PHN CNG CNG VIC

Trn Vit Khnh: Tm hiu l thuyt, tnh ton cc thng s ca anten. V m phng,
kim tra kt qu m phng v trnh by n.
Trn Quang Khanh : Tm hiu l thuyt, tnh ton cc thng s ca anten. Kim tra,
chnh sa kt qu m phng v trnh by.

Trang 1
 LI CAM OAN
Em xin cam oan n ny khng sao chp t bt k n hoc ti liu no c t
trc .

Sinh vin:

TRN QUANG KHANH

TRN VIT KHNH

Trang 2
 LI NI U
Truyn thng khng dy pht trin rt nhanh trong nhng nm gn y, theo cc
thit b di ng ang tr nn cng ngy cng nh hn. tha mn nhu cu thu nh cc
thit b di ng, anten gn trn cc thit b u cui cng phi c thu nh kch thc.
Cc anten phng, chng hn nh anten vi di (microstrip antenna) v anten mch in
(printed antenna), c cc u im hp dn nh kch thc nh v d gn ln cc thit b
u cui, ; chng s l la chn tha mn yu cu thit k trn. Cng bi l do ny,
k thut thit k anten phng bng rng thu ht rt nhiu s quan tm ca cc nh
nghin cu anten.
Gn y, c bit l sau nm 2000, nhiu anten phng mi c thit k tha mn cc
yu cu v bng thng ca h thng truyn thng di ng t bo hin nay, bao gm GSM
(Global System for Mobile communication,890960MHz), DCS (Digital Communication
System, 1710 1880 MHz), PCS (Personal Communication System, 1850 1990 MHz)
v UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System, 1920 2170 MHz), c
pht trin v xut bn trong nhiu cc ti liu lin quan.
Anten vi di vn c bng thng hp, v m rng bng thng thng l nhu cu i vi
cc ng dng thc t hin nay. Do , vic gim kch thc v m rng bng thng
ang l xu hng thit k chnh cho cc ng dng thc t ca anten vi di.
n tp trung tm hiu v thit k mt Boadband Planar Monopole Antennas. ng
thi s dng phn mm Ansoft HFSS thit k v m phng.
n gm 2 chng :
Chng 1: L thuyt chung v anten.
Chng 2: Boadband Planar Monopole Antennas.
Do thi gian c hn nn em ch tm hiu s qua v l thuyt anten ni chung v
Boadband Planar Monopole Antennas ni ring, ng thi thit k v m phng 1 anten
n gin. Trong qu trnh hon thnh n khng th trnh khi sai st, mong cc thy
c gp v gip em hon thnh n tt hn.
Em xin cm n thy c v bn b gip em hon thnh n ny !

Trang 3
 MC LC

PHN CNG CNG VIC.............................................................................................1

LI CAM OAN.............................................................................................................2
LI NI U.................................................................................................................. 3
MC LC........................................................................................................................4
DANH MC HNH NH V BNG BIU..................................................................6
1. THUYT CHUNG V ANTEN:..............................................................................8
1.1. Gii thiu:.............................................................................................................8
1.2. Cc tham s c bn ca anten:..............................................................................9
1.2.1. S bc x sng in t bi mt anten :..........................................................9
1.2.2. Gin bc x :...........................................................................................10
1.2.3. Cng bc x :........................................................................................14
1.2.4. H s nh hng:........................................................................................15
1.2.5. H s tng ch :.............................................................................................16
1.2.6. Bng thng :.................................................................................................16
1.2.7. Phn cc:......................................................................................................17
1.2.8. Tr khng vo:.............................................................................................18
2. BROADBAND PLANAR MONOPOLE ANTENNAS:.........................................19
2.1. Gii thiu:...........................................................................................................19
2.2. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh ch nht v vung:..........................................20
2.2.1. Cu trc v hnh dng ca anten:....................................................................20
2.2.2. Tnh ton tn s thp ca Planar Monopole Antennas:...................................23
2.2.3. nh hng ca cc tham s khc nhau i vi Planar Monopole Antennas hnh
vung:........................................................................................................................ 24
2.3. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh tam gic v lc gic:.......................................25
2.3.1. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh tam gic u:...............................................25
2.3.2. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh lc gic:.....................................................26

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 2.4. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh trn:.................................................................28
2.5. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh Elip:................................................................29
2.5.1. nh hng ca t l Ellipticity:.......................................................................30
2.6. Thit k cc v d v cc Planar Monopole Antennas:........................................31
2.6.1. Planar Monopole Antennas cho 225-400 MHz :.............................................31
2.6.2. Planar Monopole Antennas cho 2-6GHz :......................................................33
2.7. Kt lun :............................................................................................................38
TI LIU THAM KHO...............................................................................................39

