Ngy ging: / / 2011 S s:

CHUYN : CC TR CA MT BIU THC

I/ GI TR LN NHT ,GI TR NH NHT C MT BIU THC
1/ Cho biu thc f( x ,y,...)
a/ Ta ni M gi tr ln nht ( GTLN) ca biu thc f(x,y...) k hiu max f = M nu hai iu
kin sau y c tho mn:
- Vi mi x,y... f(x,y...) xc nh th :
f(x,y...) M ( M hng s) (1)
- Tn ti xo,yo ... sao cho:
f( xo,yo...) = M (2)
b/ Ta ni m l gi tr nh nht (GTNN) ca biu thc f(x,y...) k hiu min f = m nu hai iu
kin sau y c tho mn :
- Vi mi x,y... f(x,y...) xc nh th :
f(x,y...) m ( m hng s) (1)
- Tn ti xo,yo ... sao cho:
f( xo,yo...) = m (2)
2/ Ch : Nu ch c iu kin (1) hay (1) th cha c th ni g v cc tr ca mt biu
thc chng hn, xt biu thc : A = ( x- 1)2 + ( x 3)2. Mc d ta c A 0 nhng cha th
kt lun c minA = 0 v khng tn ti gi tr no ca x A = 0 ta phi gii nh sau:
A = x2 2x + 1 + x2 6x + 9 = 2( x2 4x + 5) = 2(x 2)2 + 2 2
A = 2 x -2 = 0 x = 2
Vy minA = 2 khi ch khi x = 2
II/ TM GTNN ,GTLN CA BIU THC CHA MT BIN
1/ Tam thc bc hai:
V d: Cho tam thc bc hai P = ax2 + bx + c .
Tm GTNN ca P nu a 0.

Tm GTLN ca P nu a 0
1
 b b b2
Gii : P = ax2 + bx +c = a( x2 + a
x ) + c = a( x + 2a
)2 + c -
4a 2
b2 b
t c - =k . Do ( x + 2a
)2 0 nn :
4a
b b
- Nu a 0 th a( x + 2a
)2 0 , do P k. MinP = k khi v ch khi x = - 2a

-Nu a 0 th a( x +
b
2a
)2 ` 0 do P ` k. MaxP = k khi v ch khi x = -
b
2a

2/ a thc bc cao hn hai:

Ta c th i bin a v tam thc bc hai
V d : Tm GTNN ca A = x( x-3)(x 4)( x 7)
Gii : A = ( x2 - 7x)( x2 7x + 12)
t x2 7x + 6 = y th A = ( y - 6)( y + 6) = y2 - 36 -36
minA = -36 y = 0 x2 7x + 6 = 0 x1 = 1, x2 = 6.
3/ Biu thc l mt phn thc :
a/ Phn thc c t l hng s, mu l tam thc bc hai:
2
V d : Tm GTNN ca A = .
6x 5 9x2
2 2 2
Gii : A = .= = (3x 1) 2 4 .
6x 5 9x2 9x 6x 5
2

1 1
Ta thy (3x 1)2 0 nn (3x 1) 2 +4 4 do (3x 1) 2 4 4
theo tnh cht a

1 1 2 2 1
b th vi a, b cng du). Do A -
a b (3 x 1) 2 4 4 2

1 1
minA = - 2 3x 1 = 0 x = 3
.

Bi tp p dng:
1 1 1 1 1
1. Tm GTLN ca BT : A HD gii: A x 2 4x 9 . max A= x 2 .
x 2 5 5
2
x 4x 9 2 5
1 1 1 1 1
2. Tm GTLN ca BT : A 2 HD Gii: A x 2 6x 17 . max A= x 3
x 3 8 8
2
x 6x 17 8

2
 3
3. (51/217) Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: A
2 x 2 2x 7
b/ Phn thc c mu l bnh phng ca nh thc.
3x 2 8 x 6
V d : Tm GTNN ca A = .
x2 2x 1

Gii : Cch 1 : Vit A di dng tng hai biu thc khng m

A =

2 x2 2x 1 x2 4 x 4 = 2 +
( x 2) 2
2
x2 2x 1 ( x 1) 2

minA = 2 khi v chi khi x = 2.

Cch 2: t x 1 = y th x = y + 1 ta c :
3( y 1) 2 8( y 1) 6 3y2 6 y 3 8 y 8 6 3y2 2 y 1 2 1 1
A = = 3 - + 2 = (
2
y 1
2
2 y 1 1 y 2 y 1 2 y 2 1
2
y 2
y y y -1) + 2

minA = 2 y = 1 x 1 = 1 x = 2
Bi tp p dng: (Bi dng HSG ton i s 9 TRN TH VN ANH)
x2 1
1, (13/200) Tm GTNN v GTLN ca bt: P
x2 x 1

x 2 2 x 2006
2, (36/210) Tm GTNN ca bt : B
x2

x2
3, ( 45/ 214) Tm GTNN v GTLN ca bt: C
x2 5x 7

x2 2 x 2 x2 2 x 1
4, ( 47, 48 /215) Tm GTNN ca bt : a, D b, E
x2 2x 3 2 x2 4x 9
c/ Cc phn thc dng khc:
3 4x
V d : Tm GTNN v GTLN ca A =
x2 1

