LI CAM OAN

Em xin cam oan ni dung ca n ny khng phi l bn sao chp ca bt c

n hoc cng trnh c t trc; v sinh vin k tn bn di cam oan ny.
Nng, ngy 22 thng 05 nm 2015.
Sinh vin thc hin
K tn

Nguyn Hu Hng

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 MC LC
LI CAM OAN......................................................................................................1

DANH MC HNH NH.........................................................................................5

DANH MC BNG BIU.......................................................................................8

MC CC T VIT TT........................................................................................9

LI M U.........................................................................................................11

CHNG 1............................................................................................................. 15

TNG QUAN V CNG NGH CDMA..............................................................15

1.1 Gii thiu...........................................................................................................15

1.2 K thut tri ph................................................................................................15

1.2.1 K thut tri ph dy trc tip (DS/SS)..........................................................17

1.2.2 Tri ph nhy tn (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum).............................19

1.2.3 Tri ph nhy thi gian (Time Hopped Spread Spectrum)..............................23

1.2.4 Cc c tnh ca cng ngh CDMA..............................................................23

1.2.4.1 S a dng phn tp trong CDMA...............................................................23

1.2.4.2. iu khin cng sut CDMA......................................................................24

1.2.4.3 Cng sut pht thp.....................................................................................24

1.2.4.4 Chuyn giao (handoff) CDMA................................................................25

1.2.4.5 Gi tr Eb/No thp v chng li...................................................................26

Kt lun chng......................................................................................................27

CHNG 2............................................................................................................. 28

MULTICARRIER CDMA.......................................................................................28

2.1 MCCDMA (Multicarrier CDMA)....................................................................29

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2.1.1 Cu trc tn hiu.............................................................................................29

2.2 MC DS CDMA..............................................................................................32

2.3 Cc chui m cn bn........................................................................................36

2.3.1 Chui PN........................................................................................................36

2.3.1.1 M-sequences...............................................................................................37

2.3.1.2 Chui Gold..................................................................................................39

2.3.1.3 Wash Hadarmard.......................................................................................40

2.3.1.4 M Kasami..................................................................................................41

2.4 Cc k thut d tm d liu................................................................................44

2.4.1 K thut d tm d liu n USER.................................................................45

2.4.1.1 Phng php kt hp li bng nhau EGC (Equal Gain Combining).......45

2.4.1.2 Phng php kt hp t s cc i (Maximal Ratio Combining)................45

2.4.1.3 Phng php kt hp sai s trung bnh bnh phng ti thiu (Minimum
Mean Square Error Combining)..............................................................................46

2.4.2 K thut d tm d liu a user (Multiuser Detection)...................................47

2.4.2.1. D tm ti u MLSE...................................................................................48

2.4.2.2. Cn ti u...................................................................................................49

2.4.2.2.1. Tuyn tnh................................................................................................49

2.4.2.2.2 Khng tuyn tnh......................................................................................50

2.5 u v nhc im ca h thng MC-CDMA...................................................53

2.5.1 u im.........................................................................................................53
2.5.2 Nhc im...................................................................................................53
Kt lun chng......................................................................................................56

CHNG 3............................................................................................................. 57

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H THNG MC-MC-CDMA.................................................................................57

3.1 H thng Multi-Code CDMA............................................................................58

3.2 H thng MCMC CDMA..................................................................................63

Kt lun chng......................................................................................................67

CHNG 4............................................................................................................. 68

MT S KT QU M PHNG..........................................................................68

4.1 M phng h thng MTC MC CDMA..............................................................68

4.2 So snh h thng Mutilcode-MC-CDMA vi h thng Multicode CDMA trong

mi trng nhiu trng AWGN...............................................................................69

4.3 So snh h thng Mutilcode-MC-CDMA vi h thng Multicode CDMA trong

mi trng nhiu trng AWGN...............................................................................72

4.4 So snh h thng Mutilcode-MC-CDMA vi h thng Multicode CDMA c v

khng c iu khin thch nghi................................................................................76

4.5 So snh h thng Mutilcode-MC-CDMA nhiu tp m M khc nhau vi h

thng Multicode CDMA..........................................................................................79

Kt lun chng......................................................................................................81

KT LUN VA HNG PHT TRIN TAI..................................................82

Phn ph lc............................................................................................................84

TAI LIU THAM KHO.......................................................................................85

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 DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh 1.1 H thng thng tin tri ph.......................................................................16

Hnh 1.2 Tn hiu tri ph........................................................................................18

Hnh 1.3 Qu trnh tri ph......................................................................................18

Hnh 1.4 My pht DS-SS.......................................................................................18

Hnh 1.5 My thu DS-SS.........................................................................................19

Hnh 1.6 K thut tri ph nhy tn.........................................................................20

Hnh 1.7 My pht FH-SS.......................................................................................21

Hnh 1.8 My thu FH-SS.........................................................................................21

Hnh 1.9 Nhy tn nhanh.........................................................................................22

Hnh 1.10 Nhy tn chm........................................................................................22

Hnh 1.11 Tri ph nhy thi gian...........................................................................23

Hnh 1.12 Chuyn giao mm v chuyn giao cng trong CDMA...........................25

Hnh 2.1 S kt hp gia CDMA v OFDM...........................................................28

Hnh 2.2 S b pht h thng MC-CDMA.........................................................29

Hnh 2.3 S b thu h thng MC-CDMA...........................................................30

Hnh 2.4 Tn hi u MC-CDMA cho m t user...........................................................30

Hnh 2.5 S b pht MC-CDMA ci tin...........................................................31

Hnh 2.6 S b pht MC-DS-CDMA.................................................................32

Hnh 2.7 S b thu MC-DS-CDMA...................................................................33

Hnh 2.8 Tn hiu MC DS CDMA cho mt user..................................................33

Hnh 2.9 S b pht h thng MT CDMA..........................................................34

Hnh 2.10 S b thu h thng MT CDMA.........................................................35

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Hnh 2.11 S tng qut h thng MC CDMA v MCDSCDMA....................35

Hnh 2.12 Mch thanh ghi dch c s hai................................................................37

Hnh 2.13 c tnh t tng quan ca chui 1 + x2 + x5 c chiu di 124.............38

Hnh 2.14 c tnh tng quan ca chui Mseq L 2 7 1 127 ............................38

Hnh 2.15 c tnh tng quan ca chui Gold L 2 7 1 127 ...............................40

Hnh 2.16 c tnh tng quan ca chui Hadamard L=128.................................41

Hnh 2.17 M hnh to chui Kasami c n = 6........................................................43

Hnh 2.18 c tnh tng quan ca chui Kasami L 2 8 1 .................................43

Hnh 2.19 S k thut d tm d liu a user.....................................................47

Hnh 2.20 S khi d tm d liu a user tuyn tnh..........................................49

Hnh 2.21 Cu trc tng qut cho K-user, m giai on PIC...................................51

Hnh 3.1 S khi b pht Multicode CDMA kiu truyn song song..................58

Hnh 3.2 S khi b thu Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn song song....................59

Hnh 3.3 M hnh b pht v b thu h thng Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn M-ary
................................................................................................................................. 60

Hnh 3.4 M hnh Mutilcode CDMA tng qut.......................................................62

Hnh 3.5 S to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA..................................................64

Hnh 3.6 S rt gn cho s to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA.....................65

Hnh 3.7 S to tn hiu ri rc MMC-MC-CDMA................................................66

Hnh 4.1 Mutilcode CDMA trong mi trng nhiu trng AWGN..........................69

Hnh 4.2 Mutilcode MC-CDMA trong mi trng nhiu trng AWGN..................70

Hnh 4.3 H thng Mutilcode CDMA trong mi trng Fading Rayleigh..............72

Hnh 4.4 MTC-MC-CDMA trong mi trng fading Rayleigh...............................73

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Hnh 4.5 H thng Mutilcode CDMA c v khng c iu khin thch nghi..........76

Hnh 4.6 H thng Mutilcode CDMA c v khng c iu khin thch nghi..........77

Hnh 4.7 H thng Mutilcode MC-CDMA vi cc tp m M khc nhau.................79

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 DANH MC BNG BIU

Trang
Bng 1.1 So snh cc k thut tri ph trong CDMA..........................................................13
Bng 2.1 Mt s cp chui M a chung............................................................................25
Bng 2.2 Nhng thun li v hn ch ca MCCDMA v MCDSCDMA.....................38
Bng 2.3 Nhng c trng chnh ca MC-CDMA v MC-DS-CDMA...............................38
Bng 4.1 Cc thng s m phng........................................................................................50

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 MC CC T VIT TT
A/D Analog-to-Digital Tng t sang s
AGC Automatic Gain Control iu khin bin t ng
CDMA Code Division MultipleAccess a truy cp phn chia theo m
CP Cycle Prefix Tin t lp
D/A Digital-to-Analog S sang tng t
DS-CDMA Direct Sequences CDMA Tri ph trc tip CDMA
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia tn s
FH-CDMA Frequency Hopping CDMA Tri ph nhy tn
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Dch v v tuyn gi tng hp
IC Interference Cancellation Hy b s can nhiu
ICI Inter-Channel Interference Nhiu lin sng mang
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference Nhiu lin k t
MAI Multiple Access Interference Can nhiu a truy cp
MC-CDMA Multicarrier CDMA H thng CDMA a sng mang
MC- MC CDMA Multi Code Multicarrier CDMA H thng CDMA a sng mang
kt hp a m
MT-CDMA Multitone CDMA
MC-DS-CDMA Multicarrier Direct Squence CDMA
MLSE Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation D tm ti u
MLD Maximum Likelihood Detection B tch hp l cc i
MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error Sai s bnh phng ti
thiu
MUD Multiuser Detection K thut d tm a ngi dng
MRC Maximum Ratio Combining Kt hp t s cc i
MC-SS Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum Tri ph a sng mang
ME Mobile Equipment Thit b di ng
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s trc giao

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PN Pseudo Noise
PIC Parallel Interference Cancellation Trit can nhiu song song
PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio T s cng sut nh trn trung bnh
SIC Successive Interference Cancellation Trit can nhiu ni tip
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia thi gian
W-CDMA Wideband CDMA H thng CDMA bng rng
ZF Zero Forcing B cn bng cng bc zero

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 LI M U
I. Li ni u
Trong x hi hin i ngy nay, nhu cu trao i thng tin l nhu cu thit
yu. Cc h thng thng tin di ng ra i to cho con ngi kh nng thng tin
mi lc, mi ni. Nhu cu ny cng ln nn s lng khch hng s dng thng tin
di ng ngy cng tng, cc mng thng tin di ng v th c m rng. Chnh v
vy, cn c bin php tng dung lng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng hin c.
H thng CDMA ra i v chng t c kh nng h tr nhiu ngi dng.
Hn na, so vi hai phng php a truy nhp truyn thng FDMA v TDMA th
phng php a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) c nhng c im ni tri:
chng nhiu a ng, c tnh bo mt cao, h tr truyn d liu vi tc khc
nhauTuy nhin, trong tng lai, nhu cu v cc dch v s ngy cng tng, mng
thng tin di ng khng ch p ng nhu cu va i va ni chuyn m cn phi
cung cp cho ngi dng cc dch v a dng khc nh truyn d liu, hnh nh v
video.Chnh v vy, vn dung lng v tc cn phi c quan tm.
p ng nhu cu cng cao ca ngi dng tng v k thut MC-
CDMA ra i, da trn s kt hp ca CDMA v OFDM. MC-CDMA k tha tt
c nhng u im ca CDMA v OFDM: tc truyn cao, tnh bn vng vi
fading la chn tn s, s dng bng thng hiu qu, tnh bo mt cao v gim
phc tp ca h thng.
Ngoi ra cn ng dng k thut mutilcode cdma vo cng ngh MC-CDMA
nhm tng thm dung lng ca ngi dng truyn trong cc knh fading a
ng c hiu qu hn.

