vi thi gian tc ng
ln nht ca cp bo v lin k trc n (tnh t pha ph ti v ngun).

tn = t(n-1)max + t (4-1)

Trong :

tn: thi gian t ca cp bo v th n ang xt.

t(n-1)max: thi gian tc ng cc i ca cc bo v ca cp bo v ng trc n (th

n).

t: bc chn lc v thi gian c xc nh bi cng thc:

t = ER.10-2.[t(n-1)max + tn] + tMC(n-1) + tdp 2.10-2.ER.t(n-1)max + tMC (n-1) + tqt + tdp

(4-2)

Vi:

ER: sai s thi gian tng i ca chc nng qu dng cp ang xt (c th gy tc ng

sm hn) v cp bo v trc (ko di thi gian tc ng ca bo v), i vi rle s
thng ER = ( 3 5)% tu tng rle.

tMC (n-1): thi gian ct ca my ct cp bo v trc, thng c gi tr ly bng (0,1

0,2) sec i vi MC khng kh, (0,06 0,08) sec vi MC chn khng v (0,04 0,05)
sec vi MC kh SF6.

tqt: thi gian sai s do qun tnh khin cho rle vn trng thi tc ng mc d ngn
mch b ct, vi rle s tqt thng nh hn 0,05 sec.

tdp: thi gian d phng.

i vi rle in c bc chn lc v thi gian t thng c chn bng 0,5 sec, rle
tnh khong 0,4 sec cn i vi rle s t = (0,2 0,3) sec ty theo loi my ct c
s dng.

2/30
Bao v qua dong

Gi tr dng in khi ng ca bo v IKB trong trng hp ny c xc nh bi:

Kat.Kmm.Ilvmax
IKB = Ktv (4-3)

Trong :

Kat: h s an ton m bo cho bo v khng ct nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi do

sai s khi tnh dng ngn mch (k n ng cong sai s 10% ca BI v 20% do tng
tr ngun b bin ng).

Kmm: h s m my, c th ly Kmm= (1.5 2,5).

Ktv: h s tr v ca chc nng bo v qu dng, c th ly trong khong (0,85 0,95).

S d phi s dng h s Ktv y xut pht t yu cu m bo s lm vic n nh
ca bo v khi c cc nhiu lon ngn (hin tng t m my ca cc ng c sau khi
TL ng thnh cng) trong h thng m bo v khng c tc ng.

Gi tr dng khi ng ca bo v cn phi tho mn iu kin:

Ilvmax < IKB < IN min (4-4)

Vi:

Ilv max: dng in cc i qua i tng c bo v, thng xc nh trong ch cc

i ca h thng, thng thng:

Ilv max = (1,05 1,2).Im (4-5)

Trong trng hp khng tho mn iu kin (4-4) th phi s dng bo v qu dng c

kim tra p.

IN min: dng ngn mch nh nht khi ngn mch trong vng bo v.

Khi yu cu phi ci t gi tr dng khi ng cho rle, gi tr ny s c tnh theo

cng thc:

K(3).IKB
s
IKR = nI (4-6)

Trong :

nI: t s bin i ca BI.

3/30
Bao v qua dong

I(3)
(3) R
K s: h s s , ph thuc vo cch mc s BI K(3)
s = . i vi s sao hon
I(3)
T
ton hoc sao khuyt th K(3) (3)
s = 1, cn s s 8 th Ks = 3.

Phi hp cc bo v theo dng in:

thng thng ngn mch cng gn ngun th dng ngn mch cng ln v dng ngn
mch ny s gim dn khi v tr im ngn mch cng xa ngun. Yu cu t ra y l
phi phi hp cc bo v tc ng theo dng ngn mch sao cho rle gn im ngn
mch nht s tc ng ct my ct m thi gian tc ng gia cc bo v vn chn theo
c tnh thi gian c lp. Nhc im ca phng php ny l cn phi bit cng sut
ngn mch ca ngun v tng tr Z gia hai u Z t rle m ta cn phi phi hp
m bo tnh chn lc. chnh xc ca bo v c th s khng m bo i vi cc
Z gn ngun c cng sut ngn mch bin ng mnh hoc ngn mch qua tng tr c
gi tr ln. Do nhng nhc im trn m phng php phi hp theo dng in thng
s dng bo v cc Z c cng sut ngun t bin ng v cho mt dng ngn mch.

Phng php ny tnh theo dng ngn mch pha v la chn gi tr t ca bo v sao
cho rle gn im s c nht s tc ng. Gi s xt ngn mch 3 pha N(3) ti im
N2 trn hnh 4.3, gi tr dng ngn mch ti N2 c xc nh theo cng thc:

c.Ungun
IN 2 = (4-7)
3(Zngun+ZAB)

Trong :

Ungun: in p dy ca ngun.

c: h s thay i in p ngun, c th ly c = 1,1.

Zngun: tng tr ngun, c xc nh bng:

U2
ngun
Zngun = SNM (4-8)

vi SNM l cng sut ngn mch ca ngun.

4/30
Bao v qua dong

c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong li in hnh tia cho trng hp phi hp theo
dng in (Hnh 4.3)

Chng ta nhn thy cc dng ngn mch pha sau im N2 (tnh v pha ti) s c gi tr
nh hn IN2(b qua trng hp ngn mch qua mt tng tr ln) do gi tr t ca
dng in cho bo v t ti A c th chn ln hn dng IN2. Trong trng hp tng
qut, gi tr ca dng in cp th n (tnh v pha ph ti) chn theo phng php phi
hp dng in s c tnh theo cng thc:
Kat.c.Ungun
IKn = m (4-9)
3(Zngunmax + n = 1 Z(n 1))

Trong :

mn = 1 Z(n 1): tng tr Z tnh t ngun n cp bo v th (n -1).

m: s cp bo v ca ton Z.

Kat = (1,1 1,3): h s an ton m bo khng ct nhm khi c ngn mch ngoi do
sai s tnh dng ngn mch (k n ng cong sai s 10% ca BI v 20% do tng tr
ngun b bin ng).

