Kiem Tra Chat Luong Moi Han

D N GIO DC K THUT DY NGH ADB 1655-VIE
KIM TRA CHT LNG HN

CHNG I - KHI NIM CHUNG
1. Khi nim chung v cht lng hn

1.1. Cc ch tiu cht lng:
Trong nn sn xut mang tnh cnh tranh khc lit nh hin nay, nng cao cht
lng sn phm l mt trong nhng nhim v kinh t v x hi quan trng nht.
Cht lng ca sn phm l ton b cc c tnh quy nh chc nng ph hp vi
nhng yu cu xc nh tng ng vi cng dng ca n.
Cht lng khng th c s dng nh mt t n l din t mc tuyt vi
vi ngha so snh khi nh gi k thut, m phi thm cc t khc. V d: cht
lng tng i, cp cht lng, o cht lng.
Tui th ca sn phm ph thuc vo thi gian lm vic, mc chu ti cng
nh cc iu kin s dng khc k c kh nng bo qun v sa cha sn phm. Do
khng nn quan nim sn phm c cht lng cng cao l cng tt. Ngi ta nh
gi cht lng theo yu cu thc t s dng. iu kin s dng cha ng hai yu t
c bn l tin cy v tnh lm vic lin tc
tin cy: kh nng ca sn phm lm vic trong khong thi gian di nh, chu
ti trng c th lin tc hoc gin on m khng b ph hy.
Tnh lm vic lin tc: tnh cht ca sn phm gi c kh nng lm vic trong thi
hn nh m khng phi dng li bt buc.
Ch tiu cht lng hn bao gm:
C tnh, khng khuyt tt
Ha l tnh
tin cy
Tnh m thut
Tnh kinh t
1.2. m bo cht lng trong sn xut hn
m bo cht lng l thc hin cc cng vic c lp k hoch c tc ng c
h thng cn thit nhm m bo rng sn phm t ti mc cht lng ti u v n
s hot ng tt vi tin cy va .
Cht lng nhn c sau khi hn chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t v c th hin
qua cc giai on sau
Thit k
Thit b v nhn lc CHT LNG Sn xut
Kim tra
Bin son nm 2007: Nguyn c Thng, B mn Hn & Cng ngh kim loi H Bch khoa H
1.2.1. Xem xt cc ti liu thit k - la chn cc kt cu v cng ngh g lp - hn;

chn vt liu, tiu chun c bn cc khuyt tt cho php cng nh k hoch kim
tra; chn phng php kim tra d khuyt tt thch hp v.v...
1.2.2. Kim tra trang thit b; kim tra v ph chun th hn, iu phi vin hn v.v...
1.2.3. Chun b cng ngh sn xut, ch hn tin hnh kim tra cc iu kin v
cht lng g t; s chun b v bo qun vt liu ban u; tin hnh hn th.
1.2.4. Kim tra cht lng lin kt v cht lng sn phm bng ph hy quan st v
o c; nghin cu kim tng; nghin cu cc tnh cht l ha ca vt liu lin
kt; th c tnh. Cc phng php kim tra khng ph hy ngoi dng; thm
mao dn; bt t, dng xoy; r r; siu m; chp nh phng x.
Trong qu trnh m bo cht lng hn, phng php lun Plan- Do- Check-
Act cng c th c ng dng. N c m t:
Plan: thit lp mc tiu v x l cn thit chuyn giao kt qu ph hp vi yu
cu ca khch hng v chnh sch ca n v sn xut.
Do: thc hin y cc qu trnh ra.
Check: gim st, nh gi cc qu trnh v sn phm da vo cc chnh sch, mc
tiu v yu cu i vi sn phm, sau bo co kt qu.
Act: nm vng cc hot ng tip tc nng cao vic thc hin qu trnh.
Tuy nhin cng phi nhn mnh mt cu quan trng theo ISO 3834-1 l: Cht lng
khng th c kim tra bn trong sn phm, n c hnh thnh trong sn phm.
Ngay c phng php kim tra khng ph hy y v tinh vi nht cng khng ci
thin c cht lng hn. Ngi c ni: Cht lng khng th t c bng
kim tra, t n c hnh thnh!
2. Khuyt tt hn
2.1. Cc kiu v dng khuyt tt
2.1.1. nh ngha - Khuyt tt ca sn phm l s khng p ng c yu cu c th
no , m c tiu chun quy nh.
Trong sn xut hn, thng chia khuyt tt ra thnh khuyt tt khi chun b v g
lp vt trc khi hn vi khuyt tt xy ra trong khi hn. Khuyt tt hn c th l bn
ngoi hoc trn b mt v bn trong.
Khuyt tt bn trong c th l nhng bt lin tc hoc l khuyt tt v t chc t
vi. y ch yu xt n vic kim tra cc bt lin tc ca lin kt hn.Tuy nhin
cn phi ni rng cc sai lch khi chun b v g lp thng dn n s xut hin ca
nhng khuyt tt hn, v th cn phi kim tra vic chun b trc khi hn cn thn.
Bt lin tc khng nht thit l khuyt tt. Ch th c pht hin bng cc thit b
c gi l ch th ca bt lin tc. Ty theo tiu chun nu bt lin tc nh hng
n qu trnh s dng ca sn phm hoc cc yu cu k thut th c gi l khuyt
tt.
2.1.2. Cc khuyt tt khi chun b v g lp Khuyt tt c trng nht khi hn nng chy
ca dng ny: gc vt mp ch V, ch X, ch U b lch; lm cn cnh sc theo chiu
di gip mi qu nhiu hoc qu t; khe h khng u; cc mp ni khng trng nhau;

tch lp hoc b bn mp v.v... Cc my, g chun b phi khng chun, vt liu
khng ng nht, bn v khng chnh xc, tay ngh ca th hn thp cng c th l
cc nguyn nhn tng t.
2.1.3. Phn loi cc khuyt tt theo kiu v dng Khuyt tt hn thng c phn ra
cc kiu theo du hiu hnh hc v mt ca chng. S 1.4KKS
Vic phn loi ny theo bn cht khuyt tt m lin quan n cc phng php hn.
Hin nay ngi ta dng cc ch s k hiu khuyt tt
2.2. Cc khuyt tt bn ngoi hnh dng v kch thc mi hn thng ph thuc vo
chiu dy vt hn. Khi hn nng chy, trn bn v (H1.2 KKS) thng cho cc gi
tr: chiu
rng mi
hn;
chiu cao
chu lc;
phn nh
i vi
hn gip
mi. i
vi lin
kt gc
hoc
chng
thng cho cnh mi hn v chiu cao lm vic ca tit din.
Cc mi hn c th c chiu rng v cao khng u trn sut ng hn, mp m,
chy loang (h.1.3a-b), cnh gc vung khng bng nhau...
Hnh dng mi hn khng ng lm mi hn tch khi vt liu c bn, g gh

b mt dn n vic gim kh nng lm vic ca kt cu, c bit khi chu ti trng
dao ng hay va p. Cc khuyt tt ngoi thng c xem nh l cc bt lin tc
b mt mi hn, chng bao gm:
2.2.1. Rnh ct l ch kim loi c bn b lm xung nm dc theo mp hn do kim loi

nng chy khng c a vo . (h.1.3 g-e). Rnh ct xy ra khi:
Hn h quang tay vi cng v in p cao lm nhit nng ln.
Hn t ng di lp thuc vi in p thp hoc v tr in cc khng ng.
Hn in x vi thuc hn kh chy nn b p trt
Rnh ct lm gim tit din lm vic, gy tp trung ng sut v c th tr thnh
nguyn nhn ph hy mi hn do xut hin vt nt.
2.2.2. Lm xy ra khi h quang b tt t ngt to nn ming ni la, thng gp khi
hn gin on. Nguyn nhn ch yu do trnh th hn. Lm lm gim tit din
lm vic ca mi hn, s xut hin vt nt, gim bn v kh nng chng n mn.
Cn lm ti chn mi hn thng c to ra bng qu trnh hn in cc li thuc,
gip mi dng ch V. Kim loi di v tr vt mp b y ln do sc cng b mt
ko n vo khe h (hI.29SA)
2.2.3. Chy thng l cc phn t ca kt cu b nng chy xuyn thng mt on hn do
s qu nhit cc b trn mt din tch nh. Khuyt tt ny thng i km vi s li
y hn. Nguyn nhn to nn chy thng:
Nng lng ng qu cao, cng dng hn ln
Tc hn chm v khng u
Khe h gip mi gia cc mp hn ln.
Khi hn di lp thuc bo v m lt di khng st hoc thuc hn t.
Trong thc t chy thng thng gp khi hn kt cu thnh mng, hn gip mi
su cng nh khi hn leo gc.
2.2.4. R r kim thng c pht trin t ni r xuyn ln b mt kim loi mi hn. R
c dng hnh tr ko di ln b mt. X st c tnh thng kh km ngn khng cho
kh thot ln b mt kim loi nng chy to ra r. R r kim thng ln b mt hn
gy nn tp trung ng sut nn nguy him hn r kh bn trong.
2.2.5. Chy loang v lng ng l phn kim loi nng chy tha ra quanh mp hn, trn
ra v kt tinh ln phn kim loi khng nng chy trong qu trnh hn (h5.NM).
Nguyn nhn ca chy loang v lng ng:
V tr khng gian ca mi hn.

Hng dch chuyn dy hn theo trc mi hn khng chnh xc.
Ch hn (dng hn, chiu di h quang...) khng hp l.
Dy hn chy ra nhanh hn tc hn.
Trnh th hn yu.
Chy loang v lng ng thng i km vi khuyt tt nghim trng l hn khng
ngu, khng thu. Do cn phi kim tra cn thn ti nhng ni c chy loang v
lng ng.
Tt c cc bt lin tc b mt ni trn u c th hin r trn b mt ngoi v c
th c sa li phn no bng hn p. Ni no c nhiu khuyt tt b mt thng
l du hiu cho thy bn trong mi hn cng c khuyt tt.
2.3. Cc khuyt tt bn trong: khuyt tt bn trong l nhng loi khuyt tt m khng
c pht hin khi quan st b ngoi cc chi tit, vt hn. Dng, c trng, nh
hng v kch thc cc khuyt tt trong ph thuc vo phng php hn
2.3.1. Nt v cc bin th ca chng.
Nt l s ph hy cc b lin kt
hn di dng ng (h7NK),
c xem l nguy him nht.
Chng xut hin trong kim loi
mi hn v kim loi c bn do s
pht trin ca ng sut ring v:
Co ngt v s bin i t chc hay thay i th tch khi kim loi chuyn t
trng thi lng sang trng thi c.
Nhit phn b khng u khi nung nng v lm ngui vt hn.
Hn chi tit t thp hp kim kt cu c bin dng phc tp.
Tc ngui nhanh khi hn cc lai thp c ti ngoi khng kh.
Tin hnh hn nhit thp, gim tnh do ca kim loi.
Kim loi c bn v kim loi b sung cha nhiu phtpho, lu hunh.
Trong lin kt hn c mt cc khuyt tt khc gy tp trung ng sut.

Theo nhit xut hin nt khi hn thp c th chia ra:
Nt nng c to nn trong qu trnh ng c kim loi nhit 1100 oC -
1300 oC, v tnh do ca kim loi gim mnh v pht trin bin dng ko.
Nt ngui c to nn do chuyn bin pha, dn n gim bn ca kim loi;
mt khc do nh hng ca ng sut hn. Nt ngui xut hin c trong giai
on ngui hon ton cng nh trong trong thi gian nhit sau hn.
Ty thuc vo s phn b tng i theo tm ng hn c nt dc, nt ngang, nt
sao; theo phn b lin kt hn c nt ti kim loi mi hn, nt ti kim loi c bn,
nt di ng hn hoc nt ti vng nh hng nhit.
Ty thuc vo c trng ca ng sut (ko hay nn) xut hin trong cc phn t ca
kt cu hn, nt c th l kn- kh quan st (trong cc phn t chu nn) hoc l h-
d thy (trong cc phn t chu ko)
2.3.2. R trong mi hn l nhng bt kh c hnh dng khc nhau (thng l hnh cu)
Cc bt kh xut hin do cc phn ng sinh kh trong khi kim loi v khi kim loi
ng c nhanh n giam cc bt kh li. Khi hn thp ngun sinh kh ch yu l
do phn ng chy gia cacbon vi oxy trong vng hn to ra kh CO khng ha tan
trong kim loi. R lm gim bn v mn cht ca mi hn.
Cc bt kh xut hin nhanh chng pht trin nh khuch tn, ha tan trong kim
loi lng trc tin phi k n hydro. Ngoi ra cc cht gy ra r khi hn l nit,
hi nc, cacbonic v metan. Khi ngui nng kh trong kim loi gim v mt
phn c xu hng thot ra ngoi kh quyn.
Trong mi hn s phn b r c th u theo ton b th tch (h.10aNM), theo
dng chui dc mi hn (h.10v), theo nhm tch t li (h.10b), hoc ring bit.
Theo tit din r c th nm phn c bn, theo ng hp kim ha ca kim loi

nng chy vi kim loi c bn; c khi nm ton b tit din hn.
R u thng xut hin khi cc yu t tc ng n nh: cc b mt vt hn b
bn (g, du m...), cht lng in cc thp, thuc hn m...
R theo nhm tch t khi b bn cc b hoc sai vi ch hn cho (h quang
tt, chiu di h quang tng, khi bt u hn, gp ming hn, bong lp thuc bc).
R nm dc thnh chui c to thnh trong iu kin khi cc cht kh thm
nhp theo ton b ng hn (khi hn p, in cc hn km cht lng, c g, khi
ht khng kh qua khe h gia cc mp hn).
R n c to thnh trong trng hp sai lch vi ch hn trong nht thi.
R kh xut hin nhiu nht khi hn nhm, hp kim titan, trong thp th t hn. R
kh c dng hnh cu (c ng knh t vi chc micromet n 2-3 mm) nu chng
khng km theo mng oxide v khng ngu. R m cng vi mng oxide khng c
hnh dng hnh hc c nh. Cc mng oxide thng hp li vi r thot ln b mt
nng chy. Trong mi hn thp cacbon a s r c dng ng.
Cc nguyn nhn chnh to thnh r kh trong mi hn:
Hm lng cacbon trong kim loi c bn v kim loi b sung cao.
m cao in cc, thuc hn hoc kh hu.
C cc cht h hoc cc thnh phn hu c khc m khi phn hy c th lm
bo ha CO hoc H2 vo kim loi mi hn.
Lm sch g, sn, du m cha tt.

Tc hn ln, vng hn ngui nhanh.
R cng c th c hnh thnh trong qu trnh co ngt khi ng c (c gi l
r co).
2.3.3. Ln (ngm) x v mng oxide thng xut hin do lm sch vy v g khng tt trn
mp hn, ch yu khi hn nhiu lp. X l cc tp cht phi kim loi khng kp ni ln
b mt mi hn khi ng c (h1.4.KKS).
Khi hn bng que hn c lp
thuc bc dy sinh ra nhiu x, nhng
kim loi nng chy trng thi lng lu hn
v x phi kim loi nh c thi gian ni
ln.
Kch thc x khc nhau t t vi n git vi
milimet. Theo hnh dng c x hnh cu, hnh kim, phng, tri ra theo dng mng, hnh
khi tip gip vi kim loi nng chy. Khi kch thc x ln hoc c dng nhn d gy
nn tp trung ng sut lm gim bn ca kt cu. Nu ln x t vi di dng phtphid,
nitride, sulphide, cng tinh hp kim nh, oxide st s lm gim do mi hn. Ln x
dng cu nh thng t nguy him hn.
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh ln x s gy ra nt. iu ny c gii thch l trong
qu trnh nung nng v lm ngui, h s gin n nhit ca x v kim loi khc nhau
nhiu gy nn ng sut nhit kh ln d pht sinh ra nt trong kim loi mi hn.
Ln oxide c th xut hin tt c cc dng hn. Khi hn hp kim nhm chng c dng
lp mng hnh th ty . nh hng ca mng oxide n c tnh mi hn c khi cn
mnh hn so vi r, ln x hoc ln kim loi.
Nguyn nhn gy ra ln (ngm) x v mng oxide:
B mt mi hn bn c g, du m, sn.
Lm sch x sau mi lt hn khng tt.
Vng hn ngui nhanh.
X chc kh nng chy.
Thuc bc que hn khng tt
Tay ngh th hn khng cao...
2.3.4. Ln kim loi xut hin khi hn h quang bng in cc khng nng chy trong mi
trng kh bo v v thng ln cc phn t volfram. Trong khi hn h quang mt
n nh tc thi v xut hin c ln volfram cng mng oxide. Ln volfram c th
nm trong mi hn hoc trn b mt c dng git bn te. Khi volfram vo vng hn
do nng nn n thng chm xung y. Ln volfram c to nn ch h quang
tt, khi volfram lng xung y ch lm, ni thng hnh thnh nt.
Ln volfram c chia ra lm ln ring l v ln theo nhm. Kch thc ng knh
ln n l 0,4 3,2 mm. Ln volfram tp trung c tnh theo kch thc nhm l
tp hp cc ln ln ring l.
2.3.5. Khng ngu l nhng bt

lin tc ng k (m ra)
khng c s lin kt cu trc
ti giao din gia kim loi c
bn v kim loi mi hn hoc
gia cc lt hn (h.1.5a)(h.8
NM).
Khng ngu xut hin trong cc trng hp, khi kim loi nng chy gp phi ch
kim loi c bn khng nng chy. Ti giao din ca kim loi nng chy v kim loi
c bn hnh thnh lp mng oxide ngn, gim bn lin kt gia chng.
Nt c trng ca khng ngu ch n kt thc trong mi hn bng cc nhnh si
nh nh l nt.
Trong cc mi hn hp kim nhm, khng ngu rt hay km theo mng oxide v r.
Khi hn thp bng tay hoc t ng di lp thuc, khng ngu c in y bng
x. So snh cc nhnh si vi nt v s phn b v hnh dng trong tit din mi hn
khng pht hin c s khc nhau ng k.
Nguyn nhn to ra khng ngu:
Nhit lng ca h quang khng (cng dng nh, h quang qu di
hoc qu ngn).
in cc lm t vt liu d chy hn so vi kim loi c bn.
Tc hn nhanh qu khin mp hn khng kp nng chy.
in cc lch nhiu v mt mp, khi kim loi chy v pha kia khng
nhit
Khe h v gc vt nh khin cho kim loi c bn kh nng chy.
Lm sch g, sn, du m v cc cht bn khc khng c tt.
Phn tn hoc thi lch h quang di nh hng ca t trng, nht l khi

hn bng dng in mt chiu, ct h quang hng vo mt ch nhng kim
loi lng li chy ch khc.
Thuc hn b kt vo khe h gia cc mp c vt hoc khng vt.
X khng bong ht khi hn nhiu lp, lp sau chng ln lp trc.
Vt liu c bn khng ph hp vi vt liu hn (dy hn, que hn, thuc...)
Thit b hn khng tha mn cng v in p h quang dao ng trong
khi hn.
Bc th hn thp.
Khng ngu l mt trong nhng khuyt tt nguy him nht, n lm gim kh nng
chu ti ca lin kt c bit khi chu ti trng rung ng hay va p.
2.3.6. Khng thu l nhng bt lin tc do kim loi khng c in y vo nhng
khoang, ngch trong tit din hoc chn mi hn, hoc khi chiu su chy khng .
Ti ch s c khong trng. Nguyn nhn l do khe h y nh, in cc qu ln,
cng dng in nh, tc hn nhanh, vt mp khng thch hp. Khng thu
lm yu tit din lm vic, gy tp trung ng sut trong mi hn. Khng thu c th
c khc phc bng:
Tng ngun nhit.
Gim tc hn
Thay i lin kt.
Chc chn rng g lp chnh xc.
Mc d hn h quang nng chy bao gm cc qu trnh hn c s dng rng ri
nht, nhng cc qu trnh hn khc cng phi m bo cht lng hn. V th cn
phi tm hiu v cc loi khuyt tt trong cc qu trnh khc.
2.4. Khuyt tt khi hn im:
2.4.1. Khuyt tt ngoi c bn khi hn im: nt ngoi
(h.13NM); chy thng; te ra ngoi; khng dnh;
trn b mt hnh thnh t chc c; t gy kim loi
mp lin kt; ph hy tnh lin tc ti vt lm ca
in cc; b mt im hn tr nn sm mu. Nguyn
nhn to nn cc khuyt tt:
Gi tr hoc chiu di xung ca dng hn ln
Lc p ca in cc nh, t lc chm.
Chun b b mt vt hn khng tt, bn.
in cc b bn, b mt tip xc ca in
cc mn khng u, mi li khng ng
hnh dng.
Vt hn v in cc b nghing.
Cc in cc cha kp ngui.
2.4.2. Khuyt tt bn trong:
Khng ngu (h.14NM) khng c vng c chy ha ln lin kt cc phn t kt cu hn;

r, nt bn trong; te ra bn trong kim loi (h.15NM); phn b khng i xng nhn hn;
chy ra qu nhiu- hn 80% chiu dy tm hn. Nguyn nhn to nn khuyt tt trong:
Gi tr ca cng dng hn
hoc xung cha .
Dng mch r
Din tch b mt lm vic ca
in cc tng.
in tr tip xc khng n nh
do b mt vt hn chun b cha
tt.
Lc p ca in cc nh, t lc p sm.
im hn dch n ngoi ra.
Hn vt liu c thnh phn ha hc khc nhau.
Vt hn c chiu dy khc nhau.
2.5. Khuyt tt khi hn vy
Cc khuyt tt khi hn vy c th c chia thnh ba nhm: khuyt tt phi v g
lp; khuyt tt mi hn vy; khuyt tt ca sn phm hn.
m bo cht lng kt cu hn vy u tin phi m bo cht lng ch to
v g lp phi. Khi g lp ch xc nh khe h cn thit v kp cc phn t hn
chnh xc. Sau khi p v kp cht vy hn, vt hn c t vo trong g m
bo vy hn chy hon ton xm nhp vo khe h v lm kt cu t b cong vnh
nht.
Khuyt tt c trng ca g lp l khe h gia cc b mt lin kt khng u; cc
phn t hn b x dch. Nhng khuyt tt ny xut hin do phi khng c gia cng
chnh xc; kp cht phi sau khi nh v lm phi b dch chuyn; khng c g
m bo c nh phi ng tin cy.
Cc khuyt tt in hnh ca lin kt hn vy

(h.16,17NM): khng ngu vy hn nng
chy in y vo khe h khng ln tc v
cng khng c s lin kt gia vy hn vi
kim loi c bn; nt; r; ln x v thuc hn.
Khng ngu xut hin do vy hn chy
khng thm t vi kim loi c hn.
trnh nhng ch khng ngu cn phi ty
sch mng oxide v m bo khe h. S c
mt ca tp cht c hi trong vy hn nh
hng xu n cht lng in y khe h.
Tnh chy long ca vy hn gim
mnh khi ln cc oxide.
Nt trong mi hn vy c th xut
hin di tc ng ca ng sut
ring trong kim loi c bn hoc do
rung ng ca kt cu trong qu
trnh hn, khi vy hn c kt tinh
m khng bn. S to thnh nt
ch yu cc mi hn dng vy hn
c khong kt tinh rng.
Nt c chia ra lm nt nng v
ngui. Nt nng c to thnh
trong qu trnh kt tinh v vy hn
co ngt nhit cao. Nt ngui
c to thnh khi nhit n
200oC.
Ty thuc vo s phn b, nt c chia ra ba nhm: trong mi hn vy; trong kim
loi c bn; ch tip xc ca vy hn vi kim loi c bn.
Nt trong mi hn vy c th xut hin v co khi kt tinh v to nn cc rnh trong
lin kt c hn chng. Nt ch tip xc vy hn vi kim loi c bn c th c
to nn khi hn cc kim loi c tnh cht l- ha khc nhau. Khuyt tt ny thng
gp nht khi hn vy mnh ct hp kim cng (nh T15K6) vi thn dao lm t thp
cacbon kt cu (nh thpC45). Nt cng c th xut hin khi hn thp khng g
trong trng thi ng sut bng vy ng- bc.
Trong kim loi c bn, nt nng v ngui xut hin di tc ng ca ng sut
ring c hnh thnh khi g lp, gia nhit, kt tinh kim loi mi hn v lm ngui
lin kt hn vy, cng nh di tc dng ca vy hn nng chy. S xut hin nt
cng c th do vy hn thm nhp theo bin gii ht ca kim loi c bn, lm yu i
s lin kt gia chng. Khi c ng sut ring hoc ti trng ngoi d dn n nt.
S to thnh cc r nh, k c khng ngu c th lm thot kh c trong vy hn v

thuc hn. Khi vy hn nng chy thm nhp khng hoc khe h ln qu cng
thc y xut hin r co v khng ngu. Lp ht m trong thuc v vy hn cng to
nn r, khng ngu.
Ln x trong mi hn l do chun b b mt cc phn t lin kt trc khi hn cha
tt hoc b bn, cng nh gi nhit lu khi hn lm thuc hn tc dng vi kim loi
c bn chuyn thnh x kh chy. Ngn la tha oxy cng gy nn ln x.
Khuyt tt ca sn phm sau khi hn vy l bin dng, cong vnh do gia nhit v
lm ngui khng u trong qu trnh hn, cng nh g t khng ng.
Phn tch cc khuyt tt v nguyn nhn pht sinh trong qu trnh hn, c th khng
nh c rng ngn vic to thnh khuyt tt u tin phi tun th nghim ngt
qu trnh cng ngh hn v phi kim tra cht lng trong qu trnh sn xut.
3. nh hng ca khuyt tt n c tnh ca lin kt hn
3.1. nh hng chung
Cc khuyt tt trong kt cu hn t n khng xc nh c vic mt kh nng lm
vic ca kt cu. Mc nguy him ca khuyt tt cng vi nh hng cc c tnh
(kiu, dng, kch thc...) ph thuc ch yu vo cc yu t kt cu v s dng.
Tnh cht ca Do hay gin. C khuynh hng to thnh nt. Kh nng

vt liu kh ng sut. Lm chm vt nt...
Cu to lin kt Hn gc hay gip mi. Yu t t l
S chu ti Mi hn chu ti hay khng. Trng thi ng sut ng, mt,
khi. ng sut d
Mc tp Kt cu (rnh x, chiu dy khc nhau...)
trung ng sut Cng ngh (cong vnh, lch mp, vy...)
Dng ti trng Tnh, ng, rung, chu k nh...
n mn ca mi Trung tnh, n mn yu, mnh
trng
Tc ng nhit Nhit cao hoc thp, tc ng chu k
Xc sut v c trng qu ti. Nguy c tai nn
nguy c hng
Do iu kin lm vic ca lin kt hn, vn v nh hng ca khuyt tt n c
tnh ca mi hn rt c quan tm. nh gi nh hng ny cn phi bit
nhy cm ca kim loi mi hn i vi khuyt tt, nhng bt lin tc c hnh dng
khc nhau mc tp trung ng sut.
nhy ca lin kt hn i vi cc khuyt tt - mc gim c trng c hc
ca mi hn ti vng khuyt tt so vi vi mi hn khng khuyt tt ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t: kiu, s phn b v kch thc khuyt tt, tnh cht kim loi, dng ti
trng, iu kin s dng. Tip theo n phn bit nhy i vi khuyt tt khi chu
ti trng tnh v ng.
Vi ti trng tnh tiu ch nhy i vi khuyt tt thng c hiu nh l bn
ca lin kt hn c khuyt tt i vi lin kt khng khuyt tt. Tiu ch ca nhy
i vi khuyt tt khi ti trng ng l h s tp trung hiu qu - t s gii hn mi

ca lin kt hn khi khng c khuyt tt vi c khuyt tt.
3.2. nh hng ca nt
Tt c cc lin kt hn ca kim loi v hp kim u rt nhy cm vi nt. Thc t
lm vic cho thy rng nt (d rt nh) l khuyt tt nguy him nht ca lin kt hn.
Nt lm gim mnh bn mi hoc kh nng chu ti trng ng. Do nu
xut hin nt th bt buc phi sa (mi ph, hn p). Cc mi hn sa nt cc chi
tit, sn phm phi theo cng ngh c bit m bo tin cy.
3.3. nh hng ca khng ngu
3.3.1. bn tnh: Cc th nghim so snh cc lin kt hn cho php rt ra kt lun sau:
Lin kt hn thp cacbon thp v thp khng g austenite khng b nh hng
nhiu do khng ngu. Quan h gia chiu su khng ngu vi gim kh nng
ti theo bc nht.
Cc loi thp bn nng 30CrMnSiNiA, hp kim nhm bin dng 16T (2024-
T4) v AM-6 c bn ca mi hn nh hn bn kim loi c bn. Khi tng
chiu su khng ngu th kh nng ti gim nhng khng tuyn tnh.
Hn gia c ch khng ngu tng kh nng chu ti tnh ch c tc dng
nhit thng, khi nhit thp (to -40oC) bn tnh cng nh do ca
lin kt gim mnh.
Khng ngu gia mi hn khng ch lm yu tit din chu lc m cn l ni
tp trung ng sut.
Chiu dy vt hn cng ln th nhy i vi khng ngu tng nhanh hn.
Khi hn gip mi ch V khng ngu di chn lm gim bn tnh nhiu
hn so vi khng ngu gia mi hn.
Khng ngu tm mi hn vt mp ch X t nguy him hn khng ngu
tm mi hn ch V.
Trong min khng ngu tnh do gim mnh. Khng ngu km hm s pht
trin bin dng do kim loi v lm tng khuynh hng ph hy gin lin kt.
Khi chu ko ton b bin dng do tp trung cch ch khng ngu 1- 1,5 mm
i vi hn gip mi khng vt mp. Bin dng do khng lan truyn trn ton
chiu di mu, khi vng khng ngu su qu 15% chiu dy mu.
S tp trung bin dng ln v gim tnh do cc b ti vng khng ngu
gia mi hn dng lm ch s gim kh nng bin dng ca lin kt hn gip mi
so vi mu ngu hon ton, v khng phi tt c kim loi nng chy tham gia bin
dng m ch c vng nh khng ngu.
3.3.2. bn khi chu ti trng thay i
Tiu ch u tin nh gi sc bn lin kt hn khi chu ti trng thay i l
gii hn mi ca kim loi c bn. Khi chu ti trng thay i lin kt hn c nhy
i vi khng ngu khc nhau ph thuc vo tnh cht ca kim loi c bn, kim loi
b sung v cng ngh hn.
Khng ngu lm gim gii hn mi cng nh rnh kha.
Khng ngu nh gn b mt kim loi c bn lm gim mnh gii hn mi.