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II. Ly do chon tai
Trong nhng h thng thng tin di ng tng lai, vic truyn mt d liu
tc cao di mi trng c fading chn lc tn s c yu cu khc khe, c
bit l ng ln (downlink). Gn y, k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao (OFDM) ha hn s l k thut chnh trong vic thc hin yu cu v
truyn d liu dung lng tc cao v cho hiu qu v ph trong h thng thng
tin khng dy (wireless).
S kt hp gia k thut a sng mang (multicarrier-MC) v h thng a
truy cp phn chia theo m (CDMA) c gi l MC-CDMA. K thut MC-CDMA
c th truyn trong knh Rayleigh fading v AWGN. Trong MC-CDMA, ngun d
liu tc cao c chuyn thnh lung d liu tc thp vi ph rng hn bng
cch s dng chui trc giao Walsh Hadamard v m ngu nhin.
Mt h thng mi a truy cp phn chia theo m, a m, a sng mang (MC-
MC-CDMA) c xut v phn tch trong mt knh fading la chn tn s.
Bng cch cho php mi ngi s dng truyn mt chui m theo mng, h thng
MC-MC CDMA c xut c th h tr nhng tc d liu khc nhau, theo
yu cu ca nhng chun th h k tip, v t c li tri ph trong c min
thi gian v min tn s, tc li bit (BER) ca h thng c phn tch trong
knh fading chn lc tn s, vi nhiu Gauss v can nhiu a truy cp. nh gi
hiu qu ca h thng MC-MC-CDMA c tt hn h thng n m a sng mang
(MC-CDMA) v n sng mang a m (CDMA) trong mt bng thng c nh th
cn phi tm hiu.
V v y, n ny tin hnh nghin cu ti H THNG MULTICODE
MULTICARRIER CDMA.
III. Muc tiu cua tai
n ny trnh by v cng ngh CDMA, k thu t OFDM v cch ng
dng k thu t OFDM vo trong CDMA, vic kt hp OFDM (a sng mang MC)+
CDMA to thnh MC-CDMA gip p ng c cc dch v v video, data,

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image gip lm tng hiu tng tc , p ng nhiu loi dch v v p ng
yu cu ca nhiu ngi dng. Ngoi ra cn ng dng multi code vo h thng MC-
CDMA nhm tng thm dung lng ca ngi dng truyn trong cc knh
fading a ng c hiu qu hn.
IV. i tng cn tm hiu
- L thuyt v k thut CDMA, OFDM, MC CDMA, Multicode MC-
CDMA, knh truyn, cc loi nhiu, cc phng php tch sng.
- Chng trnh m phng MATLAB.

V. Gii hn tai
- Vic tm hiu h thng MC-CDMA cng ch dng li l thuyt, khng c
s liu thc t v h thng thng tin di ng trong nc cng ch mi bt u trin
khai h thng thng tin di ng th h th 3 (3G) nn vic nghin cu gia l thuyt
v thc tin cn mt khong cch kh xa.
- M phng h thng MC-CDMA, MC-MC-CDMA, nhn xt v nh gi h
thng thng qua cc ng th BER. M phng h thng Multicode multicarier
CDMA.

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VI. B cuc an
Chng 1: Trnh by v h thng CDMA cng nh m t s gii php hn ch
s tc ng ca nhiu a truy c p thng qua k thu t d tm a user trong h
thng DS-CDMA.
Chng 2: Tm hiu h thng MC-CDMA, trong chng ny s l gii v sao
cc h thng a sng mang c th hn ch s tc ng ca fading a ng. i vi
cc h thng c nhiu ngi dng th nhiu a truy nhp l khng th trnh khi v
vy bn cnh cc k thut d tm n user th cc k thut d tm a user cho cc h
thng a sng mang cng c cp trong chng ny.
Chng 3: Tm hiu v h thng Multicode MC-CDMA, trnh by v cc h
thng Multicode, hai k thut Multicode c vn dng vo DS-CDMA cng c
vn dng vo MC-CDMA to cho cc h thng ny kh nng cung cp nhiu tc
khc nhau. Bn cnh nng cao cht lng cho cc h thng ny ngoi cc k
thut d tm n user th cc k thut d tm a user cng c xem xt.
Chng 4: L s m phng, nhn xt v nh gi cc h thng thng qua cc
ng th BER. Chng trnh m phng c thc hin bng ngn ng
MATLAB 7.2 (R2006a).

14
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

CHNG 1

TNG QUAN V CNG NGH CDMA

1.1 Gii thiu

L thuyt v CDMA c xy dng t nhng nm 1950 v c p dng

trong thng tin qun s t nhng nm 1960. Cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh
bn dn v l thuyt thng tin trong nhng nm 1980, CDMA dn dn c thng
mi ha.
Trong CDMA, mi ngi dng c gn mt chui m duy nht, chui m
ny c dng m ha tn hiu mang tin tc. Ti b thu, khi bit c chui m
ca ngi dng, b thu c th gii m tn hiu nhn c v khi phc li d liu
ban u. iu ny c th thc hin c l nh vo s tng quan cho gia cc
m ca nhng ngi dng khc nhau l rt nh. Do tn hiu m ha c chn c
bng thng ln hn rt nhiu so vi tn hiu mang tin tc nn qu trnh m ha s
m rng ph ca tn hiu. Tn hiu sau khi m ha thng c gi l tn hiu ph
tri rng (spread spectrum signal) v CDMA cng thng c hiu nh l k
thut a truy nhp ph tri rng (spread spectrum multiple acces).

1.2 K thut tri ph

Tri ph lm cho tn hiu c pht ging nh tp m i vi cc my thu

khng mong mun, lm cho cc my thu ny kh khn trong vic tch v ly ra
c bn tin. bin i bn tin thnh tn hiu ta tp m, ta s dng m ngu
nhin m ho bn tin. Tuy nhin, my thu ch nh phi bit m ny c th to
ra bn sao m ny mt cch chnh xc, ng b vi m c pht v ly ra bn tin.
V vy ta phi s dng m gi ngu nhin. M ny phi c thit k c
rng bng tn ln hn nhiu so vi rng bng tn ca bn tin. Bn tin c
m ha sao cho tn hiu sau khi m ho c rng ph gn bng rng ph ca
tn hiu gi ngu nhin. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh tri ph. my thu

15
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

thc hin qu trnh nn ph tn hiu thu c tr li rng ph bng rng

ph ban u ca bn tin.
Mt h thng thng tin c xem l tri ph khi tha 2 iu kin:
+ Bng thng tn hiu tri ph ln hn rt nhiu so vi bng thng tn
hiu thng tin.
+ M dng tri ph c lp vi tn hiu thng tin.
Hnh v 1.1 minh ha m t h thng thng tin tri ph, trong i(t) l tn
hi u tin tc c tc d li u lRi v bng thng Bi , c(t) l chui tri ph c tc

k hi u l Rc , cn gi l tc chip. T s bng thng BS ca tn hi u tri ph so

vi bng thng tin tc Bi c nh nghia l li x l:

B
GS S (2.1)
Bi

Hnh 1.1 H thng thng tin tri ph

u im ca k thut thng tin tri ph:
+ Kh nng a truy cp: Cho php nhiu ngi dng cng hot ng trn
mt di tn, trong cng mt khong thi gian m my thu vn tch ring c tn
hiu cn thu. l do mi ngi dng c cp mt m tri ph ring bit, khi
my thu nhn c tn hiu t nhiu ngi dng, n tin hnh gii m v tch ra tn
hiu mong mun.

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Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

+ Tnh bo mt thng tin cao: Mt ph cng sut ca tn hiu tri ph rt

thp, gn nh mc nhiu nn. Do , cc my thu khng mong mun kh pht hin
c s tn ti ca tin tc ang c truyn i trn nn nhiu. Ch my thu bit
c chnh xc quy lut ca chui gi ngu nhin m my pht s dng mi c th
thu nhn c tin tc.
+ Bo v chng nhiu a ng: Nhiu a ng l kt qu ca s phn x,
tn x, nhiu x ca tn hiu trn knh truyn v tuyn. Cc tn hiu c truyn
theo cc ng khc nhau ny u l bn sao ca tn hiu pht i nhng b suy
hao v bin v b tr so vi tn hiu c truyn thng (Line of Sight). V vy tn
hiu thu c my thu b sai lch, khng ging tn hiu pht i. S dng k
thut tri ph c th trnh c nhiu a ng khi tn hiu tri ph s dng tt tnh
cht t tng quan ca n.

1.2.1 K thut tri ph dy trc tip (DS/SS)

Mi bit d liu c biu din bng chui nhiu chip (tc chip ln hn
nhiu ln so vi tc bit). M tri ph lm ph tn hiu rng ra t l so vi s chip
c dng. Mt phng php c th dng tri ph chui trc tip. Kt hp d
liu vi m tri ph bng mch XOR. Bit 1 s lm o cc tnh m tri ph. Bit 0
khng lm thay i.
Mi user s dng mt m tri ph ring cc m tri ph c s tng quan
cho rt thp.

17
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

Hnh 1.2 Tn hiu tri ph

Hnh 1.3 Qua trnh tri ph

Hnh 1.4 May phat DS-SS

18
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

Hnh 1.5 May thu DS-SS

u im
- C th thc hin a truy cp m khng cn ng b gia cc my pht.
- Vic to ra cc tn hiu m ha tng i n gin do ch cn s dng cc b
nhn.
Nhc im
- Cp my pht-thu phi c ng b chip, sai s ng b phi nh hn chu
k chip (Tchip)
- Cc my pht gn my thu c th gy nhiu v lm sai lch tn hiu t cc
my pht xa (hiu ng gn-xa).

1.2.2 Tri ph nhy tn (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)

Tn hiu c pht i trn mt dy cc tn s dng nh l thay i ngu

nhin. V pha my thu cng thay i lin tc gia cc tn s theo th t nh pha
my pht. Nhng my thu trm kh c th thu c ng thng tin,vic thu trm
tn s no ch nh hng n vi bit d liu. Thng dng L trng thi nhy tn
s (L= 2^N -1 vi N l chiu di chui m). Mi knh pht trong mt khong thi
gian xc nh theo IEEE 802.11 l 300ms. Chui tn s c qui nh bi mt m
tri ph.