Chng ta thy do c h s an ton Kat > 1 nn bo v s tn ti vng cht khi xy ra ngn

mch ti cc thanh gp. u im ca phng php ny l ngn mch cng gn ngun
th thi gian ct ngn mch cng nh.

5/30
Bao v qua dong

Bo v qu dng cc i vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc:

Bo v qu dng c c tuyn thi gian c lp trong nhiu trng hp kh thc hin

c kh nng phi hp vi cc bo v lin k m vn m bo c tnh tc ng
nhanh ca bo v. Mt trong nhng phng php khc phc l ngi ta s dng bo v
qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc. Hin nay cc phng thc tnh ton chnh
nh rle qu dng s vi c tnh thi gian ph thuc do a dng v chng loi v tiu
chun nn trn thc t vn cha c thng nht v mt l thuyt iu ny gy kh khn
cho vic thm k v kim nh cc gi tr t.

Phi hp c tuyn thi gian ca bo v qu dng trong li in hnh tia cho trng hp c
tuyn ph thuc(Hnh 4.4)

Rle qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc c s dng cho cc Z c dng s

c bin thin mnh khi thay i v tr ngn mch. Trong trng hp ny nu s dng
c tuyn c lp th nhiu khi khng am bo cc iu kin k thut: thi gian ct s
c, n nh ca h thng... Hin nay ngi ta c xu hng p dng chc nng bo v
qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian ph thuc nh mt bo v thng thng thay th cho
cc rle c c tuyn c lp.

i vi cc rle qu dng c c tuyn thi gian ph thuc c gii hn loi in c ca

Lin X (c) khng c cc ng c tuyn tiu chun thng nht, n thay i theo cc
rle. Trong tt c cc rle qu dng s hin nay ca siemens, ALSTOM, SEL, ABB...,
u tch hp c hai c tuyn c lp v ph thuc. Gi tr t dng ph thuc thi gian
c th c xc nh bng mt trong ba cch sau:

Di dng cc bng gi tr s dng - thi gian.

Di dng cc th logarit c s 10 (lg).

Di dng cc cng thc i s.

6/30
Bao v qua dong

Hin nay trn thc t tn ti nhiu tiu chun ng cong c tuyn thi gian ph thuc
ca bo v qu dng s nh: tiu chun ca u ban k thut in quc t (IEC), ca vin
k thut in-in t M (IEEC), vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa K (ANSI)..., trong
tiu chun IEC (IEC255-3) thng c s dng nht. Tiu chun IEC255-3 bao gm
cc h c tuyn c dc khc nhau: dc chun (IEC255-3A), rt dc (IEC255-3B),
cc dc (IEC255-3C). Trong trng hp chung, cng thc xc nh thi gian tc ng
v tr v ca cc h ng cong nh sau:

K K1
tt = TD n ; ttv = TD 2 (4-10)
m 1 m 1

Trong :

tt, ttv: tng ng l thi gian tc ng v thi gian tr v ca bo v ng vi bi s

dng m.
IN
Gi tr m c xc nh bng cng thc: m = IKB
vi IN: gi tr dng ngn mch chy qua bo v.
IKB: dng in khi ng ca bo v c xc nh theo gi tr dng in ti,
c th tnh theo biu thc:
Pdd
IKB = (1,1 1,5) 3.U.cos (4-11)

Trong :

Pdd: l cng sut tc dng danh nh ca ti chy qua i tng c bo v.

U: in p dy danh nh ca li in.

TD: h s thi gian (Time Dial) ca mi ng cong trong b ng cong tiu chun
v l gi tr t khi ta chn ng cong trong b nh ca rle.

K, K1, n: cc gi tr ph thuc vo loi ng cong c tuyn c dc khc nhau. V

d tng ng vi cc tiu chun ta c cc gi tr sau: IEC255-3A: K = 0,14, K1 = - 1,08,
n = 0,02; IEC255-3B: K = 13,5, K1 = - 13,5, n = 1; IEC255-3B: K = 80, K1 = - 80, n =
2.

Di y s gii thiu mt s ng cong c tuyn theo tiu chun IEC255:

ng cong dc chun SIT (standard inverse time): hnh 4.5.

7/30
Bao v qua dong

ng cong dc chun (SIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3A (Hnh 4.5)

0,14 1,08
tt = TD 0,02 ; ttv = TD (4-12)
m 1 m2 1

ng cong rt dc VIT (very inverse time) IEC255-3B: hnh 4.6

ng cong rt dc (VIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3B (Hnh 4.6)

13,5 13,5
tt = TD m 1 ; ttv = TD (4-13)
m2 1

8/30
Bao v qua dong

- ng cong cc dc EIT (extremely inverse time): hnh 4.7

ng cong cc dc (EIT) theo tiu chun IEC255-3C (Hnh 4.7)

80
tt = TD 2 ;
m 1

80
tt = TD (4-14)
m2 1

Cn ch l cc h s thi gian t TD thng ch dao ng trong khong (0,05 3),

trn th cc c tuyn c cho vi gi tr TD bng (0,1 1). Ngoi ra tiu chun
IEC255 cn c cc h c tuyn khc nh h ng cong siu dc UIT, ng cong tc
ng nhanh ST (short time)... nhng t c s dng.

Bo v qu dng ct nhanh (50):

Chng ta nhn thy rng i vi bo v qu dng thng thng cng gn ngun thi
gian ct ngn mch cng ln, thc t cho thy ngn mch gn ngun thng th mc
nguy him cao hn v cn loi tr cng nhanh cng tt. bo v cc Z trong
trng hp ny ngi ta dng bo v qu dng ct nhanh (50), bo v ct nhanh c kh
nng lm vic chn lc trong li c cu hnh bt k vi mt ngun (hnh 4.8) hay nhiu
ngun (hnh 4.9) cung cp. u im ca n l c th cch ly nhanh s c vi cng sut
ngn mch ln gn ngun. Tuy nhin vng bo v khng bao trm c hon ton Z
cn bo v, y chnh l nhc im ln nht ca loi bo v ny.