Vic tng tip theo kch thc khng ngu s lm gim gii hn mi t l vi
s gim din tch tit din mi hn.
Khi chu ti trng un rung ng ch khng ngu gn b mt chu ko nn s
gim mnh gii hn mi ca lin kt hn.
Khi th un thp cacbon thp hn l hi s dng 10 nm, thy rng cc
khuyt tt ngoi dng rnh ct, lch mp, chy loang s lm gii hn mi gim
mnh hn nhiu so vi khuyt tt bn trong. Nu khng b n mn th khng
ngu s lm gim gii hn mi mnh hn so vi r hoc ln x.
3.3.3. bn khi ti trng tnh lp li
bn khi ti trng thay i cng ph thuc vo tn s t ti; tn s thp
(vi ln t ti trong mt pht), bn ln hn tn s cao (khong 1000 ln cht ti
trong mt pht). iu ny c gii thch rng bin dng do sau giai on chu ti
vi tn s cao khng kp t c gi tr bng bin dng do cc b vi tn s thp,
tc l sau mi chu k chu ti tn s thp bin dng do c tch ly nhiu hn mi
chu k tn s cao. Do s chu k ti trng cn thit s dng ton b kh nng
ca vt liu chu bin dng vi tn s thp li nh hn vi tn s cao.
Phn tch kt qu th nghim thy rng mi hn thp khng g c nhy i
vi khuyt tt ln khng ch khi mi m cn c khi ti trng tnh lp li. C th thy
rng gii hn mi tnh khng gim tuyn tnh khi tng chiu su khng ngu.
3.3.4. dai va p
Khi th mi hn khng ngu ch ra rng dai va p gim nhanh hn vic tng
chiu su khng ngu. Cc mu hn c hnh dng khng ngu dng rnh kha c
dai va p thp hn nhiu so vi cc rnh tit din vung hay tam gic. nhy ca
mi hn i vi khng ngu ph thuc vo chiu su khng ngu, nhit , nhit
luyn, bin cng.
nhy ca lin kt hn i vi khng ngu nh l yu t tp trung ng sut c
xc nh khng ch bi tnh do ca vt liu m c c tnh chu ti.
gii quyt vn v cht lng lin kt hn tip theo cn phi s dng cc
phng php kim tra khng ph hy. Vi iu kin chu ti cho, kim loi mi
hn c nhy cao i vi khng ngu hoc cc khuyt tt khc, th vic xc nh
chiu su ca n v ch, v thc t d chiu su khng ngu ln hay nh th nguy
him nh nhau. Khi dng cc phng php kim tra khng ph hy m pht hin ra
khng ngu d nh th cng coi nh l du hiu ph phm, (nhng vn c th s
dng c).
3.4. nh hng ca r
3.4.1. bn tnh
nh hng ca r n c tnh lin kt hn c nh gi theo nhy cho ca
kim loi mi hn i vi khuyt tt ny, cng ph thuc vo h s tp trung ng sut.
nhy ca kim loi mi hn vi r ph thuc vo kiu r, kch thc hnh hc v
c trng phn b trong mi hn. Cc r c chia tng ng thnh r n (khong
cch gia cc r ln hn ba ln ng knh ln nht), r dng chui (cc r khng ln
nhau vi khong cch nh hn ng knh), r tp trung (xp co) thng km vi

mng oxide. R n hnh cu thng c h s tp trung ng sut nh nht
Qua phn tch (H.38.NM), thy rng khi chu ti trng tnh nh hng ca r n
bn th hin mc gim ng k so vi khi chu ti trng thay i.
3.4.2. bn khi ti trng thay i
Khi nh gi nh hng ca r n bn lin kt hn lm vic vi ti trng thay
i, h s tp trung ng sut gy ra bi dng ca mi hn l cc yu t xc nh. Nu
h s tp trung ng sut do dng mi hn ln hn h s tp trung ng sut do r, th
r khng lm gim kh nng ti ca lin kt hn
Cc kt qu nghin cu nh hng ca r n bn tnh, dai va p, gc un v
gin di tng i khi hn gip mi thp cacbon thp (b =850 MPa) sau khi ti
v ram c trnh by trn (h.39.NM)
3.5. nh hng ca mng oxide, ln x v ln volfram

Lp mng oxide nh hng n c tnh nhiu nht. Trong mi hn hp kim nhm
lp mng oxide mng hnh dng ty c xem nh l khng ngu. Mc tp
trung ng sut ca mng oxide cng nh khng ngu.
Tip theo ln x nh hng mt t n c tnh. Ln volfram nu khng i km vi
mng oxide th khng gy nh hng n bn.
Khi x gy p lc ln thnh mi hn s lm tng bn mi. iu ny c gii
thch rng x ng vai tr nh vt th n hi, lm gim tp trung ng sut.
nh hng ca ln volfram n gii hn mi ty thuc vo din tch mt ngoi
mnh volfram.
Khi ti trng thay i nh hng ca ln x n gii hn mi thc cht ph thuc
vo mc tp trung ng sut do hnh dng mi hn.
3.6. nh hng ca hnh dng mi hn
3.6.1. bn tnh
Trong trng hp chu ti trng tnh, khi bn ca mi hn thp hn bn kim

loi c bn th gia c mi hn c th l yu t tch cc. Trong a s cc trng hp
khng cn thit quy nh gi tr gia c.
Trong lin kt hn ngu hon ton thp cacbon thp c bn mi hn bng bn
kim loi c bn, vic hn gia c khng lm tt hn kh nng chu ti ca kt cu. Ch
trong lin kt c kh nng xy ra khng ngu th hn gia c cc ch yu khi chu ti
tnh l cn thit.
3.6.2. bn khi chu ti trng thay i
Cc kt cu hn lm vic vi ti trng thay i, bn mi gim khng ch do cc
khuyt tt cng ngh (khng ngu), m cn do yu t hnh hc nh l hn gia c. Khi
ti trng thay i vic gia c khng lm tng m ngc li cn lm gim gii hn
mi ca kt cu hn.
Gia c mi hn vi kch thc bt k r rng khng lm gim bn tnh, tuy
nhin n nh hng mnh n gii hn mi ca lin kt. Gia c cng ln, tip tc
lm gim gc chuyn tip t kim loi c bn n kim loi nng chy, cng lm gim
gii hn mi.
Nh vy, hn gia c c th lm mt ht cc u im nhn c t qu trnh cng
ngh lm tng cht lng kim loi nng chy ci thin bn mi.
3.7. nh hng ca lch mp
Khi ko, lin kt hn gip mi c lch mp s gy ra momen un do phng ca lc
b lch tm. Ti giao din kim loi mi hn vi kim loi c bn xut hin ng sut
vt qu gi tr danh ngha.
Mc nh hng ca lch mp n bn ca lin kt gip mi ph thuc ch
yu vo nhy ca khuyt tt i vi tp trung ng sut, c trng t lc.
Khi hn thp cacbon thp chiu dy mng (<10 mm), lch mp khng gy nh
hng nhiu n bn tnh v kim loi mi hn km nhy i vi tp trung ng
sut. Nu kim loi mi hn nhy i vi tp trung ng sut nh hp kim AM6 th
bn tnh khi lch mp gim i hn 25%. Ngoi ra mc gim bn cn ph
thuc vo chiu dy kim loi v cng ngh hn.
Lch mp khi ti trng thay i nh hng ng k n gii hn mi ca lin kt.
Mc gim gii hn mi ph thuc ch yu vo ln lch mp v cng ngh hn.
3.8. nh hng ca khuyt tt hn im
3.8.1. bn tnh
Nt ti nhn mi hn thc t khng nh hng n bn ct v x. ng lc c
bn ti im hn c hiu l vng bn vng bn ngoi ca cc tinh th hnh tr v
vng u trc bn trong m cc vt nt trong chu ti nh thng khng ra khi ranh
gii . nh hng ca r, nt v te trong n bn tnh lin kt hn im tng
t nhau.
Tin hnh nghin cu bn tnh chu ct ca im hn thng qua ng knh
nhn chy ca im . Cc kt qu th tnh im hn c trnh by trn
(H.40,41.NM), trong trc honh l din tch lm vic ca nhn chy, cn trc
tung ti trng ph hy. Do rt kh xc nh chnh xc din tch lm vic ca nhn
hn nn vic a ra kt lun v bn tnh ca im hn khi chu ct khng ng tin

lm.
Khng ngu nhn hn l khuyt tt nguy him nht ca lin kt hn. N lm gim
ng k bn ca sn phm hn. Vic gim tnh bn ca lin kt ty thuc vo c
trng v ln khng ngu, dng ca sn phm v iu kin lm vic.
3.8.2. bn khi ti trng thay i.
Nghin cu nh gi mc nh
hng ca nt ngoi v trong cng nh
khng ngu v te n gii hn mi v
tui th ca mu hn bng hp kim 16,
kt qu ch ra trn (h.42NM).
Vt nt trong ko di hn 1/3 ng
knh nhn hn lm gim gii hn mi i
22-27% so vi mu khng khuyt tt.
Nt ngoi cn lm gii hn mi gim i
37-80%.
Gii hn mi ca mu te trong ti
im hn li ln hn gii hn mi ca
mu khng khuyt tt! iu ny lin
quan n s gim tp trung ng sut do
in y khe h gia cc phn t hn bng kim loi chy te ra.
Phn tch cc mu b ph hy bng tia Rngen v phng php kim tng ch ra
rng trung tm b ph hy do mi xut hin quanh nhn hn, ch tip gip cc tm
hn. S c mt khuyt tt trong nhn hn khng nh hng ti v tr sinh ra v pht
trin vt nt mi. Qu trnh ph hy mi ban u xut hin ni tp trung ng sut
cao nht quanh chu vi nhn hn - sau lan ra theo chiu dy tm, ri i ln b
mt gn ch in cc p.
Trong a s mu th c kim loi te trong, nt mi pht trin ti ni nhn hn

khng b te v v tr sinh ra ri pht trin nt khng lin quan n khuyt tt c sn.
Khi nhn hn khng ngu (ng knh hoc chiu cao nhn chy nh) th c trng
ph hy thay i. S ph hy xy ra bng cch dt nhn hn, hoc cc vt nt mi
lan theo nhn chy.
CHNG II KIM TRA QU TRNH CNG NGH
1. Kim tra cc yu t cng ngh

Nh trnh by trn, m bo cht lng trong sn xut hn phi qua nhiu
cng on. Vic kim tra qu trnh cng ngh c v nh giai on phng bnh,
mt trong nhng nhim v quan trng u tin.
1.1. Kim tra vt liu ban u
Cht lng hn c th c m bo nu cht lng vt liu ban u tha mn yu
cu ra. Trc tin cn kim tra giy chng nhn cc vt liu ban u c tnh nng
ph hp vi qu trnh cng ngh hn kt cu. Sau xem k li vt liu v kim tra
b sung cht lng ng vi ti liu chun.
1.1.1. Kim loi c bn
Phi c c kim tra xem c r, co v nt khng, c bit ch n ch cn
hn. Phi cn xem c b tch lp, cc tp cht - c bit l lu hunh - phn b
khng u theo tit din. Kim tra thnh phn ha hc theo mc kim loi, th c tnh.
1.1.2. Que hn
Vi que hn h quang cn kim tra dy u lp thuc bc, xem thuc bc c b
h hi g khng. Tin hnh hn th thit lp c trng nng chy ca li v thuc
bc, kh nng d bong x v cht lng to hnh mi hn (tnh chy long ca kim
loi, bn to, khuyt tt ngoi). Que hn thp bn cao c kim tra bng php
th c bit v hm lng hydro trong kim loi nng chy.
i vi que hn kh th ch kim tra hnh dng v thnh phn ha hc.
1.1.3. Dy hn
c kim tra xem b mt c sch khng, lp ph c ph hp vi qu trnh cng
ngh hn khng, tch lp v nhn b mt. Tin hnh hn th vi thuc hoc kh bo
v tng ng xc nh cht lng vt liu theo cc ch tiu tng t nh que hn.
1.1.4. Thuc hn
c kim tra theo kch thc ht, ng u v trn, c cht bn hoc ln
tp cht khng. Cng cn kim tra m, cc tnh cht n nh thuc hn.
1.1.5. Kh bo v
c kim tra xem c tp cht c hi v hi nc. Hi nc c xc nh theo
nhit im sng.
1.1.6. Kim tra tnh hn
Tnh hn nh hng ch yu n cht lng sn phm. Kim tra tnh hn ca vt
liu ban u cn phi c trc khi quyt nh s dng nhng vt liu no cho kt cu
hn. C hai trng hp kim tra tnh hn:
Khi la chn vt liu v bt u cng ngh hn, tc l chun b sn xut trong

giai on thit k.
Khi a vt liu vo chu trnh sn xut, tc l khi chun b cng ngh sn xut.
Vic kim tra ny c th lm cc thng s sai lch i so vi gi tr trn giy t
v lm tnh hn km i.
1.2. Kim tra trang thit b
1.2.1. Kim tra my
Cht lng lin kt hn ph thuc nhiu vo thit b c tt hay khng. Mc ch
ca kim tra l duy tr trng thi lm vic ca thit b hn theo ng cc c tnh k
thut cho. Theo di thit b lm vic c ng vi biu bo dng cng ngh
nh trong l lch my.
My hn h quang cn phi m bo h quang chy n nh, chnh xc cn thit,
iu chnh ch in chun, tc hn v.v... Cc thng s ny cn kim tra cn
thn trc mi ln kim tra thit b v trong qu trnh sn xut.
Vi my hn in tip xc, kim tra cc c cu, h thng lm ngui, g kp b mt
tip xc, bin dng v mn b mt lm vic ca in cc. Khi hn im v hn
ng quan trng nht l nh lng c thi gian hn v ngh nh cc c cu v
b ct. Cu to b ct cn c iu chnh chnh xc, tin cy v kim tra hn lin tc.
Khi hn kh u tin l kim tra ngun cp kh. m bo lu lng kh sch v kh,
p sut n nh
1.2.2. Kim tra g
g hn chuyn dng cn m bo bn v cng vng cn thit; kp cht cc
phn t hn nhanh, chnh xc v tin cy; t vt hn v tr thun li thao tc...
Nhng yu cu ny phi a vo iu kin k thut khi thit k v ch to g.
Cn ch n kch thc c bn, nh v, kp cht. Kt lun cui cng v tc dng
ca g s a ra sau khi ch to v kim tra kch thc ca sn phm th.
Trong qu trnh ch to, tnh trng ca g c kim tra c h thng, thi hn
kim tra ph thuc vo quy m sn xut. Khi cn thit phi sa cha hoc thay mi
g.
1.2.3. Kim tra dng c v ng h o
Cc ng h o v dng c phi c s gim st thng xuyn trong sn xut v
c khi sa cha. Cc ng h o phi lun so vi cc mu chun c th ca c s sn
xut hoc C quan o lng Quc gia.
Khi hn t ng phi kim tra c h thng chun ca b phn in, u hn,
xe...
Khi hn kh kim tra cht kht ch ni m hn vi van v ng dy. T s gia
oxy v kh chy rt quan trng nn phi kim tra cht ch. Khng c php tha
oxy v kh chy. Khi kim tra van gim p cn ch n p sut lm vic khng i,
nhy iu chnh, n nh chng ng bng.
1.2.4. Kim tra ngun nng lng
Ngun nng lng khi hn h quang hay in tip xc l in nng; khi hn kh,
nhit nhm nng lng ca phn ng ha hc; khi hn ma st, hn ngui, hn n...
nng lng c hc; khi hn laser, siu m, chm tia in t... nng lng tia vt
l. y ch yu ch kim tra v in (in p), v kh ( sch).
1.3. Kim tra nhn lc hn
Kim tra vic chun b v trong qu trnh sn xut hn d c cn thn n u
cng khng c hiu qu nu khng kim tra cht lng th hn, v phn ln cht
lng sn phm trong sn xut hn l do cht lng th hn quyt nh. Cht lng
ng u n nh ca lin kt hn l du hiu c bn nhn bit ng cp th hn.
Cht lng th hn cn phi c kim tra tt c cc giai on ca qu trnh
cng ngh (chun b, g lp, hn , kim tra).C th theo lot tiu chun EN 287. Tin
hnh thi nng bc nh k, cp chng ch cho th hn, th d khuyt tt, th lp rp,
th vn hnh thit b. Ngoi ra cn phi ch n cc mt v tm l, kinh t, sc
khe, vn ha... nhm gin tip nng cao cht lng sn phm hn.
Vic ph chun th c tin hnh trc khi thc hin sn xut cc kt cu tng
ng. Ngoi ra trong qu trnh hn cng vn kim tra nh k th hn bng vic t
chc Hi ng c s tham gia ca cc iu phi vin, thanh tra hn. Ni dung kim
tra gm l thuyt v thc hnh. Cc mu sau khi hn s c Hi ng xem xt k
lng bn ngoi. Sau th ph hy (ko, un...) ri nh gi cht lng mu gy.
Ngy nay cc thit b hn l thnh qu ca tin b mi v cng ngh in- in t,
cng ngh thng tin, c kh chnh xc nn vn hnh iu khin tt thit b cn
phi c nhng ngi th vn hnh thit b vi kin thc v tay ngh ph hp. Vic
ph chun th vn hnh thit b theo lot tiu chun EN 1418
1.4. Quan st ngoi dng (VT) v chnh sa lin kt hn
Chun b v g lp phi khi hn, cht lng ca mi hn, cht lng sn phm
thng c kim tra bng mt trc tin. Tt c sn phm u c kim tra bng
mt m khng ph thuc vo vic s dng cc phng php khc. Vi s h tr ca
cc phng tin hin i trong mt s trng hp, kim tra ngoi dng c thng
tin v l phng php r nht, linh hot nht gim khuyt tt. C bn giai on
kim tra bng mt.
1.4.1. Kim tra phi
Trc khi g t phi phi c kim tra v
t chnh xc nht nh ty theo c trng
v cng dng ca sn phm. Khi lm sch
phi cn ch n trng thi b mt chu hn,
hn vy. Cc phn t ca kt cu cn hn
khng c php dnh du, sn, g, cht bn
khc. Nhng tp cht ny d to thnh r lm
gim cht lng hn h quang, hn tip xc
hay hn vy.
xc nh cht lng vic chun b vt mp hn, ngi ta s dng cc b dng
c bit hay dng c chuyn dng (h.2.2KKS).
1.4.2. Kim tra g t
Cc chi tit, b phn my khi hn phi c g trn g chuyn dng (gi kp,
van gim p), m bo chnh xc cao. Cc kch thc c bn ca chi tit cn kim
tra l: khe h gia cc mp v chng mp- i vi hn gip mi khng vt mp; khe
h gia cc mp, cn mp v gc vt mp; chiu rng chng nhau v khe h gia
cc tm- i vi lin kt hn chng; khe h gia cc tm v mp, gc gia cc phn
t hn, cng nh cn v gc nghing ca mp- i vi lin kt ch T; khe h gia
cc phn t hn v gc gia chng- i vi lin kt gc.
Cc thng s v kch thc khc ph thuc vo hnh dng mi hn c xc nh
bi cc iu kin k thut ca sn phm. Cc chi tit, b phn my sai lch v iu
kin k thut hoc qu trnh cng ngh b loi b.
1.4.3. Quan st trong khi hn
Kim tra trong qu trnh hn cho php pht hin kp thi cc khuyt tt. Ngi kim
tra dng knh lp xem lp hn u tin ri so vi mu chun.
Nhit nung nng trc v gia cc lt hn (dng phn nhit)
Nhn cn thn v tr cc lt hn.
Kim sot ti ch bin dng.
Mt iu cn ch l lp hn lt rt d b r xp, ln x hoc nt. Nu khng pht
hin c ngay, chng c th lan truyn sang cc lp khc. Cc khuyt tt s gy
kh khn v tn km v sau. V d trong k thut ht nhn, khi hn cc ng ng,
ngi ta quan st h quang bng knh tim vng. C khi phi dng camera v cc
thit b c bit quan st h quang t xa.
1.4.4. Quan st sn phm
Sau khi hn, ngoi vic kim tra kch thc dung sai theo cc phng php thng
thng cn phi nh gi cht lng.Trc tin phi nhn bng mt thng hoc
knh lp xem sn phm c b nt, rnh ct, chy thng, chy loang, khng ngu chn,
lch mp...hay khng? Mt vi khuyt tt trong s khng th chp nhn c,
phi ph ra hn li. Khi quan st ngoi dng (VT) ngi ta cng xc nh c
khuyt tt hnh dng mi hn, phn b vy, c trng phn b kim loi trong hn p,
khng ngu, khng thu...
Mi mt phng php hn, cng nh v tr khng gian ca mi hn u c dng
mt ngoi c trng. Vy xp khng u, chiu rng chiu cao ng hn thay i l
do dao ng cng sut, h quang tt t ngt hoc m hn khng n nh.
Khi hn trong kh bo v hoc chn khng mt ngoi mi hn phi nhn bng,
khng c vy v dng ca n nh di kim loi nng chy. Hn titan v cc vt liu
c hot tnh cao cn phi kim tra mu sc v ln vng chy mu.
Khi quan st ngoi dng, b mt vt kim cn phi sng v tm nhn phi

thch hp. Thng s hnh hc c o bng dng (h.2.3.KKS) hoc cc dng c o
khc.
Ch sau khi quan st ngoi dng kim tra khuyt tt bn ngoi, ngi ta mi dng
tip cc phng php vt l- c hc, ha hc xc nh khuyt tt bn trong. Kim
tra ngoi dng cn thn- thng l nguyn cng rt n gin- c th cng c dng
cnh bo v pht hin khuyt tt t hiu qu cao.
2. Chn cc phng php kim tra cht lng hn
Trong sn xut hn, khu kim tra khng nht thit phi l khu cui cng. Nhiu
khi nguyn cng kim tra c tin hnh xen k gia cc bc. Mt khc cc khuyt
tt hn nh gii thiu, rt a dng v phc tp. Vic tin hnh kim tra cn phi
s dng nhiu phng php khc nhau- ring r hoc phi hp.
Da vo tc ng n vt liu hay sn phm hn ngi ta chia cc phng php
kim tra lm hai nhm: cc phng php kim tra bng ph hy (KTPH) v cc
phng php kim tra khng ph hy (KTKPH, gi theo ting Anh Non-Destructive
Testing)
2.1. Cc phng php ph hy
Th nghim ph hy thng c tin hnh trn mu i chng, trn m hnh v i
khi trn chnh sn phm. Mu i chng c hn theo cng ngh v vt liu ng
theo lin kt hn. Theo l thng cc th nghim cho php nhn c cc s liu c
trng ca bn, cht lng v tin cy ca lin kt. Nu hn v th ph hy mu
trong phng th nghim th nhng th nghim ny c trng cho cht lng cc mu
khng c khuyt tt sn xut. Ngi ta th nghim c tnh kim loi v lin kt hn
bng ko, un, va p... Theo c trng ti trng tin hnh th tnh, ng v mi.
Cc phng php th nghim khng mu nh kim tra cng, phn tch kim
tng, phn tch ha hc, kim tra n mn cng c xp vo nhm ny.
2.2. Cc phng php khng ph hy
2.2.1. nh ngha:
Kim tra khng ph hy (KTKPH) l s dng cc phng php vt l pht hin
cc khuyt tt bn trong cu trc vt liu, chi tit, sn phm... m khng lm tn hi
n kh nng hot ng, chu ti sau ny ca chng. KTKPH lin quan n vic pht
hin khuyt tt trong vt kim nhng t bn thn n khng th d on nhng ni
no khuyt tt s hnh thnh v pht trin.
2.2.2. c im Cc phng php KTKPH c c im chung:
S dng mt mi trng kim tra sn phm
S thay i trong mi trng kim tra chng t trong vt kim tn ti bt lin
tc.
L phng tin pht hin s thay i trong mi trng kim tra.
Gii on nhng thay i nhn bit cc thng tin v khuyt tt trong vt kim.
2.2.3. Phn loi
Theo tiu ch nhit ng lc c th chia cc phng php vt l d khuyt tt
khng ph hy lm hai nhm: (i) cc phng php lin quan n vic s dng truyn
nng lng; (ii) cc phng php s dng chuyn ng ca vt cht.
Tip theo cc phng php KTKPH c chia nh ra: (i) pht m; (ii) thm mao
dn; (iii) t tnh; (iv) quang hc; (v) phng x; (vi) vi sng; (vii) nhit; (viii) r r; (ix)
in; (x) in t; (xi) ton nh laser; (xii) ng lc...
Ngoi ra theo c tnh ca trng vt l hoc khi cht chuyn ng tc ng
tng h vi vt kim c th chia cc dng KTKPH theo cc du hiu sau:
Theo c trng tc ng tng h ca trng vt l hoc vt cht vi vt kim,
v d cc phng php pht ra v phn x i vi sng m, sng nh sng, sng
bc x, sng v tuyn, sng nhit; phng php cm ng i vi dng kim tra
t tnh...
Theo cc thng s thng tin s b, v d bin v pha i vi dng m v in
t, mu v hunh quang i vi dng thm mao dn v vi kim tra r r
Theo kh nng ch th thng tin s b (p in, cm ng, ha hc...)
Theo kh nng th hin thng tin cui cng (nhn thy, th, nh tia X, m
thanh, nh sng,...)
R rng rng cch phn loi duy nht theo du hiu cho tt c cc dng kim tra trn
l khng th. Trong kim tra cht lng hn ch s dng mt s phng php k trn.
2.3. So snh th nghim ph hy vi th nghim khng ph hy
kim tra cht lng lin kt hn c th s dng cc phng php nu trn.
Tuy nhin khng c phng php no c th gip ngi kim tra pht hin c tt
c cc khuyt tt mt cch hon ho. Cho nn quan trng khng ch l chn ng
phng php kim tra, m cn bit kt hp cc phng php ph hy c khng ph
hy. Bng di y trnh by u nhc im chnh ca cc phng php.
Bng II.1 So snh c im ca cc phng php KTPH vi KTKPH
Kim tra ph hy (KTPH) Kim tra khng ph hy (KTKPH)
Nhc im u im
1. Ch th c trn mu m khng 1. Th trc tip ngay trn sn phm
phi i tng c s dng thc v ti cc ch nguy him.
t. 2. C th tin hnh th bt k sn
2. Ch c th th c trn mt s phm no trong nhm, thm ch

sn phm chn ring t nhm, cht th c tt, nu iu kin kinh t
lng gia cc chi tit c th thay cho php.
i 3. C th s dng tt c cc phng
3. Khi th n chic ch xc nh php, ch ra cc tnh cht khc
c mt vi tnh cht, nh hng nhau ca vt liu hoc lin kt.
n tin cy ca sn phm. 4. Tin hnh kim tra m khng cn
4. t khi p dng c trong iu tr sn xut.
kin ang vn hnh m khng phi 5. Kim tra li sn phm hoc cc
dng cng vic. mi hn cho php phn nh li nh
5. Ch c th o c tc ng khi s hng sau khi s dng, khai thc.
dng nu chn nhiu sn phm th 6. Khng phi ph ra khi kim tra vt
lm vic trong thi gian nht liu qu.
nh 7. Gia cng s b, thi gian th, gi
6. Tng chi ph th cao v tiu hao thnh thng thp hn nhiu so
nhiu vt liu qu. vi KTPH
7. Tn thi gian v cng th bc cao
gia cng mu th
u im Nhc im
1. Th trc tip v o bn hay 1. o v nh gi gin tip tnh cht
tin cy trong s dng; cho php khi s dng. i hi nghin cu
xc nh c mt hay mt s su tham chiu gia kt qu ca
trng thi gii hn xc nh. th nghim vi tin cy v
i chiu gia kt qu o c bn khi s dng. Gi tr chun
vi cc tnh cht s dng ca vt nh gi kt qu kim tra kh v
liu thng rt st nhau, khng da theo kinh nghim l ch yu.
gy ra khc bit ng k. 2. Kt qu th thng l nh tnh,
2. Xc nh c ti trng ph hy tng i hoc chn mt trong cc
hay thi hn s dng cho n khi gii on.
b ph hy.
2.4 . nh gi nhy ca cc phng php KTKPH

