B GIO DC V O TO

TRNG..

Lun vn

Xy dng h thng bin i DC/AC t n

trong trng hp mt
in li. Thng s : UDC= 6V, UAC= 220V,
f=50Hz
 Li ni u

in t cng sut cn c tn gi l K thut bin i in nng l

mt ngnh k thut in t nghin cu ng dng cc phn t bn dn trong
cc b bin i khng ch bin i ngun nng lng in. Cc b bin
i in t cng sut th h mi ngy cng th hin r cc u vit ni bt
nh: kch thc gn nh, tc ng nhanh, lm vic n nh vi tin cy
cao, gi thnh h
Trong cc b bin i in t cng sut khng th khng nhc n cc
b bin i in p DC/DC, DC/AC. Cc b bin i ny ngy cng c
ng dng rng ri c bit trong lnh vc iu khin ng c, truyn ng
in, tit kim nng lng, s dng trong sinh hot khi mt in li. y
cng chnh l ti ca n ny:
Xy dng h thng bin i DC/AC t n trong trng hp mt
in li. Thng s : UDC= 6V, UAC= 220V, f=50Hz
Bn n gm 3 chng:
Chng 1. Cc b nghch lu.
Chng 2. Xy dng h thng bin i DC/AC t 6VDC ln
220VAC tn s 50Hz.
Chng 3. Xy dng m hnh vt l h thng bin i DC/AC t
6VDC ln 220VAC tn s 50Hz.
Em xin chn thnh cm n GS.TSKH. Thn Ngc Hon cng cc
thy c gio b mn hng dn em hon thnh n ny. Do y l ln
u tin thc hin lm n nn khng th mc phi sai st, em mong c
s ch bo tn tnh ca cc thy.
Hi Phng, ngy 12 thng 07 nm 2010
Sinh vin thc hin
L Vn Kin

1
 Ch-ng 1 : cc b nghch l-u

Nghch lu c lp l thit b bin i dng in mt chiu thnh dng

in xoay chiu c tn s ra c th thay i c v lm vic vi ph ti c
lp.
Ngun in mt chiu thng thng l in p chnh lu, acquy v cc
ngun in mt chiu c lp khc.
Nghch lu c lp v bin tn c s dng rng ri trong cc lnh
vc nh cung cp in t cc ngun c lp nh acquy, cc h truyn ng
xoay chiu, giao thng, truyn ti in nng, luyn kim
Ngi ta thng phn loi nghch lu theo s , v d nh nghch lu
mt pha, nghch lu ba pha.
Ngi ta cng c th phn loi chng theo qu trnh in t xy ra
trong nghch lu nh: nghch lu p, nghch lu dng, nghch lu cng
hng.
Ngoi ra cn nhiu cch phn loi nghch lu nhng hai cch trn l
ph bin hn c.
1.1. NGHCH LU DNG [3].
1.1.1. Nghch lu dng mt pha.
Nghch lu dng l thit b bin i ngun dng mt chiu thnh dng
xoay chiu c tn s ty .
c im c bn ca nghch lu dng l ngun mt chiu cp in cho
b bin i phi l ngun dng, do in cm u vo Ld thng c gi tr
ln v cng dng in l lin tc.
1.1.1.1. Nguyn l lm vic.
S nghch lu mt pha c trnh by trn hnh 1.1 s cu v
hnh 1.2 s c im trung tnh.

2
 Xt s cu : Cc tn hiu iu khin c a vo tng i tiristo
T1, T2 th lch pha vi tn hiu iu khin a vo i T3, T4 mt gc 1800.

Ld

+ T1 iC T3
id C+ -
iN (-) (+)

Z
iZ T2
- T4

Hnh 1.1. S nghch lu cu mt pha

ib Zt
Co
W2
W1 W1
Ld i1
+ - C+ ic
id (+) (-)
- T1 T2

Hnh 1.2. S nghch lu mt pha c im trung tnh

tnh
in cm u vo nghch lu ln Ld = do dng in u vo
c san phng (hnh 1.3), ngun cp cho nghch lu l ngun dng v dng
dng in ca nghch lu iN c dng xung vung.
Khi a xung vo m cp van T1, T2, dng in iN = id = Id. ng thi
dng qua t C tng ln t bin, t C bt u c np in vi du + bn
tri v du - bn phi. Khi t C np y, dng qua t gim v khng. Do
iN = iC + iZ = Id = hng s, nn lc u dng qua ti nh v sau dng qua
ti tng ln.
Sau mt na chu k t = t1 ngi ta a xung vo m cp van T3, T4.
Cp T3, T4 m to ra qu trnh phng in ca t C t cc + v cc -.

3
Dng phng ngc chiu vi dng qua T1 v T2 s lm cho T1 v T2 b kha
li. iN
T
0 Id t

id
t
ic
t

iz
t

iT1
iT2 t

UT1
t
t1 t1
tk
Hnh 1.3. Gin xung ca nghch lu cu mt pha

Qu trnh chuyn mch xy ra gn nh tc thi. Sau t C s c

np in theo chiu ngc li vi cc tnh + bn phi v cc tnh -
bn tri, dng nghch lu iN = id = Id nhng i du. n thi im t = t2
ngi ta a xung vo m T1, T2 th T3, T4 s b kha li v qu trnh c lp
li nh trc.
Nh vy chc nng c bn ca t C l lm nhim v chuyn mch cho
cc tiristo. thi im t1, khi m T3 v T4 , tiristo T1 v T2 s b kha li bi
in p ngc ca t C t ln ( hnh 1.3). Khong thi gian duy tr in p
ngc t1 t1 l cn thit duy tr qu trnh kha v phc hi tnh cht iu
khin ca van v t1 - t1 = tk toff ; toff l thi gian kha ca tiristo hay chnh l
thi gian phc hi tnh cht iu khin.
Trong : .tk = l gc kha ca nghch lu.

4
 1.1.1.2. nh hng ca ph ti i vi ch lm vic ca nghch
lu.
Ta xt trng hp Ld = (in cm v cng ln). S trn hnh 1.2
c th thay th bng s hnh 1.4.
T s thay th c th vit h phng trnh sau :
id = it + ic = Id = const
dUC
iC = C (1.1)
dt
Ut
it
Rt

+ id Z
iz
ic
-

Hnh 1.4. S thay th ca nghch lu dng mt pha.

Gii h phng trnh trn i vi U(t) ta c:

1
Rt C
Ut(t) = A1 + A2e (1.2)
tm h s A1 v A2 ta s dng cc iu kin sau:

in p trn ti c tnh cht thay i chu k nn:

Ut t 0 = -Ut t T /2

Gi tr trung bnh ca in p trn in cm Ld ch xc lp

bng khng, tc l :
T /2
1
( E U t )dt 0
T /2 0

Gii cc phng trnh trn ta tm c:

5
 T
T 2 Rt C
E 1 e
4
A1 T T
(1.3)
T 2 Rt C 2 Rt C
1 e Rt C 1 e
4

T
E
A2 2 (1.4)
T T
T 2 Rt C 2 Rt C
1 e Rt C 1 e
4

Thay cc gi tr A1 v A2 vo (1.2) ta c:
T t
2 Rt C Rt .C
E 1 e 2e
Ut (t) T T
(1.5)
2 Rt C 4 Rt C 2 Rt C
1 e 1 e
T

Biu thc (1.5) cho thy in p trn ti bin thin theo quy lut hm
m c s e. Khi thay i ph ti nh gim dng ti, dng qua t s t thay i
dU C IC
v const (ngun dng), do in p trn ti s c dng l nhng
dt C

ng gn tuyn tnh, gc kha = .tk , vi tk l thi gian kha ca

2
nghch lu.
Nghch lu dng khng c kh nng lm vic ch khng ti, v
nu Rt th Ut v id .
Trn thc t khi Rt ln v cng th in p trn ti cng tin n gi tr
rt ln, do qu trnh chuyn mch khng th thc hin c, cng nh
khng c thit b bn dn no chu ng ni qu in p ln nh vy.
Ngc li khi tng ph ti ngha l tng ng vi vic gim Rt, lc
ny dng np cho t s gim, ngc li dng phng ca t qua ti s tng ln.
iu dn n gim nng lng tch tr trong t, dng in p trn
ti s c dng gn vi hnh ch nht, nhng gc cng gim ng k v nh
hng ti qu trnh chuyn mch ca nghch lu.

6
 Thi gian tk l thi gian duy tr in p ngc t ln tiristo c xc
nh t biu thc (1.5) nu cho Ut = 0:
T tk
2 Rt C Rt C
E 1 e 2e
Ut t tk = 0 T T
(1.6)
2 Rt C 4 Rt C 2 Rt C
1 e 1 e
T

Gii phng trnh (1.6) ta tm c:

2
tk = Rt.C ln T
(1.7)
2 Rt C
1 e
2
= .tk k ln (1.8)
1 e
k = .Rk .C (1.9)
Biu thc (1.8) v (1.9) cho thy gc kha ca nghch lu ph thuc
vo tn s, ph ti v t chuyn mch.
tha mn iu kin lm vic ca nghch lu th min .toff , trong

toff l thi gian kha ca tiristo c trong trong s tay tra cu.

1.1.1.3. c tnh ca nghch lu dng.