19
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

Hnh 1.6 K thut tri ph nhy tn

20
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

Hnh 1.7 May phat FH-SS

Hnh 1.8 May thu FH-SS

Trong h thng tri ph nhy tn, c sau khong thi gian T H tn s sng
mang li nhy sang mt tn s khc. Tc nhy tn c th nhanh hoc chm hn
so vi tc bit Tb ca tn hiu thng tin.
Nu fH fb : Trong khi my pht pht mt bit d liu, c t nht mt ln nhy
tn s v h thng ny c gi l nhy tn nhanh.

21
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

Hnh 1.9 Nhy tn nhanh

Nu fH < fb : Sau mi ln nhy tn, my pht pht lin tip mt s bit trc
khi nhy sang mt tn s khc v h thng c gi l nhy tn chm.

Hnh 1.10 Nhy tn chm

u im :
D ng b hn h thng dng k thut DS SS do h thng FH SS chp
nhn sai s ng b trong khong thi gian TH >> Tchip trong h thng DS SS.
Xc sut nhiu ngi dng cng truyn trn mt tn s ti mt thi im l
rt nh. V vy c th trnh c hiu ng gn xa do cc ngi dng gn trm
gc v xa trm gc c th ang pht cc tn s khc nhau.
H thng FH SS c th s dng bng thng rng hn nn kh nng trit
nhiu bng hp tt hn h thng DS SS.

22
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

Nhc im :
t c s tn s nhiu ( li x l cao) l vn ht sc kh khn.
l vn thit k b tng hp tn s.
S thay i t ngt tn s ca tn hiu khi nhy tn dn n vic tng bng
tn s dng.

1.2.3 Tri ph nhy thi gian (Time Hopped Spread Spectrum)

Trc thi gian c chia thnh cc khung (frame). Mi khung li c chia

thnh k khe thi gian (slot). Trong mt khung, ty theo m ca tng ngi dng m
n s s dng mt trong k khe thi gian ca khung. Tn hiu c truyn trong mi
khe c tc gp k ln so vi trng hp tn hiu truyn trong ton b khung
nhng tn s cn thit truyn tng gp k ln.

Hnh 1.11 Tri ph nhy thi gian

1.2.4 Cac c tnh cua cng ngh CDMA

1.2.4.1 S a dng phn tp trong CDMA

Trong h thng iu ch bng hp nh iu ch FM analog s dng trong h

thng in thoi t ong th h u tin th tnh a ng to nn nhiu fading
nghim trng. Tnh nghim trng ca vn fading a ng c gim i trong
iu ch CDMA bng rng v cc tn hiu qua cc ng khc nhau c thu nhn
mt cch c lp. Fading a ng khng th loi tr hon ton c v vi cc

23
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

hin tng fading a ng xy ra lin tc. Do b gii iu ch khng th x l

tn hiu thu mt cch c lp c.

1.2.4.2. iu khin cng sut CDMA

cc h thng thng tin di ng t ong CDMA, cc my di ng u pht

chung mt tn s cng mt thi gian nn chng gy nhiu ng knh vi nhau.
Cht lng truyn dn ca ng truyn v tuyn i vi tng ngi s dng trong
mi trng a ngi s dng ph thuc vo t s Eb/No, trong Eb l nng lng
bit cn No l mt tp m trng GAUSS cng bao gm t tp m v tp m quy
i t my pht ca ngi s dng khc. m bo t s Eb/No khng i v ln
hn ngng yu cu cn iu khin cng sut ca cc my pht ca ngi s dng
theo khong cch ca n vi trm gc. Nu cc h thng FDMA v TDMA vic
iu khin cng sut khng nh hng n dung lng th h thng CDMA vic
iu khin cng sut l bt buc v iu khin cng sut phi nhanh nu khng
dung lng h thng s gim.
1.2.4.3 Cng sut phat thp

Vic gim t s Eb/No (tng ng vi t s tn hiu/nhiu) chp nhn c

khng ch lm tng dung lng h thng m cn lm gim cng sut pht yu cu
khc phc tp m v giao thoa. Vic gim ny nghia l gim cng sut pht yu
cu i vi my di ng. N lm gim gi thnh v cho php hot ng trong cc
vng rng ln hn vi cng sut thp khi so vi cc h thng analog hoc TDMA
c cng sut tng t. Hn na, vic gim cng sut pht yu cu s lm tng vng
phc v v lm gim s lng BTS yu cu khi so vi cc h thng khc.
Mt tin b ln hn ca vic iu khin cng sut trong h thng CDMA l
lm gim cng sut pht trung bnh. Trong a s trng hp th mi trng truyn
dn l thun li i vi CDMA. Trong cc h thng bng hp th cng sut pht cao
lun lun c yu cu khc phc fading to ra theo thi gian. Trong h thng
CDMA th cng sut trung bnh c th gim bi v cng sut yu cu ch pht i khi c
iu khin cng sut v cng sut pht ch tng khi c fading.

24
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

1.2.4.4 Chuyn giao (handoff) CDMA

cc h thng thng tin di ng t ong, chuyn giao xy ra khi trm di ng

ang lm cc th tc thm nhp mng hoc ang c cuc gi. Mc ch ca chuyn
giao l m bo cht lng truyn dn ng truyn khi mt trm di ng ri xa
trm gc ang phc v n. Khi , n phi chuyn lu lng sang mt trm gc
mi hay mt knh mi. CDMA tn ti hai loi chuyn giao l chuyn giao mm
(Soft Handoff) v chuyn giao cng (Hard Handoff).
Chuyn giao gia cc hay chuyn giao mm (Soft Handoff).
Chuyn giao gia cc on (Intersector) hay chuyn giao mm hn
(SofterHandoff).
Chuyn giao cng gia h thng CDMA ny vi h thng CDMA khc.
Chuyn giao cng gia h thng CDMA n h thng tng t.

Hnh 1.12 Chuyn giao mm va chuyn giao cng trong CDMA

25
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

1.2.4.5 Gia tr Eb/No thp va chng li

Eb/No l t s nng lng trn mi bit i vi mt ph cng sut tp m,

l gi tr tiu chun so snh hiu sut ca phng php iu ch v m ho s.
Khi nim Eb/No tng t nh t s sng mang trn tp m ca phng
php FM tng t. Do rng knh bng tn rng c s dng m h thng
CDMA cung cp mt hiu sut v d m sa sai cao. Ni cch khc, th rng
knh b gii hn trong h thng iu ch s bng tn hp, ch cc m sa sai c hiu
sut v d thp l c php s dng sao cho gi tr Eb/No cao hn gi tr m
CDMA yu cu. M sa sai trc c s dng trong h thng CDMA cng vi
gii iu ch s hiu sut cao. C th tng dung lng v gim cng sut yu cu
i vi my pht nh gim Eb/No.

26
Chng 1: Tng quan v cng ngh CDMA

Kt lun chng
+ Chng ny gii thiu v phng php a truy cp phn chia theo m
CDMA, phng php ny cng c xem nh k thut a truy cp ph tri rng.
+ Cc k thut tri ph c s dng trong cng ngh CDMA nh l :
Tri ph trc tip nhn tn hiu bng cch iu ch tin tc bng tn hiu gi
ngu nhin bng rng.
Tri ph nhy tn l nhy hoc chuyn tn s sng mang trn mt tp tn s
theo mt mu xc nh bi dy PN.
Tri ph nhy thi gian th d liu c pht i thnh tng cm gm k bit
d liu v thi im chnh xc pht mi cm c xc nh bi dy PN.
Mi loi h thng tri ph c u v nhc im ca mnh. Vic la chn h
thng no s dng ph thuc vo ng dng c th.
Bng 1.1 So sanh cac k thut tri ph trong CDMA

Tri ph trc tip Tri ph nhy tn Tri ph nhy thi gian

- Lm gim cng sut - Ti thi im bt k - Trnh nhiu bng cch
nhiu bng cch tri n cho cc ngi dng khc phng nga nhiu hn
trn ph tn rng. nhau cc tn s khc nhau mt ngi dng pht cng
v th trnh c nhiu thi im.
- C th thit k vi gii - Dng gii iu ch khng
iu ch kt hp hoc kt hp v kh duy tr ng
khng kt hp. b pha sng mang do s
thay i nhanh ca tn s
pht.
- C kh nng chu
ng tt cc tn hiu a
tia v cc can nhiu.

Cc c tnh cng ngh CDMA nh l iu khin cng sut, chuyn giao, gi

tr Eb/No cng c cp n trong chng ny.

27
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

CHNG 2

MULTICARRIER CDMA

Mutil Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) l mt khi nim

khng cn qu xa l trong nhng nm gn y. N c pht trin nhm mc ch
tng cng kh nng truyn trong mi trng a ng (Multipath) chng ta c
nhiu cch tng ng miu t MC-CDMA:
MCCDMA l mt hnh thc ca CDMA hoc tri ph, nhng chng ta ng
dng tri ph trong min tn s (xa hn na l trong min thi gian nh tri ph
trc tip CDMA DS CDMA).
MC-CDMA l mt hnh thc ca ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
(OFDM), nhng chng ta ng dng u tin cho hot ng ma trn trc giao n
cc bit ngi dng, do MCCDMA thnh thong cng c gi l CDMA
OFDM.
C ba s kt hp ca CDMA v OFDM [11]:

Hnh 2.1 S kt hp gia CDMA va OFDM

MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier CDMA)
MC-DS-CDMA (MultiCarrier Direct Squence CDMA)
MT-CDMA (MultiTone CDMA)

28
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

S phn bit ny th hin ch thng tin ngi dng s c tri ph trong

min thi gian hay tn s [11].

2.1 MCCDMA (Multicarrier CDMA)

2.1.1 Cu trc tn hiu

Nm 1993, tng v h thng thng tin MC-CDMA da trn s kt hp k

thut CDMA v OFDM c gii thiu [11].
MC-CDMA tha k tt c nhng c im ca CDMA. N c tnh bn vng
vi nhiu a ng, s dng bng thng hiu qu. Ngoi ra n cn c nhng u
im ca OFDM l chng li nhiu lin k t, tn dng c phn tp tn s
gim phc tp ca cc b cn bng ng truyn do mi sng mang b nh
hng bi fading phng c lp. Ngoi ra vic kt hp OFDM v CDMA c u
im l khong symbol di d thc hin ng b hn.

Hnh 2.2 S b phat h thng MC-CDMA

29
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

Hnh 2.3 S b thu h thng MC-CDMA

Mi mt chip ca k hiu tri ph chui trc tip c nh x ln mt sng
mang ph ring. Do , trong h thng MC-CDMA, cc chip ca d liu tri ph
chui trc tip c pht song song trn cc sng mang ph khc nhau, thay v pht
tun t nh trong h thng DS-CDMA.