9/30
Bao v qua dong

m bo tnh chn lc, gi tr t ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh phi c chn sao

cho ln hn dng ngn mch cc i ( y l dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip) i qua
ch t rle khi c ngn mch ngoi vng bo v. Sau y chng ta s i tnh ton gi
tr t ca bo v cho mt s mng in thng gp.

Mng in hnh tia mt ngun cung cp:

i vi mng in hnh tia mt ngun cung cp (hnh 4.8), gi tr dng in khi ng

ca bo v t ti thanh gp A c xc nh theo cng thc:

IAK50 = Kat.INngoi max (4-15)

Trong :

Kat: h s an ton, tnh n nh hng ca cc sai s do tnh ton ngn mch, do cu to

ca rle, thnh phn khng chu k trong dng ngn mch v ca cc bin dng. Vi rle
in c Kat = (1,2 1,3), cn vi rle s Kat = 1,15.

INngoi max: dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ln nht qua bo v khi ngn ngoi vng
bo v. y l dng ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp B.

Bo v dng in ct nhanh Z mt ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.8)

Z c hai ngun cung cp:

Xt Z c hai ngun cung cp nh hnh 4.9, m bo cho bo v 1 (t ti thanh gp

A) v bo v 2 (t ti thanh gp B) tc ng ng th gi tr dng in khi ng ca
hai bo v ny ( IAK50, IBK50) phi c chn theo iu kin:

IAK50 = IBK50 = Kat.Max{IANngoaimax;IBNngoaimax} (4-16)

10/30
Bao v qua dong

Trong :

IANngoaimax: gi tr dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp B
do ngun HT1 cung cp.

IBNngoaimax: gi tr dng ngn mch ln nht khi ngn mch 3 pha trc tip ti thanh gp A
do ngun HT2 cung cp.

Bo v dng in ct nhanh Z c hai ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.9)

Nhc im ca cch chn dng in t trong trng hp ny l khi c s chnh lch

cng sut kh ln gia hai ngun A v B th vng tc ng ca bo v t ngun c
cng sut b hn s b thu hp li rt b thm ch c th tin ti 0. khc phc ngi
ta c th s dng rle dng ct nhanh c hng t pha ngun c cng sut b hn
(hnh 4.10). Khi chng ta c th chn gi tr dng in t ca bo v qu dng ct
nhanh nh sau:

IAK50 = Kat.IANngoaimax (4-17)

IBK50 = Kat.IBNngoaimax (4-18)

T hnh 4.10 chng ta thy chiu di vng ct nhanh ca bo v t ti thanh gp B

c m rng ra rt nhiu. Bo v ct nhanh l bo v c tnh chn lc tuyt i ngha
l n ch tc ng khi xy ra ngn mch trong vng m n bo v nn khi tnh ton gi
tr dng in khi ng, trong biu thc khng c mt ca h s tr v Ktv.

11/30
Bao v qua dong

V l thuyt, thi gian tc ng ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh c th bng 0 sec. Tuy

nhin trn thc t ngn chn bo v c th lm vic sai khi c st nh vo Z gy
ngn mch tm thi do van chng st hot ng hoc khi ong MBA khng ti (dng
t ho khng ti ca MBA c th vt qu tr s t ca bo v ct nhanh) hoc trong
cc ch nhiu lon thnh phn sng hi khc vi sng hi c tn s 50Hz ln, thng
thng ngi ta cho bo v lm vic vi thi gian tr khong (0,05 0,08) sec i vi
rle c v (0,03 0,05) sec vi rle s.

Bo v dng in ct nhanh c hng Z c hai ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.10)

Do vng tc ng ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh khng bao trm c hon ton Z

cn bo v nn n khng th lm bo v chnh hoc bo v duy nht. Trong mt s
trng hp, v d trong mng hnh tia cung cp cho mt MBA (hnh 4.11a) lm vic
hp b (Z-MBA), c th dng bo v qu dng ct nhanh bo v ton b chiu di
Z nu ta cho n tc ng khi c s c bn trong MBA. Dng in t ca bo v c
chn theo dng ngn mch ba pha cc i khi ngn mch sau MBA (hnh 4.11a). i
vi rle qu dng ct nhanh s c tch hp c chc nng ca bo v qu dng thng
thng (khi ngi ta gi chc nng ct nhanh l ngng cao cn chc nng qu dng
thng thng l ngng thp) nn c th phi hp hai chc nng ny bo v cho Z
nh hnh 4.11b.

12/30
Bao v qua dong

Bo v qu dng ct nhanh cho s hp b Z-MBA (a) v kt hp vi chc nng bo v qu

dng thng thng theo thi gian ph thuc (b) trong rle s (Hnh 4.11)

Trn thc t bo v qu dng ct nhanh c th kt hp vi cc thit b t ng ng lp

li TL va c th ct nhanh s c va tng kh nng t ng ho trong h thng
in, m bo yu cu cung cp in.

Mt nhc im c bn khc ca bo v qu dng ct nhanh l n khng p dng c

nu dng s c qua bo v khi c ngn mch u Z pha ngun (v d ngun HT1
trn hnh 4.9 trong ch cc tiu nh hn dng s c khi ngn mch cui Z trong
ch cc i, ngha l: IN1min < IN2max. Khi ta c:

IN max IN min IN max

1 1 2
IN max I (4-19)
2 N 2min I N 2min

iu ny c ngha l bo v khng p dng c nu t s dng ngn mch khi c s

c hai u Z trong ch cc i nh hn t s dng u xa ngun trong ch
cc i (ng vi Zngun max) v ch cc tiu, tc l:

Nh vy, khi ngun in h thng bin ng mnh hay c dao ng in ln trong h

thng do ngn mch ngoi, bo v qu dng ct nhanh hoc s khng th tc ng hoc
s tc ng khng chn lc tu theo gi tr ci t ca n trong ch lm vic no.
Trong trng hp Z qu ngn, nu gi tr dng in khi ng IK 50 theo cng thc
(4-15) ln hn dng ngn mch cc i trong Z, tc l:

IN1max IK = Kat.INngoaimax (4-20)

vi IN1max l dng ngn mch cc i ti N1 do ngun HT1 cung cp khi c

ngn mch ba pha trn thanh gp A.