Nu ngun l ngun dng th dng dng in ca nghch lu iNL s l
dng xoay chiu hnh xung vung gc (hnh 1.3). Phn tch theo chui
Foruier v ly thnh phn iu ha bc 1 ta c bin ca sng iu ha bc
1 (sng c bn) l:
2
1 2 4
Im (1) iNL sin d I d sin d Id
0 0

Gi tr hiu dng ca sng c bn l:

2 2
I (1) Id (1.10)

7
 S thay th ca nghch lu ngun dng quy i v sng iu ha
bc 1 c dng nh hnh 1.5a.

I(1) I(t)
UNL
IC
Rt
C IC
Id I(t)
Lt
I(1)

a) b)
Hnh 1.5. a) S thay th - b) Biu vc t
T s thay th ta dng c th vc t ca nghch lu dng :
I (1) = IC + It (1.11)
Trong s thay th hnh 1.5b UNL chnh l Ut.
Ut - in p trn ti hay l in p ra ca nghch lu UNL.
Nu b qua tn hao trong nghch lu v coi l gc lch pha gia in
p ra ca nghch lu v sng c bn ca dng nghch lu, theo nh lut bo
ton nng lng, cng sut pha xoay chiu s bng pha mt chiu Pd = P1,
tc l: E.Id = n.Ut.I(1).cos (1.12)
Thay (1.10) vo (1.12) ta c:
E.Id = n.Ut.I(1).cos (1.13)

1.1.2. Nghch lu dng ba pha.

Trong thc t nghch lu dng ba pha c s dng ph bin v cng
sut ca n ln v p ng c cc ng dng trong cng nghip.
Cng ging nh nghch lu dng mt pha nghch lu dng ba pha cng
s dng tiristo.
kho c cc tiristo th phi c cc t chuyn mch C1, C3, C5.

8
 V l nghch lu dng nn ngun u vo phi l ngun dng, v vy
gi tr cun cm Ld .

+ Ld
id T1 T3 T5
C1 C3

+ - ZA

E ZB
ZC
C5
+ -

- T2 T4 T6

Hnh 1.6. S nghch lu dng ba pha

t

T1 t3 t4 t5 t6
0 t1 t2 T4

T3
0
T6 T6

T5 T5
0
T2

Hnh 1.7. Gin xung ca nghch lu dng ba pha.

m bo kho c cc tiristo chc chn v to ra dng in ba pha i

xng th lut dn in ca cc tiristo phi tun theo th nh trn hnh 1.7.
Qua th ta thy mi van ng lc ch dn trong khong thi gian 120 .

9
Qu trnh chuyn mch bao gi cng din ra i vi cc van trong cng mt
nhm.
Ld + (-)
Trong nghch lu ngun T1 T5
id T3
+
dng v ti lun mc song song C1 C3

vi t chuyn mch nn gia ti D1 C5 D3 D5

v t lun c s trao i nng
ZA
lng, nh hng ny lm cho E ZB
ng c tnh ngoi kh dc v ZC
D4 D6 D2
hn ch vng lm vic ca
C4 C6
nghch lu dng. lm gim
C2
nh hng ca ti n qu trnh
-
np ca t C, ngi ta s dng T4 T6 T2
- (+)
it ngn cch D1, D2, D3, D4,
D5, D6 (trn hnh 1.8). Hnh 1.8. Nghch lu dng ba pha
Vic s dng cc it ny c it ngn cch.
i hi pha t chuyn mch chia lm hai nhm :
Nhm C1, C3, C5 dng chuyn mch cho cc van T1, T3, T5 .
Nhm C2, C4, C6 dng chuyn mch cho cc van T2, T4, T6 .
Nghch lu dng nh phn tch trn khng ch tiu th cng sut
phn khng m cn pht ra cng sut tc dng v dng id khng i hng
nhng du ca in p hai u ngun c th o du. iu c ngha l khi
nghch lu lm vic vi ti l ng c in xoay chiu ng c c th thc
hin hm ti sinh.
1.2. NGHCH LU P.
Nghch lu p l thit b bin i ngun p mt chiu thnh ngun p
xoay chiu vi tn s ty .

10
 Ngun p vn l ngun c s dng ph bin trong thc t. Hn na
in p ra ca nghch lu p c th iu ch theo phng php khc nhau
c th gim c sng iu ha bc cao.
Trc kia nghch lu p b hn ch trong ng dng v cng sut ca cc
van ng lc iu khin hon ton cn nh. Hn na vic s dng nghch lu
p bng tiristo khin cho hiu sut ca b bin i gim, s iu khin
phc tp.
Ngy nay cng sut ca cc van ng lc IGBT, GTO, MOSFET cng
tr nn ln v c kch thc gn nh, do nghch lu p tr thnh b bin
i thng dng v c chun ha trong cc b bin tn cng nghip. Do
s nghch lu p trnh by sau y s dng van iu khin hon ton.
Trong qu trnh nghin cu ta gi thit cc van ng lc l cc kha
in t l tng, tc l thi gian ng v m bng khng nn in tr ngun
bng khng.

1.2.1. Nghch lu p mt pha.

1.2.1.1. Cu to.
S nghch lu p mt pha c m t trn hnh 1.9. S gm 4
van ng lc ch yu l: T1, T2, T3, T4 v cc it D1, D2, D3, D4 dng tr
cng sut phn khng v li v nh vy trnh c hin tng qu p u
ngun.
T C c mc song song vi ngun m bo cho ngun u vo l
ngun hai chiu (ngun mt chiu thng c cp bi chnh lu ch cho
php dng i theo mt chiu).
Nh vy t C thc hin vic tip nhn cng sut phn khng ca ti,
ng thi t C cn m bo cho ngun u vo l ngun p.

11
1.2.1.2. Nguyn l lm vic.
na chu k u tin (0 2 ), cp van T1, T2 dn in, ph ti c
u vo ngun. Do ngun l ngun p ln in p trn ti U1 = E, hng dng
in l ng nt m.
Ti thi im = 2 , T1 v T2 b kha, ng thi T3 v T4 m ra ti s
c u vo ngun theo chiu ngc li, tc l du in p trn ti s o
chiu v Ut = - E ti thi im 2 .
Do ti mang tnh tr cm nn dng vn gi nguyn hng c (ng
nt m) T1, T2 b kha nn dng phi khp mch qua D3, D4. Sut in ng
cm ng trn ti s tr thnh ngun tr nng lng thng qua D3, D4 v t C
(ng nt t ).
Tng t nh vy i vi chu k tip theo khi kha cp T3, T4 dng ti
s khp mch qua D1 v D2.
th in p ti Ut, dng in ti it, dng qua it iD v dng qua
tiristo c biu din trn hnh 1.10.
Biu thc in p v dng in trn ti :
4E
Ut sin .t

4E
It sin( .t )
Rt2 X t2

+ D3
D1 it
E T1 T3
Zt
id
C0 D2
D4 T4 T2
-

. Hnh 1.9. S nghch lu p cu mt pha

12
 Ut
Ut
it
E it
4
0
1 2 3

iT1,2

iD1,2 iD3,4 iD1,2

Hnh 1.10. th nghch lu p cu mt pha

Trn thc t ngi ta thng dng nghch lu p vi phng php iu

ch rng xung PWM gim bt c kch thc ca b lc. Nguyn l
ca phng php ny s c nghin cu phn sau.

1.2.2. Nghch lu p ba pha.

S nghch lu p ba pha hnh 1.11 c ghp t ba s mt pha
c im trung tnh.
n gin ha vic tnh ton ta gi thit nh sau :
Gi thit cc van l l tng, ngun c ni tr nh v cng v dn
in theo hai chiu.
Van ng lc c bn T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6 lm vic vi dn in
180 , Za = Zb = Zc.
Cc it D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 lm chc nng tr nng lng v ngun
v t C m bo ngun cp l ngun p ng thi tip nhn nng lng phn
khng t ti.
Ta xt c th nguyn l v lut iu khin cho cc tiristo nh sau

13
 T1 D1 T3 D3 T5 D5
+
E
C

- T4 D4 T6 D6 T2 D2

Za Zb Zc

Hnh 1.11. S nghch lu p ba pha

T1 t3 t4 T1 t
t1 t2 T4

T3 T3 t
T6 T6

T5 T5 t
T2 T2

Hnh 1.12. Lut iu khin cc tiristo

m bo to ra in p ba pha i xng lut dn in ca cc van

phi tun theo th nh trn hnh (1.12).
Nh vy T1, T4 dn in lch nhau 180 v to ra pha A. T3, T6 dn in
lch nhau 180 to ra pha B. T5, T2 dn in lch nhau 180 to ra pha C,
v cc pha lch nhau 120 .