nhy pht hin khuyt tt l kh nng pht hin nhng khuyt tt vi cc kch
thc khc nhau, hoc phn bit c cc khuyt tt c cc tnh cht khc nhau. i
vi mi phng php kim tra nhy c nh gi khc nhau, n c th dao ng
trong phm vi rng ty thuc vo mt lot cc yu t: (i) phng php, mi trng
v iu kin kim tra; (ii) kt cu (kiu, kch thc, hnh dng) v vt liu c dng
trong kt cu; (iii) yu cu kinh t- k thut i vi lin kt.
Ch vic xc nh hp l nhy thng nht i vi tt c cc phng php
KTKPH
nhy gii hn c trng cho cc kch thc (gii hn) nh nht ca m

hnh khuyt tt chun, ti u cch th hin, chc chn pht hin c khuyt
tt khi my iu chnh.
nhy thc c trng cho cc kch thc nh nht ca khuyt tt thc, c
pht hin trong lin kt hn cn kim tra. N c xc nh trn c s so snh
kt qu php d vi vic pht hin lin kt thc c khuyt tt.
nhy iu kin c trng cho cc kch thc nh nht chc chn pht hin
c khuyt tt ca m hnh iu kin, thc hin cc mu chun.
Ngi ta ch xc nh nhy iu kin khi kim tra siu m, nhy c a
vo v kh khoan c l chun y bng, cng nh mt s my d o bin ca
tn hiu phn hi t khuyt tt khng n nh.
nh gi v s lng cc kt qu ca php d khuyt tt, cn phi biu th r
rng v cc gii hn hp l ca nhay mi phng php. Trong mt s trng hp,
c bit kim tra tip nhn, cng cn bit tnh xc thc ca thng tin d khuyt tt,
tc l tm hiu thng tin c khuyt tt thc trong lin kt hn.
Khng phi lc no cng mun tin n php kim tra c nhy cao nht, iu
ny lin quan n s khuch i nhiu. m bo nhy cn thit quan trng l
cc lin kt hn phi c thit k thch hp vi dng c d. Khi nim php d
khuyt tt c hiu nh cch tip cn lin kt hn kim tra, cht lng b mt c
tnh n nh hng ca cu trc kim loi, kh nng th hin khuyt tt c trng.
Dng c o nhy nht cng vi k thut d khuyt tt hin i nht cng v ch, nu
chng khng c s dng hp l do nhc im kt cu mi hn hoc cng ngh
hn khng y . V d hn p dy qu, b mt qu mp m hoc nhiu vy hn
nn khng th b tr ghi t c. Khng th di u d siu m trn b mt y bn
te, r, li lm.
Cc c im c bn ca vic dng cc phng php kim tra khc nhau d dng
nh gi cht lng lin kt hn. Ba tiu ch chnh khi kim tra l phi hin th cc
khuyt tt nguy him nht theo phng php chn; nng sut v gi thnh kim
tra.
Trong nhiu trng hp khng mt phng php no cho php ti u ng thi c
ba tiu ch. Nn ngi ta kim tra kt hp gia phng php ny vi phng php
khc. Kt qu ti u l tng hp hi ha v cht lng lin kt hn cao vi nng
sut kim tra cao v chi ph t nht!
CHNG III KIM TRA PH HY
I. nh gi tnh hn ca vt liu
I.1. Khi nim v tnh hn
Tnh hn l kh nng ca cc loi vt liu (kim loi, hp kim, cht do...) cho php
hnh thnh mi hn bng cc cng ngh hn thng thng thch hp mi hn t
c cc tnh cht cn thit, m bo tin cy ca lin kt hn khi lm vic. Tnh
hn c nh gi bng mc tng ng vi tnh cht ca lin kt hn so vi tnh
cht cng tn ca kim loi c bn v c nh gi bng xc sut to ra r, x, nt

cng cc khuyt tt khc trong kim loi lin kt.
Tnh hn ca vt liu l iu kin u tin lm c s thit k kt cu hn v xc
nh ch cng ngh hn. Mi vt liu u c tnh hn ring. Cn c vo tnh hn
cc loi vt liu ca lin kt hn ngi ta chia lm bn nhm:
Nhng vt liu c tnh hn tt chu c tc ng ca chu trnh nhit hn m
khng lm xu i tnh cht lin kt hn v khng to nn cc khuyt tt.
Vt liu c tnh hn tha mn (trung bnh) l nhng vt liu cho php to
thnh mi hn vi c tnh cn thit trong nhng iu kin nht nh nh
nung nng s b v gim tc ngui.
Vt liu c tnh hn hn ch (km) gm nhng vt liu ch cho php to thnh
mi hn bng nhng phng php v ch c bit, phc tp.
Vt liu khng c tnh hn l cc vt liu khng th to thnh mi hn tha
mn yu cu, k c khi x l bng cc bin php cng ngh c bit. Khuyt
tt khng th trnh khi.
Cc tiu ch th hin bng s ca tnh cht tng hp no ca lin kt hn c
dng nh gi nh lng tnh hn. bn cng ngh l bn khi ch to bng
cc phng php la chn, vi cng ngh hn v tin cy s dng trong iu kin
chu ti, mi trng, nhit cho. Tiu ch tng hp bao gm cc tnh cht m
bo cho kiu kt cu hn xc nh mt bn cng ngh. xc nh tnh hn ngi
ta s dng cc phng php th nghim c bit. Khi c th nhn c cc tiu
ch hn i vi iu kin cho hoc trong phm vi no m tiu ch c gi tr ln
nht.
Phng php phn nhm tnh hn- trn tm kim loi ngi ta khot mt phn lm c
ng knh 80 mm (h.VII.1 Th N) vi chiu su h= 6; 8; 10 mm. Sau hn mt lp
A-A
80
12 4
130
A A
xuyn tm. 130
Tip theo lm ngui bng nc l; khng kh; hoc nung nng. Kt qu th nghim
cho php xc nh nhm tnh hn nh sau:
ng thi vi qu trnh chy kim loi, lm ngui bng nc l m khng xut
hin nt th chng t kim loi c tnh hn tt.
Nu lm ngui bng nc thy nt m lm ngui ngoi khng kh khng thy
xut hin nt th kim loi c tnh hn tha mn.
Nu trc khi hn nung nng n 100 oC 150 oC mi hn ri cho ngui

ngoi khng kh m khng nt th kim loi thuc nhm c tnh hn hn ch.
Nu nung nng qu 100 oC 150 oC m nt th chng t kim loi khng c
tnh hn.
I.2. Tiu ch bn cng ngh
bn cng ngh c hiu nh l kh nng ca kim loi bo ton c tnh ton
vn ca mnh m khng b ph hy trong qu trnh cng ngh hn. bn cng ngh
ca kim loi khi hn c th c nh gi bng kh nng khng nt v sc bn
chng li s to thnh nt. Ngi ta xc nh kh nng khng nt bng cc cch th
mu hn trong iu kin chu ti trng bn ngoi. Kh nng khng nt c trng cho
tnh cng ngh ca kim loi trong min lin kt hn khc nhau. Sc bn chng li s
to thnh nt c xc nh nh th cng ngh - l c tnh tng hp ty thuc
vo tnh cht cng ngh ca kim loi cng nh tr s ng sut v bin dng trong
mu th.
Ngi ta s dng ch tiu bn cng ngh nh gi tnh hn ca kim loi. T
vic th nghim bn cng ngh v trng thi ca kim loi trong iu kin sn xut
s thit lp gi tr cho php ca cc ch tiu. Xc sut to thnh nt khi hn kt cu
ch c xc nh sau khi tham chiu cc kt qu th nghim .
Cc phng php th
bng my Th nghim
to nn nt nng theo
phng php FISCO
(-1 ca LB Nga) l
to bin dng bng cch
ko mu trong qu trnh
hn v ng c kim
loi mi hn nh my
th (H.9.1 KKS).
Lot mu hn khi th chu bin dng vi tc tng dn (h.9.2 KSS)
Tc bin dng
nh nht ti to
thnh nt trong mi
hn hoc vng nh
hng nhit c dng lm ch tiu nh lng sc bn kim loi. Sau khi ly mu

th ra khi thit b kp cht, lm gy n trong ngm kp, cc vng ph hy ca mi
hn c kim tra bng mt v knh hin vi. Cc vng ny c v li theo kch
thc t nhin bng ch trn giy c nh cc kch thc v v tr chnh xc ca
chng. Ngi ta th to thnh nt nng tt c cc vt liu kim loi v hp kim.
Vic th to nn nt ngui theo phng php -2 l cht ti trc tip ln mt
lot mu sau khi hn
trong thi gian lu di
ti trng khng i.
Ngi ta dng cc my
th (h.9.3) th cc
mu.
Hoc dng thit b
(h.9.4KSS) th, m
trong cc lc khng
i c to nn nh ti
trng, cc phn t n
hi v cc thit b khc.
Ti trng gy nn ng
sut ko trong vt kim.
ng sut ko nh nht
to nn vt nt vng
nh hng nhit hoc ti
mi hn sau mt thi
gian xc nh (i vi
thp l 20 gi) c
dng lm ch tiu nh
lng sc bn vt liu.
to nn nt ngui
ngi ta th kim loi
hn chuyn pha sang
trng thi rn. Nhng vt liu ny gm thp pearlite, martensite, thp ferrite chrome
cao, hp kim titan, nhm v cc hp kim khc.
Th cng ngh- Th to thnh nt nng l th nghim bng cch hn mu th, m
kt cu ca n m bo bin dng pht trin mnh nhit kt tinh mi hn.
Th vi b mu gm cc mu chiu rng khc
nhau (H.9.5KSS) c ly vi cc gi tr 4; 6; 8;
12; 16; 20 (- chiu dy mu th). Bt u
hn mu hp nht ri tng dn chiu rng cho
n khi xut hin vt nt trong mi hn. iu
kin cn thit khi th l chn lp ngn cch phi
nng chy hon ton. Trong trng hp ny na
phn mu th do phn b nhit khng u khi nung nng v cng khng ln

nn bin dng tp trung lm tch mp mi hn v gy ra nt.
Ch tiu nh lng ca sc bn chng li s to thnh nt l mu c chiu rng nh
nht khng xut hin nt. Ch oxy ha c c trng ph hy dng nhnh cy gy ra
nt nng. Ngi ta quan st ti mt gy do nt nng v b mt mi hn xem c pht
hin c nt khng.
Th lin kt ch T c tin hnh bng cch hn
mu ch T (h.9.6KSS). Ngi ta kp cht mt u
ca mu vo gi. iu cho php tm d dng
quay trong khi hn, gy ra bin dng ri to thnh
nt trong mi hn. Sau chng hai mi hn theo
hai pha ca thnh v quan st chng t pha
ngc li dc theo trc gia cc mi hn. Cc
phn ct ring ca gi c un xc nh s
xut hin nt trong phn gy mi hn.
Th lin kt hn ch T nh gi cht lng
kim loi: khi khng c nt chng c nh gi bng sc bn chng li s to thnh
nt, khi c nt khuynh hng to thnh nt.
Mun th xem s to thnh nt ngui ngi ta tnh ton trc hn mu c kt
cu sao cho rt d to nn ng sut d.
Th Lehigh l hn mu
phng c ng tm
c x ra (h.9.7 KSS).
iu kin cn khi th l
hn khng thu chn.
Nh vy mc tp
trung ng sut ti chn
lin kt hn kh cao. Khi
th nt s xut hin ti
chn lin kt hoc trong
mi hn hay vng nh
hng nhit ty thuc
vo hnh dng mt y
vung gc hay nghing (h.9.7b). Mc ng sut c iu chnh nh chiu di ct
khc nhau mp tm.
Cnh y nghing c th ln u ti Nht bn l th Tekken. S dng rnh
ch Y vi khong h y 2 mm. Mu th c th d dng chun b bng m ct vt
hoc gia cng, c th s dng cc tm kch thc nh.
Ch tiu nh lng ca sc bn chng li s to thnh nt l chiu su rnh x b

m vi gi tr vn cha xut hin nt.
Th lin kt ch thp l hn mu ch T kp
(h.9.8 KSS) bng bn mi hn gc c mc
bin dng tng dn trn bn mi hn gc
T. Mi hn sau c hn khi mi trc
ngui hon ton. Sau tng mi hn cng
vng lin kt tng, nhit ta ra nhiu hn v
tng kh nng ha tan hydr vo lin kt hn.
Xc sut ln nht to thnh nt ti mi hn
th ba v vng nh hng nhit ca n. Khi
hn xong, mu c gi 96 gi nhit
phng, ri em kim tra xc nh cc du
hiu bn ngoi v cc vt nt. Sau ngi
ta ct ba tm mu ngang chiu rng 25 mm
mi, quan st kim tng. Khi nghin cu
mu mi th phng i phi gp 10 ln
pht hin nt.
Khi th mu ch thp ngi ta nh gi nhy i vi s rn nt trong vng nh
hng nhit ca cc kim loi c bn nhit luyn c, chng hn thp hp kim ti v
ram. i khi t iu kin i vi php th phi thay i nhit ban u ca mu
theo cch lm ngui bng axit cacbonic nung s b. Trong trng hp ny ch tiu
nh lng ca sc bn chng li s to thnh nt c ly l nhit ban u ca
mu m cha xut hin nt
I.3. Th mi hn
Ngi ta th mi hn nh gi s thay i c tnh ca kim loi c bn trong vng
nh hng nhit do chu trnh nhit ca h quang gy ra. Thc cht ca vic th l
nghin cu trng thi nng chy ca tm thp hn (h9.9KSS) vi nng lng ng
khc nhau gy nn tc ngui khc nhau. Vic th cng xc nh dai va p,
gc un, cng, t chc v cc ch tiu khc ti vng nh hng nhit.
Sau khi lm ngui mu ngi ta khng gia c b mt tm hn bng cch khng cp
nhit. Cc mu th c tnh v kim tng c lm t cc thanh to nn tm th.
Cc kt qu th nghim lin kt hn ca loi thp nghin cu c phn tch v nh
gi. Cn c vo gi tr ph hp vi yu cu v c tnh v t chc t vi ca vng nh
hng nhit s xc nh c min tc ngui cho php. Gi tr ph thuc vo
kiu lin kt v chiu dy tm thp.
II. Th c tnh
Th c tnh xc nh bn v tin cy khi lm vic ca kt cu hn. Qua
xem xt li vt liu hn (que hn, thuc hn, dy hn...). Mt khc th c tnh cho
php nh gi bc th chn th ph hp vi yu cu. Th c tnh bao gm th
tnh v th va p nhit thng, trong mt s trng hp th nhit rt cao
hoc rt thp.
i vi lin kt hn ca cc kt cu chu nhit, lm vic nhit thp hoc chu
ti trng rung ng th phi tin hnh th b sung dai va p v bn mi.
II.1. Th tnh
C th tin hnh th: (i) ko cc phn khc nhau ca lin kt hn cng kim loi
nng chy; (ii) ko lin kt hn; (iii) un lin kt hn.
Tin hnh trn mu th c ct ra t chnh kt cu cn kim tra hoc cc lin kt
c bit c hn tng ng vi cc iu kin k thut xc nh.
Vic tch mu phi tin hnh thn trng trnh thay i kch thc v lm thay
i trng thi mu. Khng ly mu ch bt u v kt thc mi hn (cha hai pha
khng nh hn 30 mm). Nhng mu c vng f (H.VII.3a) trn chiu di 200 mm
4
200
khng c vt qu 10% a)
chiu dy tm v khng qu 4 mm. lch hai mp hn gip mi h (H.VII.3b)
khng vt qu 15% chiu dy tm v khng qu 4 mm.
h
b)
Nhit kim tra trong phng thng ly 20 oC (10 oC). S mu th dng ko
un khng t hn hai; i vi cc phng php khc khng t hn ba.
II.1.1. Th ko tnh
th cc phn ca lin kt hn v kim loi nng chy, ngi ta xc nh bn
phn yu nht ca mu hn gip mi v hn chng. Hnh dng mu nh (hVII.4)
Trong bng VII-1 gii thiu kch thc ca mu
Bng VII-1
Chiu dy kim Kch thc mu (mm)

loi c bn a Chiu rng Chiu rng Chiu di lm Chiu di
(mm) lm vic b vu kp b1 vic l tng L
n 6 15 0,5 25 50 l+2h
6 - 10 20 0,5 30 60
10 - 25 25 0,5 35 100
25 - 50 30 0,5 40 160
50 70 35 0,5 45 200
Ghi ch: Chiu di phn vu kp ph thuc vo loi my th
Khi th ko cn xc nh cc thng s sau:
Gii hn chy ch (MPa)
bn b = P/F trong : P- ti trng ln nht khi t mu (N)
F- tit din ngang ca mu (mm2)
gin di tng i khi t =(l1-l0)/l0*100%
trong : l0,, l1 chiu di mu ban u v sau khi t
co tht tng i khi t =(F0-F1)/F0*100%
trong : F1- tit din ngang ca mu khi t
Trng hp cn xc nh bn ca mi hn th mu c dng nh hnh v VII-5
V mu b khot lm ngay mi hn nn khi ko s ph hy s xy ra ti mi hn.
bn khi th tnh theo cng thc:
b = k*P/F trong k l h s, vi thp thng ly k=0,9
Kch thc mu c gii thiu trn bng VII-2
Chiu dy kim Chiu rng Chiu di Chiu rng Bn knh Chiu di
loi c bn cng tc cng tc vu kp ln R tng
n 4,5 150,5 40 25 81 L= l+2h
4,5 10 200,5 60 30 151
10 - 25 250,5 80 38 201
II.1.2. Th un tnh
Nhm mc ch xc nh do ca mi hn gip mi. Php th c tin

hnh trn cc mu phng t lin kt hn (h.VII-6). Khi th ngi ta xc nh gc un
ti thi im xut hin vt nt u tin vng chu ko ca mu. Gc un c
trng cho bin dng do ca lin kt hn.
Khi ct mu xong cn phi gia cng phn nh ca mi hn bng mt vi kim loi
c bn. Phn chu un ca mu c chiu di l phi c gia cnh thnh bn knh
bng 0,2 chiu dy mu nhng khng qu 3 mm.
Th nghim c thc hin trn my nn theo s trn (h.VII-7). Chy p thng
c ng knh phn tip xc vi mu gp hai ln chiu dy kim loi c bn
(D=2a).Bn knh r ca gi la chn theo gi tr sau:
a (mm) <2 24 48 8 10 10 26 >26
r (mm) 2 4 8 10 20 25
th c chnh xc, tc p khng nn qu ln (<15 mm/ph). Khi p t ngt
d sinh ra nt hoc ph hy mu. Qu trnh th phi quan st t m. Khi thy xut
hin rnh nt c chiu di nh hn 5 mm, nu tip tc tng lc m n khng pht
trin thm th c th tip tc un cho n khi t gc un cho trc, hoc p kp. Gi
tr gc khi vt nt u tin xut hin c o bng thc chuyn dng.
Trn bng VII-3 gii thiu kch thc mu un tnh.
Loi mu Chiu di a Chiu rng b Chiu di mu L Chiu di chu
(mm) (mm) (mm) un l (mm)
Mi hn n 5 a +15 2,5D +80 L/3
dc 5 50 a +30
Mi hn n 5 1,5a (10) 2,5D +80
ngang 5 10 20 2,5D +80
10 25 30 3D +80
Ghi ch: D ng knh chy p (mm).
Trng hp mi hn ng (dc hay ngang) nu ng c ng knh nh khng th
ct ring th chn mu nh (h.VII-8).
Gia cng mu nh trn. Mc bin dng do c xc nh bng khong cch
gia hai mt p nh (h.VII-9). Gi tr b o c khi xut hin vt nt u tin mi
hn.
II.1.3. Th b gy mi hn
Php th ny l phng php nh gi bn mi hn. Mu th (Hnh l0-20
TH), gm hai tm vi lin kt ch T v hn p pha ngoi mi ghp. Kim loi c
bn, kim loi mi hn v cc thng s hn phi tun th cht ch quy trnh. Phng
php nh v mu v chiu tc dng lc c nu trn Hnh 10.20c. Lc ny c th
tc dng bng my kim tra, my p, hoc bng ba. B mt ph hy (mt gy)
c kim tra xc nh cc khuyt tt trong nh ln x, khng ngu v r xp.
Qu trnh c thc hin xng v hin trng, cng vi kim tra ngoi dng
chng dng nh gi nhanh cht lng hn
Hnh 10.20. Mu kim tra b gy mi hn v phng php ph hu
II.1.4. Th bn chng ph hy do gin th COD
Ph hy do gin c mc bin dng

do kh nh so vi n hi. N lin
quan n tc ng ca ng sut ko ln
nht v s ph hy xy ra theo b mt
vung gc vi hng ca ng sut ny
ri to ra nt. Ph hy gin tiu biu i
vi iu kin lm vic m qu trnh
pht trin bin dng do b ngn li. V
d khi c tp trung ng sut, nhit
m... bin dng do khng pht trin
c tip nn b ph hy. S nguy him
ca ph hy do gin l ch n c kh
nng xy ra khi ng sut khng ln v
km theo l cc vt nt lan truyn nhanh chng qua ton b tit din kt cu.
Th COD (crack opening displacement) thng khng c quy nh trong cc tiu
chun, nhng tr thnh yu cu c bn ph chun cc loi thp v in cc hn
cho cc kt cu quan trng nh dn khoan bin. bn chng li ph hy do gin
c nh gi theo tiu chun dai ph hy kIC, c xc nh c xc nh bng
cch th un tnh mu vi kch thc cho trc c kha rnh trn nh l vt nt mi
nhn to (h.9.10KSS). Mu c cht ti, cho n thi im bt u pht trin vt
nt khng n nh, di vt nt tng ln n tr s khong 2% chiu di tng rnh
ct v vt nt ban u. Ch s kIC (N/mm-3/2) c tnh theo gi tr ti trng PQ v
chiu di tng ca rnh ct v nt a. Ta c kIC= f(PQ,a1/3)
Ch s kIC l h s tp trung ng sut, tng ng vi vic vt nt mi bt u xut
hin. Cc ng sut ny ph thuc vo chiu di vt nt v vt liu. H s kIC m gi
tr ca n c tnh nh chiu di vt nt l hng s ca sc bn vt liu b nt, v
l tiu ch ca sc bn chng li ph hy gin. Khi bit kIC ca hp kim, ngi thit
k c th chn cc gii hn chp nhn i kch c v hnh dng khuyt tt s ph
hy khng xy ra ng sut thit k.
II.2. Th ng
II.2.1. dai va p
Cc gi tr dai va p c quy nh trong nhiu tiu chun, do nhiu vt liu c
th b ph hu gin, k c khi bn ko t yu cu. S ph hy ny l c bit
nghim trng khi vt liu c rnh hoc vt kha trn b mt chu ti trng ng.
Cc iu kin c vt nt bao gm ng sut do bin dng theo cc chiu vung gc
vi ng sut chnh, trng thi v s tp trung ng sut. Cc gi tr nng lng (cng
ph hy) xc nh t s th dai va p c dng trong kim tra cht lng vt
liu. So snh cc vt liu, xc nh s bin thin dai vi nhit t c th xc
nh nhit chuyn tip.
Nhit chuyn tip l nhit ti vt liu chuyn t trng thi do sang trng
thi gin. Biu hin th trn b mt ph hy l du hiu ca ph hy do, biu hin
dng ht l du hiu gin. C nhiu nh ngha v nhit chuyn tip:
Nhit thp nht, ti mu c t chc dng th.

Nhit ti t chc mu c 50% dng th v 50% ht.
Nhit tng ng gi tr nng lng bng 50% hiu s gia cc gi tr t
c 100% v 0% t chc th.
Nhit tng ng gi tr nng lng ring
C nhiu phng php th va p, gm Charpy- V, Charpy- l v Izod. Th Charpy
- V c dng nhiu do d kim tra mu th vi khong nhit rng.
Php th c thc hin trn mu (h.10.7 TH) c tit din hnh ch nht vi bn
knh su l 1 mm hoc 0,25 mm.Ty thuc vo mc ch th m rnh ct kha ti
ng tm mi hn, vng nng chy hay vng nh hng nhit. Khi th s xc nh
dai va p ca kim loi trong vng lin kt cho bng t s gia cng ph hy
mu vi din tch tit din ngang ti ch rnh ct.
II.2.2. Th mi
Php th bn mi xc nh kh nng ca vt liu chng li tc ng ca ti
trng thay i khi un, ko v xon. Ti trng thay i c c trng bng s thay
i bin ca ng sut. T s thay i ng sut c cc chu k ng sut i xng,
khng i xng v xung. Php th c thc hin trn cc mu trn hoc phng c
hnh dng v kch thc yu cu. Cc mu th c ct ngang lin kt hn trong
iu kin chu ti dc trc. Khi th ngi ta xc nh gii hn mi, tc l ng sut
ln nht mu chu c m khng b ph hy sau mt s chu k th nh trc. i
vi lin kt hn ty thuc vo vt liu s chu k th l (2 - 10).106.
III. Phn tch kim tng v ha hc
Cc kim tra ny thng c dng trong kim tra cht lng sn phm, nh gi
bn mi hn, xc nh s lng, kiu loi v s phn b cc tp cht phi kim loi
trong mi hn, kim tra s lng v s sp xp cc ng hn, cu trc t vi trong
vng nng chy, vng nh hng nhit, v thm su mi hn
III.1. T chc v m (th i)
Cu trc v m c nghin cu trn cc lt mi v ch gy ca mi hn khi phng
ln 20 ln. Cc tm mu c ct ngang hoc theo mt mi hn v c ch to
tng ng vi cc lt ct phn lp hoc ngang bng cch mi v tm thc tng kim
loi v mc ch nghin cu. V d mi hn thp C c th khng cn mi v nh
bng b mt tit din, ch cn t mu vo dung dch 50% HCl + H2O v nu si
trong 30 pht.
Ranh gii mi hn vi vng nh hng nhit, s phn lp kim loi c bn, cu trc
v m ca mi hn (hnh dng, kch thc, hng kt tinh, vng thin tch, xp co
ngt) u c th hin trn lt mi v m. Trn lt ct cng quan st thy khuyt tt
mi hn (khng nng chy, khng ngu, ln x, r kh v nt).
Quan st mt gy ngi ta xc nh c mi quan h ca b mt chy long vi
c trng kt tinh khi b ph hy. Mi quan h ny c dng nh ch tiu cht
lng ca tnh do mi hn. Trn mt gy cng th hin cc khuyt tt mi hn: nt,
r, khng ngu, ln tp cht.
biu th mc thin tch lu hunh trong kim loi c bn v mi hn ngi ta

s dng phng php vt hn Bauman. t tm giy nh pht sng nhng s b
vo dung dch axit ln lt mi th i. Sau ba n nm pht tm giy c g ra x
l. Cc vt vng-nu ng vi vng tit din c cha nhiu lu hunh.
III.2. T chc vi m
Cu trc vi m c nghin cu trn cc lt mi c nh bng v tm thc
vi phng i 50 2000 ln. Trn cc lt mi vi m ngi ta xc nh t chc vi
m ca mi hn v vng ln cn (dng v mi tng quan gia cc thnh phn cu
to; s c mt v phn b carbide, nitride, sulphide ln oxide; kch thc ht). Cc
vt nt v r vi m cng c th hin trn lt mi.
III.3. cng
cng l kh nng chng li bin dng do cc b khi ngoi lc thng qua vt
rn tc dng ln kim loi. bn ko tng theo cng. cng ca kim loi c
bn v kim loi mi hn ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc, qu trnh nng chy v
ng c khi hn, bin cng, nhit luyn v nhiu yu t khc. Cn c cc gii hn
cng vng nh hng nhit v mi hn, v nu vng ny qu cng, s khng
do trong cc iu kin lm vic v tnh chng n mn c th b gim.
cng v m c xc nh lt mi th i nh cc ng h o cng Rokwell,
Brinel, Vicker. Php o c thc hin trn lt mi ngang ca lin kt hn theo hai
hng vung gc: theo trc mi hn v dc theo ng hn song song vi b mt
trn v di ca tm. Cc kt qu c trnh by di dng thay i cng theo
tit din (h.9.11.KSS). cng v m c dng nh gi mc thm ti ca
lin kt hn v s khng ng u v c tnh theo tit din ca n. Ngi ta o
cng cc thnh phn ring ca cu trc vi m. Vic ny b sung cho phn tch
kim tng khi thit lp kiu ca thnh phn cu trc.
III.4. Phn tch ha hc
Phn tch ha hc c dng kim tra thnh phn kim loi c bn, kim loi mi
hn (ti tm v vng nng chy) cng nh kim tra vt liu hn. Phn tch ha hc
loi cc vt liu khng t yu cu cng nh nguyn nhn xut hin khuyt tt
trong lin kt hn.
thc hin iu ny, cc phoi c hoc khoan c ly t vt liu v phn tch
thnh phn ha hc trong phng th nghim. i vi mi hn, cn phi ly phoi
khoan t mu nhiu lp c kch thc 75 mm * 10 mm * 18 mm trn mt tm nn
IV. Kim tra n mn
Php kim tra c tin hnh xc nh kh nng chng n mn ca lin kt hn
hoc tng vng ring bit khi lm vic trong mi trng khc nhau (khng kh m
bi, nc, axit, kim...). Ngi ta chia ra lm kim tra n mn ton phn (ng u
hay khng u) v kim tra cc b. n mn ton phn dng th thp carbon v
thp hp kim thp. n mn cc b - thp khng g austenite hoc austenite-ferrite,
thng kim tra kh nng chng n mn im trn b mt v n mn tinh gii. Cc
php th c tin hnh bng cch gi mu c kch thc cho trc trong mi
trng n mn xc nh trng thi t do hoc chu ng sut.
Cc phng php c bn nh gi tnh chng n mn:

Phng php trng lng- tnh theo s gim trng lng k [gf/m2.nm] v
gim chiu dy kd [mm/nm] (n mn u ton b)
Phng php ghi bin dng theo chiu su mn hng (n mn tp trung ton
b v n mn cc b).
Phng php th ko v un so snh bn v tnh do trc v sau khi
th n mn (n mn tp trung ton b v n mn cc b).
Phng php nghin cu v m- vi m sau mt khong thi gian nht nh
theo c tuyn nt (n mn tinh gii v n mn di ng sut).
CHNG IV KIM TRA R R (LEAK TESTING)
I. Khi nim chung

Yu cu quan trng khi dng cc kt cu hn cha ng cc cht lng (cht kh
c hiu nh l cht lng nn c) l phi m bo kn v khng b r r.
kn ca lp v c xc nh nh l kh nng ngn cn cht lng thm qua n. Kt
cu kn l khi dng cht lng qua v ca n khng vt qu gi tr cho php, iu
ny m bo cho kt cu lm vic bnh thng trong khong thi gian cho. Gi tr
cho php ca dng cht lng thm qua v kt cu nh gi mc kn ca kt cu.
Mc kn khng nh nhau i vi cc sn phm khc nhau v cn c xc nh
da vo iu kin vn hnh bnh thng ca kt cu. Nguyn nhn chnh ca vic
gim kn trong cc lin kt hn l cc khuyt tt thm xuyn. Chng thng c
dng knh r, nt, khng ngu. Theo ngun gc cc loi khuyt tt ny c th c
chia ra lm nguyn sinh v th sinh. Khuyt tt th sinh lin quan n vt nt ngui
v nt mi, r dng chui v r kim c to nn do tc ng ca mi trng xm
thc, ti trng rung ng. Khuyt tt th sinh cha xut hin trong qu trnh ch to
nn kh pht hin chng.
Khi kn ca ch no khng cn m bo n s b r hoc chy. biu th
(khi cn th o) gi tr r r ngi ta dng cc phng php kim tra r r (cng c
th gi l kim tra kn).
Trong cc ngnh c kh ngi ta xc nh chng theo cc c trng c bn:
nhy pht hin cht lng; nng sut; kh nng hin th r r ton phn hay cc b; gi
thnh; an ton; kh nng c kh ha t ng ha.
c trng quan trng nht nhy ca phng php c xc nh bng gi tr
ng tin ghi nhn dng cht th hoc dng cht kim nh nht
Cht th (cht cha) l cc cht to ra r r c chn vi phng php kim tra
cho. Cht th c tnh thm thu ln nh du ha, kh helium, halogen, kh nn...
Cht kim l cht th kt hp vi cht no hp l v mt cng ngh v kinh t.
Cht kim nh nc, phn, hn hp kh helium-nit. Trong nhiu trng hp hai
cht th v kim c th l mt. Cht ch th l cc cht phi hp nhm ch ra ch c
mch r nh phn, x phng hoc cng c th l ng h, ci...
Cc cht kim c s dng trong thc t thng khc vi cc cht cha v tnh
cht l-ha, v khi lng phn t v nht. V d: kt cu m cht cha trong n
c th l khng kh hoc cht kh no , thng c kim tra bng kh helium,
freon... Khi gi tr cc dng cho php ca cht kim v cht cha khc nhau ng
k v la chn phng php kim tra cn phi tnh ton mc kn kht ca kt
cu i vi cht kim.
Khi kim tra kn bng cht kh, ngi ta dng cc phng php pht hin cc
thng tin s b v r r. Mi phng php cn m bo nhy kim tra cn thit.
nhy thng c o bng sc mnh dng kh thot ra. n v r ph bin nht -
mm3.MPa/s, tc l mt mm3 cht cha thot ra sau mt giy vi p sut 1 MPa, ni
cch khc l cng sut dng kh. La chn cc phng php kim tra r r ty
thuc vo mc kn kht do iu kin k thut. Yu cu kht khe nht hin nay
thuc v ngnh nng lng nguyn t, cc lin kt hn khng cho php r qu
1,33.10-9 mm3.MPa /s.
II. c im sn phm hn chu kim tra bng r r
II.1. c im
Cc sn phm khi kim tra bng r r phi chu qua mt thi gian nht nh, hoc
phi bo ton p sut cht cha, hoc cht cha b r ra khng vt qu gi tr cho
php. Nhng sn phm nh vy gm thn tu, thn cc thit b bay trong cng
nghip hng khng v tr, thn cc l phn ng ht nhn v v cc phn t tn nhit
trong cng nghip nguyn t, cc thit b cng ngh trong ch to my ha cht, cc
sn phm ca k thut lnh v chn khng, cc t hp v cc phn t lin kt ca h
thng thy lc v kh nn, ng dn v.v...
S r r ca cc sn phm ny c th l do vt liu khng mn cht cng nh lin
kt gia cc phn t vi nhau khng chc chn. nh hng ca vt liu khng mn
cht thng c tnh ton v loi b khi thit k, chn mc vt liu, chiu
dy...S r r xy ra ch yu ch ni ghp tho c (ren, bch, khp ni...) cng
nh khng tho c (hn, hn vy, inh tn, dn...). kn kht cn thit ca lin
kt c m bo bng vic hon thin kt cu v qu trnh cng ngh hn, lp rp.
Tuy nhin vn cn cc loi khuyt tt khc lm r r lin kt. Ngi ta pht hin cc
khuyt tt ny bng cc phng php kim tra r r, sau loi b khuyt tt gia c
li lin kt.
Mc d phn ln r r xy ra ti ch ni ghp tho c, nhng cng c khi ti
nhng mi hn kn khng m bo.
II.2. Lin kt hn nng chy
pht hin kp thi v loi tr r r, vic kim tra lin kt hn c th c tin
hnh theo cc giai on ch to khc nhau: khi hon thin qu trnh cng ngh hn
mi, thay i vt liu, thay i iu kin vn hnh sn phm...; kim tra khi ch to
phi v cc cm hn; kt thc kim tra th li v chp nhn.
Nhng khuyt tt ch yu trong hn nng chy cc kt cu m thng c th kn
l r kim, chy thng, nt xuyn v khng ngu, khng thu.
giai on hon thin qu trnh cng ngh hn mi, ngi ta tin hnh th kn cc
mu hn, t kt qu c c, tip tc chnh sa phng php, k thut v ch hn.
Trong giai on sn xut i tng kim tra thng c dng h - nh ng, tm. Cho
nn cn dng cc phng php thm lt qua, m bo c hai pha u c tip cn.
Phng php kim tra cho kt qu tt nht da trn tnh cht mao dn ca vt liu.
Hn bng tia in t c vi c im ring. Cc khuyt tt dng r tri di theo
chiu dy kim loi hn. Vic pht hin ch r r d hn so vi hn h quang.
Trong tt c cc trng hp khi pht hin v tr r r th phi sa li mi hn loi
b khuyt tt bng khoan hoc mi ph ri hn p li. Sau kim tra li phi cng
bng r r.
giai on kt thc kim tra, th nghim chp nhn sn phm, ngi ta s dng
cc phng php kim tra r r khc nhau ty thuc vo yu cu ca sn phm. Khi
kim tra tng th kn kht l hp l. Ngi ta kim tra nhng sn phm bng
cc phng php khc nhau. Ban u dng cc phng php c nhy thp nhng
nng sut cao ( pht hin v loi nhanh nhng ch r ln). Khi kt thc s kim tra
bng cc phng php c nhy cao, m bo mc kn kht ca sn phm.
II.3. Lin kt hn p lc
Cc lin kt hn in tip xc c kim tra bng r r theo tiu chun (
19521 74). Thng thng kim tra r r cc lin kt hn ng (hn ln), nhng
mt s trng hp ngi ta kim tra c lin kt hn im cng nh hn nh.
Cc khuyt tt ch yu ca hn in tip xc m lm r cht cha l: khng chy
dnh vi nhau; din tch vng nng chy nh; chy thng; te trong; nt ngoi.
Hn im v hn ng c c im ring (lin kt chng, nng chy gin on).
Do khi kim tra cc sn phm bng r r phi a ra cc yu cu c bit nh
kim tra 100% lin kt lm vic.
giai on hon thin cng ngh hn ngi ta thng ch to mu th di dng
m hoc ti rng t ra ngoi, thch hp vi cc phng php kim tra.
Trong giai on ch to phi hn (ng, v, ng ni, tm ngn...), nu pht hin b r
do vng chy nh qu, th x l khuyt tt bng cch hn li vi ch hn cao hn.
Nu c chy thng, nt ngoi, v cc khuyt tt khc th khc phc bng cch hn
nng chy chng ln, hoc v bng hn im, hn ng, sau sa tinh.
Kim tra r r cui cng cc bnh thng hn kn c thc hin qua hai hay
nhiu bc. Nhng bc u dng cc phng php c nhy thp, nhng bc
sau nhy cao.
II.4. Lin kt hn vy
Trong ch to cc sn phm c lin
kt kn kht s dng nhiu nht l cc
loi hn vy chng v lin kt ni ng,
bch... Khuyt tt c bn ca cc lin
kt ny dn n r r l thiu vy hn
(ton b hay tng phn). Trong cc
lin kt hn vy chng, gc, gip mi
r r cng l do hn thiu. Kim tra kn i vi cc lin kt hn vy ca cc sn

phm tng ng phi 100%.
Trong kt cu t ong cc tm trn v di c lin kt vi lp lt bng hn vy
(h. ).
Nu cc kt cu t ong ng vai tr nh vch ngn kn, th d c kh nng r ch

tip gip gia cc tm. Thng ngi ta ghp ti ch tip ni bng hn vy, hn
nng chy, bu lng, inh tn vi kn cao.
Hy xem cc nguyn cng kim tra cc cm hn nng chy hay hn vy ca cc
h thng nhin liu hoc thy lc gm cc bnh, bn cha, ng ng. Trong qu
trnh ch to hoc giai on kim tra ban u, sau khi kim tra khng ph hy cc kt
cu cn chu kim tra r r pht hin ch r cc b.
Sau khi lp rp h thng ngi ta cn kim tra r r trong qu trnh ra thy lc
ng ng bng chnh cht cha nhm mc ch xem lp rp ng cha. giai
on kim tra v th nghim kt thc cc h thng nhin liu hoc thy lc, kn
c kim tra hai ln. Sau khi ra thy lc ng ng ngi ta li kim tra h thng
trn cc thit b chuyn dng. Cc cht cha thng c dng lm cht kim. Sau
khi ra thy lc h thng li c th r r ln cui bng mt trong nhng phng
php c nhy cao ri mi c s dng.
III. Cc hin tng vt l c bn c s dng kim tra r r
Ni n r lp v ta thy chng c hnh dng khc nhau, cho nn xc nh c
trng v r (hnh dng, kch thc tit din ngang...) thc t l khng th.. Tuy nhin
vi quan im cht lng thot qua theo ng knh ca knh, c th chia r thnh
cc loi sau:
L r thng (d> 0,5 mm)
L r mao dn ln (0,5 d 2.10-4 mm)
L r mao dn b (d< 2.10-4 mm)
Cc cht lng thm qua ch r v c bn u tun theo cc nh lut thy kh v
thy ng. V ng knh hiu dng ca knh (mch) kh nh nn khi tnh ton phi
dng n nht cht lng.
Ngoi cc dng trn cn c r khuch tn, m s xut hin ca chng thng lin
quan n khuyt tt cu trc ca kim loi (xp). V d khi hn hp kim AM-6, do
gradient nhit cao ti vng nh hng nhit xy ra s thay i t chc cc b. S
thay i ny lm xut hin r khuch tn dng n mn tinh gii.
III.1. nht ca cht lng v cht kh
nht ng lc hc (ni ma st) ca cht lng (hoc cht kh) l tnh cht chng
li s dch chuyn ca phn ny so vi phn khc trong cht lng . Khi dch
chuyn xut hin lc tip xc F, gy ra s trt tng i ca lp cht lng ny. Lc
tip xc c xc nh theo nh lut dng chy nht Newton:
F= (v2-v1/x2-x1)S (N)
trong S din tch lp trt (m2); v1 v v2 tc chy (m/s) ti cc lp cht
lng cch lp c nh vi chiu su tng ng (m) l x1 v x2; - nht (P)
i vi cht kh nht khng ph thuc vo p sut, nhng ph thuc vo nhit

theo nh lut:
=kT3/2(T+C) trong k v C hng s.
nht ca cht kh tng khi tng nhit l do lm tng tc trung bnh ca cc
phn t kh, v vy lm tng s trao i cc phn t gia cc lp cht kh chuyn
ng.
nht ca cht lng tng khi tng p sut, nhng gim khi tng nhit theo nh
lut:
=A+B/T trong A v B hng s.
iu ny c gii thch l tng tc gia cc phn t mnh ln, lm gim kh nng
chuyn ng ca cc phn t.
III.2. Cc dng dng chy ca cht lng v kh
Ngi ta chia dng chy ca cht lng hoc kh ra lm dng chy tng v dng
chy ri theo quan h i vi thnh ng. c tnh ca cc dng chy ny c xc
nh bi mt , nht ng lc , tc dng v v ng knh mch d. Cc i
lng ny c xc nh theo s Reynolds:
Re = vd/
c tnh chuyn ng ca cht lng hoc kh trong ng lin tc thay i khi s Re
bin thin t vi n v (chy tng) n hn 107 (chy ri). Trong phm vi 2200 Re
2300 dng chy chuyn i r rng t tng sang ri. i vi Re 2200 v thnh
mch trn nhn c dng chy tng, cn Re 2300 - dng chy ri.
Khi kim tra cc kt cu hn bng r r do cc khuyt tt trn vt kim nh (d nh)
nn trong thc t ch c dng chy tng.
Dng chy tng ca cht lng hoc cht kh c c trng bng nht , dng
dng chy lun c nh i vi cc cht cho khng ph thuc vo nhit cng
nh p sut.
III.3. S thm thu qua mch r
c trng quan trng nht ca qu trnh kim tra r r cc lin kt hn l ln ca
dng cht lng hoc kh thm thu qua mch r (lng tiu hao cht cha). n
gin tnh ton ln ca dng r, thng xem mch r c dng hnh tr trn. Tuy
nhin cc phng php tnh ln dng chy tng c kt qu khc nhau. i vi cc
ch dng chy c quy nh bng cp tc ng tng h ca cht lng hoc
kh vi thnh mch. Do cc cht c tnh cht ha l khc nhau th ch dng
chy trong cc mch c xem xt ring bit.
III.3.1. Cht kh
Ty thuc vo quan h gia chiu di qung chy t do ca phn t vi ng
knh hiu dng ca mch ngi ta chia ra lm ba ch thot kh: nht ( d),
phn t-nht ( d), phn t ( d).
Cc mch r thng v mao dn ln tha mn iu kin d. V chiu di qung
chy t do ca phn t kh nh hn nhiu ng knh hiu dng ca mch, tnh cht
kh ch yu c xc nh bng nhng va chm dy c gia cc phn t vi nhau
hoc vi thnh mch r. Tc ng tng h gia cc phn t dn n s xut hin

ni ma st ca cht kh. Ti ni tip gip vi thnh mch lp bin c hnh thnh,
tuy nhin n nh hng yu n s thot kh. Trong iu kin ch thot kh nht
ln ca dng Q c xc nh theo phng trnh Poisel (cht kh)
Q=d4(p22-p12)/256l
trong : d ng knh mch; l chiu di mch; p2 p sut vo; p1 p
sut ra; nht cht kh.
iu kin d ng vi ch thot kh mao dn nh. Trong cc mch r ny
tnh cht ch yu ca kh c xc nh bng nhng va chm ca phn t vi cc
thnh mch. Cc phn t rt him khi va chm nhau v tc ca chng thng
bng tc dng kh. Trong iu kin thot kh phn t ln ca dng Q t l vi
gim p v c xc nh theo phng trnh Knudsen
1 2 kT d 3
Q= ( p2 p1 )
6 m l
trong : d ng knh mch; l chiu di mch; p2-p1 gim p; k
hng s Bolsman; T nhit tuyt i; m nguyn t lng cht kh.
Vi d, khi chiu di qung chy t do ca phn t kh bng ng knh hiu
dng mch th ch thot kh nm gia cc ch phn t v nht.
III.3.2. Cht lng
Lin kt gia cc phn t cht lng mnh hn nhiu so vi phn t cht kh. Quan
h d v mt thc t ng vi mch r thng thng v mch r mao dn ln.
Trong cc trng hp ny a s cc cht lng c ch thot nht v tiu hao cht
lng c xc nh theo phng trnh Poisel:
d4
Q= ( p2 p1 )
128l
trong : nht cht lng
Cht lng c th thm thu qua mch r mao dn b. p sut bn ngoi khng b
gim do sc cng b mt v p sut mao dn
Ngoi sc cng b mt, s hp ph cc phn t phn cc-hot tnh ca cht lng
trn thnh mch r c nh hng ng k n s thm thu ca cht lng qua mch
mao dn nh.
Khi trn thnh mch hnh thnh mt lp bin c nht cao khc thng cn tr
chuyn ng ca cht lng trong mch. Chiu dy lp ny khong 10-4 mm v tng
ln theo thi gian.
Vi cc cht lng phn cc hot tnh, mng hp ph to nn trn thnh mch, trc
tin tch nc ra. Tp cht lng li lm tc mch r. Vic tch b tp cht lm tng
kh nng thm thu , iu ny cn tnh n khi tin hnh kim tra bng r r.
IV. Phng php th thy lc
Cc phng php th thy lc thng c tin hnh kim tra kn, mn
cht, bn ca cc mi hn. Ty thuc vo yu cu k thut m chia ra lm ba
nhm: p sut thy lc, nc v phun nc.
IV.1. Th bng p sut thy lc

Cc loi h kn (bnh cha, ng dn, cc h thng thy lc), lm vic di p sut
d c kim tra bng p sut thy lc. Khi kim tra cc h thng lm vic di tc
ng ca cht lng, ngi ta dng chnh cht cha lm cht th v cht kim. Mt
vi h thng cha cht kh th ngi ta kim tra bng nc hoc cc cht lng khc.
Th t thc hin:
in y cht cha (cht lng lm vic hoc nc) vo vt kim.
Lm kn vt kim ri bm to p sut d cn thit trong vt kim
Gi vt kim di p sut th trong mt thi gian xc nh.
Quan st vt kim, tm ch ng nc bn ngoi, hoc thay i ch th ca
giy lc nh vt ca cht cha.
Khi pht hin c ch r, ghi nhn gi tr ri x p
Ch kim tra (cht th v cht kim; gi tr p sut d; thi gian gi; thi gian
t giy lc...) c xc nh theo yu cu k thut ca vt kim.
Trc khi th kn, vt hn cn c kim tra s b bng cc phng php KTKPH
khc pht hin nt, khng ngu, r... nh hng n bn v kn ra sao.
m bo tin cy cn thit cng
nh c kh ha cc nguyn cng, khi
kim tra kt cu hn sn xut hng lot
bng r r ngi ta tin hnh kim tra
trong cc xng thy lc ring.
nhy ca phng php l kch thc
gii hn ca ch r ghi li c xc nh
bng ng knh vt cht cha trn nn
giy lc. Kch thc vt ph thuc vo
thi gian lu gi di p sut th. Trn
(H.130 NM) ch ra quan h gia nhy
v thi gian lu gi ca du -10 khi
ng knh vt du trn giy lc l 2 mm.
nhy ca phng php tng ng k
khi tng thi gian gi n 15 pht, sau
tng t i. Vi thi gian gi nh vy
nhy ca phng php khong 2.10-5
mm3.MPa/s, iu ny tng ng vi dng kh thot ra di p sut 0,1 MPa bng
3.10-2 mm3.MPa/s
Trong nhiu trng hp kim tra kn mi hn cc vt kn lm vic chu p lc
(bnh cha, l hi ng dn kh...) ngi ta ng thi th bn. Nc c dng
lm cht th v cht kim.
Trc khi th ngi ta lm kn tt c cc np nhn, hng, cc ng ni c vn kn
li, cc l bt bng np (hn hoc chn g...), tr ch cho nc vo v cho kh ra.
Cho nc vo, lm kn li ri dng bm to p sut d trong vt kim. Gi tr ng
sut d theo tiu chun tng ng v thng ly bng 1,5 2 ln p sut lm vic.
Gi p sut d trong vt kim khong 5 6 pht theo cc iu kin k thut xc

nh. Sau gim p sut n gi tr lm vic, g nh vo thnh bng u ba trn
ti nhng im cch mp hn 15 20 mm, ng thi quan st mi hn v vng nh
hng nhit. Mc kn kht ca vt kim v v tr r c xc nh theo s gim p;
mch r trn b mt c dng tia hoc git nc; cng nh vng ng nc trn b
mt. Bng cch kim tra kn nh th c th pht hin cc khuyt tt (mch r) c
ng knh khong 1 m. trnh phi th li nhng ch nghi ng, trc khi th
thy lc ngi ta thi vo vt kim c kt cu phc tp cc lung kh nn thch
hp vi p sut 0,02 0,03 MPa.
Khi tin hnh kim tra bng p sut thy lc cn phi tun th cc quy nh v an
ton ca cc bnh, thng cha... chu p lc.
IV.2. Th bng nc
Cc kt cu dng h - bnh cha, xitec, khoang tu - c kim tra bng cch
nc vo.
Trc khi kim tra mi hn phi lau sch bng gi lau v sy kh.
nc vo n ngn cho v gi mt thi gian xc nh.
Tm ch r v nh kch thc theo tia nc hoc ch ng nc trn b mt.
Ch kim tra (mc nc, thi gian gi, trnh t quan st) c xc nh theo iu
kin k thut. Ty thuc vo kt cu v cng dng ca sn phm m t thi gian
gi t 1 - 24 gi. Kch thc ca khuyt tt c th n 0,5 mm.
IV.3. Th bng phun nc
Nc c phun vo mt pha ca kt cu hn vi p sut 0,1 1 MPa ty theo yu
cu, ng thi quan st pha bn kia. V tr v kch thc mch r c xc nh theo
tia, git nc v ch ng pha kh. Nu ng hn thng ng th phun t di
ln. C th pht hin c khuyt tt c ng knh n 0,5 mm.
V. Phng php th du ha
V.1. Khi nim
Th mi hn cc kt cu h hoc kn - b cha, xitec, h thng thy lc, khoang
nhin liu bng du ha da vo kh nng thm xuyn cao ca du ha. Phng
php ny n gin v c nhy cao c s dng t rt lu. Du c kh nng
thm xuyn cao v n khng phi l cht lng phn cc hot tnh, c nht thp,
ha tan c cc mng tp cht gy tc trong nhng cu trc xp. Qu trnh thm
xuyn ca da trn cc hin tng nt-mao dn c th hin theo cng thc gn
ng:
. .cos
l= = .cos
2 2
trong : l qung ng cht lng thm theo vt nt, r trong khong thi gian ;
, , sc cng b mt, nht, gc thm t;

- h s thm xuyn (m.s-1/2) nc 60, xng 47, du ha 42, cn 30
2
hin th du thm ngi ta bi phn ln b mt kh.
Cc lin kt hn gip mi, ch T, hn gc chu kim tra bng du ha th khng c

vn g. i vi lin kt hn chng du b ht vo phn khng gian gia cc lp.
Do ch cho php kim tra trong cc trng hp khng yu cu kht khe v loi b
du sau khi kim tra.
C th chia ra lm bn nhm th du ha: du ha; du ha-kh nn; du ha-chn
khng; du ha-rung ng
V.2. Kim tra bng du ha
Qu trnh kim tra c tin hnh theo cc bc:
Trc khi th dng ba g nh vo vng nh hng nhit, cn thn lm sch
x v cc tp cht.
Sy kh v cc phn t nc phn cc lm gim nhy
Pha lin kt hn, ni d tip cn quan st v d sa nht c qut ln lp
phn, thng tnh 350 450 g bt cho 1 l nc
Pha i din lin kt phun du trc tip nhiu ln hoc dn ln b mt bng
vi m du ha.
Lu gi trong khong thi gian nht nh.
Quan st pht hin mch r theo vt du trn nn phn.
nng cao tin cy v nhy ca phng php ny ngi ta ha sn mu sc
s vo dung dch du ha. V d dng sn Sudan-III vi 2,5 g cho 1l du s cho mu
tm-. Ngoi ra cn dng cc cht ch th phng x cng cho php pht hin mch
r nh.
Ch kim tra bng du ha (cng , chiu di lp qut, thi gian lu gi)
c quy nh theo iu kin k thut ca vt kim.
S pht hin ra mch r khng ph thuc vo du ha c thm t pha no. Khi
thm mt ln cc vt r do r hin ln sau 145 180 pht, khi thm 2 4 ln vt r
hin ln sau 55 67 pht, tc l nhanh hn khong 3 ln. Mch r do nt hin ln
nhanh hn 7 18 ln so vi r. Thi gian hin vt nt khng ph thuc vo cng
thm du: 80% s vt nt hin ln sau 5 pht, cn li sau 10 pht. Khi th
ngp du ha th mch r hin ln nhanh hn khi thm du nhiu lt t 2 12 ln.
Phng php du ha c th pht hin khng mn cht (xp) vi ng knh
hiu dng khng qu 0,1 mm. nhy ca phng php ny c nh gi theo
ln mch r vo khong 7.10-3 mm3.MPa/s.Mun tng nhy phi dng cc nhm
th khc.
V.2. Kim tra bng du ha-kh nn
Phng php ny khc vi phng php du ha n gin m t ch sau khi
thm du vo lin kt cn kim tra, ngi ta thi lung kh nn vi p sut 0,3 0,4
MPa t pha thm du. iu ny lm tng kh nng hin cc bt lin tc v gim thi
gian quan st.
V.3. Kim tra bng du ha-chn khng
Phng php ny da trn c s dng cc bung chn khng di ng t vo lin kt
cn kim pha bi phn. iu ny lm tng nhy v nng sut th nghim.
V.4. Kim tra bng du ha-rung ng
Sau khi thm du to rung cho lin kt cn kim tra. iu ny lm tng tnh thm
mao dn ca du ha ni xp v cng lm tng nhy v nng sut.
VI. Phng php phn tch kh
Phng php phn tch kh c s dng kim tra cc h thng cha kh kn lm
vic di p sut d. Phng php ny da vo s thay i in tr si t khi c
kh th. in tr c o bng cch so snh n vi in tr ca si t nh vy
trong khng kh.
Trn H.131.NM ch ra c cu cm bin ca b d cata trn c s phn tch kh.
Thn cm bin (h.131a) c hai knh ring bit thng vi nhau phn sau trong knh
chung. Theo trc ca cc knh t
cc phn t nhy cm - si tc
kim loi c t nng bng dng
in. Thn cm bin l khi ng
loi b tc ng nhit bn
ngoi n si tc. Mi si tc c
in tr Rd dc mc vo hai
nhnh ca mch cu nh h.131b.
in tr trong hai nhnh khc
nhau hp vo phn o ca b d.
Khi khng kh sch i qua hai
knh ca cm bin th chnh cho
cu cn bng. Khng kh c ht
ra ngoi nh qut.
Khi lm vic t cm bin dc
theo lin kt cn kim tra. Nu khng r r th cu vn cn bng. Do khong cch t
l vo cc knh ca cm bin n b mt vt kim khc nhau (h.131a), nn ch r
kh kim cng vi khng kh s i qua knh trn ca cm bin, trong khi knh
di ch c khng kh vo trc. V dn nhit ca kh kim v khng kh khc
nhau nn iu kin lm ngui thay i dn n in tr si tc trn thay i. Cu b
mt cn bng, in p mt cn bng c o bng cc ng h v b phn truyn tn
hiu no .
Vic dng mch b trong b d lm cho cm bin rt nhy i vi mch r kh th.
B d cata thng c dng nh dng c xch tay gm c b thu (cm bin t
ngoi) v b bin i (khi o). Si tc cm bin c ch to t hp kim platin
hoc volfram. ht kh vo b thu ngi ta lp qut dng ng c in mt
chiu.Tc qut c iu chnh chn ra c ch kim tra cn thit.
nhy ca b d cata
ph thuc ch yu vo kh
th chn, mt phn vo
dn nhit (h.132 NM).
Vi phng php kim tra
bng phn tch kh thng
dng cc cht kh l H2, He, N2, CO2, freon...v dn nhit ca chng khc bit vi
khng kh. dn nhit tng i ca vi cht kh nhit 0o C v p sut 1 at
theo bng (IV.1)
Bng IV.1. dn nhit tng i
Khng kh Hydro Heli Cacbonic Nit
1 7,130 6,040 0,614 0,674
nhy tuyt i ca hn hp cha 90% freon vi khng kh l (2-:-4).10-4
mm3.MPa/s.
c tnh k thut ca cc b d cata do Lin x ch to c cho trong bng IV.2.
B d T7101 di ng, ngoi b thu v b bin i cn c khi ngun v dy cp
di 10 m. Do trng lng b d khng ln lm nn n c dng trong cc phn
xng pht hin mch r cc b ca cc kt cu hn kh ln.
Bng IV.2. c tnh k thut ca cc b d cata
Kiu Ngun in Kch thc Trng lng iu kin
/mm/ /kG/ thao tc
T7101 Xoay chiu B thu: 34*35*142 13,5 Nhit 10-
127V/220V. B bin i: 164*136*64 35o C. m
Tn s Khi ngun: 240*165*120 ln nht
50 Hz Cp di:10000 80%. p sut
1 at.
T7101M Xoay chiu Ton b: 260*160*110 4 Nhit 5-
v mt chiu 50o C
Trong iu kin cng trng th dng b d T7101M v c cung cp in nh
in li hoc pin. N c ch to bng cc mch tch hp rn nn kch thc nh
gn.
Thi gian tr ca c hai b d khng qu 1,5 s. Dng tn hiu bng kim, m thanh
hoc nh sng.
u im ca phng php phn tch kh: c kh nng pht hin mch r cc b ca
bt k loi kh no; pht hin hi cht lng d bay hi.
VII. Phng php to bt
Nh tn gi phng php ny da trn c s ghi nhn cc mch r cc b theo s
xut hin bt ca cht kim (kh). Phng php ny c chia ra ba nhm khc nhau:
kh nn; kh nn-thy lc; chn khng.
VII.1. Phng php kh nn
Phng php ny c dng kim tra cc kt cu han, hn vy dng kn v h.
Khng kh c dng lm cht kim v cht th. Ch th r l cc cht to bt. C
hai cch thc hin phng php kh nn: kim tra bng kh nn vi vic bi cht to
bt v kim tra bng dng kh nn.
VII.1.1. Kim tra bng kh nn vi vic bi cht to bt
Cch ny c dng kim tra cc kt cu hn cha cht lng hoc kh. Sau khi
lm kn vt kim ngi ta to nn p sut th thng bng 1,1 1,2 p sut lm vic.
bo v vt kim khi p sut tng t ngt cn phi lp van an ton vo h thng.
Xc nh ln v v tr mch r bng ch bi cht to bt ln b mt ngoi ca vt