Hnh 2.4 Tn hi u MC-CDMA cho m t user

Mi bit ca ngi dng vi thi khong l Tb s c tri ph bng m ca
ngi dng vi chu k chip l Tc nn li x l l:
Tb
G MC (2.1)
Tc

30
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

Ty theo kiu iu ch m c bao nhiu chip c nh x ln mt sng

mang. Nu kiu iu ch l BPSK th mi chip sau c nh x ln mt sng
mang. Cn nu kiu iu ch l QPSK th mi symbol dng iu ch a sng
mang s bao gm 2 chip.
Trong s hnh 2.2, hnh 2.3 khng c s hin din ca khi ni tip sang
song song .V s sng mang ca h thng chnh l di m tri ph G MC .
gim tc bit ca ngi dng nhm chng li nhiu a ng, s ci
tin trong c thm b ni tip sang song song c a ra cho MC-CDMA:

Hnh 2.5 S b phat MC-CDMA ci tin

Trc b chuyn i ni tip-song song, chu k bit l Tb , sau b ny th chu

k bit bng PTb . H thng c tc thp hn lm tng kh nng chng nhiu lin
k t, ng thi d ng b hn. li x l trong h thng MC-CDMA ci tin
vn nh MC-CDMA ban u l G MC . iu ny c nghia l chu k chip ca MC-
CDMA ci tin ln hn ca MC-CDMA ban u m bo li x l khng i
lm cho vic ng b trong MC-CDMA ci tin d thc hin hn.
ng thi s sng mang ca MC-CDMA ci tin khng bng di m tri
ph m s l P ln di m tri ph. Chnh iu ny gy s rng buc trong vic
s dng bng thng v m tri ph.

31
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.2 MC DS CDMA

Tng t h thng MC-CDMA, mi bit ca ngi dng s c tri ph vi

m phn bit gia cc ngi dng khc. Nhng khc so vi MC-CDMA l cc chip
sau tri ph ca cng mt bit s mang bi cng mt sng mang (tri ph min thi
gian). S h thng cho nh hnh 2.6, hnh 2.7.

Hnh 2.6 S b phat MC-DS-CDMA

Hnh 2.7 S b thu MC-DS-CDMA

32
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

Hnh 2.8 Tn hiu MC DS CDMA cho mt user

H thng MC-DS-CDMA vi mt sng mang ph s ging h thng DS-
CDMA. Do MC-DS-CDMA gn nh bao gm nhiu h thng DS-CDMA hot
ng song song nhng im khc l tn s hot ng ca mi h thng DS-CDMA
s trc giao vi nhau.
Trong MC-DS-CDMA, xt trc b ni tip song song, chu k bit l Tb ,
sau b ny th chu k bit bng PTb . H thng c tc thp hn lm tng kh
nng chng nhiu lin k t, ng thi d ng b hn.
ng thi trong h thng MC-DS-CDMA th s sng mang v di m tri
ph khng ph thuc nhau. y chnh l s linh hot ca MC-DS-CDMA trong
vic s dng bng thng. H thng MC-DS-CDMA c bit thch hp cho cc
tuyn ln trong h thng thng tin v tuyn di ng.
Ngoi ra cn c mt s khc gi l MT-CDMA. y l s ci tin t
MC-DS-CDMA. MT-CDMA vn s dng k thut tri ph trc tip min thi gian
nhng khc so vi MC-DS-CDMA l tn ti mi quan h gia s sng mang v
di m tri ph. li x l trong MT-CDMA bng tch s sng mang v li x
l ca MC-DS-CDMA nn rt ln so vi li tri ph ca MC-DS-CDMA[11].
Do , ph tn hiu tng sng mang MT-CDMA cng b m rng rt ln, chng ln
ln sng mang k cn. Cc sng mang cho MT-CDMA vn trc giao nhau, chnh
iu ny lm gim nh hng do vic s dng li x l cao hn gy ra chng ln
ph. ng thi my thu s dng cho MT-CDMA s dng tng t nh my thu cho
CDMA, l my thu Rake[11].

33
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

S MT-CDMA c cho nh hnh 2.9, hnh 2.10 .Trong Nc l s sng

mang v j c j c N c c nghia l di m ca MT-CDMA bng tch s sng
MT DS

mang v di m ca MC-DS-CDMA tng ng cng s sng mang.

Hnh 2.9 S b phat h thng MT CDMA

Hnh 2.10 S b thu h thng MT CDMA

34
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

Hnh 2.11 S tng quat h thng MC CDMA va MCDSCDMA

35
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.3 Cac chui m cn bn

Mt h thng tri ph thng tin tri rng cc tn hiu thng tin gc ca ngi
dng bng cch dng chui cc k hiu c bit. Sau my thu ng b dy cc
k hiu c lin quan thu c li vi nhau khi phc li thng tin gc. Do nhiu
tng t nh tnh cht ca chui tri ph th vic nghe trm l khng n gin.
DS-CDMA khai thc tnh cht t tng quan ca cc m kt hp mt cch ti u
cc tnh hiu a ng ca mt c nhn. Ngc li, cc m ca ngi dng c
tng quan cho thp, chng c th c khai thc tri ph tn hiu ca mi
ngi dng. MCCDMA cng da vo tnh cht ca tng quan cho ny trong
vic h tr a ngi dng thng tin. Cc c im ca cc chui tri ph ng mt
vai tr quan trng trong vic t c hiu sut ca h thng.

2.3.1 Chui PN

Pseudo-Noise (PN) l mt chui nh phn, n tng t nh nhiu, chui PN

gm c: nhng chui c chiu di cc i (m-sequences), chui Gold v chui
Kasami.

Dy PN c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin v tuyn tri ph vi cc

chc nng sau:

Tri bng tn ca tn hiu iu ch thnh bng tn pht c rng ln hn.

Tn hiu qua tri ph phi c dng tp m bng rng.
Phn bit tn hiu ca cc ngi s dng khc nhau nhng cng s dng
mt bng tn truyn dn trong mt h thng a truy nhp.

Cc m thng c s dng trong h thng CDMA l:

Chui M-sequences
M Wash Hadamard
Chui Gold
M Kasami

36
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.3.1.1 M-sequences

Chui M l chui c bn nht trong cc chui ngu nhin. Chui M c

to ra bng cch s dng thanh ghi dch c mch hi tip v cc cng logic XOR.
Mt chui thanh ghi dch tuyn tnh c xc nh c xc nh bi mt a thc
to m tuyn tnh g(x) bc m>0:

G(x) = gmxm + gm-1xm-1 + g1x + g0 (2.2)

Hnh 2.12 Mch thanh ghi dch c s hai

c tnh cua chui M:

Chui M c to ra rt n gin.
S bit 1 nhiu hn bit 0: mi chui m u cha 2 m-1 s bit 1 v 2m-1 1 s bit
0.
C t cc gi tr t tng quan nn c kh nng ng b tt.

Vi nhng c tnh trn chui M thng c s dng trong cc h thng

hot ng nhiu knh truyn vi thi gian tri ph tr ln, trong cc knh truyn a
ng nh trong my thu Rake.

V d v c tnh t tng quan ca chui m: 1 + x 2 + x5, c chiu di 124,

c chu k cc i l 31 c m t nh hnh:

37
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

Hnh 2.13 c tnh t tng quan cua chui 1 + x2 + x5 c chiu dai 124

HAM TU TUONG QUAN

1

0.5

-0.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

HAM TUONG QUAN CHEO

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Hnh 2.14 c tnh tng quan cua chui Mseq L 2 1 127
7

T Hnh 2.14 c th thy chui m gi nhiu c c tnh t tng quan tt

tuy nhin c tnh tng quan cho ca hai chui gi nhiu trong tp c gi tr
ln, c tnh tng quan cho khng tt.

38
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.3.1.2 Chui Gold

Chui Gold c ra bi Gold vo nm 1967, 1968. Chui c to ra t vic

EXOR hai chui M c cng chiu di N = 2 n -1 l u,v gi l cp chui m c a
chung (Preferred Pair). Chui Gold c nh nghia nh sau:

G(u,v) = {u, v, u v, u Tv, u T2v, ., u Tn+1v} (2.3)

Trong ch c N + 2 chui chu k N c tnh tng quan cho tt ti mt

trong 3 gi tr: -t(n), -1, t(n)-2:

1 2 ( n 1) / 2
t(n) = ( n2) / 2 vi n l, n chn (2.4)
1 2

Chui Gold c tnh tng quan cho thp nn trong thc t rt hay c s
dng

Mt s cp chui m, quy c hai vector [5 2 0] v [1 0 0 1 0 1] u biu din

cho a thc x5 + x2 + 1. Tng t ta c bng:

Bng 2.1 Mt s cp chui M a chung

n N Chui m th I Chui m th II

5 31 [5 2 0] [5 4 3 2 0]

6 63 [6 1 0] [6 5 2 1 0]

7 127 [7 3 0] [7 3 2 1 0]

9 511 [9 4 0] [9 6 4 3 0]

10 1023 [10 3 0] [10 8 3 2 0]

11 2047 [11 2 0] [11 8 5 2 0]

39
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

HAM TU TUONG QUAN

1

0.5

-0.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

HAM TUONG QUAN CHEO

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Hnh 2.15 c tnh tng quan cua chui Gold L 2 1 127
7

So snh Hnh 2.15 vi Hnh 2.14 cho thy c tnh t tng quan ca chui
Gold khng tt bng chui m gi nhiu tuy nhin c tnh tng quan cho ca
tp chui m Gold li tt hn so vi tp chui m gi nhiu.

2.3.1.3 Wash Hadarmard

M Wash Hadarmard c tnh trc giao cao. V vy, Walsh Hadamard l m

ti u trnh nhiu gia cc ngi dng trong ng kt ni t trm gc n thit
b u cui.

Ma trn Walsh Hadamard n gin nht l:

C1 = 1 1
1 1 (2.5)

M ca ngi s dng th nht l [1 1], m ca ngi s dng th hai l

[1-1]. Ta thy [1 1] trc giao vi [1 -1]. Ma trn ny c th m rng bng cch s
dng k thut quy. Cho 2n User, c th xc nh c ma trn 2n-1:

40
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

C n 1 C n 1
Cn =
C n 1 C n 1 (2.6)

HAM TU TUONG QUAN

1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

HAM TUONG QUAN CHEO

1

0.5

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Hnh 2.16 c tnh tng quan cua chui Hadamard L=128

Qua hnh 2.16 ta c th thy c tnh t tng quan v c tnh tng quan
cho ca cc m trong tp chui m Walsh-Hadamard rt km. Tuy nhin chng c
mt c tnh tt l khi c ng b (tng ng vi v tr u tin trong th hm
tng quan cho) th chng trc giao vi nhau.

2.3.1.4 M Kasami

Chui Kasami c th c thc hin bng cch nhn ba chui m (u, v, w).
trong hai chui u, v c chiu di N l mt cp a chung, chui th ba w c
ly decimation ca chui th nht u. Chui PN c hai loi: small set v large set.