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 DANH MC HNH NH V BNG BIU
Hnh 1.1: Chc nng ca anten.
Hnh 1.2: Mt s loi anten khc nhau.
Hnh 1.3: Cc trng bc x ti khu xa.
Hnh 1.4: H thng ta phn tch anten.
Hnh 1.5: Gin bc x v hng ca mt anten.
Hnh 1.6: Cc bp sng ca anten bc x hng tnh.
(a). Thy bc x v rng chm ca anten.
(b). th ca gin cng sut v cc thy v cc rng chm kt hp vi n.
Hnh 1.7: Cc vng trng ca mt anten.
(a). S quay ca vector in trng (b). Phn cc elip z = 0.
Hnh 1.8: S quay ca sng in t phng phn cc elip l hm theo thi gian.
Hnh 2.1: (a) MSA treo trong khng kh, (b) Sa i ngun cp d liu ca MSA,
(c)Planar Monopole Antenna
Hnh 2.2: Mt bn v mt trc ca RMSA.
Hnh 2.3:VSWR v tr khng u vo o c.
Bng 2.1: Tn s cng hng v t l % BW ca RMSA vi L=W=12cm
i vi cc gi tr h khc nhau.
Hnh 2.4:(a)Tr khng u vo;(b)VSWR i vi h=18cm (---) v h=( ).
Hnh 2.5: Tr khng u vo v VSWR i vi p=0.05cm (---) v p=0.2cm ( ).
Hnh 2.6: Tr khng u vo; VSWR i vi W=4.5cm (---) v W=3.5cm ( )
vi L=4.5cm v p=0.2cm.
Hnh 2.11: (a) Anten TMA; (b) Anten TMB.
Hnh 2.12: (a) Anten HMA ;(b) Anten HMB.
Hnh 2.13: Kt qu o VSWR ca 2 loi anten HMA( ), HMB(----).
Hnh 3.14: Tr khng u vo v VSWR ca anten CM.
Hnh 2.15: Tr khng u vo v VSWR ca (a) EM1A v (b) EM1B.
Hnh 2.16: VSWR i vi cc loi anten EM c t l ellipticity ( a/ b ) khc nhau :
(a) EMA v (b) EMB
( )t l 1.2;(----)t l 1.3;(......)t l 1.4.
Bng 2.3: So snh BW v VSWR ca CM v cc EM khc nhau.
Hnh 2.18: Tr khng u vo v VSWR ca anten RM
Vi L=28 cm, W=22 cm v p=0.7 cm.
Bng 2.6: Bng gi tr ca 1 s loi cp ng trc.

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Hnh 2.19: Hnh m phng bng HFSS
Hnh 2.20: Gi tr S11 i vi p=0.1cm
Hnh 2.21: Gi tr S11 i vi p=0.2 cm
Hnh 2.22: Gi tr S11 i vi p=0.3
Hnh 2.22: Gi tr S11 i vi p=0.3 ,d=3cm
Hnh 2.23:Tr khng vo
Hnh 2.24: li ca anten.

Trang 7
1. THUYT CHUNG V ANTEN:
1.1. Gii thiu:
Khi nim:
Anten l thit b c th bc x( anten pht) hoc thu nhn ( anten thu) sng in ttrong
khng gian. Ni cch khc, anten l cu trc chuyn tip gia khng gian t do v thit b
dn sng (guilding device).
Phn loi anten:
V chc nng, c 2 loi anten c bn l anten pht v anten thu:
Anten pht : Bin i tn hiu in cao tn t my pht thnh sng in t t do
lan trong khng trung.
Anten thu: Tp trung sng in t lan trong khng trung thnh tn hiu in cao
tn a n my thu.

Hnh 1.1: Chc nng ca anten.

Phn loi theo hnh dng:
Anten dy: dipole ( lng cc), loop (vng), helix (l xo),...
m ca anten : horn (loa), slot (khe),...
Printed antennas : patch (bng), spiral (xon),..
Phn loi theo li:
li ln : Anten a.
li trung bnh: Horn.
li b : diople, loop, slot, patch.
Ngoi ra cn c phn loi theo bp sng, bng thng,...

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 Hnh 1.2: Mt s loi anten khc nhau.

1.2. Cc tham s c bn ca anten:

Phn ny trnh by mt s khi nim v cc quan h c bn v anten nh: s bc x sng,
trng bc x v gin trng bc x, phn cc sng bc x, nh hng, tn s
cng hng, tr khng, bng thng, tng ch,
1.2.1. S bc x sng in t bi mt anten :
Khi nng lng t ngun c truyn ti anten, 2 trng c to ra: Mt trng
ltrng cm ng (trng khu gn), trng ny rng buc vi anten; cn trng kia
ltrng bc x (trng khu xa). Ngay ti anten (trong trng gn), cng ca
cctrng ny ln v t l tuyn tnh vi lng nng lng c cp ti anten.Ti khu
xa,ch c trng bc x l c duy tr.Trng khu xa gm 2 thnh phn l in
trngv t trng (xem Hnh 1.3).

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 Hnh 1.3: Cc trng bc x ti khu xa.

C hai thnh phn in trng v t trng bc x t mt anten hnh thnh trng in

t. Trng in t truyn v nhn nng lng in t thng qua khng gian t do. Sng
v tuyn l mt trng in t di chuyn.Trng khu xa l cc sng phng.Khi sng
truyn i, nng lng m sng mang theo tri ra trn mt din tch ngy cng ln hn.
iu ny lm cho nng lng trn mt din tch cho trc gim i khi khong cch t
im kho st ti ngun tng.
1.2.2. Gin bc x :
Cc tn hiu v tuyn bc x bi anten hnh thnh mt trng in t vi mt gin xc
nh, v ph thuc vo loi anten c s dng.Gin bc x ny th hin cc c tnh
nh hng ca anten.
Gin bc x ca anten c nh ngha nh sau: l mt hm ton hc hay s th hin
ha ca cc c tnh bc x ca anten, v l hm ca cc ta khng gian. Trong
hu ht cc trng hp, gin bc x c xt trng xa. c tnh bc x l s phn
b nng lng bc x trong khng gian 2 chiu hay 3 chiu, s phn b l hm ca v
tr quan st dc theo mt ng hay mt b mt c bn knh khng i. Hta thng
c s dng th hin trng bc x trong Hnh 1.4.

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 Hnh 1.4: H thng ta phn tch anten.

Trong thc t, ta c th biu din gin 3D bi hai gin 2D. Thng thng ch quan
tm ti gin l hm ca bin vi vi gi tr c bit ca , v gin l hm ca
vi mt vi gi tr c bit ca l a ra hu ht cc thng tin cn thit.
Gin ng hng v hng tnh
Anten ng hng ch l mt anten gi nh, bc x u theo tt c cc hng. Mc d
n l l tng v khng th thc hin c v mt vt l, nhng ngi ta thng s dng
n nh mt tham chiu th hin c tnh hng tnh ca anten thc. Anten hng tnh
l anten c c tnh bc x hay thu nhn sng in t mnh theo mt vi hng hn cc
hng cn li.
Mt v d ca anten vi gin bc x hng tnh c th hin trong hnh 1.5. Ta nhn
thy rng gin ny l khng hng tnh trong mt phng cha vector H (azimuth
plane) vi [ f(), = /2 ] v hng tnh trong mt phng cha vector E (elevation plane)
vi [g (), = const ] .