14
 UZA
2E/
E/33 t
-E/3
-2E/3
UZB
2E/
E/3
3 t
-E/3
-2E/3
UZC
2E/
E/3
3 t
-E/3
-2E/3

Hnh 1.13. in p trn ti ca mch nghch lu

p ba pha

Dng in p trn cc pha UZA, UZB, UZC c dng nh trn hnh 1.13 v
c gi tr hiu dng c tnh bi cng thc sau :
2
1 2 2
U pha U pha ( )d E (1.14)
2 0
3

Suy ra :
2
U A (t ) E sin .t (1.15)
3
2
U B (t ) E sin( .t 120 ) (1.16)
3
2
U C (t ) E sin( .t 120 ) (1.17)
3
ETt
Gi tr t C c tnh theo cng thc: C (1 2 ln 2) 1.18)
3Rt U C

15
1.3. NGHCH LU CNG H-ng.
c im c bn ca nghch lu cng hng l qu trnh chuyn mch
ca van da vo hin tng cng hng. Gi tr in cm khng ln nh
nghch lu dng ( Ld = ) v khng nh hn nghch lu p ( Ld = 0 ), m
chim mt v tr trung gian sao cho khi kt hp vi in cm ca ti Lt v t
in C th trong mch s xut hin hin tng dao ng .
1.3.1. Nghch lu cng hng song song.
Xt s hnh 1.14, khi t = 0 cp van T1, T2 c m ra. T C c
np qua mch (+) Ld T1 Zt T2 (-). Dng np cho t s c dng hnh
sin v mch dao ng cng hng.

i iT1=iT2
Ld
iT3=iT4

+ T1 T3 0
id Lt Zt
i Uc=Ut
E

C 0
UC=Ut T2
- T4 1 2 3
4 5

a) b)
Hnh 1.14. a) Nghch lu cng hng song song b) Gin xung

Ti thi im .t 1 dng i qua ti gim v khng do T1 v T2 b

kha li. Trong khong thi gian t 1 n 2 tt c cc tiristo u b kha li
v Lt = 0. in p trn T1, T2 bng na in p trn t Uc v in p ngun E.
in p trn t trong khong thi gian 1 2 phi ln hn ngun E m bo
kha T1 v T2 chc chn. Ti thi im .t 2 cp van T3 v T4 c m ra.
in p trn T1 v T2 bng in p nghch ca t C t ln (= Uc), t c np
theo chiu ngc li v o du. Dng np ca t C cng mang tnh dao ng

16
v gim v khng thi im 4 . Lc ny T3, T4 kha li. Dng qua tiristo c
th coi l xung sin :

It I m . sin 0 .t (1.19)

1.3.2. Nghch lu cng hng ni tip.

S gm hai cun cm L1 v L2 c qun trn cng mt li thp
to ra hin tng cm ng, t C c mc ni tip vi ti.
Cc gi tr ca L1, L2, C v Rt c chn sao cho dng qua tiristo l
dng dao ng.
Nghch lu ni tip c ba ch lm vic :
a) Ch kha t nhin : f0 > f , dng qua T1 gim v khng sau mt
thi gian mi m T2, ch ny tng t nh ch lm vic ca nghch
lu song song.

T1 L1 L2 T2
K L
+
E i C i
E C
1 Rt 2
- rt

a) b)

Hnh 1.15. Mch nghch lu cng hng ni tip v s thay th.

b) Ch gii hn : f0 = f dng qua T1 gim v khng th T2 c

m ra v vy ch ny m bo dng ti it v in p trn ti Ut l hnh sin.
c) Ch chuyn mch cng bc: f0 < f khi T1 cn cha kha
kch xung m cho T2.
S d nghch lu ni tip c th lm vic ch 2 v 3 l do hin
tng cm ng ca hai cun L1 v L2.

17
 Khi T1 cn ang dn m cho T2, dng phng qua t C qua L2 v T2
s gy nn hin tng cm ng trong cun L2. Sc in ng ny c du
chng li s tng ca dng, tc l (+) bn tri v (-) bn phi.
Do L1 v L2 qun trn cng mt li thp nn sc in ng ny cm
ng nn L1. Nh vy T1 s chu mt in p UT :
UT = E - ( UL1 + UL2 )
Cc tham s c chn sao cho Ut < 0 nn T1 s b kha li.
Nghch lu ch yu lm vic hai ch trn. Nghch lu ni tip lm
vic vi di ph ti thay i tng i rng.
gi cho in p trn ti l khng i khi ph ti thay i, cn thay
i tn s ca xung iu khin f .
Ch f > f0 l ch m nghch lu cng hng lm vic nh ch
nghch lu dng in.
1.4. nghch l-u iu bin rng xung pwm [1].

Cc b nghch lu trnh by trn c in p ra c cha nhiu sng

hi. nng cao cht lng in p v dng in u ra ca b nghch lu,
b nghch lu iu bin rng xung PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) c
a ra nghin cu v ng dng.
Tiu chun nh gi cht lng ca mt b nghch lu l mc gn
sin chun ca in p v dng in u ra. Trong tt c cc b nghch lu th
b nghch lu iu bin rng xung c nh gi l b nghch lu cho
php a ra dng sng gn sin nht.
Ni dung c bn ca k thut ny l mi na chu k dng in hay
in p ra gm nhiu on hnh ch nht c rng thch hp.
u im ca k thut ny l :
Cc thnh phn iu ho ca in p hoc dng in ra b y sang
pha tn s cao do d lc.

18
 Cho php thay i in p ra bng s c hai kho chuyn mch
trong mt pha.
Lut iu khin ca phng php iu bin rng xung PWM c
s dng nhiu nht l lut so snh. Tn hiu iu khin hnh sin c tn s
mong mun s c so snh vi cc xung hnh tam gic. Tn s chuyn
mch ca nghch lu fcm bng tn s xung tam gic fx c gi tr khng i;
tn s xung tam gic cn gi l tn s mang.
Tn s tn hiu iu khin f1 c tn l tn s iu bin s xc nh tn s
c bn ca in p ra nghch lu.
H s iu bin bin c nh ngha l:
U dkm
ma (1.20) Uxm Ux
U xm

Trong : Uk

Udkm bin ca tn hiu iu khin.

2
Umx bin ca tn hiu xung tam gic.

H s iu bin tn s l :
fx
mx (1.21) E
f1

Xt mt chu k in p mang ( hnh 1.16).

Khi xp chng udk v ux chng ct nhau ti cc
Hnh 1.16.
honh v (2 ). Cc giao im ca Lut iu khin

chng quyt nh gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra. PWM.

2 2
1 E E E E 2
U tb d d d 1 (1.22)
2 0
2 2 2
2 2

Mt khc ta c : 1 ma (1.23)
2

19
 2U tb
Do : ma (1.24)
E

Qua biu thc (1.24) ta thy rng : gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra

trong mt chu k in p mang t l vi in p iu khin. Nu in p iu
khin c dng hnh sin th Utb dng hnh sin. Ngi ta c th iu chnh bin
in p ra bng cch tc ng vo t s Udkm /Uxm .
Trn hnh 1.17 biu din s khi iu khin cc tiristo ca PWM.
T s cho ta thy: hai tn hiu iu khin Uk v tn hiu sng mang Ux
a vo b so snh. Khi hai in p ny bng nhau s cho mt xung, qua b
chia xung ta a ti iu khin cc tiristo tng ng.

Ux

Uk

Hnh 1.17. S khi b iu khin cc van ca PWM.

Udk Umang

uara
Iara

Hnh 1.18. in p ra b nghch lu iu khin bi xung n cc.

20
 Trn hnh 1.17 biu din phng php to in p ra bng so snh in
p iu khin hnh sin v in p tam gic cn. hnh 1.18 l cch to ra in
p bng cc xung n cc (in p mang trong trng hp ny ch c xung
n cc dng hoc m ).

Trong khi hnh 1.19 l phng php to in p ra bng cc xung

lng cc ( in p mang lc ny c xung vi hai cc tnh khc nhau ).

Udk
Umang

uara Udk

Hnh 1.19. in p ra b nghch lu iu khin bi xung lng cc.

u im ca s iu bin rng xung in p n cc l tn s

in p ra gp i tn s chuyn mch v in p u ra khi chuyn mch
thay i vi tr s Ud so vi 2Ud s chuyn mch in p lng cc. Do
tn s in p gp i tn s chuyn mch nn di tn s thnh phn sng hi
gp i so vi s nghch lu iu bin vi chuyn mch in p lng cc.
Mt s lu khi chn tri s mf v ma :
Tr s mf
Vi mf l s l, cc thnh phn sng hi bc chn s khng tn ti
v cc h s hm cos s bng khng.

21
 La chn tn s chuyn mch v h s iu bin tn s: gim
thnh phn sng hi bc cao, do gim kch thc v gi thnh b lc, tn
s chuyn mch nn chn tr s ln. Tuy nhin tn hao do chuyn mch ca
nghch lu s tng t l vi tn s chuyn mch.
Tr s ma
Khi ma < 1 phng php iu khin c u th to c quan h
tuyn tnh gia bin in p thnh phn c bn v h s tuyn tnh. Tuy
nhin khng th tng tr s in p ln cao c.
Khi ma > 1 th c th tng bin in p tn s c bn, phng
php ny l qu iu bin, so vi phng php ma < 1 th phng php ma >1
c nhiu sng hi hn.
(uAOm)1
ud
2
1.273

vng vng
0 tuyn 1.0 qu iu 3.24 ma
tnh bin

Hnh 1.20. Quan h in p v ma

Mch nghch lu ba pha PWM gm ba mch nghch lu mt pha ghp

li vi nhau.

Trong s nghch lu ba pha ta c th s dng chung mt b pht dao

ng sng mang. Cn in p iu khin so snh th phi c 3 b pht dao
ng hnh sin c cng bin nhng lch pha nhau 120o theo th t pha.

22
Ch-ng 2: xy dng h thng bin i dc/ac t
6vdc ln 220vac tn s 50hz

2.1. la chn h thng bin i dc/ac.