Gii tm GTNN , GTLN ta vit t thc v dng bnh phng ca mt s :

x2 4x 4 x2 1 ( x 2) 2
A = = - 1 -1
x2 1 x2 1
Min A= -1 khi v ch khi x = 2
4x2 4 4x2 4x 1 ( 2 x 1) 2
Tm GTLN A = =4- 4
x2 1 x2 1

3
Bi tp p dng: (Bi dng HSG ton i s 9 TRN TH VN ANH)

x x2
1, (42, 43/ 221) Tm GTLN ca bt: a, A 2 b, B
x
3
x 2 2
2

x2 4x 4 x5 2
3, (35, 36 / 221) Tm GTNN ca bt: a, C Vi x > 0; b, D Vi x > 0
x x3
2 x3 1
4, (34, 36/ 221) Tm GTNN ca bt: a, E x 2 vi x > 0; b, F 2 Vi x > 0
x3 x

x 2 2 x 17
6, (68/28 BI VN TUYN) Tm GTNN ca bt: Q 2 x 1
Vi x > 0

x 6 x 34
7, (69/28 BI VN TUYN) Tm GTNN ca bt: R Vi x > 0
x 3

x 3 2000
8, (70/28 BI VN TUYN) Tm GTNN ca bt: S Vi x > 0
x
III/ TM GTNN, GTLN CA BT C QUAN H RNG BUC GIA CC BIN
V d : Tm GTNN ca A = x3 + y3 + xy bit rng x + y = 1
s dng iu kin cho rt gn biu thc A
A = (x + y)( x2 xy +y2) + xy = x2 xy - y2 + xy = x2 + y2
n y ta c nhiu cch gii
Cch 1: s dng iu kin cho lm xut hin mt biu thc c cha A
x+y =1 x2 + 2xy + y2 = 1 (1)
M (x y)2 0 Hay: x2 - 2xy + y2 0 (2)
1
Cng (1) vi (2) ta c 2(x2 + y2 ) 1 x2 + y2 2
1 1
minA = 2
khi v ch khi x = y = 2

Cch 2: Biu th y theo x ri a v tam thc bc hai i vi x. Thay y = x 1 vo A

1 1 1
A = x2 + (1 x)2 = 2(x2 x) +1 = 2(x2 - )2 +
2 2 2
1 1
minA = 2
khi v ch khi x = y = 2

Cch 3/ S dng iu kin cho da v mt bin mi

4
 1 1
t x = 2
+ a th y = 2
- a . Biu th x2 + y2 ta c :
1 1 1 1 1 1
x2 + y 2 = ( + a)2 + ( 2 - a)2 = +2 a2 => MinA = a = 0 x=y =
2 2 2 2 2

Bi tp 1: Tm Min A = a 2 ab b 2 3a 3b 2014
Cch 1 Ta c: A= a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 ab a b 1 2011
a 1 b 1 a b 1 b 1 2011
2 1
= a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 ab a b 1 2011 =

a 1 b 1 a 1 b 1 2011
2 2
=

b 1 b 1 3 b 1 3 b 1
2 2 2 2
b 1
a 1 2 a 1
2
2011 = a 1 + 2011
2 4 4 2 4

b 1
0 a 1
Min A = 2011 khi 2 a b 1
b 1 0

Cch 2:

2A 2 a 2 ab b 2 3a 3b 2014 = a 2 2a 1 b 2 2b 1 a 2 2ab b 2 2.2 a b 4 4022

= a 1 b 1 a b 2 4022
2 1 2

a 1 0

Min 2A = 4022 khi b 1 0 a b 1 => Min A = 2011
ab2 0

BI TP T LUYN TNG T:
Bi 1 CMR : Min P = 0 Vi P = a 2 ab b 2 3a 3b 3
Bi 2 CMR: khng c gi tr no ca x, y, z tha mn T: x 2 4 y 2 z 2 2 x 8 y 6 z 15 0

Hng dn Ta c: VT x 2 2 x 1 4 y 2 8 y 4 z 2 6 z 9 1= x-1 2 y 2 z 3 1 1
2 2 2

Bi 3: C hay khng cc s x,y,z tha mn mi ng thc sau:

1) x 2 4 y 2 z 2 4 x 4 y 8 z 22 0
2) x 2 4 y 2 9 z 2 2 x 12 y 12 z 1994
Hng dn Ta c:

5
1) VT x 2 4 x 4 4 y 2 4 y 1 z 2 8 z 16 1
= x+2 2 y 1 z 4 1 1
2 2 2

2) VT = x 2 2 x 1 4 y 2 12 y 3 9 z 2 12 z 4 1986
= x 1 2 y 3 3 z 2 1986 1986
2 2 2