Hnh 1.5: Gin bc x v hng ca mt anten.

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Mt phng E c nh ngha l mt phng cha vector in trng v hng bc xcc
i, v mt phng H c nh ngha l mt phng cha vector t trng v hng bc
x cc i. Trong thc t ta thng chn hng ca anten th no t nht mt trong
cc mt phng E hay mt phng H trng vi mt trong cc mt phng ta (mt phng
x hay y hay z)..
Cc bp sng ca gin bc x hng tnh:
Cc bp sng khc nhau ca gin bc x nh hng hay cn gi l cc thy (lobe) c
th phn loi thnh thy chnh, thy ph, thy bn v thy sau. Hnh 1.6(a) minh ha
gin cc 3D i xng vi mt s thy bc x.Mt vi thy c cng bc x ln
hn cc thy khc.Nhng tt c chng u c gi l cc thy.Hnh 1.6(b) th hin gin
2D (mt mt phng ca hnh 1.6(a)).

Hnh 1.6: Cc bp sng ca anten bc x hng tnh.

(a). Thy bc x v rng chm ca anten.
(b). th ca gin cng sut v cc thy v cc rng chm kt hp vi n.

Trang 12
Thy chnh (cng c gi l chm chnh) c nh ngha l thy cha hng bcx
cc i. Trong Hnh 1.7, thy chnh ang ch theo hng =0 . C th tn ti nhiu
hn mt thy chnh.Thy ph l bt k thy no, ngoi tr thy chnh. Thng thng,
thy bn l thy lin st vi thy chnh v nh x bn cu theo hng ca chm chnh.
Thy sau l thy bc x m trc ca n to mt gc xp x 180 so vi thy chnh.
Thng th thy ph nh x bn cu theo hng ngc vi thy chnh.
Thy ph th hin s bc x theo cc hng khng mong mun, v chng phi c ti
thiu ha. Thy bn thng l thy ln nht trong cc thy ph. Cp ca thy phc
th hin bi t s ca mt cng sut theo hng ca thy vi mt cng sut ca
thy chnh. T s ny c gi l t l thy bn hay cp thy bn.
Trng khu gn v trng khu xa :
Khng gian bao quanh mt anten c chia thnh 3 vng; (a) trng gn tc ng tr
li (reactive near-field), (b) trng gn bc x (radiating near-field, Fresnel) v (c) trng
xa (Fraunhofer) nh ch ra trong hnh 1.7.
Vng trng gn tc ng tr li (reactive near-field region) c nh ngha l phn
khng gian trng gn trc tip bao quanh anten, xt kha cnh trng tc ng tr li
chim u th. Trng ny ging buc vi ngun bc x v trao i nng lng vi

ngun. Vi cc anten, bin ca vng ny c tnh ti khong cch R < 0.62 D3 / tnh

t mt phng anten, l bc sng v D l ng knh ln nht ca anten.

Hnh 1.7: Cc vng trng ca mt anten.

Trang 13
Vng trng gn bc x (radiating near-field (Fresnel) region) c nh ngha lphn
khng gian nm gia trng gn tc ng tr li v trng xa, xt kha cnh trng bc
x chim u th. Nu ng knh cc i ca anten khng ln hn so vi bc sng,

vng ny khng tn ti. Bin trong c tnh khong R 0.62 D3 / v bin ngoi

khong cch R <2D2 /, trong D l kch thc ln nht ca anten.

Vng trng xa (Far-field (Fraunhofer) region).Nu anten c kch thc ln nht l D (D
phi ln hn bc sng, D > ), vng trng xa thng c xem l tn ti khong
cch ln hn 2D2 / tnh t anten.Trong vng ny, trng l trng in t ngang. Bin
bn trong c xem nh khong cch R = 2D2 / v bin ngoi v cc. Trong vng
trng xa, dng ca gin bc x hu nh khng thay i khi dch chuyn im
quanst ra xa dn.
1.2.3. Cng bc x :
Cng bc x theo mt hng cho trc c nh ngha nh sau: nng lng c
bc x t anten trn mt n v gc c. Cng bc x l tham s trng xa, v c
tnh bng cch n gin l nhn mt bc x vi bnh phng ca khong cch.
U=r 2 W rad

Trong : U l cng bc x (W/n v gc c).

W rad l mt bc x (W/m2)

Cng bc x cng c quan h vi in trng trong trng xa ca anten bi:

E (r , , )


2 2
r r
U ( , )= [E (r , , )]2
2 2

E0 ( , )


r2

2

Trong : l tr khng sng ca mi trng.

Trang 14
 e jkr
E(r , , )=E 0( ,)
r l cng in trng trong trng xa ca anten.

E, El cc thnh phn in trng trong trng xa ca anten.

1.2.4. H s nh hng:
H s nh hng ca anten c nh ngha nh sau: t l ca cng bc x theo
mt hng cho trc so vi cng bc x trung bnh trn tt c cc hng. Cng
bc x trung bnh bng tng cng sut bc x bi anten chia cho 4.Nu hng khng
c xc nh, hng ca cng bc x cc i c chn.
n gin hn, h s nh hng ca mt ngun bc x hng tnh bng vi t l ca
cng bc x theo mt hng cho trc (U) v cng bc x ca mt ngun ng
hng (U0):
U 4 U
D= =
U 0 P rad

Hng bc x cc i (hng tnh cc i) c biu din nh sau:

U max 4 U max
D max =D0= =
U0 Prad

Trong :D l hng tnh (khng c th nguyn).