Ta a ra thng s v yu cu b nghch lu cn thit k nh sau:
Ngun cp l Acquy 6VDC/20Ah.
Cng sut 100W.
in p u ra 220VAC/50Hz.
Vi ngun cp l Acquy nn ta s dng mch nghch lu c lp.Nh
vy ta c ba s chn la : Nghch lu c lp ngun p, ngun dng v cng
hng.
Mch nghch lu c lp dng in c cp t ngun dng, y ta
s dng ngun cp l acquy nn khng ph hp.
Mch nghch lu c lp cng hng c dng in p ra gn sin nht,
tuy nhin vi tn s ln t 500Hz tr ln do vy khng ph hp s dng
cho mch m ta cn thit k.
Nh vy ta s dng mch nghchlu c lp ngun p, c hai la chn:
Nghch lu c lp ngun p mt pha.
Nghch lu c lp ngun p ba pha sau ly mt pha s dng.
Nghch lu c lp ngun p ba pha c dng hnh sin hn so vi nghch
lu c lp ngun p mt pha, tuy nhin vi mc ch s dng nh ban u ta
a ra th hon ton khng cn thit phi dng nh vy, bi b nghch lu p
ba pha cho chi ph cao hn v tnh ton iu khin cng phc tp hn rt
nhiu, trong khi ta ch cn s dng mt pha cho nhu cu sinh hot hng
ngy.
Do vy ta s chn mch nghch lu c lp ngun p mt pha vi cc
thng s v yu cu ra.
B bin i DC/AC s gm hai thnh phn chnh nh sau :

23
 Mch iu khin : C nhim v pht xung vung dao ng vi tn s
50 Hz cp xung m cho transitor, transitor dn s lm cho mosfet dn.
Mch lc b nghch lu mt pha :c nhim v y ko in p 6V
DC ln 220VAC tn s 50Hz.

2.2. thit k mch bin i in p dc/ac t 6vdc ln

220vac tn s 50hz

2.2.1. Nguyn l mch bin i in p.

Nguyn l mch nng in p acquy c th trnh by nh sau:

Hnh 2.1. S nguyn l mch nng in p.

in p acquy c a ti im trung tnh ca cun s cp bin p T1,

hai Mosfet Q1 v Q2 ni chung cng ngun S ni ti cc m ca acquy,
cc cng mng D ca Q1 v Q2 ni vi cc u cn li ca s cp my bin p
ri c ni vi cc dng ca acquy

2.2.2. Mch khuch i y ko ( push-pull ).

2.2.2.1. Gii thiu v mch push-pull [9].
Nguyn l mch y ko dng xung dng, p c trnh by nh sau:

24
 Hnh 2.2. S nguyn l mch Push-pull v th cc dng xung.
a) S nguyn l
b) Xung in p VDS ca van Q1
c) X ung in p VDS ca van Q2
S gm mt my bin p vi mt hoc nhiu cun th cp. Cun
th cp cung cp mt cp xung vung lch nhau 180 0 m bin ca n c
xc nh bi s vng dy cun th cp. Hai van ng lc Q1 v Q2 l loi
mosfet. Khi hai van m s lm in p ri trn cun s cp gim i mt lng
l VDS ( l in p ri trn hai cc D v S ca van ).
in p VDS ph thuc vo ni tr RDS-on ca van khi dn v dng chy
qua van.
Khi mt trong hai van m n s t mt xung p hnh vung c tr s
Vg -VDS n na cun s cp.

25
 T0
Ts

Q1 dn Q1 dn Q1 dn
Ton

Q2 dn Q2 dn
Ton

Q1 dn Q2 dn Q1 dn Q2 dn Q1 dn

Hnh 2.3. Dng sng in p ra.

2.2.2.2. Nguyn nhn s la chn y ko cho b bin i in p.
nng in p t in p acquy ln thnh in p cao c th dng rt
nhiu mch bin i nh l: b Push-pull nh trnh by trn, b Half
bridge, b Full-bridge, hay b Flyback.

D L
E/2 C2
Q1
T1
+
E C

Q2
E/2 C1

Hnh 2.4. S nguyn l mch Half bridge.

26
 +VCC
D1
L
Q1 Q3
C
T1

Q2 Q4 D2

Hnh 2.5. S nguyn l mch Full bridge

VD
ID

D
V1 V2 C R Vo
Vi
Is
Vs
S

Hnh 2.6. S nguyn l mch Flyback

Tuy nhin b Flyback ch dng cho mch cng sut b di 100W. Vi

cng mt li bin p th b Half bridge v b Full bridge c cng sut cao hn
so vi b Push -pull. Nhng trong mch Half bridge th cn c thm hai t v
v in p trn cun dy ch bng na in p ngun cp cho nn vi cng
mt in p ra cun th cp trong bin p ca b Half bridge c s vng dy
ln gp i ca b Push pull.
B Full bridge khc phc c nhc im c s vng th cp ln ca
b half bridge nhng n cn ti 4 Mosfet trong mch lc, khin mch tr nn
phc tp, cng knh, tng chi ph cho sn phm. Vi cng sut khng ln
(150W) ta s s dng mch push pull l hp l, v mch ny tuy c ti hai
cun s cp nhng cun s cp c s vng nh nn s kinh t hn .

27
2.2.4. Tnh ton bin p ng lc [4].
Thit k bin p ng lc vi tng tn tht nh nht, s gm mt s
bc c bn nh sau:
Bc 1. Xc nh cc thng s tnh ton.
in tr sut dy qun ( cm) .

Dng in hiu dng tng quy i v bn s cp Itot (A).

T s bin p N2/N1.
T thng cun s cp 1 (VS).
Tng tn hao Ptot (W).
H s lp y Ku.
Hng s v s m tn hao li KFe (W/cm3.T ).
Bc 2. Chn loi li thch hp.
p dng cng thc sau tnh c Kgfe.
2
2 2
1 . I .K fe
0t
Kgfe 108 2
(2.2)
4. Ku. Ptot

Tra bng chn loi li v tn li.

Bc 3. Kim tra mt t cm nh.
Vi li chn bc 2 ta c cc kch thc hnh hc ca li nh
MTL, AC, lm, WA.
Tnh c mt t cm nh theo cng thc sau:
1
2 2 2
8 . .I ( MTL ) 1
Bth 10 1 tot
. 3
. (2.3)
2.Ku WA . Ac .lm .K fe

Kim tra nu B nh hn mt t cm bo ha ca li th li chn

tha mn. Ngc li th ta phi chn mt li c kch thc ln hn so vi li
chn.
Bc 4. Tnh s vng cc cun dy v kch thc dy qun.

28
S vng cun s cp tnh theo cng thc:

n1 = 104 1
(2.4)
2. B. Ac

Chn s vng cun th cp theo t s bin p:

n2
n2 = n1 (2.5)
n1

n3
n3 = n1
n1

.
Tnh cc h s i theo cc cng thc sau:
n1.I1
1
n1.I tot

n2 .I 2
2
n1.I tot

. (2.6)
nk .I k
k
n1.I tot

Chn tit din dy qun theo cng thc:

.K u .WA
Awl 1
n1

.K u .WA
Awl 2
(2.7)
n2

n1 n2 i2 v1(t) Vg vg .D.Ts
1

i1(t) T u1(t)
D1 0 0 t
+
-Vg
v1(t) n2
Io
i1(t) n1
D2
- 0 0 t
i2b(t)

Hnh 2.7. Dng xung p v dng ca bin p mch push-pull.

29
 Vi b nghch lu m chng ta thit k theo thng s thc nghim o
c th cng sut ra ca bin p phi l 110W.
Vi mch push pull ta c gin xung nh hnh 2.7. Bin p thit k
dng cho mch push pull nn bn s cp c hai cun. Tuy nhin d tnh
ton ta quy v mt cun nh hnh v. Thc t dng sng i2b(t) cng ging nh
i2a(t) nhng lch pha 1800.
Trong trng hp ny in p Vg chnh l in p trn hai cc ca
acquy. Acquy dng cho b nghch lu l loi acquy ch 6V-20Ah. Vgmax khi
acquy np y l V . Chn tn s chuyn mch fs = 50 Hz , nh vy tn s hot
ng ca bin p l f0 = 50Hz.
Bin p thc t s dng trong mch:

Bin p c kch thc : a = 3(cm), b = 5,5 (cm)

108
Cng thc tnh s vng cho mt volt l : N
4.44 S F B

Vi : S tnh = cm2

F tnh = Hezt

B tnh = Gausse (chn 10.000)

Bin p c in th ngun l 6 Volt, in th ra l 220 Volt dng th

cp l 0.5 (A), ta s dng st t c li in tch l 16,5 cm2 ,tn s 50 Hz.