Bi 4: CMR: Min A=2 Vi A = m 2 4mp 5 p 2 10m 22 p 28

Hng dn Ta c:
A = m 2 4mp 4 p 2 p 2 2 p 1 10m 20 p 27
= m 2 p 2.5 m 2 p 25 p 1 2
2 2

= m 2 p 5 p 1 2 2
2 2

Bi 5: CMR: Max B = 4 Vi B a 2 5b2 2a 4ab 10b 6

Hng dn Ta c:

B a 2 4ab 4b 2 b 2 6b 9 2a 4b 1 4 = 4 - a 4ab 4b b 6b 9 2 a 2b 1
2 2 2

= 4 - a 2b 2 a 2b 1 b 3 = 4 - a 2b 1 b 3 4
2 2 2 2

Bi 6: Tm GTNN ca
( Gi A = a - 2b b 1 4 )
2 2
a) A=a 2 5b2 4ab 2b 5

( Gi B = x-y y 3 x 3 2011 )
2 2 2
b) B = x 2 y 2 xy 3x 3 y 2029

( Gi C = x+2 2 y 3 3z 4 1 )
2 2 2
c) C x 2 4 y 2 9 z 2 4 x 12 y 24 z 30

( Gi D= 4x-3y 2 x 1 3 y 2 2011 )
2 2
d) D= 20x 2 18 y 2 24 xy 4 x 12 y 2016

Bi 7: Tm cc s a, b, c, d tha mn : a b c d a b c d (*)
2 2 2 2

a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ab a b c
a2 b2 c2 d 2 a b c d 0
a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ab ac ad 0
Ta c :

4 a 2 b 2 c 2 d 2 ab ac ad 0
a 2 4ab 4b 2 a 2 4ac 4c 2 a 2 4ad 4d 2 a 2 0
a 2b a 2c a 2d a 2 0
2 2 2

6
Du = sy ra khi : a 2b 2c 2d 0 a b c d 0
BI TP V NH:
Bi 1: Tm cc s a, b, c, d, e tha mn : 2a b c d e a b c d e
2 2 2 2 2

Bi 2: Tm cc s a, b, c, tha mn : a 2 b 2 1 ab a b
Bi 3: Tm cc s a, b, tha mn : 4a 2 4b 2 4ab 4a 4b 4 0
Bi 4: Tm cc s x, y, z tha mn : x 2 4 y 2 z 2 2 x 8 y 6 z 14
Bi 5: Tm cc s m, p, tha mn : m 2 5 p 2 4mp 10m 22 p 25
IV Cc ch khi gii bi ton cc tr :
1, Ch 1: Khi tm bai ton cc tr ta c th i bin
V d : Tm GTNN ca ( x 1)2 + ( x 3)2
ta t x 2 = y, biu thc tr thnh (y + 1)2 + (y 1)2 =2y2 +2 2 minA= 2 y=0 x=2
2 Ch 2, Khi tm cc tr ca biu thc , nhiu khi ta thay iu kin biu thc ny t cc
tr bi iu kin tng ng l biu thc khc t cc tr
chng hn : -A ln nht A nh nht
1
ln nht B nh nht vi B > 0
B

x4 1 1
V d : Tm GTLN ca A 2 (Ch A> 0 nn A ln nht khi nh nht v ngc
( x 1)
2
A

li)
1 ( x 2 1) 2 x 4 2 x 2 1 2 x2 1
Ta c : = 1 .Vy 1
A x 1
4
x 1
4
x 1
4
A
1
min = 1 khi x = 0 .Do maxA =1 khi x = 0
A
3,Ch 3 Khi tm GTLN, GTNN ca 1 biu thc ,ngi ta thng s dng cc BT bit
Bt ng thc c tnh cht sau
a ) a > b , c > d vi a, b, c, d > 0 th a.c > b. d
b) a > b v c > 0 th a.c > b.c
c) a > b v c < 0 th a.c < b.c
d) a > b v a, b, n > 0 th an > bn
7
 Bt ng thc C si: a + b 2 ab ; a2 + b2 2ab ; (a + b)2 4ab ; 2( a2 + b2) ( a+ b)2
Bt ng thc Bu- nha -cp xki : (a2 + b2) ( c2 + d2) (ac + bd)2
V d Cho x2 + y2 = 52 . Tm GTLN ca A = 2x + 3y
Gii :p dng BT BCS ta c ( 2x + 3y )2 ( 22+32 ).52 ( 2x + 3y )2 13.13.4
2x 3y
2x + 3y 26. Vy maxA = 26
2x 3y 0
3x
Thay y = vo x2 + y2 = 52 ta c 4x2 + 9x2 = 52.4 x2 = 16 x=4 hoc x= -4
2
Vi x = 4 th y =6 tho mn 2x +3y 0 x = -4 ,y = -6 khng tho mn 2x +3y 0
Vy Max A = 26 x =4 , y = 6
3/ Trong cc bt ng thc cn ch n cc mnh sau
- Nu 2 s c tng khng i th tch ca chng ln nht khi 2 s bng nhau
- Nu 2 s dng c tch khng i th tng ca chng nh nht khi 2 s bang nhau
V d: Tm GTLN, GTNN ca tch xy, bit x,y N tho mn x + y = 2005
Gii : Ta c 4xy = (x + y)2 (x y)2 = 20052 - (x y)2
xy ln nht x y nh nht ; xy nh nht x y ln nht
gi s x > y ( khng th xy ra x = y)
Do 1 y x 2004 nn 1 x-y 2003
Ta c min(x y) = 1 khi x = 1003 ; y =1002
max(x y) = 2003 khi x =2004 , y = 1
Do max(xy) = 1002.1003 khi x = 1003 , y = 1002
Min ( xy) = 2004 khi x = 2004 , y = 1
==================================================================
Ngy ging: / / 2011 S s:
MT S SAI LM THNG GP KHI GII BI TON CC TR
1, Sai lm khi s dng nhiu bt ng thc khac nhau
1 4
VD1: cho x, y l cc s dng tha mn x +y =1 . Tm GTNN ca biu thc : A = x y