Khi chc nng qu dng ct nhanh s khng bo v c Z. Nh vy khi s dng

cp ct nhanh cn kim tra iu kin (4-19), nu khng tho mn iu kin trn th ch

13/30
Bao v qua dong

nn t cp qu dng ngng thp (qu dng thng thng) vi c tnh thi gian ph
thuc. Vic p dng cc cng thc trn cn ph thuc vo Z c cung cp t mt hay
hai ngun v bo v thuc loi c hng hay v hng. Nu gia hai ngun cung cp
(hnh 4.9) ngoi Z lin lc chnh cn c Z lin lc ph khc (mch vng) th sau khi
bo v mt u tc ng ct my ct, dng ngn mch qua bo v u cn li c
th tng ln v bo v s tc ng, ngha l vng tc ng ca bo v ct nhanh u
ny c th c m rng ra (hin tng khi ng khng ng thi).

I.3. Bo v qu dng c kim tra p:

Trong nhiu trng hp bo v qu dng c thi gian c th khng nhy v dng

lm vic cc i chy qua phn t c bo v c tr s qu ln, chng hn khi tch
mch vng ca li in, ct mt s Z hoc MBA lm vic song song, khi xy ra qu
ti... Trong mt s li in c ngun cng sut ngn mch yu, nu xc nh gi tr
dng in khi ng cho bo v theo cng thc:
Kat.Kmm.Ilvmax
IKB = Ktv (4-21)

nhiu khi khng th m bo iu kin v nhy. Khi nng cao nhy

ca bo v qu dng c thi gian ng thi m bo cho bo v c th phn
bit c ngn mch v qu ti ngi ta thm vo bo v b phn kho in p
thp (hnh 4.12).

B phn kho in p s dng rle in p gim 27 s phi hp vi b phn qu dng

51 theo lgic V. Khi c ngn mch, dng in chy qua ch t bo v tng cao
ng thi in p ti thanh gp b gim thp lm cho u ra ca b tng hp V c
tn hiu, bo v s tc ng. Cn khi qu ti, dng in chy qua i tng c bo v
c th gi tr tc ng ca rle tuy nhin gi tr in p ti thanh gp t bo v gim
khng ln do rle in p gim 27 khng tc ng, bo v s khng tc ng. Nh
vy khi dng bo v qu dng c kim tra p, dng in khi ng cho bo v c xc
nh theo cng thc:
Kat.Ilvmax
IKB = Ktv (4-22)

14/30
Bao v qua dong

r rng khi nhy ca bo v tng ln do trong biu thc IKB khng

cn h s Kmm

in p khi ng ca b kho in p thp UKR< chn theo iu kin:

UNmax
nU <U Ulvmin
KRU < <
nU
(4-23)

Trong :

Ulvmin: in p lm vic ti thiu cho php ti ch t bo v.

UNmax: in p d ln nht ti ch t bo v khi c ngn mch cui vng bo v ca

bo v qu dng.

nU: t s bin i ca my bin in p BU.

Thi gian lm vic ca bo v qu dng c kim tra p chn nh i vi bo v qu

dng thng thng.

Bo v qu dng c hng 67:

i vi mt s cu hnh li in nh mng vng, mnh hnh tia c nhiu ngun cung

cp..., bo v qu dng in vi thi gian lm vic chn theo nguyn tc bc thang
khng m bo c tnh chn lc hoc thi gian tc ng ca cc bo v gn ngun
qu ln khng cho php. khc phc ngi ta dng bo v qu dng c hng. Thc
cht y cng l mt bo v qu dng thng thng nhng c thm b phn nh hng
cng sut pht hin chiu cng sut qua i tng c bo v. Bo v s tc ng
khi dng in qua bo v ln hn dng in khi ng IK v hng cng sut ngn
mch i t thanh gp vo ng dy. S nguyn l ca bo v qu dng c hng
c trnh by trn hnh 4.13a.

Ngy nay hu ht cc rle qu dng c hng s c tch hp thm nhiu chc nng
nh: chc nng ct nhanh, qu dng vi c tuyn thi gian c lp v ph thuc, nh
mt s rle qu dng c hng c c tnh chn lc tuyt i v tng i, ngha l
c th va m bo chc nng ct nhanh va ng vai tr nh mt bo v d tr. Mt
trong nhng rle va nu trn l rle qu dng c hng ba cp tc ng. hiu r
hn v loi rle ny chng ta s i phn tch chn thi gian lm vic v dng in khi
ng ca bo v qu dng c hng ba cp tc ng cho mt s mng in in hnh
trong h thng in.

15/30
Bao v qua dong

Mng in hnh tia c hai ngun cung cp:

Chng ta s xt tng cp tc ng cho s mng in hnh 4.13.

Bo v qu dng c hng cp I:

Bo v dng in c hng cp I lm vic nh mt bo v qu dng ct nhanh c hng,

do dng in khi ng IK 67 ca bo v rle cho cp ny c xc nh theo cng
thc:

IK 67 = Kat.INngoi max (4- 24)

V bo v cp I c tnh chn lc tuyt i nn thi gian tc ng ca bo v (tIt) c th

chn 0 sec. Tuy nhin trnh trng hp bo v c th tc ng nhm khi c st nh
vo Z gy ngn mch tm thi hoc ngn mch ngoi vng bo v c xung dng ln
ngi ta cho bo v tc ng c thi gian tr khong (0,01 0,05) sec.

Bo v qu dng c hng cp II:

Vng bo v cp II ng vai tr d tr cho bo v cp I. Dng in t ca rle IIIt

c chn theo s phi hp vi dng khi ng cp I ca bo v k tip (lin k) thng
qua h s phn dng Kpd.

16/30
Bao v qua dong

Phi hp thi gian cc bo v qu dng c hng theo c tuyn thi gian c lp cho trng
hp Z c hai ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.13)

Xt bo v 1 t ti thanh gp A. Dng in khi ng cp II ca bo v ti thanh gp

A c chn ph thuc vo s phn b dng in ti thanh gp B.