Tnh cng sut v dng s cp :

30
 Cng sut cun th cp l : 220 Volt x 0,5 Ampere = 110 Watt

Ngun 6 Volt do dng s cp I = 110 Watt / 6 Volt = 18,3 (A)

Tnh s vng dy:

Thay tr s vo cng thc trn ta c :

108
N 2,73 vng / volt
4.44 16.5 50 10.000

Do ta qun th cp : 220 volt x 2,73 vng = 600 vng

S cp : 6 volt x 2.73 vng = 16,4 vng

Tnh c dy :

I (2)
D(mm)
2

Thay gi tr vo cng thc (2) tm c c dy th cp l :

0.5
0.35(mm)
2

Thay gi tr vo cng thc (2) tm c c dy s cp l :

18,3
2,1(mm)
2

2.2.5. Gii thiu v IC chuyn dng s dng trong mch [13]

Trong mch iu khin b nghch lu ta hon ton c th s dng cc

mch ring r ghp li vi nhau. Mi mt mch s thc hin mt khu ring:
c th l to xung, so snh hoc l mt khu khuch i. Tuy nhin iu ny
s lm cho mch tr nn cng knh, tng chi ph cho sn phm, hn na vic
dng nhiu cc phn t nh vy s lm cho mch thiu tnh n nh. iu ny
l rt quan trng i vi mt mch in t cng sut.

31
 Da trn nguyn l iu khin chung nh trnh by trn, hin nay
cc hng ch to ra IC chuyn dng iu bin rng xung PWM dng
cho cc ngun chuyn mch. Chng to ra c mt cuc cch mng trong
vic ch to b ngun chuyn mch.

Ngoi IC CD4047BC trn th trng hin nay cn c mt s loi IC

chuyn dng iu bin rng xung nh LT1524, SG3524, HCF4047B,
HCC4047B, SG3525, TL494.

Loi IC chuyn dng ny c nhiu u im vt tri nh :

Lm vic vi di in p rng: 3.0V 15V i vi

CD4047BC , 3.0 18V vi HCC4047B.

C kh nng chng nhiu cao.

Hot ng n nh trong di nhit kh rng: -650C 1500C

vi CD4047BC.

To c sng ra vi tn s kh cao 300 kHz.

Tiu th nng lng rt thp 100 mW.

Mi hng ch to cc IC ny c i cht khc nhau song s cu to

v nguyn l hot ng ca chng u c nhng im ging nhau c bn v
c trnh by nh hnh 2.21. Do vy trong thit k mch iu khin b
nghch lu ta hon ton c th thay th cc IC ny cho nhau khi cn thit.

32
Hnh 2.8 . S khi ca IC CD4047BC.

Hnh 2.9. S logic ca IC CD4047BC.

33
 Vpwm
Vst C2
Sawtooth Q2
Vp PWM G2
oscillator
Rt E2
Ct
Error Vea
Amplifier Q1 C1
Vref
+ G2
PWM
- E1
KVo NAND Gate
_
Q Q
Overcurrent +
Binary
Sensing T1
- Counter

Vp
t1 t2
Vea
Vst

Vpwm
Q

E1

E2

Hnh 2.10 . S cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca IC chuyn dng.

Mt b dao ng rng ca sinh ra mt xung rng ca (hnh 2.21) c

bin khong 3,3V, Vst.
Mc in p mt chiu nn xung rng ca vo khong 0,5V v nh
l 4,5V.
Chu k xung rng ca c xc nh bi thnh phn in tr v t
in bn ngoi Rt v Ct, gi tr xp x : T = Rt.Ct

34
 Mt b khuch i sai s so snh mt phn in p ng ra KV 0 vi in
p chun Vref v sinh ra in p sai s Vea, Vea c so snh vi in p rng
ca Vst trong b iu bin rng xung PWM. Ch rng trong b khuch
i sai s, mt phn ca in p ng ra KV0 c cp n ng o khi V0
tng th in p sai s Vea gim.
Trong b iu bin rng xung PWM xung rng ca c cp vo
ng vo khng o v Vea c cp n ng vo o. Do ng ra khi
PWM l xung vung Vpwm. Gi tr ca Vpwm m trong sut khong thi gian
m gi tr ca in p rng ca Vst nh hn Vea hay t t1 n t2. Khi in p
ng ra tng, KVo cng tng tng ng v lc Vea s gim, Vea s i xung
phn y ca xung rng ca. Dn ti thi gian m ca Vpwm gim v do
thi gian m ca transitor gim v s lm gim in p ra. Ngc li khi in
p ng ra gim, KV0 gim tng ng v lc Vea s tng, n s i ln phn
nh ca xung rng ca. Dn ti thi gian m ca Vpwm tng v do thi
gian m ca transitor tng v nh vy s lm tng in p ra. T y ta thy
rng in p ra c n nh nh vng hi tip m in p.
IC CD4047BC c thit k cho mch y ko do xung m n c
rng iu chnh c Vpwm xy ra mi ln trong mt chu k xung rng ca
phi c chuyn i thnh hai xung lch pha nhau 180 0 vi cng rng.
iu ny thc hin c nh b m nh phn v cng lgic NAND G1, G2.
Xung dng VP xy ra cui mi xung rng ca c sinh ra t b dao ng
rng ca, xung dng ny c s dng khi ng b m nh phn.
Ng ra ca b m nh phn Q v Q gm hai sng vung ngc pha
trong mt chu k xung rng ca. Nhng sng vung ny v Vpwm s c kt
hp trong hai b NAND G1 v G2. V vy cc B v cc E ca hai transitor Q1
v Q2 ch dng trong mt na chu k lun phin.
Thi gian m ca cc transitor cng sut chnh l khong thi gian in
p Vpwm mc thp. Khi Vp mc cao trong khong thi gian rt ngn th c

35
hai cc B ca Q1 v Q2 u mc thp khin c hai transitor lc u b kha.
iu ny m bo rng nu rng xung Vpwm ln nht, tc l Vpwm mc
thp trong c chu k xung rng ca th hai van ng lc khng m ng thi
thi im cui mi chu k. Vic m ng thi hai transitor lc cho d ch
trong thi gian ngn l rt nguy him c th s lm ph hy transitor lc.
2.3. thit k mch to xung b nghch l-u mt pha
Xung vung vi tn s 50Hz t c to ra t IC CD4047BC c a
vo chn B ca 2 transistor C1815 v A1015.

2.3.1. Nguyn l hot ng ca mch to xung dao ng tn s 50Hz.

Hnh 2.11. S mch to xung dao ng tn s 50Hz.

IC CD4047BC c cp ngun 6VDC t bnh Acquy qua tr 330

trc khi cp vo IC. Do khi mch hot ng in p cp cho IC s dao ng
khng n nh. cho IC hot ng vi mt in p n nh v khng qu

36
cao, ta mc song song mt t in c in dung l 100 F/ 16V,diot zener 9V
trc khi cp cho IC.

to ra tn s 50Hz ti chn 1 ca IC CD4047BC ta mc t in c

in dung l 0.1uF, chn s 2 ca IC c mc tr c in tr l 47k v c
ni chung vi chn s 3. Xung vung ra vi tn s 50Hz ti chn s 10 v 11
ca IC. Xung ny s c a v chn 2 chn B ca transistor C1815 v
A1015 c mc nh hnh v trn .
2.3.2. Cu to v nguyn l iu khin ca Mosfet

Hnh 2.12. Cu trc bn dn ca Mosfet .

Khc vi cu trc ca BJT, Mosfet c cu trc bn dn cho php iu

khin bng in p vi dng iu khin cc nh. Trong cc G l cc iu
khin c cch ly hon ton vi cu trc bn dn cn li bi lp in mi
cc mng nhng c cch in cc ln dioxide-silic (SiO2). Hai cc cn li
l cc gc S v cc mng D. Cc mng l cc n cc ht mang in. Nu
knh dn l n th cc ht mang in l in t (electron), do cc tnh in
p ca cc mng s l dng so vi cc gc.
Cu trc bn dn Mosfet kiu p cng tng t nhng cc lp bn dn
s c kiu dn in ngc li. Tuy nhin a s cc Mosfet cng sut l loi
knh dn kiu n. Mt trong cc u im khi dng Mosfet l tn s ng ct

37
ln, mch iu khin n gin v Mosfet iu khin bng in p, dng in
iu khin hon ton cch ly vi dng dn trn cc mng do khi Mosfet
dn khng cn dng in duy tr nh i vi transitor lng cc.
Mt thng s quan trng ca Mosfet cng sut l tn ti in tr t
nhin bn trong Mosfet. in p ri trn cc mng D v cc gc S t l tuyn
tnh vi dng trn knh dn.
Mi lin h c c trng bi thng s RDS(on) c ghi trong cc
datasheet ca Mosfet.
in tr RDS(on) l hng s tng ng vi mt in p Vgs nht nh v
nhit nht nh ca Mosfet.
Khi dng in qua Mosfet tng th nhit trn lp bn dn tng v do
in tr RDS(on) cng tng theo.