8
 1 4 1 4 4
Gii sai: p dng bt ng thc c si cho hai s khng m x , y ta c: x y xy (1)

1 x y
Li c: xy (2 )
2 2
1 4 4 4
A= 8
T (1) v (2) suy ra : x y xy 1 . Vy Min A = 8
2
Phn tch sai lm:
1 4
ng thc sy ra (1) khi x y 4 x y

ng thc sy ra (2) khi x = y . T suy ra x = y = 0 ( Loi v x + y = 1)

C bn n y KL khng c gi tr nh nht cng l KL sai.
1 4 4x y
Gii ng: V x + y = 1 nn A = x+y 5
x y y x

4x y 4x y 4x y
p dng bt ng thc C Si cho hai s khng m y , x Ta c : 2 . 4
y x y x

4x y 1
x
y 2x 3
Du = xy ra khi y x

x y 1 x y 1 y 2
3

Lu : Nu s dng nhiu BT khc nhau trong 1 bi ton th ta phi kim tra xem
chng c ng thi sy ra du bng khng. C nh vy th hng gii ca bi ton mi
ng.
2, Sai lm khi khng s dng ht iu kin ca bi ton:
2 2
1 1
VD2:cho x, y l cc s dng tha mn x+y= 1. Tm GTNN ca BT : A = x+ y
x y

1 1 1
Gii sai: p dng bt ng thc c si cho hai s khng m x, Ta c: x+ 2 x. 2 (1)
x x x

11 1
p dng bt ng thc c si cho hai s khng m y, y Ta c: y+ 2 y. 2 (2)
y y

T (1) v (2) =>A 8 => Min A = 8

9
 1
Phn tch sai lm: ng thc sy ra (1) khi x x2 1
x
1
ng thc sy ra (2) khi y y y 1 . T suy ra x = y = 1 ( Loi v x + y = 1)
2

Gii ng: p dng bt ng thc c si cho hai s dng ta c :

x+y 1 1
xy xy xy
2 2 4
2 2
1 1 1 1
Ta c : A = 4 + x +y + . Khi : x2 + y2 = (x + y)2 2xy 1 - = (1)
2 2

x y 2 2

1 1 1 2 1 25 25 1
2
2 2 2 2 8 (2). T (1) v (2) =>A 8 + +4 = =>Min A = khi x=y =
x y x .y xy 2 2 2 2

Lu : Khi gii bi ton m khng s dng ht iu kin ca u bi th cn kim tra li

gi thit. C nh vy th hng gii ca bi ton mi ng.
3, Sai lm trong chng minh iu kin 1:
1
VD1: Tm GTLN ca bt: A =
x 6 x 17
2

Li gii sai: A t Max khi x 2 6 x 17 t Min Ta c : x 2 6 x 17 x 3 8 8

2

1
Do Min x 6 x 17 8 x 3 . Vy Max A =
2
x3
8
Phn tch sai lm: Kt qu ng nhng lp lun sai ch cho rng A c t khng i nn
t GTLN khi mu t GTNN m cha ua ra nhn xt t v mu l cc s dng
Li gii ng: B xung thm nhn xt x 2 6 x 17 x 3 8 8 nn t v mu ca A l dng
2

VD2:Tm GTNN cu BT: A = x2 + y2 bit x + y =4

x 2 y 2 2 xy
Ta c : A = x + y 2xy => A t GTNN
2 2 x y2
x y 4

Khi MinA = 8
Phn tch sai lm: p s ko sai nhng lp lun sai lm ch ta mi c/m c f(x,y) g(x,y)
ch cha c/m c f(x,y) m vi m l hng s.
Chng hn: T x2 4x 4 => x2 t nh nht x2 = 4x 4 (x 2 )2 = 0 x =2