- Chui Kasami small set c nh nghia nh sau:

41
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

u n -1
K S (u, n, m) (2.7)
u T w m 0,. .2 2
m n/2

- Chui Kasami large set c nh nghia nh sau:

u k -2, m -1
v k -1, m -1

u T k v k 0,...2 n/2 2; m 1
K L (u, n, k .m) (2.8)
u T w k -2; m 0,...2 n/2 2
m

v T mw k -1; m 0,...2 n/2 2

u T k v T m w k 0,...2 n/2 2; m 0,..2 n / 2 2

42
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

V du: mt m hnh to chui Kasami c n = 6

Hnh 2.17 M hnh to chui Kasami c n = 6

HAM TU TUONG QUAN
1

0.5

-0.5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

HAM TUONG QUAN CHEO

0.1

0.05

-0.05

-0.1
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Hnh 2.18 c tnh tng quan cua chui Kasami L 2 8 1

43
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

Tp nh chui m Kasami c c tnh t tng quan v c tnh tng quan

cho tt hn tp chui m Gold, mc d vy do s lng m trong tp chui m
Kasami l kh t nn trong cc phn tip theo ch yu dng tp chui m Gold
m phng.

2.4 Cac k thut d tm d liu

D tm d liu a user (Multiuser Detection MUD) l mt linh vc rng, n

bao gm l thuyt lin quan n d tm d liu ca a ngi dng, l nhng ngi
m nhn c tn hiu khng trc giao t mt ngi khc. Hnh thc ny (khng
trc giao) tng ng vi h thng CDMA, k t khi h thng ny c mt s lng
ln ngi dng m nhng tn hiu chng lp trong min thi gian v tn s.
Trong thc t th h thng CDMA d tm mi ngi dng song song mt
cch c lp, dng b lc phi hp, chng gm c mt m tri ph duy nht dng
cho ngi dng . Nhng chui tri ph c thit k gii tng quan cho can
nhiu t tt c cc ngi khc s xut hin nh l can nhiu khng kt hp, v c
th do x l nh l nhiu trng cng n gin.

Gn y, tt c can nhiu ngi dng khng th x l nh l trit nhiu ngu

nhin. Trn thc t, nhng tn hiu can nhiu c cu trc v thng tin nh l tn
hiu mnh mong mun. Linh vc d tm d liu a ngi dng b cun ht khai
thc cu trc ny xy dng cho h thng c dung lng cao hn thay cho h
thng thng thng, my thu b lc kt hp.

K thut d tm d liu n user cho MC CDMA: MRC, EGC, ZF, MMSE.

K thut d tm d liu a user cho MC CDMA: MLSE, MLSSE, IC, JD.

44
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.4.1 K thut d tm d liu n USER

2.4.1.1 Phng phap kt hp li bng nhau EGC (Equal Gain Combining)

i vi EGC, trng s Gk(m) c dng sa s dch pha gy ra bi knh

truyn v c cho bi:

G k' m dm
k' k'* k'
hm / hm (2.9)

Khi tn hiu c truyn trong knh truyn nhiu Gauss trng cng th EGC
l mt phng php kt hp ti u v phng php ny khi phc tnh trc giao
gia cc ngi dng. Do , n loi b can nhiu a truy cp trong khi gi tr nhiu
li c ly trung bnh. Tuy nhin i vi knh truyn fading phng qua tng sng
mang ph, nghia l knh truyn c tnh chn lc tn s trn ton bng thng tn hiu
th EGC vn ly trung bnh gi tr nhiu nhng can nhiu a truy c p li khc 0.

2.4.1.2 Phng phap kt hp t s cc i (Maximal Ratio Combining)

MRC s kt hp ng b cc tn hiu ca cc sng mang ph khc nhau bng

cch ly trung bnh c trng s cc sng mang ph ny. Trng s l lin hip phc
h s knh truyn tng ng ca tng sng mang ph, nghia l trng s G k(m)
c chn bng:
Gk ' m d mk ' hmk '* (2.10)

Vi vic chn gi tr trng s nh vy, phng php MRC b s dch pha

ca knh truyn v ly trung bnh c trng s cc tn hiu sau mi b lc i snh
bng cc h s t l thun vi bin ca sng mang ph. Do , tn hiu mnh
c nhn vi mt h s c gi tr ln hn tn hiu yu. Trong trng hp h thng
ch c mt ngi dng, MRC khai thc phn tp tn s sn c v t c BER
thp nht.
Tuy nhin trong h thng a ngi dng, do tnh trc giao ca cc m tri
rng b mo dng nghim trng bi fading knh truyn nn dung lng ca b tch
sng s dng MRC b gii hn bi MAI.

45
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.4.1.3 Phng phap kt hp sai s trung bnh bnh phng ti thiu

(Minimum Mean Square Error Combining)

iu kin MMSE cho rng sai s ca cc symbol d liu c d on phi

trc giao vi cc thnh phn bng gc ca cc sng mang ph thu c, nghia l :

E a k ' a k ' y m ' 0
*
, m' 0,1,2, ..., K MC 1 (2.11)

K MC 1

Trong : E[.] l ton t k vng v ak' G m.y m l c lng ca a

m 0
k' k .

Nghim ca phng trnh (4.22) l Gk(m) c xc nh bi :

K 1

Gk ' m d h / hmk n2
k ' k ' 2
m m (2.12)
k 0
Trong : 2n N 0 / 2 l phng sai ca nhiu Gauss.
k
i vi gi tr hm nh, li Gk(m) cng nh trnh khuch i qu ln
k
lng nhiu i km vi sng mang ph c bin nh. Khi hm ln, li ny t

2
l vi nghch o ng bao sng mang ph hmk / hmk khi phc tnh trc giao

gia cc user. Nh vy, phng php MMSE s kt hp gi tr y(m) trn cc nhnh

theo cch ti thiu can nhiu a truy cp v nhiu Gauss.

Nhc im ca phng php ny l phi bit chnh xc s ngi dng ang

truy cp h thng v cng sut nhiu.

46
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.4.2 K thut d tm d liu a user (Multiuser Detection)

Hnh 2.19 S k thut d tm d liu a user

47
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.4.2.1. D tm ti u MLSE

Cc b pht hin a user ti u :

- S dng tiu chun xc sut hu nghim ti a (MAP Maximum A
Posteriori).
- Tiu chun kh nng cao nht (ML - Maximum Likelihood).
C hai gii thut ML chnh l gii thut c lng chui c kh nng
cao nht (MLSE Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation), gii thut ny
c lng ton b chui d liu pht d = (d0, d1,, dk-1)T ti u.
Gii thut c lng theo k hiu c kh nng cao nht (MLSSE
Maximum Likelihood Symbol-by-Symbol Estimation) c lng tng k hiu
pht dk. Cc gii thut ny c th m rng thnh cc gii thut tng ng
nhng theo tiu chun MAP nu ta xt n xc sut tin nghim ca cc k
hiu pht.
Tp cc vector k hiu pht c th xy ra l d , vi = 0, ..., Mk -1, trong Mk
l s vector pht c th c, M l s gi tr c th c ca dk.

48
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.4.2.2. Cn ti u

2.4.2.2.1. Tuyn tnh

Hnh 2.20 S khi d tm d liu a user tuyn tnh

D tm d liu a user tuyn tnh l mt phn quan trng ca k thut cn ti
u, ngoi ra cn c t pha trc ca phn hi da trn c s d tm d liu a
user phi tuyn.
D tm d liu a user tuyn tnh l mt b lc n gin c thit k lm
gim i can nhiu a truy cp (MAI) theo mt tiu chun ring. Ri rc theo thi
gian, chng gim phc tp v thc hin mt cch thng thng vi hnh thc b
lc p p ng xung hu hn (FIR).
C hai loi d tm d liu a user tuyn tnh quan trng l : gii tng
quan (decorrelating) v sai s trung bnh bnh phng cc tiu (MMSE). Chng
tng t nh l b cn bng cng bc zero (Zero Forcing) v b cn bng MMSE
c dng chng li can nhiu lin k t trong knh n user
D tm gii tng quan c gng loi tr nhiu MAI cho tt c ngi dng.
MMSE c gng lm cho phn d tha can nhiu bnh phng l nh nht.

49
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

Do d tm gii kt hp l mt trng hp n gin ca phng php d

tm MMSE vi nhiu bng 0. D tm gii iu ch thng cho kt qu khng chp
nhn c khi m nhiu c tng cng. Xa hn na, n khng xc nh r c
trng thi, ni m nhiu ngi dng dng chung ng thi knh truyn hn
chip tri ph trn mt bit thng tin, t n khng th iu khin can nhiu xung
mc 0. l hn ch ca n.
Phng php d tm MMSE c cho hnh 2.9. Mi user, y(t) c tri
ph li dng b lc phi hp cho user , n tng ng ph hp vi m tri rng
cho user. Sau khi qua b lc phi hp th tn hiu s i qua b d tm MMSE.
Phng php d tm MMSE l nghch o ma trn tng quan R gia tt c
ngi dng, c nh nghia nh sau :

K
R E rr T Ak2 ck ckT n2 I (2.13)
k 1

Trong :
r l vector ly mu ca y(t) qua cc k t c pht hin ra, Ak l bin ca
user th k, C K l vector ca chip tri ph cho user th k, n2 l nhiu bin thin.
Nhng mt quan trng ca d tm d liu a user tuyn tnh c th c thy
qua (2.13) v hnh 2.16.

2.4.2.2.2 Khng tuyn tnh

Trong khi h thng d tm d liu a user tuyn tnh d dng phn tch, vic
rng buc v tuyn tnh c th lm gii hn cht lng. Trong phn ny chng ta s
miu t ngn gn mt k thut na l k thut khng tuyn tnh.
a) Hi tip quyt nh (Decision Fedback DF)
D tm a ngi dng hi tip quyt nh c pht trin ng dng
trong c hai h thng ng b v khng ng b. Chng tng t nh b cn bng
hi tip quyt nh c pht trin loi b can nhiu lin k t, ti nhng
quyt nh to ra nhng user mnh hn c dng trit can nhiu cho nhng user
k tip. Nhng vn vi k thut ny ging tng t nh l d tm d liu a user

50
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

tuyn tnh: i hi c lng knh truyn chnh xc,v phi thc hin ma trn
nghch o. Nu c lng knh truyn chnh xc, d tm DF lm tt hn vic d
tm tuyn tnh, vi nhng user k tip gn nh l cn n user.
b) Trit can nhiu (Interference Cancellation)
Chng ta s tm hiu v hai k thut PIC v SIC, l cc k thut khng tuyn
tnh hai k thut ny dng loi b nhiu MAI.
c) PIC (Parallel Interference Cancellation): trit can nhiu song song

Hnh 2.21 Cu trc tng quat cho K-user, m giai on PIC

My thu PIC x l ng thi cng lc tt c k user, trit tt cc can nhiu ca
chng sau khi chng qua cc b gii m c lp. K thut song song ny i hi
hn mt ln lp li mi user k t khi ln lp li u tin to ra rt nhiu nhiu c
lng cho tt c k user, nhng ln lp li sau th s lm tng chnh xc.

51
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

d) SIC (Successive Interference Cancellation): trit can nhiu lin tip.

K thut lin tip i hi s lp li ti thiu k ln, nhng mi ln lp li t
phc tp hn PIC, thc hin ch cho mt user. K thut lin tip c th c ng
dng qua bi s nguyn ln ca k ln lp, nhng n s tng ln tr, do thng
th n khng c quan tm.
PIC thng c gi l trit a giai on (Multistage Cancellation) v c th
c dng pha trc ca b gii tng quan, mc d n khng c i hi. N c
u im hn SIC l tr thp v t c vic biu din di nh CDMA thng
thng yu cu cn bng cng sut thu c. Tuy nhin, gi nh cng sut thu
khng cn bng trong knh truyn fading Rayleigh, SIC thc hin tt hn. Nu nh
mc cng sut thu c cho SIC c ti u th SIC c nhiu u im hn.