D0 l hng tnh cc i (khng c th nguyn).
U l cng bc x (W/n v gc c).
Umax l cng bc x cc i (W/n v gc c).
U0 l cng bc x ca ngun ng hng (W/n v gc c).
Prad l tng cng sut bc x (W).
Vi ngun ng hng, ta thy rng hng tnhbng 1 khi U, Umax v U0 bng nhau.
Vi anten c cc thnh phn phn cc trc giao, chng ta nh ngha h s nh
hngring (partial directivity), theo mt phn cc cho trc v mt hng cho trc, l

Trang 15
t lca cng bc x tng ng vi mt phn cc cho trc chia cho tng cng
bc x trung bnh trn tt c cc hng. Vi nh ngha ny, th theo mt hng cho
trc h s nh hng tng l tng ca cc h s nh hng ring. Trong h ta
cu, hng tnh cc i D 0 vi cc thnh phn ta v ca anten c th c
vit l:
D 0=D =D

1.2.5. H s tng ch :
Mt n v khc m t hiu sut ca anten l h s tng ch (G). H s tng ch ca
anten c quan h vi h s nh hng, v l n v dng tnh ton hiu sut ca anten
cng nh kh nng hng tnh ca n. Trong khi h s nh hng ch th hin c c
tnh hng tnh ca anten.
H s tng ch c xc nh bng cch so snh mt cng sut bc x ca anten thc
hng kho st v mt cng sut bc x ca anten chun (thng l anten v hng)
cng hng v khong cch nh nhau, vi gi thit cng sut t vo hai anten bng
nhau, cn anten chun l anten c hiu sut bng 1 (khng tn hao).
Cng bc x ca anten ng hng bng vi cng sut t vo anten chia cho
4(do ta gi thit anten chun c hiu sut bng 1, nn cng sut bc x bng cng sut
t vo anten). Do , ta c:
C ng b c x c a antenth c t i h ng kh o st
G=4
C ng b c x c a antenanten v h ng

T suy ra:
U ( , )
G=4
P

Tng cng sut bc x (Prad) c quan h vi tng cng sut t vo anten (Pin) bi:
Prad =e cd + P

Trong , ecd l hiu sut bc x ca anten (khng th nguyn). Thay vo tnh G ta c:

Trang 16
 U ( , )
G( , )=e cd [4 ]
Prad

1.2.6. Bng thng :

Bng thng (BW) ca anten c nh ngha nh sau: khong tn s m trong hiu
sut ca anten tha mn mt tiu chun nht nh. Bng thng c th c xem xt l
khong tn s, v hai bn ca tn s trung tm (thng l tn s cng hng), cc
c tnh anten (chng hn nh tr khng vo, gin , rng chm, phn cc, cp thy
bn, h s tng ch, hng chm, hiu sut bc x) t gi tr c th chp nhn c.
Vi cc anten di rng, bng thng thng c biu din l t s ca tn s trn v tn
s di khi anten hot ng vi cc c tnh c th chp nhn c.V d, bng thng
10:1 ch ra rng, tn s trn ln hn 10 ln tn s di.
f max
BW=
f min

Vi anten di hp, bng thng c th hin bi t l phn trm ca s sai khc tn s

(tn s trn tn s di) so vi tn s trung tm ca bng thng. V d, bng thng 5%
th hin rng, s sai khc tn s l 5% tn s trung tm ca bng thng.
f max f min
BW=
f0

Bi v cc c tnh nh tr khng vo, gin bc x, h s tng ch, phn cc, ca

anten khng bin i ging nhau theo tn s, nn c nhiu nh ngha bng thng khc
nhau. Ty tng ng dng c th, yu cu v cc c tnh ca anten c chn th no cho
ph hp.
1.2.7. Phn cc:
Phn cc ca anten theo mt hng cho trc c nh ngha nh sau: l phn cc ca
sng c truyn i bi anten. Ch : khi khng cp ti hng no, phn cc c
xem l phn cc theo hng c h s tng ch cc i.
Mt ng vch theo bi u mt ca vector in trng l hm ca thi gian c th
hin trong Hnh 1.8(a) v (b).

Trang 17
 Hnh 1.8: S quay ca sng in t phng phn cc elip l hm theo thi gian.
(a). S quay ca vector in trng (b). Phn cc elip z = 0.
Phn cc phn thnh 3 loi: thng, trn v ellip. Nu u mt vector in trng mt
im trong khng gian lun hng theo mt ng thng, trng ny c gi l phn
cc tuyn tnh. Tng qut, u mt vector in trng vch ra l mt elip, v trng
c gi l phn cc ellip. Phn cc tuyn tnh v trn l trung hp c bit ca phn
cc elip. u mt vector in trng quay theo chiu kim ng h (clockwise, CW) gi
l phn cc phi v ngc kim ng h (counterclockwise, CCW) gi l phn cc tri.
1.2.8. Tr khng vo:
Tr khng vo c nh ngha nh sau: tr khng ca anten ti im u vo ca n
hay t s in p so vi dng in ti u vo hay t s ca cc thnh phn tng ng ca
in trng so vi t trng mt im. Trong phn ny, chng ta quan tm chyu ti
tr khng vo ti u vo ca anten. T s in p trn dng in u vo ny, khng c
ti, xc nh tr khng ca anten nh sau:
Z A =R A + j X A

ZA
Trong , l tr khng ca anten cc u vo ().
R A l in tr ca anten cc u vo ().

X A l in khng ca anten cc u vo ().

Ni chung, thnh phn in tr bao gm 2 thnh phn l:

R A =Rr + R L

Trang 18
 Rr
Trong , l tr khng bc x (radiation resistance) ca anten.
R L tr khng mt mt (loss resistance) ca anten.