10
i n min x2 = 4 x = 2 D thy kt qu ng phi l Min x2 = 0 x =0
Li gii ng: Ta c x + y =4 x + y =16 (1)
2

Ta li c : x - y
2
0 x 2 -2xy+y 2 0 (2)
T (1) v (2) => 2( x2 + y2 ) 16 => A = x2 + y2 8
Vy Min A = 8 khi v ch khi x = y = 2.
Lu : Cn nm vng t/c ca BT c th trong trng hp so snh hai phn s c t
v mu l s t nhin, s nguyn C nh vy th hng gii ca bi ton mi ng.
4, Sai lm trong chng minh iu kin 2
VD1: Tm GTNN ca bt: A = x + x
2

2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Li gii sai : x + x = x +2 x x . Vy: Min A =
2 4 4 2 4 4 4

1 1 1
P/tch sai lm: sau khi c/m f(x) cha ch ra trng hp xy ra f(x)= x (v l )
4 4 2

Li gii ng: KTT x l x 0 do : A = x + x 0 => Min A = 0 x 0

VD2: Tm GTLN ca A = xyx z+y y+z z+x vi x, y , z l cc s khng m v x +y+ z =1

4x z+y x+y+z 1
2

Li gii sai: p dng BT 4xy x y ta c : 4y z+x x+y+z 1

2 2

4z x+y x+y+z 1
2

1 1
=> 64xyx z+y y+z z+x 1 =>xyx z+y y+z z+x . Vy Max A =
64 64
Phn tch sai lm: Sai lm ch cha chi ra kh nng xy ra du =
z+y = x
y+x = z
x yz0
1
K Max A = l : x+z = y x + z + y = 1 ( v l )
64 x + z + y = 1 x, y, z 0

x, y, z 0

Li gii ng: Ta c : 1 = x +y+ z 3 3 x.y.z (1)

2 = x +y + z+x + y+ z 3 3 x +y z+x y+ z (2)

11
 3
2
T (1) v (2) => 2 3 3 x. y.z. x +y z+x y+ z hay: 2 3 3 A A
9

x +y = z+x = y+ z
2
3
1
Max A = khi x y z 1 x yz
9 x, y , z 0 3

(x a)(x b)
VD3: Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A vi x > 0, a, b l cc hng s dng.
x
x a 2 ax
Li gii sai: Ta c: x a x b 2 ax.2 bx 4 x ab
x b 2 bx

(x a)(x b) 4x ab
Do : A 4 ab vy Min A = 4 ab x a b
x x
Phn tch sai lm: Nu a b th khng c: A = 4 ab
(x a)(x b) x2 ax+bx+ab ab
Li gii ng : Ta c A x (a b) .
x x x
ab

2
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy : x 2 ab nn A 2 ab + a + b = a b
x
ab
x
2
min A = a b khi v chi khi x x ab .
x 0

Ngy ging: / / 2011 S s:

VN DNG BT NG THC CSI TM CC TR
1 1 1
VD1: Cho x > 0, y > 0 tha mn k x y 2 Tm GTNN ca bt: A = x y

1 1 1 1
Do x > 0, y > 0 nn x 0, y 0 p dng bt ng thc csi cho 2 s x , y

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ta c: . Hay 4 xy => xy 4
2 x y x y

Mt khc ta c: x > 0, y > 0 => x 0, y 0 . p dng bt ng thc csi ta c:

x y 2 xy 2 4 4

12
 x y

Vy: Min A = 4 khi : 1 1 1 x y 4
x y 2

VD2 : Tm GTNN ca ca biu thc : A x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1

2
1 3 3
Ta c: x x 1 x x R
2

2 4 4
2

1 3 3
x x 1 x
2
x R
2 4 4

p dng BT C- si cho 2 s x 2 x 1, x 2 x 1 ta c :

x2 x 1 x2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1. x 2 x 1 2 4 x 4 x 2 1 2

x 4 x 2 1 1
Max A = 2 khi x0
x x 1 x x 1
2 2

x y z
VD3 Tm gi tr nh nht ca : A vi x, y, z > 0.
y z x

x y z x y z
Cch 1 : p dng bt ng thc Cauchy cho 3 s dng: A 33 . . 3
y z x y z x

x y z x y z
Do min 3 x y z
y z x y z x

x y z x y y z y x y
Cch 2 : Ta c : . Ta c 2 (do x, y > 0) nn
y z x y x z x x y x

x y z y z y
chng minh 3 ta ch cn chng minh : 1 (1)
y z x z x x

(1) xy + z2 yz xz (nhn hai v vi s dng xz)

xy + z2 yz xz 0 y(x z) z(x z) 0 (x z)(y z) 0 (2)
(2) ng vi gi thit rng z l s nh nht trong 3 s x, y, z, do (1) ng. T tm c

x y z
gi tr nh nht ca .
y z x

13
VD 4: Tm gi tr ln nht ca : A = xyz(x + y)(y + z)(z + x) vi x, y, z 0 ; x + y + z = 1.
p dng BT Cauchy cho ba s khng m x, y, z ta c: 1 = x + y + z 3. 3 xyz (1)
p dng BT Cauchy cho ba s khng m x+y, y +z, z + x ta c :
2 = (x + y) + (y + z) + (z + x) 3. 3 (x y)(y z)(z x) (2)
3
2
Nhn tng v ca (1) vi (2) (do hai v u khng m) : 2 9. A A 3