kim. Thnh phn ca cc cht ny ph thuc vo nhit khi tin hnh kim tra,
thng c nc, x phng, glycerin, NaCl, CaCl2.
Cht to bt c bi ln b mt vt kim bng chi qut hoc bng sng phun bt
chuyn dng.
Nu c khuyt tt th ngay lp tc xut hin bong bng ca cht to bt. Cc ch r
c sa theo iu kin k thut.
pht hin mch r cc b th ng knh ca bt nhn thy cha v phi ln hn
ng knh bt c bn t thnh m t nht ba ln, tc l D 3d (h.7.8KSS).
nhy ca phng php kim tra c th
c nh gi theo cng thc:
Dmin
3
q=C pat
6t
trong : q lng khng kh thot ra
nh nht ghi c
Dmin - ng knh nh nht
ca bt to thnh
t thi gian t lc hnh thnh
n khi tan bt
pat p sut kh quyn
C h s chuyn i n v.
Phng php nu c th pht hin c
khuyt tt ng knh n 10-3 mm. nhy
ti hn ca phng php ny theo gi tr dng
kh t 7.10-4 10-3 mm3.MPa/s. Khi tin hnh kim tra bng kh nn phi tun th
nghim cc quy nh v an ton trong vn hnh thng chu p lc. trnh n khi
kim tra phi thc hin nhng ni c cch li vi trang b bo v tng ng.
VII.1.2. Kim tra bng dng kh nn
c dng kim tra kn cc kt cu h kch thc ln. Mt pha ca lin kt
hn c qut cht to bt, cn pha kia thi lung kh nn c cp qua ng mm
vi p sut d 0,04 0,05 MPa. Dng kh phi vung gc vi b mt kim. Khong
cch gia u vi n b mt kim khng c qu 50 mm. V tr v ln ca
mch r c xc nh theo bong bng ca cht to bt
Theo tiu chun 3242 69 cc lin kt gip mi, ch T v hn gc c
kim tra bng dng kh nn phi c chiu dy khng qu 10 mm. Khi ti lin kt
c th pht hin c khuyt tt thm
xuyn r r kim, nt, chy thng,
khng ngu vi ng knh n 0,5 mm.
VII.2. Phng php kh nn-cht lng
c dng kim tra kn cc kt
cu hn, hn vy chu p sut nh bnh
cha, h thng cha kh v thy lc.
Kch thc vt kim khng ln c th nhng chm vo cht lng. u tin a kh

kim c p sut d vo vt. Sau nhng vt kim vo cht lng ch th (h.133. NM).
ln v v tr mch r c xc nh bng cc bong bng kh kim trong cht lng
ch th. Kh kim thng l khng kh hoc nit, cht lng ch th - nc hoc cn.
Ty theo long khng kh i vi cht lng ch th m chia ra lm hai cch: b
nhng thng v b nhng p thp.
Theo cch b nhng thng kim tra p sut kh quyn. Trc khi kim tra phi
th bn. Sau kim tra theo cc bc sau:
a p sut d vo vt kim n gi tr (20 30)% p sut th.
Nhng vt xung b cht lng ch th
Tng p sut n gi tr p sut th
Lu gi trong khong thi gian nht nh
Quan st bong bng kh xut hin trn b mt cht lng.
Ch kim tra (p sut, thi gian) theo iu kin k thut ca vt kim.
Quan h gia sc mnh lung kh Q vi ng knh D v s lng bong bng c
xc nh trn c s cn bng ni lc v ngai lc ln bong bng:
pt = pmd + ptl + pat
pt= Qt/V; pmd= 4/D; ptl= gh
trong : pt p sut bn trong bong bng; V th tch bong bng; t
thi gian in y th tch bong bng; pmd p sut mao dn; sc cng b mt;
ptl - sut ct cht lng; mt cht lng; g gia tc trng trng; h chiu cao
ct cht lng; pat p sut kh quyn.
T tnh c cng sut dng kh:
D 3 4
Q= + gh + pat
6t D
nhy thc t ca b nhng nc ch th thng t 10-3 mm3.MPa/s. Cn khi b
nhng cn ch th thng nhy t 0,5.10-4 mm3.MPa/s, l do sc cng b mt
ca nc gp ba ln cn.
Theo cch b nhng p thp khong khng gian trn cht lng ch th c ht chn
khng. lm iu ny b cha cht ch th c ch to kn. quan st bong bng
kh qua l nhn c bit. Vi cch ny pat= 0 v ng knh bong bng ln hn.
nhy thc t t c 5.10-4 10-5 mm3.MPa/s.
VII.3. Phng php chn khng
y l dng khc ca phng php kim tra kh
nn vi vic bi cht to bt. Phng php ny
c dng kim tra r r cc kt cu hn dng
h m ch tip cn c mt pha. Dng c s
dng l bung ht chn khng xch tay, t vo
lin kt cn kim tra.
Sau khi qut cht to bt ln lin kt hn, ngi ta
t bung chn khng vo ch cn kim. Nh bm
chn khng p sut trong khoang c gim n
gi tr theo iu kin k thut. Ty theo yu cu v kn ca lin kt m p sut

trong khoang c th gim xung gii hn 0,02 0,09 MPa. Do p sut gim, khng
kh qua cc mch r trn vo khoang to thnh bong bng. Quan st ln ca bong
bng qua ca nhn trong sut.
Khi kt thc kim tra vn van ba ng (h.134 NM) cho khng kh ngoi vo khoang
ri chuyn dng c n v tr tip theo. Ty thuc vo hnh dng ngoi ca vt kim
v dng lin kt hn c th dng bung chn khng phng, gc hoc trn. gim
cng lao ng, cc nguyn cng kim tra c c kh ha bng xe c cc b bung
chn khng khc nhau ph hp vi lin kt hn.
VIII. Phng php ha hc
Phng php ha hc kim tra r r da vo vic dng cc phn ng ha hc pht
hin mch r. Cc vt kim c dng kn bnh cha, thnh phn ca h thng thy
kh chu p lc, cng nh dng h - phi hn, bn cha cht lng. Khi kim tra
ngi ta qut ln mi hn hoc ch cn kim lp bt nho ch th, hoc t ln di
ch th (giy lc hay bng vi sng mu). Trong vt kim to nn p sut d ca kh
th. Cht th (NH3, CO2, v hn hp ca chng vi khng kh hay nit) xuyn qua
mch r mi hn, tc dng vi cht ch th to nn du vt d nhn. Qu trnh kim
tra gm cc bc sau (h.7.10KSS):
Th thy lc hoc kh nn
a kh kim (hn hp cha 1% 10% amoniac) vo vt n p sut th
Dn ln v tr cn kim cc bng ch th (dung dch nitride thy ngn HgNO3
nng 5% hoc dung dch phenolftalein) v gi mt thi gian nht nh t
10 20 pht.
Quan st cc vt en v tm trn bng ch th xc nh mch r.
Ch kim tra (thnh phn kh kim v cht ch th, gi tr p sut th, thi gian
lu gi) theo iu kin k thut ca vt kim. Phng php ny c nhy (5.10-4
mm3.MPa/s) v nng sut cao hn phng php to bt kh nn.
Bt nho ch th dng kim tra r r vi NH3 bao gm: cht ch th creozol ,
thch agar, cn (1%), glycerin (10%) v nc ct. Bt nho ny cng hn hp
amoniac-khng kh khng gy g nhm v hp kim bn nhit.
Khi s dng kh kim CO2 th bt nho ch th c thnh phn (theo trng lng):
nc ct - 40; thch agar 1; phenolftalein 0,15; soda kh 0,01. Ch r c pht
hin nh vt khng mu trn nn nu . nhy 5.10-3 mm3.MPa/s, nu phi hp
hp l th nhy t 2.10-4 mm3.MPa/s.
Ty theo hnh dng ca khoang bn trong vt kim m dng cc cch khc nhau
cho kh kim vo. Nu khoang c hnh dng n gin - ban u a NH3 vo, sau
bm khng kh n p sut cn th. Nu khoang c dng hc, ngch ct phi chun
b hn hp amoniac trc ri mi bm vo. Nu trong khoang c nhiu ngc ngch,
l nh - ban u ht chn khng xung cn 10-3 10-4 MPa, sau cho dn hn hp
NH3 vo ri bm n p sut cn th.
Sau khi kim xong, tin hnh thi nit hoc khng kh kh vo vt kim. Cc v tr
lin kt hn ca vt h c kim tra ha hc bng cc bung ht kn to nn p
sut cn thit.
Khi tin hnh kim tra r r bng phng php ha hc ngoi vic tun th an ton
v cc thit b p lc, cn phi thc hin cng tc an ton v phng chy, chng cc
loi kh c nh phenolftalein hoc HgNO3.
IX. Phng php manomet
Phng php manomet da trn vic ghi nhn s thay i p sut th ca cht kim
hoc cht th khi trong kt cu c mch r. i tng kim tra r r bng phng
php manomet l cc h kn - cc b cha lin kt hn, hn vy, cc phn t ca h
thng thy kh v cc vt khc.
Cht kim theo phng php manomet ty thuc vo yu cu kim tra, c th dng
chnh cht cha, nc, cng nh cc loi kh nit, amoniac, argon, heli. Cht th l
cacbonic, ete, xng, aceton... Ch th r c pht hin theo dng c o ch kim.
Ngi ta chia ra lm hai phng php kim tra r r manomet: phng php gim
p sut v phng php o p vi sai.
IX.1. Phng php gim p sut
Phng php ny c
dng kim tra tng th
cc b cha, h thng thy
kh lm vic di p sut
cao (h.135NM).
Sau khi tin hnh cc
phng php KTKPH d
khuyt tt, kt cu hn cn
phi th bn. Mun th vt
kim c kim cng vi
cc thnh phn ca h
thng kim tra- th nghim
(van, p k kim tra v.v...)
bng cc phng php
bit.
th bn, cc cht kim c a vo vt kim n p sut vt qua p sut lm

vic, vt kim c lu gi di p sut ny trong khong thi gian xc nh. V d
th bn ng ng gas chnh trong khong 6 h vi p sut ln hn p sut lm vic
20%.
Sau khi th bn, p sut cht kim c gim xung mt t bng 1,05 1,15 p sut
lm vic v gi vt kim di p sut ny vi thi gian lu hn thi gian th bn.
Thi gian gi di p sut ny ph thuc vo yu cu kim tra tng th, c th n
100 h.
kn tng th ca vt kim c xc nh theo gim p sut cht kim sau
thi gian lu gi. gim p c o bng p k c cp chnh xc cao.
Sc mnh dng kh thot ra Q c xc nh theo gim p sut trong vt kim,
o bng p k kim tra. Khi tin hnh kim tra phi tnh n s gim p ph thuc
ng k vo nhit kh kim v mi trng, ln p sut kh quyn, nht l khi
th thi gian di. Cc yu t ny thay i lm tng sai s khi tnh ton s gim p
sut cht kim.
Nu trong qu trnh th s thay i nhit cht kim v p sut kh quyn n
iu, th s gim p sut thc t trong vt kim c xc nh theo cng thc:
p = (pat + pm)bd (pat + pm)kt*Tbdo/Tkto
trong : (pat + pm)bd tng p sut kh quyn vi p sut theo p k ti thi
im ban u (MPa); (pat + pm)kt tng p sut ti thi im kt thc; Tbdo v
Tkto nhit tuyt i ca kh (oK).
Khi phi theo di sao cho chnh lch nhit mi trng vi cht kim khng
c vt qu tr s cho php i vi p k c cp chnh xc cho. V d vi p k
c cp chnh xc 0,1 th chnh lch nhit khng qu 1 oC.
V thc cht phng php kim tra gim p sut l khu cui cng ca chui th
kn kht tng ng cho sn phm. nhy ca phng php kim tra r r bng
gim p sut c th c xc nh theo cng thc:
q = CV/t
trong : V th tch bn trong vt kim v cc phn t ca h thng th -
kim nghim; t thi gian gi; gi tr thang chia ca p k; C h s tnh n
quan h gia cc n v.
Ty theo iu kin kim tra, nhy ca phng php ny t (1-:-7).10-3
mm3.MPa/s.
IX.2. Phng php o p vi sai
Phng php ny c s dng pht hin v nh gi mch r cc b trong cc
h thng chn khng, thy kh dng kn.
Thc cht ca phng php nh sau (h.136a.NM): Vt kim 3 kn c bm 1 ht

xung p sut khong 6.10-3 Pa. Ngi ta thi kh th hoc phun cht lng th ln
cc lin kt hn c th khng mn cht hoc c mch r. S c mt ca cht th
trong vt kim c nh gi bng p k vi sai 2.
p k vi sai (h.136b.NM) gm hai p k nhit in M (thng ngc nhau). Cc
phn t nhy ca p k c mc theo mch cu. Trc mt p k t b lc L c
lm lnh bng nit lng.
Khi khng c cht th, ch c khng kh khng b ng bng qua c c hai p k
M. Cho nn iu kin o i vi c hai p k nh nhau v cu cn bng (ng h o
ch s 0).
Khi thi hoc phun cht kim vo ch cn kim do c cha ete, aceton, xng,
butan cht kim b ng li nhit nit lng, hi ca cht kim ch vo c
mt p k, m khng qua c b lc ca p k kia. Kt qu cu b mt cn bng,
cn c vo in p lch xc nh c gi tr mch r trong vt.
Khi p sut xung n 6,6.10-3 Pa c th pht hin c mch r ng vi s thay
i ch vi 2,64.10-6 Pa. Nu s dng p k in t th nhy t c 10-8
mm3.MPa/s. Khi chn cht ht thu tng ng trong b lc th phng php ny c
dng kim tra tng th bng cch th bn vi cht th.
X. Phng php halogen
Phng php halogen c nhy cao c dng kim tra r r cc phn t trong
ch to my.
Phn t nhy cm ca u d halogen diode platinum gm c cc pht anode
nng sng v ng gp c ngn bng cc khong khng kh hoc chn khng
(h.7.7 KSS). Nhit anode platin l 800 900o C. Vi nhit ny platin c
dng lm ngun ion dng, m di tc ng ca in p t vo 200 250 V gia
anode v ng gp, ng gp s gom cc ion m li
H.7.7: S b d
halogen
Dng ion ca diode

platin tng ln ng k
khi i qua khong anode -
ng gp cha cc loi kh
halogen (freon, SF6,
CCl4...). Hiu ng ny
tng ln khi trong cc
pht cha cc nguyn t
kim (K, Na), cn trong
khong anode- ng gp
cha oxy, khi lm vic
dng ion c b sung oxy.
u d halogen c chia ra lm hai loi: cm bin khng kh v cm bin chn
khng. V cu to u d cm bin khng kh c cc pht anode t trn trc ca
ng gp. Cc pht anode c dng xon qun quanh thanh gm. Kh kim c ht
vo ng cm bin nh qut t pha u. u d cm bin chn khng c trang
b thm vi phun b sung a oxy vo ng.
c tnh k thut ca cc loi u d halogen c trnh by trong bng IV.3
u d halogen 2-8/1
3
nhy (mm *MPa/s) (0,9-1,6).10-4
p sut lnh cc b khng qu (Pa) 2.10-6
Di p sut lm ch chn khng (Pa) t 10-4 n 100
Thi gian c nh khng qu (s) 1,5
Cng sut ch th m (W) 1
Cng sut cn thit (W) 100
in li:
in p (V) 220+22
tn s (Hz) 50
Kch thc khun kh (mm):

2-8/1
hp ngun iu khin 30932893
sng thm d di ng 21115046
Trng lng (kG) 7,9

hp ngun iu khin 6,6
sng thm d di ng 1,3
u d halogen -7/1 (pin, acquy)

nhy (mm3 *MPa/s) (2,6 - 5,3).10-7
p sut lnh cc b khng qu (Pa) 2.10-6
Di p sut lm ch chn khng (Pa) t 10-4 n 100
Thi gian c nh khng qu (s) 3
Cng sut ch th m (W) 1
Lm vic lin tc vi acquy khng t hn (h) 4
Cng sut cn thit t acquy khng qu (W) 35
in p mt chiu (V) 12,5 n 17
Kch thc khun kh (mm):
-7/1 (acquy) hp ngun iu khin 190330350
sng thm d di ng 51134173
Trng lng (kG) 12,7

hp ngun iu khin 12
thm d di ng 0,7
Khi kim tra r r theo phng php halogen thng dng freon-12 lm cht kim
v cht th v n khng c v tng i r. Tuy nhin p sut ln nht do freon-12
to nn trong vt kim b gii hn bi n hi ca hi v khi nhit 20o 25o C
p sut khong 0,6 MPa, theo l do ny phm vi p sut ca freon-22 l 0,6 0,93
MPa v trong gii hn 0,93 3,24 MPa th dng freon-13.
Khi th p lc vt qu 0,6 MPa ( nhit 20o C), ngi ta dng hn hp freon

vi khng kh hoc nit. Nh th tuy nhy gim i (do gim hm lng freon
trong hn hp) nhng p sut th tng ln.
C hai cch thc hin kim tra halogen: dng sng thm d v to chn khng
(i) Sng thm c dng khi kim tra vt hn kn. Khi dng cht kim l freon
hoc hn hp ca n vi khng kh v nit (h.137NM). Trnh t nh sau:
Trc tin vt kim 6 c KTKPH v kim tra bn.
Dng bm 8 ht ht kh trong vt kim ra.
a freon tinh khit t bnh 1 vo vt kim 6 cho n khi t p sut th theo
yu cu k thut.
Dng sng thm 7 r dn
tng khu vc cn thit
ca vt kim 6 vi tc
t 15 25 mm/s.
Ghi li v tr cng ln
mch r cc b.
Kt thc kim tra thu li
freon vo bnh 1 nh my
nn 9.
Nu trn b mt kim tra c nhm ln, vy bn te, chng ngi vt th khong

cch gia sng thm ti b mt tng ln lm nhy gim (h.138NM)
Trng hp a hn hp freon vi khng kh v nit vo vt th cng din ra
tng t, nhng khi p sut ln th nhy gim i. Quan h gia p sut v hm
lng freon trong hn hp vi ln mch r c pht hin (trong khng kh) c
th c nh gi theo cng thc:
p2
Q fr = kC 2 1 Qkk
pat
trong : Qfr cng sut freon thot ra ti ch r
(mm3.MPa/s); Qkk - cng sut khng kh thot ra;
C hm lng
freon trong hn hp;
k t s nht
khng kh v hn
hp (vi freon tinh
khit th C=1; k=
0,69) .
Quan h gia
nhy ca phng
php kim tra
halogen theo cch
dng sng thm vi
p sut trong vt
kim c trnh by trn (h.139NM)
(ii) To chn khng c dng khi kim tra cc lin kt hn dng kn. u d loi
-7 hoc -6 c trang b cm bin chn khng. Cm bin chn khng hoc
c lp trc tip trn vt kim hoc trn ng p sut thp ca h thng kim tra.
H thng kim tra gm vt kim v cm bin chn khng, m nh bm chn khng
ht xung p sut trung bnh 10 10-1 Pa. Trong qu trnh kim tra, thi lung kh
freon t vi ngoi vo ch cn kim v theo ch th ca u d (nh sng, m thanh,
kim ch) ngi ta xc nh c v tr v ln mch r. nhy ca phng php
halogen theo cch to chn khng t 10-6 mm3.MPa/s.
XI. Phng php khi ph
y l mt trong nhng phng php kim tra
r r c nhy cao nht c dng th cc
h thng thy kh, nhin liu; gin, khoang kt
cu trong cng nghip ng tu v hng khng;
b cha v cc phn t chu nhit trong l phn
ng ht nhn; thng, bn trong thit b ha cht
v cc sn phm khc trong ch to my.
Thc cht ca phng php l ghi nhn kh th
i qua cc cu trc khng mn cht (mch r)
ca vt kim bng khi ph k. Trong tt c cc loi dng c o khi ph th khi

ph k iu chnh tiu c t vi gc 180o c s dng rng ri nht. Nguyn l
hot ng nh sau (h.140NM):
Ngi ta t vo bung chn khng hnh tr hp ion ha I, ng gp K, v c mng
ngn vo Dv v ra Dr c in p khc nhau. Bung chn khng c t trong t
trng ng nht, m ng sc ca n vung gc vi b mt (biu th bng cc
im). Katod pht ra chm in t, chm in t c iu chnh tiu c bi t
trng. Nh c in trng t gia katod v hp ion ha chm in t tng tc dc
theo t trng vo hp ion ha.
Kh kim phn tch c ln vo mt t kh th trong hp ion ha. Chm in t ion
ha cc nguyn t kh kim, thm vo cc ion kh b ko khi hp ion ha bi
in trng yu. Sau chng c iu tiu v tng tc nh in trng mnh c
chnh lch in p V gia hp ion ha vi mng ngn vo. Cc ion kh c khi lng
m v in tch e nhn c tc c xc nh theo quan h:
mv2/2 = eV (----)
T mng ngn Dv c khe h, cc ion di tc dng ca t trng c chuyn ng
ra ngoi theo qu o trn m bn knh qu o c xc nh t phng trnh:
eHR = mv (-----)
Gii ng thi c hai phng trnh tm c
mV
R2 = 2 (------)
eH 2
T quan h (--) thy rng vi in p v cng t trng khng i, vi khi ph
k kiu ny, bn knh qu o R ca ion ch ph thuc vo m/e.
V gi tr m/e c dng lm c trng cho cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t cho,
nn c th chia cc ion trong thnh phn kh kim theo khi lng ca chng. S
lng ion ca cc kh thnh phn trong khi ph k cng c nh du. Cc chm
ion b phn k khi qua c vng trn trong bung (gc quay 90o) v li hi t khi
qua c vng trong bung (gc quay 180o).
Cc ion c nh du vt qua khe h ca mng ngn ra Dr vo ng gp K. Ty
theo v tr khe h ca mng ngn trn ng gp m ch cho ion kh cho vo c.
ng gp tip t qua mt in tr cao, m s st p trn in tr o tip
theo thm ch khi dng ng gp yu.
C th chn hydro, helium, argon v cc kh khc lm kh th khi kim tra theo
phng php khi ph. Song, kh heli c s dng nhiu nht, v n chim t l nh
trong kh quyn (5.10-4 %), iu ny lm nng cao quan h gia tn hiu v n khi
o. Nguyn t lng m ca heli nh, nn vi in p V nht nh c th gim gi tr
R v H, tc l kch thc v khi lng t ca khi ph. Ngoi ra helium khng h
c hi. Kh kim thng l heli tinh khit hoc l hn hp hli vi khng kh v
nit vi nng heli 10 90 %.
pht hin helium khi kim tra ngi ta s dng u d helium c khi ph lp
vo bn trong. c trng quan trng nht ca u d helium l ghi nhn c dng
kh th nh nht Qmin nhy u d.
Cch o nhy tnh ca u d (khng ph thuc vo iu kin th nghim bn

ngoi) l t s p sut ring kh th p i vi khong chia theo ng h o:
sp = p/ (---) trong : sp nhy tnh theo p sut
V p = po ( y po p sut lm vic trong u d; nng kh th, nn c th
s dng nhy tnh theo nng kh th:
s = / (---)
kim tra nhy u d ngi ta lp vo h
thng chn khng ca n b hiu chnh o cng
sut thot ra Q ca heli.
u d ph k gm h thng chn khng, b
phn phn tch khi ph, h in t. Di y
gii thiu mt s u d:
u d1-22 vi bm turbine phn t cho
php ln c trong cc khoang kim. Ch
dng thun m bo nhy cao nht. Ch
dng ngc cho php th vt kim vi p sut
lm vic ln. u d c th ni vi h thng o
t ng.
u im: bt u trng thi lm vic khng qu 5 ph; thi gian pht hin mch d
ngn; c th dng bm nng sut cao ht s b; khng cn dng nit lng.
nhy: 7.10-9 10-8 mm3.Pa/s. Cng sut: 950 W. Kch thc khun kh:
580*672*1525 (mm). Trng lng:150 kG
u d xch tay 3-1 "" dng

kh th heli khuyt tt c pht hin
bng dng c o vng tn x heli vo hn
hp kh trong vt kim ri ra ngoi qua
mch r. Nguyn l hot ng da trn
s ion ha cc phn t heli trong bung
ca bm t v gi tr dng in phng
ph thuc vo nng ion heli trong hp
ion ha. Kh th cha cc phn t heli b
ht qua u d n cm bin ni vi bm
t. Dng kh c m bo bi bm
mng mng to chn khng. Cm bin
tch cc phn t heli khi dng kh th.
Cc phn t heli t cm bin vo bm t,
ti hnh thnh in p cao. Di tc ng ca in p cao trong mi trng kh s
phng in xy ra m , ion ha cc phn t heli. Dng ion xut hin khi ion ha cc
phn t heli, lm thay i dng in phng ra ca bm t, t l vi nng heli
trong hp ion ha. Tn hiu in t bm t c x l bng h thng s ca u d
v c hin th trn mn hnh di dng gi tr s ca dng heli.
B d c th lm vic c trong p sut khquyn t 630 800 mm Hg; nhit

mi trng (-)25 (+)35o C.
c tnh k thut
nhy: 10-12 mm3.MPa/s
n nh thi gian khng qu: 5 ph
T ng v khng sau khi o
Tn hiu ch th bng m thanh hoc nh sng.
in li 220 V/50 Hz; Acquy 12 V
Thi gian lm vic ch ct ngun ngn nht: 8 h
Cng sut u d khng qu: 50 BA
Kch thc khun kh: 301*252*170 (mm)
Trng lng khng hp: 5 kG
Ngi ta chia ra lm ba phng php kim tra khi ph: tch t di p sut kh
quyn; to chn khng v thm d.
Phng php tch t di p sut kh quyn c dng xc nh mc r r
ton phn ca vt kim kn chu p lc. Phng php c m t trn (h.141 NM).
Ngi ta t vt kim 8 vo bao 9 c cc l ng knh 1 1,5 mm. Cc kim Luera

