1.

1.1.
, : ,
.
.
.
,
. (),
( ) .
.

, .
.
.

1.2.

. .
.
, ,
x = x x 0 (1.1)

: x- , x0 .
(1.1)
.
.

x x x0
g= = (1.2)
x0 x0
, (1/100)
(1/1000).
, x0
. ,
.
,1.3.2007 1
 .
,
.
xi = xi x (1.3)

( x).
, (1.3),
x i
gi = (1.4)
x
, , ,
: 101; 102; 99; 99,5 100 .

1
R= (101 + 102 + 99 + 99,5 + 100) = 100,3
5
:
R1 R = 101 100,3 = 0,7 , R2 R = 102 100,3 = 1,7 R3 R = 99 100,3 = 1,3 ,

R4 R = 99,5 100,3 = 0,8 , R5 R = 100 100,3 = 0,3 .

, .
,
.
: g1=0,7/100,3=0,698%, g2=1,695%, g3=-1,296%, g4=-
0,798% g5=-0,299%.

1.3
. : , ,
. .
,
. .
.
(
)
x = x x0 (1.5)
: x- , x0
, .

,1.3.2007 2
 x x x 0
g= = (1.5)
x0 x0
%.

.
.
(k=-x).
1000. ,
1001 ( ).
-1 , -0,001 -0,1%. 1 ,
.

. .
, .
, .

.

. (1.5
1.5), x, x0 .
, 0,998 V,
1V ( ). -0,002 V,
-0,2%, 0,002 V.
.
, ,
.

xmax
gg = (1.6)
xg

xg a,
.

(1.6)

,1.3.2007 3
 xmax
gx = , x ,
x
.
.
: 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1; 1,5; 2,5; 5.

. , 1 (
0,01) 0 150V. 83 V.
, (1.6), 0,01150=1,5 V, a
(1,5100/83)=1,814 %.
60 V 2,5%.
,
, .

. ,

x max
KT = 100 (1.7)
xg

: 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5 1.

.

1.4
, ,
.
.
.
,
.

1 n
x= xi
n i =1
(1.8)

n .
x0
x1 = xi x0 . n
x0

,1.3.2007 4
 1 n
x0 = x xi
n i =1
(1.9)

xi - .
(1.9)
.
. n, (1.9)
. x0
. ,
.
n1 x1, n2 x2 ,...
n x, (n1+n2++nk=n).
nk x .

.

x0
. f(),
n
f ( A) = ( xi A) 2 (1.10)
i =1

. (1.10)

n
f ( A) = 2 ( xi A) = 0 (1.10)
i =1

(1.10) f()

1 n
A= xi = x
n i =1
(1.10)

.
.

,1.3.2007 5
1.5

1 n
s = ( xi x 0 ) 2
2
(1.11)
n 1

1 n
s=
n
(x
1
i x0 ) 2 (1.12)

,
.
(1.12)

1 n
s=
n 1
(x
1
i x)2 (1.13)

x0 = x s .

s s
r= (1.14)
x0 x
(1.14) .
,
. k n .
n . k
. n
(1.13).
. x0
,
k1/2 .
(k=n)

,1.3.2007 6
 s 1 n
sx =
n
=
n(n 1) 1
( xi x ) 2 (1.15)

s .
(1.15)
n .
(1.15)
.
2
n
n n
ns = ( xi x0 ) = ( xi x0 )
2

1 1
2

(x
1
i x0 ) = s n

n
s
n
x0 = x 1 (x x0 ) = x s n 1 = x .
1
i n n
(1.15)
.

s
x0 = x , x s x x0 x + s x (1.16)
n
.
x0
.

sx s
rx = = (1.17)
x x n
: ,
V: 9,64; 10,10; 9,85; 9,92; 10,12; 10,20; 10,05; 9,95; 9,85; 10,10.
:
,
.
,
.
9,978 V.
1.1
i xi (V) xi- x (V) (xi- x )2 (V2)
1 9,64 -0,338 0,11424
2 10,10 0,122 0,01488
,1.3.2007 7
3 9,85 -0,128 0,01638
4 9,92 -0,058 0,00336
5 10,12 0,142 0,02016
6 10,20 0,222 0,04928
7 10,05 0,072 0,00518
8 9,95 -0,028 0,00078
9 9,85 -0,128 0,01638
10 10,10 0,122 0,01488
99,78 0,00 0,25542