9
3
2 1
max A = khi v ch khi x = y = z = .
9 3

xy yz zx
VD 5: Tm GTNN ca A vi x, y, z > 0 , x + y + z = 1.
z x y
xy yz xy yz
Gii: Theo bt ng thc Cauchy : 2 . 2y .
z x z x
yz zx zx xy
Tng t : 2z ; 2x . Suy ra 2A 2(x + y + z) = 2.
x y y z
1
min A = 1 vi x = y = z = .
3
1 2
VD 6: Tm GTNN ca A 2 2 4xy vi : x > 0, y > 0, x + y < 1
x y xy
x y


2 xy x y 4 xy
2
1 1 1 1 1 4
Ta c: 1 1 x y 2 xy .2 4
2 1 x y xy x y x y
x y xy
1 2 1 1 1 5
Ta c: A 4xy 4xy
x 2 y 2 xy x y
2 2
2xy 4xy 4xy
4 1 5 4 5 11
=> A 2 2 4xy. 2 11
x 2xy y 2
4xy x y 2
x y
2
x y x y
2 2

1
VD 7: : Cho x , Tm GTLN ca A = 2x 2 5 x 2 + 2 x+3 - 2x
2

1 2x 1 0
Gii : Ta c : A = 2x 2 5 x 2 + 2 x+3 - 2x = 2x 1 x 2 + 2 x+3 - 2x Vi x ta c:
2 x20
2x 1 x+2
p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho 2 s 2x 1, x+2 Ta c: 2x 1 x+2
2
14
 3x 3
Hay : 2x 1 x+2 Du = xy ra khi 2x 1 x+2 x=1
2
x 3 4
p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho 2 s x 3, 4 Ta c: 4 x 3 2 x 3
2
x7
Hay : 2 x3. Du = xy ra khi x 3 4 x=1
2
x7 3x 3
Do : A - 2x = 5. Du = xy ra khi x=1
2 2
1 4 9
VD 8: : Cho x, y, z > 0 v x + y + z =1 Tm GTNN ca: S = x y z

1 4 9 y 4 x 4 z 9 y 9 x z
Ta c: S = x + y + z = 1+4+9+
x y z x y y z z x

y 4x y 4x y 4x
p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho 2 s dng x , y ta c : 2 . 4
x y x y

4z 9 y 4z 9 y 9x z 9x z
Tng t ta c : 2 . 12 ; 2 . 6
y z y z z x z x

S 1 + 4 + 9 + 4 + 12 + 6 =36
y 4x
x y 1
y 2 4 x2 y3
4z 9 y y 2x
4z2 9 y2 1
Du = sy ra khi : y z z 3x x
9x z 9x z
2 2
6
x y z 1 1
x y z 1
z x z2
x y z 1

1 1 1
Vy Min S = 36 khi y , x , z
3 6 2
Khng phi lc no ta cng dng trc tip c bt ng thc Csi i vi cc s trong
bi. Di y ta s nghin cu mt s bin php bin i mt biu thc c th vn dng
BT C-si ri tm cc tr ca n:
Bin php 1: tm cc tr ca mt biu thc ta tm cc tr ca bnh phng biu thc
3x 5 0 5 7
VD1 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca A 3x 5 7 3 x , KX : x
7 3x 0 3 3

15
Bnh phng hai v ta c : A2 = 2 + 2 3x 5 7 3 x
5 7
Vi x . p dng bt ng thc csi cho 3 x 5 v 7 3x ta c:
3 3

3x 5 7 3x 2 3x 5 7 3x hay 22 3x 5 7 3x
A2 4 =>A 2 Du = xy ra khi : 3x - 5 = 7 - 3x hay x = 2

VD2: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A = -x 2 2 x 8 -x 2 x 2 (*)

x 2 x 4 0
-x 2 2 x 8 0 2 x 4
KX :
1 x 2
-x x 2 0
2
x 1 x 2 0 1 x 2

Khi -x 2 x 8 -x x 2 x 6 0 => A > 0

2 2

T (*) => A = -x 2 x 8 -x x 2 2 -x 2 x 8. -x x 2
2 2 2 2 2

= -2x 2 3 x 10 2 x 2 4 x x 1 2 x
= 2 x x 2 x 1 4 x 2 2 2 x x 2 . x 1 4 x

2 2
= 4 x2 2 2 x x 2 . x 1 4 x x 1 4 x 2

2
4 x2 x 1 4 x 22

A = 2 4 x x 1 4 x x 0
2

BI TP T LUYN ( BT nng cao v mt s chuyn Bi vn Tuyn )