Hnh 2.13. K hiu quy c v hnh dng ca Mosfet

38
Cc thng s ca Mosfet cng sut.
Khi ng dng Mosfet trong cc thit b in t cng sut th thng s
quan trng nht m ta quan tm n l thi gian ng ct ca Mosfet,
thng thng thi gian ng ct ca Mosfet t 10ns 60ns.
Bn cnh cn c cc thng s quan trng khc nh:
in p ln nht trn hai cc D, S ca Mosfet : VDS(max) (V).
Dng in ln nht m van chu c : ID (A).
in tr trong ca van : RDS(ON) ( ).
Di nhit hot ng ca van.
Cc thng s ny rt quan trng khi ta thit k mch iu khin van.
2.3.3. Qu trnh m v kha ca Mosfet
Khi cp vo cc G (Gate) ca Mosfet mt in p thng qua mch
Driver th qu trnh m Mosfet c th hin trong th sau:

UGS
Mc
Miller
UTH t
IG

t
UDS

t
ID

1 2 3 4

Hnh 2.14. Qu trnh m ca Mosfet

39
2.3.3.1. Qu trnh m ca Mosfet.
Giai on th nht: in dung u vo ca Mosfet c np t in p
0V n gi tr UTH, trong sut qu trnh hu ht dng in vo cc G c
np cho t CGS, mt lng nh np cho t CGD. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu
trnh m tr bi v c dng ID v in p trn cc D (Drain) u khng i..
Sau khi cc G c np ti gi tr in p gi mu UTH, mosfet sn sng
dn dng in.
Giai on th hai: in p cc G tip tc tng t UTH n gi tr UMiller
y l qu trnh tng mt cch tuyn tnh; dng in ID tng t l vi in p
ca cc G trong khi in p gia hai cc UDS vn gi nguyn gi tr.
Giai on th ba: in p cc G gi nguyn mc in p Miller
VGS,Miller trong khi in p trn cc D bt u gim. Dng in I D trn
Mosfet gi nguyn mt gi tr nht nh.
Giai on th t: y l giai on Mosfet dn bo ha khi cp mt in
p cao UDRV (gi tr ca UDVR nm trong khong 10 20V ) vo cc G ca
Mosfet.
Gi tr cui cng ca VGS s quyt nh in tr trong RDS(ON) ca van
trong qu trnh m. Do trong giai on th t in p trn cc Gate tng t
gi tr UMiller n gi tr ca mch Driver UDRV. Trong khi in p gia cc
D, S (UDS) gim mnh gn v gi tr 0V, dng in ID gi khng i.

40
2.3.3.2. Qu trnh kha ca Mosfet.

Hnh 2.15. Qu trnh kha ca Mosfet

Qu trnh kha ca mosfet cng c chia lm bn giai on :
Giai on th nht: L qu trnh x in tch trn t C GS,DS t gi tr ban
u n gi tr miller, in p trn cc D ca Mosfet bt u tng dn nhng
rt nh, dng in trn cc D ( ID) khng i.
Giai on th hai: in p gia hai cc D - S ca Mosfet s tng t gi
tr UDS = ID.RDS(on) ti gi tr cui UDS(off).
Trong sut giai on ny dng in trn cc D vn gi khng i.
Dng in ca cc G hon ton l dng x ca t trn cc cc ca Mosfet.
Giai on th ba: in p cc G gim t gi tr Miller n gi tr gi
mu UTH. Phn ln dng in x trn cc G l phng trn t CGS.
Giai on ny in p UGS v dng in ID u gim tuyn tnh. Trong
khi in p UDS vn gi nguyn gi tr UDS(OFF).
Giai on th t: Giai on ny l qu trnh phng in hon ton ca
t in trn cc cc ca Mosfet, UGS gim n gi tr 0V. Dng in trn cc
D gim v gi tr 0 v khng i.

41
 Tm li qu trnh m - kha ca Mosfet l qu trnh chuyn mch gia
trng thi tr khng cao v trng thi tr khng thp c thc hin trong bn
giai on.
di khong thi gian ca cc giai on c quyt nh bi gi tr
in dung gia cc cc, in p t vo cc iu khin, v dng in np x
ca cc t in trn cc G. y l thng s quan trng thit k mch iu
khin Mosfet trong cc ng dng c tn s ng ct ln.

2.3.4. Mch li Mosfet.

Mch khuch i c nhim v to xung ph hp m transitor. S
ph hp y l ph hp v cng sut v cch ly gia mch iu khin vi
mch ng lc khi mch ng lc c in p cao.
Tn hiu li van s c cp t IC iu khin. Vn cch ly gia
mch lc vi mch iu khin l khng cn thit do mch lc c in p thp.

Hnh 2.16. Mch li Mosfet.

42
 Trong na chu k tip u cp van Q1, Q2 m vi rng xung nht
nh cp van Q2, Q4 kha, dng in i t VDC qua van Q1, v Q2 ri xung
0V.
Trong cc chu k sau thc hin tng t, ta c dng in p ra trn
ti l dng bc thang. Tn s ng ct ca cc cp van c iu khin sao
cho bng tn s ca ngun in li l 50Hz.
Ura Toff
+220
V
Ton

t
0

-220V
50Hz

Hnh 2.17. Dng in p u ra ca mch .

rng xung ca mt cp van c tnh ton sao cho in p trung

bnh trn ti Ura = 220VAC.

2.3.5. Tnh ton mch ng lc.

Mch ng lc ca b bin i in p mt chiu thnh in p xoay
chiu cho ti. in p xoay chiu tn s f = 50 Hz trn cun th cp bin p
ng lc c lc qua b lc LC sau a vo ti.
T thng s mch nghch lu nh sau:
P = 100 W
VAC = 220V
Tn s ca in p l : f = 50Hz.
Dng in trn ti : Id 100/220 0,46 A

43
 Nh vy vi yu cu thc t v cc thng s mch ta chn van ng
lc loi transitor trng cng sut knh N (Mosfet ): FQA10N60C vi cc
u im nh sau:
Tc ng ct nhanh.
in tr trong rt nh : RDS(on) = 0,6 ( ).
Dng in cc i : IDS = 10 (A).
Tch hp it (DDS) x trn van.

Hnh 2.18. Hnh dng thc v k hiu ca Mosfet FQA10N60C.

Ta s dng 4 Mosfet lm van lc.

Hnh 2.19. S ng lc ca mch bin i in p DC /AC

44
 Bo v cc van bn dn ng lc khi cc xung in p nh thng van
v gim tn hao do ng ct trn van ta dng mch RC v it mc song song
vi Mosfet.
Ngoi ra bo v chng ngn mch, qu ti ta mc ni tip cu ch
vo u vo im gia ca bin p ng lc nh hnh v trn.
Chn thng s ca mch bo v nh sau:
Gi tr dng in nh mc ca cu ch c chn ln hn dng
nh mc ca ti: ICC = klv.Iti.
Vi klv l h s dng in lm vic
Chn gi tr klv = 4 5
Gi tr in tr R1, R2 thng thng chn tr 5600 , 2W.
Gi tr C1 nm trong khong: CS = 47 100 F/ 350V.
Gi tr D1, v D2 thng thng chn it FMS IN5408 chu c dng
in 5A.
Nh vy ta chn :
R1, R2 = 5600 /2W.
C1 = 100 F /3500V.
D1, D2 chn :FMS IN5408

2.3.6. Tnh ton mch lc in p u ra ca b bin i [2]

Vi mc ch ci thin c cht lng in p ra ca b bin i in
p c th dng filt lc xoay chiu.
tnh filt lc ta xut pht t cc thng s sau :
in p ra sau filt lc: UAK (V).
Cng sut ra ca b nghch lu: P (W).
Tn s ra ca b nghch lu: f (Hz).
H s cos ca ti.

45
 L1

u ra ca
b bin i C1 Ti

Hnh 2.20. S filt lc xoay chiu

Tnh ton thng s ca filt lc gm 4 bc c bn nh sau:

* Bc 1. Tnh in tr ti :
2
U AK . cos2
R
P
* Bc 2. Tnh in khng ti:
R
X . 1 cos2
cos

Z = R2 X2

* Bc 3. Tnh tng tr ca filt lc:

Z
ZD
2
* Bc 4. Tnh thng s ca filt lc:
1
C1
6 ZD . D

9. Z D
L1 =
2. D

p dng cc bc trn tnh filt lc cho b bin i in p vi cc

thng s nh sau: Ura = UAK= 220V, Pra = 110W, f = 50Hz, cos = 0.8 (vi
ti cm khng) :
2202 0.82
Gi tr in tr ti : R 281.6( ) .
110

46
 281.6
Gi tr in khng ti : X 1 0.82 211.2 .
0.8

Z 281.62 211.22 111.3

Z 111.3
Nhn Z D 55.65 ( )
2 2
Ta ly quy chun : Z D = 56 ( ).
Vi D 2. .f = 2.3,14.50 = 314 (rad/s).
1 1
C1 1.8.106 ( F )
3. Z D . D 3.56.314

9. Z D 9.56
L1 0.8( H )
2. D 2.314

2.4. ACQUY

2.4.1.Khi nim acquy

c quy l mt ngun in c tr nng lng in di dng ho.
c quy l mt ngun in mt chiu cung cp in cho cc thit b in
trong cng nghip cng nh trong i sng hng ngy: nh ng c in,
bng n in, l ngun nui ca cc linh kin in t... c quy l ngun
cung cp in cho cc ng c khi ng.
Trong thc t c nhiu loi c qui nhng ph bin nht l hai loi c
qui ch v c qui axit.
2.4.2. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c qui
c qui l ngun nng lng c tnh cht thun nghch: n tch tr nng
lng di dng ho nng v gii phng nng lng di dng in nng.
Qu trnh c qui cp in cho mch ngoi c gi l qu trnh phng in,
qu trnh c qui d tr nng lng c gi l qu trnh np in.