Trng hp ti thanh gp B c r nhnh, dng in khi ng cp II ca bo v 1 xc

nh theo cng thc:

IIIK67 = Kat.Kpd.INT (4-25)

Trong :

Kpd: h s phn dng.

INT: dng ngn mch khi ngn mch sau MBA ti nhnh r thanh gp B.

Trng hp ti thanh gp B c ngun cng sut ni vo, dng in khi ng lc

c xc nh theo cng thc:

IIIK67 = Kat.KpdF.IIK(3) (4-26)

vi IIt(3): dng in t cp I ca bo v 3 ti thanh gp B; KpdF: h s phn

dng do ngun my pht ni vo thanh gp B cung cp.

Thi gian tc ng cp II c chn theo iu kin:

tIItBVi = tItBVi + t (4-27)

Thng thng thi gian t cp II bo v c chn trong khong (0,3 0,5) sec.

I.4.1.3. Bo v qu dng c hng cp III:

Thc cht vng ny bo v lm vic nh mt bo v qu dng cc i c hng d

tr cho cp I v cp II. Dng in khi ng cp bo v ny c chn theo cng thc:
Kat.Kmm.Ilvmax
IIII
K67 = Ktv (4-28)

Vi mng in hnh 4.13. chn thi gian lm vic ca vng bo v cp III, theo
hng tc ng chng ta chia ra lm hai nhm:

Nhm 1: gm cc bo v c hng tc ng t tri sang phi: 1, 3, 5.

17/30
Bao v qua dong

Nhm 2: gm cc bo v c hng tc ng t phi sang tri: 2, 4, 6.Thi gian lm vic

ca mi nhm c chn theo nguyn tc bc thang ging nh vi mt bo v qu dng
thng thng, ngha l thi gian lm vic ca bo v th n c xc nh theo cng thc
(4-1).

tIII
t = t(n 1)max + t (4-29)

Trong :

tIII
tn: thi gian t ca bo v th n ang xt.

t(n-1) max: thi gian lm vic ln nht ca cc bo v lin k trcbo v ang xt.

t: bc chn lc v thi gian, vi rle s t = (0,2 0,3) sec.

i vi rle s thng tch hp c hai chc nng ca qu dng c thi gian c lp v

ph thuc nn tu vo tng trng hp v tng ch vn hnh m chng ta s dng
mt trong hai hoc kt hp c hai c tuyn trn cho hp l. Trn hnh 4.13 trnh by
phng n phi hp thi gian tc ng cp III cho cc bo v theo c tuyn thi gian
c lp.

Mng in vng c mt ngun cung cp:

i vi mng in vng mt ngun cung cp (hnh 4.14) chng ta chn thi gian cho
bo v nh vi mng hnh tia hai ngun cung cp, nhng y thi gian tc ng ca
bo v 2 v 5 (t2, t5) khng cn phi phi hp thi gian vi bt k bo v khc v khi
ngn mch nhnh ngun (nhnh 7) th khng c dng ngn mch chy trong mch
vng.

Dng in khi ng ca bo v trong trng hp ny phi phi hp vi nhau gia cc

bo v cng hng trnh trng hp bo v c th tc ng nhm. V d vi mng
in hnh 4.14, dng in khi ng ca cc bo v phi tho mn iu kin:

It 1 > It 3 > It 5

It 6 > It 4 > It 2 (4-30)

18/30
Bao v qua dong

Bo v qu dng c hng cho mng in vng mt ngun cung cp (Hnh 4.14)

Khi ngn mch xy ra gn thanh gp ngun th c th xy ra hin tng khi ng

khng ng thi, hin tng ny s lm cho thi gian ct s c tng ln. V bo v s
dng b phn nh hng cng sut nn tn ti vng cht m khi ngn mch ti gi
tr in p a vo bo v thp hn ngng in khi ng ti thiu v khi bo v
s khng th tc ng. Khi tnh ton dng in khi ng cho bo v trong mng vng
phi ch n cc trng hp khi c bt k mt my ct no m, mng s tr thnh s
hnh tia mt ngun cung cp, lc s phn b cng sut trong mng s khc v bo
v c th tc ng nhm.

Bo v qu dng c hng cho Z kp v phi hp thi gian cho cc bo v (Hnh 4.15)

19/30
Bao v qua dong

ng dy song song:

Khi cc bo v c trang b b phn nh hng cng sut vi chiu tc ng ng vi

lung cng sut i t thanh gp vo Z th khng cn phi hp thi gian tc ng gia
bo v 2 v 4 vi bo v 5 (hnh 4.15), v khi ngn mch trn Z D3 (im N3) cc bo
v 2 v 4 khng lm vic. Trong trng hp ny bo v 1 v 3 s phi hp thi gian trc
tip vi bo v 5:

t1 = t3 = t5 + t (4-31)

Ch cn t b nh hng cng sut cho bo v 2 v 4, thi gian tc ng ca bo v 2

v 4 c th chn nh tu (nhng yu cu t2, t4 phi nh hn t1 v t3).

Dng in khi ng ca cc bo v c chn phi am bo sao cho khi ct mt Z

th dng in lm vic ln nht qua cc bo v ca Z cn li khng lm bo v tc
ng, ngha l:

IK > Ilv max

hay IK = Kat.Ilv max (4-32)

Trong :

Ilvmax: dng in lm vic ln nht qua bo v khi ch vn hnh mt nhnh Z song

song.

Kat: h s an ton, Kat = 1,2 1,3.

Bo v qu dng chm t (50/51N):

ln ca dng chm t ph thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh h thng

in. Trong li in c trung tnh cch in vi t, dng chn t thng khng vt
qu vi chc ampe (thng 30 A). Cn trong li c im trung tnh ni t qua cun
dp h quang (cun Peterson), dng chm t c gim i rt nhiu. S nguy him
ca tnh trng chm t ca li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h
quang l in p hai pha cn li khng chm t tng ln bng in p dy v c th
chuyn thnh s c ngn mch nhiu pha ti nhng ch c vn v cch in trn Z.
Tuy nhin li ny khi xy ra chm t ngi ta vn cho php vn hnh nhng bo v
phi bo tn hiu nhn vin vn hnh tm bin php khc phc. V dng chm t ca
mng c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang c gi tr kh nh nn
i hi bo v dng th t khng phi c nhy kh cao.