Bi 1 Tm GTNN, GTLN ca hm s : y 1 x 1 x
Bi 2: Tm GTLN ca hm s : y x 2 4 x
Bi 3: Tm GTLN ca hm s : A x 5 23 x
Bi 4: Tm GTLN ca hm s : A 2 x 3 23 2 x
Bi 5: Tm GTLN ca hm s : A 5 x 7 17 5 x
Bi 6: Tm GTLN ca hm s : A 3x 2 20 3 x
Bi 7:Tm GTLN ca : A x 1 y 2 bit x + y = 4

Bi 8 Tm GTNN ca : A = -x 2 4 x 21 -x 2 3 x 10
16
 x y z
Bi 9( 76/29) Tm GTNN ca : A = vi x, y, z dng v x + y + z 12
y z x

Bi 10: ( 65/ 28) Tm GTLN, GTNN ca : A x 4 y 3 bit x + y = 15

Bin php 2: nhn v chia mt biu thc vi cng mt s khc khng.
x-9
VD Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: A =
5x

x-9 1 x -9 x
x-9 .3 3
Gii: KX: x 9 Ta c: A = = 2 3 6 1
5x
3
5x 5x 5 x 30

x-9
3
Du = xy ra khi 3 x 18
x 9

BI TP T LUYN
7x - 5
Bi 1: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: A =
7x-9

x3 - 9
Bi 2: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: B =
27x 3
Bin php 3: Bin i biu thc d cho thnh tng ca cc biu thc sao cho tch ca
chng l mt hng s:
1) Tch 1 hng t thnh tng nhiu hng t bng nhau
3x 4 16
VD1: cho x > 0 Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A =
x3

3x 4 16 16 16
Gii : Ta c A = 3
3x 3 x x x 3
x x x

16 16
p dng BT C-si Ta c : A = x+x+x+ 3
4 4 x.x.x. 3 4.2 8
x x
16
Vy Min A = 8 x x2
x3

VD2: ( thi HTH H Ni 1993) Tm Max v Min A = x 2 y( 4 - x - y ) vi x, y 0 v x + y 6

17
 4
x x
x x 2 2 +y+ 4 - x - y
Xt 0 x y 4 Ta c : A = 4. . .y( 4 - x - y ) 4. 4
2 2 4

x
Du = xy ra khi = y = 4 - x - y y = 1 ; x =2
2
Xt 4 x y 6
R thy: 4 x - y 2 ( 1) Du = xy ra khi x + y = 6
=> A = x 2 y( 4 - x - y ) t GTNN khi x2y tGTLN
2 x+y
3
3
x+x+2y
Ta c : 2 =32 hay x2y 32 (2)
x.x.2y 3 3
x y=
2 2 2
x y 6 x 4
T (1) v (2) => x 2 y( 4 - x - y ) -64 Du = xy ra khi
x 2y y2

VD3 . Tm GTLN ca A = x2(3 x) bit x 3.

x x
Gii : Xt 0 x 3. Vit A di dng : A = 4. ..(3 x). p dng bt ng thc
2 2
3
x x
x x x x 2 2 3 x
Cauchy cho 3 s khng m , , (3 x) ta c : . .(3 x) 1.
2 2 2 2 3

Do A 4 (1)
BI TP T LUYN ( BT nng cao v mt s chuyn Bi vn Tuyn )
12 16
Bi 1( 71/28) Cho x > 0 , y > 0 v x + y 6 Tm GTNN ca P 5 x 3 y x y

x 3 2000
Bi 2( 70/28) Cho x > 0 , Tm GTNN ca N
x

x 2 2 x 17
Bi 3( 68/ 28) Cho x , Tm GTNN ca Q
2( x 1)

x 6 x 34
Bi 4( 69/ 28) Tm GTNN ca M
x 3

x 2 1, 2 xy y 2
Bi 5( 72/ 29) Cho x > y v x.y =5 , Tm GTNN ca Q
x y

18
Bi 6( 79/ 29) Cho x ,y tha mn biu thc: x + y =1 v x > 0 , Tm GTLN ca B x 2 y 3

==================================================================
Ngy ging: / / 2011 S s:
2) Tch 1 hng t cha bin thnh tng ca mt hng s vi 1 hng t cha bin sao
cho hng t ny l nghch o ca 1 hng t khc c trong biu thc cho.
9x 2
VD1: Cho 0 < x < 2 , Tm GTNN ca B
2 x x

9x 2 x 9x 2 x
Ta c : B 1 1 2 . 7
2 x x 2 x x
9x 2 x 1
Min B= 7 x
2 x x 2

BI TP T LUYN ( BT nng cao v mt s chuyn Bi vn Tuyn )