52
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

2.5 u va nhc im cua h thng MC-CDMA

2.5.1 u im

MC-CDMA tha k tt c cc c im ca CDMA. N c tnh bn vng

vi nhiu chn lc tn s v s dng bng thng hiu qu. Bn cnh , n c th
cho php N user pht ng thi trong mi trng a ng phn tn vi BER thp.

V MC-CDMA l mt dng ca OFDM, n s lm tng khong symbol

chng li tr tri, tn dng m hnh phn tp tn s v gim phc tp ca cc b
cn bng ng truyn do mi sng mang ph b nh hng bi fading phng c
lp. Ngoi ra vic kt hp OFDM vi DS-CDMA c u im chnh l lm gim tc
symbol trn mi sng mang ph m khong symbol di d thc hin gi ng
b hn.

2.5.2 Nhc im

Rt nhy vi offset tn s v khuch i phi tuyn v s dng k thut a

sng mang.

Offset tn s do hin tng dch Doppler (s di chuyn) hay mt phi

hp gia cc b to dao ng sng mang cao tn my pht v my thu dn n
tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang ph b mt v gy nn nhiu lin sng mang ICI
(InterCarrier Interference) v MAI. Mt s kt qu m phng a n nhn xt
l: offset tn s khong 20% s lm gim dung lng ca h thng i 50% vi BER
10-4 trong mi trng fading Rayleigh.

Vic cng mt s lng ln sng mang ph trc khi pht to ra

ng bao ca tn hiu c gi tr ln. Cc gi tr ln ny c th li cc b khuch
i sang trang thi bo ha v gy sai dng tn hiu.

hiu qu ca h thng b suy gim do MAI. Vi knh truyn l tng,

cc m tri ph trc giao nh m Walsh-Hadamard c p dng trn tuyn xung
ca h thng thng tin di ng MC-CDMA s m bo vic kh hon ton nhiu

53
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

MAI. Tuy nhin, trong knh truyn fading c tnh chn lc tn s, cc sng mang
ph c bin v pha khc nhau. iu ny lm mt tnh trc giao gia cc user v
to ra nhiu MAI.

54
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

Bng 2.2 Nhng thun li va hn ch cua MCCDMA va MCDSCDMA

MCCDMA MCDSCDMA
u im Nhc im u im Nhc im
o Thc hin n o PAPR cao, o PAPR thp o C th xy
gin vi bin i c bit l ng trong ng xung. ra ISI v ICI
Hadamard v FFT ln o Tng li
o Nhng my o Vn phn tp thi gian
thu t phc tp ng b truyn do c tri ph
o Hiu qu ph dn. trc tip theo thi
cao gian.
o Tng li
phn tp tn s do
c tri ph trc
tip theo tn s.

Bng 2.3 Nhng c trng chnh cua MC-CDMA va MC-DS-CDMA

Thng s MC-CDMA MC-DS-CDMA

Min tri ph Min tn s Min thi gian
Cc thut ton d tm MRC, EGC, ZF, cn bng B d tng quan
MMSE, IC, MLD (My thu RAKE)
c trng ring bit Hiu qu i vic ng b knh c thit k c bit
ng xung bng cch s dng dng trong knh ng ln
cc m trc giao. khng ng b.
ng dng ng b knh ng ln v Bt ng b knh ng ln
ng xung v ng xung

55
Chng 2: Mutilcarrier CDMA

Kt lun chng
Trong chng ny ta thy c s kt hp ca hai k thut OFDM v DS
CDMA, ta s xem xt li mt cch ngn gn ba loi tri ph a sng mang kt hp
ca k thut OFDM v DSCDMA l MCCDMA, MCDSCDMA, MTCDMA.
Trong khi h thng MCCDMA dng trong min tn s th MCDSCDMA
v MTCDMA th s dng trong min thi gian. Do MCCDMA c kh nng
khai thc tn s a dng mt cch r rng, nng lng ca k t c tri ph ra
qua nhng sng mang con. Mc khc, nng lng ca tt c k t trong h thng
MCDSCDMA v MTCDMA c gii hn trong mt sng mang con, tim
nng a dng tn s c cung cp bi nhng sng mang con khng b nh hng
fading khng th c tn dng tr khi m ha knh c s dng kt hp vi an
xen xuyn sng mang con.
MCDSCDMA yu cu s dng bng tn s ging nhau, MTCDMA c
kh nng cung cp h s tri ph tt hn MCDSCDMA, cho kt qu can nhiu
thp hn v trit nhiu a truy cp tt hn (MAI : Multiple Access Interference).
Tuy nhin MTCDMA b nhiu lin sng mang l do tnh cht trc giao ca cc
sng mang con khng cn na.
MCCDMA s dng MMSE (minimum mean square error combining) cho
BER thp nht trong ba phng php tri ph a sng mang ni trn trong tuyn
xung.
Chng ny cng xem xt thuc tnh tng quan ca chui PN, c bit l
chui m-sequences, m Gold v m Kasami, cng nh l cc thuc tnh tng quan
ca chui trc giao l m Walsh, m trc giao Gold. Nh chng ta tm hiu th
m trc giao Gold cho gi tr t tng quan thp so vi m Walsh, nh hng ca
nhng gi tr t tng quan khc nhau ca nhng chui tri ph ln ng bao cng
sut ca tn hiu MC CDMA tng ng.

56
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

CHNG 3
H THNG MC-MC-CDMA
Cc h thng v tuyn trong tng lai nh h thng di ng t bo th h th
t (4G) u hng n vic tch hp nhiu dch v a dng bao gm thoi, d liu,
hnh nh v video. Nhng dch v ny c nhng yu cu khc nhau v bng thng
v tc truyn trn nn v tuyn. H thng CDMA chng t rt thnh cng
trong cc h thng di ng t bo quy m ln, nhng c mt s hoi nghi v CDMA
liu c thch hp vi lu lng thoi ln khng. Cc nghin cu ny thc y
cc h thng multicode CDMA cho php bin i tc c th phn phi cc m
v do dung lng bin i ty theo nhng ngi dng khc nhau. Trong khi ,
h thng Multicarrier CDMA (MC CDMA) ni ln mt cch mnh m thay
th cho h thng CDMA tri ph trc tip truyn thng l DS CDMA trong h
thng thng tin di ng v c chng minh l c hiu qu cao trong h thng
fading a ng.
Cc k thut multicode ci thin dung lng ca h thng kha cnh tc
d liu. Tuy nhin nu tng tc d liu ca user ln nhiu ln th s user tc thi
trong h thng ny s gim so vi h thng CDMA. tn dng u im v tc
d liu, ng thi tng dung lng ton b h thng, chng ta phi s dng thm
m hnh iu khin tc thay i tc d liu mt cch thch nghi vi iu
kin knh truyn tng ng vi user ang xt. M hnh ny s tnh ton tc d
liu da trn thng s SNR tc thi, tc d liu ty theo ng dng v t l li
bit. Cc kt qu m phng s cho thy s ci thin cht lng ca m hnh ny.
Cht lng ca h thng multicode ph thuc rt ln vo c tnh tng quan ca
cc chui m c dng phn pht cho cc user. Cc chui m Walsh-Hadamard,
Gold v Kasami s c chn dng cho h thng multi-code.

57
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

3.1 H thng Multi-Code CDMA

H thng Multicode CDMA cung cp nhiu loi tc khc nhau bng cch
n nh cho mi ngi dng mt tp gm M chui m, kch thc M ca tp m s
thay i theo tc yu cu. Ty thuc vo cch thc nh x cc bit d liu vo
cc chui m m ta c cc h thng Muticode CDMA khc nhau.
H thng Muticode CDMA kiu truyn song song
Trong h thng Muticode CDMA kiu truyn song song khi mt ngi
dng cn truyn mt lung d liu c tc ln hn tc c bn M ln th h
thng s chuyn lung d liu ny thnh M lung d liu con song song (s dng
b chuyn i ni tip sang song song), M lung d liu con ny c xem nh l
ca M ngi dng c lp, mi lung s c tri ph (m ha) bng mt m khc
nhau trong tp v c cng li trc khi chuyn ln truyn dn cao tn. Hnh 3.1
miu t s khi b pht trong h thng Muticode CDMA kiu truyn song song.

Hnh 3.1 S khi b phat Multicode CDMA kiu truyn song song

58
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

B thu ca h thng Multicode CDMA c xem nh tng ng vi M b

thu ca h thng DS-CDMA. Hnh 3.2 miu t s khi ca b thu h thng
Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn song song.

Hnh 3.2 S khi b thu Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn song song

gim s t xuyn nhiu (self-interference) m mt ngi dng s dng

nhiu m c th gp phi th cc m ca cng ngi dng nn trc giao ln nhau.
H thng Muticode CDMA kiu truyn M-ary
Trong h thng Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn M-ary mi ngi dng cng
c gn mt tp gm M chui m. Cc tc d liu khc nhau ca ngi dng
s c h tr bng cch thay i kch thc M ca tp chui m. Ngi dng
truyn d liu bng cch chn mt chui m t tp chui ca h v truyn n qua
knh chung, bng cch ny log2 (M) bit d liu c truyn trong mt chu k k
t d liu.
Qu trnh to m cho mt ngi dng cho mt h thng Multicode CDMA
kiu truyn M-ary cng tng t nh qu trnh to m trong h thng Mutilcode
CDMA kiu truyn song song. Mi ngi dng c gn mt m trng cho

59
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

ngi dng Uk(n), mt tp m {Vm(n)|1 m M} c gi l tp m thng tin

c dng chung cho tt c ngi dng. Tp m cho ngi dng th k l:

(3.12)
Vi cch to m ny th b nh x cc k t d liu M-ary vo cc chui
Vm(n), b gii m (b lc tng hp) v khi quyt nh l ging nhau cho tt c
ngi dng. M hnh b pht v b thu h thng Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn M-
ary c miu t hnh Hnh 3.3.

Hnh 3.3 M hnh b phat va b thu h thng Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn
M-ary

60
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

Ti b pht, mt trong s M chui m thng tin Vm(n) c chn ty thuc

vo k t d liu M-ary. Chui m ny s c nhn vi chui m c trng cho

ngi dng v mt h s bin , php nhn gia hai chui m c thc hin
theo kiu chip-nhn-chip. Chui kt qu c iu ch v truyn ra ngoi knh
truyn.
Ti b thu, tn hiu thu c gii iu ch, nhn vi chui c trng cho
ngi dng v c a qua b gii m l mt bng cc b lc tng hp cho cc
chui thng tin Vm(n) vi 1 m M. Mt n v quyt nh s xc nh chui no
c gi (d tm cc i) v cho ra k t d liu M-ary tng ng.
M hnh Mutilcode CDMA tng quat
Nh ta c th thy cc phn trc, mt h thng DS-CDMA gn cho mi
ngi dng mt m tri ph, cc h thng Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn song song
v kiu truyn M-ary gn cho mt ngi dng mt tp gm M chui m. Trong cc
h thng ny, ch mt phn hay ton b cc chui m ca ngi dng c s dng
truyn tin trong mt chu k k t d liu. M hnh Mutilcode CDMA tng qut
ny c miu t nh hnh 3.4.