(dng kim tim) 7 c ni vi sng thm 6 ca u d heli 1. Phng ban u heli
gia bao 9 v vt kim 8 c o bng cch cm kim 7 vo cc l trn bao. Sau
cp kh kim vo vt 8 n p sut th do iu kin k thut.quy nh. Qua mt thi
gian xc nh, ngi ta o nng heli trong khng gian gia bao 9 v vt 8. Nng
heli cn li xc nh gi tr r r tng th m heli thot ra tc l mc kn kht
ca vt kim.
Khi tin hnh kim tra r r cn phi m bo kh kim cha y vt kim, nh th
mi m bo ng u ca heli theo ton th tch. Ty theo iu kin kim tra m
bao 9 c th c lm dng cng v mm. V bao mm c ch to bng vi tm
cao su, vi bt thm du, vt liu polyme. Trong mi trng hp kn ca bao phi
c th trc khi kim.
nhy ca phng php tch t di p sut kh quyn khi xc nh r r tng th
l 10-6 mm3.MPa/s.
Phng php to chn khng c dng kim tra r r ca lin kt hn cc vt

kn hay h.
xc nh mc kn kht tng th ca vt kn ngi ta tch t heli trong chn
khng. Mun th khng gian gia bao 9 v vt kim 8 c ht n p sut 1 Pa, ri
cp kh kim cho vt n p sut th. Gi tr thot heli trong th tch to chn khng
c c nh nh sng thm 6 c kim 7.
Cng c th s dng vt kim ni vi u d, bn trong vt kim b ht kh. Ri t
vt kim vo bung heli kh quyn. Cng sut dng heli i qua mch rc xc
nh bng s gim p sut v nng ca heli trong hn hp. Thi gian cn tich
t ttt c th tm c nh biu thc
ttt sQ.V/Q.St
trong : sQ nhy ca u d theo dng kh; V th tch tch t; Q dng heli
qua tng mch r; St tc hiu dng khi ht vt V.
Mc r r tng th ca vt h c xc nh bng cc bung chn khng tho
c.
kim tra mc r r tng th ca phi hn cng c th s dng bung chn
khng nh trnh by. t khoang bn trong ca cc bung ny ln mt pha b
mt hn. Khoang ny c ni vi u d v c ht chn khng (xung p sut
khong 1 Pa). Thi heli t bnh qua ng tch t vo pha b mt i din ca lin kt.
u d ghi nhn lng heli thot trong chn khng. p sut trong ng khong 0,05
MPa, thi gian thi ty thuc vo mc kn. Khong cch t ng tch t n b
mt thi cn c khng ch cht ch.
kim tra cc ng hn quan trng ngi
ta s dng bung chn khng tho ri, c
kp ln mi hn nh (h.142 NM). Sau khi
ht khng kh ra khi bung, ngi ta lm
kn on ng li ri a heli hoc hn hp
heli-khng kh vi p sut cn thit vo ng.
u d heli ni vi ng ghi nhn kh heli
thot ra.
nhy ca phng php ny t 10-7
mm3.MPa/s. Khi tng th tch tch t gi tr
nhy gim mnh (cn 10-4 mm3.MPa/s).
Phng php sng thm kim tra r
r cc lin kt hn dng kn kch thc ln
nh b cha, h thng cha kh, cc phn t thy lc chu p sut cao... Phng
php ny pht hin mch r cc b trong sn phm. (h.7.5KKS)
Vt kim c in
y bng kh kim
heli hoc hn hp ca
heli vi khng kh hay
nit. Trnh t in y
kh kim cn c vo
kt cu bn trong ca
vt sao cho heli c
phn b u theo ton
b th tch. p sut
th (d) ca kh kim
ty thuc vo iu
kin k thut ca sn
phm. Sau khi t
c p sut th, tin
hnh kim tra bng
cch di u d heli
theo v tr cn kim trn b mt kt cu.
pht hin v tr mch r, ngi ta dng chp cao su u sng thm (h.143 NM).
Chiu rng ca chp phi ph c v mi pha 5 mm m bo kim tra c
ton b lin kt, gm mi hn v vng nh hng nhit. Mt khc tng chnh
xc v tr mch r cn s dng chp c ng knh nh.
nhy ca phng php ph thuc nhiu vo
tc di chuyn sng thm theo b mt kim, tc
cng nhanh th nhy cng gim.
Phng php kim tra khi ph bng sng thm
l mt trong nhng phng php kim tra r r c
nhy cao nht. T (h. 144 nM) thy rng vi
p sut ca cht kim nh nhau nhy ca cc
phng php khi ph cao hn nhiu so vi
phng php thy lc v kh nn, n ch gim khi
nng heli trong kh kim thp. Trong thc t
khi kim vi cc thng s ti u (p sut th,
nng heli, tc ) th nhy ca phng
php sng thm t c 10-5 mm3.MPa/s.
XII. Phng php phng x

Phng php kim tra r r bng phng x da trn ch th s lng nh cc cht
phng x theo bc x ion ha. Phng php ny c nhy pht hin khuyt tt cao
nh hiu sut ghi nhn bc x ion ha bng cc u d phng in kh, nhp nhy.
Phng php kim tra phng x c chia ra hai lnh vc s dng: (i). kim tra r r
cc thit b cng ngh nng lng nguyn t, cha cc cht lng, kh phng x; (ii).
kim tra r r cc sn phm ch to my bng vic dng cc cht phng x (lng, kh)
lm cht th.
Lnh vc th nht c L. V. Archemieva nghin cu v ch to ra u d o
bc x kh .3-01, c dng pht hin kh phng x thot ra t cc thit b
cng ngh ca nh my in nguyn t v cc l phn ng ht nhn. Phng php
ny c s dng rng ri v c tiu chun ha ( 17924-72) trong cng
vic kim tra r r cc phn t trao i nhit cc l phn ng ht nhn.
Lnh vc th hai ca phng php phng x c dng trong cc trng hp khi m
cc phng php s dng khc v l do ny kia kh hoc khng m bo nhy
cn thit.
kim tra h kn chu p lc, ngi ta dng dung dch cha cht phng x, v d
dung dch bicarbonat natri cha Na24, dung dch id cha I131... vic la chn cht
phng x c xc nh theo chu k bn r v nng lng bc x ghi nhn c. Sau
khi th bn h thng kim di p sut v gi n trong mt thi gian xc nh, ngi
ta tin hnh ghi nhn sa r r bng my m phng in kh hoc nhp nhy.
Kh th thng dng l Rn222, CO2 c cha C14 v cc kh phng x khc. C th
dng Cs137 phun vo bung kim dng kh. Cng c th dng tritium T phng x
ghi nhn v pht hin kh hydro thot ra. Mun vy ha T vi H2 theo t l 0,1
1%.
Gn y s dng rng ri krypton-85 (Kr85), v nguyn t ny c chu k bn r ln
(hn 10 nm), an toan, r, d ghi nhn k c khi nng thp. Kr85 trong hn hp
vi argon c s dng c hiu qu pht hin mch r trong cc bnh kn ca ch
to my ha cht.
Kr85 trong hn hp vi nit c dng kim tra cc khoang ca t hp tn la

Saturn. Sau khi a vo khoang p sut d, Kr85 thot ra ngoi v c ghi nhn
bng cc u d phng in qua kh hoc u d bn dn. Mch r c pht hin
ch sau vi giy. Kr85 cn c dng xc nh s thot kh CO2 t ng c trong
khoang my bay bng cc u d di chuyn. cng vic kim tra c tin hnh trong
khi my bay ang bo dng hoc ang bay. Kim tra kiu nh th cc phng php
khc hoc kh khn hoc n gin l khng th.
Phng php phng x c th pht hin cc mch r ca cc bung chn khng vi
nhy 10-14 mm3.MPa/s, vt qu nhy ca phng php khi ph.
Nhng sn phm nh l hi cao p, cc phn t nhit trong l phn ng ht nhn...
cng c kim tra bng cch phun ln vt kim lng nh Kr85 trc khi lm kn
kht. Sau khi kn t cc sn phm vo bung chn khng, trong ghi nhn phng
x tch t
XIII. Phng php m
Phng php m kim tra r r da trn c s kh i qua vt kim khng mn cht,
pht ra dao ng siu m xung quanh trong phm vi tn s khong 40 kHz. Cc dao
ng ny c c nh bng cc cm bin ca u d siu m.
u d m c hai cm bin p in v khuch

i o lng. N c dng thm cc ch r
trong cc ng ng dn kh v nc p lc cao
ngm di t. Mun vy ngi ta dch chuyn
cm bin trn mt t theo cc tuyn ng ng.
Khong cch gia cc cm bin t 3 4 m. Khi
n gn ch r mt cm bin s cm nhn tn
hiu c li, ng thi cm bin kia ch cm
nhn nhiu. S chnh lch in p tn s thp
ti u ra ca khuch i c o bng microampermetr. Tn hiu cng c a
n b nghe. (h. ..)
u d siu m c trang b micro bng gm c tnh nh hng cao mc vi b
khuch i lm vic vi tn s khong 40 kHz. Tn hiu t khuch i n dng c
o dng kim v c x l m thanh tai nghe. Chng c th pht hin c mch
r c ng knh 0,05 mm vi khong cch 15 m khi th bn bng p sut d 0,015
MPa.
Nhng kiu u d nh th c cc thanh d tay vi microphone v b khuch i
trc u nhn; b khuch i m thanh; acquy; ampermetr. Dng c to nn dao
ng siu m vi tn s 32 50 kHz trong di m nghe thy.
Nc c pht hin ch d nh dng c o gm hai micr p in t cch nhau
2 m; b khuch i tn s thp; tai nghe telephone v u d. C th s dng s
b vi cc tn hiu ghi nhn c theo in k gim nhiu.
XV. C kh ha v t ng ha cc phng php kim tra r r

Do cc nguyn cng khc nhau, khi thc hin kim tra r r thng c thc hin
bng tay. c kh ha phng php kim tra kh nn, vin Hn in Paton ch
to ra xe chn khng dng cho kim tra kt cu hn vng v phng. Xe chn khng
(h.145 NM) gm khung bnh xe 2, hai cylinder1 c khoang trn thng vi kh quyn
gn cng vi khung, bung chn khng 3 v van bn ng 4. Bung chn khng 3
c ni vi cn piston. Khung 2 ng thi l bnh cha chn khng.
Khi xoay van bn ng 4 t v tr I sang

II, khng kh t khoang di cylinder
vo bnh chn khng, m trong cn
gim p nh bm chn khng. Khi
cc cn piston c dch chuyn theo
cylinder xung di v a bung chn
khng 3 n b mt kim, m trc
bi cht to bt. ng thi cc
cylinder cng vi khung 2 v cc bnh
xe c nng ln trn bung chn
khng 3 p vo b mt kim bng cc
m cao su. Khi l xo c p ln
thanh p.
Khi xoay tay vn ng bn ng 4 n
v tr III t bung chn khng 3 khng
kh c ht ra n p sut cn thit.
Sau tin hnh kim tra kn qua
ca trong sut. Khi kt thc kim tra tay vn ng bn ng v tr I, cho khng kh
vo khoang di cylinder v bung chn khng. L xo tc dng ln khung lm
bung chn khng tr v v tr ban u. Tip theo dch chuyn xe trn cc bnh xe
n v tr kim tra mi. Xe c trang b bung chn khng di ng cho php kim tra
cc dng kt cu hn khc nhau. Vic dng cc xe chn khng cho php tng nng
sut v gim cng kim tra n vi ln.
Trong iu kin sn xut hng lot, mt trong nhng nhim v chnh l m bo
cc ch kim tra thng nht sn phm. Vi mc ch ny kim tra r r c thc
hin ti cc phn xng c bit. Cc phn xng ny c trang b cc thit b o
kim cn thit. Ti qu trnh kim tra m bo s thng nht cc nguyn cng.
S nguyn l ca mt trong nhng phn xng kim tra h thng thy lc c
trnh by trn (h.146NM). c im k thut ca phn xng: (i). di ng; (ii).
nguyn l tc ng in- thy lc c cht cha l hn hp cht lng lm vic;
(iii).vn chuyn cht lng lm vic bng cc bm thy lc.
Ti cc phn xng cn phi thng nht ch kim tra m bo tnh khch

quan v xc thc, nh vy nng cao cht lng v tin cy ca sn phm. Cc phn
xng kim tra nh trn (h.146NM) c dng c kh ha qu trnh kim tra.
Trong sn xut lot ln v hng khi, cc phn xng lm vic theo ch t ng
s thch hp hn. Khi ch kim tra c iu khin t ng nh cc phn
mmm chuyn dng cho ra cc thng tin v cht lng vt kim. Nhng h thng
kim tra t ng nh th ang c s dng trong cc nh my c kh ch to. Ti
cc nh my ny cc h kim tra v th nghim sn phm c t ng ha hon
ton.
Qu trnh kim tra r r cng s dng chp dng kh trn c s phng php khi
ph. Chp dng kh c dng t m bo an ton cho ngi trong khong 5
8 pht khi gp la, khi hoc kh c.
Chp dng kh gm ba phn chnh: mt n, b iu tit p sut v bnh dng ng
bng thp khng g. Bnh cha khong 0,5 l khng kh thm lng nh heli. Hn hp
ny trong ng vi p sut 40 MPa.
nng cao nng sut kim tra r r cc sn phm kch thc nh trong cc ngnh
cng nghip c cc thit b kim tra t ng. Cc thit b ny gm h chn khng,
u d khi ph cng cc bloc kim tra v iu khin. Chu trnh lm vic nh sau:
a cc bung lm vic cng vt kim ti v tr kim tra.
Bt kn bung v ht kh bng cc bm du.
Ni bung vi b d v thc hin kim tra.
a khng kh bn ngoi vo bung
B cc np bt kn ri a v v tr u..
Tng lng heli thot ra t vt kim c ghi nhn nh cc b o. Khi t n

ngng xc lp, c cu phn loi s pht tn hiu bng m thanh hoc nh sng.
trnh cho b d b hng khi gp phi mch r ln th u d v c cu phn loi ni
vi nhau qua dng c o chn khng kha lin ng. Kha lin ng ny c t
bm du.
Vi quan im c kh ha v t ng ha th phng php kim tra bng phng x
l hon ho. l nh ghi nhn tc ng nhanh cc pht x ion. V tr v ln
mch r cht th phng x c th c ghi nhn bng cc detector phng in qua
kh hoc nhp nhy ca bc x. Cc detector ny c qun tnh khng ng k v m
bo nng sut kim tra cao. n gin v gim kch thc cm bin ca cc dng
c ghi nhn th dng detector bn dn bc x ion. Khi nhy cao i vi bc x
mc tr vi phn trm giy c th s dng detector trn c s tinh th sunfur cadmi
hoc a tinh selennit cadmi. Vi tc ng nhanh hn (c phn nghn giy) c th
dng detector silic khuch tn.
quan st c ton vt kim cn s dng cc c cu chuyn dng c dch
chuyn tng i gia vt kim v detector bc x.
PENETRANT TESTING
KIM TRA BNG THM MAO DN
Bin son nm 2007: Nguyn c Thng, B mn Hn & Cng ngh kim loi H Bch khoa H Ni
Introduction GII THIU
Module ny nhm gii thiu phng php th nghim

thm mao dn PT.
Th nghim thm mao dn (PT) l mt dng th nghim
khng ph hy mu c xy dng theo nguyn tc
Kim tra bng mt.
PT lm tng kh nng
nhn c ca cc bt
lin tc m mt ngi
khng th
pht hin c.
Outline KHI NIM

Gii thiu chung
Cc vt liu thm mao dn v c tnh
Cc bc c bn trong th nghim thm
mao dn
Cc thit b chung
Cc u im v cc hn ch
Tm tt
T in cc thut ng
How Does PT Work? - THC HIN

Trong th nghim thm mao dn, cht lng c cc
tnh thm t cao c p vo b mt ca vt
kim cht thm thm qua b mt ph v cc gin
on thng qua tc ng mao dn v cc c ch
khc.
Lng thm qu mc c loi khi b mt v
cht hin c
s dng ko cht thm
tr li b mt.
Vi k thut th nghim tt,
cc ch bo c th nhn c
bng mt ca bt c gin on
no c mt s tr nn r rng.
What Makes PT Work? CC BC

Tng bc ca qa trnh thm mao
dn c hon thnh tng cng
tc dng mao dn.
y l hin tng mt cht lng dng
ln khi b gii hn cc khe h nh
do c tnh t b mt ca cht lng.
Mt s v d:
Cy ci ht nc t t ti cc
cnh v l ca chng cung cp
cc cht dinh dng.
Con ngi c cc mao mch di ti
nhiu dm vn chuyn mu nui
dng cho ton b c th.
Basic Process QA TRNH C BN

1) Lm sch v kh b
4) S dng thuc hin
mt
2) S dng cht thm
(bi, phun)
5) Kim tra bng mt
3) Loi b d tha (lau)
6) Thnh phn sau lm

sch
What Can Be Inspected? - PHM VI

Hu ht mi
vt liu c b
mt tng i
nhn, khng
xp trn
nghi c cc bt
lin tc hay
khuyt tt.
What Can NOT be Inspected? KHNG TH

Cc thnh phn c cc b mt
th, rp nh cc vt c
khun ct chn v gi cht
thm.
gm xp
G v cc vt liu c si.
Cc chi tit bng nha m c
th hp th hay phn ng vi
cc vt liu thm qua. Cc ch th khuyt tt
Cc thnh phn c cc lp tr nn kh xc nh
hn do mc n ca
ph ngn khng cho cht
thm ti cc ch b khuyt tt. nn tng.
What Types of Discontinuities Can Be
Detected Via PT? CC KIU BT LIN
TC
Tt c cc khuyt tt
thng ti b mt.
Cc sn phm cn ch
rn nt, ng ni, cc
chi tit dt mng.
Vt c- ch hn ghp,
nt nng, r, l thng, cc
phn b co li.
Vt rn ch rn nt, cc
ghp ni, vy bn ngoi.
Mi hn ch rn nt, r,
rnh ct, khng ngu,
khng thu
Choices of Penetrant Materials - CHN
VT LIU
Cht thm xuyn Dng
I Hunh quang
II C th nhn nhn thy (kh kin)
Phng php
A C th ra bng nc
B Hu nh tng- Lipophilic
C Dung dch c th loi b
D Hu nh tng- Hydrophilic
Thuc hin Hnh thc

Bt kh
t, dung dch nc
t, c th l lng trong nc
t , khng c nc
Penetrant Materials - VT LIU

Cc cht thm c cng thc hnh thnh cha mt s
c tnh quan trng. c tc dng tt, mt cht thm
phi:
D dng lan ta trn b mt c kim tra.
Ht v pha b mt thm nhp vo ch khuyt tt
nh tc dng mao dn hay cc c ch khc.
Tn ti ch khuyt tt song d dng b loi b
khi b mt chi tit.
Vn trng thi cht lng qua cc khu lm kh v
hin mu c th c ht tr li b mt.
D nhn thy bng mt hay nh sng hunh quang
cc ch th.
Khng gy hi cho ngi kim tra hay vt t ang
c kim tra.
Sensitivity Levels - NHY

Cc cht thm xuyn c mc nhy cm khc
nhau. nhy cng cao th khuyt tt c kh nng
pht hin cng nh.
C nm mc nhy cm, gm:
Mc 4 - nhy cc cao
Mc 3 - nhy cao
Mc 2 - nhy trung bnh
Mc 1 - nhy thp
Trong khi nhy tng th cc ch th khng c lin
quan cng tng. Do , mt cht thm cn c
la chn sao cho tm c ch khuyt tt cn quan
tm song khng to ra qu nhiu cc ch th o.
Visible Vs Fluorescent PT SO SNH

Vic kim tra c thc hin
bng cch s dng cc cht
thm xuyn c th nhn thy
bng mt (thuc nhum )
hay hunh quang.
PT kh kin c thc hin
di nh sng trng trong khi Photo Courtesy of Contesco
PT hunh quang phi c
thc hin bng cch s dng
nh sng cc tm trong mt
khu vc ti. Tt c u trong
tm nhy mc 1.
PT hunh quang lnhy cm
hn PT kh kin v mt nhy
cm hn vi mt ch th c nh
sng trn mt nn ti. Cc tm
nhy l t 1 ti 4.
Penetrant Removal Method - LOI B

Cc cht thm c phn loi theo phng php loi
b cht thm d .
Cc cht thm c loi b bng gi thm dung
dch ty ra. Dung dch c ng trong cc bnh
phun hoc can c th kim tra ti ch.
Cc cht thm c th c ra bng nc hoc tia
nc pht ra. Chng d s dng v c hiu qu
nht v chi ph khi kim tra cc tit din ln.
Cc cht thm hu nh tng c th c ra
bng nc ch sau khi tc dng vi mt dung
dch nh tng. H thng hu nh tng c s
dng khi vic ra cht thm khi ch khuyt tt
c quan tm. Cht nh tng c dnh thi
gian tc dng vi cht thm ch khng phi l
cht thm b chn li ch c khuyt tt.
Developers - THUC HIN

Vai tr ca thuc hin l ko cht thm ra khi
khoang khuyt tt v lm cho n lan ta trn
b mt c th nhn thy.
Cng to ra mt nn sng tng s tng phn khi cht thm kh
kin c s dng.
Cc dng thuc hin
Bt kh l mt hn hp cht bt nh mn c th kt thnh cc ni
cht thm c ht ln b mt to ra cc ch th rt r nt.
t, huyn ph l cht bt treo trong nc che ph b mt bng
mt lp tng i ng nht thuc hin khi nc bc hi. Dung dch
phn no kh c gi li v cht bt lng xung theo thi gian.
t, nc c th ha tan l mt cht bt kt tinh to thnh mt
dung dch trong sut khi c ha vi nc. Dung dch kt tinh trn
b mt khi nc c rt i.
t, khng c nc - cha trong bnh phun v l thuc hin nhy
nht cho vic kim tra cc tit din nh. Vic p dng cho cc tit
din ln l kh khn v tn km.
Seps of Penetrant Testing CC BC
1. Lm v sinh trc
2. S dng cht thm
(bi, phun)
3. Loi b cht thm d
4. S dng thuc hin
5. Kim tra / nh gi
6. Lm v sinh sau
Pre-cleaning BC 1
Cc chi tit phi sch bi,
g, vy, du, m, kt
qu tin cy.
Quy trnh lm sch phi
lai b cc cht nhim
trn b mt chi tit v cc
ch c khuyt tt v khng
c bt kn bt c ch
khuyt tt no.
Lm sch trc l
khu quan trng nht
trong qu trnh PT !!!
Caution About Metal Smearing - BN

Khi gia cng th v tinh trn my, c th to ra Trc khi
mt lp mng kim loi lm bn b mt v nh bng
ngn cht thm khng thm nhp c vng bng ht mi
khuyt tt.
Vic khc axit i vi b mt trc khi kim tra
i khi c t ra.
Sau khi
nh bng
bng ht mi
Sau khi
khc axit
Penetrant Application BC 2
Nhiu phng
php c p
dng :
Qut
Phun xt
Nhng/
Ngm
Chy qua
V cc
phng
php khc
Dwell Time - DNG

Dung dch cht thm
phi c lu trn b
mt chi tit cht thm
c thi gian thm nhp
bt c ch khuyt tt
no.
Thi gian lu gi ty
theo dng thm, nhit
, vt liu v s hon
thin b mt.
Excess Penetrant Removal BC3
K thut loi b ty thuc vo dng cht thm

c s dng, nh nu cc phn trc
Dung mi c th loi b
C th ra bng nc
C th hu nh tng
Excess Penetrant Removal BC 3 (tip)

C th ra bng nc
Vic phun nc c
s dng loi b
cht thm d.
Qu trnh c s
dng quy nh nhit
ca nc (15-40C) v
p lc (khng qu 30
Pa), v.v...
Dung mi c th loi b
Chi tit c lau bng
khn kh, sch ly
i phn ln cht thm
d tha.
Sau , s dng mt
ming vi tm nh
dung mi loi b
bt c cht thm no
cn li trn b mt.
Loi b dung mi
Bt c dung mi c s
dng trong qu trnh kim
Tra thm mao dn, cn phi
c mt khong thi gian
thch hp cho dung mi
d tha bc hi.

Hu nh tng
Khi cn loi b cht thm khi ni c khuyt tt, mt
h thng hu nh tngc s dng.
H thng ny gm mt khu b
sung trong mt cht nh tng
c s dng trn b mt chi tit
sau thi gian lu cht thm.
Cht nh tng c thi gian
tc dng vi cht thm trn
b mt lm cho n c th ra c
bng nc song khng thi gian pht tn vo
cht thm b chn li cc ch c khuyt tt.
Developer Application BC 4
Phng php p dng thuc hin ph thuc vo
dng thuc hin c s dng. Cc phng php
ban u cho cc dng thuc hin chnh sau y bao
gm :
Kh
t
Khng c nc
Developer Application BC 4 (tip)

Thuc hin dng bt kh
Trc khi s dng mt
thuc hin kh th thnh
phn phi c lm kh
hon ton. Vic lm kh
thng c thc hin
trong l sy tun hon
Sau nhng chi tit vo
cht bt hoc ph bt ln
chi tit.
Chi tit cng c th c
t trong mt phng c
cc lp my bi thuc
hin.

Thuc hin dng m (l lng trong nc v
c th ho tan trong nc)
Cc thuc hin m c p dng

bng cch ngm trong nc hoc
xt vo chi tit trong khi n vn cn
m.
Chi tit c ph hon ton v
cht lng tha s c cho chy
thot i trnh tch t.
Sau chi tit c sy kh trong
mt l tun hon kh nng.

Thuc hin khng c nc (l
lng trong dung mi AKA)
Thuc hin khng nc c
phun bng bnh xt vo chi tit
c sy kh v lm ngui hon
ton.
Nn xt mt lp ph mng.
Lp ph trng u nhng vn
trong sut khi thc hin vic
kim tra thm ca thuc
nhum c th nhn thy v
thm ch l mng hn khi
kim tra thm hunh
quang.
Inspection/Evaluation BC 5
bc ny, ngi kim tra
nh gi cc ch th thm so
vi cc tiu chun chp
nhn/t chi quy nh v
c gng xc nh ngun gc
ca ch th. Cc ch th hnh hc
ca mi hn khng ph hp
Cc ch th c phn on
l ph hp hoc khng ph
hp hoc sai.
Cc ch th vt nt ph
hp do khoan
Inspection/Evaluation BC 5
Mt bc rt quan
trng ca vic nh
gi l ghi kt qu
pht hin trn mu
bo co kim tra
hoc mu lu gi d
liu.
Vic ny c th c
h tr vi cc bn v
hoc hnh nh ca
cc ch th, v.v
Post Clean BC 6
Cui cng l lau sch

ton b chi tit
c th nghim
loi b tt c cc cht
x l.
Cc cht cn d c
th nh hng ti
hot ng hoc thm
m ca chi tit
Penetrant Inspection Systems H THNG
Cc h thng thm c th mang theo hoc c

nh
Image courtesy of Nebraska Army National Guard
H thng thm xch tay H thng thm c nh
Advantages of PT U IM
D s dng.
C th c s dng trn rt nhiu vt liu.
Nhiu chi tit vi vt liu khc nhau c th c kim
tra nhanh chng vi gi thnh thp.
Cc chi tit vi hnh dng phc tp thng xuyn
c kim tra.
Cc ch th c to ra trc tip trn b mt ca chi
tit cung cp hnh nh vbt lin tc.
u t thit b ban u thp.
Cc lon bnh xt gip cho thit b c th c mang
theo.
Limitations of PT - HN CH
Ch pht hin ra cc khuyt tt b mt.