3 4
Bi 1( 74/ 29) Cho 0 < x <1, Tm GTLN ca B
1 x x
25
Bi 2( 73/ 29) Cho x >1, Tm GTLN ca A 4 x
x 1

2x 2 6 x 5
Bi 3: Cho x > 0, Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A =
2x

x-4
Bi 4: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: B =
x

x 2 3x 4
Bi 5: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A =
x
(Bi dng HSG ton i s 9 TRN TH VN ANH)
1 3x
Bi 6: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: A = ( vi x > -1 )
x+1 2
2 x
Bi 7: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: B = ( vi x > 1 )
x-1 2
5 x 1
Bi 8: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: C = ( vi x > )
2x-1 3 2
x 5
Bi 9: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: D = ( vi 0 < x < 1 )
1-x x
19
Bin php 4: Thm 1 hng t vo biu thc cho:
VD1 : Cho 3 s dng x, y, z tha mn iu kin x + y + z = 2 Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
x2 y2 z2
P
yz zx yx

x2 yz x2 y z x
Ta c : + 2 . 2. x
yz 4 yz 4 2

y2 xz y2 x z y
+ 2 . 2. y
xz 4 xz 4 2

z2 yx z2 y x z
+ 2 . 2. z
yx 4 yx 4 2

x2 y2 z2 yz xz yx
=> x y z
y z z x y x 4 4 4

x2 y2 z2 x yz
Hay: x y z
y z z x y x 2

x2 y2 z2 x yz x yz
=> P x y z 1
yz zx yx 2 2

x2 yz

yz 4
y 2 xz 2
Vy Min P = 1 x yz
xz 4 3
z 2
yx

y x 4

z2 x2 y2
Lu : Nu ta ln lt thm ( x + y), ( z + y), ( x + z) vo , , ta vn kh c
y+x y+z z+x

(x + y), ( z + y), ( x + z) nhng khng tm c x, y, z du du ng thc xy ra ng thi.

Khi khng tm c gi tr nh nht.
a b
VD2 : Tm GTNN ca A = x + y bit x, y > 0 tha mn 1 (a v b l hng s dng).
x y

a b ay bx
Gii . Cch 1 : A = x + y = 1.(x + y) = x y a b .
x y x y

20
 ay bx ay bx
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy vi 2 s dng : 2 . 2 ab .
x y x y

2
Do A a b 2 ab a b .

ay bx
x y

a b x a ab

2
min A a b vi 1
x y y b ab
x, y 0


Cch 2 : Dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki :
2
a b b
a

2
A (x y).1 (x y) x. y. a b .
x y x y

T tm c gi tr nh nht ca A.
x2 y2 z2
VD3 Tm GTNN ca A bit x, y, z > 0 , xy yz zx 1 .
xy yz zx

x2 y2 z2 xyz
Gii Theo VD1 BIN PHP 4: . Theo bt ng thc Cauchy
xy yz zx 2
xy yz zx
xy ; yz ; zx nn x y z xy yz zx .
2 2 2

x+y+z xy yz zx 1
hay
2 2 2
1 1
min A = xyz .
2 3

VN DNG BDT A B A+B TM CC TR

Bi 1: Tm GTNN ca hm s : y x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1

Cch 1: y x 2 2 x 1 x 2 2 x 1 x 1 x 1

Nu: x < -1 th y x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 2 x 2

Nu: -1 x 1 th y x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 2

21
Nu: x > 1 th y x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 2 x 2
Vy y nh nht bng 2 khi -1 x 1
Cch 2 : p dng BT a b a b ( Du = sy ra khi a.b 0 )

Ta c : y x 1 1 x x 1 1 x 2
Vy y nh nht bng 2 khi -1 x 1
Bi 2: Cho x, y > 0 v 2x + xy = 4 . Tm GTLN ca A = x2y
Cch 1: T 2x + xy = 4 => xy = 4 -2x Th vo A ta c :

A = x(4 -2x ) = 2 x 2 2 x 2. 2 2 = 2 x 2 2
2
2 2

x 2 2 0 x 1
=> Max A = 2 khi
2 x xy 4 y2

1
Cch 2: Ta c : A = .2 x.xy . V x, y > 0 => 2x, xy > 0. p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho 2 s
2

2 x xy
2 2
2 x xy 2 x xy
x 2 y Thay s ta c : 2 x y =A
2
2x, xy ta c: 2 x.xy 2 x.xy
2 2 4.2

2 x xy x 1
Vy Max A =2 khi
2 x xy 4 y 2

BI TP T LUYN TNG T:
Bi 1: Tm GTNN ca HS: a, y 4 x 2 4 x 1 4 x 2 12 x 9 b, y x 2 4 x 4 x 2 6 x 9

Bi 2: Tm GTNN ca HS: a, y 4 x 2 20 x 25 x 2 8x 16 b, y 25 x 2 20 x 4 25 x 2 30 x 9

Bi 3 Tm gi tr nh nht ca A x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1

22