0,25542
s = = 0,168V ,
10 1
s
r = =0,01688 1,688%.
x
0,168
s x = = 0,053V ,
10
0,053
rx = = 0,0053 0,53%.
9,978

1.6
, ,
.
.
. , (n=50)
100 V. 1.
1.2
xi (V) ni nixi ni/n
99,7 1 99,7 0,02
99,8 4 399,2 0,08
99,9 12 1198,8 0,24
100,0 19 1900,0 0,38
100,1 10 1001,0 0,20
100,2 3 300,6 0,06
100,3 1 100,3 0,02
50 4999,6

,1.3.2007 8
 4999,6/50=99,992 V.
100 V.
.
.

ni
w1 = (1.17)
nxi
xi 0,1 V.

1.7

, - 2 (-) .

.

1 ( x x )2
w( x) = exp (1.18)
2 2
2

: - (S=).
(1.18) x.
( ) . 1.1
(1 2),
10.

,1.3.2007 9
 1.1

x +

P( x x x + ) = w( x)dx = erf (
x 2
) (1.19)

erf(x) .

x
2

erf ( x) = exp(t 2
)dt (1.20)
0

2

erfc ( x) = 1 erf ( x) = exp(t 2
)dt (1.22)
x

1.2 erf(x) erfc(x).

1.2


(1.19). (1.19) = y.
2
1.3 .
1.3
y erf(y) erfc(y)
0.000 0.0000 1.0000 y erf(y) erfc(y)
0.000 0.1125 0.8875 1.500 0.9661 0.0339
0.200 0.2227 0.7773 1.600 0.9763 0.0237
0.300 0.3286 0.6714 1.700 0.9838 0.0162

,1.3.2007 10
 0.400 0.4284 0.5716 1.800 0.9891 0.0109
0.500 0.5205 0.4795 1.900 0.9928 0.0072
0.600 0.6039 0.3961 2.000 0.9953 0.0047
0.700 0.6778 0.3222 2.100 0.9970 0.0030
0.800 0.7421 0.2579 2.200 0.9981 0.0019
0.900 0.7969 0.2031 2.300 0.9989 0.0011
1.000 0.8427 0.1573 2.400 0.9993 0.0007
1.100 0.8802 0.1198 2.500 0.9996 0.0004
1.200 0.9103 0.0897 2.600 0.9998 0.0002
1.300 0.9340 0.0660 2.700 0.9999 0.0001
1.400 0.9523 0.0477 2.800 0.9999 0.0001

= (1.19) 0,7071.
0,6827, 68,27% , 100 68,3 -
do + ( s= ). 95,5%
-2 2 .
50%
0,674.

. .
.

1 ( x x0 ) 2
w( x ) = exp[ (1.23)
2 2 / n 2 2 / n

,
.
x0 / n .

1.8
.

.
y=f(x1,x2,xn),

,1.3.2007 11
 n
df ( x i )
y = xi , y = f ( x1 , x 2 ,...x n ) (1.24)
i =1 dxi
(1.24)
y
gy = = d (ln f ( x1 , x2 ,...xn )) (1.25)
y

n
df ( xi )
y max = xi max (1.26)
1 dxi

y y max .

n
df
y st = ( dx
i =1
xi max ) 2 (1.27)
i

(1.27)
(95% ).

xi. y=f(x1,x2,,xi,xn)

2 2 2
df 2 df 2 df 2
s =
2
y
s1 + s 2 + ... + s n (1.28)
dx1 dx 2 dx n

n
df
sy = ( dx
i =1
si ) 2 (1.29)
i

(1.29) .

sy n
df si 2
ry =
y
= ( dx ) (1.30)
i =1 i y

: () .
.

y max x x 2 max
y = x1 x 2 , y max = {x1 + x 2 }; g y = = 1 max + ; s y = s1 + s 2
2 2

y x1 x 2 x1 x 2
.

,1.3.2007 12