Vt liu khng xp kh nhn.
Lm sch s b rt quan trng. Cht bn c th che
mt cc khuyt tt.
Cn thc hin nhiu hot ng trong cc iu kin
c kim sot.
Cn c cc bin php kim sot cc ho cht (cht
c, cht chy, cht thi)
Kim loi dnh bn do gia cng v cc qu trnh khc
lm hn ch vic pht hin khuyt tt. Vt liu c
th phi c tm xt trc khi kim tra.
Lm sch sau cng rt cn thit loi b cc ho
cht.
Summary TM LI
Kim tra bng thm mao dn (PT) l mt trong

nhng phng php th nghim khng ph hu
c s dng rng ri nht.
Tnh thng dng ca n do hai yu t chnh, l d s
dng v linh hot.
Tuy nhin, PT gm nhiu bc x l cn c kim
sot cht ch c c nhy tt nht.
Glossary of Terms - THUT NG
Tc dng mao dn l xu hng ca cc cht lng

no lu chy khi gp cc khe h nh.
Tng phn - lng nh sng tng i c pht
ra hay c phn chiu gia ch th v nn ca n.
Khuyt tt - mt im gin on gy nh hng n
cng dng ca mt chi tit hay mt vt mu.
Thuc hin mt cht mn c qut ln b mt vt

kim tng tc dng mao dn ngc v do to
ra ch th cht thm.
Bt lin tc bt k mt s gin on no trong cu trc vt

liu ca mt chi tit hay ca mi hn. N c th hoc c hoc
khng tc ng n kh nng lm vic ca mt chi tit.
Thi gian dng khong thi gian m cht thm hay thuc
hin duy tr s tip xc vi b mt vt kim
Thi gian nh tng ho - thi gian cho php i vi

cht to nh tng cung cp cht thm c th ra bng
nc v v th cho php chi tit c ra.
Cht to nh tng cht c qut vo mng cht thm
lm cho n c th ra c bng nc.

nh gi qu trnh xc nh lin quan n tnh kht khe ca
iu kin sau khi mt ch th c gii on.
Ch th sai ch th gy ra do vic x l khng chnh xc.
Thi gian bc hi thi gian cn thit dung mi bay
hi khi b mt chi tit khi s dng lau chi trc hoc
loi b cht thm tha.
Thuc nhum hunh quang mt cht tr nn c tnh
hunh quang (pht nh sng) khi gp phi bc x sng ngn
nh nh sng tia cc tm.
Ch th - mt bng chng nhn thy c hay s chy cht

thm trn b mt ca vt th.
Gii on qu trnh nh gi mt ch th trong n lc xc

nh nguyn nhn v bn cht ca bt lin tc
Thuc hin huyn ph - thuc hin trong bt thuc
hin c pht ln nh mt th vn trong mt dung mi kh
nhanh.
Cht thm cht lng c s dng trong vic kim tra cht
thm nhum hunh quang hoc kh kin thm vo cc khe
h b mt ca vt kim

Ch th ph hp ch th c xc nh khng phi l sai
hoc khng ph hp v thc s gin on.
C th nhn thy c im ca mt ch th m c th thy

c tng phn vi cc iu kin i lp ca nn, nh sng bn
ngoi v.v...
nhy kh nng ca mt cht thm pht hin ra cc khe h

b mt. nhy cao hn ch r nhng bt lin tc nh hn c th
c pht hin ra.
Tia cc tm (nh sng en) nng lng nh sng

bn di di tia cc tm c th nhn thy (356 nm).

nht - sc cn ca mt cht lng i vi chuyn ng
ca cc phn t bn trong n.
C th ra c tnh cht ca cht thm cho php n
c lm sch khi b mt chi tit bng cch ra nc .
For More Information THNG TIN THM
Hi Cng tc Gio dc NDT

www.ndt-ed.org
B mn Hn v CNKL -
Trng HBK H Ni
C1-306
T: (04) 8692204
Hi th nghim khng ph
hu Hoa K
www.asnt.org
MAGNETIC TESTING - KIM TRA

T TNH
Gii thiu
Phn ny trnh by cc thng tin v
phng php kim tra t tnh (MT) ang
c p dng rng ri.
Vic kim tra t tnh c th gip pht hin
c cc bt lin tc trong gia cng (bavia,
ch ph, cc vt nt do mi v ti) cng
nh cc h hi trong qu trnh s dng
(cc vt nt do mi v qu ti).
cng
T tnh v cc vt liu st t
Gii thiu v phng php kim tra t tnh
Qu trnh c bn v nhng im quan trng cn
xem xt
1. Lm sch s b vt kim
2. Gii thiu v t trng
3. t mi trng t tnh
4. Gii on cc du hiu ht t tnh
V d v cc du hiu MPI
Khi nim v hin tng t tnh
Hin tng t tnh l kh nng ca ng sc t :

vt cht ht/y vt cht khc v pha C dng cc vng khp
n. Cc vt th c tnh cht t tnh kn.
c gi l c t tnh hay b t ho v Khng ct nhau.
ng sc t c th c tm thy i theo ng c in tr
trong v xung quanh chng. Cc t thp nht.
l im ti mt ng sc t i ra Tt c u c cng
hoc i vo vt. nh nhau.
C chiu sao cho chng
lm cc cc ht hoc y
nhau.
ng sc t xung quanh Cc cc tri du ht nhau Cc cc cng du y

mt 2007:
Bin son nm thanh Nguyn
nam chm nhau
c Thng, B mn Hn & Cng ngh kim loi H Bch khoa H Ni
Vic kim tra ht t tnh din ra

nh th no?
Mt mu th kim tra tnh cht st t c t ho
bng t trng hoc nam chm hay mt thit b
c bit. Nu mu ny c bt lin tc, s gin
on s lm ngt t trng chy qua mu v
mt trng r s xut hin.
Vic kim tra ht t tnh din

ra nh th no? (Tip)
Cc ht st c nghin k v bc thuc nhum
c rc vo vt kim tra. Nhng ht ny b ht v
pha cc trng r v s t li hnh thnh mt du
hiu ngay pha trn im gin on. Du hiu ny
c th c pht hin bng mt trong iu kin nh
sng tt.
Qu trnh c bn
Cc bc c bn bao gm:
1. Lm sch s b
2. Gii thiu v t trng
3. t vo mi trng t tnh
4. Gii on cc du hiu ht t trng
Lm sch s b
Khi kim tra mt kt cu bng phng php t tnh PT, iu
rt quan trng l cc ht phi d di chuyn trong cc trng
r mnh v yu mc bng nhau. B mt chi tiphi sch
v kh trc khi tin hnh kim tra.
Cc cht bn nh du, m hay g khng ch ngn cc ht
c ht ti cc trng r m cn gy nhiu lon cho qu
trnh gii oncc du hiu.
Gii thiu v t trng

T trng c th c t vo theo nhng cch khc
nhau.
1. S dng mt nam chm vnh cu hoc nam chm in
tip xc vi b phn cn kim tra
2. Cho mt dng in chy qua vt kim
3. Cho dng in chy qua mt cun dy xung quanh
hoc qua mt dy dn gia chy gn vt.
Chiu ca t trng
Hai loi t trng ph bin (t trng dc v t
trng vng) c th c thit lp bn trong mu.
Loi t trng c thit lp c xc nh
bng chnh phng php c s dng t ho
mu.
T trng dc c cc ng sc
t chy song song vi trc vt
kim
T trng vng c cc ng
sc t chy trn xung quanh chu
vi vt kim.
Tm quan trng ca chiu

t trng
iu quan trng l phi c kh nng t ho vt R t thng
kim theo 2 hng. Vic pht hin cc khuyt
tt hiu qu nht ch c c khi cc ng
sc t c thit lp vung gc vi chiu di
nht ca khuyt tt. Chiu ny to ra s thng
ln nht ca t trng bn trong v s r t
thng ln nht ti b mt cavt. Gia t
trng v im khuyt tt cn c mt c gc t
45 n 90 to thnh mt du hiu.
Khng r t thng
Do cc khuyt tt c
th xut hin theo
nhiu hng khc
nhau v c theo
hng khng xc
nh, mi vt thng
c t ho theo 2
chiu vung gc vi
Bin son
nhau.nm 2007: Nguyn c Thng, B mn Hn & Cng ngh kim loi H Bch khoa H Ni
Cu hi
T slide trc ni v nhy ti u cho cng

vic kim tra, hy cho bit loi khuyt tt no d
tm thy trong cc hnh di y?
Dc (dc theo trc) Ngang (vung gc vi trc)
To ra mt t trng dc bng cch

s dng cun dy
T trng dc thng Cun dy trn mt b phn

c thit lp bng cch kim tra t nm ngang
t vt kim gn pha
trong ca vng dy. iu
ny to ra cc ng sc
t song song vi trc di
ca b phn kim tra.
Cun
Bin son nm 2007: Nguyn c Thng, B mn Hn & Cng ngh dy
kim cm
loi Htay
Bch khoa H Ni
To ra t trng dc bng cch s dng

nam chm vnh cu hoc nam chm in
Nam chm vnh cu hoc
nam chm in hnh
mng nga thng c
s dng to ra t
trng dc. Cc ng
sc t chy t cc ny
ti cc kia v cc cc
c nh v sao cho bt
c khuyt tt no xut
hin u vung gc vi
cc ng sc t.
T trng vng
T trng
Dng in
T trng vng c to ra bng cch

cho dng in chy qua vt kim hoc
bng cch t vt trong mt t trng
vng c cng ln.
Mt mi dn in nm trn b phn kim
tra t nm ngang v vic s dng cc
cc l cc phng php ph bin a
dng in i vo vt nhm to ra mt t
trng vng. t vt ln mt thanh dn
gia c mang dng in cng cao
cng l mt cch to ra t trng.
t mi trng t tnh
Media (t so vi kh)
Vic kim tra t tnh c th c
tin hnh bng cch s dng ht
kh hoc cc ht c ho trong
cht lng. Vi phng php kh,
cc ht c ri nh ln b mt.
Cn vi phng php t, ti
hoc bi ln vt bng mt dung
dch c cha cc ht.
Phng php kh c tnh n
gin hn. Phng php t ni
chung c nhy tt hn do cht
lng cha cc ht m cc ht c
linh ng cao hn.
Cc ht t tnh kh
Cc ht t tnh c nhiu mu khc nhau. Nn s
dng loi mu c th to mc tng phn cao
so vi nn.
Ht t t
Cc ht t in hnh thng c
cung cp dng nhn thy (kh
kin) hoc hunh quang. Cc ht
nhn thy c quan st di nh
sng trng bnh thng cn cc ht
hunh quang c quan st di
nh sng en (cc tm).
Gii on cc du hiu
Sau khi t t trng, cc ch th hnh thnh s
phi c gii on. Qu trnh ny i hi ngi
kim tra phi phn bit cc ch th quan trng c
lin quan v cc ch th khng quan trng v
khng lin quan.
Nhng hnh no sau y minh ho

cc du hiu c lin quan c to
thnh t nhiu b phn c kim
tra bng phng php ht t tnh.
Mc cn trc vi vt nt xy
ra trong qu trnh s dng
Phng php ht hunh quang t
Bnh rng vi vt nt xut

hin trong qu trnh s dng
Trc truyn ng vi vt nt do s
x l nhit to ra
Trc vi vt nt do
qu trnh s dng gy ra
Trc ren vi vt nt do
qu trnh s dng gy ra
Bulng ln vi vt nt do
qu trnh s dng gy ra
Trc khuu vi vt nt gn l tra

du do qu trnh s dng gy ra
Khng ngu mi hn SMAW
Du hiu
Phng php bt
kh kinkh
Vt nt ra mi hn SMAW
Phng php ht
kh kin kh
Cc vt nt gia v ra mp
mi hn c mi mt phn
Phng php bt
kh kin kh
Kh t
Cc kt cu sau khi c kim tra bng phng
php ht t i khi cn t trng d khng cn
thit v c th nh hng khng tt ti qu trnh
vn hnh hay s hot ng sau ny cakt cu.
Cc l do c th c ca vic kh t bao gm:
C th nh hng ti cc nguyn cng hn
v/hoc gia cng ct gt
C th nh hng ti cc ng h o nhy vi
t trng nu c t gn t trng.
Cc ht gy mi mn c th bm vo b mt
ca b phn, gy ra hoc lm tng mi mn
cho cc b phn ca ng c, bnh rng,
trc, v.v
Kh t (Tip)
Qu trnh kh t i hi ngi kim tra phi o
ngc v kh t trng d.
Qu trnh ny lm khuy trn cc min t tnh
(domain) v lm gim cng ca t trng
d ti mc c th chp nhn.
B t ho B kh t
u im ca phng php
kim tra ht t
C th pht hin c cc khuyt tt trn b mt
v di b mt.
C th d dng kim tra cc chi tit c hnh dng
khng u.
Vic lm sch s b khng qu quan trng nh
i vi mt s phng php kim tra khc. Hu
ht cc cht bn bn trong khuyt tt s khng
nh hng ti kh nng pht hin khuyt tt .
Phng php kim tra nhanh v cc du hiu
c nhn thy ngay trn b mt mu.
Chi ph thp hn so vi cc phng php NDT
khc.
y l phng php kim tra rt c ng nht l
khi s dng thit b c ngun in mt chiu.
Hn ch ca phng php
kim tra ht t
Khng th kim tra cc kim loi mu nh nhm, magi hay
hu ht cc loi thp khng g.
Vic kim tra cc kt cu ln c th i hi phi s dng
cc thit b c yu cu c bit v ngun in.
Mt s chi tit i hi phi tch lp ph hoc m c
c nhy cn thit .
Kh nng pht hin bt lin tc di b mt b hn ch.
Chiu su ti a l 15 mm (trong iu kin l tng).
Thng thng cn phi tin hnh lm sch v kh t sau
khi tin hnh kim tra.
Vic nh hng t thng vi khuyt tt l rt quan trng.
T kho
nh sng en: nh sng cc tm c lc to ra bc
sng xp x 365 nm. nh sng en c tc dng lm mt s vt
liu pht hunh quang.
Thanh n gia: mt thanh dn in thng c lm
bng ng, c s dng to ra mt t trng vng trong
mu kim tra.
Cun dy: mt dy dn in, v d nh dy ng hay dy
cp, c bc trong mt vi hoc nhiu vng, cc vng ny
c t st nhau to thnh mt t trng dc c cng
ln.
T kho
Bt lin tc: s ngt qung trong cu trc ca vt liu , v d

nh vt nt.
St t: mt vt liu nh st, niken v cban hay mt trong s
cc hp kim ca chng b ht mnh v pha t trng.
u: Cc tm tip xc in trn mt my kim tra ht t tnh
t nm ngang. B phn cn kim tra c kp v gi cht
gia cc u v dng in c dn qua b phn t cc u
to thnh mt t trng vng trong vt kim.
Trng r: s thng trong t trng. S thng ny phi
thng ti b mt ca vt kim th cc ht mi c ht.
T kho
Cc ch th khng lin quan: cc du hiu c to ra
do mt s tnh nng thit k c d tnh trc ca mt mu, v
d nh li p, cht trc hay phn c to ra bng p lc.
Cc: 2 in cc thng c lm bng ng hoc nhm,
c s dng a dng in vo trong vt kim. Dng in
ny n lt n li to ra mt t trng vng ti mi cc
u chm vo vt (v nguyn tc tng t nh mt in cc
hn v kp ni dy t).
Cc ch th lin quan: Cc du hiu c to ra t mt
yu t no khc vi tnh nng thit k ca mt mu kim tra.
Cc vt nt, gn hay ch ph l cc v d v cc du hiu c
lin quan.
T kho
Th huyn ph: cht lng c to ra bng cch trn cc
ht vi du hoc nc.
Gng t: thanh nam chm hnh mng nga c s dng
to ra t trng dc. N c th c lm t nam chm vnh
cu hoc nam chm in.
c thm thng tin

T chc hp tc
Gio dc NDT
www.ndt-ed.org
B mn Hn v CNKL -
trng HBK H Ni
C1-306
T: (04)8692204
Hip hi th nghim khngph

hu Hoa K
www.asnt.org
RADIOGRAPHIC TESTING CHP NH PHNG X
Introduction - GII THIU
Phn ny trnh by thng tin v phng php kim

tra chp nh bng tia phng x hay thut chp nh
bng tia phng x (radiography) ca NDT.
Chp nh phng x s dng bc x m xuyn
hng trc tip vo vt kim.
Vt chn li mt s bc x. S b chn li hay b
hp th chu nh hng ca s mt vt liu v
chiu dyca n.
Cc chnh lch trong vic hp th ny c th
c ghi li trn phim hay bng in t.
Outline KHI NIM
Bc x in t Cc phng thc chp nh

Cc nguyn l Chp film
chung v phng Chp my tnh
x Chp thi gian
Cc ngun phng Chp s trc tip
x
- Phng x tia An ton bc x
Gamma ()
u im v cc hn ch
Ch gii thut ng
- Phng x tia X
Electromagnetic Radiation - BC X IN T
Bc x c s dng trong kim tra Chp nh l mt

dng nng lng mnh hn (bc sng ngn hn)
sng in t m chng ta nhn thy hng ngy. nh
sng nhn thy thuc cng mt h nh tia X v tia
Gamma.
General Principles of Radiography

NGUYEN L CHUNG
Vt kim c t gia ngun bc x v
phim. N s ngn li mt s bc x. Vng dy
v mt ln hn s ngn c nhiu bc
x hn.
en ca phim s bin
i theo s lng bc x
tin c n phim xuyn
qua vt kim.
Phim chp
tia X = Phi sng t hn
= Phi sng nhiu

hn
Phn trn nh ca phim ra
General Principles of Radiography

NGUYEN L CHUNG
Nng lng bc x nh hng n kh nng xuyn thu ca
n. Bc x c nng lng cng cao c th xuyn qua cc vt
liu dy hn v nng hn.
Nng lng ca bc x v/hoc thi gian phi sng phi c
kim sot cho hnh nh chnh xc v vng quan tm
Vng mng c
bao bc
Bc x nng lng thp Bc x nng lng cao
D N GIO DC K THUT DY NGH ADB 1655-VIE IDL 2001
Flaw Orientation HNG KHUYT TT

Gc pht
Phng x c mt = D
s gii hn nhy tt nht
pht
cm khi pht
hin c vt nt. hin
= Khng
d pht
hin
Tia X nhn thy vt nt theo s bin i v dy v bin i

cng ln, cng d pht hin ra v nt
Khi ng tia X khng song song vi vt nt, s bin i v dy l

nh hn v c th s khng nhn thy v nt.
D N GIO DC K THUT DY NGH ADB 1655-VIE IDL 2001
Flaw Orientation HNG KHUYT TT (tip)
V gc gia chm bc x v vt nt hay khuyt tt

phng l quan trng, phi bit r nh hng khuyt tt
nu dng chp nh kim tra.
0o 10o 20o
Radiation Sources - NGUN BC X
Hai trong s cc ngun bc x c s dng

rng ri nht trong chp nh cng nghip l my
pht tia X (Roentgen) v ngun tia Gamma. Chp
nh cng nghip thng c chia thnh Chp
tia X hay Chp tia Gamma, ph thuc vo
ngun phng x c s dng.
Gamma Radiography PHNG X
Cc tia Gamma c to
ra bng mt ng v
phng x.
ng v phng x c ht
nhn khng bn, khng
nng lng lin kt
gi cc ht nhn vi
nhau.
S t ph v mt ht
nhn nguyn t dn n
vic gii phng nng
lng v hin tng ny
c gi l s phn r
phng x.
Gamma Radiography PHNG X (tip)
Hu ht cc cht phng
x c s dng trong
chp nh cng nghip
c sn xut nhn to.
iu ny c thc hin
bng cch a mt cht
bn vng vo ngun
ntron trong l phn ng
ht nhn c bit.
Qu trnh ny c gi l
s kch hot

Khng ging tia X c to
ra bng my, tia Gamma
khng b tt Cc ng v s
dng cho chp nh bng tia
Gamma c bc kn
ngn nga s r r cht liu.
V bc ngun c ni
vi dy cp to nn
pigtail
Pigtail c mt u ni c
bit ti u kia, ni vi dy
cp ng.
Mt hm camera c s dng bo qun, vn

chuyn v phi pigtail cha cht liu phng x.
Camera che chn c kh nng hp th bc x lm
ngi chp tia gim c nhim x trong qu
trnh s dng.
Mt thit b hnh
ng c gi l
ng dn ni vi
cng ra ca
camera bng ren.
Ngun bc x s ra
v tr li camera
thng qua cng ny
khi thc hin chp
nh

Mt dy cp ng ni
vi camera. Dy cp ny,
do ngi chp iu
khin, c s dng
y ngun phng x vo
ng dn a n vt
chp, tia gamma
m xuyn qua mu vt
v thc hin chp.
X-ray Radiography TIA X
Khng ging tia gamma, tia X (tia Roentgen) c

to ra bng mt h thng my pht. H thng ny
thng bao gm mt u ng tia X, mt my cao p
v c cu iu khin.
X-ray Radiography TIA X (tip)

Tia X c pht ra bng cch to nn mt in p
cao gia hai in cc gi l ant v catt.
ngn nga h quang in, ngi ta t ant v
catt trong ng chn khng c bo v trong v
bng kim loi.
X-ray Radiography TIA X (tip)
Catt gm cun dy nh nh in p cao

trong bng n l b pht.
Dng in chy qua si dy C c
+ Eletron -
t nng n. Nhit lm
cho cc ht in t b bn ra.
in p cao lm cc in t X-ray Generator
or Radioactive
t do ny b ko v pha Source Creates
Radiation
tm bia (thng c lm
bng Vonfram) c t trn
Ant.
Cc in t va p vo bia. Radiation
Penetrate
Tc ng ny to ra s trao the Sample
i nng lng dn n tia X
c hnh thnh. Exposure Recording Device
Imaging Modalities
CCH THC QUAN ST
Mt s cc phng php nh khc nhau sn sng cho
vic hin th hnh nh cui cng trong chp nh cng
nghip:
Film Radiography (Chp phim)
Real Time Radiography (Chp thi gian thc)
Computed Tomography (CT) (Chp ct lp vi tnh)
Digital Radiography (DR) (Chp k thut s)
Computed Radiography (CR) (Chp vi tnh)
Film Radiography FILM
Chp film l mt trong cc

phng php nh c s
dng rng ri v c nht
trong chp nh cng nghip
Film c cha cht vi m l

bromua bc.
Khi c bc x chiu vo v
c ra trong phng ti,
bromua bc s chuyn thnh
kim loi bc mu sm to nn
hnh nh.
Film Radiography FILM (tip)

Phim phi c bo v trnh nh snh nhn thy. nh sng,
cng ging nh tia X v tia Gamma c th lm cho phim b l
sng. Phim c lp vo ct xt ngn nh sng trong mt
phng ti.
Ct xt ny c t di vt kim pha xa ngun phng x.
Phim thng c t gia cc mn tng cng lm tng
bc x.
hnh nh c th nhn c, phim phi c

ra trong mt phng kn. Quy trnh ny rt ging
vi vic trng phim nhip nh.
Qu trnh x l phim c th c thc hin bng
tay trong cc bn m hay bng my t ng.

Sau khi hin, phim s c gi l nh
Radiography.
Digital Radiography - NH S
Mt trong s cc dng mi nht ca chp nh phng

x l nh s.
Khng cn phim, cc hnh nh Radiography s c
thu bng cch s dng mn hnh pht pho c bit
hoc cc tm phng cha cc b cm bin vi in
t.
Khng cn phng kn x l phim, cc hnh nh
thu c c th s dng k thut s tng ln cho
r.
Cc hnh nh cng d dng c lu gi dng s.
Digital Radiography - NH S (tip)
Mt s dng nh Radiography s gm c:
nh s my tnh (CR)
nh s thi gian thc (RTR)
Hnh nh chp phng x trc tip (DR)
nh ct lp (CT)
Computed Radiography
Computed Radiography (CR) l qu trnh x l hnh
nh s s dng tm nh c bit m tn dng s
pht pho bo qun.
Computed Radiography (tip)

Tia X xuyn qua vt kim s kch thch pht pho.
Pht pho c kch thch duy tr trng thi
Cu trc m nh pht pho CR

Tia X
Tng bo v
Tng pht pho
Cc ht pht pho Cht nn
Sau khi hin :
Tm nh c c bng in t v
c ty i s dng li trong mt
h thng my qut c bit.

Khi my laser qut tm nh, nh sng s pht ra
nhng ch m tia X kch thch pht pho trong qu
trnh chiu. nh sng khi c chuyn sang gi tr
s.
My qut quang
n nhn quang
Chm la-de

BB
bin
bin
i
i A/D
A/D
Tm thu nh
110010010010110
110010010010110
ng c

Cc hnh nh s thng c gi n mt trm my
tnh, phn mm chuyn dng s cho php thao
tc x l v tng cng.

Cc v d v nh computed radiography:
Real-Time Radiography - NH THI

GIAN THC
Real-Time Radiography (RTR) l thut ng c s dng
m t dng nh chp cho php cc hnh nh in t thu
c v nhn thy c trong thi gian thc.
Bi vic thu nhn hnh nh din ra gn nh l tc thi nn
cc hnh nh thu c bng tia X c th c nhn thy khi
chi tit chuyn ng v quay.
Vic thao tc ny s rt c li bi cc nguyn nhn sau:
N c th thu hnh nh ton phn vi mt ln chiu.
Vic quan st cu trc bn trong chi tit t cc gc
khc nhau c th cung cp thm d liu phn tch.
Thi gian kim tra thng thng s dc gim xung.
Real-Time Radiography - NH THI GIAN

THC (tip)
Thit b cn thit cho mt RTR
gm c:
ng tia X
B khuch i hnh nh My tnh c mc khung
hay my d thi gian thc v phn mm
Camera Monitor (Mn hnh
kim tra)
H thng v tr t mu
(khng bt buc)
Real-Time Radiography -
NH THI GIAN THC (tip)
My khuch i hnh nh l mt
thit b chuyn bc x qua vt
mu thnh nh sng.
N s dng cht liu pht hunh
quang khi phng x chiu vo.
Cng nhiu bc x vo c
mn hnh, s c cng nhiu nh
sng pht ra.
Hnh nh rt m trn mn hnh
vo nn n c khuch i trn
mt mn hnh nh trong my
khuch i, hnh nh c
xem bng mt camera.
Mt camera c bit thu Mt monitor c ni vi camera
s nh sng ra t mn cung cp hnh nh c th nhn
hnh c t gn mn thy c.
tng cng hnh nh. Nu mt h thng c nh mu
Camera rt nhy cm vi c s dng, chi tit c th c
nhiu loi tng cng nh di chuyn v quay xung quanh
sng khc nhau. thu hnh cc c im bn trong
khc nhau.
So snh Film Radiography v Real-Time Radiography
Hnh nh thi gian thc Hnh nh phim sm mu

nht hn trong nhng vng hn trong nhng khu
c nhiu photon ca tia X vc c nhiu photon ca
tin n v kch thch mn tia X tin n v ion ho
nh hunh quang phn t bc trong phim.
Direct Radiography - NH TRC TIP
nh trc tip (DR) l mt dng

ca nh Real-Time s dng
u d dng tm c bit.
u d hot ng bng cch
chuyn phng x xuyn qua
mu th b np in.
u d cha nhiu t in vi
in t. Cc t in to nn s
phng in thnh nh mu vt.
Mi b np ca t in c
chuyn thnh pixel, hnh thnh
nn nh s.
Computed Tomography - CHP CT LP
Chp ct lp (CT) s dng h thng kim tra

thi gian thc, h thng nh v mu v phn mm
c bit.
Computed Tomography - CHP CT LP

(tip)
Nhiu hnh nh ring r c lu gi v c theo
cc mt ct 2 chiu khi mu quay.
Sau Cc hnh nh 2-D c kt hp vi cc
hnh nh 3-D.
nh thu thi Hnh nh 2-D Cu trc 3-D thu

gian thc thu c c
Image Quality - CHT LNG NH
Cht lng hnh nh l tiu ch quan trng nh

gi chnh xc tnh trn vn ca mu th nghim.
Cc cng c khc nhau c gi l ch th cht
lng hnh nh (IQI) c s dng cho mc ch
ny.
C nhiu thit k ca IQI. Mt s c cc l kch thc
thay i c khoan cc tm kim loi, trong khi
cc loi khc t cc dy dn ng knh khc nhau
c t cnh nhau.
Image Quality - CHT LNG NH (tip)
IQI thng c t
trn hoc bn cnh
mu th.
Cht lng thng
c xc nh da
trn ng knh l v
dy nh nht thy
c trn nh.
Radiation Safety AN TON
Vic s dng cc ngun phng x trong chp nh

cng nghip c Nh nc v cc t chc lin
bang quy nh rt cht ch do mc nguy him
tim tng cho cng ng v tng c nhn.
Radiation Safety AN TON (tip)
C nhiu ngun phng x. Nhn chung, mt ngi nhn

c khong 100 mrem/nm t cc ngun t nhin v
cc ngun nhn to.
Cc tia X v tia gamma l cc dng bc x gy ion ho, c ngha l

chng c kh nng hnh thnh cc ion trong vt liu c xuyn
qua. Tt c cc sinh vt sng u nhy cm vi tc ng ca bc
x gy in ho (bng phng x, tit trng thc phm bng tia X...)
Cc tia X v tia
gamma c
nng lng
gii phng cc
in t t cc
nguyn t v ph
hu cu trc phn
t ca t bo.
iu ny c th
gy ra bng
phng x hay
bnh ung th.
Cc k thut vin lm vic vi bc x phi eo cc thit b o mc

bc x, theo di ton b hp th bc x v t ng bo khi h
ang trong khu vc c bc x cao.
Dng c o Liu k Bo ng Lm sch

b ti phng x phng x
C 3 cch lm gim hot bc x: Thi gian, Khong

cch, Che chn
Radiographic Images HNH NH
Bn c th xc nh vt no c chp trong
slide ny v 3 slide tip theo?
Advantages of Radiography U IM
K thut ny khng b gii hn bi loi

v mt vt liu.
C th kim tra cc kt cu lp rp.
Yu cu chun b b mt kim ti thiu.
Nhy cm vi nhng thay i v dy, s
n mn, khong trng, vt nt v mt vt
liu.
Pht hin ra cc khuyt tt c trn b mt v
di b mt.
Cung cp v lu li kt qu kim tra.
Disadvantages of Radiography - HN CH
Cn nhiu bin php an ton cho vic s dng bc
x hot mnh.
Mt nhiu thi gian o to k thut vin trc khi
s dng.
Cn tip cn c hai pha ca vt mu.
S nh hng ca thit b v khuyt tt l rt quan
trng.
Khng th xc nh c su ca khuyt tt m
khng chiu nghing thm.
Chi ph thit b ban u t.
Kch hot: qu trnh hnh thnh cht phng x

t vt liu bn vng bng cch bn ph mt s
lng ln ntron t do vo cht liu bn vng
. Qu trnh ny thng xy ra trong l phn
ng ht nhn c bit.
Anode: in cc tch in dng.
My x l phim t ng: my dng trng
phim cn rt t ngi tham gia. Cc my x l t
ng rt nhanh so vi trng bng tay.
T in: linh kin in tch tr in tch c th c

phng ra nu yu cu.
Cathode: in cc tch in m.
Phng ti: phng c lm ti cho mc ch ra
trng phim. Phim rt nhy cm khi b phi trc nh
sng nhn thy v c th b hng.
Chiu x: qu trnh phng x xuyn qua vt th.
Tia Gamma (): bc x in t c pht ra t cc
ht nhn ca mt s cht phng x.
Pht pho: cht ho hc pht ra nh sng khi c kch

thch ca bc x.
Pixel: Vit tt ca Picture Element (Phn t hnh), mt
pixel l mt im trong mt nh ho. ho hnh nh
hin th bng cch chia mn hin th thnh hng ngn
hay (hng triu) pixel, c sp xp theo cc hng, cc
ct. Cc pixel rt gn nhau n ni chng c v nh lin
tc vi nhau.
ng nhn quang: l mt b khuych i c s dng
chuyn nh sng sang cc tn hiu in.
Phng x: t pht ra bc x.
Radiography: nh c chp m t cu trc bn trong

ca mt vt, c to ra bng cch s dng ngun
phng x v mt thit b ghi nh.
Bromua Bc : l hp cht gia bc v brom c s

dng trong nh tng phim nn hnh nh phim chp
theo phng php Radiography.
For More Information THNG TIN THM
Hi cng tc gio dc NDT

www.ndt-ed.org
B mn Hn v CNKL -
trng HBK H ni
C1-306
T: (04)8692204
Hi th nghim khng ph hy Hoa

K
www.asnt.org
Ultrasonic Testing - KIM TRA

SIU M
Introduction GII THIU

Module ny gii thiu phng php kim tra khng ph hu
bng siu m UT.
Kim tra siu m s dng nng lng ca m thanh tn s
cao thc hin kim tra v cc php o.
Cc kim tra siu m c th c thc hin i vi rt
nhiu dng vt liu bao gm cc vt c, rn, hn v
composit.
C th thu thp c mt lng thng tin phong ph v chi
tit c kim tra nh s xut hin ccbt lin tc, dy
ca chi tit hay lp ph; cc c tnh m hc thng c
tng quan vi cc c tnh ca vt liu.
Outline KHI NIM

Cc ng dng
Cc nh lut c bn ca s xut hin m thanh
Kim tra xung - phn x v truyn qua
Cc ng dng kim tra
Thit b
- Bin t
- Thit b o c
- Cc tiu chun tham kho
Trnh by d liu
u im v hn ch
Bng ch gii cc thut ng
Basic Principles of Sound

NGUYN L C BN CA M
m thanh pht ra bi mt vt th ang dao ng v
chuyn ng di dng sng.
Cc sng m di ng xuyn qua vt liu bng cch
lm dao ng cc phn t to nn cht
Tn s sng quyt nh bc
ca m thanh (s chu k c hon
thnh trong mt khong thi
gian nht nh).
Siu m l m thanh c tn s rt
cao m tai ngi khng th nghe c.