Tr khng vo ca mt anten ni chung l hm ca tn s. Do , anten ch c phi

hp tt vi ng cp ngun ch trong cng mt di tn no . Thm na, tr khng vo
ca anten ph thuc vo cc yu t nh: hnh dng ca anten, phng php cp ngun
cho anten, v nh hng ca cc i tng bao quanh n. Do s phc tp ca chng, ch
mt lng gii hn cc anten thc t c nghin cu v phn tch t m. Vi cc loi
anten khc, tr khng vo c xc nh bng thc nghim.

2. BROADBAND PLANAR MONOPOLE ANTENNAS:

2.1. Gii thiu:
Ta bit rng BW ca MSA tng ln cng vi s gia tng dy cht nn v gim hng
s in mi ca cht nn. i vi mt cht nn dy vi mt hng s in mi thp, BW
t 5% n 10% thu c. Vic tng thm dy cht nn lm gim hiu qu ca MSA v
tng mc cho cc. Ngoi ra, cn c mt u trc kim loi gia kim loi bc x
trong khng kh cao h ln nh trong Hnh2.1(a). h ln lm tng t cm thm d
v tr khng u vo. Tr khng u vo c cm ng ln ny c th c iu chnhcho
ph hp bng cch cho khong cch cc a kim loi vi u trc kim loic chiu di p
ngn hoc di hn nh trong Hnh 2.1(b). Trong trng hp ny, cc a kim loi c
a dc theo ra vi mt phng mt t. Nu h l rt ln, cc mt phng mt t pha di
s c nh hng khng ng k v do c th c g b. Cu trc ny s tr thnh
tng t nh mt Planar Monopole Antenna,c th hin nh trong Hnh 2.1(c).

Trang 19
 Hnh 2.1: (a) MSA treo trong khng kh, (b) Sa i ngun cp d liu ca MSA,
(c)Planar Monopole Antenna.
Planar Monopole Antennasc BW rt ln, c th c gii thch trong hai cch sau y:
Planar Monopole Antennas thng bao gm mt u trc kim loi dc mng gn trn
mt phng ni t, c BW tng ln cng vi s gia tng ng knh ca n. Mt
Planar Monopole Antennasc th tng ng vi mt Monopole Antennas hnh tr
vi ng knh ln c cng hiu qu.
Planar Monopole Antennasc th c xem nh l mt MSA trn mt cht nn rt
dy vi r= 1, do BWs ln. Hnh dng v kch thc ca cc Planar Monopole
Antennasc th c ti u ha cc ng trn VSWR = 2 trong biu
Smith, t dn n BW rt ln.
Nhng phn tip theo s m t Planar Monopole Antennaskhc nhau, k c hnh
vung, hnh ch nht, hnh tam gic, hnh lc gic, hnh trn v hnh elip.
2.2. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh ch nht v vung:
Mt antenn cc phng hnh ch nht c th c coi l mt bin th ca RMSA, trong
mt phng mt t ngang c coi l nm v cng.Cc v d sau y a ra
chng t php so snh ny.

Trang 20
2.2.1.Cu trc v hnh dng ca anten:
Mt bn v mt trc ca mt hnh ch nht c cc bn v kim loi vi L=W=12 cm lm
bng mt tm ng c dy 0,1cm vi hai mt phngvung gcc th hin nh trong
Hnh 3.2.

Hnh 2.2:Mt bn v mt trc ca RMSA.

i vi khong cch gia mt phng mt t di chuyn v a kim loi l h = 3 cm v
chiu di thm d p = 0,4 cm, tr khng u vo v VSWR o c c th hin nh
trong Hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3:VSWR v tr khng u vo o c.

Ccgi tr tr khng t c s thay i do ngun cp t u trc kim loi c gi tr nh, v

vy gi tr ca h c tng ln kim tra s thay i ca cc yu t khc khi h thay i.
Cc kt qu c biu din trong Bng 2.1.Gi tr BW o cho VSWR 2 l t 858 MHz
n988 MHz.

Trang 21
 Bng 2.1: Tn s cng hng v t l % BW ca RMSA vi L=W=12cm
i vi cc gi tr h khc nhau.
Cng thc RMSA c s dng tnh ton tn s cng hng ca antenny. V mi
trng in mi cho tt c cc trng hp di iu kin kim tra l khng kh, vi h s
in mi e= 1, tn s cng hng l thuyt iu kin c bn c th c tnh bng
cch s dng biu thc sau:
f0 = c / (2Le)(1)
Trong :
Le = chiu di cng hng hiu qu.
c = vn tc nh sng trong chn khng.
i vi mt phng mt t vung gc, Le L + L + p. i vi chiu rng ca a kim
loi ( W/h> 10) vi r = 1, L l xp x bng h. Tn s cng hng l thuyt theo tnh
ton s dng biu thc (1) vi p = 1.0 cm l 937 MHz, gn vi tn s trung tm o c
ca 923 MHz.
Tip theo, ta xem xt tc ng ca vic tng h trn BW ca anten. i vi cc gi tr
khc nhau ca h vi p = 1.0 cm, o tn s trn v di (f L v fH)tng ng vi VSWR=2
c a ra trong Bng 2.1. Vi s gia tng h t 3cm n v cng (), t l phn trm
BW ca antentng t 14,1% n 81,2%. Vi h tng, tn s cng hng o c gim do
s gia tng ng k L . i vi gi tr nh hn ca h, cc tn s tnh theo l thuyt thu
c t biu thc (1) v cc gi tr tn s o c t thc t gn tng t nhau. Nhng
khi h tng ln, tn s l thuyt c gi tr gn vi tn s f Lo c tng ng vi VSWR
= 2.
i vi hai gi tr khc nhau ca h [V d:h= 18 cm (ln) v h= (mt phng mt
t pha di b loi b)], tr khng u vo v VSWR o c th hin trong Hnh 2.4.