20/30
Bao v qua dong

Trong h thng c trung tnh trc tip ni t, khi xy ra chm t mt pha cng chnh
l ngn mch mt pha, dng th t khng (TTK) phn ln n t im trung tnh ca
hai trm hai u Z, cn t cc trm khc th kh b. iu ny cho php m bo s
phi hp tt theo dng ca bo v TTK. Cc bo v trong trng hp ny thng c
phi hp theo nguyn tc phn cp nh i vi bo v qu dng pha.

Trong rle s tn ti ba dng s s dng bin dng i vi bo v qu dng chng s

c chm t. l cc bin dng pha mc theo s tng ba pha, bin dng TTK cho
bo v chng dng chm t ln v bin dng TTK c nhy cao.

S th nht thng dng cho li c trung tnh ni t trc tip hay qua tng tr
thp, khi dng chm t qua cc pha c gi tr ln nn gi l bo v dng TTK cho li
c dng chm t ln. Khi rle thng c ni vi tng cc dng pha t ba bin
dng ring bit nn c chnh xc thp.

Bo v dng bin dng TTK thng c s dng cho mi trng hp c s c chm

t, c bit s dng trong cc li c dng chm t b (li c trung tnh cch t
hoc ni t qua cun dp h quang).

Bin dng TTK nhy cao pht hin dng chm t thng c gi tr danh nh nh
hn nhiu so vi bin dng TTK cho bo v c dng chm t ln v c ni vi rle
s theo cc u vo ring bit.

Trong rle s ngoi cc bin dng ngi ta c th s dng thm cc bin in p vi

cc s khc nhau. S bin in p kiu Y0-Y0 thng xc nh chiu cng sut
ca dng ngn mch dng trong bo v c hng. Cn s tam gic h l xc nh
in p TTK, n thng lm vic kt hp vi chc nng qu dng chm t nhy cao
trong li c trung tnh cch t hoc ni t qua mt tng tr.

dng TTK (I0) ch c th chy t im trung tnh ni t ca MBA pha ngun ti im

c s c chm t. Gi tr ca dng chm t c th xc nh theo biu thc:
E
I0 = Z0 + Z1 + Z2 (4-33)

vi: Z0, Z1, Z2: tng ng l tng tr TTK, th t thun (TTT) v th t

nghch (TTN) nhn t im s c.

V dng TTK khng th i qua cun tam gic ca MBA nn vic phi hp gia cc bo
v theo dng TTK s n gin hn rt nhiu so vi qu dng pha. Nu chn dng in
khi ng khng chnh xc th bo v qu dng TTK c th tc ng nhm nu s dng
s mc song song cc bin dng pha do s khng ng nht ca chng, n cng c
th ct nhm nu mch bin dng b t.

21/30
Bao v qua dong

Vit Nam, trc y li c trung tnh cch t thng l li phn phi trung p nh
hn 35 kV nhng vi vic a li 22 kV c trung tnh ni t trc tip vo vn hnh
s lm cho cc loi bo v chng chm t li ny s a dng hn. Tuy nhin trong
cc rle s hin nay cc chc nng bo v ny c tch hp sn nn khng gy kh
khn cho vic s dng.

Trong cc s bo v Z cao p t 110 kV tr ln dng rle in c v rle tnh ca

Lin X c, ngi ta hay s dng bo v qu dng TTK bn cp vi c tuyn thi gian
c lp nh mt bo v chnh.

Trong :

Cp I l cp ngng cao ct nhanh, c xc nh theo iu kin chm t cui Z

hay ch khng ton pha ca my ct Z ang bo v.

Cp II v III l cp ngng cao c thi gian, xc nh theo iu kin phi hp vi cp

mt ca Z ln cn, theo dng chm t sau MBA hoc theo ch khng ton pha
ca my ct z ln cn cng nh cc iu kin bt thng khc nh dao ng in, s
khng ng b...

Cp IV l cp ngng thp c thi gian xc nh theo iu kin dng khng cn bng

trong dy trung tnh BI khi c ngn mch ba pha sau MBA hay cp in p thp MBA
t ngu.

Vic s dng nhiu cp bo v TTK theo trng phi Lin X c nh trn xut pht
t mt thc t l trong s bo v khng c kiu c tuyn ph thuc vi thi gian
tc ng khc nhau cho cc dng chm t khc nhau. Do vy, kiu bn cp s cho c
tuyn dng bc thang c cht lng bo v tt hn so vi loi hai cp c tuyn c lp,
nhng vn khng t c cht lng nh ca loi bo v qu dng TTK vi c tuyn
ph thuc. Mt khc, do trong cc bo v Z rle s thng c km theo chc nng
pht hin cc s c chm t nn bo v qu dng TTK bn cp ch ng vai tr nh
bo v d phng hoc c th thay n bng mt bo v qu dng TTK hai ngng.

Chc nng qu dng chm t trong rle s thng c hai ngng l ngng cao v
ngng thp. Ngng cao ct nhanh thng c xc nh tng t nh cc rle c
in. gim thiu xc xut ct nhm do cc cc my ct khng ng thi, ngi ta
thng gii hn thi gian tc ng ca cp ct nhanh khong di hai chu k tn s
cng nghip i vi cc my ct mt pha. Cn cp ngng thp cng c th c dng c
tuyn c lp hay ph thuc, trong nn s dng loi c tuyn th hai tng kh
nng bo v. Khi s dng chc nng qu dng chng chm t trong rle s, ta cn phi
phn bit hai loi bo v vi cc gi tr t c xc nh xut pht t nhng c s lp
lun khc nhau. Bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln thng c hiu
chnh theo dng khng cn bng cc i v dng th t khng i qua ch t bo v.