NGUYN L C BN CA M (tip)
Khong cch t nh ny n nh k tip l bc sng ca n ().
Thi gian mt sng m chuyn ng i mt khong l mt bc sng
bng vi thi gian m ngun cn thc hin ton b mt dao ng.
Bc sng ca m t l
nghch vi tn s ca n
( ~1/f)
Mt s dng sng
c s dng trong
vic kim tra siu m.
Cc sng ph bin nht l
sng dc, sng ngang v
sng Rayleigh (b mt).

NGUYN L C BN CA M (tip)
Cc sng siu m ging vi sng nh sng ch
chng c th phn x, khc x v hi t.
S phn x v khc x xy ra khi cc sng m
tng tc vi cc giao din cc tnh m khc
nhau.
Trong cc cht rn, nng lng chuyn ng c th
c chia thnh cc dng khc nhau khi sng gp
mt giao din ti gc khng phi l 90o.
Cc phn x siu m do s c mt ca bt lin tc
hoc cc c tnh hnh hc cho php tm kim v
nh v khuyt tt.
Vn tc ca m trong mi vt liu l khng i v ch
c th thay i c bng cch thay i dng nng
lng.
Ultrasound Generation - NGUN

SIU M
Siu m c pht ra t mt b chuyn i.
Phn t p in trong
b chuyn i chuyn
nng lng in thnh
cc dao ng c (m
thanh) v ngc li
u d c th va
pht va thu nng
lng m thanh.
Principles of Ultrasonic Inspection

NGUYN L KIM TRA SIU M
Sng siu m c a vo vt kim, chng chuyn ng
theo mt ng thng vi tc khng i cho ti khi chng
chm phi mt b mt khc.
Ti cc giao din, mt phn nng lng sng b phn x mt
phn c truyn qua.
C th nhn thy phn nng lng phn x hoc truyn qua v
cung cp cc thng tin v kch thc ca mt phn x.
Thi gian truyn ca m c th o c v vic ny cung cp
thng tin v khong cch m m i qua.
Test Techniques - K THUT KIM TRA
Kim tra siu m l phng php kim tra rt linh hot v

cc ln kim tra c th c tin hnh theo mt s cch
khc nhau.
Cc k thut kim tra siu m c chia thnh 3 loi:
- xung di v truyn qua
(Lin quan ti vic liu nng lng phn x hay nng lng
truyn qua c c s dng hay khng)
- Chm tia thng gchay chm tia xin gc
(Lin quan ti gc m m i vo vt kim)
- Tip xc v nhng nc
(Lin quan ti phng php tip m bin t ti vt kim)
Tng k thut ny s c tho lun ngn gn trong cc

slide tip theo
Test Techniques - Pulse-Echo - XUNG- DI
Trong kim tra xung- di, b chuyn i sinh ra nng lng

xung v tng t hoc b chuyn i th hai pht hin ra nng
lng c phn x (ting di).
Cc phn x xy ra do bt lin tc v cc b mt ca vt th
nghim.
Nng lng m b phn x c hin th ngc vi thi gian,
cung cp cho ngi kim tra thng tin kch c v v tr ca ccf
thuc tnh phn x m
xung ban u
Ting di mt sau
Ting di
t qung
Nt
0 2 4 6 8 10 Tm kim loi
Bin son nmUT

2007: Nguyn Screen
Instrument c Thng, B mn Hn & Cng ngh kim loi H Bch khoa H Ni
Test Techniques Pulse-Echo

XUNG-DI (tip)
S hin th xung cho
thy tn hiu xut
pht t m phn x
mt sau.
S hin th xung cho thy

s hin din ca mt phn
x trong vt kim , vi bin
nh hn.
K thut xung - di cho php kim tra ch khi tip cn vi mt mt

ca vt kim v n cho php nh v cc mt phn x (do bt lin
tc) chnh xc.
Test Techniques Through-Transmission -

K THUT TRUYN QUA
S dng hai bin t t 2 pha i 11

din ca kim. Mt bin t ng vai
tr pht, bin t kia l thu. T R
Cc bt lin tc trn ng i ca m
thanh s gy nn s mt i mt phn
hay ton b nng lng truyn v hin T R
th bin tn hiu nhn c nh i. 2

S truyn qua rt hu ch cho vic d
tm cc bt lin tc khng c li cho cc
phn x v khi tn hiu yu i, n 11
khng cung cp thm cc thng tin
0 2 4 6 8 10
Test Techniques Through-Transmission -
K THUT TRUYN QUA (tip)
S hin th xung
cho thy m thu
c xuyn qua
mt lp vt liu
dy.
S hin th xung cho

thy s suy gim tn
hiu thu c l do
bt lin tc trong
trng m.
Test Techniques Normal and Angle Beam -

U D THNG V XIN
Khi kim tra bng u d thng, chm
m c a vo mu th mt gc 90o
so vi b mt.
Khi kim tra chm tia gc, chm m
c a vo mu th mt gc khng
phi l 90o.
Vic la chn gia vic kim tra bng
chm tia thng v chm tia gc thng
da vo:
- S nh hng c quan tm
chm tia phi c hng ti vic
to ra c tnh phn x ln nht
- Cc vt cn trn b mt chi tit phi
c lm trn.
Test Techniques Contact Vs Immersion - SO SNH

TIP XC VI NHNG
a nng lng m hu dng vo mtvt kim , khng kh gia

bin t v mu th nghim phi uc loi b. Phi s dung tip m
Khi kim tra tip xc ( c ch ra cc slide trc) mt cht lin
kt nh nc, du hoc gel c a vo gia bin t v chi tit.
Khi kim tra ngm nc, chi tit v bin t c t trong bn nc.
Vic ny cho php bin t chuyn ng tt hn trong khi duy tr s
lin kt chc chn.
Khi th nghim ngm nc, xung di t mt trc ca chi tit c
nhn thy trong tn hiu, mt khc gii on tn hiu li tng t cho
c hai phng php k thut.
1 2
IP
1 2 IP = xung y
FWE IP FWE = Xung di
FWE
mt trc
BWE BWE DE = Xung di t
DE khuyt tt
BWE = Xung di
mt sau
Ht 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
Inspection Applications - NG DNG

Mt s ng dng ca kim tra siu m:
D tm khuyt tt (nt, ln tp cht, r, v.v)
o chiu dy n mn v mi mn
Thm nh tnh trng lin kt ton vn trong cc kt cu
c kt ni bng keo dnh v hn vy
Tnh cc khong trng trong composite v nha
o chiu su cng ngui b mt ca thp
c tnh kch thc ht trong cc cu trc kim loi
Trn cc slide tip theo l cc v d v nhng ng dng

ph bin ca th nghim siu m.
Thickness Gauging O CHIU

DY
o chiu dy bng siu m
Cc ng dng bao gm
thng c s dng trong cc h thng ng dn,
cc ngnh ho du v cng cc iu kin bo qun
v cc ng p lc.
nghip xc nh cc xi
mn/n mn khc nhau.
Flaw Detection Delaminations

D TCH LP
Kim tra tip xc xung - di tm tch lp trn dm 90 mm.
Cc tn hiu cho thy xung di phc tp mt

sau ti khu vc khng b rn nt.
Cc xung di b sung cho thy s tch lp

trong vt kim.
Flaw Detection in Welds - KHUYT TT HN

Mt trong cc phng
php c s dng rng
ri nht kim tra kt
cu hn l siu m.
Chun b kim tra ngu
hon ton mi hn bng
chm tia gc vi sng
ngang.
Equipment - THIT B
Thit b dng cho th nghim siu m rt a
dng. S la chn thch hp l quan trng
trong vic m bo cho cc d liu c chnh
xc nh mong mun trong cc ng dng c
th.
Nhn chung, c 3 thnh phn c bn trong mt
h thng th nghim siu m:
- Dng c o c
- Cc u d
- Cc mu chun
Transducers - U D
Cc u d c ch to vi cc dng, cc th v kch c
phc v cho cc ng dng khc nhau.
Cc u d c phn loi theo mt s cch thc bao gm:
- Tip xc hoc ngm nc
- Phn t n hoc kp
- Chm tia thng hoc gc
Vic la chn u d cho
ng dng c th, quan
trng l chn tn s, chiu
rng, kch c v trong mt
s trng hp phi ti u
ho cc tiu ch.
Contact Transducers - U D
Cc u d tip xc c
thit k duy tr vic s
dng v thng c mt
tm chu mi mn trn mt
trnh cho phn t p
in khi s tip xc vi
b mt vt kim.
Nhiu thit k cng ngh
hp l d dng trong khi
qut dc theo b mt.
Contact Transducers - U D (tip)
Cc u d tip xc c sn 2 tinh
th p in trong mt v. Cc u
d ny c gi l u d kp.
Mt tinh th ng vai tr nh mt
my pht, tinh th kia nh mt my
thu.
S ghp ny ci thin c nh
hng ca trng gn do u d
th hai khng cn phi hon thnh
chc nng truyn pht trc khi
nhn xung di.
Cc u d kp thng c dng
o chiu dy vt mng.
(tip)
Mt cch ci thin nh hng ca
trng gn vi u d n l s
dng mt lp tr.
u d tr c mt ming nha lm
ng i ca m di ra gy ra mt
s tr hon v thi gian t lc pht
m thanh n khi thu nng lng
phn x.
Cc phn c th i cho nhau gip
c th nh cu hnh cho u d
nh cc np chu mn cch in
hoc cc mng do thch hp vi
cc b mt th rp.
Cc ng dng thng l o chiu
dy v cc php o nhit cao.
(tip)
Cc u d gc lp nm
dn sng ngang do b khc x
vo trong cht liu.
Gc nm ti c s dng
cng vi vn tc sng trong
vt nhm xc nh sng ngang
do b khc x theo nh lut
Snell.
Cc u d c th s dng
cc gc nm c nh hoc
thay i.
ng dng thng thng l
kim tra mi hn.
Transducers - U D (tip)
Cc u d nhng c thit
k truyn m khi u d v
vt kim c ngm trong mt
mi trng tip m bng cht
lng (thng l nc).
Cc u d nhng c sn
xut vi cc thu knh m
thanh hai chiu, hnh tr
hoc hnh cu (thu knh hi
t).
Instrumentation - DNG C
Cc thit b siu m thng c mua p ng
cc yu cu th nghim c th, mt vi ngi s
dng c th mua cc thit b vn nng tin hnh
mt s th nghim.
Cc thit b th nghim c phn theo mt s cch,
c th bao gm vic c th di chuyn hoc c nh,
tip xc hoc nhng, s dng th cng hoc t ng.
S phn loi b sung cc dng c thng chia
chng thnh bn loi chung: o kch thc, my d
khuyt tt, ng dng cng nghip v ng dng c
bit.
(tip)
Cc dng c o chiu
dy, kch thc bng k
thut s cung cp cho
ngi s dng s liu
(bng s).
Chng c thit k ch
yu dnh cho cc ng
dng th nghim s n
mn/mi
Mt mn.
s dng c cung cp cho ngi s dng c d liu s v
s hin th tn hiu. C th nhn thy thun li ca cc dng
c ny l chng cho php ngi s dng nh gi c tn
hiu nhm m bo cc php o k thut s l thuc cc c
tnh nh mong mun.
(tip)
Cc my d khuyt tt l cc
dng c c thit k ch
yu kim tra cc khuyt
tt ca cc chi tit.
Tuy nhin, tn hiu c th
c dng cho cc thng tin
khc nh cc gi tr dy
ca cht liu.
Gm c hin th tng t v
s.
Mang n cho ngi s
dng cc tu chn qut
ngang qua cng vo v
ngng bin .
Instrumentation - DNG C (tip)
Cc dng c d khuyt tt
cng nghip mang li cho
ngi s dng nhiu s
la chn hn cc my d
chun.
Cc b phn c th c
iu chnh cho php ngi
s dng lm dng c ny
thch ng vi cc nhu cu
c th ca h.
Nhn chung n khng th
di chuyn c nh cc
Bin sonmy d Nguyn
nm 2007: chun.
c Thng, B mn Hn & Cng ngh kim loi H Bch khoa H Ni
Instrumentation - DNG C (tip)

Cc h thng qut siu m
nhng c s dng cho
vic thu v v hnh cc d
liu t ng.
Chng hp nht vo trong
mt bnh ngm nc, thit
b o siu m, cu qut
hnh v cc cch iu chnh
my vi tnh.
mnh tn hiu v/hoc
thi gian bay ca tn hiu
c o mi im trong
th qut hnh.
Gi tr ca d liu c v
bng cch s dng cc
im
Bin son mu
nm 2007: hoc
Nguyn ccc m
Thng, B mn Hn & Cng ngh kim loi H Bch khoa H Ni
xm cho ra cc hnh nh
Images of a Quarter Produced With an Ultrasonic

Immersion Scanning System - NG XU 25 Cent
Hnh nh vng xm c to ra Hnh nh vng xm c to ra

bng cch s dng m di li bng cch s dng m di li mt
mt trc ca ng xu sau ca ng xu (c kim tra t
mt c hnh u ngi)
Calibration Standards - MU CHUN

Chun nh l nguyn cng nh cu hnh cho cc thit
b th nghim siu m bit c cc gi tr ca
chng. iu ny cung cp cho ngi kim tra mt cch
thc so snh cc tn hiu th nghim vi cc php o
bit.
Cc tiu chun v mu c p dng cho nhiu loi
cht liu v cc cu hnh khc nhau do s a dng ca
kim tra.
Cc tiu chun mu c sn xut c th t cc vt
liu vi cc thuc tnh m tng t nh vt liu ca vt
th nghim.
Cc slide tip theo a ra cc v d v cc loi tiu
chun c th
Calibration Standards - MU CHUN (tip)
Cc mu chun o dy c th
phng hoc cong kim tra ng
dn v h thng ng, bao gm
nhng bc n gin
ASTM Bin khong cch/b mt
Cc mu chun bin khong

cch/b mt tn dng cc l di
y bng hoc cc l khoan xc
nh kch thc phn x vi cc
thay i trn ng i ca m hnh
thnh b mt cng vo. NAVSHIPS
Calibration Standards - MU CHUN (tip)
Cng c th s dng cc mu IIW

chun trong cc ln kim tra
chm tia gc khi khuyt tt khng
song song vi b mt.
Cc mu chun ny s dng cc
l khoan cnh, cc khe rnh v DSC DC Rhompas
cu hnh hnh hc thit lp mi
lin h khong cch thi gian v
bin .
SC
ASME Pipe Sec. XI

Qualification Standards
TIU CHUN CHT LNG
Cc tiu chun v kh
DC-dB Accuracy
nng khc vi cc tiu AWS Resolution
chun mu m mc
ch s dng l s hot
ng ca cc thit b thch
hp v kh nng s dng
cc thit b i vi cc quy
tc v cc tiu chun c
th.
IOW Beam Profile
Data Presentation BIU DIN D LIU
Cc thng tin t vic kim tra siu m c th

c trnh by theo mt s cch thc khc
nhau.
Ba cch biu din tn hiu:
A-scan
B-scan
C-scan
Ba cch thc ny s c bn ti trong mt s

slide tip theo.
Data Presentation - A-scan -

BIU DIN DNG A-SCAN
Biu din A-scan th
Bin tn hiu
hin nng lng siu
m nhn c l hm
ca thi gian.
Kch thc bt lin
tc tng ng c Thi gian
c tnh bng cch
so snh bin tn
Bin tn hiu
hiu vi bin t
xung phn hi
su phn hi c
th c xc nh bi
v tr ca tn hiu trn
ng qut ngang.
Thi gian
Data Presentation - B-scan -

BIU DIN DNG B-SCAN
Biu din dng B-scan
hin th bin dng mt
ct ngang ca mu th
nghim.
Ch c chiu su ca
khuyt tt trong tit din
v kch thc chiu di
l c th xc nh
Hn ch i vi k thut
trnh by ny l cc
khuyt tt c th b che
khut bi cc khuyt tt
ln hn gn vi b mt.
Data Presentation - C-scan -

BIU DIN DNG C-SCAN
Biu din dng C-scan hin th s phc ho ca vt kim v bt lin
tc, khng bit su v hng khuyt tt.
Biu din C-scan c thc hin cng vi h thng thu d liu t ng,
nh trong qut hnh ngm nc.
Vic s dng A-scan kt hp vi C-scan l cn thit khi mun xc nh
su.
nh thnh phn hn hp nh C-Scan cc

thuc tnh bn trong
Advantage of Ultrasonic Testing U IM
Nhy vi vic pht hin bt lin tc nh b mt v bn trong.

Kh nng xuyn su i vi vic d khuyt tt hoc o c tt hn cc
phng php khc.
Ch cn tip cn mt mt khi k thut xung - di c s dng.
chnh xc cao khi xc nh v tr v c tnh kch thc, hnh dng
khuyt tt.
chun b cng vic t.
Thit b in t cho cc kt qu tc thi.
Cc hnh nh chi tit c th c to ra vi cc h thng t ng.
Cc s dng khc nh php o dy, b sung cho s d khuyt tt
Limitations of Ultrasonic Testing - HN CH
B mt phi nhn c th truyn siu m

Cn k nng v o to su rng hn so vi cc phng php khc
Thng cn mi trng tip m thc y s truyn nng lng m vo
vt kim.
Kh kim tra cc b mt th nhm, c hnh dng khng u, qu nh,
mng v khng ng nht.
Kh kim tra gang v cc vt liu dng ht th do s truyn dn thp v
nhiu cao.
Chiu di khuyt tt hng song song vi chm tia c th khng tm c.
Yu cu c cc tham chiu cho c vic chun nh thit b v c trng
khuyt tt.

Cc thuc tnh m thanh: cc c tnh vt liu siu m nh vn tc,
m tr v s suy gim
ASTM: cc ch ci u ca Hi Th nghim Vt liu Hoa K. Hi
ny tham gia nhiu vo vic thit lp cc tiu chun vt liu v th
nghim vt liu.
Phn x pha sau: mt tn hiu hin th tng ng n b mt xa
cavt ki, mt i din vi u d khi th nghim vi cc sng dc.
rng ca di bng : phm vi tn s, pht hoc thu, c th l phm
vi hp hoc rng.
B-scan: k thut biu din tn hiu trong khi xem mt ct ngang.

Chun nh: trnh t kim tra cc dng c/iu ch dng c
bng cch s dng cc gi tr bit kim tra cc tnh
nng hot ng ca dng c. Cho php xc nh s lng
cha bit t cc vt liu th nghim.
CRT: cc ch ci u ca cm t ng tia in t. ng chn
khng s dng mt hoc nhiu sng in t to ra hnh
nh.
C-scan: k thut biu din tn hiu vt mu trong khi xem
phc ho.
DAC (cc ng cong hiu chnh Bin - Khong cch): mt
phng php ho cho php suy gim vt liu. T l phn
trm DAC thng c s dng nh mt phng tin ca
cc tiu chun chp nhn.
Bt lin tc: gin on trong cu trc vt l ca vt liu, v d
c cc vt nt, x v r.

IIW: mu chun p ng bn ghi chi tit k thut ca Vin Hn
Quc t.
Sng dc (nn): Phng thc truyn siu m m s
chuyn ng ca phn t song song vi hng truyn i.
S phn gii b mt gn: mt h thng siu m c kh nng hin
th cc khuyt tt gn vi b mt tip xc.
Xung di: phng php kim tra siu m dng m phn x nh
mt phng tin thu thp cc d liu kim tra.
Sng Rayleigh (b mt): phng thc truyn siu m m
m thanh di chuyn dc theo b mt, phn t chuyn ng
theo hnh elip.

S phn x: s i hng ca cc sng m khi chng p vo
b mt phn cch.
nh lut Snell: phng trnh cc t l, thng xc nh gc ti
hoc gc khc x ca m thanh, biu th mi lin h gc/vn
tc.
Hin th hnh qut: ng nm ngang phn hin th di
thng c gi l ng thi gian c bn.
S truyn qua: k thut th nghim m qua sng siu m
c pht t mt bin t v thu bi mt bin t ring bit
mt i din vt kim.
Bc sng: khong cch m mt sng m di chuyn sau mt
chu k, thng thng c o bng inch hoc milimt.
For More Information

Hi cng tc gio dc NDT
www.ndt-ed.org
B mn Hn v CNKL -
trng HBK H Ni
T: (04)8692204
Hi th nghim khng ph hu mu
Hoa K
www.asnt.org

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D N GIO DC K THUT DY NGH ADB 1655-VIE

KIM TRA CHT LNG HN

1. Khi nim chung v cht lng hn

1.2.1. Xem xt cc ti liu thit k - la chn cc kt cu v cng ngh g lp - hn;

di gip mi qu nhiu hoc qu t; khe h khng u; cc mp ni khng trng nhau;

Hnh dng mi hn khng ng lm mi hn tch khi vt liu c bn, g gh

2.2.1. Rnh ct l ch kim loi c bn b lm xung nm dc theo mp hn do kim loi

Nguyn nhn ca chy loang v lng ng:

V tr khng gian ca mi hn.

Trong lin kt hn c mt cc khuyt tt khc gy tp trung ng sut.

Theo tit din r c th nm phn c bn, theo ng hp kim ha ca kim loi

Lm sch g, sn, du m cha tt.

2.3.5. Khng ngu l nhng bt

Phn tn hoc thi lch h quang di nh hng ca t trng, nht l khi

2.4.2. Khuyt tt bn trong:

Khng ngu (h.14NM) khng c vng c chy ha ln lin kt cc phn t kt cu hn;

Cc khuyt tt in hnh ca lin kt hn vy

S to thnh cc r nh, k c khng ngu c th lm thot kh c trong vy hn v

Tnh cht ca Do hay gin. C khuynh hng to thnh nt. Kh nng

i vi khuyt tt khi ti trng ng l h s tp trung hiu qu - t s gii hn mi

Khng ngu nh gn b mt kim loi c bn lm gim mnh gii hn mi.

nhau vi khong cch nh hn ng knh), r tp trung (xp co) thng km vi

3.5. nh hng ca mng oxide, ln x v ln volfram

Trong trng hp chu ti trng tnh, khi bn ca mi hn thp hn bn kim

hn nn vic a ra kt lun v bn tnh ca im hn khi chu ct khng ng tin

Trong a s mu th c kim loi te trong, nt mi pht trin ti ni nhn hn

CHNG II KIM TRA QU TRNH CNG NGH

1. Kim tra cc yu t cng ngh

Khi la chn vt liu v bt u cng ngh hn, tc l chun b sn xut trong

c hot tnh cao cn phi kim tra mu sc v ln vng chy mu.

Khi quan st ngoi dng, b mt vt kim cn phi sng v tm nhn phi

2. Ch c th th c trn mt s phm no trong nhm, thm ch

2.4 . nh gi nhy ca cc phng php KTKPH

nhy gii hn c trng cho cc kch thc (gii hn) nh nht ca m

CHNG III KIM TRA PH HY

cht cng tn ca kim loi c bn v c nh gi bng xc sut to ra r, x, nt

xuyn tm. 130

Nu trc khi hn nung nng n 100 oC 150 oC mi hn ri cho ngui

Lot mu hn khi th chu bin dng vi tc tng dn (h.9.2 KSS)

hng nhit c dng lm ch tiu nh lng sc bn kim loi. Sau khi ly mu

phn mu th do phn b nhit khng u khi nung nng v cng khng ln

Ch tiu nh lng ca sc bn chng li s to thnh nt l chiu su rnh x b

Chiu dy kim Kch thc mu (mm)

Nhm mc ch xc nh do ca mi hn gip mi. Php th c tin

Ph hy do gin c mc bin dng

Nhit thp nht, ti mu c t chc dng th.

biu th mc thin tch lu hunh trong kim loi c bn v mi hn ngi ta

Cc phng php c bn nh gi tnh chng n mn:

CHNG IV KIM TRA R R (LEAK TESTING)

I. Khi nim chung

r r cng l do hn thiu. Kim tra kn i vi cc lin kt hn vy ca cc sn

Nu cc kt cu t ong ng vai tr nh vch ngn kn, th d c kh nng r ch

i vi cht kh nht khng ph thuc vo p sut, nhng ph thuc vo nhit

hoc vi thnh mch r. Tc ng tng h gia cc phn t dn n s xut hin

IV.1. Th bng p sut thy lc

Gi p sut d trong vt kim khong 5 6 pht theo cc iu kin k thut xc

Cc lin kt hn gip mi, ch T, hn gc chu kim tra bng du ha th khng c

Xc nh ln v v tr mch r bng ch bi cht to bt ln b mt ngoi ca vt

Kch thc vt kim khng ln c th nhng chm vo cht lng. u tin a kh

gi tr theo iu kin k thut. Ty theo yu cu v kn ca lin kt m p sut

th bn, cc cht kim c a vo vt kim n p sut vt qua p sut lm

Thc cht ca phng php nh sau (h.136a.NM): Vt kim 3 kn c bm 1 ht

Dng ion ca diode

Kch thc khun kh (mm):