Trang 22
 Hnh 2.4:(a)Tr khng u vo;(b)VSWR i vi h=18cm (---) v h=( ).
i vi h tng t 18cm n tn sfL o c gim nh t 515 MHz n 501 MHz. i
vi hai gi tr ca h, tr khng u vo v VSWR l gn nh nhau. V vy, i vi mt h
ln n v cng, cu hnh MSA gim vi mt Planar Monopole Antennas. Trong trng
hp ny, tn s fLc th c tnh gn ng tng ng vi VSWR = 2c th c xc
nh bng cch cc phng php nh phn di y.

2.2.2. Tnh ton tn s thp ca Planar Monopole Antennas:

i vi mt Planar Monopole Antennas, cc tn s thp hn tng ng vi VSWR = 2
c th c tnh bng cch cho tng ng din tch ca n (trong trng hp ny l
mt a hnh ch nht) vi mt antenhnh tr c mt chiu cao L v bn knh r nh m t
di y:
2rL = WL(2)
Trong vi:
r = W /(2) (3)
Tr khng u vo ca /4 mtanten n cc l mt na ca /2 antenlng cc. V
vy, tr khng u vo ca mt antenn cc cc nh mng l 36,5 + j 21.25, theo quy
np. V vy, ta c cng thc nh sau:
L = 0.24F (4)
Vi:
F = (L / r) / (1 + L / r) = L / (L + r)(5)
T (4) v (5), bc sng thu c l:
= (L + r) /0.24 (6)
Do , tn s thp f Lc tnh bi cng thc:
fL= c / = (30 x 0.24) / (L + r) = 7.2 / (L + r) GHz (7)
Phng trnh (7) khng tnh n nh hng ca chiu di thm d p, lm tng tng
chiu di ca antendo lm gim tn s. Do , phng trnh ny c sa li nh sau:
fL = 7.2 / (L + r + p) GHz (8)
Trong : L, r, v p tnh bng cm.

Trang 23
 Vi h = 8 (n cc anten) khi s dng (8),tn s l thuyt tnh c l 483 MHz (o
c fL= 501 MHz). i vi h = 18 cm, tn s l thuyt thu c bng cch s dng
MSA v khi nim n cc rt gn vi nhau.i vi mt gi tr h nh hn, tn s cng
hng o c c gi tr gn ng vi tn s l thuyt xc nh bi cc biu thc p
dng cho MSA v vi mt h ln hn, n gn vi tn s tnh c khi s dng biu thc
cho mt Planar Monopole Antennas.

2.2.3.nh hng ca cc tham s khc nhau i viPlanar Monopole Antennas hnh

vung:
Cc phn trc ta thy rng Planar Monopole Antennashnh ch nht (RM) c BW ln.
BW ca cc antenph thuc ch yu vo rng W ca cc a, ng knh d v chiu
di pca u cp ngun kim loi. Cc SMA thng s dng trn 1GHz, v do , d c
gi c nh ti 0.12 cm. Khi chiu cao L ca cc Planar Monopole Antennastng (hoc
gim), s gim tn s cnh di fL(hoc tng) kh r rng. Do , nh hng ca chiu
rng W v chiu di p vo hiu sut ca antenc c th hin nh sau:
Planar Monopole Antennas hnh ch nht (RM) v hnh vung (SM) c phn tch bng
phn mm IE3D. Ban u, nh hng ca p c kim tra bng cch gi L = W =
4.5cm.Tr khng v VSWR u vo vi hai gi tr ca p c th hin trong Hnh
2.5.Khi p tng t 0.05cm n 0.2cm, tr khng u vo thay i theo chiu kim ng h.
iu ny l do vi s gia tng p, in cm tng ln v do tr khng u vo tr nn
np nhiu hn na. Mt BW rng 1335 MHz (68%) thu c khip = 0.2 cm, so vi BW
668 MHz (40%) khi cho p = 0.05 cm.

Hnh 2.5: Tr khng u vo v VSWR i vi p=0.05cm (---) v p=0.2cm ( ).

Trang 24
Tip theo, vai tr ca W c kim tra bng cch gi cho cc thng s khc c nh. Tr
khng v VSWR u vo i vi hai gi tr ca W (4.5cm v 3.5cm) vi L = 4.5cm v p
= 0.2cm c th hin trong Hnh 3.6. Vi s st gim ca W, kch thc ca cc vng
lp ca tr khng u vo tng v chuyn v pha bn phi trong biu Smith. V di
ca cc RM c gi c nh mc 4.5cm, tn s cnh di f Lgn nh khng thay i;
iu ny c xc nh bi chiu di L ca Planar Monopole Antennas. Vi W gim t
4.5cm n 3.5cm, BW tng t 1335 MHz n 1715 MHz do s gia tng kch thc vng
lp.

Hnh 2.6: Tr khng u vo; VSWR i vi W=4.5cm (---) v W=3.5cm ( )

vi L=4.5cm v p=0.2cm.

2.3. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh tam gic v lc gic:

Nhng loi Planar Monopole Antennas c tm hiu tip theo l hnh tam gic v
hnh lc gic (TM v HM). Din tch b mt v cc thng s khc ca cc anten c gi
ging nh cc anten hnh ch nht v hnh vung d dng so snh.

2.3.1. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh tam gic u:

Chiu di b mt ca cc a tam gic u c tnh l 6.84 cm, do din tch ca n l
tng ng vi ca SM c m t trong phn trc. c im, hnh dng ca 2 loi
anten tam gic khc nhau, k hiu ln lt l TMA v TMB, c th hin nh trong
Hnh 2.11 (a, b).

Trang 25
 Hnh 2.11: (a) Anten TMA; (b) Anten TMB.
tnh ton fL ca antenTMA v TMB s dng cng thc (8), cc gi tr ca L v r
ca anten n cc hnh tr c xc nh theo cng thc:
L = 3W /2 (10)
r = W / (4) (11)
trong W l bng vi chiu di cnh ca tam gic u.
i vi TMA, VSWR l lun lun ln hn 2, v khng c tr khng u vo ph
hp ti bt k tn s no.Cn i vi TMB kt qu c tm tt trong Bng 2.2. fL ca
antenny l thp nht trong s tt c cc cu hnh khc ca anten n cc cng mt din
tch b mt bi v n c chiu cao ln nht. Cc php ov BW ca anten TMBcng nh
hn so vi RM v SM anten tng ng.