47
2.4.2.1. Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c qui axit:
Trong c qui axit c cc bn cc dng l ixit ch ( PbO2 ), cc bn
m l ch ( Pb ), dung dich in phn l axit sunfuaric ( H2SO4 ) nng d
1,1 1,3 %
(- ) Pb H2SO4 d 1,1 1,3 PbO2 ( + )
Phng trnh ho hc biu din qu trnh phng np ca c qui axit :

Th in ng e 2,1 V.
2.4.2.2 Qu trnh bin i nng lng trong c qui kim:
Trong c qui kim c bn cc dng l Ni(OH)3 , bn cc m l Fe,
dung dch in phn l: KOH nng d 20 %
( - ) Fe KOH d 20% Ni(OH)3 ( + )
Phng trnh ho hc biu din qu trnh phng np ca c qui kim :

Th in ng e 1,4 V.
Nhn xt: T nhng iu trnh by trn ta nhn thy trong cc qu
trnh phng np nng dung dch in phn l thay i. Khi c qui phng
in nng dung dch in phn gim dn. Khi c qui np in nng
dung dch in phn tng dn. Do ta c th cn c vo nng dung dch
in phn nh gi trng thi tch in ca c qui.
2.4.3. Cc thng s c bn ca c qui:
2.4.3.1. Sc in ng ca c qui:
Sc in ng ca c qui kim v c qui axit ph thuc vo nng
dung dch in phn. Ngi ta thng s dng cng thc kinh nghim
E0 0,85 + (V)
trong : E0 - sc in ng tnh ca c qui ( V )

48
 - nng dung dch in phn 15 C ( g/cm3 )
Trong qu trnh phng in th sc in ng Ep ca c qui c tnh
theo cng thc:
Ep Up + Ip.rb
trong : Ep - sc in ng ca c qui khi phng in ( V )
Ip - dng in phng ( A )
Up - in p o trn cc cc ca c qui khi phng in (V)
rb - in tr trong ca c qui khi phng in ( )
Trong qu trnh np in th sc in ng En ca c qui c tnh theo
cng thc:
En Un - In.rb
trong : En - sc in ng ca c qui khi np in ( V )
In - dng in np ( A )
Un - in p o trn cc cc ca c qui khi np in ( V )
rb - in tr trong ca c qui khi np in ( )
2.4.3.2. Dung lng ca c qui:
Dung lng phng ca c qui l i lng nh gi kh nng cung cp
nng lng in ca c qui cho ph ti, v c tnh theo cng thc :
Cp Ip.tp
trong : Cp - dung dch thu c trong qu trnh phng ( Ah )
Ip - dng in phng n nh trong thi gian phng in tp ( A )
tp - thi gian phng in ( h ).
Dung lng np ca c qui l i lng nh gi kh nng tch tr nng
lng ca c qui v c tnh theo cng thc :
Cn In.tn
trong : Cn - dung dch thu c trong qu trnh np ( Ah )
In - dng in np n nh trong thi gian np tn ( A )
tn - thi gian np in ( h ).

49
2.4.4. c tnh phng np ca c qui.
2.4.4.1. c tnh phng acqui.

I (A) E,U (V)

2,11 Khong ngh

1,95 E
10 U P

1,75
Vng phng in cho php

CP = IP.tP
t
0 2 4 6 8 10
Hnh 2.21 . c tnh phng ca acquy
c tnh phng ca c qui l th biu din quan h ph thuc ca
sc in ng, in p c qui v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian
phng khi dng in phng khng thay i .
T c tnh phng ca c qui nh trn hnh v ta c nhn xt sau:
Trong khong thi gian phng t tp 0 n tp tgh, sc in ngin
p, nng dung dch in phn gim dn, tuy nhin trong khong thi gian
ny dc ca cc th khng ln, ta gi l giai on phng n nh hay
thi gian phng in cho php tng ng vi mi ch phng in ca c
qui ( dng in phng ).
T thi gian tgh tr i dc ca th thay i t ngt .Nu ta
tip tc cho c qui phng in sau tgh th sc in ng ,in p ca c qui s
gim rt nhanh .Mt khc cc tinh th sun pht ch (PbSO4) to thnh trong
phn ng s c dng th rn rt kh ho tan ( bin i ho hc) trong qu
trnh np in tr li cho c qui sau ny. Thi im tgh gi l gii hn phng
in cho php ca c qui, cc gi tr Ep, Up, ti tgh c gi l cc gi tr
gii hn phng in ca c qui. c qui khng c phng in khi dung lng
cn khong 80%.

50
 Sau khi ngt mch phng mt khong thi gian no, cc gi tr sc
in ng, in p ca c qui, nng dung dch in phn li tng ln, ta gi
y l thi gian hi phc hay khong ngh ca c qui. Thi gian hi phc ny
ph thuc vo ch phng in ca c qui (dng in phng v thi gian
phng ).
2.4.4.2.c tnh np acqui.
I (A) U,E (V)
2,7

U Khong
2,4
ngh

2 T E

1,95

Vng np chnh Vng

np n0

10
1 10%C 10

5
Cn = In.tn
t
0 2 4 6 8 ts 10 12
Hnh 2.22 . c tnh np acquy.
c tnh np ca c qui l th biu din quan h ph thuc gia sc
in ng , in p v nng dung dch in phn theo thi gian np khi tr
s dng in np khng thay i .
T th c tnh np ta c cc nhn xt sau :
Trong khong thi gian t tn 0 n tn tgh th sc in ng, in
p, nng dung dch in phn tng dn.
Ti thi im ts trn b mt cc bn cc m xut hin cc bt kh (cn
gi l hin tng" si " ) lc ny hiu in th gia cc bn cc ca c qui
n tng n 2,4 V . Nu vn tip tc np gi tr ny nhanh chng tng ti 2,7
V v gi nguyn. Thi gian ny gi l thi gian np no, n c tc dng cho
phn cc cht tc dng su trong lng cc bn cc c bin i tun hon,
nh s lm tng thm dung lng phng in ca c qui.

51
 Trong s dng thi gian np no cho c qui ko di t 2 3 h trong sut
thi gian hiu in th trn cc bn cc ca c qui v nng dung dch
in phn khng thay i. Nh vy dung lng thu c khi c qui phng
in lun nh hn dung lng cn thit np no c qui.
Sau khi ngt mch np, in p, sc in ng ca c qui, nng
dung dch in phn gim xung v n nh. Thi gian ny cng gi l
khong ngh ca c qui sau khi np.
Tr s dng in np nh hng rt ln n cht lng v tui th ca
c qui. Dng in np nh mc i vi c qui l In 0,1C10 .
Trong C10 l dung lng ca c qui m vi ch np vi dng in nh
mc l In 0,1C10 th sau 10 gi c qui s y.
V d vi c qui C 180 Ah th nu ta np n dng vi dng in bng
10% dung lng ( tc In 18 A ) th sau 10 gi c qui s y.
2.4.5. S khc nhau gia c qui kim v c qui axit.
C hai loi c qui ny u c mt c im chung l tnh cht ti
thuc loi dung khng v sc phn in ng. Nhng chng cn c mt s
c im khc bit sau :
Acquy axit Acquy kim
- Kh nng qu ti khng cao, dng -Kh nng qu ti rt ln dng in
np ln nht t c khi qu ti l np ln nht khi c th t ti:
Inmax = 20%C10 Inmax = 50%C10
-Hin tng phng ln, do c qui -Hin tng t phng nh.
nhanh ht in ngay c khi khng
s dng.
-S dng rng ri trong i sng, -S dng nhng ni c yu cu
cng nghip c bit nhng ni c cng sut ln qu ti thng
nhit cao va p ln nhng cng xuyn, c s dng vi cc thit
sut v qu ti va phi. b cng sut ln.

52
-Dng trong t, xe my v cc -Dng ph bin trong cng nghip
ng c my n cng sut va v hng khng, hng hi v nhng ni
nh. nhit mi trng thp.
-Gi thnh thp -Gi thnh cao.

2.4.6.Cc phng php np c qui t ng.

C ba phng php np c qui l.
Phng php dng in.
Phng php in p.
Phng php dng p.
2.4.6.1. Phng php np c qui vi dng in khng i.
y l phng php np cho php chn c dng np thch hp vi
mi loi c qui, bo m cho c qui c no. y l phng php s dng
trong cc xng bo dng sa cha np in cho c qui hoc np s cha
cho cc c qui b Sunfat ho. Vi phng php ny c qui c mc ni tip
nhau v phi tho mn iu kin :
Un 2,7.Naq
Trong : Un - in p np
Naq - s ngn c qui n mc trong mch
Trong qu trnh np sc in ng ca c qui tng dn ln, duy tr
dng in np khng i ta phi b tr trong mch np bin tr R. Tr s gii
hn ca bin tr c xc nh theo cng thc :
Un 2,0 N aq
R
In
Nhc im ca phng php np vi dng in khng i l thi gian
np ko di v yu cu cc c qui a vo np c cng dung lng nh mc.
khc phc nhc im thi gian np ko di, ngi ta s dng phng
php np vi dng in np thay i hai hay nhiu nc. Trong trng hp hai

53
nc, dng in np nc th nht chn bng ( 0,3 0,6 )C10 tc l np cng
bc v kt thc nc mt khi c qui bt u si. Dng in np nc th hai
l 0,1C10
2.4.6.2. Phng php np vi in p khng i.
Phng php ny yu cu cc c qui c mc song song vi ngun np.
Hiu in th ca ngun np khng i v c tnh bng (2,3V 2,5V) cho
mi ngn n. Phng php np vi in p khng i c thi gian np ngn,
dng np t ng gim theo thi gian.Tuy nhin dng phng php ny c
qui khng c np no. V vy np vi in p khng i ch l phng php
np b xung cho c qui trong qu trnh s dng.
2.4.6.3. Phng php np dng p.
y l phng php tng hp ca hai phng php trn. N tn dng
c nhng u im ca mi phng php.
i vi yu cu ca bi l np c qui t ng tc l trong qu trnh
np mi qu trnh bin i v chuyn ho c t ng din ra theo mt trnh
t t sn th ta chn phng n np c qui l phng php dng p.
i vi c qui axit: bo m thi gian np cng nh hiu sut np th
trong khon thi gian tn 8h tng ng vi 75 80 % dung lng c qui ta
np vi dng in khng i l In 0,1. V theo c tnh np ca c qui trong
on np chnh th khi dng in khng i th in p, sc in ng ti t
thay i, do bo m tnh ng u v ti cho thit b np. Sau thi gian 8h
c qui bt u si lc ta chuyn sang np ch n p. Khi thi gian np
c 10 h th c qui bt u no, ta np b xung thm 2 n 3h.
i vi c qui kim : Trnh t np cng ging nh c qui axit nhng do
kh nng qu ti ca c qui kim ln nn lc n dng ta c th np vi dng
np In 0,2C10 hoc np cng bc tit kim thi gian vi dng np In
0,5C10 .