22/30
Bao v qua dong

Cn bo v dng TTK cho li c dng chm t b thng xc nh theo dng in

dung. Sau y chng ta s ln lt xt cc loi bo v ny.

Bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t ln:

c tuyn c lp hai cp:

Cc rle qu dng s do c ng dng a nng nn thng c tch hp c hai cp bo

v l ngng cao v ngng thp. iu ny c th thy r trong cc loi rle do Chu
u sn xut.

Trong ch ti bnh thng v khi c ngn mch ngoi, trong dng tng ba pha th
. . . .
cp ( IT = Ia + Ib + Ic) chy qua rle thng cha thnh phn TTK v dng khng cn
bng c trng bi s khng ng nht ca cc bin dng pha v do ti bt i xng:
. . . . . . .
. .
(IA + IB + IC) (IA + IB + IC) 3.I0
IT = nI = nI IKCBT (4-34)

Trong :
. . .
IA,IB,IC: dng in ba pha s cp chy qua i tng c bo v.

nI: t s bin i ca bin dng BI.

.
IKCBT: dng in khng cn bng th cp, ph thuc vo thnh phn sng hi c trong
dng ngn mch, s khng ng nht v sai s ca BI. Dng khng cn bng th c th
c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
. .
1
IKCBT = nI .Kn.KKCK.fi.INngoaimax (4-35)

KKCK gi l h s khng chu k.

fi: h s sai s (mc t ho) ca cc bin dng (fi = 0,05 0,1).

Kn: h s ng nht gia cc bin dng Kn (Kn = 0,5 1).

.
INngoaimax: thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch ngoi ln nht.

1. Gi tr t ca bo v ngng thp (I0>) c chn theo 3 iu kin sau:

I0> = Khc.(3.I0 - k.fi.I1) (4-36)

23/30
Bao v qua dong

Trong :

Khc: h s hiu chnh, Khc = (1,5 2).

k: h s c ci t trong rle s tnh n thnh phn sai s cc i do dng th t

thun I1 qua rle trong ch ti bt i xng.

Dng in t th cp ca bo v cn phi chn ln hn dng IKCBT ni trn.

2. khng c tc ng i vi dng lm vic ln nht chy trn Z do ti bt i xng,

ngha l:

3. phi tc ng khi c chm t cui Z lin k vi nhy va (bng 1,12 i

vi rle s) m bo vic d phng xa. V d rle t ti thanh gp (TG) A phi tc
ng khi c chm t mt pha ti TG C (hnh 4.16), tc l gi tr dng in khi ng
ca n phi tho mn iu kin:
3.I0C
I0 > A 1,15

3.I0C
I0 > A 1,15 (4-37)

Phn cp thi gian tc ng ca bo v qu dng pha v qu dng TTK (Hnh 4.16)

Gi tr dng in t cp ngng thp c chn theo gi tr ln nht tho mn 3 iu

kin trn v thng c ly trong khong (0,2 0,8) dng danh nh ca bin dng.

Thi gian tc ng tt cp bo v ny c phi hp nh i vi bo v qu dng

pha. Tuy nhin nh ni phn u, bo v TTK thng xt bt u t MBA c cun
tam gic hoc cun sao khng ni t, nn bo v qu dng TTK cp ngng thp trc
MBA ( y l trm C hnh 4.16) c th t loi ct nhanh. Do vy bo v TTK vi c
tuyn c lp thng c thi gian tc ng nh hn so vi bo v qu dng pha t trn
cng mt trm, tuy vy iu ny c th s khng ng i vi MBA t ngu.

24/30
Bao v qua dong

Gi tr t dng ngng cao (I0>>) c chn theo cc iu kin sau:

1. Theo iu kin dng TTK cc i khi c chm t ngoi vng bo v:

I0>> = Khc.3.I0ngoi max (4-38)

H s hiu chnh Khc c cho bng (1,15 1,2) i vi rle s.

2. Theo iu kin khng ton pha (KTP) tm thi do my ct ng mch khng ng

nhp hay do trnh t TL mt pha ca bo v trn Z ang xt:

I0>> = Khc.3.I0KTP (4-39)

Vi I0KTP l dng TTK cc i qua bo v trong ch khng ton pha.

Gi tr dng ngng cao c chn theo gi tr ln nht t hai iu kin trn.

Thi gian ct nhanh ca bo v ngng cao thng chn bng 0,05 sec.

Bo v qu dng chm t ba hay bn cp:

Trong mt s loi rle theo trng phi M, c bit l cc loi rle bo v tng hp
Z nh SEL-321 (SEL) hay ALPS (GE Multilin), cc chc nng bo v qu dng TTK
vi c tuyn c lp nh mt bo v d phng c th c ti ba hay bn cp c hng.
Tuy nhin khc vi rle ca Lin X, chng cn c tch hp thm c tnh ph thuc.
iu ny cho php rle bo v Z vi cc thi gian tc ng khc nhau tu theo cu
hnh ca li v v tr s c m loi bo v hai cp vi thi gian c lp khng thc hin
c.

Cc cp I v IV thng c chn ging nh cp ngng cao v thp cp trn.

Sau y chng ta s xt k hn cc cp II v III l loi bo v qu dng ngng cao tc
ng c thi gian v ch gii hn vi dng c tuyn c lp.

Cp II: dng khi ng cp II ca trm B (hnh 4.17) c chn theo cc iu kin sau:

1. Suy ra t dng tng ba pha qua bo v khi c chm t sau MBA t ngu ca bo v
lin k v pha ti ( cp in p thp hn), tc l ti im N1:

III0> B = Khc.3.I0N1 (4-40)

y h s Khc c th ly bng 1,15 i vi rle s.

2. T iu kin phi hp vi cp mt ca bo v lin k:

25/30
Bao v qua dong

III0> B = Khc.3.I0Btt (4-41)

Trong :

Khc c th ly bng 1,1.

I0Btt: dng TTK tnh ton, c xc nh theo dng TTK qua rle B khi c chm t ti
im tnh ton N2 trn Z lin k CD, N2 l im m dng tng ba pha qua rle C bng
gi tr dng in t ca n (hnh 4.17).