2.3.2. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh lc gic:

di cnh bn ca anten hnh lc gic c tnh bng cch cho din tch b mt ca
anten ny tng ng din tch b mt ca anten SM, t c th tnh ra gi tr ca n
l 2.8 cm. i vi anten hnh lc gic c th chia ra lm 2 loi anten c c im khc
nhau l HMA v HMB, c th hin trong Hnh 2.12( a, b).Cc HMA v HMB c
cp ngun gia mt cnh v mt nh tng ng.

Trang 26
 Hnh 2.12: (a) Anten HMA ;(b) Anten HMB.
Cc tn s thp fLtheol thuyt tng ng vi VSWR = 2 c tnh ring cho cc anten
HMA v HMB c a ra di y:
i vi HMA, gi tr L v r ca antenn cc hnh tr tng ng c tnh nh
sau:
L = 3l (12)
r = 3l/ (4) (13)
Cc thng s cho HMB l:
L = 2l (14)
r = 3 3l / (8)(15)
Cc kt qu VSWR cho hai loi anten ny c th hin trong Hnh 2.13, v c
tm tt trong Bng 2.2.

Hnh 2.13: Kt qu o VSWR ca 2 loi anten HMA( ), HMB(----).

fL ca HMB thp hn so vi HMA v HMB c chiu cao L ln hn.

Cc anten HMB c BW ln hn HMA.

Trang 27
 Cc anten HMB cung cp mt BW rng hn so vi cc anten hnh vung v RM, v
n gn vi cu hnh trn hn cc loi anten khc, vi anten hnh trnl mt loi anten
c BW rt ln s c tm hiu trong phn tip theo.
2.4. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh trn:
Mt Planar Monopole Antennashnh trn (CM) c BW rt rng. Bn knh ca anten CM
c ly bng 2.5 cm, do din tch b mt ca n l xp x bng vi cc antenkhc
c a ra trong Bng 2.2. Nh trong cc trng hp trc , kch thc ca mt
phng mt t c gi nguynl 30 cm 30 cm. i vi CM, cc gi tr L v r ca tr
antenn cc tng ng c a ra bi cc cng thc :
L = 2a(16)
r = a / 4(17)
i vi p = 0.1 cm, tr khng u vo v VSWR o c th hin trong Hnh 3.14.
BW cho VSWR = 2 l t 1.17 GHz n 12 GHz, tng ng vi t l BW 1: 10,2.

Hnh 3.14: Tr khng u vo v VSWR ca anten CM.

Trang 28
2.5. Planar Monopole Antennas hnh Elip:
Mt Planar Monopole Antennas hnh elip (EM) l mt trng hp tng qut ca cc
anten trn, trong trc ln khng bng vi trc nh. Cc kch thc ca mt EM
(chiu di trc ln = 2a v chiu di trc nh = 2b) c tnh ton khi gi din tch ca
n tng ng vi ca CM. T l ellipticity c chn l: a / b =1.1, c t tn l
EM1. EM c cp ngun dc theo trc nh (EMA) hoc trc chnh (EMB).
tnh ton fL ca antenEM, L v r ca anten n cc hnh tr tng ng c
xc nh nh sau:
2rL = ab(18)
i vi EMA, L = 2b v r = a/4, v vi EMB, cc thng s ny l L = 2a v r = b/ 4. fL
c tnh theo cng thc (8). Tr khng u vo v VSWR o c cho EM1A v EM1B
c th hin trong Hnh 2.15.

Hnh 2.15: Tr khng u vo v VSWR ca (a) EM1A v (b) EM1B.

Cc thng s ca cc loi anten ny c so snh vi nhng loi anten khc nh trong
Bng 2.2.Cc thng s BWs,VSWR thu c cho EM1A v EM1B c ci thin so vi

Trang 29
CM ty thuc vo t l ellipticity ca mi loi anten . Do , nh hng ca thay i t
l ellipticity trn BW ca antenEM c m t trong mc sau.

2.5.1. nh hng ca t l Ellipticity:

Ba anten hnh elip vi t l ellipticity khc nhau c a ra so snh.i vi ba anten
ny, cc gi tr ca a / b c chn ln lt l 1.2 (EM2), 1.3 (EM3) v 1.4 (EM4). Cc
gi tr VSWR o c ca EM2, EM3, v EM4 trong cc cu hnh EMA v EMB c
so snh trong Hnh 3.16.

Hnh 2.16: VSWR i vi cc loi anten EM c t l ellipticity( a/ b ) khc nhau :

(b) EMA v (b) EMB
( )t l 1.2;(----)t l 1.3;(......)t l 1.4.

Kch thc v BWs, VSWR o c cho tt c cc trng hp ny c tm tt trong

Bng 2.3.

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 Bng 2.3: So snh BW v VSWR ca CM v cc EM khc nhau.
Cc gi tr fLca EMBs lun lun nh hn so vi cc EMAs v chiu cao ca n ln hn.
Khi t l ellipticity (a / b) tng 1.1 n 1.4, BW gim. So vi vic o fL,fLtheo l thuyt
c tnh bng cch s dng (18) v (8) l nm trong khong 7,.5% i vi hu ht cc
trng hp nh th hin trong Bng 2.3.
2.6. Thit k cc v d v ccPlanar Monopole Antennas:
Da trn vic phn tch cc anten khc nhau cc mc trn, t ta thit k 2 v d v
cc Planar Monopole Antennas trnh by nh sau:

2.6.1. Planar Monopole Antennas cho 225-400 MHz :

Trong v d sau, ta s dng di tn s 225-400MHz cho cc anten ng dng trong lnh
vc quc phng.
tri di cc di tn s 225-400 MHz cho cc ng dng quc phng, ngi ta thng s
dng mt Planar Monopole Antennashnh nn ngc.Tuy nhin y khng phi l cu
hnh anten thun li nht. Do , nhu cu t ra l phi ch to mt Planar Monopole
Antennas n gin v c th d dng ch to v lp t.BW ca anten ny c th t
c tng ng vi antenRM c m t trong mc 2.2.
u tin, chiu di L ca antenRM tnh c l 27.6 cm vi fL = 0.225 GHz bng
cch s dng cng thc (3) v (7) vi cch chn W = L. N c chng minh ti mc
2.2.3 l s thu c mt BW rng hn khi W nh hn L m khng nh hng ng k
n tn s cng hng.