54
 Cc qu trnh np c qui t ng kt thc khi b ct ngun np hoc khi
np n p vi in p bng in p trn 2 cc ca c qui, lc dng np s
t t gim v khng.
2.4.7. Tnh ton b cquy.
Ta s chn loai c quy axit loi 6V, in tr trong Raq =0.09 .
p Ucl chnh l in p np cho c quy
Khi
E = 6V
Raq =0.09
U p Ip = P
M Up =E Ip.Raq =6 0.09.Ip
Suy ra (6 0.09.Ip).Ip =110 W
Ip =33 A
Gi C l dung lng thc t ca c quy, m bo c quy hot ng
bnh thng ta phi chn h s d tr l 1.5
C =1.5.Ip.tphong =2.33A.0.5h =33Ah
cho b chnh lu nh gn ta chn dng np nh hn nhiu so vi
dng phng,iu c ngha thi gian np ln hn nhiu so vi thi gian
phng, ta chn thi gian np l tnap=10h
Khi : C = In*tnap =3*Ip*tphong = 33 Ah, M tnap=10h In =3,3A

55
 CH-ng 2: XY DNG M HNH VT L H THNG
BIN I IN P DC/AC T 6VDC LN 220VAC TN S
50Hz

Trong chng 2 ta tin hnh la chn v tnh ton cc gi tr linh kin

trong b bin i DC/AC Ni dung chng ny ta s xy dng m hnh vt
l v kim tra cc tham s u ra ca b bin i DC/AC bng my hin sng
Oscilloscope.
3.1. xy dng mch in bin i dc/ac t 6vdc ln
220vac tn s 50Hz
S dng phn mm v mch chuyn dng Orcad 9.0 v s nguyn
l mch nng in p Acquy.

Hnh 3.1. S nguyn l mch bin i DC/AC

56
 Hnh 3.2. Mch in mch bin i DC/AC

Hnh 3.3. Mch bin i DC/AC t 6VDC ln 220VAC /50Hz.

57
 Hnh 3.4. Mch lc LC v Relay iu khin

Hnh 3.5. Bin p ng lc s dng trong b bin i.

58
Hnh 3.6. M hnh vt l h thng bin i DC/AC.

59
 bo v qu nhit cho cc van bn dn y ta s dng tn nhit
bng nhm v qut gi lm mt. H thng bin i in p t ng ng, m
trong trng hp mt in li nh relay 12VDC c nui t ngun in
li.

3.2. dng in p ra ca b bin i

Tin hnh cp ngun cho b nghch lu v kim tra cht lng dng
in p ra bng my hin sng Oscilloscope.

Hnh 3.7. Dng in p ra ca b bin i DC/AC thi cng.

60
3.3. thit k mch np acquy [8].
Ngun cp cho b nghch lu mt pha ta s dng loi Acquy ch
6V/32Ah.
V vy cn thit k mt mch np m bo cc thng s k thut ca
Acquy:
in p np acquy: Unp= 6,9V 7,5V.
33 Ah
Dng in np cc i: Inpmax 3.3A.
10

Hnh 3.8. S nguyn l mch np Acquy

m bo cht lng in p np Acquy lun n nh ta s dng IC

n p LM7806.
in p 220VC/50Hz c a ti cun s cp ca bin p T1, in p
ly ra trn cun th cp c gi tr 24V c nn thnh in p mt chiu bng
chnh lu cu, sau a vo chn IN ca IC7806. T C1 v C2 c vai tr l
cc t lc ngun.
Trn thc t LM7806 ch cho c in p ra l 6V . Nhng vi yu
cu in p np cho Acquy 6,5V 7.5V v vy ta cn nng in p ny bng
cch mc thm it zener Dz 1.2V (loi BZX79 ). Lc ny in p mt chiu
np cho Acquy c tnh bng cng thc sau:
Ura = Un + UDz = 6V + 1,2V = 7,2 (V)
Khi np y in p trn hai cc ca Acquy l 7,2V.

61
3.4. nhn xt chung.

Sau qu trnh nghin cu v lp mch bin i in p DC/AC t

6VDC ln 220VAC tn s 50Hz t n trong trng hp mt in.

Bin in p v tn s t c 220VAC/50Hz.

V s dng nhiu phn t IC chuyn dng nn mch hat ng n

nh, kh nng chng nhiu v hiu sut ca mch kh cao.

Dng sng in p ra ca b bin i p ng c yu cu thit

k, st p khng ng k so vi khi khng ti.

Trn th trng hin nay c bn cc sn phm b bin i in p

ca cc hng, tuy nhin gi c cn kh cao, hn na cht lng cn thp. Nh
vy vi mch iu khin hot ng n nh, nng cao kh nng mang
ti ca b bin i thi cng, ta ch cn thit k bin p ng lc vi dung
lng ln hn v chn van lc chu c dng ph hp. Do kinh ph ch
to b bin i in p thp hn so vi cc b bin i cng cng sut hin c
trn th trng, theo tnh ton ch bng 50%.

Trn thc t sai s ca linh kin in tr, t in l khng nh.

khc phc iu ny ta tin hnh mc ni tip, song song, cc linh kin c
th t c ng gi tr nh tnh ton, thit k.

62
 KT LUN
Sau ba thng nghin cu v thc hin ti di s hng dn tn tnh
ca GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon cng vi s c gng n lc ca bn thn,
em hon thnh n tt nghip ca mnh theo ng k hoch c giao.
Trong ti ny em thc hin c nhng vn nh sau:
1. Nghin cu tng quan v cc b nghch lu.
2. Tnh ton v xy dng thnh cng m hnh thc nghim.
3. ng dng v rn luyn c k nng v mch in bng phn
mm Orcad 9.2 v ra mch in th cng bng tay.
Tuy nhin, do thi gian c hn nn bn cnh nhng kt qu t
c, ti cha thc hin c mt s vn nh : Cha thc hin ch
n p, gim st qu trnh cp in cho ti. Mch thit k v lp rp cha tht
ti u. Nu tch hp trn mt v mch th sn phm b nghch lu s gn nh,
kinh t, v c gi tr thm m cao hn.
ti m ra nhng hng pht trin nh sau :
T b bin i in p DC/AC t n trong trng hp mt
in cng sut nh ta c th pht trin nn thnh b bin i in
p c cng sut ln hn ng dng rng ri hn trong i sng.
Kt hp mch np acquy, ta c th xy dng c b lu in
(UPS) dng cho cc thit b dn dng, c bit l my tnh bn
PC.
Nhng vn cha thc hin c trong ti ny s l nhng gi
cho cc nghin cu tip theo v cho nhng ai quan tm n lnh vc thit k
in t cng sut.
Sinh vin
L Vn Kin

63
 TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. GS.TSKH. Thn Ngc Hon (2004), in t cng sut, Nh xut bn

xy dng.
[2]. GS.TSKH. Thn Ngc Hon (1991), in t cng sut ln, Nh xut
bn giao thng vn ti.
[3]. TS. V Minh Chnh - Phm Quc Hi - Trn Trng Minh (2007),
in t cng sut, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[4]. TS. Trn Vn Thnh (2008), Tnh ton thit k thit b in t cng
sut, Nh xut bn gio dc.
[5]. L Vn Doanh Nguyn Th Cng Trn Vn Thnh (2005), in t
cng sut, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[6]. Nguyn Bnh (2000), in t cng sut, Nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut.
[7]. Dng Minh Tr (2007), S chn linh kin bn dn, Nh xut bn
tr.
[8]. TS. xun Th (2002), K thut in t, Nh xut bn gio dc.
[9]. L Vn Doanh (1997), in t cng sut v iu khin ng c in,
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[10]. TS. Nguyn Ln Trng (2007), Quy hoch pht trin h thng in,
Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut.
[11]. Din n in T Vit Nam (www.dientuvietnam.net).
[13]. Datasheet ca cc Linh kin in t (www.datasheetcatalog.com).
[14]. Trang tm kim thng tin (www.google.com).

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