3. Theo iu kin hiu chnh t dng tng ba pha ca ch khng ton pha trong Z
lin k, hay dng KCB khi c dao ng hay s mt ng b cc my pht (trong trng
hp thi gian tc ng ca bo v ln hn 1 sec).

Cp III: c s dng khi cp II t ra khng nhy (yu cu Kn 1,2) khi c chm

t mt im hay chm t kp ti cc v tr nhy cm cp III, c chn ging nh cp
II, ngoi ra cn c iu kin tnh ton theo dng KCB trong dy trung tnh cc bin dng
khi c ngn mch ba pha sau MBA thng hoc MBA t ngu ni vo TG ca cc trm
hai u Z c bo v.

Cc cch tnh vng II ca bo v qu dng TTK 4 cp (Hnh 4.17)

Thi gian tc ng ca bo v c phi hp ging nh i vi bo v qu dng pha

thng thng.

26/30
Bao v qua dong

c tuyn ph thuc:

Phng php phi hp cc bo v qu dng TTK theo c tuyn thi gian ph thuc
tng t nh i vi bo v qu dng pha. Tuy nhin cn ch l i vi bo v qu
dng TTK cn c mt s loi c tuyn ph thuc ch c cho bo v chm t nh c
tuyn thi gian tc ng lu, c tuyn kiu RI...

Bo v qu dng th t khng cho li c dng chm t b:

Cc dng t ca bo v qu dng TTK cho li c dng chm t b thng c gi

tr nh v chng khng chu nh hng ca cc dng in ti m chu tc ng ca cc
dng in dung. hiu r hn v bn cht ca dng chm t lin quan n dng in
dung, sau y chng ta s xem xt ch s c ca h thng in c trung tnh cch t
khi chm t ti mt im.

Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) trong iu kin
bnh thng (Hnh 4.18)

Trong li in xoay chiu vi ch lm vic bnh thng, trn cc pha ngoi cc

dng ti cn c cc dng in dung xc nh bi in dung i vi t phn b theo dc
chiu di Z. Nu khng c dng ti, in p ca tt c cc im trn li c th coi l
bng nhau v dng dung khng ny rt nh do vy s st p do chng gy ra c th b
qua. Khi in p cc pha so vi t tng ng s bng in p pha UA, UB, UC v
cc in dung phn tn ca cc pha c th thay bng cc in dung tp trung CA= CB=
CC = C (hnh 4.18a). Cc vct dng IA, IB, IC v p s c dng i xng nh trn hnh
4.18b. Nh vy, tng cc vct dng v p s bng khng v khng c dng chy qua
t.

Khi c mt pha no chm t, in p cc pha so vi t s thay i. V d khi pha A

chm t trc tip, in p UA ca n s gim xung 0, cn in p hai pha kia s tng
ln ti in p dy UBA v UCA. V in p dy khng thay i nn in p cc pha B,
C so vi t s tng ln 3 ln, cn in p im trung tnh N ca h thng so vi t s
bng - UA.

27/30
Bao v qua dong

Dng chm t ti im s c khi s bng: (hnh 4.19)

. (1) . (1) . (1) .
ID = (IB + IC ) = 3..C.Upha (4-42)

Khi tnh ton dng ny ngi ta thng xt n in dung (C) ca li theo in dung
n v c (F/km) i vi tng loi dy dn, do cng thc (4-42) c th vit thnh:
. (1) .
ID = 3..c.l.Upha.10 6 = a.l (4-43)

Trong :

l: tng chiu di ca li in ni vi nhau trc tip khng qua MBA (li c cng cp
in p).

a=3CUpha10-6 v in dung n v c ph thuc vo loi dy dn trn khng hay cp

ngm... thng dao ng trong khong rng. Tuy nhin, khi tnh ton s b chng ta c
th ly gi tr trung bnh no . Nu thay = 2..50 rad/sec vo (4-43) th c th tnh
gn ng:
. (1)
U.l
i vi Z trn khng: ID = 350 (A) (4-44)

. (1)
U.l
i vi Z cp: ID = 10 (A) (4-45)

Vi U l in p dy ca li ang xt.

Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) trong iu kin
bnh thng (Hnh 4.18)

28/30
 Bao v qua dong

Khi tnh dng dung khng chnh nh gi tr t cho rle cn phi ch l dng dung
khng ca Z c bo v s chy qun bn trong phm vi Z ny m khng qua ch
t rle (hnh 4.20). Do cc cng thc (4-43), (4-44), (4-45), trong gi tr tng
di ng dy l khng c tnh n chiu di Z c bo v. iu ny cng c ngha
l, nu xut tuyn ca MBA hay my pht ch c mt Z th y khng c php t
bo v qu dng TTK c nhy cao.

tnh ton gi tr chnh nh cho bo v TTK v d ng dy AB (hnh 4.17), ta c

th xut pht t dng dung khng tng cc tiu IC min ca cc Z bn ngoi cng ni
vo trm t rle khi c chm t ti im N1 theo cng thc:

ICmin l l )
AB
0> = Khc = a.( Khc
(4-46)
I

Trong :

khc = (1,2 1,5).

l: di tng ca li ni vi nhau trc tip khng qua MBA cung cp cho TG trm
trong cu hnh ngn nht ca li.

Ngoi ra, nu rle l loi v hng th n khng c php tc ng khi c chm t

ngoi Z c bo v (im N2), tc l khi c dng dung khng t hng Z c bo
v chy qua rle theo chiu ngc li. V vy gi tr t ca rle phi tho mn iu
kin:

I0> = Kat.a.lAB (4-47)

vi Kat = (2 2,5)

29/30
Bao v qua dong

Cc dng dung khng trong li trung tnh cch t (a) v vct dng v p (b) khi c s c
chm t (Hnh 4.19)

Nu y l mt xut tuyn, th di lAB phi c coi l tng cc on Z cng cp

in p v pha ti so vi im t rle, khi Kat c th chn nh hn t (1,5 2). Tuy
nhin, nu rle l loi c hng th khng phi kim tra iu kin (4-47).

30/30