61
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

Hnh 3.4 M hnh Mutilcode CDMA tng quat

ng vi m hnh Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn song song, mi ngi dng

c gn M chui m, M chui m ny c s dng ng thi tri rng M
lung d liu khc nhau c c sau khi chuyn i ni tip sang song song. Tuy
nhin, ng vi m hnh Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn la chn (m hnh Mutilcode
CDMA kiu truyn M-ary l mt trng hp c bit ca m hnh ny) ch mt tp
con gm M m (M M) l c truyn trong mt chu k k t, tp con M m ny
tng trng cho mt t m trong khng gian t m c hnh thnh do s kt hp
cc kh nng c th c ca M chui m (c tnh n cc chui m tri du). V vy,

M m c th hnh thnh nn mt khng gian t m vi W = t m khc

nhau, mi t m tng trng cho mt khi d liu c th vi H = [log2 = W] bit,

trong biu th s t hp chn n t m phn t v [x] l s nguyn ln nht

khng vt qu x. Nh vy

62
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

Khi M = M = 1, m hnh tng qut tng ng vi m hnh h thng DS-

CDMA vi tc d liu c bn l R.
Khi 1 M M, m hnh tng qut tng ng vi m hnh h thng
Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn la chn vi tc d liu l HR.
Khi M = M > 1, m hnh tng qut tng ng vi m hnh h thng
Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn song song vi tc d liu l MR.

3.2 H thng MCMC CDMA

H thng PMC-MC-CDMA
H thng PMC-MC-CDMA (Parallel Mutilcode Mutilcarrier CDMA) c
xem nh l s kt hp ca h thng Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn song song v h
thng MC-CDMA. Khi mt ngi dng cn truyn mt lung d liu c tc ln
hn tc c bn M ln th h thng s chuyn lung d liu ny thnh M lung d
liu con, mi lung d liu con by gi c xem nh l ca tng ngi dng ring
bit. Mi lung d liu con s c a qua b m ha knh truyn, b trn v
c nhn vi m tri rng c chiu di L. Mi lung d liu con sau s c
iu ch a sng mang v pht ra ngoi knh truyn.
Hnh 3.5 miu t s to tn hiu ri rc cho h thng PMC-MC-CDMA ng
vi ngi dng k. Lung d liu k t d k ca ngi dng k c tc gp Mk ln tc
c bn, tc ca lung d liu k t dk ny l Mk /Ts vi Ts l khong thi gian
ca mt k t tc c bn.

63
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

Hnh 3.5 S to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA

n gin khi phn tch trong cc phn tip theo s khng xt n cc b

m ha knh v cc b trn, ta c s rt gn s to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-
CDMA cho ngui dng k nh hnh 3.6. Trong mi khong thi Ts s c Mk k t d
liu ca ngi dng k c truyn, khng mt tnh tng qut s to tn hiu PMC-
MC-CDMA c m t cho Mk k t d liu ca ngi dng tch cc k, Mk k t
d liu ca ngi dng k c biu din dui dng vector ct:

64
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

(3.13)

Hnh 3.6 S rt gon cho s to tn hiu ri rc PMC-MC-CDMA

Ta c th thy s khc nhau c bn gia s to tn hiu PMC-MC-CDMA v

MC-CDMA nm b tri ph. Trong h thng PMC-MC-CDMA, b tri ph s to
ra Mk m tri rng. B tri ph s nhn vector k t d liu d k vi ma trn m tri
rng ca ngi dng k.

(3.14)
Trong Ck,m (m =1,,Mk) l vector ct c chiu di L = Nc biu din mt
m tri rng trong tp m tri rng ca ngi dng th k. Ng ra b tri ph c
dng

(3.15)
H thng MMC-MC-CDMA
H thng MMC-MC-CDMA (M-ary Mutilcode CDMA) l s kt hp ni
tip ca h thng Mutilcode CDMA kiu truyn M-ary v h thng MC-CDMA.
Trong h thng ny mi ngi dng c mt m Ck (chiu di L) c trng cho
ngi dng v mt tp m {Vm(n)|1 m M } chung cho tt c ngi dng (chiu
di ca mi m trong tp m chung l N).
Hnh 3.7 miu t s to tn hiu MMC-MC-CDMA ri rc cho ngi dng k
s dng s iu ch BPSK. Khi ngi dng k c tc d liu gp log2(M k) ln tc
d liu c bn (1/Ts) th trong mi khong thi gian Ts khi chn lc s nh x
mt k t M-ary tng ng vi log 2 (Mk) bit thng tin vo mt trong s Mk m ca

65
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

tp m chung, tp Mk m ny c gi l tp m thng tin cho ngi dng k. Chiu

di N ca chui m trong tp m chung l c nh vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca Mk,
v vy s thay i tc k t d liu khng lm thay i chiu di N ca chui m
hay tc ca lung bit i vo b tri ph (N/ Ts) nhng n lm thay i kch thc
Mk ca tp m thng tin.

Hnh 3.7 S to tn hiu ri rc MMC-MC-CDMA

Khng mt tnh tng qut ta s kho st trong mt khong thi gian Ts cho
ngi dng tch cc k, gi s k t M-ary dk tng ng vi log 2 (Mk) bit thng tin
trong khong thi gian ny c nh x vo m Vdk(n), N bit ca m Vdk(n) sau
s ln lt i qua b tri ph. Vi mi bit vdk,n (bit th n ca m Vdk(n); n = 1,2,
,N) i vo b tri ph th ti ng ra b tri ph ta c mt chui c chiu di L.

(3.16)
Chui L gi tr phc ni tip sk,n qua b chuyn i S/P chuyn thnh L gi
tr song song i vo khi OFDM. Ng ra khi OFDM s c a qua khi D/A,
chuyn ln tn s sng mang cao tn v pht ra ngoi knh truyn.

66
Chng 3: H thng MC-MC-CDMA

Kt lun chng
Trong chng ny n kho st thm mt k thut truyn a tc na
tng thm tnh linh hot v nng cao hiu sut cho h thng MC-CDMA, l
h thng MTC-MC-CDMA (Multi-Code Multi-Carrier CDMA) l s kt hp ca
hai h thng Multi-Code CDMA v Multi-Carrier CDMA. H thng MTCMC-
CDMA gip tng cng tc trong vic truyn d liu l video, hnh nh , ci
thin cht lng d liu, dung lng khi truyn trong mi trng nhiu a ng,
nhiu a truy cp.
H thng multicode multicarrier CDMA ha hn l phng php h tr cho
tc d liu ln v a ngi dng trong h thng thng tin di ng t bo. Bng
cch s dng l thuyt multicode, h thng MC-MC-CDMA t c hai kh
nng l tri ph tt cng nh a dng v tn s. Cng trong mt bng thng, c
vic phn tch v m phng th kt qu u cho thy rng h thng MC-MC-CDMA
lm tt hn h thng a sng mang CDMA (Multicarrier CDMA) v n sng
mang a m (single carrier multicode CDMA v xc sut li bit v dung lng
ngi dng trong iu kin knh truyn Rayleigh fading la chn tn s.

67
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

CHNG 4
MT S KT QU M PHNG

4.1 M phng h thng MTC MC CDMA

Bng 4.1 Cac thng s m phng

Thng s Gia tr
Chiu di chui multi-code 256
Kch thc tp chui multi-code M 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 128, 256
S lng sng mang ph 16
M tri ph k hiu Walsh Hadamard, Gold, Kasami

Cac bc thc hin m phng :

Bc 1: To tp chui m multi-code; m tri ph; chui bit d liu.
Bc 2: To k hiu M-ary v nh x thnh chui m tng ng.
Bc 3:Tin hnh tri ph tn hiu trong min tn s.
Bc 4:Gi lp knh truyn truyn tn hiu.
Bc 5: Gii tri ph v lc phi hp s dng b lc Match filter, chn chui c
tng quan ln nht.
Bc 6: So snh vi k hiu gc v tnh BER.
Bc 7: Thc hin iu khin tc thch nghi (optional).

68
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

4.2 So sanh h thng Mutilcode-MC-CDMA vi h thng Multicode CDMA trong mi trng nhiu trng AWGN.

Hnh 4.1 Mutilcode CDMA trong mi trng nhiu trng AWGN

69
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

Hnh 4.2 Mutilcode MC-CDMA trong mi trng nhiu trng AWGN

70
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

Nhn xt :
Hnh 4.1 biu din t s BER vi SNR ca h thng Mutilcode CDMA s
dng m Walsh Hadamard, Gold, Kasami, M-sequence trong mi trng AWGN.
T hnh 4.1 ta c th thy m Walsh Hadamard cho cht lng tt hn cc m khc.
iu ny cho thy c tnh tng quan ca chui m c s dng cho tp chui
m mutilcode phn nh cht lng ca h thng. Khi m Walsh Hadamard c tnh
trc giao tt nht trong ba loi m cn li, h thng ny s dng m Walsh s cho ra
cht lng tt nht.
i vi h thng Mutilcode MC-CDMA (Hnh 4.2) trong iu kin ch c
nhiu Gaussian th h thng ny cng cho thy m Walsh-Hadamard cho cht lng
tt hn cc m khc.
So snh hnh 4.1 v hnh 4.2 ta thy r rng h thng Mutilcode MC-CDMA
ci thin hn hn so vi h thng Mutilcode CDMA. Ti khong BER gn xp x

ca h thng Mutilcode CDMA tng ng SNR l 30dB, trong khi vo

khong BER h thng Mutilcode MC-CDMA cho SNR ch khong 12dB.

71
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

4.3 So sanh h thng Mutilcode-MC-CDMA vi h thng Multicode CDMA trong mi trng nhiu trng AWGN.

Hnh 4.3 H thng Mutilcode CDMA trong mi trng Fading Rayleigh.