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 gi tn sfL khng i , L c chn l 28 cm v chiu rng W c chn l 22 cm.
Cc kch thc c th c tnh gn ng bng cch s dng phng php tnh theo tn
s m rng t kch thc a ra trong mc 2.2.3.
Ngoi ra, trong phm vi tn s ny, mt u ni loi N thng c s dng thay cho u
ni SMA, gip trong vic h tr kch thc ca mt Planar Monopole Antennasln. Do
, ng knh ca u trc kim loi c thc hin l0.4 cm.
i vi p = 0.7 cm, tr khng u vo v VSWR l thuyt c trnh by trong Hnh
2.18. Trong di tn s mong mun ca 225-400 MHz, cc VSWR <2.

Hnh 2.18: Tr khng u vo v VSWR ca anten RM

Vi L=28 cm, W=22 cm v p=0.7 cm.

2.6.2. Planar Monopole Antennas cho 2-6GHz :

Di tn s t 2-6 GHz c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc v mc ch khc nhau.i
vi di trn thng thng cn phi c tng anten ring bit ph ton b di
sng.Nhng i vi mt Planar Monopole Antennas, ch cn duy nht mt anten l c
ththit k c th bao ph ton b di tn s.

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 i vi BW rt ln, mt antenRM s khng p ng yu cu, nhng mt Planar
Monopole Antennas hnh trn hoc hnh elip nh m t ti mc 3.4 v 3.5 c th mang li
BW t yu cu t ra. n gin, ta la chn anten CM.
Ta chn fL =4.84GHz.
T cng thctnh fL:
fL = c / = (30 x 0.24) / (L + r) = 7.2 / (L + r)= 4.84 GHz.
ta tnh chn bn knh a ca a trn anten CM.
T mc 2.4, ta c:
L = 2a.
r = a / 4.
T suy ra:
fL = 7.2 / (L + r) = 7.2 / ( 2a + a / 4 ) = 4.84 GHz.
a = 0.66 cm.
gi cho fLt thay i, ta chn bn knh l 0.67 cm.
i vi cc u ni SMA ta chn loi c ng knh 0.1 cm. Da theo bng 2.6, ta chn
loi cp RG-141A/U c tr khng 50.

Bng 2.6: Bng gi tr ca 1 s loi cp ng trc.

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 Hnh 2.19: Hnh m phng bng HFSS

Tip theo, ta chn cc gi tr p v bn knh d=1.5cm ca a trn mt phng t.

i vi p = 0.1 cm, ta c kt qu m phng S11 i vi cc gi tr d khc nhau nh hnh
di:

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 Hnh 2.20: Gi tr S11 i vi p=0.1cm

i vi p =0.2 cm:

Hnh 2.21: Gi tr S11 i vi p=0.2 cm

i vi p =0.3 cm:

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 Hnh 2.22: Gi tr S11 i vi p=0.3

Tng bn knh d a mt t d =3cm

Hnh 2.22: Gi tr S11 i vi p=0.3 ,d=3cm

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Qua so snh cc kt qu thu c, ta chn p = 0.3cm v d = 1.5cm.
T cc s liu, ta c hnh m phng bng HFSS:
Kt qu m phng c:.

H
nh 2.23:Tr khng vo

Hnh 2.24: li ca anten.

2.7. Kt lun :
Mt a kim loi c cp ngun ngoi bin ca n thng qua mt u trc vung
gc vi mt ttr thnh mt Planar Monopole Antennas. C nhiu hnh dng Planar
Monopole Antennas khc nhau, chng hn nh hnh ch nht, hnh vung, hnh tam gic,
hnh lc gic, hnh trn, hnh elip v a n cc cho BWs v VSWR rt ln.

Trang 37
 Cc phng trnh n gin c a ra tnh ton tn s thp hn tng ng vi
VSWR = 2 cho cc anten. Cc Planar Monopole Antennas hnh vung, hnh ch nht,
hnh tam gic, hnh lc gic c BW thp hn so vi cc anten trn v hnh elip nhng cc
BWsca cc anten ny vn l ln cho nhiu ng dng.Hn na, cc anten c c im
l d dng ch to nn c s dng nhiu trong cc ng dng.
Cc Planar Monopole Antennas a trn v hnh elip c BWs rt ln, l iu cc
k hu ch cho cc ng dng bng thng rng. Mt anten a hnh elip vi mt t l
ellipticity 1.1 cung cp mt BW ti a hn 1:11 cho VSWR = 2. Cc m hnh bc x
tn s khc nhau trong mt phng E v H ca cc anten ny tng t nh ca mt
antenn cc hnh tr chiu cao tng ng trn mt mt phng mt t hu hn.
Cc v d da trn vic s dng cc phng trnh tnh ton cc mc trn dng
thit k cc Planar Monopole Antennas RM v CM n gin bao ph cc di tn s
225-400 MHz v 2-6GHz.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] GirishKumarand, K.P.Ray, 2003. Broadbandmicrostripantennas.ArtechHouse.
London.
[2] Lu Vn Hoan, 2008. Thit k anten vi di bng rng. Lun vn tt nghip i hc
ngnh Thng tin v tuyn. H Ni.

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