72
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

Hnh 4.4 MTC-MC-CDMA trong mi trng fading Rayleigh

73
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

Nhn xt:
Trong hnh 4.3 biu din t s BER vi SNR ca h thng Mutilcode CDMA
trong mi trng Fading Rayleigh. Mt ln na v s truyn i c tnh ng b nn
m Walsh Hadamard cho cht lng tt nht.
Cn trong knh truyn c nhiu fading Rayleigh (Hnh 4.4) cht lng h thng
MC-MC-CDMA s dng m Walsh Hadamard mt i trc giao. Nguyn nhn l do
m Walsh Hadamard c cc nhc im sau:
- Ph nng lng ca tn hiu sau khi tri ph s dng m Walsh s khng bng
phng. C nghia l nng lng ca tn hiu sau khi tri ph s ch tp trung vo mt
vi tn s no . iu ny lm cho pha thu gp kh khan nu cc tn s b suy
gim mnh trn ng truyn. Khi , my thu s khng th thu c tn hiu v
phn ln nng lng ca tn hiu truyn i b mt trn ng truyn.
- Tuy rng v mt l thuyt, m Walsh trc giao mt cch tuyt i, tc l h s
t tng quan = 1 (sau chun ha bng cch chia cho chiu di ca m) v h s
tng quan cho bng 0, nhng iu ny ch ng nu ton b m c ly tng
quan. iu ny yu cu cc h thng trn thc t phi t c ng b gia nhng
ngi s dng. iu ny rt kh t c, c bit l ng truyn t ngi s
dng n trm gc v ng truyn ny mi mt di ng truyn tn hiu theo yu
cu ca di ng . V th, nu c c s dng th m Walsh cng s ch c s
dng cho ng truyn t trm gc ti di ng (downlink) v ng truyn ny
trm gc c th truyn tn hiu ng thi n tt c cc di ng nn ng b c th
t c tt hn.
- Khi b mt ng b, m Walsh s cho nhiu gi tr tng quan cho trng
nhau. iu ny s lm cho vic ng b m trong tng thu bao di ng v kh
nhiu tr nn cc k kh khn trong cc h thng khng c ng b tt.
Chnh v nhng nhc im trn y m m PN ra i. PN code bao gm m
Gold, Kasami, M-sequence c nhng c im chnh sau y:
- M ny khng trc giao, tc l h s tng quan cho gia cc m khc nhau
l khc 0.

74
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

- Nng lng ca tn hiu sau tri ph s dng m PN c di u trn ton

min tn s ca tn hiu. iu ny l mt yu t ta mong mun v nu ch mt vi
tn s b suy gim mnh th phn ln nng lng ca tn hiu vn cn.
- Khi ng b b mt, h s tng quan cho vn nh (nh hn l nu s dng
m Walsh) cho nn vic kh nhiu MAI l rt tt.
- Khi ng b mt, h s tng quan cho ca PN code vn khng b trng lp
(tc l cc m khc nhau cho cc h s tng quan cho rt khc nhau) cho nn vic
kh nhiu MAI v ng b m trong tng thu bao s c thc hin tt hn.
Trn y ni n 2 khi nim ng b. Th nht l ng b gia nhng thu
bao khc nhau trong h thng v th hai l ng b m, tc l tm ra on m
dng cho mi thu bao. Ni c th hn, k c khi ng b gia nhng thu bao b
mt th thu c tn hiu, tng thu bao vn phi thc hin ng b m ca chnh
mnh, nu khng cht lng tn hiu u ra ca b thu s rt km.
Vi h thng MTC-MC-CDMA c s dng gii thut iu khin tc thch
nghi th m Kasami l la chn tt v m ny c tnh trc giao v tnh tng quan
cho tt.

75
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

4.4 So sanh h thng Mutilcode-MC-CDMA vi h thng Multicode CDMA c va khng c iu khin thch nghi.

Hnh 4.5 H thng Mutilcode CDMA c va khng c iu khin thch nghi

76
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

Hnh 4.6 H thng Mutilcode CDMA c va khng c iu khin thch nghi

77
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

Nhn xt:
Hnh 4.5 cho thy t s BER vi s user ca h thng Mutilcode CDMA
c v khng c iu khin thch nghi. Bng vic s dng iu khin thch nghi

ta c th tng dung lng m khng phi gim BER. Ti BER l ta c

th tng s lng user t 5 n 35 vi thut ton thch nghi so vi h thng
khng c thch nghi. ng nghia vi vic ta c th tng tc d liu ca h
thng bng s dng tc thch nghi ny.
Hnh 4.6 cho thy t s BER vi s user ca h thng Mutilcode MC-
CDMA c v khng c iu khin thch nghi vi SNR=10dB. Ti cng mt
BER, cng tc trn mt user, h thng Mutilcode MC-CDMA c iu
khin thch nghi c th h tr nhiu user hn khi khng c thch nghi. V d

ti BER l s lng user c h tr khi c thch nghi khong 17, trong

khi li l 5 vi khng c thch nghi.
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

4.5 So sanh h thng Mutilcode-MC-CDMA nhiu tp m M khac nhau vi h thng Multicode CDMA.

Hnh 4.7 H thng Mutilcode MC-CDMA vi cac tp m M khac nhau

79
Chng 4: Mt s kt qu m phng

Nhn xt:
Hnh 4.7 m phng t s BER vi s lng user ca h thng Mutilcode
MC-CDMA vi cc tp m M = 2, 4, 8, 16, Walsh Hadamard code,
SNR=10dB so vi h thng Mutilcode CDMA ( Hnh 4.5) khng c iu
khin thch nghi.
c s so snh hp l th s lng sng mang ph trong hai h thng
ny phi bng nhau. V d khi chiu di tp m M = 16 h thng Mutilcode
MC-CDMA s truyn 16 bits trong mt chu k symbol. iu ny c nghia l
h thng Mutilcode MC-CDMA s dng gp 4 ln bng thng so vi h thng
Mutilcarrier CDMA. V th nu ta dng 16 sng mang ph dnh cho
Mutilcode MC-CDMA th h thng Mutilcarrier CDMA s dng 64 sng
mang ph dn n Mutilcode CDMA dng 256 chiu di chui m. Theo cch
hiu 2 h thng Mutilcode MC-CDMA v Mutilcode CDMA s c cng
bng thng.
Nh c th thy mc d h thng Mutilcode CDMA c phn tp tn
s tt hn v s dng chiu di chui m nhiu hn nhng h thng Mutilcode
MC-CDMA li cho cht lng tt hn.
Ngoi ra ng vi cc tp m M = 2, 4, 8, 16 trong h thng Mutilcode
MC-CDMA cng ln ng vi tc d liu tng ln theo th t ln lt cng
s ra t s BER cng ln.
Chng 5: Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

Kt lun chng
H thng Mutilcode Mutilcarrier CDMA c xut v cht lng BER
c phn tch. Bng vic s dng khi nim mutil-code, MC-MC-CDMA c
li tri ph v phn tp tn s t hiu qu tt. Bn cnh tc d liu c th
thay i bng vic thay i kch c tp chui m. Vi cng mt bng thng, kt
qu c m phng v phn tch u cho thy h thng MC-MC-CDMA ci thin
cht lng tt hn c Mutilcarrier CDMA v Mutilcode CDMA v BER v dung
lng trong mi trng nhiu a ng.

81
Chng 5: Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

KT LUN VA HNG PHT TRIN TAI

n trnh by mt h thng mi ang c quan tm, l MC-MC-
CDMA, mt s kt hp hon ho gia Multicode CDMA v Multicarrier CDMA.
Mc ch ca n ny l tm kim m t gii php nng cao hn na cht
lng ca mng MC-CDMA nhm mc ch ci thi n dung lng ca h thng,
tha mn nhu cu thng tin di ng ngy cng ln trong thi i ngy nay.
Bn cnh m t s gii php ci thi n dung lng bng phng php iu
khin cng sut hay s dng nhiu antenna, n t p trung kho st m t gii php
mi: kt hp h thng multi-code thng dng trong cc h thng c tc thay
i, vi h thng MC-CDMA c kh nng chng nhiu tt trong knh v tuyn a
ng. H thng multicode CDMA hot ng tt trong knh truyn AWGN nhng
cht lng gim rt nhanh trong knh truyn c nhiu fading a ng. Khi kt hp
h thng ny vi h thng MC-CDMA, ta c h thng mi gi l Multi-code
MC-CDMA (MC-MC-CDMA) c kh nng h tr cc tc d li u bin i,
ng thi li c kh nng chng nhiu fading tt.
Phn m phng m phng h thng MTC-MC-CDMA trong iu kin knh
truyn nhiu AWGN v knh truyn fading Rayleigh. Cc kt qu m phng (bng
phn mm MATLAB 7.5) cho thy h thng MC-MC-CDMA c kh nng ci
thi n cht lng BER so vi cc h thng MTC-CDMA (Multicode CDMA), do
c kh nng cung cp dung lng nhiu hn h thng ny.
la chn t p chui m s dng cho h thng multi-code, cc loi m
Walsh-Hadamard, Gold, Kasami v m-sequence c a vo kho st. i vi
knh truyn AWGN th m trc giao Walsh c u th, cn trong knh truyn fading
Rayleigh th c th chn m Kasami.
Tuy nhin, kt qu trong n cng cn mt s hn ch cn phi c nhng
nghin cu b sung tip theo pht trin h thng ny.

82
Chng 5: Kt lun v hng pht trin ti

Cc kt qu thu c ch yu l qua qu trnh m phng trn my tnh,

cc kt qu phn tch da trn c s ton hc vn cha c tin hnh
y .
M hnh h thng MC-MC-CDMA c a ra kho st cn rt n
gin, cha m phng c cc phng php ti u ha cho my thu.
Do iu ki n khch quan v thi gian v v thit b, h thng ny cng
cha c gi l p bng phn cng kim tra tnh kh thi ca n.
Hng pht trin tip theo ca ti l khc phc nhng nhc im trn
hon thin cho ti ny.

83
 Phn phu luc

Lu m phng h thng MTC MC CDMA

TAI LIU THAM KHO

84
Tai li u ting vi t
[1]. L Ngoc Anh, Ci thin cht lng h thng CDMA bng m hnh
Molticode Multicarrier CDMA, Lun vn Thc Si Trng i hc Bch Khoa
i hc Quc gia Tp. H Ch Minh, 2001.
[2]. Trn Thanh Phng, Nghin cu gii php ci thin dung lng mng MC-
CDMA, Lun vn Thc Si Trng i hc Bch Khoa i hc Quc gia Tp. H
Ch Minh, 2005.
[3]. Nguyn Nguyn Quang, Nguyn Thanh Sn, H thng multirate MC-
CDMA, Lun vn Tt nghip Trng i hc Bch Khoa i hc Quc gia Tp.
H Ch Minh, 2006.
[4]. Nguyn Vn c, L thuyt v ng dng ca k thut OFDM, NXB Khoa
Hc v K Thut H Ni , 2006.
Tai li u nc ngoai
[5]. Paper by A. Duel-Hallen, J. Holtzman, and Z. Zvonar, Multiuser
Detection for CDMA Systems, 1995. Presented by Peter Ang April 27, 2001.
[6]. Juha Heikala, John Terry, Ph.D, OFDM Wireless LANS : A Theoritical and
Practical Guide, ISBN :0672321572
[7]. K. Frazel and S. Kaiser, MultiCarrier and Spread Spectrum Systems,
WILEY, 2003.
[8]. L. Hanzo, M. Munster, B.J. Choi and T. Keller, OFDM and MC-CDMA
for Broadband Multi-User Communications, WLANs and Broadcasting,
University of Southampton, UK.
[9]. Michael L. Honig, Advances in Multiuser Detection, WILEY, 2009.
[10]. Taeyon Kim,Jaeweon Kim, Multi-code MC-CDMA:Performance analysis,
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at
Austin
[11]. Shinsuke Hara, Ramjee Prasad, Overview of Multicarrier CDMA, IEEE
Communications Magazine, December, 1997, pp. 126-133.

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